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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_America
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Pride of America
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["1 Construction and design","2 Service history","3 U.S. flagged cruise ship","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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Cruise ship
For the album by Charley Pride, see Pride of America (album).
Pride of America
Pride of America docked in Honolulu, 2010
History
United States
NamePride of America
OwnerPride of America Ship Holding Inc. (NCL America)
OperatorNCL America
Port of registryHonolulu, United States
OrderedOctober 6, 1998
Builder
Litton-Ingalls, Pascagoula, Mississippi (hull)
Lloyd Werft, Bremerhaven, Germany (outfitting)
Yard number
7671 (Litton-Ingalls)
"Project America" (Lloyd Werft)
Laid downOctober 10, 2000
LaunchedSeptember 16, 2002
Sponsored byElaine Chao
ChristenedJune 17, 2005
CompletedJune 7, 2005
In service2005–present
Identification
IMO number: 9209221
Call sign: WNBE
MMSI number: 366994450
StatusIn service
General characteristics (as designed)
Tonnage80,439 GT
Length850 ft (260 m)
Capacity2,500 passengers
NotesPurchased by NCL in 2001 as an unfinished vessel following the bankruptcy of American Classic Voyages.
General characteristics (as built)
Tonnage
80,439 GT
50,632 NT
8,260 DWT
Length
921 ft (280.6 m) (overall)
845 ft (257.6 m) (between perpendiculars)
Beam106 ft (32.2 m)
Draught26.2 ft (8.0 m)
Depth65.8 ft (20.07 m)
Decks15
Installed power6 × Wärtsilä 8L46C (6 × 8,400 kW)
Propulsion
Two Rolls-Royce Mermaid pods (2 × 12.5 MW)
Three Rolls-Royce bow thrusters
Speed22.2 knots (41.1 km/h; 25.5 mph)
Capacity2,186 passengers
Crew927
MS Pride of America is a cruise ship operated by NCL America, a division of Norwegian Cruise Lines, to sail itineraries in the Hawaiian Islands. Construction of the ship began in 2000 in the United States as part of a plan for a US-built and US-flagged cruise ship under Project America, but the project failed and she was eventually purchased by Norwegian Cruise Lines and completed in Germany. She was inaugurated in 2005, and was the first new U.S. flagged, deep water cruise ship in nearly fifty years since the SS Argentina of 1958.
Construction and design
For much of her early build history, Pride of America was known as Project America 1; the first of a pair of 70,000-gross ton cruise ships to be built with heavy federal subsidies. Project America was intended as a means of improving the competitiveness of American shipyards in constructing merchant ships, as well as creating the first US-registered passenger ships of any real size in decades.
The ship was intended to primarily operate in the Hawaiian islands under the revived name of United States Line, and replace the temporary MS Patriot and American Hawaii Cruises aging SS Independence, both American Classic Voyages subsidiary brands. A letter of intent was signed on October 6, 1998, with Litton-Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi to construct two passenger ships for Hawaii inter-island service with options to build up to four additional vessels. The keel was laid down for Project America 1 at the Pascagoula, Mississippi shipyard in October 2000. The ship was to feature a four-deck-high atrium, a 1,060-seat dining room, an 840-seat theater, a 590-seat cabaret lounge, and a "uniquely Hawaiian" outdoor performance stage, with interiors by designer John McNeece and his company.
The Project America program collapsed in 2001. American Classic Voyages, the parent company, filed for bankruptcy in October 2001. Work on the ship would be suspended on October 25, 2001, after the United States Maritime Administration decided to cease all funding for the vessels' construction, leaving the shipyard no choice but to stop production. The ship was 40 percent complete, and 55 percent erected, with 91 percent of the material having already been purchased.
In August 2002, Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd acquired the 40 percent completed hull, along with all the materials and equipment for the Project America vessels. The hull was towed from Litton-Ingalls Shipbuilding to the Lloyd Werft Shipyard in Bremerhaven, Germany for completion as Pride of America for their newly launched NCL America division. In the process, the ship was lengthened from 850 feet (260 m) to 920 feet (280 m), increasing the gross tonnage from 72,000 to more than 80,000.
Under NCL America, the ship was initially slated for completion in 2004, but the delivery date was pushed back to 2005 after a major storm hit the Lloyd Werft shipyard in January 2004 that caused considerable damage to the vessel causing her to sink at her berth. Damage assessments reveal that the ship had suffered no damage to the hull, although extensive work was required to repair and replace equipment and interior fixtures, which were submerged for more than a month. The delay caused Norwegian Cruise Line to reshuffle its fleet, and move the Norwegian Sky to the NCL America brand, renaming it Pride of Aloha, and takeover the Pride of America's original 2004 itineraries.
The Pride of America was repaired, and completed sea trials in May 2005. In June 2005, it left Lloyd Werft Shipyard in Germany, passing the retiring fleet mate SS Norway (which had been used to house workers for Pride of America) and sailed for New York City for its christening.
Service history
The ship was christened at the Manhattan Cruise Terminal on June 17, 2005 by then-United States Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao who released the traditional bottle against the ship's hull. The naming ceremony was significant as the first new U.S.-flagged cruise ship in nearly fifty years, and would fly the American flag donated from the U.S. Capitol Building on its inaugural voyage.
The Pride of America's pre maiden voyage was an East Coast publicity cruise June 18–24, 2005, with Live with Regis and Kelly broadcasting their morning show from onboard the ship. A special platform was built on top of the sports court for Regis and Kelly's morning desk. The voyage sailed from New York City, north to Boston, then headed south for stops in Philadelphia, Norfolk and ending in Miami.
The Pride of America continued its maiden voyage sailing through the Panama Canal, up to San Francisco and then over to Honolulu, where the ship joined its fleet mate, the Pride of Aloha. The ship was assigned to a weekly itinerary around the Hawaiian Islands with roundtrip cruises from Honolulu, and stopping at Kahului, Hilo, Kailua Kona and Nawiliwili.
Pride of America entered a 14-day, $30 million dry dock on 23 March 2013 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The ship's renovations including the addition of 24 ultra-luxurious suites (replacing the former top deck conference center and observation deck); four Studio staterooms and four inside staterooms; a Brazilian-style steakhouse; ship wide wireless internet connectivity; new carpeting throughout; flat screen televisions in all staterooms; updated décor; upgrades to the fitness center; new directional signage; renovations to the gift shop, photo gallery and art gallery.
Pride of America entered a 24-day dry dock period in February 2016, at the BAE Systems San Francisco Ship Repair facility. Normally, the ship uses facilities in Pearl Harbor, but these were already fully booked.
During the COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships, the Hawaii Department of Transportation reported on 8 April 2020 that six crew members of Pride of America had tested positive for COVID-19. Two of the crew members were taken to a hospital for treatment, while the other patients were isolated on board the ship. Another positive case was later announced, bringing the total number of cases to seven.
Following the suspension of cruise operations to mitigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, Pride of America did not carry passengers after 14 March 2020, and docked at Honolulu Harbor, her homeport, with a complement of roughly 500 crew members. This number of crew was later reduced to approximately 140, most of whom are the professional mariners needed to keep the ship operational. By June 2021 she was dry docked at Vigor Shipyards in Portland, Oregon with about 200 crew members. In August, 2021, Norwegian Cruise Lines said that the ship would resume service in January, 2022. The first post-pandemic cruise departed on April 9, 2022.
U.S. flagged cruise ship
A special exemption on the part of the U.S. government allowed the modified vessel and the mostly German-built Pride of Hawaii to attain U.S. registry since they had parts that were built in the United States (Pride of Aloha was also given an exemption, despite being completely built in Germany). Since Pride of America is registered in the U.S., she is subject to U.S. labor laws and is staffed by a mostly U.S. crew. This is in contrast to most other cruise ships, which are registered in flag of convenience countries and have mainly foreign crews. In addition, Pride of America has no casino onboard, because she never leaves U.S. waters. The U.S. registry allows the ship to travel solely between U.S. ports, unlike all other foreign flagged cruise ships that must abide by the Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886.
The professional Deck and Engine officers on the Pride of America are supplied by the Marine Engineer's Beneficial Association, and the M.E.B.A.'s current president (2021-), Adam Vokac, had sailed as First Assistant Engineer onboard.
See also
List of American built passenger ships
List of current U.S. flagged cruise ships
References
Notes
^ a b "Pride of America (9209221)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
^ a b c d e f "Pride of America (24785)". Vessel Register for DNV. DNV. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
^ a b c "Pride of America": A dramatic shipbuilding saga is over Archived 1 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Scandinavian Shipping Gazette, 18 October 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
^ "Pride of America Review". Cruise Critic. November 30, 2006. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
^ "Pride of America". NCL. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
^ a b c Staff, C. I. N. (October 23, 2010). "Archives: American Classic Voyages – Project America". www.cruiseindustrynews.com. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ "U.S. Lines' MS Patriot Challenges Cascade General". MarineLink. February 20, 2001. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a b Peter, Bruce. (2017). Cruise ships. A design voyage. Narberth: Ferry Publications. ISBN 978-1-911268-08-6. OCLC 1003587263.
^ Writer, Tom Stieghorst Business (October 20, 2001). "American Classic Voyages Moves Into Bankruptcy". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved January 8, 2021. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
^ "Work Suspended on Cruise Ship". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ a b "AMCV Demise Sinks U.S. Cruise Building Hopes For Now". MarineLink. December 5, 2001. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ Street Journal, Evan PerezStaff Reporter of The Wall (August 21, 2002). "Norwegian Cruise Line to Finish Project America Ship in Europe". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660.
^ "M/S Pride of America (2004)". Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
^ a b Homola (NYT), Victor (January 15, 2004). "World Briefing | Europe: Germany: Rains Tilt U.S.-Flagged Cruise Ship (Published 2004)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ a b c "Norwegian Becomes American, Debuts Pride of America with U.S. Hull, U.S. Crew, U.S. Routes and All | Frommer's". www.frommers.com. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ "S.S. NORWAY". www.classicliners.net. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ "Cruise Ship Sails Under American Flag". NPR.org. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ "Live with Regis and Kelly Teams Up With NCL America for a Groundbreaking Full Week of Shows on Board the New Pride of America". itravel magazine. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ "Pride of America Cruise Ship: Pride of America Deck Plans". Norwegian Cruise Line. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ Mathisen, Oivind (September 5, 2012). "Pride of America To Receive Major Enhancement".
^ "Pride of America Receives Bow to Stern Enhancements". www.ncl.com.
^ Kalosh, Anne. "NCLH 8 drydocks in 2016 include Pride of America in SFO". Archived from the original on November 6, 2015.
^ "Upcoming Cruise Ship Refurbishments". Cruise Critic.
^ a b c Six COVID-19 cases confirmed on the Pride of America State of Hawaii Department of Transportation
^ a b 4 Oahu residents to leave Pacific Princess at Honolulu Harbor Monday; 7 Pride of America crew members have COVID-19 Star Advertiser 9 April 2020
^ Burnett, John (August 8, 2021). "Return of cruise ships still up in the air". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
^ Saunders, Aaron. "Pride of America Is Sailing Again: Live From Norwegian Cruise Line in Hawaii". Cruise Critic. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
^ Saunders, Aaron. (2013). Giants of the seas : the ships that transformed modern cruising. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4738-5310-2. OCLC 904209672.
Bibliography
Saunders, Aaron (2013). Giants of the Seas: The Ships that Transformed Modern Cruising. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848321724.
Smith, Peter C. (2010). Cruise Ships: The World's Most Luxurious Vessels. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 9781848842182.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to IMO 9209221.
Official website
vteNorwegian Cruise Line fleetCurrent fleetLeo class
Norwegian Spirit
Sun class
Norwegian Sky
Norwegian Sun
NCL America
Pride of America
Dawn class
Norwegian Dawn
Norwegian Star
Jewel class
Norwegian Jewel
Norwegian Jade
Norwegian Pearl
Norwegian Gem
Epic class
Norwegian Epic
Breakaway class
Norwegian Breakaway
Norwegian Getaway
Breakaway Plus class
Norwegian Escape
Norwegian Joy
Norwegian Bliss
Norwegian Encore
Prima class
Norwegian Prima
Norwegian Viva
Former fleet
Sunward (1966)
Norway (1979–2004)
Norwegian Sea (1988–2005)
Norwegian Dream (1993–2008)
Norwegian Crown (1996/2003)
Norwegian Majesty (1997)
Norwegian Wind (1998)
|
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American Classic Voyages, the parent company, filed for bankruptcy in October 2001.[8][9] Work on the ship would be suspended on October 25, 2001, after the United States Maritime Administration decided to cease all funding for the vessels' construction, leaving the shipyard no choice but to stop production.[10][11] The ship was 40 percent complete, and 55 percent erected, with 91 percent of the material having already been purchased.[11]In August 2002, Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd acquired the 40 percent completed hull, along with all the materials and equipment for the Project America vessels.[12] The hull was towed from Litton-Ingalls Shipbuilding to the Lloyd Werft Shipyard in Bremerhaven, Germany for completion as Pride of America for their newly launched NCL America division. In the process, the ship was lengthened from 850 feet (260 m) to 920 feet (280 m), increasing the gross tonnage from 72,000 to more than 80,000.Under NCL America, the ship was initially slated for completion in 2004, but the delivery date was pushed back to 2005 after a major storm hit the Lloyd Werft shipyard in January 2004 that caused considerable damage to the vessel causing her to sink at her berth.[13][14] Damage assessments reveal that the ship had suffered no damage to the hull, although extensive work was required to repair and replace equipment and interior fixtures, which were submerged for more than a month. The delay caused Norwegian Cruise Line to reshuffle its fleet, and move the Norwegian Sky to the NCL America brand, renaming it Pride of Aloha, and takeover the Pride of America's original 2004 itineraries.[14][15]The Pride of America was repaired, and completed sea trials in May 2005. In June 2005, it left Lloyd Werft Shipyard in Germany, passing the retiring fleet mate SS Norway (which had been used to house workers for Pride of America) and sailed for New York City for its christening.[16]","title":"Construction and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhattan Cruise Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Cruise_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"Elaine Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Chao"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"American flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. Capitol Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"Live with Regis and Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Kelly_and_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Philbin"},{"link_name":"Kelly's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Ripa"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Pride of Aloha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Sky"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"Kahului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahului,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Kailua Kona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailua-Kona,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Nawiliwili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawiliwili_Beach_Park"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships"},{"link_name":"Hawaii Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pride.hidot-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pride.hidot-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pride.staradvertiser-25"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pride.hidot-24"},{"link_name":"Vigor Shipyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigor_Shipyards"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pride.staradvertiser-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The ship was christened at the Manhattan Cruise Terminal on June 17, 2005 by then-United States Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao who released the traditional bottle against the ship's hull.[17] The naming ceremony was significant as the first new U.S.-flagged cruise ship in nearly fifty years, and would fly the American flag donated from the U.S. Capitol Building on its inaugural voyage.[15]The Pride of America's pre maiden voyage was an East Coast publicity cruise June 18–24, 2005, with Live with Regis and Kelly broadcasting their morning show from onboard the ship. A special platform was built on top of the sports court for Regis and Kelly's morning desk. The voyage sailed from New York City, north to Boston, then headed south for stops in Philadelphia, Norfolk and ending in Miami.[18]The Pride of America continued its maiden voyage sailing through the Panama Canal, up to San Francisco and then over to Honolulu, where the ship joined its fleet mate, the Pride of Aloha.[15] The ship was assigned to a weekly itinerary around the Hawaiian Islands with roundtrip cruises from Honolulu, and stopping at Kahului, Hilo, Kailua Kona and Nawiliwili.[19]Pride of America entered a 14-day, $30 million dry dock on 23 March 2013 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The ship's renovations including the addition of 24 ultra-luxurious suites (replacing the former top deck conference center and observation deck); four Studio staterooms and four inside staterooms; a Brazilian-style steakhouse; ship wide wireless internet connectivity; new carpeting throughout; flat screen televisions in all staterooms; updated décor; upgrades to the fitness center; new directional signage; renovations to the gift shop, photo gallery and art gallery.[20]Pride of America entered a 24-day dry dock period in February 2016,[21] at the BAE Systems San Francisco Ship Repair facility. Normally, the ship uses facilities in Pearl Harbor, but these were already fully booked.[22][23]During the COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships, the Hawaii Department of Transportation reported on 8 April 2020 that six crew members of Pride of America had tested positive for COVID-19.[24] Two of the crew members were taken to a hospital for treatment, while the other patients were isolated on board the ship.[24] Another positive case was later announced, bringing the total number of cases to seven.[25]Following the suspension of cruise operations to mitigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, Pride of America did not carry passengers after 14 March 2020, and docked at Honolulu Harbor, her homeport, with a complement of roughly 500 crew members.[24] This number of crew was later reduced to approximately 140, most of whom are the professional mariners needed to keep the ship operational. By June 2021 she was dry docked at Vigor Shipyards in Portland, Oregon with about 200 crew members.[25] In August, 2021, Norwegian Cruise Lines said that the ship would resume service in January, 2022.[26] The first post-pandemic cruise departed on April 9, 2022. [27]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pride of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Pride of Aloha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Aloha"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"flag of convenience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_convenience"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_Vessel_Services_Act_of_1886"},{"link_name":"Deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_department"},{"link_name":"Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_department"},{"link_name":"Marine Engineer's Beneficial Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Engineers%27_Beneficial_Association"},{"link_name":"First Assistant Engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_assistant_engineer"}],"text":"A special exemption on the part of the U.S. government allowed the modified vessel and the mostly German-built Pride of Hawaii to attain U.S. registry since they had parts that were built in the United States (Pride of Aloha was also given an exemption, despite being completely built in Germany).[28] Since Pride of America is registered in the U.S., she is subject to U.S. labor laws and is staffed by a mostly U.S. crew. This is in contrast to most other cruise ships, which are registered in flag of convenience countries and have mainly foreign crews. In addition, Pride of America has no casino onboard, because she never leaves U.S. waters. The U.S. registry allows the ship to travel solely between U.S. ports, unlike all other foreign flagged cruise ships that must abide by the Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886.The professional Deck and Engine officers on the Pride of America are supplied by the Marine Engineer's Beneficial Association, and the M.E.B.A.'s current president (2021-), Adam Vokac, had sailed as First Assistant Engineer onboard.","title":"U.S. flagged cruise ship"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Norwegian-Cruise-Line-Logo.svg/175px-Norwegian-Cruise-Line-Logo.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"List of American built passenger ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_passenger_ships_built_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of current U.S. flagged cruise ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._flagged_cruise_ships"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Pride of America (9209221)\". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved July 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equasis.org/EquasisWeb/restricted/ShipInfo?fs=Search&P_IMO=9209221","url_text":"\"Pride of America (9209221)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Ecology,_Sustainable_Development_and_Energy","url_text":"Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy"}]},{"reference":"\"Pride of America (24785)\". Vessel Register for DNV. DNV. Retrieved November 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://vesselregister.dnv.com/vesselregister/details/24785","url_text":"\"Pride of America (24785)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNV","url_text":"DNV"}]},{"reference":"\"Pride of America Review\". Cruise Critic. November 30, 2006. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130120072114/http://www.cruisecritic.com/reviews/review_page2.cfm?ShipID=349","url_text":"\"Pride of America Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Critic","url_text":"Cruise Critic"},{"url":"http://www.cruisecritic.com/reviews/review_page2.cfm?ShipID=349","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pride of America\". NCL. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081216015105/http://www.ncl.com/nclweb/fleet/shipInformation.html?shipCode=PRIDE%20AMER","url_text":"\"Pride of America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Cruise_Line","url_text":"NCL"},{"url":"http://www.ncl.com/nclweb/fleet/shipInformation.html?shipCode=PRIDE%20AMER","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff, C. I. N. (October 23, 2010). \"Archives: American Classic Voyages – Project America\". www.cruiseindustrynews.com. Retrieved January 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/4519-archives-american-classic-voyages-project-america.html","url_text":"\"Archives: American Classic Voyages – Project America\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Lines' MS Patriot Challenges Cascade General\". MarineLink. February 20, 2001. Retrieved January 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinelink.com/news/challenges-patriot319421","url_text":"\"U.S. Lines' MS Patriot Challenges Cascade General\""}]},{"reference":"Peter, Bruce. (2017). Cruise ships. A design voyage. Narberth: Ferry Publications. ISBN 978-1-911268-08-6. OCLC 1003587263.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003587263","url_text":"Cruise ships. A design voyage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911268-08-6","url_text":"978-1-911268-08-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003587263","url_text":"1003587263"}]},{"reference":"Writer, Tom Stieghorst Business (October 20, 2001). \"American Classic Voyages Moves Into Bankruptcy\". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved January 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2001-10-20-0110200197-story.html","url_text":"\"American Classic Voyages Moves Into Bankruptcy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Work Suspended on Cruise Ship\". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved January 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2001/10/22/daily62.html","url_text":"\"Work Suspended on Cruise Ship\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMCV Demise Sinks U.S. Cruise Building Hopes For Now\". MarineLink. December 5, 2001. Retrieved January 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinelink.com/news/building-demise-cruise322134","url_text":"\"AMCV Demise Sinks U.S. Cruise Building Hopes For Now\""}]},{"reference":"Street Journal, Evan PerezStaff Reporter of The Wall (August 21, 2002). \"Norwegian Cruise Line to Finish Project America Ship in Europe\". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1029887496914499835","url_text":"\"Norwegian Cruise Line to Finish Project America Ship in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"M/S Pride of America (2004)\". Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved June 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070212073828/http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/pride_of_america_2004_haveri.htm","url_text":"\"M/S Pride of America (2004)\""},{"url":"http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/pride_of_america_2004_haveri.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Homola (NYT), Victor (January 15, 2004). \"World Briefing | Europe: Germany: Rains Tilt U.S.-Flagged Cruise Ship (Published 2004)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/15/world/world-briefing-europe-germany-rains-tilt-us-flagged-cruise-ship.html","url_text":"\"World Briefing | Europe: Germany: Rains Tilt U.S.-Flagged Cruise Ship (Published 2004)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Norwegian Becomes American, Debuts Pride of America with U.S. Hull, U.S. Crew, U.S. Routes and All | Frommer's\". www.frommers.com. Retrieved January 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frommers.com/tips/cruise/norwegian-becomes-american-debuts-pride-of-america-with-u-s-hull-u-s-crew-u-s-routes-and-all","url_text":"\"Norwegian Becomes American, Debuts Pride of America with U.S. Hull, U.S. Crew, U.S. Routes and All | Frommer's\""}]},{"reference":"\"S.S. NORWAY\". www.classicliners.net. Retrieved January 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classicliners.net/SSNORWAY.html","url_text":"\"S.S. NORWAY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cruise Ship Sails Under American Flag\". NPR.org. Retrieved January 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4709434","url_text":"\"Cruise Ship Sails Under American Flag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Live with Regis and Kelly Teams Up With NCL America for a Groundbreaking Full Week of Shows on Board the New Pride of America\". itravel magazine. Retrieved January 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itravelmag.com/travel-articles/live-regis-kelly-new-pride-america/","url_text":"\"Live with Regis and Kelly Teams Up With NCL America for a Groundbreaking Full Week of Shows on Board the New Pride of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pride of America Cruise Ship: Pride of America Deck Plans\". Norwegian Cruise Line. Retrieved January 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncl.com/cruise-ship/pride-of-america","url_text":"\"Pride of America Cruise Ship: Pride of America Deck Plans\""}]},{"reference":"Mathisen, Oivind (September 5, 2012). \"Pride of America To Receive Major Enhancement\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/7812-pride-of-america-to-receive-major-enhancement.html","url_text":"\"Pride of America To Receive Major Enhancement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pride of America Receives Bow to Stern Enhancements\". www.ncl.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncl.com/press-releases/pride-america-receives-bow-stern-enhancements","url_text":"\"Pride of America Receives Bow to Stern Enhancements\""}]},{"reference":"Kalosh, Anne. \"NCLH 8 drydocks in 2016 include Pride of America in SFO\". Archived from the original on November 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151106100831/http://www.seatrade-cruise.com/news/news-headlines/nclh-8-drydocks-in-2016-include-pride-of-america-in-sfo.html","url_text":"\"NCLH 8 drydocks in 2016 include Pride of America in SFO\""},{"url":"http://www.seatrade-cruise.com/news/news-headlines/nclh-8-drydocks-in-2016-include-pride-of-america-in-sfo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Upcoming Cruise Ship Refurbishments\". Cruise Critic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cruisecritic.com/v-2/articles.cfm?ID=521","url_text":"\"Upcoming Cruise Ship Refurbishments\""}]},{"reference":"Burnett, John (August 8, 2021). \"Return of cruise ships still up in the air\". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Retrieved August 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/2021/08/08/hawaii-news/return-of-cruise-ships-still-up-in-the-air/","url_text":"\"Return of cruise ships still up in the air\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Tribune-Herald","url_text":"Hawaii Tribune-Herald"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Aaron. \"Pride of America Is Sailing Again: Live From Norwegian Cruise Line in Hawaii\". Cruise Critic. Retrieved October 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cruisecritic.co.uk/articles.cfm?ID=6894","url_text":"\"Pride of America Is Sailing Again: Live From Norwegian Cruise Line in Hawaii\""}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Aaron. (2013). Giants of the seas : the ships that transformed modern cruising. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4738-5310-2. OCLC 904209672.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904209672","url_text":"Giants of the seas : the ships that transformed modern cruising"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-5310-2","url_text":"978-1-4738-5310-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904209672","url_text":"904209672"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Aaron (2013). Giants of the Seas: The Ships that Transformed Modern Cruising. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848321724.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DeCZBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Giants of the Seas: The Ships that Transformed Modern Cruising"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848321724","url_text":"9781848321724"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Peter C. (2010). Cruise Ships: The World's Most Luxurious Vessels. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 9781848842182.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3w3ocEPPlKoC&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Cruise Ships: The World's Most Luxurious Vessels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848842182","url_text":"9781848842182"}]}]
|
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A design voyage"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003587263","external_links_name":"1003587263"},{"Link":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2001-10-20-0110200197-story.html","external_links_name":"\"American Classic Voyages Moves Into Bankruptcy\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2001/10/22/daily62.html","external_links_name":"\"Work Suspended on Cruise Ship\""},{"Link":"https://www.marinelink.com/news/building-demise-cruise322134","external_links_name":"\"AMCV Demise Sinks U.S. Cruise Building Hopes For Now\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1029887496914499835","external_links_name":"\"Norwegian Cruise Line to Finish Project America Ship in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070212073828/http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/pride_of_america_2004_haveri.htm","external_links_name":"\"M/S Pride of America (2004)\""},{"Link":"http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/pride_of_america_2004_haveri.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/15/world/world-briefing-europe-germany-rains-tilt-us-flagged-cruise-ship.html","external_links_name":"\"World Briefing | Europe: Germany: Rains Tilt U.S.-Flagged Cruise Ship (Published 2004)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.frommers.com/tips/cruise/norwegian-becomes-american-debuts-pride-of-america-with-u-s-hull-u-s-crew-u-s-routes-and-all","external_links_name":"\"Norwegian Becomes American, Debuts Pride of America with U.S. Hull, U.S. Crew, U.S. Routes and All | Frommer's\""},{"Link":"http://www.classicliners.net/SSNORWAY.html","external_links_name":"\"S.S. NORWAY\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4709434","external_links_name":"\"Cruise Ship Sails Under American Flag\""},{"Link":"http://www.itravelmag.com/travel-articles/live-regis-kelly-new-pride-america/","external_links_name":"\"Live with Regis and Kelly Teams Up With NCL America for a Groundbreaking Full Week of Shows on Board the New Pride of America\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncl.com/cruise-ship/pride-of-america","external_links_name":"\"Pride of America Cruise Ship: Pride of America Deck Plans\""},{"Link":"http://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/7812-pride-of-america-to-receive-major-enhancement.html","external_links_name":"\"Pride of America To Receive Major Enhancement\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncl.com/press-releases/pride-america-receives-bow-stern-enhancements","external_links_name":"\"Pride of America Receives Bow to Stern Enhancements\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151106100831/http://www.seatrade-cruise.com/news/news-headlines/nclh-8-drydocks-in-2016-include-pride-of-america-in-sfo.html","external_links_name":"\"NCLH 8 drydocks in 2016 include Pride of America in SFO\""},{"Link":"http://www.seatrade-cruise.com/news/news-headlines/nclh-8-drydocks-in-2016-include-pride-of-america-in-sfo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cruisecritic.com/v-2/articles.cfm?ID=521","external_links_name":"\"Upcoming Cruise Ship Refurbishments\""},{"Link":"http://hidot.hawaii.gov/blog/2020/04/08/six-covid-19-cases-confirmed-on-the-pride-of-america","external_links_name":"Six COVID-19 cases confirmed on the Pride of America"},{"Link":"https://www.staradvertiser.com/2020/04/09/breaking-news/4-oahu-residents-to-disembark-pacific-princess-cruise-ship-at-honolulu-harbor-on-monday/","external_links_name":"4 Oahu residents to leave Pacific Princess at Honolulu Harbor Monday; 7 Pride of America crew members have COVID-19"},{"Link":"https://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/2021/08/08/hawaii-news/return-of-cruise-ships-still-up-in-the-air/","external_links_name":"\"Return of cruise ships still up in the air\""},{"Link":"https://www.cruisecritic.co.uk/articles.cfm?ID=6894","external_links_name":"\"Pride of America Is Sailing Again: Live From Norwegian Cruise Line in Hawaii\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904209672","external_links_name":"Giants of the seas : the ships that transformed modern cruising"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904209672","external_links_name":"904209672"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DeCZBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Giants of the Seas: The Ships that Transformed Modern Cruising"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3w3ocEPPlKoC&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Cruise Ships: The World's Most Luxurious Vessels"},{"Link":"https://www.ncl.com/cruise-ship/pride-of-america","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplex
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American Simplex
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["1 References"]
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Defunct American motor vehicle manufacturer
Not to be confused with Crane-Simplex.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "American Simplex" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1906 American Simplex Touring Car
The American Simplex was an American automobile manufactured in Mishawaka, Indiana, from 1906 to 1915 by the Simplex Motor Car Company; the company shortened its product's name to Amplex in 1910 to avoid confusion with the better-known, New York-based Simplex car, made by the Simplex Automobile Company. This change also coincided with a reorganization of the company. Originally the company manufactured a two-stroke four-cylinder 50hp model, later upsized to 6.8 liters and still rated at 50 hp. In 1910, three open-roof models and two enclosed models were offered, costing up to $5,400; the newly introduced 30/50 hp Toy Tonneau, a long, sleek four-door touring car, sold for $4,300. The Amplex's most distinctive feature was its valveless motor, which the company claimed would offer more continuous pulling power and greater reliability. The 1910 models also offered self-starting, a feature that would not be available from major competitors, such as Cadillac, for another year or two.
They were expensive cars, a limousine being offered at as much as $5,600. Yet the firm kept using the two-stroke engine after it had become obsolete; a four-stroke was offered unsuccessfully in 1913. Gillette Motor Co took over the Amplex manufacturing facilities in 1916, but refused to manufacture conventional engine-valving, persisting with a rotary sleeve valve engine.
References
^ Floyd Clymer, Historical Motor Scrapbook Number Four, (1952), p.80
This article about a brass-era automobile produced between 1905 and 1915 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crane-Simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane-Simplex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1906_American_Simplex_Touring_Car.jpg"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"Mishawaka, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishawaka,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"two-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke"},{"link_name":"four-cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-cylinder"},{"link_name":"hp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sleeve valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeve_valve"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Crane-Simplex.1906 American Simplex Touring CarThe American Simplex was an American automobile manufactured in Mishawaka, Indiana, from 1906 to 1915 by the Simplex Motor Car Company; the company shortened its product's name to Amplex in 1910 to avoid confusion with the better-known, New York-based Simplex car, made by the Simplex Automobile Company. This change also coincided with a reorganization of the company. Originally the company manufactured a two-stroke four-cylinder 50hp model, later upsized to 6.8 liters and still rated at 50 hp. In 1910, three open-roof models and two enclosed models were offered, costing up to $5,400; the newly introduced 30/50 hp Toy Tonneau, a long, sleek four-door touring car, sold for $4,300. The Amplex's most distinctive feature was its valveless motor, which the company claimed would offer more continuous pulling power and greater reliability. The 1910 models also offered self-starting, a feature that would not be available from major competitors, such as Cadillac, for another year or two.[1]They were expensive cars, a limousine being offered at as much as $5,600. Yet the firm kept using the two-stroke engine after it had become obsolete; a four-stroke was offered unsuccessfully in 1913. Gillette Motor Co took over the Amplex manufacturing facilities in 1916, but refused to manufacture conventional engine-valving, persisting with a rotary sleeve valve engine.","title":"American Simplex"}]
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[{"image_text":"1906 American Simplex Touring Car","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1906_American_Simplex_Touring_Car.jpg/250px-1906_American_Simplex_Touring_Car.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallo_Hallo_(Ace_of_Base_song)
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Hallo Hallo (Ace of Base song)
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["1 Background","2 Tracklistings","3 Official Versions/Remixes","4 Release history","5 Charts"]
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2000 single by Ace of Base
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"Hallo Hallo"Single by Ace of Basefrom the album Singles of the 90s Released24 January 2000GenrePopLength2:52LabelMegaSongwriter(s)Jonas BerggrenAce of Base singles chronology
"C'est la Vie (Always 21)" (1999)
"Hallo Hallo" (2000)
"Beautiful Morning" (2002)
"Hallo Hallo" is the third single from Ace of Base's greatest hits record Singles of the 90s. The song was released in 2000 in Germany, Spain, and Scandinavia. The song was also featured on their greatest hits: Greatest Hits (2008 Ace of Base album), and 2019’s Ace of Base Gold compilation album.
The song appeared in the American Adam Sandler film You Don't Mess with the Zohan.
Background
The song was originally recorded with lead vocals by Jonas for Cruel Summer / Flowers. According to Jonas, "it wasn't ready in time." The song was re-recorded with Jenny and Linn on lead vocals for Singles of the 90s. The Hitvision Remix of Hallo Hallo was meant to be a single from Greatest Hits with yet again re-recorded vocals, this time with Jenny almost completely taking over lead vocal duties. A sample of the song appeared on the band's American web page, retitled Hello Hello, yet the inclusion and single release was canceled when Arista head Clive Davis insisted that "Everytime It Rains" be remixed and released instead.
Tracklistings
Scandinavia
CD Single
Hallo Hallo (Radio Version)
Hallo Hallo (Hitvision Radio Edit)
CD Maxi/German Maxi
Hallo Hallo (Radio Version)
Hallo Hallo (Hitvision Radio Edit)
Hallo Hallo (Original Version)
Hallo Hallo (Dub)
Spain
CD Maxi
Hallo Hallo (Xtm Full Remix)
Hallo Hallo (Xtm Dub Remix)
Hallo Hallo (Xtm Radio Remix)
Hallo Hallo (Hitvision Radio Edit)
Official Versions/Remixes
Album Version
Radio Version
Hitvision Radio Edit
XTM Radio Remix
XTM Full Remix
XTM Dub Remix
Dub
Release history
Region
Date
Label
Sweden
24 January 2000
Mega
Germany
10 April 2000
Polydor
Spain
15 May 2000
Polydor
Charts
Chart
Peakposition
Finnish Singles Chart
12
German Singles Chart
99
Romanian Singles Chart
3
Romanian Airplay Chart
17
Spanish Los 40 Principales Chart
21
vteAce of Base
Jenny Berggren
Jonas Berggren
Linn Berggren
Ulf Ekberg
Clara Hagman
Julia Williamson
Studio albums
Happy Nation
The Sign
The Bridge
Flowers
Cruel Summer
Da Capo
The Golden Ratio
Compilations
Singles of the 90s
Greatest Hits (2000)
The Collection/All That She Wants
Platinum & Gold Collection
Platinum & Gold
Hidden Gems
Hidden Gems, Vol. 2
Box sets
The Ultimate Collection
Greatest Hits (2008)
Gold
All That She Wants: The Classic Collection
Beautiful Life: The Singles
Singles
"Wheel of Fortune"
"All That She Wants"
"Happy Nation"
"Waiting for Magic"
"The Sign"
"Don't Turn Around"
"Living in Danger"
"Lucky Love"
"Beautiful Life"
"Never Gonna Say I'm Sorry"
"Life Is a Flower"
"Cruel Summer"
"Whenever You're Near Me"
"Travel to Romantis"
"Always Have, Always Will"
"Everytime It Rains"
"Cecilia"
"C'est la Vie (Always 21)"
"Hallo Hallo"
"Beautiful Morning"
"The Juvenile"
"Unspeakable"
"Wheel of Fortune 2009"
"All for You"
"Would You Believe"
Related articles
Discography
List of songs recorded by Ace of Base
Yaki-Da
My Story
All That She Wants
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
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She Wants\"\n\"Happy Nation\"\n\"Waiting for Magic\"\n\"The Sign\"\n\"Don't Turn Around\"\n\"Living in Danger\"\n\"Lucky Love\"\n\"Beautiful Life\"\n\"Never Gonna Say I'm Sorry\"\n\"Life Is a Flower\"\n\"Cruel Summer\"\n\"Whenever You're Near Me\"\n\"Travel to Romantis\"\n\"Always Have, Always Will\"\n\"Everytime It Rains\"\n\"Cecilia\"\n\"C'est la Vie (Always 21)\"\n\"Hallo Hallo\"\n\"Beautiful Morning\"\n\"The Juvenile\"\n\"Unspeakable\"\n\"Wheel of Fortune 2009\"\n\"All for You\"\n\"Would You Believe\"\nRelated articles\nDiscography\nList of songs recorded by Ace of Base\nYaki-Da\nMy Story\nAll That She WantsAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group\nMusicBrainz work","title":"Charts"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_primary
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White primary
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["1 Establishment and significance of white primaries","2 Texas cases and Supreme Court decision","3 1964 Democratic National Convention","4 See also","5 Citations","6 General references and further reading"]
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Discriminatory elections once held in the Southern United States
White primaries were primary elections held in the Southern United States in which only white voters were permitted to participate. Statewide white primaries were established by the state Democratic Party units or by state legislatures in South Carolina (1896), Florida (1902), Mississippi and Alabama (also 1902), Texas (1905), Louisiana and Arkansas (1906), and Georgia (1900). Since winning the Democratic primary in the South at the time almost always meant winning the general election, barring black and other minority voters meant they were in essence disenfranchised. Southern states also passed laws and constitutions with provisions to raise barriers to voter registration, completing disenfranchisement from 1890 to 1908 in all states of the former Confederacy.
The Texas Legislature passed a law in 1923 that prevented black voters from participating in any Democratic Party primary election. The Supreme Court, in 1927, 1932, and 1935, heard three Texas cases related to white primaries. In the 1927 and 1932 cases, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, saying that state laws establishing a white primary violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Later in 1927 Texas changed its law in response, delegating authority to political parties to establish their own rules for primaries. In Grovey v. Townsend (1935), the Supreme Court ruled that this practice was constitutional, as it was administered by the Democratic Party, which legally was a private institution, not a state institution.
In 1944, however, in Smith v. Allwright, the Supreme Court ruled 8–1 against the Texas white primary system. In that case, the Court ruled that the 1923 Texas state law was unconstitutional, because it allowed the state Democratic Party to racially discriminate. After the case, most Southern states ended their selectively inclusive white primaries. They retained other techniques of disenfranchisement, particularly in terms of barriers to voter registration, such as poll taxes and literacy tests. These generally survived legal challenges as they applied to all potential voters, but in practice they were administered in a discriminatory manner by white officials. Although the proportion of Southern blacks registered to vote steadily increased from less than 3% in 1940 to 29% in 1960 and over 40% in 1964, gains were minimal in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana outside Acadiana, and southern parts of Georgia. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was intended to address this.
Establishment and significance of white primaries
Main article: Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era
Southern Democratic party chapters started to use white primaries in the late 19th century, as part of efforts to suppress black voting and weaken the Republican Party in the South. In an effort to maintain white supremacy, Democratic activists had often used violence and fraud at elections to suppress black voting.
Following the temporary loss of power to the biracial coalition of Populists and Republicans in the 1890s, when Democrats regained control of state legislatures (often on campaigns based on white supremacy), they systematically adopted electoral rules in new constitutions or specific laws to disenfranchise black voters by making voter registration and voting more difficult. A number of devices were used, including poll taxes, residency requirements, record-keeping requirements and literacy tests, all administered by white officials. The Democrats sometimes protected illiterate or poor white voters by such devices as grandfather clauses, which provided exemptions to men who had ancestors who have voted or resided in certain areas as of a date that excluded blacks. Application of these measures was done in such a discriminatory way that not even educated, middle-class blacks managed to stay on the voter rolls.
The Democratic Party achieved a dramatic drop in black voting across the South, with related weakening of the Republican Party in the region. White Democrats were successful in establishing and maintaining a one-party system in most southern states. They thus developed great power in Congress, controlling all seats allocated to their states, establishing seniority, and gaining critical chairmanships of important committees, which extended their power. Black citizens excluded from voting were also shut out of running for local offices, serving on juries, or in other civil offices, and were forced into second-class status.
To strengthen the exclusion of minorities from the political system, Texas, Georgia and some other states established white primaries, a "selectively inclusive" system that permitted only whites to vote in the primaries. By legally considering the general election as the only state-held election, they gave white members of the Democratic Party control of the decision-making process within the party and the state. Because the Democratic Party dominated the political systems of all the Southern states after Reconstruction, its state and local primary elections usually determined which candidate would ultimately win office in the general election.
Texas cases and Supreme Court decision
Beginning in the early 20th century, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) filed numerous lawsuits in efforts to overturn discriminatory electoral and voter registration practices by Southern states. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) also participated in such cases. The ACLU filed suit based on the state's having passed discriminatory legislation in violation of Constitutional amendments.
In 1923 Texas enacted the Statute of Texas, which provided that "in no event shall a negro be eligible to participate in a Democratic party primary election held in the State of Texas". The law was challenged by Dr. L. A. Nixon, a black member of the Democratic Party, in Nixon v. Herndon (1927). Nixon was denied a ballot in a Democratic Party primary election in Texas on the basis of the law and sued for damages under federal civil rights laws. The Court found in his favor on the basis of the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees "equal protection under the law", while not discussing his Fifteenth Amendment claim to the franchise.
Following the ruling, Texas amended the statute to allow the Democratic Party's state executive committee to set voting qualifications for its primaries. The new law provided that every political party would henceforth "in its own way determine who shall be qualified to vote or otherwise participate in such political party". Nixon sued again, in Nixon v. Condon (1932). The Supreme Court again found in his favor on the basis of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The Democratic Party of Texas state convention then adopted a rule banning black voting in primary elections. This revised scheme was upheld in Grovey v. Townsend (1935), where the Supreme Court held that this basis for a white primary was constitutional, on the grounds that the political party was a private entity. Another challenge to the Texas white primaries was Smith v. Allwright (1944), which overturned Grovey v. Townsend. In that case the Supreme Court ruled that white primaries as established by Texas were unconstitutional.
Though Smith v. Allwright applied directly only to the Texas law, following this ruling, most southern states ended their selectively inclusive white primaries. Activists gained the voter registration of tens of thousands of African Americans after the end of white primaries, but many were still excluded from voting as states used other discriminatory practices, including poll taxes and literacy tests (administered subjectively by white registrars) to keep African Americans from voting. The end of the white primary caused alarm in white politicians. In his 1946 senate reelection campaign, Mississippi politician and Klansman Theodore Bilbo predicted that there would be a surge of voting from black people, and vowed to help combat it. His threats of violence discouraged about half of eligible black citizens from voting, allowing him to easily win reelection.
1964 Democratic National Convention
African Americans continued to work to have their constitutional rights as citizens enforced. During the civil rights era of the 1960s, voter registration drives were held in southern states in efforts to work within the system. In some cases activists were assaulted or murdered, and African Americans made little progress against white determination to exclude most blacks from voting.
The 1964 Democratic National Convention was controversial because of the dispute as to which delegates from Mississippi were entitled to be present and to vote. At the national convention, the integrated Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) claimed the seats for delegates for Mississippi, on the grounds that the official Mississippi delegation had been elected in violation of the party's rules, as it excluded blacks from voting. Blacks were still systematically excluded by discriminatory provisions from registering and voting in the primaries, and participating in the precinct and county caucuses and the state convention. Nevertheless, the MFDP delegates had all been elected in strict compliance with party rules.
The party's liberal leaders supported an even division of the seats between the two delegations. However, President Lyndon B. Johnson was concerned that, while the regular Democrats of Mississippi would probably vote for conservative Republican Barry Goldwater anyway, rejecting them at that time would cost Johnson the South in the presidential election. Eventually, Hubert Humphrey, Walter Reuther and black civil rights leaders, including Roy Wilkins and Bayard Rustin, worked out a compromise: two of the 68 MFDP delegates chosen by Johnson would be made at-large delegates and the remainder would be non-voting guests of the convention. The regular Mississippi delegation was required to pledge to support the national party ticket; and the Democratic Party committed to accepting in the future only those delegations chosen by non-discriminatory methods.
Although Joseph Rauh, the MFDP’s lawyer, initially refused this deal, he eventually urged the MFDP to accept it. However, the MFDP delegates refused. They believed that the national party, by accepting the official all-white Mississippi delegation, had validated a process in which blacks had been denied their constitutional right for many decades to vote and participate in the political process. They believed that, because the MFDP had conducted their delegate selection process according to the party's own national rules, they should be seated as the official Mississippi delegation, not just a token two as at-large delegates. Many civil rights activists were deeply offended by the convention's outcome. As leader (and later Representative) John Lewis said,
We had played by the rules, done everything we were supposed to do, had played the game exactly as required, had arrived at the doorstep and found the door slammed in our face.
Many white delegates from Mississippi and Alabama refused to sign any pledge, and left the convention. In all,
43 of the 53 members of the Alabama delegation ... refused to pledge their support for the national ticket of Johnson and Hubert Humphrey and were denied seating.
The next year Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, authorizing the federal government to oversee voter registration and other political practices and enforce rights in states with a history of under-representation of minority voters. Work began to register African Americans across the South, and they began to be elected to office again after decades of exclusion. By this time, nearly 6.5 million African Americans had left the South in the Great Migration to escape its oppression and seek work opportunities in the North, Midwest and West, changing the demographics of numerous cities and regions.
See also
Suffrage
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act
History of the United States Democratic Party § Civil Rights Movement
Fannie Lou Hamer
Solid South
Tantamount to election
Citations
^ a b Walton, Hanes (Jr); Puckett, Sherman and Deskins Donald R. (Jr); The African American Electorate; p. 347 ISBN 0872895084
^ Farris, Charles D.; ‘The Re-Enfranchisement of Negroes in Florida’; The Journal of Negro History; volume 39, no. 4 (October 1954), pp. 259-283
^ Perman, Michael; Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908, p. 297 ISBN 0807860255
^ Gordon, Fon Louise; Caste and Class: The Black Experience in Arkansas, 1880-1920, pp. 51-52 ISBN 0820331309
^ Bartley, Numan V. (1990). The Creation of Modern Georgia. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. p. 149. ISBN 0820311839.
^ ‘Nixon v. Condon. Disfranchisement of the Negro in Texas’, The Yale Law Journal, volume 41, No. 8, (June 1932), p. 1212
^ Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944)
^ Beyerlein, Kraig and Andrews, Kenneth T.; ‘Black Voting during the Civil Rights Movement: A Micro-Level Analysis’; Social Forces, volume 87, No. 1 (September 2008), pp. 65-93
^ See Subcommittee No. 5; Committee on the Judiciary. House of Representatives; 1965 Voting Rights Act, pp. 4, 139-201
^ "Texas Politics - Smith v. Allwright (1944) - White Primaries". Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
^ 273 U.S. 536 (1927)
^ Karst, Kenneth L. (1986). "Nixon v. Herndon 273 U.S. 536 (1927)". Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
^ 286 U.S. 73 (1932)
^ Karst, Kenneth L. (1986). "Nixon v. Condon 286 U.S. 73 (1932)". Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
^ Grovey v. Townsend, 295 U.S. 45 (1935)
^ "Marshall appointed special counsel to the NAAPC".
^ Parker, Christopher Sebastian; Towler, Christopher C. (2019-05-11). "Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics". Annual Review of Political Science. 22 (1): 503–519. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519. ISSN 1094-2939.
^ Lewis, John (1998). Walking With the Wind. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780684810652.
^ Unger and Unger, LBJ; a Life (1999) pp. 325–26; Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1960–1973 (1998), p. 164;
^ Kornacki, Steve (February 3, 2011). "The 'Southern Strategy', fulfilled". Salon.
General references and further reading
Alilunas, Leo (April 1940). "A Review of Negro Suffrage Policies Prior to 1915". The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 25, No. 2: Legal Restrictions on the Negro in Politics. pp. 153–160. doi:10.2307/2714599. JSTOR 2714.
Anders, Evan (January 1981). "Boss Rule and Constituent Interests: South Texas Politics During the Progressive Era". Southwestern Historical Quarterly 84, No. 3. pp. 269–292. JSTOR 30238688.
Barr, Alwyn (1971). Reconstruction to Reform: Texas Politics, 1876–1906. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Beth, L. P. (October 1958). "The White Primary and the Judicial Function in the United States". The Political Quarterly. Vol. 29, No. 4. pp. 366–377. JSTOR 30238688.
Hine, Darlene Clark (1979). Black Victory: The Rise and Fall of the White Primary in Texas. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO.
Kennedy, Stetson (1990). Jim Crow Guide. Boca Raton, Fl.: Florida Atlantic University. ISBN 978-0-8130-0987-2.
David Montejano (1987). Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Marshall, Thurgood (Summer 1957). "The Rise and Collapse of the 'White Democratic Primary'". The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 26, No. 3: "The Negro Voter in the South". pp. 249–254. doi:10.2307/2293407.
JSTOR 2293407.
Overacker, Louise (Jan. 1945). "The Negro's Struggle for Participation in Primary Elections". The Journal of Negro History. Vol. 30, No. 1. pp. 54–61. doi:10.2307/2715269.
JSTOR 2715269.
Parker, Albert (May 1941). "Dictatorship in the South". Fourth International. Vol. 2, No. 4. pp. 115-118. Via the Encyclopaedia of Trotskyism On-Line (ETOL).
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"Southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"state legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African-1"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African-1"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Texas Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Grovey v. Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grovey_v._Townsend"},{"link_name":"Smith v. Allwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v._Allwright"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"unconstitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"poll taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"literacy tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_tests"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Acadiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadiana"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"}],"text":"White primaries were primary elections held in the Southern United States in which only white voters were permitted to participate. Statewide white primaries were established by the state Democratic Party units or by state legislatures in South Carolina (1896),[1] Florida (1902),[2] Mississippi and Alabama (also 1902), Texas (1905),[3] Louisiana[1] and Arkansas (1906),[4] and Georgia (1900).[5] Since winning the Democratic primary in the South at the time almost always meant winning the general election, barring black and other minority voters meant they were in essence disenfranchised. Southern states also passed laws and constitutions with provisions to raise barriers to voter registration, completing disenfranchisement from 1890 to 1908 in all states of the former Confederacy.The Texas Legislature passed a law in 1923 that prevented black voters from participating in any Democratic Party primary election. The Supreme Court, in 1927, 1932, and 1935, heard three Texas cases related to white primaries. In the 1927 and 1932 cases, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, saying that state laws establishing a white primary violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Later in 1927 Texas changed its law in response,[6] delegating authority to political parties to establish their own rules for primaries. In Grovey v. Townsend (1935), the Supreme Court ruled that this practice was constitutional, as it was administered by the Democratic Party, which legally was a private institution, not a state institution.In 1944, however, in Smith v. Allwright, the Supreme Court ruled 8–1 against the Texas white primary system.[7] In that case, the Court ruled that the 1923 Texas state law was unconstitutional, because it allowed the state Democratic Party to racially discriminate. After the case, most Southern states ended their selectively inclusive white primaries. They retained other techniques of disenfranchisement, particularly in terms of barriers to voter registration, such as poll taxes and literacy tests. These generally survived legal challenges as they applied to all potential voters, but in practice they were administered in a discriminatory manner by white officials. Although the proportion of Southern blacks registered to vote steadily increased from less than 3% in 1940 to 29% in 1960 and over 40% in 1964,[8] gains were minimal in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana outside Acadiana, and southern parts of Georgia.[9] The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was intended to address this.","title":"White primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic party chapters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"white supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"Populists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"poll taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"literacy tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_tests"},{"link_name":"grandfather clauses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfather_clauses"}],"text":"Southern Democratic party chapters started to use white primaries in the late 19th century, as part of efforts to suppress black voting and weaken the Republican Party in the South. In an effort to maintain white supremacy, Democratic activists had often used violence and fraud at elections to suppress black voting.Following the temporary loss of power to the biracial coalition of Populists and Republicans in the 1890s, when Democrats regained control of state legislatures (often on campaigns based on white supremacy), they systematically adopted electoral rules in new constitutions or specific laws to disenfranchise black voters by making voter registration and voting more difficult. A number of devices were used, including poll taxes, residency requirements, record-keeping requirements and literacy tests, all administered by white officials. The Democrats sometimes protected illiterate or poor white voters by such devices as grandfather clauses, which provided exemptions to men who had ancestors who have voted or resided in certain areas as of a date that excluded blacks. Application of these measures was done in such a discriminatory way that not even educated, middle-class blacks managed to stay on the voter rolls.The Democratic Party achieved a dramatic drop in black voting across the South, with related weakening of the Republican Party in the region. White Democrats were successful in establishing and maintaining a one-party system in most southern states. They thus developed great power in Congress, controlling all seats allocated to their states, establishing seniority, and gaining critical chairmanships of important committees, which extended their power. Black citizens excluded from voting were also shut out of running for local offices, serving on juries, or in other civil offices, and were forced into second-class status.To strengthen the exclusion of minorities from the political system, Texas, Georgia and some other states established white primaries, a \"selectively inclusive\" system that permitted only whites to vote in the primaries. By legally considering the general election as the only state-held election, they gave white members of the Democratic Party control of the decision-making process within the party and the state. Because the Democratic Party dominated the political systems of all the Southern states after Reconstruction, its state and local primary elections usually determined which candidate would ultimately win office in the general election.","title":"Establishment and significance of white primaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People"},{"link_name":"American Civil Liberties Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nixon v. Herndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_v._Herndon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"primary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Fifteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nixon v. Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_v._Condon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Grovey v. Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grovey_v._Townsend"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Smith v. Allwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v._Allwright"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"poll taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"literacy tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_tests"},{"link_name":"Klansman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Theodore Bilbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Beginning in the early 20th century, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) filed numerous lawsuits in efforts to overturn discriminatory electoral and voter registration practices by Southern states. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) also participated in such cases. The ACLU filed suit based on the state's having passed discriminatory legislation in violation of Constitutional amendments.[10]In 1923 Texas enacted the Statute of Texas, which provided that \"in no event shall a negro be eligible to participate in a Democratic party primary election held in the State of Texas\". The law was challenged by Dr. L. A. Nixon, a black member of the Democratic Party, in Nixon v. Herndon (1927).[11] Nixon was denied a ballot in a Democratic Party primary election in Texas on the basis of the law and sued for damages under federal civil rights laws. The Court found in his favor on the basis of the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees \"equal protection under the law\", while not discussing his Fifteenth Amendment claim to the franchise.[12]Following the ruling, Texas amended the statute to allow the Democratic Party's state executive committee to set voting qualifications for its primaries. The new law provided that every political party would henceforth \"in its own way determine who shall be qualified to vote or otherwise participate in such political party\". Nixon sued again, in Nixon v. Condon (1932).[13] The Supreme Court again found in his favor on the basis of the Fourteenth Amendment.[14]The Democratic Party of Texas state convention then adopted a rule banning black voting in primary elections. This revised scheme was upheld in Grovey v. Townsend (1935), where the Supreme Court held that this basis for a white primary was constitutional,[15] on the grounds that the political party was a private entity. Another challenge to the Texas white primaries was Smith v. Allwright (1944), which overturned Grovey v. Townsend. In that case the Supreme Court ruled that white primaries as established by Texas were unconstitutional.[16][full citation needed]Though Smith v. Allwright applied directly only to the Texas law, following this ruling, most southern states ended their selectively inclusive white primaries. Activists gained the voter registration of tens of thousands of African Americans after the end of white primaries, but many were still excluded from voting as states used other discriminatory practices, including poll taxes and literacy tests (administered subjectively by white registrars) to keep African Americans from voting. The end of the white primary caused alarm in white politicians. In his 1946 senate reelection campaign, Mississippi politician and Klansman Theodore Bilbo predicted that there would be a surge of voting from black people, and vowed to help combat it. His threats of violence discouraged about half of eligible black citizens from voting, allowing him to easily win reelection.[17]","title":"Texas cases and Supreme Court decision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1964 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi,_1964"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"Hubert Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"Walter Reuther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reuther"},{"link_name":"Roy Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"Bayard Rustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Rustin"},{"link_name":"Joseph Rauh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_L._Rauh,_Jr."},{"link_name":"John Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Great Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)"}],"text":"African Americans continued to work to have their constitutional rights as citizens enforced. During the civil rights era of the 1960s, voter registration drives were held in southern states in efforts to work within the system. In some cases activists were assaulted or murdered, and African Americans made little progress against white determination to exclude most blacks from voting.The 1964 Democratic National Convention was controversial because of the dispute as to which delegates from Mississippi were entitled to be present and to vote. At the national convention, the integrated Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) claimed the seats for delegates for Mississippi, on the grounds that the official Mississippi delegation had been elected in violation of the party's rules, as it excluded blacks from voting. Blacks were still systematically excluded by discriminatory provisions from registering and voting in the primaries, and participating in the precinct and county caucuses and the state convention. Nevertheless, the MFDP delegates had all been elected in strict compliance with party rules.The party's liberal leaders supported an even division of the seats between the two delegations. However, President Lyndon B. Johnson was concerned that, while the regular Democrats of Mississippi would probably vote for conservative Republican Barry Goldwater anyway, rejecting them at that time would cost Johnson the South in the presidential election. Eventually, Hubert Humphrey, Walter Reuther and black civil rights leaders, including Roy Wilkins and Bayard Rustin, worked out a compromise: two of the 68 MFDP delegates chosen by Johnson would be made at-large delegates and the remainder would be non-voting guests of the convention. The regular Mississippi delegation was required to pledge to support the national party ticket; and the Democratic Party committed to accepting in the future only those delegations chosen by non-discriminatory methods.Although Joseph Rauh, the MFDP’s lawyer, initially refused this deal, he eventually urged the MFDP to accept it. However, the MFDP delegates refused. They believed that the national party, by accepting the official all-white Mississippi delegation, had validated a process in which blacks had been denied their constitutional right for many decades to vote and participate in the political process. They believed that, because the MFDP had conducted their delegate selection process according to the party's own national rules, they should be seated as the official Mississippi delegation, not just a token two as at-large delegates. Many civil rights activists were deeply offended by the convention's outcome. As leader (and later Representative) John Lewis said,We had played by the rules, done everything we were supposed to do, had played the game exactly as required, had arrived at the doorstep and found the door slammed in our face.[18]Many white delegates from Mississippi and Alabama refused to sign any pledge, and left the convention.[19] In all,43 of the 53 members of the Alabama delegation ... refused to pledge their support for the national ticket of Johnson and Hubert Humphrey and were denied seating.[20]The next year Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, authorizing the federal government to oversee voter registration and other political practices and enforce rights in states with a history of under-representation of minority voters. Work began to register African Americans across the South, and they began to be elected to office again after decades of exclusion. By this time, nearly 6.5 million African Americans had left the South in the Great Migration to escape its oppression and seek work opportunities in the North, Midwest and West, changing the demographics of numerous cities and regions.","title":"1964 Democratic National Convention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-African_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-African_1-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0872895084","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872895084"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0807860255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807860255"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0820331309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820331309"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0820311839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820311839"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_v._Herndon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"1965 Voting Rights Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Voting_Rights_Act"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Texas Politics - Smith v. 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Herndon 273 U.S. 536 (1927)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140610085441/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001782.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001782.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_286"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/286/73/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Nixon v. Condon 286 U.S. 73 (1932)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140610085439/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001780.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001780.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Marshall appointed special counsel to the NAAPC\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/marshall/whiteprimary.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050317-064519"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050317-064519"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1094-2939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Walking With the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780684810652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684810652"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"The 'Southern Strategy', fulfilled\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/03/reagan_southern_strategy/index.html"},{"link_name":"Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com"}],"text":"^ a b Walton, Hanes (Jr); Puckett, Sherman and Deskins Donald R. (Jr); The African American Electorate; p. 347 ISBN 0872895084\n\n^ Farris, Charles D.; ‘The Re-Enfranchisement of Negroes in Florida’; The Journal of Negro History; volume 39, no. 4 (October 1954), pp. 259-283\n\n^ Perman, Michael; Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908, p. 297 ISBN 0807860255\n\n^ Gordon, Fon Louise; Caste and Class: The Black Experience in Arkansas, 1880-1920, pp. 51-52 ISBN 0820331309\n\n^ Bartley, Numan V. (1990). The Creation of Modern Georgia. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. p. 149. ISBN 0820311839.\n\n^ ‘Nixon v. Condon. Disfranchisement of the Negro in Texas’, The Yale Law Journal, volume 41, No. 8, (June 1932), p. 1212\n\n^ Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944)\n\n^ Beyerlein, Kraig and Andrews, Kenneth T.; ‘Black Voting during the Civil Rights Movement: A Micro-Level Analysis’; Social Forces, volume 87, No. 1 (September 2008), pp. 65-93\n\n^ See Subcommittee No. 5; Committee on the Judiciary. House of Representatives; 1965 Voting Rights Act, pp. 4, 139-201\n\n^ \"Texas Politics - Smith v. Allwright (1944) - White Primaries\". Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2011-07-05.\n\n^ 273 U.S. 536 (1927)\n\n^ Karst, Kenneth L. (1986). \"Nixon v. Herndon 273 U.S. 536 (1927)\". Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2013.\n\n^ 286 U.S. 73 (1932)\n\n^ Karst, Kenneth L. (1986). \"Nixon v. Condon 286 U.S. 73 (1932)\". Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Archived from the original on June 10, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2013.\n\n^ Grovey v. Townsend, 295 U.S. 45 (1935)\n\n^ \"Marshall appointed special counsel to the NAAPC\".\n\n^ Parker, Christopher Sebastian; Towler, Christopher C. (2019-05-11). \"Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics\". Annual Review of Political Science. 22 (1): 503–519. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519. ISSN 1094-2939.\n\n^ Lewis, John (1998). Walking With the Wind. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780684810652.\n\n^ Unger and Unger, LBJ; a Life (1999) pp. 325–26; Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1960–1973 (1998), p. 164;\n\n^ Kornacki, Steve (February 3, 2011). \"The 'Southern Strategy', fulfilled\". Salon.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2714599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2714599"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2714"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30238688","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/30238688"},{"link_name":"Barr, Alwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alwyn_Barr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30238688","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/30238688"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stetsonkennedy.com/jim.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8130-0987-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0987-2"},{"link_name":"David Montejano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Montejano"},{"link_name":"Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglos_and_Mexicans_in_the_Making_of_Texas,_1836%E2%80%931986"},{"link_name":"University of Texas Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press"},{"link_name":"Marshall, Thurgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2293407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2293407"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2293407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2293407"},{"link_name":"Overacker, Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Overacker"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2715269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2715269"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2715269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2715269"},{"link_name":"\"Dictatorship in the South\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/breitman/1941/05/south.htm"}],"text":"Alilunas, Leo (April 1940). \"A Review of Negro Suffrage Policies Prior to 1915\". The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 25, No. 2: Legal Restrictions on the Negro in Politics. pp. 153–160. doi:10.2307/2714599. JSTOR 2714.\nAnders, Evan (January 1981). \"Boss Rule and Constituent Interests: South Texas Politics During the Progressive Era\". Southwestern Historical Quarterly 84, No. 3. pp. 269–292. JSTOR 30238688.\nBarr, Alwyn (1971). Reconstruction to Reform: Texas Politics, 1876–1906. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.\nBeth, L. P. (October 1958). \"The White Primary and the Judicial Function in the United States\". The Political Quarterly. Vol. 29, No. 4. pp. 366–377. JSTOR 30238688.\nHine, Darlene Clark (1979). Black Victory: The Rise and Fall of the White Primary in Texas. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO.\nKennedy, Stetson (1990). Jim Crow Guide. Boca Raton, Fl.: Florida Atlantic University. ISBN 978-0-8130-0987-2.\nDavid Montejano (1987). Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.\nMarshall, Thurgood (Summer 1957). \"The Rise and Collapse of the 'White Democratic Primary'\". The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 26, No. 3: \"The Negro Voter in the South\". pp. 249–254. doi:10.2307/2293407.JSTOR 2293407.Overacker, Louise (Jan. 1945). \"The Negro's Struggle for Participation in Primary Elections\". The Journal of Negro History. Vol. 30, No. 1. pp. 54–61. doi:10.2307/2715269.JSTOR 2715269.Parker, Albert (May 1941). \"Dictatorship in the South\". Fourth International. Vol. 2, No. 4. pp. 115-118. Via the Encyclopaedia of Trotskyism On-Line (ETOL).","title":"General references and further reading"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage"},{"title":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"title":"Voting Rights Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act"},{"title":"History of the United States Democratic Party § Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party#Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"title":"Fannie Lou Hamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer"},{"title":"Solid South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_South"},{"title":"Tantamount to election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantamount_to_election"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Lloyd_Williams
|
Marc Lloyd Williams
|
["1 Career","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Welsh footballer
Marc Lloyd WilliamsPersonal informationFull name
Marc Lloyd WilliamsDate of birth
(1973-02-08) 8 February 1973 (age 51)Place of birth
Bangor, WalesPosition(s)
StrikerSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1992–1994
Porthmadog
75
(28)1994–1995
Bangor City
29
(21)1995–1996
Stockport County
18
(1)1996
→ Haugesund (loan)
5
(0)1996
Altrincham
3
(0)1996
Colwyn Bay
20
(14)1996–1998
Bangor City
58
(31)1998–1999
Halifax Town
24
(6)1999
York City
11
(4)1999–2000
York City
22
(5)2000–2002
Bangor City
55
(68)2002–2003
Southport
18
(3)2003
Bangor City
17
(10)2003–2004
Aberystwyth Town
32
(18)2004–2006
TNS
67
(60)2006–2007
Bangor City
30
(19)2007–2008
Newtown
20
(16)2008
Rhyl
13
(7)2008–2009
Porthmadog
33
(24)2009–2010
Airbus UK Broughton
34
(16)2010–2011
Newtown
4
(1)2012–2014
Llanberis
13
(7)Total
576
(345)International career
Wales B
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Marc Lloyd Williams (born 8 February 1973) is a Welsh former footballer. He is the Welsh Premier League's all-time top scorer, with 319 goals.
Career
Williams was born in Bangor, and brought up in Llanberis. He has played for a number of clubs including recently Bangor City (5 spells), TNS, Stockport County, Haugesund, York City, Aberystwyth Town, Halifax Town, Southport, Altrincham, Colwyn Bay, Porthmadog (2 spells), Newtown (2 spells) and Rhyl.
Other honours include Wales B international appearances. Welsh Premier championship medal (3), Welsh Cup winner's medal (twice), Welsh Premier Golden Boot award (twice) and Norwegian First Division Championship medal.
Williams was the highest scorer in all European leagues with 47 goals in the 2001–02 season, but did not win the European Golden Boot as the Welsh Premier League has a lower co-efficient than some of Europe's bigger leagues. He joined Southport in July 2002. He then returned to Bangor in February 2003. Williams then joined Aberystwyth Town in June 2003, and probably enjoyed one of the best spells of his career, playing attractive football and scoring freely.
Williams returned to Bangor City in July 2006. Williams left Bangor in 2007 to join Rhyl FC, where he made 20 appearances scoring 16 goals, he then joined Newtown where he made 11 appearances scoring 5 goals. He returned to his roots rejoining Porthmadog for the start of the 2008–09 season.
In October 2010 he signed for again for Newtown.
He is currently the all-time top scorer in the League of Wales, with 319 goals in 467 appearances.
Career statistics
Club performance
League
Cup
League Cup
Continental
Total
Season
Club
League
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Wales
League
Welsh Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
1992–92
Porthmadog
League of Wales
37
6
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
1993–94
38
22
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
1994–95
Bangor City
29
21
a
g
a
g
2
-
a
g
England
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
1995–96
Stockport County
Second Division
18
1
-
4
-
-
26
3
1996–97
Altrincham
Football Conference
?
?
?
?
-
-
?
?
1996–97
Colwyn Bay
Northern Premier League
?
?
?
?
-
-
?
?
Norway
League
Norwegian Football Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
1996
Haugesund
1. divisjon
5
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
Wales
League
Welsh Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
1996–97
Bangor City
League of Wales
20
10
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
1997–98
38
21
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
England
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
1998–99
Halifax Town
Third Division
24
6
1
-
1
-
-
54
8
1998–99
York City
Second Division
11
4
-
-
-
11
4
1999–2000
York City
Third Division
11
5
1
-
-
-
-
11
5
Wales
League
Welsh Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
2000–01
Bangor City
League of Wales
21
21
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
2001–02
34
47
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
England
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
2002–03
Southport
Football Conference
18
3
1
-
-
-
19
3
Wales
League
Welsh Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
2002–03
Bangor City
Welsh Premier League
17
10
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
2003–04
Aberystwyth Town
32
18
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
2004–05
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
-
2004–05
Total Network Solution
34
34
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
2005–06
33
26
a
g
a
g
1
-
a
g
2006–07
Bangor City
30
19
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
2007–08
Rhyl
13
7
a
g
a
g
2
-
a
g
2007–08
Newtown
20
16
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
2008–09
Porthmadog
33
24
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
2009–10
Airbus UK Broughton
34
16
a
g
a
g
-
a
g
2010–11
Newtown
4
1
a
g
a
g
-
4
1
Total
England
82
19
3
-
5
-
-
121
23
Wales
467
319
a
g
a
g
7
-
a
g
Norway
5
-
a
g
a
g
7
-
a
g
Career total
555
338
a
g
a
g
7
-
a
g
Honours
League of Wales Player of the Season: 2001–02
Welsh Premier League Team of the Year: 2004–05
References
^ a b "Welsh Premier career details for Marc Lloyd Williams". Welsh Premier League Football. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ "Marc Lloyd Williams". Soccerbase. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ "Lloyd-Williams quits Bangor". BBC Sport. 16 July 2002. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ "Lloyd-Williams rejoins Bangor". BBC Sport. 13 February 2003. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ "Aberystwyth land Lloyd-Williams". BBC Sport. 18 June 2003. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ "Williams returns to Bangor". BBC Sport. 17 July 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^ "Porthmadog sign striker Williams". BBC Sport. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
^ "Jiws signs for Port". Porthmadog FC. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ "Marc Lloyd Williams signs for Newtown". British Broadcasting Corporation. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
^ "Player of the Season". Welsh Premier League. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
^ "Dream team 2004/05". welsh-premier.com. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
External links
Marc Lloyd Williams at Soccerbase
Marc Lloyd Williams Welsh Premier career stats
Welsh Premier legends Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Welsh Premier League Football - Lloyd Williams is triple centurion
vteCymru Premier Golden Boot winners
1993: Woods
1994: Taylor
1995: Mottram
1996: McKenna
1997: Bird
1998: E. Williams
1999: E. Williams
2000: Summers
2001: Evans
2002: M. Williams
2003: Evans
2004: Evans
2005: M. Williams
2006: Griffiths
2007: Griffiths
2008: Griffiths
2009: Griffiths
2010: Griffiths
2011: Griffiths
2012: Griffiths
2013: Wilde
2014: Venables
2015: Venables
2016: Venables
2017: Oswell
2018: Draper
2019: Draper
2020: Venables
2021: Venables
2022: McManus
2023: McManus
2024: Young
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Welsh Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Premier_League"}],"text":"Marc Lloyd Williams (born 8 February 1973) is a Welsh former footballer. He is the Welsh Premier League's all-time top scorer, with 319 goals.","title":"Marc Lloyd Williams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"Llanberis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanberis"},{"link_name":"Bangor City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"TNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Saints_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stockport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Haugesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Haugesund"},{"link_name":"York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Halifax Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport_F.C."},{"link_name":"Altrincham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altrincham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Colwyn Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colwyn_Bay_F.C."},{"link_name":"Porthmadog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthmadog_F.C."},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rhyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyl_F.C."},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001%E2%80%9302_in_Welsh_football&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Golden Boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Golden_Boot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welsh_Premier_career_details_for_Marc_Lloyd_Williams-1"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd-Williams_quits_Bangor-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd-Williams_rejoins_Bangor-4"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aberystwyth_land_Lloyd-Williams-5"},{"link_name":"Bangor City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_returns_to_Bangor-6"},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Porthmadog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthmadog_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porthmadog_sign_striker_Williams-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jiws_signs_for_Port-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marc_Lloyd_Williams_signs_for_Newtown-9"},{"link_name":"League of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Wales"}],"text":"Williams was born in Bangor, and brought up in Llanberis. He has played for a number of clubs including recently Bangor City (5 spells), TNS, Stockport County, Haugesund, York City, Aberystwyth Town, Halifax Town, Southport, Altrincham, Colwyn Bay, Porthmadog (2 spells), Newtown (2 spells) and Rhyl.Other honours include Wales B international appearances. Welsh Premier championship medal (3), Welsh Cup winner's medal (twice), Welsh Premier Golden Boot award (twice) and Norwegian First Division Championship medal.Williams was the highest scorer in all European leagues with 47 goals in the 2001–02 season, but did not win the European Golden Boot as the Welsh Premier League has a lower co-efficient than some of Europe's bigger leagues.[1] He joined Southport in July 2002.[3] He then returned to Bangor in February 2003.[4] Williams then joined Aberystwyth Town in June 2003,[5] and probably enjoyed one of the best spells of his career, playing attractive football and scoring freely.Williams returned to Bangor City in July 2006.[6] Williams left Bangor in 2007 to join Rhyl FC, where he made 20 appearances scoring 16 goals, he then joined Newtown where he made 11 appearances scoring 5 goals. He returned to his roots rejoining Porthmadog for the start of the 2008–09 season.[7][8]In October 2010 he signed for again for Newtown.[9]He is currently the all-time top scorer in the League of Wales, with 319 goals in 467 appearances.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_League_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Welsh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"League of Wales Player of the Season: 2001–02[10]\nWelsh Premier League Team of the Year: 2004–05[11]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Welsh Premier career details for Marc Lloyd Williams\". Welsh Premier League Football. Retrieved 15 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/player_detail_solo.php?player_id=411","url_text":"\"Welsh Premier career details for Marc Lloyd Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marc Lloyd Williams\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 15 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=8548","url_text":"\"Marc Lloyd Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lloyd-Williams quits Bangor\". BBC Sport. 16 July 2002. Retrieved 15 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_of_wales/2126839.stm","url_text":"\"Lloyd-Williams quits Bangor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lloyd-Williams rejoins Bangor\". BBC Sport. 13 February 2003. Retrieved 15 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_of_wales/2599225.stm","url_text":"\"Lloyd-Williams rejoins Bangor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aberystwyth land Lloyd-Williams\". BBC Sport. 18 June 2003. Retrieved 15 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_of_wales/2999980.stm","url_text":"\"Aberystwyth land Lloyd-Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Williams returns to Bangor\". BBC Sport. 17 July 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_of_wales/5187226.stm","url_text":"\"Williams returns to Bangor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Porthmadog sign striker Williams\". BBC Sport. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_of_wales/7575140.stm","url_text":"\"Porthmadog sign striker Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jiws signs for Port\". Porthmadog FC. 21 August 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.porthmadogfc.com/newyddion42.htm#jiws","url_text":"\"Jiws signs for Port\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marc Lloyd Williams signs for Newtown\". British Broadcasting Corporation. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_of_wales/9140519.stm","url_text":"\"Marc Lloyd Williams signs for Newtown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player of the Season\". Welsh Premier League. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024308/http://www.wpl.cymru/PlayeroftheSeason","url_text":"\"Player of the Season\""},{"url":"http://www.wpl.cymru/PlayeroftheSeason","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dream team 2004/05\". welsh-premier.com. Retrieved 6 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://welsh-premier.com/index.php/dream-team-2004-5","url_text":"\"Dream team 2004/05\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siroquera
|
Gandoura
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Long tunic worn in North Africa
Gandoura
A French Spahi uniform c. 1960 consisting of a khaki gandoura and seroual, both under a white burnous.
The Gandoura, also Gandura (Arabic: قندورة), is a kind of light tunic, in wool or cotton, with or without sleeves. It normally comes in colored stripes, or more simply white, and is worn primarily in North Africa and Western Asia. The term gandoura is Arabic in origin. In Algeria, there are two varieties of gandoura. The first is worn by women and is also known as Jebba Fergani. It is a traditional Algerian garment made of thick velvet that originated in the Constantine region. The other form of gandoura is one worn by Algerian men; it is a casual clothing similar to the Jellaba but it lacks a hood.
An Algerian woman wearing a traditional gandoura (Fergani)
See also
Djellaba
Burnous
Fez
References
^ Cannon, Garland Hampton; Kaye, Alan S. (1994). The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 195. ISBN 978-3-447-03491-3.
^ Hadjer, Hamimed Sarra; Pr Benmoussat Boumediene (2021). "Le reflet de la culture à travers le vêtement dans les affiches publicitaires de la ville de Tlemcen. Approche de la sémiologie des indices". Revue Jamaliyat. 8 (2): 195–215.
^ CHANCEL, Ausone de (1858). D'une immigration de noirs libres en Algérie (in French). Bastide. p. 40.
^ Auclert, Hubertine (1900). "Les femmes arabes en Algérie". Société d'éditions littéraires (in French).
^ de Haëdo, Diego (1998). "Costumes des musulmanes d'Alger". Topographie et Histoire générale d'Alger. Translated by Monnereau & Berbrugger. Saint-Denis: Éditions Bouchène. pp. 141–145.
^ Sayad, Abdelmalek (1977). "Les trois "âges" de l'émigration algérienne en France". Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales. 15 (1): 59–79. doi:10.3406/arss.1977.2561.
^ "l'identité kabyle illustrée par l'anthropologie coloniale". مجلة أنسنة للبحوث والدراسات. 2015.
^ Payette, André (1971). "Carnets algérois". Liberté (in French). 13 (3): 9–40. ISSN 0024-2020.
^ Khodja, Imane (2021). "La représentation de la religion islamique en Algérie (Bou-saâda) à travers la peinture d'Etinne Dinet". Diss. UNIVERSITY OF MOHAMED BOUDIAF.
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This clothing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robe_gandoura.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spahi-img_1029.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahi"},{"link_name":"seroual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seroual"},{"link_name":"burnous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnous"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Western Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asia"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jebba Fergani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djebba_Fergani"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jellaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djellaba"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_gandoura.jpg"}],"text":"GandouraA French Spahi uniform c. 1960 consisting of a khaki gandoura and seroual, both under a white burnous.The Gandoura, also Gandura (Arabic: قندورة), is a kind of light tunic, in wool or cotton, with or without sleeves. It normally comes in colored stripes, or more simply white, and is worn primarily in North Africa and Western Asia. The term gandoura is Arabic in origin.[1] In Algeria, there are two varieties of gandoura.[2][3] The first is worn by women and is also known as Jebba Fergani.[4] It is a traditional Algerian garment made of thick velvet that originated in the Constantine region.[5] The other form of gandoura is one worn by Algerian men; it is a casual clothing similar to the Jellaba but it lacks a hood.[6][7][8][9]An Algerian woman wearing a traditional gandoura (Fergani)","title":"Gandoura"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Gandoura","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Robe_gandoura.jpg/220px-Robe_gandoura.jpg"},{"image_text":"A French Spahi uniform c. 1960 consisting of a khaki gandoura and seroual, both under a white burnous.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Spahi-img_1029.jpg/220px-Spahi-img_1029.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Algerian woman wearing a traditional gandoura (Fergani)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Traditional_gandoura.jpg/220px-Traditional_gandoura.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/160px-IslamSymbol.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Djellaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djellaba"},{"title":"Burnous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnous"},{"title":"Fez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez_(hat)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Cannon, Garland Hampton; Kaye, Alan S. (1994). The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 195. ISBN 978-3-447-03491-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MiNWi1g3fJ4C&pg=PA195","url_text":"The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03491-3","url_text":"978-3-447-03491-3"}]},{"reference":"Hadjer, Hamimed Sarra; Pr Benmoussat Boumediene (2021). \"Le reflet de la culture à travers le vêtement dans les affiches publicitaires de la ville de Tlemcen. Approche de la sémiologie des indices\". Revue Jamaliyat. 8 (2): 195–215.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/downArticle/525/8/2/173272","url_text":"\"Le reflet de la culture à travers le vêtement dans les affiches publicitaires de la ville de Tlemcen. Approche de la sémiologie des indices\""}]},{"reference":"CHANCEL, Ausone de (1858). D'une immigration de noirs libres en Algérie (in French). Bastide. p. 40.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7jVcAAAAcAAJ&q=gandoura+&pg=PA3","url_text":"D'une immigration de noirs libres en Algérie"}]},{"reference":"Auclert, Hubertine (1900). \"Les femmes arabes en Algérie\". Société d'éditions littéraires (in French).","urls":[]},{"reference":"de Haëdo, Diego (1998). \"Costumes des musulmanes d'Alger\". Topographie et Histoire générale d'Alger. Translated by Monnereau & Berbrugger. Saint-Denis: Éditions Bouchène. pp. 141–145.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cairn.info/topographie-et-histoire-generale-d-alger--26912946050-page-141.htm","url_text":"Topographie et Histoire générale d'Alger"}]},{"reference":"Sayad, Abdelmalek (1977). \"Les trois \"âges\" de l'émigration algérienne en France\". Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales. 15 (1): 59–79. doi:10.3406/arss.1977.2561.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/arss_0335-5322_1977_num_15_1_2561","url_text":"\"Les trois \"âges\" de l'émigration algérienne en France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farss.1977.2561","url_text":"10.3406/arss.1977.2561"}]},{"reference":"\"l'identité kabyle illustrée par l'anthropologie coloniale\". مجلة أنسنة للبحوث والدراسات. 2015.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Payette, André (1971). \"Carnets algérois\". Liberté (in French). 13 (3): 9–40. ISSN 0024-2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/liberte/1971-v13-n3-liberte1028723/30729ac/","url_text":"\"Carnets algérois\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-2020","url_text":"0024-2020"}]},{"reference":"Khodja, Imane (2021). \"La représentation de la religion islamique en Algérie (Bou-saâda) à travers la peinture d'Etinne Dinet\". Diss. UNIVERSITY OF MOHAMED BOUDIAF.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MiNWi1g3fJ4C&pg=PA195","external_links_name":"The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/downArticle/525/8/2/173272","external_links_name":"\"Le reflet de la culture à travers le vêtement dans les affiches publicitaires de la ville de Tlemcen. Approche de la sémiologie des indices\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7jVcAAAAcAAJ&q=gandoura+&pg=PA3","external_links_name":"D'une immigration de noirs libres en Algérie"},{"Link":"https://www.cairn.info/topographie-et-histoire-generale-d-alger--26912946050-page-141.htm","external_links_name":"Topographie et Histoire générale d'Alger"},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/arss_0335-5322_1977_num_15_1_2561","external_links_name":"\"Les trois \"âges\" de l'émigration algérienne en France\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farss.1977.2561","external_links_name":"10.3406/arss.1977.2561"},{"Link":"https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/liberte/1971-v13-n3-liberte1028723/30729ac/","external_links_name":"\"Carnets algérois\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-2020","external_links_name":"0024-2020"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandoura&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhus_lancea
|
Searsia lancea
|
["1 Common names","2 Description and uses","3 References"]
|
Species of tree belonging to the cashew and sumac family
Karee
Foliage detail
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Anacardiaceae
Genus:
Searsia
Species:
S. lancea
Binomial name
Searsia lancea(L.f.) F.A.Barkley
Synonyms
Rhus lancea L.f.
Toxicodendron lanceum (L.f.) Kuntze
A cluster of karees in Germiston, Gauteng
Searsia lancea commonly known as karee (archaically karree), is an evergreen, frost hardy, drought resistant tree, which can reach up to 8 metres in height with a 5-metre spread. It is one of the most common trees on the Highveld and in the Bushveld in South Africa, but not found in the Lowveld. In North America, where it is naturalized, it is known as African sumac and willow rhus.
Common names
S. lancea bears many names by locals in South Africa. By far the most common name for this tree is karee which derives from the
Khoemana word !xareb (Compare Khoekhoegowab cognate |garas). This is mostly used by speakers of Afrikaans. Other Afrikaans names are Rosyntjiebos from rosyn (raisin) and bos (bush).
In the Sotho–Tswana languages, the names mosilabele in Southern Sotho, mokalabata in Northern Sotho and mosabele in Tswana are cognates. In Khelobedu, the names is motshakhutshakhu and mushakaladza in Venda.
Among Nguni languages the name umhlakotshane in Zulu and Xhosa is used and in Swati the name given is inhlangutshane
Description and uses
BarkWood
The small yellow flowers of a female tree
The tree is dioecious. It has a graceful, weeping form and dark, fissured bark that contrasts well with its long, thinnish, hairless, dark-green, trifoliate leaves with smooth margins. It bears small yellow flowers followed on female trees by bunches of small yellow-green flattish fruits, which are relished by birds. In earlier times the fruits were pounded, water added and left to ferment, producing an evidently refreshing beer. The tree is a good shade tree for gardens, parks and pavements. It favours areas rich in lime in the Karoo and Namibia.
References
^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 28 April 2016
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Rhus lancea". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
^ Vital Seals
^ "Searsia lancea - Rooikaree, Karee, umHlakotshane, Mosabele, Mosilabele, Mushakaladza | Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden, South Africa".
^ "Searsia lancea | PlantZAfrica".
^ "Searsia lancea Karee Karee Mushakaladza Mošabêlê Umhlakotshane".
^ "Common Trees in Johannesburg".
^ "Searsia lancea". PlantZAfrica.com. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
Van Wyk, Braam; Van Wyk, Piet (1997). Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Struik. ISBN 978-1-86825-922-9.
Taxon identifiersSearsia lancea
Wikidata: Q15525290
Wikispecies: Searsia lancea
BOLD: 269394
Calflora: 12012
CoL: 4W74H
EoL: 582276
GBIF: 5421370
GRIN: 414367
iNaturalist: 79020
IPNI: 71177-1
IRMNG: 11427910
ITIS: 28814
IUCN: 146204708
NCBI: 298678
Open Tree of Life: 77300
Plant List: kew-2479819
PLANTS: SELA10
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:71177-1
RHS: 379157
SANBI: 5522-71
Tropicos: 1300269
WFO: wfo-0000434904
Rhus lancea
Wikidata: Q3643968
APDB: 5750
BOLD: 191802
EPPO: RHULC
FNA: 250077139
GBIF: 3660233
GRIN: 31696
iNaturalist: 208829
IPNI: 70642-1
ITIS: 895126
PLANTS: RHLA11
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:70642-1
Tropicos: 1300533
WFO: wfo-0000403210
|
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|
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| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Stoppers
|
Crime Stoppers
|
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Program that allows people to anonymously report crimes
This article is about anonymous crime reporting. For the Orwellian concept of socially unacceptable thoughts, see Thoughtcrime § Crimestop.
NYPD Crime Stoppers Van
Crime Stoppers or Crimestoppers is a community program that assists people in providing anonymous information about criminal activity. Often managed by non-profit groups or the police, it operates separately from the emergency telephone number system or other standard methods of contacting police. This allows a person to provide crime-solving assistance to the authorities without being directly involved in the investigation process. Founded in the United States in 1976 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Crime Stoppers later caught on in Australia, Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom.
The authorities, especially the police, occasionally rely on information from the community about criminal activities or events. Crime Stoppers was developed to enable the public to participate without fear of reprisal and to make it easier for witnesses to volunteer information anonymously. There have been challenges to this aspect.
History
Crime Stoppers first began in Albuquerque, New Mexico in July 1976. That month, Michael Carmen was fatally shot whilst working the night shift at a local gas station. After two weeks, the police had not been able to gather any information about the murder. Detective Greg MacAleese approached the local television station to request they film a reconstruction of the crime. When the re-enactment was aired, the police department offered US$1,000.00 for any information that could potentially lead to the arrest of the perpetrator. Within 72 hours, a male called in identifying a car which he had seen leaving the scene at high speed; he had noted its registration. The person calling said that he did not want to get involved; therefore, he had not called earlier.
Detective MacAleese realized that fear and apathy often prevented the public from getting involved in investigations. He helped design a system by which the public could anonymously provide details of the events. This system focused on stimulating community involvement and participation, and took advantage of electronic media to publicize unsolved crimes. The police offered cash rewards for information leading to an arrest or conviction.
Since the first chapter was officially formed in Albuquerque in 1976, Crime Stoppers in the United States has been responsible for more than a million arrests and more than US$11 billion in recovered property.
A PSNI Land Rover Tangi with the Crimestoppers number featured.
Crime Stoppers has since spread to Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. While the individual programs are local or regional in nature, mostly run by non-profit groups or directly by police, various national and international umbrella organizations exist. The toll-free telephone number +1-800-222-TIPS is used to reach various different Crime Stoppers groups in Canada and the U.S., although some groups publish their own numbers. In the UK, the Crime Stoppers number is 0800 555 111, and in Ireland it is 1800 25 00 25. In Northern Ireland, the Crime Stoppers number often features predominantly on the force's vehicles, including its notable Land Rover Tangis.
See also
Crimestoppers UK
Crime Stoppers USA
Crime Stoppers International
Block Parent Program (Canada)
Neighborhood watch
References
^ a b Profile Crime Stoppers USA.
^ MacAleese, Greg (2016-07-12). Crime Stoppers: The Inside Story. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781533259721.
^ Millar, Cal (2014-08-07). What Is Crime Stoppers. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781500645939.
^ Lincoln, Robyn; McGillivray, Laura (2019-06-07). "Citizen surveil-labour: Analysing Crime Stoppers and its alliance of police, media, and publics". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 52 (2): 291–307. doi:10.1177/0004865818786761. ISSN 0004-8658. S2CID 150315403.
^ Give information anonymously Crimestoppers UK.
^ Privacy policy Crimestoppers UK.
^ How it Works Archived 2020-10-30 at the Wayback Machine Crime Stoppers of Metro Alabama.
^ "Crime Stoppers USA - Welcome". Crime Stoppers USA. January 28, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
^ "Homepage". Crime Stoppers Australia. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
^ Contact Crime Stoppers of Metro Alabama at 205-254-7777 Archived 2020-04-18 at the Wayback Machine Crime Stoppers of Metro Alabama.
^ Call 713-222-TIPS Crime Stoppers Houston Area.
^ "Useful Contact Numbers". Garda Síochána.
External links
Toronto Crime Stoppers CND
Crime Stoppers CND
Crime Stoppers USA
Crimestoppers UK
|
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For the Orwellian concept of socially unacceptable thoughts, see Thoughtcrime § Crimestop.NYPD Crime Stoppers VanCrime Stoppers or Crimestoppers is a community program that assists people in providing anonymous information about criminal activity. Often managed by non-profit groups or the police, it operates separately from the emergency telephone number system or other standard methods of contacting police. [1] This allows a person to provide crime-solving assistance to the authorities without being directly involved in the investigation process. Founded in the United States in 1976 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Crime Stoppers later caught on in Australia, Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom.[2][3][4]The authorities, especially the police, occasionally rely on information from the community about criminal activities or events. Crime Stoppers was developed to enable the public to participate without fear of reprisal and to make it easier for witnesses to volunteer information anonymously.[5][6][1][7] There have been challenges to this aspect.","title":"Crime Stoppers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police_Land_Rover,_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1451374.jpg"},{"link_name":"PSNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Land Rover Tangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Tangi"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"toll-free telephone number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-free_telephone_number"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Land Rover Tangis.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Tangi"}],"text":"Crime Stoppers first began in Albuquerque, New Mexico in July 1976. That month, Michael Carmen was fatally shot whilst working the night shift at a local gas station. After two weeks, the police had not been able to gather any information about the murder. Detective Greg MacAleese approached the local television station to request they film a reconstruction of the crime. When the re-enactment was aired, the police department offered US$1,000.00 for any information that could potentially lead to the arrest of the perpetrator.[citation needed] Within 72 hours, a male called in identifying a car which he had seen leaving the scene at high speed; he had noted its registration. The person calling said that he did not want to get involved; therefore, he had not called earlier.Detective MacAleese realized that fear and apathy often prevented the public from getting involved in investigations. He helped design a system by which the public could anonymously provide details of the events. This system focused on stimulating community involvement and participation, and took advantage of electronic media to publicize unsolved crimes. The police offered cash rewards for information leading to an arrest or conviction.[citation needed]Since the first chapter was officially formed in Albuquerque in 1976, Crime Stoppers in the United States has been responsible for more than a million arrests and more than US$11 billion in recovered property.[8]A PSNI Land Rover Tangi with the Crimestoppers number featured.Crime Stoppers has since spread to Australia,[9] Canada and the United Kingdom. While the individual programs are local or regional in nature, mostly run by non-profit groups or directly by police, various national and international umbrella organizations exist. The toll-free telephone number +1-800-222-TIPS is used to reach various different Crime Stoppers groups in Canada and the U.S., although some groups publish their own numbers.[10][11] In the UK, the Crime Stoppers number is 0800 555 111, and in Ireland it is 1800 25 00 25. [12] In Northern Ireland, the Crime Stoppers number often features predominantly on the force's vehicles, including its notable Land Rover Tangis.","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"NYPD Crime Stoppers Van","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NYPD_Crime_Stoppers_Van.JPG/220px-NYPD_Crime_Stoppers_Van.JPG"},{"image_text":"A PSNI Land Rover Tangi with the Crimestoppers number featured.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Police_Land_Rover%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1451374.jpg/152px-Police_Land_Rover%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1451374.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Crimestoppers UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimestoppers_UK"},{"title":"Crime Stoppers USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Stoppers_USA"},{"title":"Crime Stoppers International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Stoppers_International"},{"title":"Block Parent Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Parent_Program"},{"title":"Neighborhood watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_watch"}]
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[{"reference":"MacAleese, Greg (2016-07-12). Crime Stoppers: The Inside Story. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781533259721.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M5z-vQAACAAJ&q=crimestoppers","url_text":"Crime Stoppers: The Inside Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781533259721","url_text":"9781533259721"}]},{"reference":"Millar, Cal (2014-08-07). What Is Crime Stoppers. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781500645939.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lB_aoQEACAAJ&q=crimestoppers","url_text":"What Is Crime Stoppers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781500645939","url_text":"9781500645939"}]},{"reference":"Lincoln, Robyn; McGillivray, Laura (2019-06-07). \"Citizen surveil-labour: Analysing Crime Stoppers and its alliance of police, media, and publics\". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 52 (2): 291–307. doi:10.1177/0004865818786761. ISSN 0004-8658. S2CID 150315403.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0004865818786761","url_text":"\"Citizen surveil-labour: Analysing Crime Stoppers and its alliance of police, media, and publics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0004865818786761","url_text":"10.1177/0004865818786761"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8658","url_text":"0004-8658"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150315403","url_text":"150315403"}]},{"reference":"\"Crime Stoppers USA - Welcome\". Crime Stoppers USA. January 28, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crimestopusa.com/","url_text":"\"Crime Stoppers USA - Welcome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage\". Crime Stoppers Australia. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://crimestoppers.com.au/","url_text":"\"Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Useful Contact Numbers\". Garda Síochána.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.garda.ie/en/contact-us/useful-contact-numbers/","url_text":"\"Useful Contact Numbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na","url_text":"Garda Síochána"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.crimestoppersusa.org/profile/","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M5z-vQAACAAJ&q=crimestoppers","external_links_name":"Crime Stoppers: The Inside Story"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lB_aoQEACAAJ&q=crimestoppers","external_links_name":"What Is Crime Stoppers"},{"Link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0004865818786761","external_links_name":"\"Citizen surveil-labour: Analysing Crime Stoppers and its alliance of police, media, and publics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0004865818786761","external_links_name":"10.1177/0004865818786761"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8658","external_links_name":"0004-8658"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150315403","external_links_name":"150315403"},{"Link":"https://crimestoppers-uk.org/give-information/forms/give-information-anonymously","external_links_name":"Give information anonymously"},{"Link":"https://crimestoppers-uk.org/privacy-policy","external_links_name":"Privacy policy"},{"Link":"http://crimestoppersmetroal.com/sitemenu.aspx?P=howitworks&ID=646","external_links_name":"How it Works"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201030214348/http://crimestoppersmetroal.com/sitemenu.aspx?P=howitworks&ID=646","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crimestopusa.com/","external_links_name":"\"Crime Stoppers USA - Welcome\""},{"Link":"https://crimestoppers.com.au/","external_links_name":"\"Homepage\""},{"Link":"http://crimestoppersmetroal.com/sitemenu.aspx?P=index&ID=646","external_links_name":"Contact Crime Stoppers of Metro Alabama at 205-254-7777"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418105638/http://www.crimestoppersmetroal.com/sitemenu.aspx?P=index&ID=646","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://crime-stoppers.org/","external_links_name":"Call 713-222-TIPS"},{"Link":"https://www.garda.ie/en/contact-us/useful-contact-numbers/","external_links_name":"\"Useful Contact Numbers\""},{"Link":"https://www.222tips.com/","external_links_name":"Toronto Crime Stoppers CND"},{"Link":"http://www.canadiancrimestoppers.org/","external_links_name":"Crime Stoppers CND"},{"Link":"http://www.crimestoppersusa.com/","external_links_name":"Crime Stoppers USA"},{"Link":"http://www.crimestoppers-uk.org/","external_links_name":"Crimestoppers UK"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saru!_Get_You!_Million_Monkeys
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Saru! Get You! Million Monkeys
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["1 Plot","2 Gameplay","3 Reception","4 Notes","5 References"]
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2006 video gameSaru! Get You! Million MonkeysDeveloper(s)Japan StudioPublisher(s)Sony Computer EntertainmentComposer(s)Soichi TeradaSeriesApe EscapePlatform(s)PlayStation 2ReleaseJP: July 13, 2006Genre(s)PlatformMode(s)Single-player, Multiplayer
Saru! Get You! Million Monkeys is a platforming video game published and developed by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 video game console. It was released throughout Asia a year after the previous title Ape Escape 3. The game was planned to be released in the United Kingdom in late 2006. Ultimately, it was never released outside of Asia.
Plot
The game has two story plots to play. One is "Team Kakeru" referring to the main heroes of the series, the other "Team Specter" which refers to enemy Specter and the monkeys. Each "team" has their own plot, which involves the same Gameplay, but the story has changed.
In "Team Kakeru" mode, the story starts with the main heroes gathering in Tokyo. The professor's computer program in the form of the character "Chall", alerts them of the disaster happening in the city. It is shown that Specter has joined forces with an alien race, to take over the world once more. However, it's later revealed that the "alien race" are mutant versions of the breed "Pipotron" which take the DNA of the Pipotron Monkeys, and uses it to create other creatures to help dominate the globe. The player is left to destroy any of the Specter's Robot's and Monkeys and restore order to the world. Once Specter has been defeated, monkeys run wild throughout the city, and the game takes a turn in a different direction, and the player is left to save the globe from being destroyed by mutant creatures around the world.
In "Team Specter", Specter is on vacation and is alerted by the Piposaru that the monkeys have started to take over the world, without his permission. He is shown that someone has created a Specter impostor, and Specter goes to save the world, before he is defeated. Once the impostor is defeated, it's revealed it was a Pipotron called "Meta" and it can take form of any living creature. The Pipotrons used Meta to take control of the monkeys, and now that he is gone, the monkeys have gone wild throughout Tokyo, and mutant creatures have taken over the city. It's now up to Specter and his team to save the world.
Gameplay
The gameplay uses the action based gameplay from the party title Ape Escape: Pumped & Primed, and mixes it with the platforming ape catching of the original title. Players use different weapons to destroy machines, and creatures lurking throughout the city. Players also use Gadgets to defeat monkeys, and use the "Monkey Net" to catch them. Each mission requires a different goal. Sometimes is needed to defeat a boss, other times to defeat a set of Targets, defend certain characters or weapons that will help throughout the game or sometimes need to capture a set of monkeys. Each mission containing monkeys has up to 100 monkeys available for capture. The more the players capture, the more "Gotcha Points" get added to their total score, which helps to unlock certain items in various ways. Missions eighteen and nineteen differ from the rest of the game. It requires to solve virtual puzzles within a time limit. This is the only occasion where Gadgets are no longer necessary to win the mission.
Reception
It was described as a "Recipe for Success" according to Yahoo Italy. They added: "Take the beauty of butterflies, a few hundred monkeys out of your mind and mix well with a simple yet innovative game play and graphics up to date. Bake for a few minutes in a preheated oven of Sony Computer Entertainment, and voila, here is Ape Escape!" It was received positively noting that the game strays away from its previous titles. They also mentioned missions eighteen to nineteen as the most creative levels a game in this genre has ever seen, also mentioning how it fits within the game, despite the game being solely on action based gameplay.
Notes
^ Japanese: サルゲッチュ! ミリオンモンキーズ, Hepburn: Saru Getchu! Mirion Monkīzu
References
^ Storyline | Official Website | Flash Archived May 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ Gameplay | Official Website | Flash Archived May 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ Yahoo | Italy | Million Monkeys Archived 1 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
vteApe Escape seriesMain series
Ape Escape
Ape Escape 2
Ape Escape 3
Spin-offs
Pipo Saru 2001
Saru! Get You! Million Monkeys
Saru! Get You! SaruSaru Big Mission
Ape Quest
Party games
Pumped & Primed
EyeToy: Monkey Mania
Academy
Academy 2
PlayStation Move
Television series
Ape Escape (2002 anime)
Saru Get You -On Air- (2006 anime)
Ape Escape (2009 American series)
Appearances
Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal
Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater
PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale
Super Bomberman R
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"platforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Sony Computer Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"video game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console"},{"link_name":"Ape Escape 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape_Escape_3"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Saru! Get You! Million Monkeys[a] is a platforming video game published and developed by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 video game console. It was released throughout Asia a year after the previous title Ape Escape 3. The game was planned to be released in the United Kingdom in late 2006. Ultimately, it was never released outside of Asia.","title":"Saru! Get You! Million Monkeys"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The game has two story plots to play. One is \"Team Kakeru\" referring to the main heroes of the series, the other \"Team Specter\" which refers to enemy Specter and the monkeys. Each \"team\" has their own plot, which involves the same Gameplay, but the story has changed.In \"Team Kakeru\" mode, the story starts with the main heroes gathering in Tokyo. The professor's computer program in the form of the character \"Chall\", alerts them of the disaster happening in the city. It is shown that Specter has joined forces with an alien race, to take over the world once more. However, it's later revealed that the \"alien race\" are mutant versions of the breed \"Pipotron\" which take the DNA of the Pipotron Monkeys, and uses it to create other creatures to help dominate the globe. The player is left to destroy any of the Specter's Robot's and Monkeys and restore order to the world. Once Specter has been defeated, monkeys run wild throughout the city, and the game takes a turn in a different direction, and the player is left to save the globe from being destroyed by mutant creatures around the world.In \"Team Specter\", Specter is on vacation and is alerted by the Piposaru that the monkeys have started to take over the world, without his permission. He is shown that someone has created a Specter impostor, and Specter goes to save the world, before he is defeated. Once the impostor is defeated, it's revealed it was a Pipotron called \"Meta\" and it can take form of any living creature. The Pipotrons used Meta to take control of the monkeys, and now that he is gone, the monkeys have gone wild throughout Tokyo, and mutant creatures have taken over the city. It's now up to Specter and his team to save the world.[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ape Escape: Pumped & Primed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape_Escape:_Pumped_%26_Primed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The gameplay uses the action based gameplay from the party title Ape Escape: Pumped & Primed, and mixes it with the platforming ape catching of the original title. Players use different weapons to destroy machines, and creatures lurking throughout the city. Players also use Gadgets to defeat monkeys, and use the \"Monkey Net\" to catch them. Each mission requires a different goal. Sometimes is needed to defeat a boss, other times to defeat a set of Targets, defend certain characters or weapons that will help throughout the game or sometimes need to capture a set of monkeys. Each mission containing monkeys has up to 100 monkeys available for capture. The more the players capture, the more \"Gotcha Points\" get added to their total score, which helps to unlock certain items in various ways. Missions eighteen and nineteen differ from the rest of the game. It requires to solve virtual puzzles within a time limit. This is the only occasion where Gadgets are no longer necessary to win the mission.[2]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"It was described as a \"Recipe for Success\" according to Yahoo Italy. They added: \"Take the beauty of butterflies, a few hundred monkeys out of your mind and mix well with a simple yet innovative game play and graphics up to date. Bake for a few minutes in a preheated oven of Sony Computer Entertainment, and voila, here is Ape Escape!\" It was received positively noting that the game strays away from its previous titles. They also mentioned missions eighteen to nineteen as the most creative levels a game in this genre has ever seen, also mentioning how it fits within the game, despite the game being solely on action based gameplay.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"}],"text":"^ Japanese: サルゲッチュ! ミリオンモンキーズ, Hepburn: Saru Getchu! Mirion Monkīzu","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.jp.playstation.com/scej/title/millimon/","external_links_name":"Flash"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060514235225/http://www.jp.playstation.com/scej/title/millimon/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jp.playstation.com/scej/title/millimon/","external_links_name":"Flash"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060514235225/http://www.jp.playstation.com/scej/title/millimon/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://it.videogames.games.yahoo.com/ps2/anteprime/ape-escape-million-monkeys/5f6137.html","external_links_name":"Million Monkeys"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100401175734/http://it.videogames.games.yahoo.com/ps2/anteprime/ape-escape-million-monkeys/5f6137.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneeberg_(Erzgebirge)
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Schneeberg, Saxony
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["1 Geography","1.1 Location","2 History","2.1 Amalgamations","2.2 Population development","3 Culture and sightseeing","4 Economy and infrastructure","4.1 Transport","4.2 State institutions","4.3 Education","5 Notable people","6 Partner towns","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 50°35′39″N 12°38′44″E / 50.59417°N 12.64556°E / 50.59417; 12.64556Town in Saxony, GermanySchneeberg Town
Coat of armsLocation of Schneeberg within Erzgebirgskreis district
Schneeberg Show map of GermanySchneeberg Show map of SaxonyCoordinates: 50°35′39″N 12°38′44″E / 50.59417°N 12.64556°E / 50.59417; 12.64556CountryGermanyStateSaxonyDistrictErzgebirgskreis Government • Mayor (2022–29) Ingo SeifertArea • Total23.35 km2 (9.02 sq mi)Elevation470 m (1,540 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total13,994 • Density600/km2 (1,600/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes08289Dialling codes03772Vehicle registrationERZ, ANA, ASZ, AU, MAB, MEK, STL, SZB, ZPWebsitewww.schneeberg.de
Schneeberg is a town in Saxony’s district of Erzgebirgskreis. It has roughly 16,400 inhabitants and belongs to the Town League of Silberberg (Städtebund Silberberg). It lies 4 km west of Aue, and 17 kilometres (11 mi) southeast of Zwickau.
Geography
Location
Schneeberg lies on the Silver Road in the upper western Ore Mountains. Visible from afar is the prominent church of St. Wolfgang. The heart of the town lies on the Schneeberg, which reaches 470 metres above sea level and is also the town’s namesake. Among the surrounding peaks are the Gleesberg (593 m) to the east and the Keilberg (557 m) to the north.
View of the town from the southwest
History
Marketplace with Town Hall
Town Hall, Summer 2021
Schneeberg’s more than 500-year-long history has been shaped by mining more than anything else, laying the very groundwork for the town’s founding. The original silver mining also yielded cobalt and bismuth mining by the mid 16th century. When uranium mining was being undertaken between 1946 and 1958, the town’s population quickly rose, leading to Schneeberg’s status as a district-free town (kreisfreie Stadt) between 1952 and 1958. Afterwards it once again belonged to the district of Aue. Between 1952 and 1990, Schneeberg was part of the Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt of East Germany.
Amalgamations
1939 Bergstadt Neustädtel, near which lies the popular outing destinations Gleesberg and Filzteich
1952 Community of Griesbach, northwest of Schneeberg
1999 Community of Lindenau
Population development
Development of population figures (as of 1960 on 31 December):
1834 - 6,912
1946 - 13,6021
1950 - 32,9322
1960 - 21,561
1971 - 20,889
1981 - 21,174
1984 - 22,318
2002 - 17,383
2003 - 17,541
2004 - 16,632
2005 - 16,568
2006 - 16,380
1 29 October
2 31 August
Culture and sightseeing
St. Wolfgangskirche
The St. Wolfgangskirche is one of the biggest and architecturally most mature churches built in the Late Gothic style, and is an earlier type of Reformation church construction. Inside are found works by Lucas Cranach the Elder and the Crodel family of painters, whom the Krodel-Brunnen (fountain), demolished in late 2005, commemorated.
Among the other sights to be seen are the neo-Gothic Town Hall, newly built in the mid 19th century, various Baroque buildings and mining memorials.
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
In Schneeberg ends Bundesstraße (Federal Highway) 93 from Leipzig, which once led further, across the border, to Karlsbad (now Karlovy Vary in the Czech Republic). Furthermore, Bundesstraße 169 runs through the town from Plauen to Chemnitz.
From 1859 to 1952, the town had a railway connection afforded by a 5-km-long spur leading to Niederschlema on the Zwickau-Schwarzenberg-Johanngeorgenstadt-Karlsbad railway line.
State institutions
Schneeberg was until 31 March 2008 headquarters of the Bundeswehr’s Gebirgsjägerbataillon (“Mountain Rangers’ Battalion”) 571 and Versorgungskompanie (“Supply Company”) 370.
Education
Schneeberg had at its disposal a lyceum, out of which grew a Gymnasium. Moreover, the town was home to a lace tatting school, an art school, a vocational Gymnasium and a teachers’ college. Schneeberg's Johann-Gottfried-Herder Gymnasium was chosen in 2004-2005 as “Saxony’s best Gymnasium” in the course of a study by the magazine Capital. It enjoys an outstanding reputation even beyond Germany's borders.
Notable people
Andreas Musculus (1514–1581), professor at the University of Frankfurt an der Oder and Generalsuperintendent of the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Ambrosius Lobwasser (1515–1585), humanistic writer and translator
Auguste Peltz (1824–1900), founder of the Schneeberg Doll Factory
Petrus Albinus (1543–1598), vice chancellor of the University of Wittenberg and Electorate of Saxony, historian
Veit Hanns Schnorr von Carolsfeld, (1764-1841), portraitist
Heinrich Stölzel (1777–1844), musician
Egon Günther (1927–2017), German film director
Enrico Kern (born 1979), German footballer with FC Hansa Rostock
Partner towns
Schneeberg's partner towns are:
Herten in North Rhine-Westphalia
Veresegyház in Pest County
Jáchymov in Karlovy Vary Region
References
^ Gewählte Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister im Freistaat Sachsen, Stand: 17. Juli 2022, Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen.
^ "Einwohnerzahlen nach Gemeinden als Excel-Arbeitsmappe" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen. 2024.
External links
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Schneeberg".
Schneeberg’s website
Mining brotherhood at "Schneeberger Bergparade" e. V.
Facebook
vteTowns and municipalities in Erzgebirgskreis
Amtsberg
Annaberg-Buchholz
Aue-Bad Schlema
Auerbach
Bärenstein
Bockau
Börnichen
Breitenbrunn
Burkhardtsdorf
Crottendorf
Deutschneudorf
Drebach
Ehrenfriedersdorf
Eibenstock
Elterlein
Gelenau
Geyer
Gornau
Gornsdorf
Großolbersdorf
Großrückerswalde
Grünhain-Beierfeld
Grünhainichen
Heidersdorf
Hohndorf
Jahnsdorf
Johanngeorgenstadt
Jöhstadt
Königswalde
Lauter-Bernsbach
Lößnitz
Lugau
Marienberg
Mildenau
Neukirchen
Niederdorf
Niederwürschnitz
Oberwiesenthal
Oelsnitz
Olbernhau
Pockau-Lengefeld
Raschau-Markersbach
Scheibenberg
Schlettau
Schneeberg
Schönheide
Schwarzenberg
Sehmatal
Seiffen
Stollberg
Stützengrün
Tannenberg
Thalheim
Thermalbad Wiesenbad
Thum
Wolkenstein
Zschopau
Zschorlau
Zwönitz
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Erzgebirgskreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzgebirgskreis"},{"link_name":"Aue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aue,_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Zwickau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwickau"}],"text":"Town in Saxony, GermanySchneeberg is a town in Saxony’s district of Erzgebirgskreis. It has roughly 16,400 inhabitants and belongs to the Town League of Silberberg (Städtebund Silberberg). It lies 4 km west of Aue, and 17 kilometres (11 mi) southeast of Zwickau.","title":"Schneeberg, Saxony"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ore Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore_Mountains"},{"link_name":"church of St. Wolfgang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Wolfgang%27s_Church,_Schneeberg"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schneeberg_panorama_from_south_west_(aka).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Schneeberg lies on the Silver Road in the upper western Ore Mountains. Visible from afar is the prominent church of St. Wolfgang. The heart of the town lies on the Schneeberg, which reaches 470 metres above sea level and is also the town’s namesake. Among the surrounding peaks are the Gleesberg (593 m) to the east and the Keilberg (557 m) to the north.View of the town from the southwest","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schneeberg_marketplace_with_townhall_(aka).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rathaus_Schneeberg_2021-07-15.jpg"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"cobalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"},{"link_name":"bismuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"district-free town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk_Karl-Marx-Stadt"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"}],"text":"Marketplace with Town HallTown Hall, Summer 2021Schneeberg’s more than 500-year-long history has been shaped by mining more than anything else, laying the very groundwork for the town’s founding. The original silver mining also yielded cobalt and bismuth mining by the mid 16th century. When uranium mining was being undertaken between 1946 and 1958, the town’s population quickly rose, leading to Schneeberg’s status as a district-free town (kreisfreie Stadt) between 1952 and 1958. Afterwards it once again belonged to the district of Aue. Between 1952 and 1990, Schneeberg was part of the Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt of East Germany.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Amalgamations","text":"1939 Bergstadt Neustädtel, near which lies the popular outing destinations Gleesberg and Filzteich\n1952 Community of Griesbach, northwest of Schneeberg\n1999 Community of Lindenau","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Population development","text":"Development of population figures (as of 1960 on 31 December):1 29 October\n2 31 August","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schneeberg_St._Wolfgangskirche_1_(aka).jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Wolfgangskirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Wolfgang%27s_Church,_Schneeberg"},{"link_name":"Late Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"neo-Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Gothic"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"}],"text":"St. WolfgangskircheThe St. Wolfgangskirche is one of the biggest and architecturally most mature churches built in the Late Gothic style, and is an earlier type of Reformation church construction. Inside are found works by Lucas Cranach the Elder and the Crodel family of painters, whom the Krodel-Brunnen (fountain), demolished in late 2005, commemorated.Among the other sights to be seen are the neo-Gothic Town Hall, newly built in the mid 19th century, various Baroque buildings and mining memorials.","title":"Culture and sightseeing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundesstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Karlovy Vary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlovy_Vary"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Plauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plauen"},{"link_name":"Chemnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz"},{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_line"},{"link_name":"Zwickau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwickau"},{"link_name":"Schwarzenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzenberg,_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Johanngeorgenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanngeorgenstadt"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"In Schneeberg ends Bundesstraße (Federal Highway) 93 from Leipzig, which once led further, across the border, to Karlsbad (now Karlovy Vary in the Czech Republic). Furthermore, Bundesstraße 169 runs through the town from Plauen to Chemnitz.From 1859 to 1952, the town had a railway connection afforded by a 5-km-long spur leading to Niederschlema on the Zwickau-Schwarzenberg-Johanngeorgenstadt-Karlsbad railway line.","title":"Economy and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundeswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr"}],"sub_title":"State institutions","text":"Schneeberg was until 31 March 2008 headquarters of the Bundeswehr’s Gebirgsjägerbataillon (“Mountain Rangers’ Battalion”) 571 and Versorgungskompanie (“Supply Company”) 370.","title":"Economy and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"art school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_school"},{"link_name":"teachers’ college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher_education"},{"link_name":"Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(German_magazine)"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Schneeberg had at its disposal a lyceum, out of which grew a Gymnasium. Moreover, the town was home to a lace tatting school, an art school, a vocational Gymnasium and a teachers’ college. Schneeberg's Johann-Gottfried-Herder Gymnasium was chosen in 2004-2005 as “Saxony’s best Gymnasium” in the course of a study by the magazine Capital. It enjoys an outstanding reputation even beyond Germany's borders.","title":"Economy and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andreas Musculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Musculus"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt an der Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_an_der_Oder"},{"link_name":"Margraviate of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Ambrosius Lobwasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_Lobwasser"},{"link_name":"Auguste Peltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Peltz"},{"link_name":"Petrus Albinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Albinus"},{"link_name":"University of Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Electorate of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Veit Hanns Schnorr von Carolsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veit_Hanns_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Stölzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel"},{"link_name":"Egon Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_G%C3%BCnther"},{"link_name":"Enrico Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Kern"},{"link_name":"FC Hansa Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Hansa_Rostock"}],"text":"Andreas Musculus (1514–1581), professor at the University of Frankfurt an der Oder and Generalsuperintendent of the Margraviate of Brandenburg\nAmbrosius Lobwasser (1515–1585), humanistic writer and translator\nAuguste Peltz (1824–1900), founder of the Schneeberg Doll Factory\nPetrus Albinus (1543–1598), vice chancellor of the University of Wittenberg and Electorate of Saxony, historian\nVeit Hanns Schnorr von Carolsfeld, (1764-1841), portraitist\nHeinrich Stölzel (1777–1844), musician\nEgon Günther (1927–2017), German film director\nEnrico Kern (born 1979), German footballer with FC Hansa Rostock","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Herten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herten"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Veresegyház","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veresegyh%C3%A1z"},{"link_name":"Pest County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Jáchymov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1chymov"},{"link_name":"Karlovy Vary Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_Region"}],"text":"Schneeberg's partner towns are:Herten in North Rhine-Westphalia\n Veresegyház in Pest County\n Jáchymov in Karlovy Vary Region","title":"Partner towns"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Schneeberg_in_ERZ.png/240px-Schneeberg_in_ERZ.png"},{"image_text":"View of the town from the southwest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Schneeberg_panorama_from_south_west_%28aka%29.jpg/400px-Schneeberg_panorama_from_south_west_%28aka%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marketplace with Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Schneeberg_marketplace_with_townhall_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-Schneeberg_marketplace_with_townhall_%28aka%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Town Hall, Summer 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rathaus_Schneeberg_2021-07-15.jpg/220px-Rathaus_Schneeberg_2021-07-15.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Wolfgangskirche","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Schneeberg_St._Wolfgangskirche_1_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-Schneeberg_St._Wolfgangskirche_1_%28aka%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Einwohnerzahlen nach Gemeinden als Excel-Arbeitsmappe\" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen. 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/aktuelle-zahlen/statistik-sachsen_aI1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.xlsx","url_text":"\"Einwohnerzahlen nach Gemeinden als Excel-Arbeitsmappe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_des_Freistaates_Sachsen","url_text":"Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgensen
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Jorgensen
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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For other uses, see Jorgensen (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Jurgensen.
Jorgensen or Joergensen (original spelling: Jørgensen, Danish pronunciation: ) is a common Danish-Norwegian patronymic surname meaning "son of Jørgen" (Danish version of the Greek Γεώργιος (geōrgios), cf. English George).
In 2009, Jørgensen was the tenth most common surname in Denmark, shared by about 1.8% of the population. It is also the 22nd most common surname in Norway. Scandinavian immigrants to English-speaking countries often changed the spelling to Jorgensen or Jorgenson in order to accommodate English orthographic rules. Similarly, mass media in English often render Jørgensen as Jorgensen.
Notable people with the surname Jorgensen or Jørgensen include:
Arndt Jorgens (born Arndt Jørgensen; 1905–1980), Norwegian-American baseball player
Adolf Ditlev Jørgensen (1840–1897), Danish historian
Albert N. Jorgensen (1899–1978), American academic administrator
Andy Jorgensen (born 1967), American politician, Wisconsin State Assembly
Anker Jørgensen (1922–2016), Danish politician, prime minister three times in the 1970s
Ann Eleonora Jørgensen (born 1965), Danish actress
Astrid Jorgensen, New Zealand-Australian vocalist, conductor and composer
Ben Jorgensen, American singer and guitarist
Bertha Jorgensen (1904–1999), Australian violinist and concertmaster
Bill Jorgensen (1927–?), American television anchor
C.V. Jørgensen (born 1950), Danish rock musician and songwriter
Charlotte Jørgensen (born 1972), Danish ballroom dancer
Christine Jorgensen (1926–1989), American transgender woman
Claus Jørgensen (born 1974), Danish race walker
Claus Bech Jørgensen (born 1976), Faroese footballer and coach
Danny Jorgensen (born 1951), American professor of religious studies
Dan Jørgensen (born 1975), Danish politician
Daniel Jorgensen (disambiguation), several people
Dick Jorgensen (1934–1990), American football official
Ejler Andreas Jorgensen (1838–1876), Danish artist
Ellen Jørgensen (1877–1948), Danish historian
Emil Jørgensen (1882–1947), Danish footballer
Emil Peter Jørgensen (born 1995), Danish footballer
Erik M. Jorgensen, American biologist
Geir Hansteen Jörgensen (born 1968), Swedish television and film director
Gwen Jorgensen (born 1986) American professional triathlete
Ian Jorgensen, New Zealand music promoter and photographer
Janel Jorgensen (born 1971), American swimmer
Jan Ø. Jørgensen (born 1987), Danish badminton player
Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen (born 1964), American businessman (most widely known as Jeff Bezos), founder, CEO, and president of Amazon.com
Jim Jorgensen (born 1948), American businessman
Jo Jorgensen (born 1957), American politician
Johannes Jorgensen (1866–1956), Danish religious writer
Jørgen Jørgensen (1780–1841), Danish adventurer
Joseph Jorgensen (1844–1888), American politician
Kenneth Jørgensen (born 1976), Danish handballer
Kenneth Jørgensen (curler) (born 1984), Danish curler
Karina Jørgensen (born 1988), Danish badminton player
Lars Jorgensen (born 1970), American swimmer and college coach
Lars Fruergaard Jørgensen (born 1966), Danish businessman
Line Jørgensen (born 1989), Danish handball player
Martin Jørgensen (born 1975), Danish football (soccer) player
Mathias Jørgensen (born 1990), Danish football player, nicknamed Zanka
Mikael Jorgensen (born 1972), American keyboardist for Wilco
Mike Jorgensen (born 1948), American baseball player
Nicolai Jørgensen (born 1991), Danish footballer
Nils Jørgensen (1911–1996), Norwegian fencer
Oluf Kavlie-Jørgensen (1902–1984), Norwegian chess player
Paul Jorgensen, South African advocate
Pete Jorgensen (born 1935), American politician
Peter Jörgensen (1870–1937), entomologist
Richard A. Jorgensen (born 1951), American molecular geneticist
Sophus Mads Jørgensen (1837–1914), Danish chemist
Spider Jorgensen (1919–2003), American baseball player
Sven Erik Jørgensen (1934–2016), Danish environmental engineer
Tage Jørgensen (1918–1999), Danish fencer
Tor Berger Jørgensen (born 1945), Norwegian Lutheran bishop
Troels Jørgensen, mathematician
Wagner Jorgensen (1913–1977), American football player
William Kvist Jørgensen (born 1985), Danish football player
William L. Jorgensen (born 1949), American chemist
See also
Jorgensen, Joergensen, Jurgensen, Jürgensen, Juergensen, Jorgenson, Jurgenson
References
^ Statistics Denmark
^ "Navnestatistikken". SSB (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2024-01-27.
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Jorgensen. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jorgensen (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorgensen_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jurgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgensen"},{"link_name":"[ˈjɶɐ̯ˀn̩sn̩]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"Γεώργιος (geōrgios)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Jorgenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorgenson"},{"link_name":"English orthographic rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Arndt Jorgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arndt_Jorgens"},{"link_name":"Adolf Ditlev Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Ditlev_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Albert N. Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_N._Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Andy Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Anker Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anker_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Ann Eleonora Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Eleonora_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Astrid Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Ben Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Bertha Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Bill Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"C.V. Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.V._J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Christine Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Claus Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_J%C3%B8rgensen_(racewalker)"},{"link_name":"Claus Bech Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Bech_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Danny Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Dan Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Daniel Jorgensen (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jorgensen_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Dick Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Ejler Andreas Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejler_Andreas_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Ellen Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_J%C3%B8rgensen_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Emil Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Emil Peter Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Peter_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Erik M. Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_M._Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Geir Hansteen Jörgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_Hansteen_J%C3%B6rgensen"},{"link_name":"Gwen Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Ian Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Janel Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janel_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Jan Ø. Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_%C3%98._J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos"},{"link_name":"Jim Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Jo Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Johannes Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Jørgensen (curler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_J%C3%B8rgensen_(curler)"},{"link_name":"Karina Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karina_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Lars Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Lars Fruergaard Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Fruergaard_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Line Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Martin Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Mathias Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Mikael Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Mike Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Nicolai Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Nils Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Oluf Kavlie-Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluf_Kavlie-J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Paul Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Pete Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Peter Jörgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J%C3%B6rgensen"},{"link_name":"Richard A. Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Sophus Mads Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophus_Mads_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Spider Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Sven Erik Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Erik_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Tage Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tage_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Tor Berger Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Berger_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Troels Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troels_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Wagner Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"William Kvist Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kvist_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"William L. Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Jorgensen"}],"text":"For other uses, see Jorgensen (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Jurgensen.Jorgensen or Joergensen (original spelling: Jørgensen, Danish pronunciation: [ˈjɶɐ̯ˀn̩sn̩]) is a common Danish-Norwegian patronymic surname meaning \"son of Jørgen\" (Danish version of the Greek Γεώργιος (geōrgios), cf. English George).In 2009, Jørgensen was the tenth most common surname in Denmark, shared by about 1.8% of the population.[1] It is also the 22nd most common surname in Norway.[2] Scandinavian immigrants to English-speaking countries often changed the spelling to Jorgensen or Jorgenson in order to accommodate English orthographic rules. Similarly, mass media in English often render Jørgensen as Jorgensen.Notable people with the surname Jorgensen or Jørgensen include:Arndt Jorgens (born Arndt Jørgensen; 1905–1980), Norwegian-American baseball player\nAdolf Ditlev Jørgensen (1840–1897), Danish historian\nAlbert N. Jorgensen (1899–1978), American academic administrator\nAndy Jorgensen (born 1967), American politician, Wisconsin State Assembly\nAnker Jørgensen (1922–2016), Danish politician, prime minister three times in the 1970s\nAnn Eleonora Jørgensen (born 1965), Danish actress\nAstrid Jorgensen, New Zealand-Australian vocalist, conductor and composer\nBen Jorgensen, American singer and guitarist\nBertha Jorgensen (1904–1999), Australian violinist and concertmaster\nBill Jorgensen (1927–?), American television anchor\nC.V. Jørgensen (born 1950), Danish rock musician and songwriter\nCharlotte Jørgensen (born 1972), Danish ballroom dancer\nChristine Jorgensen (1926–1989), American transgender woman\nClaus Jørgensen (born 1974), Danish race walker\nClaus Bech Jørgensen (born 1976), Faroese footballer and coach\nDanny Jorgensen (born 1951), American professor of religious studies\nDan Jørgensen (born 1975), Danish politician\nDaniel Jorgensen (disambiguation), several people\nDick Jorgensen (1934–1990), American football official\nEjler Andreas Jorgensen (1838–1876), Danish artist\nEllen Jørgensen (1877–1948), Danish historian\nEmil Jørgensen (1882–1947), Danish footballer\nEmil Peter Jørgensen (born 1995), Danish footballer\nErik M. Jorgensen, American biologist\nGeir Hansteen Jörgensen (born 1968), Swedish television and film director\nGwen Jorgensen (born 1986) American professional triathlete\nIan Jorgensen, New Zealand music promoter and photographer\nJanel Jorgensen (born 1971), American swimmer\nJan Ø. Jørgensen (born 1987), Danish badminton player\nJeffrey Preston Jorgensen (born 1964), American businessman (most widely known as Jeff Bezos), founder, CEO, and president of Amazon.com\nJim Jorgensen (born 1948), American businessman\nJo Jorgensen (born 1957), American politician\nJohannes Jorgensen (1866–1956), Danish religious writer\nJørgen Jørgensen (1780–1841), Danish adventurer\nJoseph Jorgensen (1844–1888), American politician\nKenneth Jørgensen (born 1976), Danish handballer\nKenneth Jørgensen (curler) (born 1984), Danish curler\nKarina Jørgensen (born 1988), Danish badminton player\nLars Jorgensen (born 1970), American swimmer and college coach\nLars Fruergaard Jørgensen (born 1966), Danish businessman\nLine Jørgensen (born 1989), Danish handball player\nMartin Jørgensen (born 1975), Danish football (soccer) player\nMathias Jørgensen (born 1990), Danish football player, nicknamed Zanka\nMikael Jorgensen (born 1972), American keyboardist for Wilco\nMike Jorgensen (born 1948), American baseball player\nNicolai Jørgensen (born 1991), Danish footballer\nNils Jørgensen (1911–1996), Norwegian fencer\nOluf Kavlie-Jørgensen (1902–1984), Norwegian chess player\nPaul Jorgensen, South African advocate\nPete Jorgensen (born 1935), American politician\nPeter Jörgensen (1870–1937), entomologist\nRichard A. Jorgensen (born 1951), American molecular geneticist\nSophus Mads Jørgensen (1837–1914), Danish chemist\nSpider Jorgensen (1919–2003), American baseball player\nSven Erik Jørgensen (1934–2016), Danish environmental engineer\nTage Jørgensen (1918–1999), Danish fencer\nTor Berger Jørgensen (born 1945), Norwegian Lutheran bishop\nTroels Jørgensen, mathematician\nWagner Jorgensen (1913–1977), American football player\nWilliam Kvist Jørgensen (born 1985), Danish football player\nWilliam L. Jorgensen (born 1949), American chemist","title":"Jorgensen"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorgensen_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Joergensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joergensen"},{"title":"Jurgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgensen"},{"title":"Jürgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgensen"},{"title":"Juergensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juergensen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Jorgenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorgenson"},{"title":"Jurgenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgenson_(surname)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Navnestatistikken\". SSB (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2024-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/navn/statistikk/navn","url_text":"\"Navnestatistikken\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.dst.dk/Statistik/Navne/pop/2009.aspx","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/navn/statistikk/navn","external_links_name":"\"Navnestatistikken\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Jorgensen&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McLellan
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Bob McLellan
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["1 Notes","2 External links"]
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Australian rules footballer, born 1916
Australian rules footballer
Bob McLellanPersonal informationFull name
Robert Ian McLellanDate of birth
(1916-03-16)16 March 1916Place of birth
Box Hill, VictoriaDate of death
11 April 2007(2007-04-11) (aged 91)Place of death
Templestowe, VictoriaHeight
178 cm (5 ft 10 in)Weight
94 kg (207 lb)Playing career1Years
Club
Games (Goals)1936–37
Fitzroy
12 (2)
1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1937.
Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com
Robert Ian McLellan (16 March 1916 – 11 April 2007) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
McLellan later served in the Australian Army during World War II, spending 9 months in Borneo in 1945.
Notes
^ Holmesby, Russell; Main, Jim (2014). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers: every AFL/VFL player since 1897 (10th ed.). Seaford, Victoria: BAS Publishing. p. 592. ISBN 978-1-921496-32-5.
^ "World War II Roll: Robert Ian McLellan". Department of Veterans Affairs.
External links
Bob McLellan's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Bob McLellan at AustralianFootball.com
This Australian rules football biography of a person born in 1916 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Australian rules footballerRobert Ian McLellan (16 March 1916 – 11 April 2007) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).[1]McLellan later served in the Australian Army during World War II, spending 9 months in Borneo in 1945.[2]","title":"Bob McLellan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-encyc_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-921496-32-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921496-32-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"World War II Roll: Robert Ian McLellan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nominal-rolls.dva.gov.au/veteran?id=502481&c=WW2"}],"text":"^ Holmesby, Russell; Main, Jim (2014). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers: every AFL/VFL player since 1897 (10th ed.). Seaford, Victoria: BAS Publishing. p. 592. ISBN 978-1-921496-32-5.\n\n^ \"World War II Roll: Robert Ian McLellan\". Department of Veterans Affairs.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Holmesby, Russell; Main, Jim (2014). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers: every AFL/VFL player since 1897 (10th ed.). Seaford, Victoria: BAS Publishing. p. 592. ISBN 978-1-921496-32-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921496-32-5","url_text":"978-1-921496-32-5"}]},{"reference":"\"World War II Roll: Robert Ian McLellan\". Department of Veterans Affairs.","urls":[{"url":"https://nominal-rolls.dva.gov.au/veteran?id=502481&c=WW2","url_text":"\"World War II Roll: Robert Ian McLellan\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/B/Bob_McLellan.html","external_links_name":"AFL Tables"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Bob+McLellan/5991","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"https://nominal-rolls.dva.gov.au/veteran?id=502481&c=WW2","external_links_name":"\"World War II Roll: Robert Ian McLellan\""},{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/B/Bob_McLellan.html","external_links_name":"Bob McLellan's playing statistics"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/bob%2Bmclellan/5991","external_links_name":"Bob McLellan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_McLellan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernese_Aargau
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Unteraargau
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["1 Geography","2 History"]
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Lower watershed of the Aar River in SwitzerlandThis article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Unteraargau" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Alamannian Unteraargau in the 10th century
The Unteraargau is the lower watershed of the Aar River in the Swiss canton of Aargau.
Geography
It corresponds approximately to the canton's southwestern districts of Aarau, Brugg, Kulm, Lenzburg and Zofingen. The Unteraargau includes that portion of the Aar valley between Aarau and the Klingnauer Stausee, as well as the Aar tributary valleys of the Aabach, Suhre, Wigger and Wyna rivers. It also includes some parts of the Jura Mountains.
History
The region was held by the Swabian counts of Lenzburg and Kyburg, in 1264 it fell to the House of Habsburg. It is sometimes called the Berner Aargau, with reference to its incorporation into the territory of Bern from 1415 to 1798. Until 1415, the region belonged to the Further Austrian possessions of Archduke Frederick IV of Habsburg. When he was outlawed by Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg, his territories were forfeit. His former subjects agreed to acquire the land, and the Bernese citizens of the Swiss Confederacy were the first on the ground.
The area was then consolidated with the Oberaargau into one region after the conquest by the city of Bern. When Bern lost its old power with the invasion by French troops after the French Revolution in 1798, the Unteraargau became the modern canton of Aargau. The boundary between the Oberaargau and Unteraargau was fixed in 1798 along the Wigger River. In 1802, however, it was shifted west to the river Murg. This action was confirmed by the Act of Mediation of Napoleon in 1803 and the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
Authority control databases
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aargau_10jh.png"},{"link_name":"Aar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aar"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Aargau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aargau"}],"text":"Alamannian Unteraargau in the 10th centuryThe Unteraargau is the lower watershed of the Aar River in the Swiss canton of Aargau.","title":"Unteraargau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau_District"},{"link_name":"Brugg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brugg_District"},{"link_name":"Kulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulm_District"},{"link_name":"Lenzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenzburg_District"},{"link_name":"Zofingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofingen_District"},{"link_name":"Aar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aar"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau"},{"link_name":"Klingnauer Stausee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingnauer_Stausee"},{"link_name":"Aabach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aabach_(Seetal)"},{"link_name":"Suhre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhre"},{"link_name":"Wigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigger_River"},{"link_name":"Wyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynental"},{"link_name":"Jura Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_Mountains"}],"text":"It corresponds approximately to the canton's southwestern districts of Aarau, Brugg, Kulm, Lenzburg and Zofingen. The Unteraargau includes that portion of the Aar valley between Aarau and the Klingnauer Stausee, as well as the Aar tributary valleys of the Aabach, Suhre, Wigger and Wyna rivers. It also includes some parts of the Jura Mountains.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"counts of Lenzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Lenzburg"},{"link_name":"Kyburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kyburg"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Bern"},{"link_name":"Further Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_Austria"},{"link_name":"Frederick IV of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Sigismund of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Swiss Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Oberaargau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberaargau"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Murg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murg_(Aare)"},{"link_name":"Act of Mediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Mediation"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375986#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029288"}],"text":"The region was held by the Swabian counts of Lenzburg and Kyburg, in 1264 it fell to the House of Habsburg. It is sometimes called the Berner Aargau, with reference to its incorporation into the territory of Bern from 1415 to 1798. Until 1415, the region belonged to the Further Austrian possessions of Archduke Frederick IV of Habsburg. When he was outlawed by Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg, his territories were forfeit. His former subjects agreed to acquire the land, and the Bernese citizens of the Swiss Confederacy were the first on the ground.The area was then consolidated with the Oberaargau into one region after the conquest by the city of Bern. When Bern lost its old power with the invasion by French troops after the French Revolution in 1798, the Unteraargau became the modern canton of Aargau. The boundary between the Oberaargau and Unteraargau was fixed in 1798 along the Wigger River. In 1802, however, it was shifted west to the river Murg. This action was confirmed by the Act of Mediation of Napoleon in 1803 and the Congress of Vienna in 1815.Authority control databases \nHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"Alamannian Unteraargau in the 10th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aargau_10jh.png/240px-Aargau_10jh.png"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Unteraargau%22","external_links_name":"\"Unteraargau\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Unteraargau%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Unteraargau%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Unteraargau%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Unteraargau%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Unteraargau%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029288","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanted:_Babysitter
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Wanted: Babysitter
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 References","4.1 Sources","5 External links"]
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"Scar Tissue (film)" redirects here. For other films, see Scar tissue.
1975 filmWanted: BabysitterFrench film PosterDirected byRené ClémentWritten by
Nicola Badalucco
René Clément
Mark Peploe
Luciano Vincenzoni
Story by
Nicola Badalucco
Luciano Vincenzoni
Produced by
Jacques Bar (Executive producer)
Zev Braun
Carlo Ponti
Wolfdieter von Stein
Starring
Maria Schneider
Sydne Rome
Vic Morrow
Robert Vaughn
Nadja Tiller
CinematographyAlberto SpagnoliEdited by
Christiane Lack
Fedora Zincone
Music byFrancis LaiRelease date
October 15, 1975 (1975-10-15) (France)
Wanted: Babysitter (French: La Baby-Sitter, Italian: Babysitter - Un maledetto pasticcio, German: Das ganz große Ding, also known as Scar Tissue, The Babysitter and The Raw Edge) is a 1975 Italian-French-West German thriller–drama film directed by René Clément as his final film before his retirement in 1975. The film stars Maria Schneider, Sydne Rome, Vic Morrow, Robert Vaughn, and Nadja Tiller.
Plot
Michelle, a naive young girl, is forcefully kidnapped while babysitting the son of a wealthy food mogul. She and the boy are held hostage by an ex-stuntman and a vengeful movie star.
Cast
Maria Schneider as Michelle
Sydne Rome as Ann
Vic Morrow as Vic
Robert Vaughn as Stuart Chase
John Whittington as 'Boots' Peter Franklin
Nadja Tiller as Lotte
Renato Pozzetto as Gianni
Carl Möhner as Cyrus Franklin
Clelia Matania as Old neighbour
Marco Tulli as Inspector Trieste
Armando Brancia as Inspector Carrara
Release
Wanted: Babysitter was released in French theatres on October 15, 1975. The film was released on DVD on June 1, 2004, initially, and later on January 1, 2005, and May 13, 2009. Wanted: Babysitter was digitally remastered on January 2, 2015.
References
^ Chiti, Roberto; Poppi, Roberto; Lancia, Enrico (1991). Dizionario del cinema italiano. I film vol. 2 - Dal 1945 al 1959. Rome: Gremese. ISBN 978-8876055485.
^ Mereghetti, Paolo (2013). Il Mereghetti. Dizionario dei film 2014. Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Milan: Baldini & Castoldi. ISBN 978-8868520588.
^ "Wanted: Babysitter". Turner Classic Movies. Atlanta: Turner Broadcasting System (Time Warner). Retrieved November 24, 2016.
^ Sadoul & Morris 1972, p. 46.
^ "Wanted: Babysitter". Miracle Pictures Studios. Denver. ASIN B000BIBK5K. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
^ "Wanted: Babysitter". FilmRise. New York City. January 2, 2015. ASIN B00RPOPTS2. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
Sources
Sadoul, Georges; Morris, Peter (1972). Dictionary of Films. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0520021525. Nadja Tiller as Lotte.
External links
Wanted: Babysitter at IMDb
Wanted: Babysitter at Rotten Tomatoes
vteFilms directed by René Clément
The Battle of the Rails (1946)
Mr. Orchid (1946)
The Damned (1947)
The Walls of Malapaga (1949)
The Glass Castle (1950)
Forbidden Games (1952)
Knave of Hearts (1954)
Gervaise (1956)
This Angry Age (1958)
Purple Noon (1960)
The Joy of Living (1961)
The Day and the Hour (1963)
Joy House (1964)
Is Paris Burning? (1966)
Rider on the Rain (1969)
The Deadly Trap (1971)
And Hope to Die (1972)
Wanted: Babysitter (1975)
vteLuciano VincenzoniFilms written
Path of Hope (1950)
They Stole a Tram (1954)
The Railroad Man (1956)
The Wanderers (1956)
The Italians They Are Crazy (1958)
The Great War (1959)
Venetian Honeymoon (1959)
Crimen (1960)
The Hunchback of Rome (1960)
The Best of Enemies (1961)
Destination Fury (1961)
Duel of Champions (1961)
Revolt of the Mercenaries (1961)
Copacabana Palace (1962)
A Girl... and a Million (1962)
La vita agra (1964)
Seduced and Abandoned (1964)
For a Few Dollars More (1965)
The Birds, the Bees and the Italians (1966)
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)
Death Rides a Horse (1967)
The Mercenary (1968)
A Quiet Place in the Country (1968)
Duck, You Sucker! (1971)
Black Turin (1972)
Flatfoot (1973)
The Heroes (1973)
Mean Frank and Crazy Tony (1973)
Mr. Hercules Against Karate (1973)
War Goddess (1973)
The Beast (1974)
Policewoman (1974)
Three Tough Guys (1974)
The Boss and the Worker (1975)
Cry, Onion! (1975)
Libera, My Love (1975)
Wanted: Babysitter (1975)
L'Italia s'è rotta (1976)
Black Journal (1977)
Orca (1977)
Count Tacchia (1982)
Bonnie and Clyde Italian Style (1983)
A tu per tu (1984)
Casablanca, Casablanca (1985)
Miami Supercops (1985)
Raw Deal (1986)
Blowing Hot and Cold (1989)
Malèna (2000)
Plays
Sacco and Vanzetti (1960)
This article about a 1970s thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scar tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scar_tissue_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"René Clément","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cl%C3%A9ment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Maria Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Schneider_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Sydne Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydne_Rome"},{"link_name":"Vic Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Robert Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Vaughn"},{"link_name":"Nadja Tiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadja_Tiller"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wanted:_Babysitter-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadoulMorris197246-4"}],"text":"\"Scar Tissue (film)\" redirects here. For other films, see Scar tissue.1975 filmWanted: Babysitter (French: La Baby-Sitter, Italian: Babysitter - Un maledetto pasticcio, German: Das ganz große Ding, also known as Scar Tissue, The Babysitter and The Raw Edge) is a 1975 Italian-French-West German thriller–drama film directed by René Clément as his final film before his retirement in 1975.[1][2] The film stars Maria Schneider, Sydne Rome, Vic Morrow, Robert Vaughn, and Nadja Tiller.[3][4]","title":"Wanted: Babysitter"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Michelle, a naive young girl, is forcefully kidnapped while babysitting the son of a wealthy food mogul. She and the boy are held hostage by an ex-stuntman and a vengeful movie star.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Schneider_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Sydne Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydne_Rome"},{"link_name":"Vic Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Robert Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Vaughn"},{"link_name":"Nadja Tiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadja_Tiller"},{"link_name":"Renato Pozzetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Pozzetto"},{"link_name":"Carl Möhner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_M%C3%B6hner"},{"link_name":"Clelia Matania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clelia_Matania"},{"link_name":"Marco Tulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Tulli"},{"link_name":"Armando Brancia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Brancia"}],"text":"Maria Schneider as Michelle\nSydne Rome as Ann\nVic Morrow as Vic\nRobert Vaughn as Stuart Chase\nJohn Whittington as 'Boots' Peter Franklin\nNadja Tiller as Lotte\nRenato Pozzetto as Gianni\nCarl Möhner as Cyrus Franklin\nClelia Matania as Old neighbour\nMarco Tulli as Inspector Trieste\nArmando Brancia as Inspector Carrara","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"digitally remastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remaster"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Wanted: Babysitter was released in French theatres on October 15, 1975. The film was released on DVD on June 1, 2004, initially, and later on January 1, 2005, and May 13, 2009.[5] Wanted: Babysitter was digitally remastered on January 2, 2015.[6]","title":"Release"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Boosie
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Boosie Badazz
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 2003–2005: Ghetto Stories, Gangsta Muzik and Warner Bros.","2.3 2006–2008: Bad Azz and Survival of the Fittest","2.4 2009: Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz and Bad Azz Entertainment","2.5 2010–2012: Incarcerated","2.6 2014: Name change to \"Boosie Badazz\"","2.7 2014–2015: Touchdown 2 Cause Hell and Life After Deathrow","2.8 2016–present: Penitentiary Chances and BooPac","2.9 2018: Boosie Blues Cafe and Badazz 3.5","3 Bad Azz Music Syndicate","4 Legal issues","5 Controversies","6 Personal life","7 Discography","8 Filmography","9 References","10 External links"]
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American rapper (born 1982)
Boosie BadAzzBoosie Badazz performing in 2014Background informationBirth nameTorence Ivy Hatch Jr.Also known asLil' BoosieBad AzzMr. 126Born (1982-11-14) November 14, 1982 (age 41)Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.GenresHip hopSouthern hip hopgangsta rapOccupationsRappersongwriteractor
Children8
Years active1998-presentLabelsTrillBad Azz Music SyndicateAtlanticFormerly of
Concentration Camp
Websitetrillent.com
Musical artist
Torence Ivy Hatch Jr. (born November 14, 1982), better known by his stage name Boosie BadAzz or simply Boosie (formerly Lil Boosie), is an American rapper. Hatch began rapping in the 1990s as a member of the Southern hip hop collective Concentration Camp, eventually pursuing a solo career in 2000 with the release of his debut album Youngest of da Camp. After leaving the label the following year, he signed with Pimp C's Trill Entertainment to release his second studio album, For My Thugz (2002). One of the most prominent figures of Southern
hip hop, Hatch has gone on to release thirteen solo studio albums, as well as seven collaborative albums and 44 mixtapes.
In 2009, Hatch was sentenced to four years in prison on drug and gun charges. In 2010, he was indicted on first-degree murder, and was also sentenced to 10 years on multiple charges of drug possession with intent of distribution. In 2012, he was found not guilty of murder. After serving 5 years in prison for drug charges, Hatch was released early on March 5, 2014. He is known for making homophobic and transphobic comments throughout his career, and garnered notoriety after saying he paid prostitutes to engage in sex-acts with his children.
Early life
Boosie was born Torence Hatch on November 14, 1982, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and grew up on West Garfield Street. His mother, Connie Hatch (née Givens), was a school principal whose father was a pastor. His father, Torence Hatch Sr., died in 1997. He was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes as a child.
Career
Early career
Lil' Boosie's cousin Young Dee introduced Boosie to Baton Rouge rapper C-Loc in the late 1990s. He was mentored by Young Bleed and C-Loc as well as MD. and joined Concentration Camp, a rap group from Baton Rouge formed by C-Loc in the mid nineties, as the youngest member in 1998. The group consisted of Young Bleed, C-Loc, Happy Perez, Boo, Max Minelli, J-Von, Lee Tyme and Lucky Knuckles. He eventually debuted on C-Loc's fifth album, 'It's A Gamble' in 2000 under his old alias Boosie and Concentration Camp third studio album Camp III : Thug Brothas in 2000.
The departure of Young Bleed from the Camp helped put Lil Boosie in a prime position amongst the group. Alongside C-Loc and Max Minelli, he served as one of the "faces" of the Camp. At 17 years of age, he recorded his debut album, the aptly-titled Youngest of da Camp, (Camp Life Entertainment, 2000). The album production was mostly handled by Happy Perez, and featured C-Loc, Max Minelli and Donkey.
In 2001 he joined Trill Entertainment backed by its CEO the late Pimp C of UGK. Soon after, Trill independently released the album For My Thugz under his new alias Lil Boosie in 2002. The album featured Pimp C, Young Bleed, Webbie while he also put out his first mixtape title Boosie 2002 (Advance) featuring contributions by Max Minelli and Pimp C.
2003–2005: Ghetto Stories, Gangsta Muzik and Warner Bros.
Later in the summer of 2003, Boosie collaborated with Webbie on the album Ghetto Stories, presented by Pimp C. In 2004, the duo worked together again on Trill Azz Mixtape Vol. 1, which also featured an appearance of Torrence "Bad Azz". In the same year, he released Trill Azz Mixes II which introduced Phat, later known as Lil Phat. He paired up again with Webbie, to release their second compilation album, Gangsta Musik. He caught the eye of some Universal Music Group representatives.
In 2004 Lil Boosie and South Coast Coalition released Both Sides of the Track. Boosie also released a compilation mixtape title Bad Ass with a few new tracks like Trill Shit. It also featured the track I Smoke, I Drank by Body Head Bangerz featuring Boosie and Young Bleed off their debut album Body Head Bangerz: Volume One. January 1, 2005, Boosie teamed up with Lava House Records to release United We Stand, Divided We Fall. He also released Street Code with Pat Lowrenzo. In 2005, Lil Boosie released Bad Ass (Advance) to promote Bad Azz.
In late January 2005, Boosie signed a deal with Warner Bros. Records.
2006–2008: Bad Azz and Survival of the Fittest
In early 2006, Trill released Bad Ass Mixtape Vol.1 as a follow-up to (Bad Ass Advance). In 2006, Boosie's major label debut album Bad Azz was released. It contained the single "Zoom" featuring Yung Joc. A Bad Azz DVD followed where the rapper explained the death of his father due to drugs and his fight against diabetes. In early December 2006, the mixtape "Streetz Iz Mine" was released by Lil Boosie and DJ Drama (Gangsta Grillz), featuring a guest appearance by Webbie.
In 2007, Lil Boosie released Bad Azz Mixtapes Vol. 2 while together with Webbie he featured on the remix of "Wipe Me Down" by rapper Foxx. It was put on the Trill Entertainment compilation album Survival of the Fittest, which was released in 2007. In 2008 Boosie released Da Beginning Mixtape. At Lil Boosie's Fourth of July Bash party, he passed out his new mixtape, 4th Of July Bash. In December 2008, Lil Boosie released Lil Boosie Presents: Da Click, which features Da Click (Hatch Boy, Locco, Quick and Bleek). In 2008, he was featured on the single "Independent" by Webbie and was among several rappers to be featured on "Out Here Grindin" by DJ Khaled.
2009: Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz and Bad Azz Entertainment
In March 2009 Boosie released The Return Of Mr. Wipe Me Down as a promotion mixtape to his second major album. The Runners and V-12 produced some of the mixtape. Lil Boosie again passed out an untitled mixtape at his July of 4th Bash. Songs from the tape eventually ended up on Da Click: Street Kingz which was released July 14. In 2009, Lil Boosie released his second major album Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz. The first single from the album, "Better Believe It", featured Webbie and Young Jeezy. Promotional music videos for songs from the album, such as "I'm a Dog" and "Loose as a Goose," were released.
Also in 2009, Lil Boosie presented his debut label Bad Azz Entertainment. Lil Boosie released Thug Passion on his Bad Azz Entertainment label in 2009. In the summer (July) of 2009, Lil Boosie and Hurricane Chris released a mixtape titled Category 7: Bad Azz Hurricane. Lil Boosie also released a mixtape titled Untouchables with LoLa Monroe. Lil Boosie also released a mixtape titled The 25th Hour. On an interlude on the mixtape, he speaks on his prison term.
2010–2012: Incarcerated
In 2010 Lil Boosie and C-Loc, his former CEO, released Unbreakable as a Compilation CD. In 2010, Lil Boosie announced in prison, facing charges of murder and conspiracy, that he wanted to move forward with his career. Boosie released his fourth studio album, Incarcerated, on September 28 on Asylum Records. According to MTV News, the project is almost entirely produced by B.J., although Mouse on Tha Track did some work on it as well. Webbie, Foxx and Lil Trill are among the featured guests.
Lil Boosie released Gone Til' December in 2010, which is a mixtape album consisting of new music. The 25th Hour tape was originally released in his hometown of Baton Rouge, Louisiana – but other versions have spread around the internet. The version that he dropped featured songs like "Be Careful" featuring Money Bag$, "I Did You Wrong" feat. Lil Quick, "I Been Icy," "My Children," and "I Ain't Mad At Cha."
Other notable guest appearances include: Lil Jas, Hatch Boy, Yung Giga of Bad Azz Entertainment, as well as Lil Trill. There are some other mixtapes floating around the internet with similar titles, so Bad Azz Entertainment released it as Should've Been My Beatz on Amazon, Rhapsody and others. Lil Boosie released 22504 with B.G. In 2011 Quick release Hit After Hit 3 with Lil Boosie. In 2012 My Brother's Keeper was released with Money Bagz and Quick. Also Under Investigation was released as a free download on Livemixtapes with Ray Vicks.
2014: Name change to "Boosie Badazz"
In January 2014 Lil Boosie spoke on his prison sentence and said,
I have about 500 songs at the moment. I feel that I'm making the best music I've ever made. The more I go through in life the better my music gets and it's been crazy the last three years. I keep my music heartfelt and stick to making real music. I wouldn't even say it's hip hop music. My music is 'reality rap'. Hip hop music can make you dance and bob your head, but it can't make you cry or touch your heart like reality rap.
On September 13, 2013, it was reported that judges related to his case agreed to return his hard drives and his computers. The equipment contained a lot of music he had recorded before going to jail. Jeff Weiss, who covered Boosie's trial for Rolling Stone, reported that Boosie's attorneys believed that he would be released within the next five months. On March 10, 2014, Boosie made his first comments to the public following his release from prison. During the press conference he revealed his new record deal with Atlantic Records. His first single released would be "Show Da World" with Webbie. Lil Boosie was feature on "Wuda Cuda Shuda" by 2 Chainz, "Beat Up the Block" by Dorrough Music, "Face Down" by DJ Mustard, "Beez Like" by Young Jeezy, "Jet Fuel" by T.I., "Made Me" (Remix) by Snootie Wild.
In October 2014, Boosie changed his stage name to Boosie Badazz. and explained in a May 2015 interview with Noisey: "I got tired of just people, grown men, like "What up Lil Boosie?" No, I'm grown. It should be Mr.! You know, I'm Boosie Badazz. I'm a dad, man. Just take the shit off! That's how I was feeling ... Boosie Badazz is just like, more people say Badazz when they see me than Boosie, so I just stuck with the Boosie Badazz."
2014–2015: Touchdown 2 Cause Hell and Life After Deathrow
In April 2014, Boosie announced that his sixth studio album Touchdown 2 Cause Hell would be released on July 15, 2014, but was later pushed back to September 23, 2014. The album would be delayed yet again, until he unveiled the track list and announced a May 26 release date on April 22, 2015. The project features 17 new tracks with guest appearances from Rich Homie Quan on the single "Like A Man," Webbie on the street single "On That Level," as well as Chris Brown, Rick Ross, T.I. and Keyshia Cole.
On October 30, 2014, Lil Boosie released his first mixtape since his release from prison titled "Life After Deathrow", featuring Yo Gotti, Trey Songz, LIV, Adtmurda whose name changed to Murdamann4real and Shy Glizzy. The project was largely conceptualized by Boosie's brother and manager Taquari "TQ" Hatch who serves as executive producer on the project. "Life After Deathrow" would feature songs like "I'm coming Home" and the hit "NO JUICE" produced by Mouse on Da Track.
2016–present: Penitentiary Chances and BooPac
Boosie Badazz and C-Murder announced the Penitentiary Chances joint album on January 18, 2016, via AllHipHop. The project from the two Louisiana rappers was scheduled to be released April 15, 2016. All production is said to come from T-Rhythm and Moneybeats "SoundTrendsLlc". On December 15, 2017, Boosie Badazz released his seventh studio album BooPac.
2018: Boosie Blues Cafe and Badazz 3.5
On November 22, 2018, Boosie Badazz released Boosie Blues Cafe and on March 29, 2019, released Badazz 3.5.
Bad Azz Music Syndicate
Bad Azz Music Syndicate is a record label founded by Boosie Badazz and Taquari "TQ" Hatch. While Incarcerated, TQ suggested rebranding Bad Azz Entertainment due to the many invalid artist and associates that began repping "Bad Azz Ent" unbeknownst to Boosie. TQ felt there would be a need to reestablish the brand as a music company that would be able to sign artist in the future who were more diverse and even international.
Legal issues
On October 22, 2008, Boosie was arrested after East Baton Rouge sheriff's deputies found marijuana and a Glock in his car. Boosie pled guilty to his third-offense possession of marijuana charge on September 22, 2009, and was sentenced to two years in prison the next day. Judge Chip Moore doubled the sentence on November 9 after finding Boosie had violated probation while awaiting sentencing. Between his plea and sentencing, Boosie was electronically monitored and placed under house arrest.
On June 17, 2010, Boosie was indicted on charges of first-degree murder of Terry Boyd. He also faced charges for three counts of possession with intent to distribute narcotics (Schedule II: codeine and cocaine; Schedule I: marijuana), three counts of "conspiracy to commit possession with intent to distribute narcotics", and two counts of "conspiracy to introduce contraband into a penal institution". He has stated that he is innocent of these charges.
District Attorney Hillar Moore stated that the killing seemed to be "over turf". If convicted, Boosie could have faced the death penalty. Prosecutors also stated that they believed the rapper may have been involved in at least five other murders. On June 28, Boosie entered a not-guilty plea in a Louisiana court room. While Boosie's defense addressed the fact that the rapper has several ongoing cases, they emphasized that he is not a murderer and rested their case without bringing any witnesses. The jury in the case came to a unanimous not-guilty verdict on the murder charge after less than 10 minutes deliberation.
On November 29, 2011, Boosie was sentenced to eight years in state prison after pleading guilty to the drug charges. On May 11, 2012, a jury found Boosie not guilty of first degree murder.
On December 7, 2012, his attorneys were able to argue that the drug ring charge was a set up: the informant offered to provide codeine syrup for Boosie, an admitted codeine addict, in exchange for his help. He was released on March 5, 2014. He remained on parole until 2018.
On July 12, 2022, Boosie was detained during a traffic stop and cited with possession of marijuana.
Controversies
In February 2020, Boosie was criticized for comments he made towards Zaya Wade, 12-year-old daughter of American basketball player Dwyane Wade, who had recently come out as transgender, with the support of her parents, among them being "Don't cut his dick off, bruh." In the same video, he went on to say that outlawing physical abuse of children gave them too much power over their parents.
Also in February 2020, just days after the incident involving Zaya Wade, Boosie was asked by staff to leave a Planet Fitness in Georgia; Boosie alleged the gym's manager was hostile towards him for his comments towards Wade but a spokesperson for the company denied Boosie's claim that a personal grudge was the reason for him being asked to leave, instead stating that the rapper had failed to comply with company policies and had harassed members of the staff.
In May 2020, Boosie was criticized for a now-deleted video he uploaded to Instagram in which he spoke positively of paying an adult female prostitute to perform oral sex on his son and nephew, then 12 and 13 years old, below the age of consent in any U.S. state, and allowing his minor son to watch pornography, as he felt pornography was more appropriate for children to watch than "cartoons with two men kissing". Previously in 2017, in a birthday post aimed at his soon-to-be 14-year-old son, Boosie bragged that he had secured his son a "bad bitch" to perform fellatio on him for his birthday, in a post liked by 27,000 users, though he later claimed he had been joking.
After rumors spread that Lil Nas X was collaborating with Boosie, Boosie went on a homophobic rant against Lil Nas X, who is openly gay, in 2021, in which he urged Lil Nas X to commit suicide.
Personal life
Boosie has eight children with six women. He has said that he did not believe marriage was a good choice for him, because he didn't want to lose half of his fortune to his spouse in the event that he committed adultery, and has praised women who stay in a relationship with an unfaithful partner, saying he respects those women. In 2010, one of his ex-girlfriends, Walnita "Nita" Decuir, was arrested on charges related to drug distribution for attempting to smuggle illicit substances to Boosie, reportedly marijuana, codeine, and MDMA, who, at the time, was incarcerated.
On March 9, 2013, it was announced that Boosie had earned his GED certificate while incarcerated.
On November 25, 2015, at the age of 33, Boosie revealed he had been diagnosed with kidney cancer. He had successful surgery to remove the cancer.
Shortly after Bad Azz was released, Boosie revealed that he had type 1 diabetes, having been diagnosed in childhood. In April 2020, he took to Instagram to ask the public for help in locating insulin glargine, also known as Lantus, asking followers in the Jacksonville area to call him.
On September 20, 2022, Boosie released Cross The Tracks: A Memoir.
Discography
Main article: Boosie Badazz discography
Studio albums
Youngest of da Camp (2000) (as Lil Boosie)
For My Thugz (2002) (as Lil Boosie)
Bad Azz (2006) (as Lil Boosie)
Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz (2009) (as Lil Boosie)
Incarcerated (2010) (as Lil Boosie)
Touch Down 2 Cause Hell (2015)
BooPac (2017)
Boosie Blues Cafe (2018)
Badazz 3.5 (2019)
Bad Azz Zay (2019)
Talk Dat Sh*t (2019)
Goat Talk (2019)
In House (2020)
Goat Talk 3 (2021)
Heartfelt (2022)
Lines for Valentines (2023)
Filmography
Films
Gangsta Musik (2005)
Bad Azz (2006)
On the Grind (2006)
Last Dayz (2009)
Ghetto Stories: The Movie (2010)
Glass Jaw (2018)
References
^ "Torence I Hatch Arrest/Incident Report Coweta County SO | PDF".
^ a b c Jeffries, David (2007). "Lil' Boosie > Biography". allmusic. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
^ "Lil Boosie Charged With Murder, May Face Death Penalty". Billboard. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
^ a b "Boosie BadAzz Doubles Down on Lil Nas X Suicide Comments". XXL magazine. October 23, 2021.
^ a b "Boosie Badazz Hurls Vile Words at Lil Nas X in Homophobic Tweet". Billboard.
^ a b "Boosie Badazz Stands Firm on Transphobic Comments About Dwyane Wade's son Zaya". Billboard.
^ a b "Boosie Badazz Doubles Down on Comments Aimed at Dwyane Wade's Daughter Zaya". Complex. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
^ a b "Boosie Badazz Faces Backlash After Claiming He Got 'Grown Woman' to Give His Underage Son Oral Sex". Complex Networks.
^ a b Weiss, Suzy (May 13, 2020). "Rapper Boosie Badazz claims he paid for sex for 14-year-old son". New York Post. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ "Thelma Robinson Hatch Obituary". The Advocate. April 6, 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
^ "Connie Hatch: The truth about Lil Boosie – Part 1 of 3 |". On WAX – The Poster Magazine. September 12, 2011. Archived from the original on September 12, 2011.
^ "United States, GenealogyBank Historical Newspaper Obituaries, 1815-2011", database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QP1D-17Q4 : April 23, 2020), Torrence Hatch in entry for Rev Donald Turner, 1997.
^ Gunn, Tamantha (April 27, 2020). "Fan who gave Boosie Badazz insulin won $10K on a scratch-off after leaving his house". REVOLT. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
^ Staff, COS (August 28, 2013). "The Untold History of Young Bleed". Consequence of Sound.
^ "E93 Summer Jam to feature rapper Lil Boosie with Trina and Webbie at the civic center".
^ "C-Loc Presents Camp III* - Thug Brothas The Album (CD, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
^ "Youngest of da Camp – Boosie | Credits". AllMusic. January 27, 2004. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
^ "Lil' Boosie – For My Thugz (CD, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
^ "Ghetto Stories – Lil' Boosie & Webbie | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. July 22, 2003. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
^ "Lil' Boosie & Webbie – Trill Azz Mix Tapes Vol.I (CD, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
^ "Lil' Boosie & Introducing Phat* - Trill Azz Mixes Vol.II (CD, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
^ a b c "Lil Boosie Biography". Song Lyrics-Music Lyrics-Newest Lyrics With Video. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Lil Boosie to Release 'Incarcerated' LP While in Prison". Billboard.com. August 24, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
^ Dharmic X. "Lil Boosie Might Be Able to Release New Music Soon". Complex.
^ a b Edwin Ortiz. "According to Lil Boosie's Label Rep, He Will "Absolutely" Be Released by March 10 ". Complex.
^ "Lil Boosie Pulls A Game & Jeezy, Officially Changes Rap Name". sohh.com. January 17, 2015.
^ "Lil Boosie Changes His Name To Boosie Badazz". Hip-Hop Wired. October 21, 2014.
^ Iandoli, Kathy (May 4, 2015). "Excuse me, it's Mr. Boosie now: Southern rap hero Boosie Badazz searches for his place in history". Noisey. Vice.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
^ Tardio, Andres (November 19, 2014). "Lil Boosie "Touch Down 2 Cause Hell" Release Date & Cover Art". HipHopDX.com.
^ "Boosie Unveils "Touch Down 2 Cause Hell" Tracklist". BallerStatus.com. April 22, 2015.
^ "Boosie Badazz – Life After Deathrow". HotNewHipHop. October 30, 2014.
^ "C-Murder & Boosie Badazz Preview "Penitentiary Chances"". Hiphopdx.com. March 16, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
^ Kaufman, Gil (September 23, 2009). "Lil Boosie Gets Two-Year Prison Sentence For Drug Possession". MTV News. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
^ Concepcion, Mariel (November 10, 2009). "Rapper Lil' Boosie Sentenced To Four Years In Prison". Billboard. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
^ a b Kuperstein, Slava. "Lil Boosie indicted for murder". Retrieved June 18, 2010.
^ Kuperstein, Slava. "Lil Boosie Indicted for Murder UPDATE". Retrieved June 21, 2010.
^ "Lil Boosie Charged With Murder, May Face Death Penalty". Billboard.com. September 14, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
^ Kuperstein, Slava (June 29, 2010). "Lil Boosie indicted for Murder Update #2". HIP HOP DX. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ "Lil Boosie pleads guilty to drug charges, sentenced to 8 yrs". WAFB. November 29, 2011.
^ "Lil Boosie found not guilty – WAFB 9 News Baton Rouge, Louisiana News, Weather, Sports". Wafb.com. May 11, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
^ "Lil Boosie to be Released from Prison in Less than 60 Days!". Hot 107.9. December 7, 2012.
^ "'I'm tired, bro!' Boosie Badazz rages in handcuffs during traffic stop in Georgia". July 14, 2022.
^ "Planet Fitness Admits Boosie Was Kicked Out Of Gym; Accuses Rapper Of Harassment".
^ "Boosie Badazz Faces Backlash After Claiming He Got 'Grown Woman' to Give His Underage Son Oral Sex". Complex. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
^ "Here's What Boosie Has to Say About Offering His Son Oral Sex for His Birthday". BET.com. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
^ "Boosie Badazz Spoils Daughter with Porsche for 16th Birthday!!!". TMZ. December 4, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
^ Farrell, Paul (May 13, 2020). "Walnita Decuir, the Mother of 3 of Boosie Badazz's Kids". Heavy.com. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
^ "Lil Boosie Isn't About That Marriage Life! 'I Don't Believe In That Split, Split Sh*t'". theybf.com. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
^ "Rappers' Wives That Have Been Arrested". HotNewHipHop. January 18, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
^ "Lil Boosie Follows In Drake's Footsteps Behind Bars | For The Best In Hip-Hop News". SOHH.com. March 10, 2013. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
^ "Rapper Lil Boosie reveals he has kidney cancer". New York Daily News. November 25, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
^ HipHopDX (December 13, 2015). "Boosie Badazz Reveals He's Cancer Free". HipHopDX.
^ "Rapper Lil' Boosie Begs Fans On Instagram To Help Get Him Diabetes Medication". The Blast. April 26, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
^ Badazz, Boosie (May 16, 2023). Cross the Tracks. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-9821-3137-1.
^ "Boosie Badazz - Lines For Valentines". Apple Music. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
^ "Glass Jaw (2018) - IMDb". IMDb.
External links
Quotations related to Lil Boosie at Wikiquote
vteBoosie BadazzStudio albums
Youngest of da Camp
For My Thugz
Bad Azz
Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz
Incarcerated
Touch Down 2 Cause Hell
BooPac
Collaboration albums
Ghetto Stories
Gangsta Musik
Trill Entertainment Presents: Survival of the Fittest
Trill Entertainment Presents: All or Nothing
Mixtapes
In My Feelings (Goin’ Thru It)
Out My Feelings in My Past
Thug Talk
Singles
"Zoom"
"Better Believe It"
Collaborative singles
"Wipe Me Down"
"Show Da World"
Featured singles
"The Way I Live"
"Independent"
"Out Here Grindin"
Related articles
Discography
Trill Entertainment
Bad Azz Entertainment
Ghetto Stories (film)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_collective"},{"link_name":"Youngest of da Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngest_of_da_Camp"},{"link_name":"Pimp C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimp_C"},{"link_name":"Trill Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"For My Thugz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_My_Thugz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"first-degree murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_in_United_States_law"},{"link_name":"drug possession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_possession"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"homophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"transphobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"}],"text":"Musical artistTorence Ivy Hatch Jr. (born November 14, 1982), better known by his stage name Boosie BadAzz or simply Boosie (formerly Lil Boosie), is an American rapper. Hatch began rapping in the 1990s as a member of the Southern hip hop collective Concentration Camp, eventually pursuing a solo career in 2000 with the release of his debut album Youngest of da Camp. After leaving the label the following year, he signed with Pimp C's Trill Entertainment to release his second studio album, For My Thugz (2002). One of the most prominent figures of Southern\nhip hop, Hatch has gone on to release thirteen solo studio albums, as well as seven collaborative albums and 44 mixtapes.[2]In 2009, Hatch was sentenced to four years in prison on drug and gun charges. In 2010, he was indicted on first-degree murder, and was also sentenced to 10 years on multiple charges of drug possession with intent of distribution.[3] In 2012, he was found not guilty of murder. After serving 5 years in prison for drug charges, Hatch was released early on March 5, 2014. He is known for making homophobic[4][5] and transphobic[6][7] comments throughout his career, and garnered notoriety after saying he paid prostitutes to engage in sex-acts with his children.[8][9]","title":"Boosie Badazz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baton Rouge, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Boosie was born Torence Hatch on November 14, 1982, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and grew up on West Garfield Street. His mother, Connie Hatch (née Givens), was a school principal whose father was a pastor. His father, Torence Hatch Sr., died in 1997.[10][11][12] He was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes as a child.[13]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C-Loc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-Loc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Young Bleed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Bleed"},{"link_name":"Youngest of da Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngest_of_da_Camp"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Trill Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Pimp C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimp_C"},{"link_name":"UGK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGK"},{"link_name":"For My Thugz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_My_Thugz"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Pimp C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimp_C"},{"link_name":"Young Bleed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Bleed"},{"link_name":"Webbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbie"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Lil' Boosie's cousin Young Dee introduced Boosie to Baton Rouge rapper C-Loc in the late 1990s.[14] He was mentored by Young Bleed and C-Loc as well as MD. and joined Concentration Camp, a rap group from Baton Rouge formed by C-Loc in the mid nineties, as the youngest member in 1998.[15] The group consisted of Young Bleed, C-Loc, Happy Perez, Boo, Max Minelli, J-Von, Lee Tyme and Lucky Knuckles. He eventually debuted on C-Loc's fifth album, 'It's A Gamble' in 2000 under his old alias Boosie and Concentration Camp third studio album Camp III : Thug Brothas in 2000.[16]The departure of Young Bleed from the Camp helped put Lil Boosie in a prime position amongst the group. Alongside C-Loc and Max Minelli, he served as one of the \"faces\" of the Camp. At 17 years of age, he recorded his debut album, the aptly-titled Youngest of da Camp, (Camp Life Entertainment, 2000). The album production was mostly handled by Happy Perez, and featured C-Loc, Max Minelli and Donkey.[17]In 2001 he joined Trill Entertainment backed by its CEO the late Pimp C of UGK. Soon after, Trill independently released the album For My Thugz under his new alias Lil Boosie in 2002.[18] The album featured Pimp C, Young Bleed, Webbie while he also put out his first mixtape title Boosie 2002 (Advance) featuring contributions by Max Minelli and Pimp C.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Webbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbie"},{"link_name":"Ghetto Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimp_C_Present:_Ghetto_Stories"},{"link_name":"Pimp C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimp_C"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Trill Azz Mixtape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_Azz_Mixtape"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Trill Azz Mixes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_Azz_Mixes_II"},{"link_name":"Lil Phat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Phat"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Gangsta Musik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangsta_Musik"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lil_Boosie_Biography_|_Biographies-22"},{"link_name":"I Smoke, I Drank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Smoke,_I_Drank"},{"link_name":"Young Bleed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Bleed"},{"link_name":"Body Head Bangerz: Volume One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Head_Bangerz:_Volume_One"},{"link_name":"United We Stand, Divided We Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_We_Stand,_Divided_We_Fall"},{"link_name":"Bad Azz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Azz_(album)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lil_Boosie_Biography_|_Biographies-22"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lil_Boosie_Biography_|_Biographies-22"}],"sub_title":"2003–2005: Ghetto Stories, Gangsta Muzik and Warner Bros.","text":"Later in the summer of 2003, Boosie collaborated with Webbie on the album Ghetto Stories, presented by Pimp C.[19] In 2004, the duo worked together again on Trill Azz Mixtape Vol. 1, which also featured an appearance of Torrence \"Bad Azz\".[20] In the same year, he released Trill Azz Mixes II which introduced Phat, later known as Lil Phat.[21] He paired up again with Webbie, to release their second compilation album, Gangsta Musik. He caught the eye of some Universal Music Group representatives.[22]In 2004 Lil Boosie and South Coast Coalition released Both Sides of the Track. Boosie also released a compilation mixtape title Bad Ass with a few new tracks like Trill Shit. It also featured the track I Smoke, I Drank by Body Head Bangerz featuring Boosie and Young Bleed off their debut album Body Head Bangerz: Volume One. January 1, 2005, Boosie teamed up with Lava House Records to release United We Stand, Divided We Fall. He also released Street Code with Pat Lowrenzo. In 2005, Lil Boosie released Bad Ass (Advance) to promote Bad Azz.[22]In late January 2005, Boosie signed a deal with Warner Bros. Records.[22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bad Azz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Azz_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"Yung Joc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yung_Joc"},{"link_name":"Webbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbie"},{"link_name":"Wipe Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipe_Me_Down"},{"link_name":"Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxx_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Trill Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Survival of the Fittest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_Entertainment_Presents:_Survival_of_the_Fittest"},{"link_name":"Fourth of July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_of_July"},{"link_name":"Lil Boosie Presents: Da Click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Boosie_Presents:_Da_Click"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(song)"},{"link_name":"Out Here Grindin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_Here_Grindin"},{"link_name":"DJ Khaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled"}],"sub_title":"2006–2008: Bad Azz and Survival of the Fittest","text":"In early 2006, Trill released Bad Ass Mixtape Vol.1 as a follow-up to (Bad Ass Advance). In 2006, Boosie's major label debut album Bad Azz was released.[2] It contained the single \"Zoom\" featuring Yung Joc. A Bad Azz DVD followed where the rapper explained the death of his father due to drugs and his fight against diabetes. In early December 2006, the mixtape \"Streetz Iz Mine\" was released by Lil Boosie and DJ Drama (Gangsta Grillz), featuring a guest appearance by Webbie.In 2007, Lil Boosie released Bad Azz Mixtapes Vol. 2 while together with Webbie he featured on the remix of \"Wipe Me Down\" by rapper Foxx. It was put on the Trill Entertainment compilation album Survival of the Fittest, which was released in 2007. In 2008 Boosie released Da Beginning Mixtape. At Lil Boosie's Fourth of July Bash party, he passed out his new mixtape, 4th Of July Bash. In December 2008, Lil Boosie released Lil Boosie Presents: Da Click, which features Da Click (Hatch Boy, Locco, Quick and Bleek). In 2008, he was featured on the single \"Independent\" by Webbie and was among several rappers to be featured on \"Out Here Grindin\" by DJ Khaled.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Runners_(production_duo)"},{"link_name":"Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superbad:_The_Return_of_Boosie_Bad_Azz"},{"link_name":"Better Believe It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Believe_It"},{"link_name":"Young Jeezy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Jeezy"},{"link_name":"Bad Azz Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Azz_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Bad Azz Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Azz_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Chris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Chris_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"LoLa Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoLa_Monroe"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"2009: Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz and Bad Azz Entertainment","text":"In March 2009 Boosie released The Return Of Mr. Wipe Me Down as a promotion mixtape to his second major album. The Runners and V-12 produced some of the mixtape. Lil Boosie again passed out an untitled mixtape at his July of 4th Bash. Songs from the tape eventually ended up on Da Click: Street Kingz which was released July 14. In 2009, Lil Boosie released his second major album Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz. The first single from the album, \"Better Believe It\", featured Webbie and Young Jeezy. Promotional music videos for songs from the album, such as \"I'm a Dog\" and \"Loose as a Goose,\" were released.Also in 2009, Lil Boosie presented his debut label Bad Azz Entertainment. Lil Boosie released Thug Passion on his Bad Azz Entertainment label in 2009. In the summer (July) of 2009, Lil Boosie and Hurricane Chris released a mixtape titled Category 7: Bad Azz Hurricane. Lil Boosie also released a mixtape titled Untouchables with LoLa Monroe. Lil Boosie also released a mixtape titled The 25th Hour. On an interlude on the mixtape, he speaks on his prison term.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Incarcerated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarcerated_(album)"},{"link_name":"Webbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbie"},{"link_name":"Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxx_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Gone Til' December","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_Til%27_December"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Bad Azz Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Azz_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"B.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.G._(rapper)"}],"sub_title":"2010–2012: Incarcerated","text":"In 2010 Lil Boosie and C-Loc, his former CEO, released Unbreakable as a Compilation CD. In 2010, Lil Boosie announced in prison, facing charges of murder and conspiracy, that he wanted to move forward with his career.[citation needed] Boosie released his fourth studio album, Incarcerated, on September 28 on Asylum Records. According to MTV News, the project is almost entirely produced by B.J., although Mouse on Tha Track did some work on it as well. Webbie, Foxx and Lil Trill are among the featured guests.[23]Lil Boosie released Gone Til' December in 2010, which is a mixtape album consisting of new music. The 25th Hour tape was originally released in his hometown of Baton Rouge, Louisiana – but other versions have spread around the internet. The version that he dropped featured songs like \"Be Careful\" featuring Money Bag$, \"I Did You Wrong\" feat. Lil Quick, \"I Been Icy,\" \"My Children,\" and \"I Ain't Mad At Cha.\"Other notable guest appearances include: Lil Jas, Hatch Boy, Yung Giga of Bad Azz Entertainment, as well as Lil Trill. There are some other mixtapes floating around the internet with similar titles, so Bad Azz Entertainment released it as Should've Been My Beatz on Amazon, Rhapsody and others. Lil Boosie released 22504 with B.G. In 2011 Quick release Hit After Hit 3 with Lil Boosie. In 2012 My Brother's Keeper was released with Money Bagz and Quick. Also Under Investigation was released as a free download on Livemixtapes with Ray Vicks.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complex.com-25"},{"link_name":"Show Da World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Da_World"},{"link_name":"2 Chainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Chainz"},{"link_name":"Dorrough Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorrough_Music"},{"link_name":"DJ Mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Mustard"},{"link_name":"Young Jeezy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Jeezy"},{"link_name":"T.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.I."},{"link_name":"Snootie Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snootie_Wild"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Noisey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"2014: Name change to \"Boosie Badazz\"","text":"In January 2014 Lil Boosie spoke on his prison sentence and said,I have about 500 songs at the moment. I feel that I'm making the best music I've ever made. The more I go through in life the better my music gets and it's been crazy the last three years. I keep my music heartfelt and stick to making real music. I wouldn't even say it's hip hop music. My music is 'reality rap'. Hip hop music can make you dance and bob your head, but it can't make you cry or touch your heart like reality rap.On September 13, 2013, it was reported that judges related to his case agreed to return his hard drives and his computers. The equipment contained a lot of music he had recorded before going to jail. Jeff Weiss, who covered Boosie's trial for Rolling Stone, reported that Boosie's attorneys believed that he would be released within the next five months.[24] On March 10, 2014, Boosie made his first comments to the public following his release from prison. During the press conference he revealed his new record deal with Atlantic Records.[25] His first single released would be \"Show Da World\" with Webbie. Lil Boosie was feature on \"Wuda Cuda Shuda\" by 2 Chainz, \"Beat Up the Block\" by Dorrough Music, \"Face Down\" by DJ Mustard, \"Beez Like\" by Young Jeezy, \"Jet Fuel\" by T.I., \"Made Me\" (Remix) by Snootie Wild.In October 2014, Boosie changed his stage name to Boosie Badazz.[26][27] and explained in a May 2015 interview with Noisey: \"I got tired of just people, grown men, like \"What up Lil Boosie?\" No, I'm grown. It should be Mr.! You know, I'm Boosie Badazz. I'm a dad, man. Just take the shit off! That's how I was feeling ... Boosie Badazz is just like, more people say Badazz when they see me than Boosie, so I just stuck with the Boosie Badazz.\"[28]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiphopdx.com-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotnewhiphop.com-31"}],"sub_title":"2014–2015: Touchdown 2 Cause Hell and Life After Deathrow","text":"In April 2014, Boosie announced that his sixth studio album Touchdown 2 Cause Hell would be released on July 15, 2014, but was later pushed back to September 23, 2014.[29] The album would be delayed yet again, until he unveiled the track list and announced a May 26 release date on April 22, 2015. The project features 17 new tracks with guest appearances from Rich Homie Quan on the single \"Like A Man,\" Webbie on the street single \"On That Level,\" as well as Chris Brown, Rick Ross, T.I. and Keyshia Cole.[30]On October 30, 2014, Lil Boosie released his first mixtape since his release from prison titled \"Life After Deathrow\", featuring Yo Gotti, Trey Songz, LIV, Adtmurda whose name changed to Murdamann4real and Shy Glizzy. The project was largely conceptualized by Boosie's brother and manager Taquari \"TQ\" Hatch who serves as executive producer on the project. \"Life After Deathrow\" would feature songs like \"I'm coming Home\" and the hit \"NO JUICE\" produced by Mouse on Da Track.[31]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"BooPac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BooPac"}],"sub_title":"2016–present: Penitentiary Chances and BooPac","text":"Boosie Badazz and C-Murder announced the Penitentiary Chances joint album on January 18, 2016, via AllHipHop. The project from the two Louisiana rappers was scheduled to be released April 15, 2016. All production is said to come from T-Rhythm and Moneybeats \"SoundTrendsLlc\".[32] On December 15, 2017, Boosie Badazz released his seventh studio album BooPac.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018: Boosie Blues Cafe and Badazz 3.5","text":"On November 22, 2018, Boosie Badazz released Boosie Blues Cafe and on March 29, 2019, released Badazz 3.5.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"}],"text":"Bad Azz Music Syndicate is a record label founded by Boosie Badazz and Taquari \"TQ\" Hatch. While Incarcerated, TQ suggested rebranding Bad Azz Entertainment due to the many invalid artist and associates that began repping \"Bad Azz Ent\" unbeknownst to Boosie. TQ felt there would be a need to reestablish the brand as a music company that would be able to sign artist in the future who were more diverse and even international.","title":"Bad Azz Music Syndicate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"Glock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glock"},{"link_name":"pled guilty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilty_plea"},{"link_name":"sentenced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(law)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"probation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation"},{"link_name":"house arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murder_Charge-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murder_Charge-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murder_Charge_Update-36"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murder_charge_Update_#2-38"},{"link_name":"state prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_prison"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complex.com-25"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"On October 22, 2008, Boosie was arrested after East Baton Rouge sheriff's deputies found marijuana and a Glock in his car. Boosie pled guilty to his third-offense possession of marijuana charge on September 22, 2009, and was sentenced to two years in prison the next day.[33] Judge Chip Moore doubled the sentence on November 9 after finding Boosie had violated probation while awaiting sentencing. Between his plea and sentencing, Boosie was electronically monitored and placed under house arrest.[34]On June 17, 2010, Boosie was indicted on charges of first-degree murder of Terry Boyd.[35] He also faced charges for three counts of possession with intent to distribute narcotics (Schedule II: codeine and cocaine; Schedule I: marijuana), three counts of \"conspiracy to commit possession with intent to distribute narcotics\", and two counts of \"conspiracy to introduce contraband into a penal institution\".[35] He has stated that he is innocent of these charges.[36]District Attorney Hillar Moore stated that the killing seemed to be \"over turf\". If convicted, Boosie could have faced the death penalty. Prosecutors also stated that they believed the rapper may have been involved in at least five other murders.[37] On June 28, Boosie entered a not-guilty plea in a Louisiana court room. While Boosie's defense addressed the fact that the rapper has several ongoing cases, they emphasized that he is not a murderer and rested their case without bringing any witnesses. The jury in the case came to a unanimous not-guilty verdict on the murder charge after less than 10 minutes deliberation.[38]On November 29, 2011, Boosie was sentenced to eight years in state prison after pleading guilty to the drug charges.[39] On May 11, 2012, a jury found Boosie not guilty of first degree murder.[40]On December 7, 2012, his attorneys were able to argue that the drug ring charge was a set up: the informant offered to provide codeine syrup for Boosie, an admitted codeine addict, in exchange for his help.[41] He was released on March 5, 2014.[25] He remained on parole until 2018.On July 12, 2022, Boosie was detained during a traffic stop and cited with possession of marijuana.[42]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dwyane Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyane_Wade"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_youth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"physical abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abuse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Planet Fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Fitness"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"prostitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitute"},{"link_name":"perform oral sex on his son and nephew, then 12 and 13 years old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_rape"},{"link_name":"age of consent in any U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"fellatio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellatio"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Lil Nas X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Nas_X"},{"link_name":"homophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"Lil Nas X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Nas_X"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"In February 2020, Boosie was criticized for comments he made towards Zaya Wade, 12-year-old daughter of American basketball player Dwyane Wade, who had recently come out as transgender, with the support of her parents, among them being \"Don't cut his dick off, bruh.\"[6] In the same video, he went on to say that outlawing physical abuse of children gave them too much power over their parents.[7]Also in February 2020, just days after the incident involving Zaya Wade, Boosie was asked by staff to leave a Planet Fitness in Georgia; Boosie alleged the gym's manager was hostile towards him for his comments towards Wade but a spokesperson for the company denied Boosie's claim that a personal grudge was the reason for him being asked to leave, instead stating that the rapper had failed to comply with company policies and had harassed members of the staff.[43]In May 2020, Boosie was criticized for a now-deleted video he uploaded to Instagram in which he spoke positively of paying an adult female prostitute to perform oral sex on his son and nephew, then 12 and 13 years old, below the age of consent in any U.S. state, and allowing his minor son to watch pornography, as he felt pornography was more appropriate for children to watch than \"cartoons with two men kissing\".[8][44][9] Previously in 2017, in a birthday post aimed at his soon-to-be 14-year-old son, Boosie bragged that he had secured his son a \"bad bitch\" to perform fellatio on him for his birthday, in a post liked by 27,000 users, though he later claimed he had been joking.[45]After rumors spread that Lil Nas X was collaborating with Boosie, Boosie went on a homophobic rant against Lil Nas X, who is openly gay, in 2021,[5] in which he urged Lil Nas X to commit suicide.[4]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"adultery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidelity"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"codeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine"},{"link_name":"MDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"GED certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Educational_Development"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"kidney cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_cancer"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Bad Azz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Azz_(album)"},{"link_name":"type 1 diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"insulin glargine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_glargine"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Boosie has eight children with six women.[46] He has said that he did not believe marriage was a good choice for him, because he didn't want to lose half of his fortune to his spouse in the event that he committed adultery, and has praised women who stay in a relationship with an unfaithful partner, saying he respects those women.[47][48] In 2010, one of his ex-girlfriends, Walnita \"Nita\" Decuir, was arrested on charges related to drug distribution for attempting to smuggle illicit substances to Boosie, reportedly marijuana, codeine, and MDMA, who, at the time, was incarcerated.[49]On March 9, 2013, it was announced that Boosie had earned his GED certificate while incarcerated.[50]On November 25, 2015, at the age of 33, Boosie revealed he had been diagnosed with kidney cancer.[51] He had successful surgery to remove the cancer.[52]Shortly after Bad Azz was released, Boosie revealed that he had type 1 diabetes, having been diagnosed in childhood.[2] In April 2020, he took to Instagram to ask the public for help in locating insulin glargine, also known as Lantus, asking followers in the Jacksonville area to call him.[53]On September 20, 2022, Boosie released Cross The Tracks: A Memoir.[54]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Youngest of da Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngest_of_da_Camp"},{"link_name":"For My Thugz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_My_Thugz"},{"link_name":"Bad Azz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Azz_(album)"},{"link_name":"Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superbad:_The_Return_of_Boosie_Bad_Azz"},{"link_name":"Incarcerated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarcerated_(album)"},{"link_name":"Touch Down 2 Cause Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_Down_2_Cause_Hell"},{"link_name":"BooPac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BooPac"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Studio albumsYoungest of da Camp (2000) (as Lil Boosie)\nFor My Thugz (2002) (as Lil Boosie)\nBad Azz (2006) (as Lil Boosie)\nSuperbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz (2009) (as Lil Boosie)\nIncarcerated (2010) (as Lil Boosie)\nTouch Down 2 Cause Hell (2015)\nBooPac (2017)\nBoosie Blues Cafe (2018)\nBadazz 3.5 (2019)\nBad Azz Zay (2019)\nTalk Dat Sh*t (2019)\nGoat Talk (2019)\nIn House (2020)\nGoat Talk 3 (2021)\nHeartfelt (2022)\nLines for Valentines (2023)[55]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghetto Stories: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_Stories_(film)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"FilmsGangsta Musik (2005)\nBad Azz (2006)\nOn the Grind (2006)\nLast Dayz (2009)\nGhetto Stories: The Movie (2010)\nGlass Jaw (2018)[56]","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Torence I Hatch Arrest/Incident Report Coweta County SO | PDF\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/405630898/Torence-I-Hatch-Arrest-Incident-Report-Coweta-County-SO","url_text":"\"Torence I Hatch Arrest/Incident Report Coweta County SO | PDF\""}]},{"reference":"Jeffries, David (2007). \"Lil' Boosie > Biography\". allmusic. Retrieved September 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p660602/biography","url_text":"\"Lil' Boosie > Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Boosie Charged With Murder, May Face Death Penalty\". Billboard. Retrieved September 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/957677/lil-boosie-charged-with-murder-may-face-death-penalty","url_text":"\"Lil Boosie Charged With Murder, May Face Death Penalty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Boosie BadAzz Doubles Down on Lil Nas X Suicide Comments\". XXL magazine. October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xxlmag.com/boosie-badazz-doubles-down-lil-nas-x-suicide-comments/","url_text":"\"Boosie BadAzz Doubles Down on Lil Nas X Suicide Comments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL_magazine","url_text":"XXL magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Boosie Badazz Hurls Vile Words at Lil Nas X in Homophobic Tweet\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/boosie-badazz-lil-nas-x-homophobic-suicide-tweet-9650161/","url_text":"\"Boosie Badazz Hurls Vile Words at Lil Nas X in Homophobic Tweet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boosie Badazz Stands Firm on Transphobic Comments About Dwyane Wade's son Zaya\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9325021/boosie-badazz-dwyane-wade-transphobic-comments","url_text":"\"Boosie Badazz Stands Firm on Transphobic Comments About Dwyane Wade's son Zaya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Boosie Badazz Doubles Down on Comments Aimed at Dwyane Wade's Daughter Zaya\". Complex. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2020/03/boosie-badazz-doubles-down-comments-aimed-dwyane-wade-zaya","url_text":"\"Boosie Badazz Doubles Down on Comments Aimed at Dwyane Wade's Daughter Zaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boosie Badazz Faces Backlash After Claiming He Got 'Grown Woman' to Give His Underage Son Oral Sex\". Complex Networks.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2020/05/boosie-badazz-backlash-claims-he-got-his-underage-son-nephew-oral-sex-from-woman","url_text":"\"Boosie Badazz Faces Backlash After Claiming He Got 'Grown Woman' to Give His Underage Son Oral Sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_Networks","url_text":"Complex Networks"}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Suzy (May 13, 2020). \"Rapper Boosie Badazz claims he paid for sex for 14-year-old son\". New York Post. Retrieved May 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2020/05/13/boosie-badazz-claims-he-paid-for-sex-for-14-year-old-son/","url_text":"\"Rapper Boosie Badazz claims he paid for sex for 14-year-old son\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thelma Robinson Hatch Obituary\". The Advocate. April 6, 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://obits.theadvocate.com/obituaries/theadvocate/obituary.aspx?n=thelma-robinson-givens&pid=17309734","url_text":"\"Thelma Robinson Hatch Obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Connie Hatch: The truth about Lil Boosie – Part 1 of 3 |\". On WAX – The Poster Magazine. September 12, 2011. Archived from the original on September 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912040010/http://onwaxmagazine.com/owm/?p=21214","url_text":"\"Connie Hatch: The truth about Lil Boosie – Part 1 of 3 |\""},{"url":"http://onwaxmagazine.com/owm/?p=21214","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gunn, Tamantha (April 27, 2020). \"Fan who gave Boosie Badazz insulin won $10K on a scratch-off after leaving his house\". REVOLT. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revolt.tv/news/2020/4/27/21239043/boosie-badazz-insulin-scratch-off","url_text":"\"Fan who gave Boosie Badazz insulin won $10K on a scratch-off after leaving his house\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, COS (August 28, 2013). \"The Untold History of Young Bleed\". Consequence of Sound.","urls":[{"url":"http://consequenceofsound.net/aux-out/the-untold-history-of-young-bleed/","url_text":"\"The Untold History of Young Bleed\""}]},{"reference":"\"E93 Summer Jam to feature rapper Lil Boosie with Trina and Webbie at the civic center\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.savannahnow.com/article/20140724/NEWS/307249813","url_text":"\"E93 Summer Jam to feature rapper Lil Boosie with Trina and Webbie at the civic center\""}]},{"reference":"\"C-Loc Presents Camp III* - Thug Brothas The Album (CD, Album)\". Discogs.com. 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April 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ballerstatus.com/2015/04/22/boosie-unveils-touch-down-2-cause-hell-tracklist/","url_text":"\"Boosie Unveils \"Touch Down 2 Cause Hell\" Tracklist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boosie Badazz – Life After Deathrow\". HotNewHipHop. October 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/lil-boosie-life-after-deathrow-new-mixtape.115544.html","url_text":"\"Boosie Badazz – Life After Deathrow\""}]},{"reference":"\"C-Murder & Boosie Badazz Preview \"Penitentiary Chances\"\". Hiphopdx.com. March 16, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopdx.com/videos/id.22648/title.c-murder-boosie-badazz-preview-penitentiary-chances","url_text":"\"C-Murder & Boosie Badazz Preview \"Penitentiary Chances\"\""}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Gil (September 23, 2009). \"Lil Boosie Gets Two-Year Prison Sentence For Drug Possession\". MTV News. Retrieved November 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1622103/20090923/lil_boosie.jhtml","url_text":"\"Lil Boosie Gets Two-Year Prison Sentence For Drug Possession\""}]},{"reference":"Concepcion, Mariel (November 10, 2009). \"Rapper Lil' Boosie Sentenced To Four Years In Prison\". Billboard. Retrieved November 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/266753/rapper-lil-boosie-sentenced-to-four-years-in-prison","url_text":"\"Rapper Lil' Boosie Sentenced To Four Years In Prison\""}]},{"reference":"Kuperstein, Slava. \"Lil Boosie indicted for murder\". Retrieved June 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11508/title.lil-boosie-indicted-for-murder","url_text":"\"Lil Boosie indicted for murder\""}]},{"reference":"Kuperstein, Slava. \"Lil Boosie Indicted for Murder UPDATE\". Retrieved June 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11508/title.lil-boosie-indicted-for-murder","url_text":"\"Lil Boosie Indicted for Murder UPDATE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Boosie Charged With Murder, May Face Death Penalty\". Billboard.com. September 14, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/957677/lil-boosie-charged-with-murder-may-face-death-penalty","url_text":"\"Lil Boosie Charged With Murder, May Face Death Penalty\""}]},{"reference":"Kuperstein, Slava (June 29, 2010). \"Lil Boosie indicted for Murder Update #2\". HIP HOP DX. Retrieved June 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11508/title.lil-boosie-indicted-for-murder","url_text":"\"Lil Boosie indicted for Murder Update #2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Boosie pleads guilty to drug charges, sentenced to 8 yrs\". WAFB. November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wafb.com/story/16141803/lil-boosie-appears-in-court-for-pre-trial-motion","url_text":"\"Lil Boosie pleads guilty to drug charges, sentenced to 8 yrs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Boosie found not guilty – WAFB 9 News Baton Rouge, Louisiana News, Weather, Sports\". Wafb.com. May 11, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wafb.com/story/18308119/lil-boosie-found-not-guilty","url_text":"\"Lil Boosie found not guilty – WAFB 9 News Baton Rouge, Louisiana News, Weather, Sports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Boosie to be Released from Prison in Less than 60 Days!\". Hot 107.9. December 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hotspotatl.com/2810443/lil-boosie-to-be-released-from-prison-in-less-than-60-days/","url_text":"\"Lil Boosie to be Released from Prison in Less than 60 Days!\""}]},{"reference":"\"'I'm tired, bro!' Boosie Badazz rages in handcuffs during traffic stop in Georgia\". July 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fox8live.com/2022/07/14/im-tired-bro-boosie-badazz-rages-handcuffs-during-traffic-stop-georgia/","url_text":"\"'I'm tired, bro!' Boosie Badazz rages in handcuffs during traffic stop in Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Planet Fitness Admits Boosie Was Kicked Out Of Gym; Accuses Rapper Of Harassment\".","urls":[{"url":"https://allhiphop.com/news/planet-fitness-admits-boosie-was-kicked-out-of-gym-accuses-rapper-of-harassment-LoCMYUkNyEuywPB5gckWRw","url_text":"\"Planet Fitness Admits Boosie Was Kicked Out Of Gym; Accuses Rapper Of Harassment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boosie Badazz Faces Backlash After Claiming He Got 'Grown Woman' to Give His Underage Son Oral Sex\". Complex. Retrieved May 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2020/05/boosie-badazz-backlash-claims-he-got-his-underage-son-nephew-oral-sex-from-woman","url_text":"\"Boosie Badazz Faces Backlash After Claiming He Got 'Grown Woman' to Give His Underage Son Oral Sex\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here's What Boosie Has to Say About Offering His Son Oral Sex for His Birthday\". BET.com. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bet.com/music/2017/08/07/boosie-badazz-son-head.html?cid=facebook","url_text":"\"Here's What Boosie Has to Say About Offering His Son Oral Sex for His Birthday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boosie Badazz Spoils Daughter with Porsche for 16th Birthday!!!\". TMZ. December 4, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tmz.com/2017/12/04/boosie-badazz-buys-daughter-porsche-sweet-16/","url_text":"\"Boosie Badazz Spoils Daughter with Porsche for 16th Birthday!!!\""}]},{"reference":"Farrell, Paul (May 13, 2020). \"Walnita Decuir, the Mother of 3 of Boosie Badazz's Kids\". Heavy.com. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://heavy.com/entertainment/2020/05/boosie-badazz-son-daughter-mothers/","url_text":"\"Walnita Decuir, the Mother of 3 of Boosie Badazz's Kids\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Boosie Isn't About That Marriage Life! 'I Don't Believe In That Split, Split Sh*t'\". theybf.com. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://theybf.com/2017/05/19/lil-boosie-isn%E2%80%99t-about-that-marriage-life-%E2%80%98i-don%E2%80%99t-believe-in-that-split-split-sht%E2%80%99","url_text":"\"Lil Boosie Isn't About That Marriage Life! 'I Don't Believe In That Split, Split Sh*t'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rappers' Wives That Have Been Arrested\". HotNewHipHop. January 18, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/rappers-wives-that-have-been-arrested-news.8935.html","url_text":"\"Rappers' Wives That Have Been Arrested\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Boosie Follows In Drake's Footsteps Behind Bars | For The Best In Hip-Hop News\". SOHH.com. March 10, 2013. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155350/http://www.sohh.com/2013/03/lil_boosie_follows_in_drakes_footsteps_b.html","url_text":"\"Lil Boosie Follows In Drake's Footsteps Behind Bars | For The Best In Hip-Hop News\""},{"url":"http://www.sohh.com/2013/03/lil_boosie_follows_in_drakes_footsteps_b.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rapper Lil Boosie reveals he has kidney cancer\". New York Daily News. November 25, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/lil-boosie-reveals-cancer-article-1.2447005","url_text":"\"Rapper Lil Boosie reveals he has kidney cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"HipHopDX (December 13, 2015). \"Boosie Badazz Reveals He's Cancer Free\". HipHopDX.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.36635/title.boosie-badazz-reveals-hes-cancer-free","url_text":"\"Boosie Badazz Reveals He's Cancer Free\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rapper Lil' Boosie Begs Fans On Instagram To Help Get Him Diabetes Medication\". The Blast. April 26, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theblast.com/c/lil-boosie-badazz-diabetes-medication-instagram-lantus-insulin-rapper-help","url_text":"\"Rapper Lil' Boosie Begs Fans On Instagram To Help Get Him Diabetes Medication\""}]},{"reference":"Badazz, Boosie (May 16, 2023). Cross the Tracks. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-9821-3137-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Cross-the-Tracks/Boosie-Badazz/9781982131371","url_text":"Cross the Tracks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-3137-1","url_text":"978-1-9821-3137-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Boosie Badazz - Lines For Valentines\". Apple Music. Retrieved February 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/lines-for-valentines/1670740493","url_text":"\"Boosie Badazz - Lines For Valentines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Glass Jaw (2018) - IMDb\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt3643544/","url_text":"\"Glass Jaw (2018) - IMDb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://trillent.com/","external_links_name":"trillent.com"},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/document/405630898/Torence-I-Hatch-Arrest-Incident-Report-Coweta-County-SO","external_links_name":"\"Torence I Hatch Arrest/Incident Report Coweta County SO | PDF\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p660602/biography","external_links_name":"\"Lil' Boosie > Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/957677/lil-boosie-charged-with-murder-may-face-death-penalty","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie Charged With Murder, May Face Death Penalty\""},{"Link":"https://www.xxlmag.com/boosie-badazz-doubles-down-lil-nas-x-suicide-comments/","external_links_name":"\"Boosie BadAzz Doubles Down on Lil Nas X Suicide Comments\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/boosie-badazz-lil-nas-x-homophobic-suicide-tweet-9650161/","external_links_name":"\"Boosie Badazz Hurls Vile Words at Lil Nas X in Homophobic Tweet\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9325021/boosie-badazz-dwyane-wade-transphobic-comments","external_links_name":"\"Boosie Badazz Stands Firm on Transphobic Comments About Dwyane Wade's son Zaya\""},{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/2020/03/boosie-badazz-doubles-down-comments-aimed-dwyane-wade-zaya","external_links_name":"\"Boosie Badazz Doubles Down on Comments Aimed at Dwyane Wade's Daughter Zaya\""},{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/2020/05/boosie-badazz-backlash-claims-he-got-his-underage-son-nephew-oral-sex-from-woman","external_links_name":"\"Boosie Badazz Faces Backlash After Claiming He Got 'Grown Woman' to Give His Underage Son Oral Sex\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2020/05/13/boosie-badazz-claims-he-paid-for-sex-for-14-year-old-son/","external_links_name":"\"Rapper Boosie Badazz claims he paid for sex for 14-year-old son\""},{"Link":"https://obits.theadvocate.com/obituaries/theadvocate/obituary.aspx?n=thelma-robinson-givens&pid=17309734","external_links_name":"\"Thelma Robinson Hatch Obituary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912040010/http://onwaxmagazine.com/owm/?p=21214","external_links_name":"\"Connie Hatch: The truth about Lil Boosie – Part 1 of 3 |\""},{"Link":"http://onwaxmagazine.com/owm/?p=21214","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QP1D-17Q4","external_links_name":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QP1D-17Q4"},{"Link":"https://www.revolt.tv/news/2020/4/27/21239043/boosie-badazz-insulin-scratch-off","external_links_name":"\"Fan who gave Boosie Badazz insulin won $10K on a scratch-off after leaving his house\""},{"Link":"http://consequenceofsound.net/aux-out/the-untold-history-of-young-bleed/","external_links_name":"\"The Untold History of Young Bleed\""},{"Link":"https://www.savannahnow.com/article/20140724/NEWS/307249813","external_links_name":"\"E93 Summer Jam to feature rapper Lil Boosie with Trina and Webbie at the civic center\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Camp-III-Thug-Brothas/release/3091247","external_links_name":"\"C-Loc Presents Camp III* - Thug Brothas The Album (CD, Album)\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/youngest-of-da-camp-mw0000327570/credits","external_links_name":"\"Youngest of da Camp – Boosie | Credits\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Lil-Boosie-For-My-Thugz/release/3956962","external_links_name":"\"Lil' Boosie – For My Thugz (CD, Album)\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/ghetto-stories-mw0000314995","external_links_name":"\"Ghetto Stories – Lil' Boosie & Webbie | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Lil-Boosie-And-Webbie-Trill-Azz-Mix-Tapes-Vol-1/release/1858289","external_links_name":"\"Lil' Boosie & Webbie – Trill Azz Mix Tapes Vol.I (CD, Album)\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Lil-Boosie-Introducing-Phat-Trill-Azz-Mixes-VolII/release/3773683","external_links_name":"\"Lil' Boosie & Introducing Phat* - Trill Azz Mixes Vol.II (CD, Album)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018180258/http://www.songonlyrics.com/lil-boosie-biography","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.songonlyrics.com/lil-boosie-biography","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/956699/lil-boosie-to-release-incarcerated-lp-while-in-prison","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie to Release 'Incarcerated' LP While in Prison\""},{"Link":"http://www.complex.com/music/2013/09/lil-boosie-new-music-hard-drive","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie Might Be Able to Release New Music Soon\""},{"Link":"http://www.complex.com/music/2014/03/lil-boosie-to-reportedly-be-released-from-prison-by-march-10","external_links_name":"\"According to Lil Boosie's Label Rep, He Will \"Absolutely\" Be Released by March 10 [UPDATED]\""},{"Link":"http://www.sohh.com/lil-boosie-pulls-a-game-jeezy-officially-changes-rap-name/","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie Pulls A Game & Jeezy, Officially Changes Rap Name\""},{"Link":"http://hiphopwired.com/2014/10/21/lil-boosie-changes-name-boosie-badazz/","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie Changes His Name To Boosie Badazz\""},{"Link":"http://noisey.vice.com/blog/lil-boosie-badazz-interview-2015","external_links_name":"\"Excuse me, it's Mr. Boosie now: Southern rap hero Boosie Badazz searches for his place in history\""},{"Link":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.28488/title.lil-boosie-touchdown-2-cause-hell-release-date","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie \"Touch Down 2 Cause Hell\" Release Date & Cover Art\""},{"Link":"http://www.ballerstatus.com/2015/04/22/boosie-unveils-touch-down-2-cause-hell-tracklist/","external_links_name":"\"Boosie Unveils \"Touch Down 2 Cause Hell\" Tracklist\""},{"Link":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/lil-boosie-life-after-deathrow-new-mixtape.115544.html","external_links_name":"\"Boosie Badazz – Life After Deathrow\""},{"Link":"http://hiphopdx.com/videos/id.22648/title.c-murder-boosie-badazz-preview-penitentiary-chances","external_links_name":"\"C-Murder & Boosie Badazz Preview \"Penitentiary Chances\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1622103/20090923/lil_boosie.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie Gets Two-Year Prison Sentence For Drug Possession\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/266753/rapper-lil-boosie-sentenced-to-four-years-in-prison","external_links_name":"\"Rapper Lil' Boosie Sentenced To Four Years In Prison\""},{"Link":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11508/title.lil-boosie-indicted-for-murder","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie indicted for murder\""},{"Link":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11508/title.lil-boosie-indicted-for-murder","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie Indicted for Murder UPDATE\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/957677/lil-boosie-charged-with-murder-may-face-death-penalty","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie Charged With Murder, May Face Death Penalty\""},{"Link":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11508/title.lil-boosie-indicted-for-murder","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie indicted for Murder Update #2\""},{"Link":"http://www.wafb.com/story/16141803/lil-boosie-appears-in-court-for-pre-trial-motion","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie pleads guilty to drug charges, sentenced to 8 yrs\""},{"Link":"http://www.wafb.com/story/18308119/lil-boosie-found-not-guilty","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie found not guilty – WAFB 9 News Baton Rouge, Louisiana News, Weather, Sports\""},{"Link":"http://hotspotatl.com/2810443/lil-boosie-to-be-released-from-prison-in-less-than-60-days/","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie to be Released from Prison in Less than 60 Days!\""},{"Link":"https://www.fox8live.com/2022/07/14/im-tired-bro-boosie-badazz-rages-handcuffs-during-traffic-stop-georgia/","external_links_name":"\"'I'm tired, bro!' Boosie Badazz rages in handcuffs during traffic stop in Georgia\""},{"Link":"https://allhiphop.com/news/planet-fitness-admits-boosie-was-kicked-out-of-gym-accuses-rapper-of-harassment-LoCMYUkNyEuywPB5gckWRw","external_links_name":"\"Planet Fitness Admits Boosie Was Kicked Out Of Gym; Accuses Rapper Of Harassment\""},{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/2020/05/boosie-badazz-backlash-claims-he-got-his-underage-son-nephew-oral-sex-from-woman","external_links_name":"\"Boosie Badazz Faces Backlash After Claiming He Got 'Grown Woman' to Give His Underage Son Oral Sex\""},{"Link":"https://www.bet.com/music/2017/08/07/boosie-badazz-son-head.html?cid=facebook","external_links_name":"\"Here's What Boosie Has to Say About Offering His Son Oral Sex for His Birthday\""},{"Link":"http://www.tmz.com/2017/12/04/boosie-badazz-buys-daughter-porsche-sweet-16/","external_links_name":"\"Boosie Badazz Spoils Daughter with Porsche for 16th Birthday!!!\""},{"Link":"https://heavy.com/entertainment/2020/05/boosie-badazz-son-daughter-mothers/","external_links_name":"\"Walnita Decuir, the Mother of 3 of Boosie Badazz's Kids\""},{"Link":"http://theybf.com/2017/05/19/lil-boosie-isn%E2%80%99t-about-that-marriage-life-%E2%80%98i-don%E2%80%99t-believe-in-that-split-split-sht%E2%80%99","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie Isn't About That Marriage Life! 'I Don't Believe In That Split, Split Sh*t'\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/rappers-wives-that-have-been-arrested-news.8935.html","external_links_name":"\"Rappers' Wives That Have Been Arrested\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155350/http://www.sohh.com/2013/03/lil_boosie_follows_in_drakes_footsteps_b.html","external_links_name":"\"Lil Boosie Follows In Drake's Footsteps Behind Bars | For The Best In Hip-Hop News\""},{"Link":"http://www.sohh.com/2013/03/lil_boosie_follows_in_drakes_footsteps_b.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/lil-boosie-reveals-cancer-article-1.2447005","external_links_name":"\"Rapper Lil Boosie reveals he has kidney cancer\""},{"Link":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.36635/title.boosie-badazz-reveals-hes-cancer-free","external_links_name":"\"Boosie Badazz Reveals He's Cancer Free\""},{"Link":"https://theblast.com/c/lil-boosie-badazz-diabetes-medication-instagram-lantus-insulin-rapper-help","external_links_name":"\"Rapper Lil' Boosie Begs Fans On Instagram To Help Get Him Diabetes Medication\""},{"Link":"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Cross-the-Tracks/Boosie-Badazz/9781982131371","external_links_name":"Cross the Tracks"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/lines-for-valentines/1670740493","external_links_name":"\"Boosie Badazz - Lines For Valentines\""},{"Link":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt3643544/","external_links_name":"\"Glass Jaw (2018) - IMDb\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11759865","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTmCwfTw7vq8JjHD8grq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007058826","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8ba17cf6-bec2-4ae4-9820-b1cda47adc08","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarstedt_station
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Sarstedt station
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["1 Train services","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°13′58″N 9°50′34″E / 52.2328°N 9.8429°E / 52.2328; 9.8429SarstedtBfSarstedt railway stationGeneral informationLocationSarstedt, Lower SaxonyGermanyCoordinates52°13′58″N 9°50′34″E / 52.2328°N 9.8429°E / 52.2328; 9.8429Owned byDeutsche BahnOperated by
DB Netz
DB Station&Service
Line(s)
Hanoverian Southern Railway
Platforms2Connections
RE 2 RE 10
S 4
201 211 212 213
Other informationFare zoneGVH: CServices
Preceding station
Metronom
Following station
Hannover Hbftowards Uelzen
RE 2
Nordstemmentowards Göttingen
Preceding station
Erixx
Following station
Hannover HbfTerminus
RE 10
Hildesheim Hbftowards Bad Harzburg
Preceding station
Hanover S-Bahn
Following station
Rethentowards Bennemühlen
S 4
Barntentowards Hildesheim Hbf
LocationSarstedtLocation in Lower SaxonyShow map of Lower SaxonySarstedtLocation in GermanyShow map of GermanySarstedtLocation in EuropeShow map of Europe
Sarstedt (German: Bahnhof Sarstedt) is a railway station located in Sarstedt, Germany. The station is located on the Hanoverian Southern Railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn, Metronom and Erixx. The station is also served by the Hanover S-Bahn.
Train services
The following services currently call at the station:
Regional services RE 2 Uelzen - Celle - Hannover - Barnten - Elze - Kreiensen - Northeim - Göttingen
Regional services RE 10 Hannover - Hildesheim - Goslar - Bad Harzburg
Hannover S-Bahn services S 4 Bennemühlen - Langenhagen - Hannover - Hannover Messe/Laatzen - Hildesheim
References
^ "Regionalzug und S-Bahn" (PDF). Großraum-Verkehr Hannover. December 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
^ Timetables for Sarstedt station (in German)
External links
Media related to Bahnhof Sarstedt at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases
Deutsche Bahn
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sarstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarstedt"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Hanoverian Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoverian_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn"},{"link_name":"Metronom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronom_Eisenbahngesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Erixx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erixx"},{"link_name":"Hanover S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_S-Bahn"}],"text":"Sarstedt (German: Bahnhof Sarstedt) is a railway station located in Sarstedt, Germany. The station is located on the Hanoverian Southern Railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn, Metronom and Erixx. The station is also served by the Hanover S-Bahn.","title":"Sarstedt station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"S 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_S-Bahn#Routes"}],"text":"The following services currently call at the station:[2]Regional services RE 2 Uelzen - Celle - Hannover - Barnten - Elze - Kreiensen - Northeim - Göttingen\nRegional services RE 10 Hannover - Hildesheim - Goslar - Bad Harzburg\nHannover S-Bahn services S 4 Bennemühlen - Langenhagen - Hannover - Hannover Messe/Laatzen - Hildesheim","title":"Train services"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Regionalzug und S-Bahn\" (PDF). Großraum-Verkehr Hannover. December 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efa.de/efa_download/netz2021/eisenbahn.pdf","url_text":"\"Regionalzug und S-Bahn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fraum-Verkehr_Hannover","url_text":"Großraum-Verkehr Hannover"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Historic_District
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Shenandoah Historic District
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 38°29′19″N 78°37′27″W / 38.48861°N 78.62417°W / 38.48861; -78.62417Historic district in Virginia, United States
United States historic placeShenandoah Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic districtVirginia Landmarks Register
Downtown Shenandoah, September 2008Show map of VirginiaShow map of the United StatesLocationParts of First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Denver, Long, H Sts; Central, Maryland, Penn, and Virginia Aves., Shenandoah, VirginiaCoordinates38°29′19″N 78°37′27″W / 38.48861°N 78.62417°W / 38.48861; -78.62417Area198 acres (80 ha)Built1881 (1881)ArchitectPoindexter, William M.; et al.Architectural styleLate Victorian, Late 19th And 20th Century RevivalsNRHP reference No.04000554VLR No.299-0033Significant datesAdded to NRHPMay 27, 2004Designated VLRMarch 17, 2004
Shenandoah Historic District is a national historic district located at Shenandoah, Page County, Virginia. The district includes 451 contributing buildings, 3 contributing sites, and 4 contributing structures in the town of Shenandoah. They include residential, commercial, and institutional buildings in a variety of popular late-19th century and early-20th century architectural styles. Notable buildings include the Eagle Hotel and annex, Norfolk and Western Railway YMCA, Shenandoah General Store (c. 1920), Fields United Methodist Church, Christ United Methodist Church, St. Peter's Lutheran Church, Norfolk and Western Railway Station (c. 1915), and Shenandoah High School. Located in the district is the separately listed Shenandoah Land and Improvement Company Office.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
^ Maral S. Kalbian and Margaret T. Peters (December 2003). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Shenandoah Historic District" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources. and Accompanying four photos and Accompanying map
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in VirginiaListsby county
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Listsby city
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Other lists
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
Property types
Historic district
Contributing property
This article about a property in Page County, Virginia on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Men%27s_Hebrew_Association
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Jewish Community Center
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["1 History","2 Services","3 Locations","4 Incidents and security","5 Notable members","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°45′13″N 73°59′31″W / 40.753591°N 73.991950°W / 40.753591; -73.991950Social and recreational organizations for the Jewish communities of various cities
"YWHA" redirects here. For the ICAO code, see Whyalla Airport.
Jewish Community Centers Association of North AmericaPredecessorHebrew Young Men's Literary Association,Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA), Jewish Welfare BoardFounded1854; 170 years ago (1854)FounderDr. Aaron FriedenwaldFounded atBaltimore, Maryland, U.S.Tax ID no. 13-5599486Legal status501(c)(3) nonprofit organizationPurposeTo strengthen Jewish life in North America through direct service to affiliate Jewish community centers, Young Men's/Women's Hebrew Associations, and camps by providing leadership and guidance to the Jewish Community Center movement; and to serve Jewish personnel in the armed forces through the Jewish welfare board.Headquarters520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 U.S.Coordinates40°45′13″N 73°59′31″W / 40.753591°N 73.991950°W / 40.753591; -73.991950Region North AmericaPresident, Chief Executive OfficerDoron KrakowSubsidiariesThe Florence G Heller JCC Association Research Center Inc 501(c)(3)Revenue (2016) $12,717,523Expenses (2016)$13,474,227Endowment$17,832,339 (2016)Employees (2016) 59Volunteers (2016) 93Websitewww.jcca.org
A Jewish Community Center or a Jewish Community Centre (JCC) is a general recreational, social, and fraternal organization serving the Jewish community in a number of cities. JCCs promote Jewish culture and heritage through holiday celebrations, Israel-related programming, and other Jewish education. However, they are open to everyone in the community.
The JCC Association is the continental umbrella organization for the Jewish Community Center movement, which includes more than 350 JCCs, YM–YWHAs, and camp sites in the U.S. and Canada, in addition to 180 local JCCs in the former Soviet Union, 70 in Latin America, 50 in Europe, and close to 500 smaller centers in Israel.
History
The Hebrew Young Men's Literary Association was first set up in 1854 in a building at the corner of Fayette and Gay Streets in Baltimore, Maryland to provide support for Jewish immigrants. Dr. Aaron Friedenwald was the group's founder and first president.
The first Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA) was founded in New York City on October 10, 1874, with Lewis May as its first president. The first official headquarters were at 112 West 21st Street in Manhattan. Young Women's Hebrew Association (YWHA) was first established as an annex to the YMHA in 1888. YWHA was founded to provide spiritual and material support for the young Jewish women who were moving to cities at the time. YMHA helped young Jewish women find housing and employment. Fannie Liebovitz was one of the founders. The first independent YWHA was established in 1902. The New York YMHA and YWHA now operate together as the 92nd Street Y. (There are two other YM–YWHA organizations in Manhattan, which are not affiliated with the 92nd Street Y. They are the 14th Street Y, and the YM & YWHA of Washington Heights and Inwood. The 14th Street Y, in the Gramercy/East Village neighborhood, is a branch of the Educational Alliance. The Washington Heights organization serves a diverse community uptown.) In 1917, these organizations were combined into a Jewish Welfare Board.
Following a merger of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, Young Women's Hebrew Association, and the Jewish Education Alliance, the organization was renamed Jewish Community Center (JCC) in 1951. Many member organizations adopted the new name, but some other member organizations did not do so, particularly in the New York metropolitan area, such as:
In Manhattan, New York City, New York
Marlene Meyerson JCC Manhattan
YM & YWHA of Washington Heights & Inwood
92nd Street Y, (formally, The Young Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Association, New York, New York)
14th Street Y
In Brooklyn, New York
Boro Park Y in Borough Park, (founded as YMHA)
Jewish Community House, or JCH, in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn
Kings Bay Y in Sheepshead Bay, with branches in northern Brooklyn
Shorefront Y
Riverdale YM-YWHA in the Bronx, New York City, New York
Samuel Field Y and Central Queens Y in Queens, New York (two agencies merging as of 2018)
In New Jersey
Center for Jewish Life (CJL) in East Brunswick, successor to YM-YWHA of Raritan Valley in Highland Park (closed 2006)
YM-YWHA of Clifton/Passaic (name retained until its closing in 2011)
YM-YWHA of North Jersey in Wayne (name retained until sale to Metro YMCA in 2011)
Jewish Community Alliance of Jacksonville, Florida
An example of the objectives of Jewish Community Centers can be seen within the New Bedford, Massachusetts branch's Constitution. In January 1947, the Jewish Community Center of New Bedford listed the following objectives:
To foster and develop the highest values of Jewish spiritual and cultural life.
To provide social, educational, literary, benevolent, recreational and athletic activities for the benefit of Jewish men, women, and children of New Bedford.
To serve the spiritual, intellectual, social, and physical welfare of its members.
To fulfill the great ideals of American citizenship.
Services
The indoor pool at the Rady Jewish Community Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba
JCC Association offers a wide range of services and resources to help its affiliates to provide educational, cultural, social, Jewish identity-building, and recreational programs for people of all ages and backgrounds. JCC Association supports the largest network of Jewish early childhood centers and Jewish summer camps in North America and is also a U.S. government accredited agency for serving the religious and social needs of Jewish military personnel through JWB Jewish Chaplains Council.
Some JCCs provide services for people with disabilities, such as autism spectrum disorders and learning disabilities. In 2008, The Mandel JCC of Cleveland was awarded $652,500 in grant funding to be used for individuals with disabilities. Cleveland-area children and adults with emotional, physical and developmental disabilities now have many opportunities to get involved in fitness, wellness and recreational activities. Whenever possible, activities are inclusive and children are able to fully participate, usually with the assistance of an aide.
As a rule, today JCCs are open to other ethnic groups as well, with a possible exception of strictly traditional Jewish activities. In fact, many JCCs sponsor local events. There are, however, many other activities that anyone can host at the JCC.
Locations
The Washington, D.C. Jewish Community Center (DCJCC) is located in the Dupont Circle neighborhood. President Calvin Coolidge spoke at the original ground-breaking ceremony on May 3, 1925. The Center closed in 1968, following race riots in Washington, D.C., later reopening in 1997.
There are almost two dozen Jewish community centers in the New York metro area, providing a wide range of social, cultural, and educational services, ranging from lectures, concerts, theater performances, and dance recitals to health and fitness classes, job training workshops, and citizenship classes. Although the majority of JCCs are found on the East Coast, with 17 sites in Florida, JCCs operate in many other communities. For example, California has 17 locations—eight in the San Francisco Bay Area and nine scattered through Southern California—and the Chicago metropolitan area has 10. Almost all of the largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. now have at least one JCC, and a handful of smaller communities also have locations. JCCs all over the country sponsor film festivals and book fairs, bringing world-renowned writers and directors to smaller communities.
Hartford YWHA, gymnasium class, 1922–1923, Burr School gym
Their programs and activities vary by location. Particularly noteworthy is the JCC in West Bloomfield, Michigan, which is the largest JCC in North America, and possibly the world. The Holocaust Memorial Center, which attracts many visitors to its programs and exhibits, used to be a part of the JCC of West Bloomfield, but recently opened a building of its own. The West Bloomfield JCC houses two gymnasiums which can be made into three gyms using a movable wall, a workout area, an indoor full size and kiddie pool, an outdoor full size pool, a kosher restaurant, a Michigan Jewish war veterans museum, an in line hockey center, a library, ceramics/art rooms, a large multi-purpose room (Handleman Hall), an art museum, an area dedicated to teaching and learning about tzedakah (charity) called Shalom Street, a performing arts theater in the basement, a preschool, offices for summer camps, the previously mentioned preschool, and other administrative offices and organizations. The top floor is completely dedicated to The Jean and Samuel Frankel Jewish Academy of Metropolitan Detroit, a Jewish High School which opened in 2000. The JCC building is on the Eugene and Marcia Applebaum Jewish Community Campus along with multiple living quarters for the elderly and mentally disabled and an Alzheimer's treatment building.
The main swimming pool at the Jewish Community Center in Owings Mills, Maryland
A significant addition to the family of JCCs in North America is the Marlene Meyerson JCC Manhattan. This eleven-story building situated in Manhattan's Upper West Side neighborhood opened its doors in the winter of 2002. The JCC offers a diversity of programs, from parenting to fitness and wellness, and each year the organization produces four week-long film festivals, an all-night Tikkun Leil Shavuot, a New Year's Day fitness fair, and an annual Symposium on Positive Aging. The JCC features multiple centers dedicated to segments of its community, including the Jack and Shirley Silver Center for Special Needs, the Bert and Sandra Wasserman Center for Family Life, the Selma and Lawrence Ruben Center for 20s + 30s, and the new Wechsler Center for Modern Aging, for those aged 60+.
JCC of Staten Island solar panels
In 2011, the Joan and Alan Bernikow JCC of Staten Island installed solar panels as part of a solar thermal system. The solar panels are expected to reduce 27,500 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions, the equivalent of planting two acres of Douglas fir trees every year. Its two dozen 10-foot solar panels will keep the building's hot water at a constant temperature of 180 degrees. Up next is the installation of a photo voltaic system, which will use solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity. This is part of JCC's vision of environmental sustainability, which benefits the community both ethically and economically.
Marlene Meyerson JCC Manhattan
The Robert & Dorothy Ludwig Schenectady JCC became well known for their "million likes" photo that went viral in less than 48 hours. The photo showed three of its camp staff holding a sign that said, "Our boss said that if this picture gets 1,000,000 likes that our summer camp can get an outdoor movie screen." In less than a week the picture received over 300,000 likes and it was one of the most successful uses of social media ever by a JCC.
Incidents and security
In recent decades, several incidents that have taken place at JCCs and other Jewish-related locations across the United States and Canada, as well as the September 11 attacks, have prompted JCCs in all areas to increase security at their facilities. Some of these events have included:
As part of the 1950s synagogue bombings, the JCCs in Nashville, Tennessee, and Jacksonville, Florida, were bombed in 1958 by white supremacists opposed to Jewish support for integration in the southern United States. No one was hurt in the bombings.
The 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires resulted in 85 deaths and over 300 injured persons.
In 1997, a woman in Toronto was charged with kidnapping and other crimes in the unauthorized removal of her 5-year-old daughter from a JCC childcare center. The woman, a registered nurse who had previously lost custody of her child following a divorce, led police on a high-speed chase and crashed, causing minor injuries to both.
In the Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting on August 10, 1999, a white supremacist opened fire and wounded four children and one adult, who all survived. The shooter was later convicted of homicide in a separate incident.
In the Seattle Jewish Federation shooting on July 29, 2006, one person was killed when a Muslim man named Naveed Afzal Haq opened fire. This shooting was in response to the offender's anger at the United States for the Iraq War and its support for Israel.
In the Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting on April 13, 2014, a white supremacist opened fire in the parking lot of the JCC of Greater Kansas City in Overland Park, Kansas, and at a nearby Jewish retirement home. Three were killed in the incident and two others were shot at but were unharmed.
Starting in 2017, over 100 JCCs received bomb threats, along with other Jewish buildings such as schools. By March, two suspects were arrested: Juan M. Thompson, an African-American former journalist who was attempting to frame his ex-girlfriend for making antisemitic threats; and Michael Ron David Kadar, a mentally ill 18-year-old Israeli-American man. who in April 2017 was charged in an Israeli court with several crimes including an attempt to extort a United States senator, "publishing false reports causing public panic, conspiring to commit a crime, hacking computers to commit a crime, and violations of money-laundering laws". The indictment alleged that he threatened "2,000 different institutions around the world, including the Israeli embassy in Washington, the Israeli consulate in Miami, schools, malls, police stations, hospitals and airlines." In the same month he faced a similar indictment in a Florida court which included 28 crimes.
Notable members
Tal Brody (born 1943), was drafted #12 in the NBA draft but opted to play for Israel, began playing basketball at the Trenton JCC.
Jake Cohen (born 1990), plays basketball for Maccabi Tel Aviv, played for the Philadelphia JCC team which won a gold medal at the 2007 JCC Maccabi Games. He scored 33 points in the finals.
Ross Friedman (born 1992), Major League Soccer player
Cullen Jones, Olympic gold medalist in swimming, was a childhood member of Metro Express, a swim team at the JCC MetroWest in West Orange, NJ.
Sandy Koufax (born 1935), Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher, played basketball at the Edith and Carl Marks Jewish Community House of Bensonhurst as a teenager.
Ingrid Michaelson (born 1979), indie-pop singer-songwriter. Student of the JCC of Staten Island's Dorothy Delson Kuhn Music Institute.
Bruno Sammartino, former two-time WWF (now WWE) champion. It was at a YMHA in Pittsburgh that he discovered weightlifting.
Daniel Steres (born 1990), professional soccer player with the LA Galaxy, was a three-time JCC Maccabi Championship Team member.
See also
Jewish Center (disambiguation)
References
^ a b c d e f "Young Men's Hebrew Group 100 Years Old This Week". The Baltimore Sun. January 8, 1954.
^ a b "Jewish Community Centers Assoc Of North America. Tax Exempt Organization Search. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
^ a b c d e f g "Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". Jewish Community Centers Association of North America. Guidestar. December 31, 2016.
^ "Meet Us". JCC Association of North America. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
^ "History of the Greater Baltimore JCC," Archived 2015-06-14 at the Wayback Machine Jewish Community Center of Greater Baltimore website. Accessed June 12, 2015,
^ Shapiro, Marc; Katz, Justin (May 20, 2016). "Envisioning the Future". Baltimore Jewish Times. Vol. 350. Issue 3. p. 54-59.
^ a b "The Young Men's Hebrew Association: Formal Opening of the New Building of the Society—Addresses by Mr. Lewis May, Mr. De Cordova, and Others". The New York Times. October 11, 1874. p. 7.
^ a b Jaffe, Maayan (March 26, 2015). "Fitness and JCCs: Does working out with other Jews keep you Jewish?" Washington Jewish Week (Gaithersburg, Maryland). p. 22.
^ a b Irwin, Mary Ann (2011). "Sex, War, and Community Service: The Battle for San Francisco's Jewish Community Center". Frontiers. Vol. 32. Issue 1. p. 36–70, 204.
^ Mrs. S. Liebovitz, a Welfare Leader". The New York Times. April 28, 1944. p. 19.
^ "Financial Statement 2016-2017" (PDF). 92nd Street Y. 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
^ "Brooklyn YMHA Buys Site". New York Times. 1914-10-31. Retrieved 2018-04-23 – via Newspapers.com .
^ "Charter school meets with prospective families". New Jersey Jewish News | NJJN. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
^ "Renamed Y to develop new East Brunswick site | New Jersey Jewish News". njjewishnews.com. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
^ "Clifton Passaic Jewish institutions undergoing massive changes". Jewish Standard. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
^ "YM-YWHA Joins Forces with the Metro YMCA of the Oranges". Wayne, NJ Patch. 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
^ Jewish Community Center Records, 1944–1977. . (MC 21). Claire T. Carney Library Archives and Special Collections, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA.
^ "Home - JCC Association". Retrieved 4 March 2017.
^ Torahs for Our Troops Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Beachwood Mandel JCC". Retrieved 4 March 2017.
^ "JCC of Metro Detroit". Retrieved 4 March 2017.
^ "Frankel Jewish Academy -". Retrieved 4 March 2017.
^ "Marlene Meyerson JCC Manhattan". Retrieved 24 December 2020.
^ "Solar energy initiative at Staten Island JCC". SILIVE. 23 November 2011.
^ Kellman, George (1959). "Anti-Jewish agitation". The American Jewish Year Book. 60: 44–52. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
^ "Shooting suspect returned to L.A. to face charges". CNN. 12 August 1999. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
^ "Police: Seattle shooting suspect ambushed teen". NBC News. 30 July 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
^ "US-Israeli bomb hoaxer given 10 year jail sentence - BBC News". BBC News. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
^ a b "'Dual US-Israeli citizen behind most JCC bomb threat calls'".
^ "Man held over US Jewish centre threats - BBC News". BBC News. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
^ "JCC Bomb Hoaxer Indicted in Israel; Charged With Threatening to Kill Ex-Pentagon Official's Kids", Haaretz, April 24, 2017
^ Levi Epstein (March 23, 2011). "One on One with Tal Brody". Algemeiner. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
^ Robert Slater (2000). Great Jews in Sports. J. David Publishers. ISBN 9780824604332. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
^ Berger, Eric (22 March 2013). "Local Forward Sees Hopes Dashed in Davidson Defeat". Retrieved 4 March 2017.
^ Mallozzi, Vincent (3 August 2008). "U.S. Swimmer Hopes to Inspire". New York Times.
^ Sandomir, Richard (14 August 2012). "Koufax's Roundball Once Trumped His Fastball". New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
^ "Joan & Alan Bernikow". JCC of Staten Island. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
^ "- Dorothy Delson Kuhn Music Institute at the JCC of Staten Island | Music Lessons | Music Instruction | Music Classes | Private Music Lessons | Jewish Community Center". www.dorothydelsonkuhnmusicinstitute.sijcc.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^ "LA Galaxy re-sign defender Daniel Steres | LA Galaxy".
External links
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whyalla Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyalla_Airport"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_clubs"},{"link_name":"fraternal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternal_and_service_organizations"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"umbrella organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_organization"},{"link_name":"former Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Community_Centre_for_London"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"}],"text":"Social and recreational organizations for the Jewish communities of various cities\"YWHA\" redirects here. For the ICAO code, see Whyalla Airport.A Jewish Community Center or a Jewish Community Centre (JCC) is a general recreational, social, and fraternal organization serving the Jewish community in a number of cities. JCCs promote Jewish culture and heritage through holiday celebrations, Israel-related programming, and other Jewish education. However, they are open to everyone in the community.The JCC Association is the continental umbrella organization for the Jewish Community Center movement, which includes more than 350 JCCs, YM–YWHAs, and camp sites in the U.S. and Canada, in addition to 180 local JCCs in the former Soviet Union, 70 in Latin America, 50 in Europe, and close to 500 smaller centers in Israel.","title":"Jewish Community Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette_Street"},{"link_name":"Gay Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Street_(Baltimore)"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100years-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100years-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ymha1871-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ymha1871-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fitness-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frontiers-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frontiers-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fitness-8"},{"link_name":"92nd Street Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_Street_Y"},{"link_name":"Educational Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Educational_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Jewish Welfare Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Jewish_Welfare_Board"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100years-1"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"92nd Street Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_Street_Y"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Borough Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jewish Community House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_and_Carl_Marks_Jewish_Community_House_of_Bensonhurst"},{"link_name":"Bensonhurst, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Sheepshead Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Queens, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Community_Center&action=edit"},{"link_name":"East Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Highland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Hebrew Young Men's Literary Association was first set up in 1854 in a building at the corner of Fayette and Gay Streets in Baltimore, Maryland[5] to provide support for Jewish immigrants.[1][6] Dr. Aaron Friedenwald was the group's founder and first president.[1]The first Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA) was founded in New York City on October 10, 1874, with Lewis May as its first president.[7] The first official headquarters were at 112 West 21st Street in Manhattan.[7] Young Women's Hebrew Association (YWHA) was first established as an annex to the YMHA in 1888.[8] YWHA was founded to provide spiritual and material support for the young Jewish women who were moving to cities at the time.[9] YMHA helped young Jewish women find housing and employment.[9] Fannie Liebovitz was one of the founders.[10] The first independent YWHA was established in 1902.[8] The New York YMHA and YWHA now operate together as the 92nd Street Y. (There are two other YM–YWHA organizations in Manhattan, which are not affiliated with the 92nd Street Y. They are the 14th Street Y, and the YM & YWHA of Washington Heights and Inwood. The 14th Street Y, in the Gramercy/East Village neighborhood, is a branch of the Educational Alliance. The Washington Heights organization serves a diverse community uptown.) In 1917, these organizations were combined into a Jewish Welfare Board.Following a merger of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, Young Women's Hebrew Association, and the Jewish Education Alliance, the organization was renamed Jewish Community Center (JCC) in 1951.[1] Many member organizations adopted the new name, but some other member organizations did not do so, particularly in the New York metropolitan area, such as:In Manhattan, New York City, New York\nMarlene Meyerson JCC Manhattan\nYM & YWHA of Washington Heights & Inwood\n92nd Street Y, (formally, The Young Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Association, New York, New York)[11]\n14th Street Y\nIn Brooklyn, New York\nBoro Park Y in Borough Park, (founded as YMHA)[12]\nJewish Community House, or JCH, in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn\nKings Bay Y in Sheepshead Bay, with branches in northern Brooklyn\nShorefront Y\nRiverdale YM-YWHA in the Bronx, New York City, New York\nSamuel Field Y and Central Queens Y in Queens, New York (two agencies merging as of 2018[update])\nIn New Jersey\nCenter for Jewish Life (CJL) in East Brunswick, successor to YM-YWHA of Raritan Valley in Highland Park (closed 2006)[13][14]\nYM-YWHA of Clifton/Passaic (name retained until its closing in 2011)[15]\nYM-YWHA of North Jersey in Wayne (name retained until sale to Metro YMCA in 2011)[16]\nJewish Community Alliance of Jacksonville, FloridaAn example of the objectives of Jewish Community Centers can be seen within the New Bedford, Massachusetts branch's Constitution. In January 1947, the Jewish Community Center of New Bedford listed the following objectives:To foster and develop the highest values of Jewish spiritual and cultural life.\nTo provide social, educational, literary, benevolent, recreational and athletic activities for the benefit of Jewish men, women, and children of New Bedford.\nTo serve the spiritual, intellectual, social, and physical welfare of its members.\nTo fulfill the great ideals of American citizenship.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WinnipegYMHA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg, Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"autism spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum"},{"link_name":"learning disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_disability"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The indoor pool at the Rady Jewish Community Centre in Winnipeg, ManitobaJCC Association offers a wide range of services and resources to help its affiliates to provide educational, cultural, social, Jewish identity-building, and recreational programs for people of all ages and backgrounds. JCC Association[18] supports the largest network of Jewish early childhood centers and Jewish summer camps in North America and is also a U.S. government accredited agency for serving the religious and social needs of Jewish military personnel through JWB Jewish Chaplains Council.[19]Some JCCs provide services for people with disabilities, such as autism spectrum disorders and learning disabilities. In 2008, The Mandel JCC of Cleveland[20] was awarded $652,500 in grant funding to be used for individuals with disabilities. Cleveland-area children and adults with emotional, physical and developmental disabilities now have many opportunities to get involved in fitness, wellness and recreational activities. Whenever possible, activities are inclusive and children are able to fully participate, usually with the assistance of an aide.As a rule, today JCCs are open to other ethnic groups as well, with a possible exception of strictly traditional Jewish activities. In fact, many JCCs sponsor local events. There are, however, many other activities that anyone can host at the JCC.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washington,_D.C._Jewish_Community_Center.JPG"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C. Jewish Community Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C._Jewish_Community_Center"},{"link_name":"Dupont Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupont_Circle,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"race riots in Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Washington,_D.C._riots"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Chicago metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hartford_YWHA,_gymnasium_class,_1922-1923,_Burr_School_gym_(4351404667).jpg"},{"link_name":"West Bloomfield, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bloomfield,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Holocaust Memorial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Center"},{"link_name":"The Jean and Samuel Frankel Jewish Academy of Metropolitan Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jean_and_Samuel_Frankel_Jewish_Academy_of_Metropolitan_Detroit"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JCCPool.jpg"},{"link_name":"Owings Mills, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owings_Mills,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JCC_of_Staten_Island_Solar_Panels.jpg"},{"link_name":"JCC of Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sijcc.org"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WSTM_Team_Boerum_0053.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Robert & Dorothy Ludwig Schenectady JCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//schenectadyjcc.org"}],"text":"The Washington, D.C. Jewish Community Center (DCJCC) is located in the Dupont Circle neighborhood. President Calvin Coolidge spoke at the original ground-breaking ceremony on May 3, 1925. The Center closed in 1968, following race riots in Washington, D.C., later reopening in 1997.There are almost two dozen Jewish community centers in the New York metro area, providing a wide range of social, cultural, and educational services, ranging from lectures, concerts, theater performances, and dance recitals to health and fitness classes, job training workshops, and citizenship classes. Although the majority of JCCs are found on the East Coast, with 17 sites in Florida, JCCs operate in many other communities. For example, California has 17 locations—eight in the San Francisco Bay Area and nine scattered through Southern California—and the Chicago metropolitan area has 10. Almost all of the largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. now have at least one JCC, and a handful of smaller communities also have locations. JCCs all over the country sponsor film festivals and book fairs, bringing world-renowned writers and directors to smaller communities.Hartford YWHA, gymnasium class, 1922–1923, Burr School gymTheir programs and activities vary by location. Particularly noteworthy is the JCC in West Bloomfield, Michigan,[21] which is the largest JCC in North America, and possibly the world. The Holocaust Memorial Center, which attracts many visitors to its programs and exhibits, used to be a part of the JCC of West Bloomfield, but recently opened a building of its own. The West Bloomfield JCC houses two gymnasiums which can be made into three gyms using a movable wall, a workout area, an indoor full size and kiddie pool, an outdoor full size pool, a kosher restaurant, a Michigan Jewish war veterans museum, an in line hockey center, a library, ceramics/art rooms, a large multi-purpose room (Handleman Hall), an art museum, an area dedicated to teaching and learning about tzedakah (charity) called Shalom Street, a performing arts theater in the basement, a preschool, offices for summer camps, the previously mentioned preschool, and other administrative offices and organizations. The top floor is completely dedicated to The Jean and Samuel Frankel Jewish Academy of Metropolitan Detroit,[22] a Jewish High School which opened in 2000. The JCC building is on the Eugene and Marcia Applebaum Jewish Community Campus along with multiple living quarters for the elderly and mentally disabled and an Alzheimer's treatment building.The main swimming pool at the Jewish Community Center in Owings Mills, MarylandA significant addition to the family of JCCs in North America is the Marlene Meyerson JCC Manhattan.[23] This eleven-story building situated in Manhattan's Upper West Side neighborhood opened its doors in the winter of 2002. The JCC offers a diversity of programs, from parenting to fitness and wellness, and each year the organization produces four week-long film festivals, an all-night Tikkun Leil Shavuot, a New Year's Day fitness fair, and an annual Symposium on Positive Aging. The JCC features multiple centers dedicated to segments of its community, including the Jack and Shirley Silver Center for Special Needs, the Bert and Sandra Wasserman Center for Family Life, the Selma and Lawrence Ruben Center for 20s + 30s, and the new Wechsler Center for Modern Aging, for those aged 60+.JCC of Staten Island solar panelsIn 2011, the Joan and Alan Bernikow JCC of Staten Island installed solar panels as part of a solar thermal system.[24] The solar panels are expected to reduce 27,500 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions, the equivalent of planting two acres of Douglas fir trees every year. Its two dozen 10-foot solar panels will keep the building's hot water at a constant temperature of 180 degrees. Up next is the installation of a photo voltaic system, which will use solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity. This is part of JCC's vision of environmental sustainability, which benefits the community both ethically and economically.Marlene Meyerson JCC ManhattanThe Robert & Dorothy Ludwig Schenectady JCC became well known for their \"million likes\" photo that went viral in less than 48 hours. The photo showed three of its camp staff holding a sign that said, \"Our boss said that if this picture gets 1,000,000 likes that our summer camp can get an outdoor movie screen.\" In less than a week the picture received over 300,000 likes and it was one of the most successful uses of social media ever by a JCC.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"1950s synagogue bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950s_synagogue_bombings"},{"link_name":"white supremacists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacists"},{"link_name":"Jewish support for integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook59-25"},{"link_name":"1994 AMIA bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_AMIA_bombing"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"registered nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_nurse"},{"link_name":"custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custody"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting"},{"link_name":"white supremacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacist"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Seattle Jewish Federation shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Jewish_Federation_shooting"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_Park_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting"},{"link_name":"over 100 JCCs received bomb threats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Jewish_Community_Center_bomb_threats"},{"link_name":"Juan M. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_M._Thompson"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost.com-29"},{"link_name":"Israeli-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-American"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost.com-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"In recent decades, several incidents that have taken place at JCCs and other Jewish-related locations across the United States and Canada, as well as the September 11 attacks, have prompted JCCs in all areas to increase security at their facilities. Some of these events have included:As part of the 1950s synagogue bombings, the JCCs in Nashville, Tennessee, and Jacksonville, Florida, were bombed in 1958 by white supremacists opposed to Jewish support for integration in the southern United States. No one was hurt in the bombings.[25]\nThe 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires resulted in 85 deaths and over 300 injured persons.\nIn 1997, a woman in Toronto was charged with kidnapping and other crimes in the unauthorized removal of her 5-year-old daughter from a JCC childcare center. The woman, a registered nurse who had previously lost custody of her child following a divorce, led police on a high-speed chase and crashed, causing minor injuries to both.\nIn the Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting on August 10, 1999, a white supremacist opened fire and wounded four children and one adult, who all [26] survived. The shooter was later convicted of homicide in a separate incident.\nIn the Seattle Jewish Federation shooting on July 29, 2006, one person was killed when a Muslim man named Naveed Afzal Haq opened fire.[27] This shooting was in response to the offender's anger at the United States for the Iraq War and its support for Israel.\nIn the Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting on April 13, 2014, a white supremacist opened fire in the parking lot of the JCC of Greater Kansas City in Overland Park, Kansas, and at a nearby Jewish retirement home. Three were killed in the incident and two others were shot at but were unharmed.\nStarting in 2017, over 100 JCCs received bomb threats, along with other Jewish buildings such as schools. By March, two suspects were arrested: Juan M. Thompson, an African-American former journalist who was attempting to frame his ex-girlfriend for making antisemitic threats; and Michael Ron David Kadar,[28][29] a mentally ill 18-year-old Israeli-American man.[30][29] who in April 2017 was charged in an Israeli court with several crimes including an attempt to extort a United States senator, \"publishing false reports causing public panic, conspiring to commit a crime, hacking computers to commit a crime, and violations of money-laundering laws\". The indictment alleged that he threatened \"2,000 different institutions around the world, including the Israeli embassy in Washington, the Israeli consulate in Miami, schools, malls, police stations, hospitals and airlines.\" In the same month he faced a similar indictment in a Florida court which included 28 crimes.[31]","title":"Incidents and security"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tal Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_Brody"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-algemeiner1-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google4-33"},{"link_name":"Jake Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Maccabi Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C."},{"link_name":"Maccabi Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Games"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Ross Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Friedman_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"Cullen Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen_Jones"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Sandy Koufax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Koufax"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Edith and Carl Marks Jewish Community House of Bensonhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_and_Carl_Marks_Jewish_Community_House_of_Bensonhurst"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Michaelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Michaelson"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Bruno Sammartino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Sammartino"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Daniel Steres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Steres"},{"link_name":"LA Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Maccabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autox-39"}],"text":"Tal Brody (born 1943), was drafted #12 in the NBA draft but opted to play for Israel, began playing basketball at the Trenton JCC.[32][33]\nJake Cohen (born 1990), plays basketball for Maccabi Tel Aviv, played for the Philadelphia JCC team which won a gold medal at the 2007 JCC Maccabi Games. He scored 33 points in the finals.[34]\nRoss Friedman (born 1992), Major League Soccer player\nCullen Jones, Olympic gold medalist in swimming, was a childhood member of Metro Express, a swim team at the JCC MetroWest in West Orange, NJ.[35]\nSandy Koufax (born 1935), Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher, played basketball at the Edith and Carl Marks Jewish Community House of Bensonhurst as a teenager.[36]\nIngrid Michaelson (born 1979), indie-pop singer-songwriter. Student of the JCC of Staten Island's Dorothy Delson Kuhn Music Institute.[37][38]\nBruno Sammartino, former two-time WWF (now WWE) champion. It was at a YMHA in Pittsburgh that he discovered weightlifting.\nDaniel Steres (born 1990), professional soccer player with the LA Galaxy, was a three-time JCC Maccabi Championship Team member.[39]","title":"Notable members"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The indoor pool at the Rady Jewish Community Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/WinnipegYMHA.jpg/220px-WinnipegYMHA.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Washington, D.C. Jewish Community Center (DCJCC) is located in the Dupont Circle neighborhood. President Calvin Coolidge spoke at the original ground-breaking ceremony on May 3, 1925. The Center closed in 1968, following race riots in Washington, D.C., later reopening in 1997.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Washington%2C_D.C._Jewish_Community_Center.JPG/220px-Washington%2C_D.C._Jewish_Community_Center.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hartford YWHA, gymnasium class, 1922–1923, Burr School gym","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hartford_YWHA%2C_gymnasium_class%2C_1922-1923%2C_Burr_School_gym_%284351404667%29.jpg/220px-Hartford_YWHA%2C_gymnasium_class%2C_1922-1923%2C_Burr_School_gym_%284351404667%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The main swimming pool at the Jewish Community Center in Owings Mills, Maryland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/JCCPool.jpg/220px-JCCPool.jpg"},{"image_text":"JCC of Staten Island solar panels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/JCC_of_Staten_Island_Solar_Panels.jpg/220px-JCC_of_Staten_Island_Solar_Panels.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marlene Meyerson JCC Manhattan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/WSTM_Team_Boerum_0053.jpg/220px-WSTM_Team_Boerum_0053.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Jewish Center (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Center_(disambiguation)"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Financial Statement 2016-2017\" (PDF). 92nd Street Y. 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2018-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.92y.org/92StreetY/media/DOCUMENTS/Uptown/Misc/No_Exp/92Y-FY17-Signed-FS.PDF","url_text":"\"Financial Statement 2016-2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooklyn YMHA Buys Site\". New York Times. 1914-10-31. Retrieved 2018-04-23 – via Newspapers.com .","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18303209/brooklyn_ymha_buys_site/","url_text":"\"Brooklyn YMHA Buys Site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"}]},{"reference":"\"Charter school meets with prospective families\". New Jersey Jewish News | NJJN. Retrieved 2018-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://njjewishnews.com/article/1363/charter-school-meets-with-prospective-families","url_text":"\"Charter school meets with prospective families\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renamed Y to develop new East Brunswick site | New Jersey Jewish News\". njjewishnews.com. Retrieved 2018-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/030608/sxRenamedY2Develop.html","url_text":"\"Renamed Y to develop new East Brunswick site | New Jersey Jewish News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clifton Passaic Jewish institutions undergoing massive changes\". Jewish Standard. Retrieved 2018-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/clifton-passaic-jewish-institutions-undergoing-massive-changes/","url_text":"\"Clifton Passaic Jewish institutions undergoing massive changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"YM-YWHA Joins Forces with the Metro YMCA of the Oranges\". Wayne, NJ Patch. 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2018-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://patch.com/new-jersey/wayne/ym-ywha-joins-forces-with-the-metro-ymca-of-the-oranges","url_text":"\"YM-YWHA Joins Forces with the Metro YMCA of the Oranges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home - JCC Association\". Retrieved 4 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jcca.org/","url_text":"\"Home - JCC Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beachwood Mandel JCC\". Retrieved 4 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clevejcc.org/","url_text":"\"Beachwood Mandel JCC\""}]},{"reference":"\"JCC of Metro Detroit\". Retrieved 4 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jccdet.org/","url_text":"\"JCC of Metro Detroit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frankel Jewish Academy -\". Retrieved 4 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frankelja.org/","url_text":"\"Frankel Jewish Academy -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marlene Meyerson JCC Manhattan\". Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mmjccm.org/","url_text":"\"Marlene Meyerson JCC Manhattan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solar energy initiative at Staten Island JCC\". SILIVE. 23 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.silive.com/westshore/index.ssf/2011/11/solar_energy_initiative_at_sta.html","url_text":"\"Solar energy initiative at Staten Island JCC\""}]},{"reference":"Kellman, George (1959). \"Anti-Jewish agitation\". The American Jewish Year Book. 60: 44–52. Retrieved 8 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23602919","url_text":"\"Anti-Jewish agitation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shooting suspect returned to L.A. to face charges\". CNN. 12 August 1999. Retrieved 4 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/US/9908/12/california.shooting.01/index.html","url_text":"\"Shooting suspect returned to L.A. to face charges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police: Seattle shooting suspect ambushed teen\". NBC News. 30 July 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14082298","url_text":"\"Police: Seattle shooting suspect ambushed teen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"US-Israeli bomb hoaxer given 10 year jail sentence - BBC News\". BBC News. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 2017-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46300312","url_text":"\"US-Israeli bomb hoaxer given 10 year jail sentence - BBC News\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Dual US-Israeli citizen behind most JCC bomb threat calls'\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Dual-US-Israeli-citizen-behind-most-JCC-bomb-threat-calls-484990","url_text":"\"'Dual US-Israeli citizen behind most JCC bomb threat calls'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man held over US Jewish centre threats - BBC News\". BBC News. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39157934","url_text":"\"Man held over US Jewish centre threats - BBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Levi Epstein (March 23, 2011). \"One on One with Tal Brody\". Algemeiner. Retrieved April 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.algemeiner.com/2011/03/23/one-on-one-with-tal-brody/","url_text":"\"One on One with Tal Brody\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Slater (2000). Great Jews in Sports. J. David Publishers. ISBN 9780824604332. Retrieved March 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yw-DAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tal+Brody%22","url_text":"Great Jews in Sports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824604332","url_text":"9780824604332"}]},{"reference":"Berger, Eric (22 March 2013). \"Local Forward Sees Hopes Dashed in Davidson Defeat\". Retrieved 4 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://jewishexponent.com/2013/03/22/local-forward-sees-hopes-dashed-in-davidson-defeat/","url_text":"\"Local Forward Sees Hopes Dashed in Davidson Defeat\""}]},{"reference":"Mallozzi, Vincent (3 August 2008). \"U.S. Swimmer Hopes to Inspire\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/sports/olympics/03Rolympic.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Swimmer Hopes to Inspire\""}]},{"reference":"Sandomir, Richard (14 August 2012). \"Koufax's Roundball Once Trumped His Fastball\". New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/15/sports/basketball/before-baseball-left-brooklyn-sandy-koufax-left-basketball.html","url_text":"\"Koufax's Roundball Once Trumped His Fastball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joan & Alan Bernikow\". JCC of Staten Island. Retrieved 2022-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://sijcc.org/","url_text":"\"Joan & Alan Bernikow\""}]},{"reference":"\"- Dorothy Delson Kuhn Music Institute at the JCC of Staten Island | Music Lessons | Music Instruction | Music Classes | Private Music Lessons | Jewish Community Center\". www.dorothydelsonkuhnmusicinstitute.sijcc.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120610073452/http://www.dorothydelsonkuhnmusicinstitute.sijcc.org/","url_text":"\"- Dorothy Delson Kuhn Music Institute at the JCC of Staten Island | Music Lessons | Music Instruction | Music Classes | Private Music Lessons | Jewish Community Center\""},{"url":"http://www.dorothydelsonkuhnmusicinstitute.sijcc.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LA Galaxy re-sign defender Daniel Steres | LA Galaxy\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lagalaxy.com/post/2019/12/12/la-galaxy-re-sign-defender-daniel-steres","url_text":"\"LA Galaxy re-sign defender Daniel Steres | LA Galaxy\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jewish_Community_Center¶ms=40.753591_N_73.99195_W_","external_links_name":"40°45′13″N 73°59′31″W / 40.753591°N 73.991950°W / 40.753591; -73.991950"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jewish_Community_Center¶ms=40.753591_N_73.99195_W_","external_links_name":"40°45′13″N 73°59′31″W / 40.753591°N 73.991950°W / 40.753591; -73.991950"},{"Link":"http://www.jcca.org/","external_links_name":"www.jcca.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Community_Center&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://sijcc.org/","external_links_name":"JCC of Staten Island"},{"Link":"http://schenectadyjcc.org/","external_links_name":"Robert & Dorothy Ludwig Schenectady JCC"},{"Link":"https://apps.irs.gov/app/eos/displayAll.do?dispatchMethod=displayAllInfo&Id=71557&ein=135599486&zipCode=&country=US&deductibility=all&dispatchMethod=searchAll&isDescending=false&city=&ein1=13-5599486&postDateFrom=&exemptTypeCode=al&submitName=&sortColumn=orgName&totalResults=1&names=&resultsPerPage=25&indexOfFirstRow=0&postDateTo=&searchChoice=&state=All+States","external_links_name":"Jewish Community Centers Assoc Of North America"},{"Link":"https://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2016/135/599/2016-135599486-0e558da6-9.pdf","external_links_name":"Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax"},{"Link":"http://jcca.org/about-us/jcc-association-staff/","external_links_name":"Meet Us"},{"Link":"http://www.jcc.org/join/history-of-the-greater-baltimore-jcc/","external_links_name":"\"History of the Greater Baltimore JCC,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150614171301/http://www.jcc.org/join/history-of-the-greater-baltimore-jcc/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.92y.org/92StreetY/media/DOCUMENTS/Uptown/Misc/No_Exp/92Y-FY17-Signed-FS.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Financial Statement 2016-2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18303209/brooklyn_ymha_buys_site/","external_links_name":"\"Brooklyn YMHA Buys Site\""},{"Link":"http://njjewishnews.com/article/1363/charter-school-meets-with-prospective-families","external_links_name":"\"Charter school meets with prospective families\""},{"Link":"http://njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/030608/sxRenamedY2Develop.html","external_links_name":"\"Renamed Y to develop new East Brunswick site | New Jersey Jewish News\""},{"Link":"https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/clifton-passaic-jewish-institutions-undergoing-massive-changes/","external_links_name":"\"Clifton Passaic Jewish institutions undergoing massive changes\""},{"Link":"https://patch.com/new-jersey/wayne/ym-ywha-joins-forces-with-the-metro-ymca-of-the-oranges","external_links_name":"\"YM-YWHA Joins Forces with the Metro YMCA of the Oranges\""},{"Link":"http://www.jcca.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home - JCC Association\""},{"Link":"http://www.jcca.org/JWB/index.html","external_links_name":"Torahs for Our Troops"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828195706/http://www.jcca.org/JWB/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.clevejcc.org/","external_links_name":"\"Beachwood Mandel JCC\""},{"Link":"http://www.jccdet.org/","external_links_name":"\"JCC of Metro Detroit\""},{"Link":"http://www.frankelja.org/","external_links_name":"\"Frankel Jewish Academy -\""},{"Link":"http://www.mmjccm.org/","external_links_name":"\"Marlene Meyerson JCC Manhattan\""},{"Link":"http://www.silive.com/westshore/index.ssf/2011/11/solar_energy_initiative_at_sta.html","external_links_name":"\"Solar energy initiative at Staten Island JCC\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23602919","external_links_name":"\"Anti-Jewish agitation\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/US/9908/12/california.shooting.01/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Shooting suspect returned to L.A. to face charges\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14082298","external_links_name":"\"Police: Seattle shooting suspect ambushed teen\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46300312","external_links_name":"\"US-Israeli bomb hoaxer given 10 year jail sentence - BBC News\""},{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Dual-US-Israeli-citizen-behind-most-JCC-bomb-threat-calls-484990","external_links_name":"\"'Dual US-Israeli citizen behind most JCC bomb threat calls'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39157934","external_links_name":"\"Man held over US Jewish centre threats - BBC News\""},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.785333","external_links_name":"\"JCC Bomb Hoaxer Indicted in Israel; Charged With Threatening to Kill Ex-Pentagon Official's Kids\""},{"Link":"http://www.algemeiner.com/2011/03/23/one-on-one-with-tal-brody/","external_links_name":"\"One on One with Tal Brody\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yw-DAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tal+Brody%22","external_links_name":"Great Jews in Sports"},{"Link":"http://jewishexponent.com/2013/03/22/local-forward-sees-hopes-dashed-in-davidson-defeat/","external_links_name":"\"Local Forward Sees Hopes Dashed in Davidson Defeat\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/sports/olympics/03Rolympic.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Swimmer Hopes to Inspire\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/15/sports/basketball/before-baseball-left-brooklyn-sandy-koufax-left-basketball.html","external_links_name":"\"Koufax's Roundball Once Trumped His Fastball\""},{"Link":"http://sijcc.org/","external_links_name":"\"Joan & Alan Bernikow\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120610073452/http://www.dorothydelsonkuhnmusicinstitute.sijcc.org/","external_links_name":"\"- Dorothy Delson Kuhn Music Institute at the JCC of Staten Island | Music Lessons | Music Instruction | Music Classes | Private Music Lessons | Jewish Community Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.dorothydelsonkuhnmusicinstitute.sijcc.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lagalaxy.com/post/2019/12/12/la-galaxy-re-sign-defender-daniel-steres","external_links_name":"\"LA Galaxy re-sign defender Daniel Steres | LA Galaxy\""},{"Link":"http://www.jcca.org/","external_links_name":"JCC Association of North America"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Weeks
|
The Three Weeks
|
["1 Observances","1.1 Time of danger","2 History","3 Special haftarot","4 The Nine Days","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Period of mourning commemorating the destruction of the first and second Jewish Temples
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The Three Weeks or Bein ha-Metzarim (Hebrew: בין המצרים, "Between the Straits") (cf "dire straits") is a period of mourning commemorating the destruction of the first and second Jewish Temples. The Three Weeks start on the seventeenth day of the Jewish month of Tammuz—the fast of Shiva Asar B'Tammuz—and end on the ninth day of the Jewish month of Av—the fast of Tisha B'Av, which occurs exactly three weeks later. Both of these fasts commemorate events surrounding the destruction of the Jewish Temples and the subsequent exile of the Jews from the land of Israel. According to conventional chronology, the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II occurred in 586/7 BCE, and the second siege of Jerusalem (70) by the Romans, in 70 CE. Jewish chronology, however, traditionally places the first destruction at about 421 BCE. (See Missing years (Hebrew calendar) for more information.)
Observances
The mourning observances during the Three Weeks are divided into four levels, increasing in intensity:
From the Seventeenth of Tammuz until the end of Tammuz
From Rosh Chodesh Av until the week in which Tisha B'Av falls
The week in which Tisha B'Av falls until the Eighth of Av
Tisha B'Av itself
Standard Ashkenazic custom, or minhag, restricts the extent to which one may take a haircut, shave or listen to music, though communities and individuals vary their levels of observance of these customs. No Jewish marriages or other major celebrations are allowed during the Three Weeks, since the joy of such an event would conflict with the expected mood of mourning during this time.
Many Orthodox Jews refrain from eating meat during the Nine Days from the first of the month of Av until midday of the day after the fast of Ninth of Av, based on the tradition that the Temple burned until that time.
Time of danger
The Three Weeks are considered historically a time of misfortune, since many tragedies and calamities which befell the Jewish people are attributed to this period. These tragedies include: the breaking of the Tablets of the Law by Moses, when he saw the people worshipping the golden calf; the burning of a Sefer Torah by Apostomus during the Second Temple era; the destruction of both Temples on Tisha B'Av; the expulsion of the Jews from Spain shortly before Tisha B'Av 1492; and the outbreak of World War I shortly before Tisha B'Av 1914, which overturned many Jewish communities.
As a result, some Jews are particularly careful to avoid all dangerous situations during the Three Weeks. These include: going to dangerous places, undergoing a major operation that could be postponed until after Tisha B'Av, going on an airplane flight that could be postponed until after Tisha B'Av, and engaging in a court case with a non-Jew if it can be postponed until after Tisha B'Av.
History
The first source for a special status of the Three Weeks—which is also the oldest extant reference to these days as Bein ha-Metzarim—is found in Lamentations Rabbah 1:29 (4th century?). This midrash glosses Lamentations 1:3 ("All pursuers overtook her between the straits"), interpreting "straits" as "days of distress"—namely the Seventeenth of Tammuz and the Ninth of Av.
Rabbi Isaac Tyrnau (late 14th-early 15th centuries) wrote in his book Minhagim, a record of Austrian customs, that haircuts are not taken and weddings are not celebrated during the Three Weeks. His opinion was cited as halacha by Moses Isserles in Rema on Shulchan Aruch, which is the foundation for most of current Ashkenazic practice.
Special haftarot
Special haftarot (passages from the Prophets), the "Three of Affliction" (tlat de-pur`anuta), are read in the synagogue on each Sabbath of the three weeks. These prophecies of Jeremiah and Isaiah predict the fall of Jerusalem, unlike most haftarot of the yearly cycle which reflect the theme of the day's Torah reading.
Pesiqta de-Rav Kahana is the first source to designate the appropriate 12 selections from the Prophets, the Three of Affliction being
"Divre Yirmeyahu", Words of Jeremiah (Jeremiah 1.1-2.3),
"Shim`u Devar Hashem" Hear the word of the LORD (Jeremiah 2.4-28), and
"Hazon Yisha`yahu" Vision of Isaiah (Isaiah 1.1-27).
The great majority of congregations use the haftarot suggested by Pesiqta de-Rav Kahana, which are not mentioned in the Talmud. But Maimonides in his law code prescribes a slight variation of these three, and the Yemenite Jews read the haftarot that he lists.
The nine haftarot of the eight weeks following Tisha B'Av likewise were selected for their content. These are the "Seven of Consolation" (shev di-nhemta) followed by the "Two of Repentance" (tarte di-tyuvta)—which two appropriately fall between Rosh ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur; one is read on Saturday like the other special haftarot, but the other is read on the Fast of Gedaliah.
The Nine Days
Main article: The Nine Days
According to the Mishnah, "from the beginning of Av, happiness is decreased." The last nine days of the three weeks—which are also the first nine days of the month of Av, culminating in the Tisha B'Av fast—constitute therefore a period of intensified mourning in the Ashkenazic custom. Many Jewish communities refrain from partaking of poultry, red meat, and wine; wearing freshly laundered clothes; and bathing in warm water. Sephardim observe many of these restrictions only from the Sunday before Tisha B'Av, dispensing with them entirely in years when Tisha B'Av falls on a Sunday. Yemenite Jews do not maintain these customs.
See also
Events
Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem
Solomon's Temple
Babylonian captivity
Second Temple
Herod's Temple
Destruction of Jerusalem
Jewish–Roman wars
Western Wall
Related holidays
Seventeenth of Tammuz
The Nine Days
Tisha B'Av
References
^ a b Barclay, Rabbi Elozor; Jaeger, Rabbi Yitzchok (2003). Guidelines: Over Four Hundred of the Most Commonly Asked Questions About the Three Weeks. Targum Press. ISBN 1-56871-254-5.
^ Ashkenazim read this second haftarah on all public fast days except for Yom Kippur.
^ Ta'anit 4:6
External links
The Three Weeks Guide (aish.com)
The Three Weeks Guide (Chabad.org)
The Three Weeks Halacha Database (Shulchanaruchharav.com)
Atzvus, Yeiush and the Three Weeks- Shiratmiriam.com
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The Three Weeks start on the seventeenth day of the Jewish month of Tammuz—the fast of Shiva Asar B'Tammuz—and end on the ninth day of the Jewish month of Av—the fast of Tisha B'Av, which occurs exactly three weeks later. Both of these fasts commemorate events surrounding the destruction of the Jewish Temples and the subsequent exile of the Jews from the land of Israel. According to conventional chronology, the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II occurred in 586/7 BCE, and the second siege of Jerusalem (70) by the Romans, in 70 CE. Jewish chronology, however, traditionally places the first destruction at about 421 BCE. (See Missing years (Hebrew calendar) for more information.)","title":"The Three Weeks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barclay-1"},{"link_name":"Seventeenth of Tammuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz"},{"link_name":"Tammuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)"},{"link_name":"Rosh Chodesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews"},{"link_name":"minhag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhag"},{"link_name":"Jewish marriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_view_of_marriage"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"the Nine Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nine_Days"},{"link_name":"first of the month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh"},{"link_name":"Av","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av_(month)"},{"link_name":"Ninth of Av","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av"},{"link_name":"Temple burned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)"}],"text":"The mourning observances during the Three Weeks are divided into four levels, increasing in intensity:[1]From the Seventeenth of Tammuz until the end of Tammuz\nFrom Rosh Chodesh Av until the week in which Tisha B'Av falls\nThe week in which Tisha B'Av falls until the Eighth of Av\nTisha B'Av itselfStandard Ashkenazic custom, or minhag, restricts the extent to which one may take a haircut, shave or listen to music, though communities and individuals vary their levels of observance of these customs. No Jewish marriages or other major celebrations are allowed during the Three Weeks, since the joy of such an event would conflict with the expected mood of mourning during this time.Many Orthodox Jews refrain from eating meat during the Nine Days from the first of the month of Av until midday of the day after the fast of Ninth of Av, based on the tradition that the Temple burned until that time.","title":"Observances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tablets of the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"golden calf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_calf"},{"link_name":"Sefer Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Torah"},{"link_name":"Apostomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostomus"},{"link_name":"expulsion of the Jews from Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_Decree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barclay-1"}],"sub_title":"Time of danger","text":"The Three Weeks are considered historically a time of misfortune, since many tragedies and calamities which befell the Jewish people are attributed to this period. These tragedies include: the breaking of the Tablets of the Law by Moses, when he saw the people worshipping the golden calf; the burning of a Sefer Torah by Apostomus during the Second Temple era; the destruction of both Temples on Tisha B'Av; the expulsion of the Jews from Spain shortly before Tisha B'Av 1492; and the outbreak of World War I shortly before Tisha B'Av 1914, which overturned many Jewish communities.As a result, some Jews are particularly careful to avoid all dangerous situations during the Three Weeks. These include: going to dangerous places, undergoing a major operation that could be postponed until after Tisha B'Av, going on an airplane flight that could be postponed until after Tisha B'Av, and engaging in a court case with a non-Jew if it can be postponed until after Tisha B'Av.[1]","title":"Observances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamentations Rabbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah"},{"link_name":"midrash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash"},{"link_name":"Lamentations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations"},{"link_name":"Seventeenth of Tammuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz"},{"link_name":"Ninth of Av","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av"},{"link_name":"Isaac Tyrnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Tyrnau"},{"link_name":"customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhag"},{"link_name":"halacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halacha"},{"link_name":"Moses Isserles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Isserles"},{"link_name":"Shulchan Aruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch"}],"text":"The first source for a special status of the Three Weeks—which is also the oldest extant reference to these days as Bein ha-Metzarim—is found in Lamentations Rabbah 1:29 (4th century?). This midrash glosses Lamentations 1:3 (\"All [Zion's] pursuers overtook her between the straits\"), interpreting \"straits\" as \"days of distress\"—namely the Seventeenth of Tammuz and the Ninth of Av.Rabbi Isaac Tyrnau (late 14th-early 15th centuries) wrote in his book Minhagim, a record of Austrian customs, that haircuts are not taken and weddings are not celebrated during the Three Weeks. His opinion was cited as halacha by Moses Isserles in Rema on Shulchan Aruch, which is the foundation for most of current Ashkenazic practice.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"haftarot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haftarot"},{"link_name":"Prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevi%27im"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Pesiqta de-Rav Kahana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesiqta_de-Rav_Kahana"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"law code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishneh_Torah"},{"link_name":"Yemenite Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews"},{"link_name":"Repentance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Rosh ha-Shanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_ha-Shanah"},{"link_name":"Yom Kippur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur"},{"link_name":"Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat"},{"link_name":"Fast of Gedaliah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_of_Gedaliah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Special haftarot (passages from the Prophets), the \"Three of Affliction\" (tlat de-pur`anuta), are read in the synagogue on each Sabbath of the three weeks. These prophecies of Jeremiah and Isaiah predict the fall of Jerusalem, unlike most haftarot of the yearly cycle which reflect the theme of the day's Torah reading.Pesiqta de-Rav Kahana is the first source to designate the appropriate 12 selections from the Prophets, the Three of Affliction being\"Divre Yirmeyahu\", Words of Jeremiah (Jeremiah 1.1-2.3),\n\"Shim`u Devar Hashem\" Hear the word of the LORD (Jeremiah 2.4-28), and\n\"Hazon Yisha`yahu\" Vision of Isaiah (Isaiah 1.1-27).The great majority of congregations use the haftarot suggested by Pesiqta de-Rav Kahana, which are not mentioned in the Talmud. But Maimonides in his law code prescribes a slight variation of these three, and the Yemenite Jews read the haftarot that he lists.\nThe nine haftarot of the eight weeks following Tisha B'Av likewise were selected for their content. These are the \"Seven of Consolation\" (shev di-nhemta) followed by the \"Two of Repentance\" (tarte di-tyuvta)—which two appropriately fall between Rosh ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur; one is read on Saturday like the other special haftarot, but the other is read on the Fast of Gedaliah.[2]","title":"Special haftarot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mishnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"Av","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av_(month)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews"},{"link_name":"poultry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry"},{"link_name":"meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat"},{"link_name":"Sephardim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardim"},{"link_name":"Yemenite Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews"}],"text":"According to the Mishnah, \"from the beginning of Av, happiness is decreased.\"[3] The last nine days of the three weeks—which are also the first nine days of the month of Av, culminating in the Tisha B'Av fast—constitute therefore a period of intensified mourning in the Ashkenazic custom. Many Jewish communities refrain from partaking of poultry, red meat, and wine; wearing freshly laundered clothes; and bathing in warm water. Sephardim observe many of these restrictions only from the Sunday before Tisha B'Av, dispensing with them entirely in years when Tisha B'Av falls on a Sunday. Yemenite Jews do not maintain these customs.","title":"The Nine Days"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Siege_of_Jerusalem"},{"title":"Solomon's Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple"},{"title":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"title":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple"},{"title":"Herod's Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple"},{"title":"Destruction of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Jerusalem"},{"title":"Jewish–Roman wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars"},{"title":"Western Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wall"},{"title":"Seventeenth of Tammuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz"},{"title":"The Nine Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nine_Days"},{"title":"Tisha B'Av","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Chudnov
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Treaty of Chudnov
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["1 Terms","2 See also","3 References"]
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1660 treaty between Poland–Lithuania and Cossacks
Treaty of Chudnov, Treaty of Cudnów (Polish: Ugoda cudnowska) or Treaty of Slobodishche (Ukrainian: Слободищенський трактат) was a treaty between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Cossack Hetmanate, signed in Chudniv (Polish: Cudnów) on 17 October 1660 during the Khmelnytsky Uprising. It restored most of the provisions of the Treaty of Hadiach, except for the elevation of Ruthenia to the status equal of the Poland and Lithuania. It invalidated the Pereiaslav Articles, which were often considered unfavorable for Ukraine, severed the union with the Tsardom of Russia and restored Ukraine's state ties with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Although the Ukrainian government insisted on the full restoration of the Treaty of Hadiach of 1658, the side of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, represented by Stanisław Potocki and Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, did not agree to the restitution of the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia, leaving other points of the Treaty of Hadiach in force.
The treaty was signed following the Polish victory at the Battle of Chudnov. The treaty meant that the Cossacks withdrew their support from Russia in the Russo–Polish War (1654–67), and transferred it back to the Commonwealth. The war would eventually be concluded with the 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo.
Terms
The Treaty of Chudnov contained the following main points:
I
The representers of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Potocki and Lubomirski must confirm with their oath the Treaty of Hadiach, with the exception of the points that concern the Grand Principality of Ruthenia.
II
Yurii Khmelnytsky with the Ukrainian Cossack army retreats from the Tsar of Russia and should not look for a patron other than the King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
III
The hetman with the army returns to Ukraine to take back the fortresses that are under the control of Russia.
IV
The Pereiaslav colonel Tymish Tsytsiura is forgiven for his crimes. He undertakes to return the weapon against the Russians and prove his loyalty to the king.
V
The Nizhyn and Chernihiv regiments are ordered to retreat from the Russians, otherwise Khmelnytsky must oppose them.
VI
In case of a rebellion in the Cossack Hetmanate or in other localities, the hetman must suppress it.
VII
The possessions of the Crimean Khanate should not be attacked by the Cossacks as long as the friendship between the khan and the king of the Commonwealth continues.
VIII
Not only the hetman, but also the common people must swear to the king before the sent commissioners.
See also
Partition of Ukraine
Treaty of Hadiach
Treaty of Pereiaslav
Truce of Andrusovo
References
^ Young, William (1 September 2004). International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great: A Guide to the Historical Literature. iUniverse. ISBN 9780595329922. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
vtePolish truces and peace treatiesKingdom of Poland
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Stuhmsdorf (1635)
Kėdainiai (1655)
Radnot (1656)
Oliwa (1660)
Warsaw (1705)
With Cossacks
Kurukove (1625)
Pereyaslav (1630)
Zamość (1648)
Zboriv (1649)
Bila Tserkva (1651)
Hadiach (1658)
Cudnów (1660)
With others
Vienna (1656)
Vienna (1657)
Wehlau–Bromberg (1657)
Preobrazhenskoye (1699)
Altranstädt (1706)
Vienna (1738)
Second Polish Republic
Warsaw (1920)
Suwałki (1920)
Riga (1921)
Franco-Polish alliance (1921)
This Polish history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Ukrainian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a treaty is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Cossack Hetmanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate"},{"link_name":"Chudniv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chudniv"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Khmelnytsky Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Hadiach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Hadiach"},{"link_name":"Pereiaslav Articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereiaslav_Articles"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%22Rewera%22_Potocki"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Sebastian_Lubomirski"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Ruthenia_(1658)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chudnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chudnov"},{"link_name":"Russo–Polish War (1654–67)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Andrusovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Andrusovo"}],"text":"Treaty of Chudnov, Treaty of Cudnów (Polish: Ugoda cudnowska) or Treaty of Slobodishche (Ukrainian: Слободищенський трактат) was a treaty between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Cossack Hetmanate, signed in Chudniv (Polish: Cudnów) on 17 October 1660 during the Khmelnytsky Uprising. It restored most of the provisions of the Treaty of Hadiach, except for the elevation of Ruthenia to the status equal of the Poland and Lithuania. It invalidated the Pereiaslav Articles, which were often considered unfavorable for Ukraine, severed the union with the Tsardom of Russia and restored Ukraine's state ties with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Although the Ukrainian government insisted on the full restoration of the Treaty of Hadiach of 1658, the side of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, represented by Stanisław Potocki and Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, did not agree to the restitution of the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia, leaving other points of the Treaty of Hadiach in force.The treaty was signed following the Polish victory at the Battle of Chudnov. The treaty meant that the Cossacks withdrew their support from Russia in the Russo–Polish War (1654–67), and transferred it back to the Commonwealth.[1] The war would eventually be concluded with the 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo.","title":"Treaty of Chudnov"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Treaty of Chudnov contained the following main points:","title":"Terms"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Partition of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Ukraine_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Treaty of Hadiach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Hadiach"},{"title":"Treaty of Pereiaslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement"},{"title":"Truce of Andrusovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_Andrusovo"}]
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[{"reference":"Young, William (1 September 2004). International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great: A Guide to the Historical Literature. iUniverse. ISBN 9780595329922. Retrieved 7 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wErzZ_lUWAQC&q=1660%2520treaty%2520Cudn%25C3%25B3w&pg=PA426","url_text":"International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great: A Guide to the Historical Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595329922","url_text":"9780595329922"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celuga
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Čeluga
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["1 Demographics","2 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Čeluga" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Town in Bar, MontenegroČeluga
ЧелугаÇellugaTownČelugaLocation within MontenegroCoordinates: 42°04′31″N 19°06′28″E / 42.07528°N 19.10778°E / 42.07528; 19.10778Country MontenegroMunicipality BarElevation299 ft (91 m)Population (2011) • Total1,481Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code85353Area code+382 30Car platesBR
Čeluga (Cyrillic: Челуга; Albanian: Çelluga) is a settlement in the municipality of Bar, Montenegro. It is located approximately four kilometers from the city of Bar.
According to the 2011 census, its population was 1,481.
Demographics
Population of Čeluga:
Historical populationYearPop.±%1948 272— 1953 330+21.3%1961 364+10.3%1971 631+73.4%1981 921+46.0%1991 1,164+26.4%2003 1,404+20.6%
Ethnicity in 2003
Ethnicity
Number
Percentage
Montenegrins
709
50.49%
Serbs
194
13.81%
Muslims
188
13.39%
Bosniaks
101
7.19%
Albanians
86
6.12%
Yugoslavs
12
0.85%
Croats
10
0.71%
Slovenes
1
0.07%
Macedonians
1
0.07%
Others
102
7.3%
Total
1,404
100%
References
^ "Tabela N1. Stanovništvo prema nacinalnoj odnosno etničkoj pripadnosti po naseljima, Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011. godine" (in Montenegrin). Statistical Office of Montenegro. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
vteBar Municipality SettlementsArbnežBarBartulaBesaBjelišiBobovišteBoljevićiBraćeniBrcaBrijegeBukovikBurtaišiČelugaCklaDabezićiDedićiĐenđinovićiDobra VodaDonja BriskaDonji BrčeliDonji MurićiDračevicaDupiloĐuravciĐurmaniGluhi DoGodinjeGornja BriskaGornji BrčeliGornji MurićiGrdovićiGurzaKaranikićiKomarnoKoštanjicaKrnjiceKruševicaKunjeLimljaniLivariLukićiMačugeMala GoranaMali MikulićiMali OstrosMarstijepovićiMartićiMiljevciMišićiOrahovoOvtočićiPapaniPečuricePelinkovićiPinčićiPodiPoljePopratnicaSeocaSotonićiSozinaStari BarŠušanjSustašSutomoreTejaniTombaTomićiTrnovoTuđemiliTurčiniUtrgVelembusiVeliki MikulićiVeliki OstrosVelja GoranaVelje SeloVirpazarZagrađeZaljevoZankovićiZgradeZupci
This Montenegro location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Town in Bar, MontenegroČeluga (Cyrillic: Челуга; Albanian: Çelluga) is a settlement in the municipality of Bar, Montenegro. It is located approximately four kilometers from the city of Bar.According to the 2011 census, its population was 1,481.[1]","title":"Čeluga"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Population of Čeluga:","title":"Demographics"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Tabela N1. Stanovništvo prema nacinalnoj odnosno etničkoj pripadnosti po naseljima, Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011. godine\" (in Montenegrin). Statistical Office of Montenegro. Retrieved January 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monstat.org/cg/page.php?id=536&pageid=322","url_text":"\"Tabela N1. Stanovništvo prema nacinalnoj odnosno etničkoj pripadnosti po naseljima, Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011. godine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Office_of_Montenegro","url_text":"Statistical Office of Montenegro"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_%27Em_%27Til_You_Can%27t
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Worship Music (album)
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["1 Background","2 Lyrics","3 Release","4 Reception","4.1 Accolades","5 Touring","6 Track listing","7 Personnel","7.1 Anthrax","7.2 Additional musicians","7.3 Technical personnel","8 Charts","9 Release history","10 References","11 External links"]
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2011 studio album by AnthraxWorship MusicStudio album by AnthraxReleasedSeptember 12, 2011 (2011-09-12)Recorded2008–2011GenreThrash metalgroove metalLength65:43LabelMegaforce, Nuclear BlastProducerRob Caggiano, Jay RustonAnthrax chronology
The Greater of Two Evils(2004)
Worship Music(2011)
For All Kings(2016)
Singles from Worship Music
"Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't"Released: June 24, 2011
"The Devil You Know"Released: August 9, 2011
"In the End"Released: November 17, 2011
"I'm Alive"Released: January 4, 2012
Deluxe edition
Worship Music is the tenth studio album by American heavy metal band Anthrax. The album was released on September 12, 2011 internationally, and on September 13 in the United States. It was the band's first album of original material since 2003's We've Come for You All, the first full-length Anthrax album since the return of longtime vocalist Joey Belladonna, and the final album with guitarist Rob Caggiano prior to his departure in January 2013.
The album's creation was a lengthy process, with work beginning as early as November 2008. The album was delayed due to issues with the departure of vocalist Dan Nelson, and for a short period of time the re-joining of John Bush who ultimately decided not to commit to the album. The band eventually reunited with Belladonna, and finished recording in April 2011. Worship Music was positively received upon release, with critics describing it as "fresh and eruptive as ever" and qualified it as a return to form for the band. The record debuted at number 12 in the United States, their highest chart position since 1993's Sound of White Noise.
Background
In the December 2008 edition of his monthly SuicideGirls column, Food Coma, guitarist Scott Ian revealed that he had been in the studio working on the new Anthrax album since November 4. Ian went on to say that drums, bass, and rhythm guitar had been arranged for 19 tracks, and that the process of recording the vocals had begun. "We should be mixing at the end of January and soon after that giving birth to a really pissed off, loud, fast and heavy child." In a subsequent May 2009 Food Coma column, Ian announced that the album was being mixed by Dave Fortman, whose previous credits include albums by Evanescence and Slipknot.
The album was initially scheduled to feature Dan Nelson on vocals. However, following the events later that year, he was no longer a member of the band. When asked what would happen to the completed studio album featuring Nelson's vocals, Ian said: "Until we have a new singer, I can't tell you what will happen to the record. We'll probably change a few things on it, including the vocals." Ian also indicated that the album's release could be delayed until 2010. It was assumed that John Bush was going to record new vocals for the album after his reunion with the band. However, this did not happen. In an interview at the time, Bush said he was trying to re-record vocals for some of the songs that had already been recorded.
Bush eventually decided that he did not want to recommit to Anthrax full-time and left the group. As a result, the band reunited with Joey Belladonna. Following shows during the summer and fall of 2010, the band returned to the studio. Some of the completed songs were left as is, adding Belladonna's vocals, others were re–written, and some entirely new songs were composed with Belladonna. Drummer Charlie Benante suggested the album's title after the eponymous TV show. Although Ian stated that the album name could be changed, this turned out not to be the case. In October 2010 at Nassau Coliseum, Anthrax performed the song "Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't" for the first time with Belladonna. It was at this point that Ian said fans should expect the new record in late 2011.
In December, Ian stated that the band had almost completed the new album and only had to re-record two or three tracks. Ian further confirmed that all the material would feature vocals by Belladonna. Noisecreep reported that Worship Music had been shelved until Belladonna completed new vocal tracks. The band finished recording Worship Music in April 2011, and called it their "most emotional album". "Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't" was released as the lead single on June 24, 2011. It was released for free download as a way of saying "thank you" to fans' loyalty in waiting in anticipation for the album. Three days later, Ian announced that the band had started the mastering process for the upcoming album. The cover art was revealed the following month.
Lyrics
The songs "Earth on Hell" and "Revolution Screams" refer to democracy in the United States and around the world. According to Ian, at the time of the album's release, these songs were "very much about people taking the power back". Although the songs were written long before, he cited the 2011 Egyptian revolution and Occupy Wall Street demonstrations as examples of this phenomenon coming to pass. "The Devil You Know", despite the line "Let the right one in" and the band's history of using horror stories as subject matter, was not a reference to the 2004 Swedish vampire novel Let the Right One In; it was about World War II veterans. "Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't" is about a zombie apocalypse, and "In the End" was written as a tribute to the late Ronnie James Dio, an inspiration for the band, and Dimebag Darrell, a friend and collaborator on three Anthrax albums. "Judas Priest" was named as a tribute to the heavy metal band Judas Priest, and contains a bridge that references several well-known Priest songs. "The Constant" is about the episode of the 2004 television series Lost of the same name, where a character travels through time until he finds his "constant".
"I'm Alive" was written when Dan Nelson was member of the band. Anthrax premiered the song live in 2008, though it was titled "Vampires" at that time. It is notable for its tribal-sounding introduction with clean guitars backed up by a marching drum beat, before taking off into a heavy riff and gradually breaking into a melodic chorus. In an album preview by Blabbermouth.net, "I'm Alive" was described as "beautiful and grand with a build that demands audience participation". The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance, the band's fourth Grammy nomination.
Release
Worship Music was internationally released on September 12, 2011, and on September 13 in the United States. It sold 28,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release and debuted at number 12 on the Billboard 200, the third highest position of their career (the second being its successor, For All Kings, which charted at number 9) and the highest since Sound of White Noise (1993), which peaked at number 7. The band's previous studio album, We've Come for You All (2003), opened with just under 10,000 units to debut at number 122. The album charted at number 13 in Germany and managed to break into the top 10 in Finland, reaching number 6. By September 2012, Worship Music sold about 100,000 copies in the United States.
When asked about a possible follow-up to Worship Music, bassist Frank Bello said that the band intended to re-release Worship Music with several bonus tracks. The bonus tracks were set to include covers of Rush and Boston songs. Bello stated that the plan was to release the reissue in the fall of 2012. A few days later, band members announced that five covers were included: "Anthem" by Rush, "Smokin'" by Boston, "Neon Knights" by Black Sabbath, "T.N.T." by AC/DC, and "Keep on Runnin'" by Journey. Although Scott Ian expected the reissue to be released by the end of the year, it was eventually postponed for 2013. The special edition of Worship Music was released on March 22, 2013 by Nuclear Blast. It consists of the original album and a bonus EP of cover songs, Anthems, which was also released separately on the same day in Europe, and three days earlier in North America.
Reception
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic75/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe A.V. ClubBThe Boston PhoenixClassic Rock8/10IGN8.5/10Kerrang!Los Angeles TimesLoudwireMetal Forces7/10PopMatters7/10
Critical reception of the album was generally positive. AllMusic's Greg Prato noted that in spite of the issues surrounding the departure of Dan Nelson, the album fits together "seamlessly" and called it the group's finest studio recording since Persistence of Time (1990). Jason Heller of The A.V. Club praised the album for being rid of the "nü-metal stench" of the previous record and the "all-around patchiness" from the other John Bush-era albums. Heller noted that it brought the band back into the "youthful dynamic". Classic Rock journalist Malcolm Dome observed that musically, Worship Music is a mixture of "the grinding power" of We've Come for You All and the more "clear-cut melodic approach" of Among the Living (1987), resulting in an album that is "violently metallic yet sophisticated".
Michael Christopher of The Boston Phoenix commented that Anthrax has learned from its past mistakes in making the album. He observed that the humor that characterized the previous albums was still present, and called this album a "fresh fistful of metal". Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times compared Worship Music to Metallica's Lulu, saying that Anthrax, unlike Metallica, opted to "reclaim ground" dominated by younger bands. Mark Fisher, writing in Metal Forces, highlighted the guitar performance, saying it reminded him of the sound Anthrax is mostly associated with. Although Fisher preferred the albums with John Bush on vocals, he remarked that Worship Music is a fine recording with a career-defining performance by Joey Belladonna. Chad Bowar from About.com also praised Belladonna's performance, noting that the vocal delivery was filled with angst and emotion. He opined that Anthrax sounded rejuvenated and qualified the album as a return to form.
Chad Grischow of IGN commented that the album sounded "as fresh and eruptive as ever" with the exception of "Crawl", the "rare misstep on the otherwise fantastic album". Loudwire's Matthew Wilkening said that Belladonna's 20-year absence from the band hasn't affected the band's chemistry at all. According to him, the album represented the maturity and musical growth of the band. PopMatters's Chris Colgan described the music as a combination of the "later material with shades of their thrash beginnings". He believes this wasn't "the glorious comeback" for Anthrax, but called it a solid album with signs of progress for the group.
Accolades
Publication
Accolade
Rank
Loudwire
Top 10 Metal Albums of 2011
1
Metal Rules
The Top 20 Heavy Metal Albums of 2011
1
Spin
20 Metal Albums of 2011
7
Touring
Anthrax spent the following two years touring in support of Worship Music. The band started the tour with the "big four" shows alongside Metallica, Slayer, and Megadeth, which took place in the summer of 2011. Due to the birth of his child, Ian missed the European leg of the tour; Sepultura guitarist Andreas Kisser acted as a fill-in. Ian was able to make an appearance in Milan, Italy, joining the band and Kisser for half of the setlist. Anthrax continued touring in late 2011. In October and November, Anthrax embarked on a 23 date US tour co-headlining with Testament and openers Death Angel. These three bands resumed performing together in early 2012. The trio announced further dates in the US and Canada in the fall of 2012, with Testament promoting their then-new album, Dark Roots of Earth. Anthrax teamed up with Motörhead for a ten show UK tour in November. In January 2013, it was announced that Caggiano had left the band. He was replaced by Shadows Fall guitarist Jonathan Donais.
Anthrax was announced as the headliner for the third annual Metal Alliance US tour, which endured through March and April 2013. Supporting acts included Exodus, Municipal Waste, and Holy Grail, with the headliner Anthrax performing Among the Living in its entirety. Charlie Benante has been taking time off from gigs outside the US because of personal reasons. His place was filled in by drummer Jon Dette during these shows. The group filmed their performance at Santiago, Chile, with Benante on drums, for the DVD album Chile On Hell. The tour ended with a show at San Bernardino, California, at the two-year anniversary of the album's release. After finishing the tour, the band took a short break before reconvening to start work on a new album.
Track listing
All songs written by Belladonna, Bello, Benante and Ian (except "New Noise", written and originally performed by Refused). Tracks 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12 and 13 co-written by Dan Nelson.
No.TitleLength1."Worship" (instrumental)1:402."Earth on Hell"3:103."The Devil You Know"4:464."Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't"5:485."I'm Alive"5:366."Hymn 1" (instrumental; unlisted)0:387."In the End"6:488."The Giant"3:469."Hymn 2" (instrumental; unlisted)0:4410."Judas Priest"6:2411."Crawl"5:2812."The Constant"5:0113."Revolution Screams" (ends at 6:08; hidden track "New Noise" begins at 11:08 after 5 minutes of silence)15:54Total length:65:43
Japanese edition additional trackNo.TitleLength14."Crawl (Orc Mix)"5:02Total length:70:45
Personnel
Credits are adapted from AllMusic.
Anthrax
Joey Belladonna – lead vocals
Rob Caggiano – lead guitar, backing vocals
Scott Ian – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Frank Bello – bass, backing vocals
Charlie Benante – drums
Additional musicians
Dan Nelson – co-author (tracks 2–5, 8, 11–13)
Alison Chesley – cello
Technical personnel
Rob Caggiano – production
Jay Ruston – mixing, additional production
Asim Ali – engineering
Andy Lagis – assistant engineering
Alex Ross – artwork
Charlie Benante – cover concept
Douglas Heusser – artwork, design
Ross Halfin – photography
Charts
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)
35
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
30
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
65
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
55
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
33
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)
28
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
64
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)
6
French Albums (SNEP)
62
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
13
Irish Albums (IRMA)
62
Italian Albums (FIMI)
37
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
28
Scottish Albums (OCC)
35
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
70
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
25
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
28
UK Albums (OCC)
49
UK Independent Albums (OCC)
7
UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC)
1
US Billboard 200
12
US Independent Albums (Billboard)
2
US Top Hard Rock Albums (Billboard)
4
US Top Rock Albums (Billboard)
5
US Top Tastemaker Albums (Billboard)
2
Release history
Region
Date
Label
International
September 12, 2011 (2011-09-12)
Nuclear Blast
United States
September 13, 2011 (2011-09-13)
Megaforce Records
References
^ a b c Coglan, Chris (September 28, 2011). "Anthrax: Worship Music". PopMatters. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ "A Festive Feast of Awesomeness". SuicideGirls.com. December 22, 2008. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
^ "Scott Ian's Food Coma: Uncorking Wine and Led Zep". SuicideGirls.com. May 18, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
^ "Anthrax Guitarist: Reunion With John Bush Would Be 'The Best Thing' For Band And Fans". Blabbermouth.net. July 23, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
^ "Anthrax Guitarist Rob Caggiano On Band's Upcoming Album". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. October 25, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
^ Rosenberg, Axl (March 25, 2010). "John Bush from Armored Saint and Anthrax". MetalSucks. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
^ Ogle, Ryan (May 19, 2010). "John Bush Says 'Timing Is Right' For Anthrax's Reunion With Joey Belladonna". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
^ Sciarretto, Amy (May 10, 2010). "Joey Belladonna Rejoins Anthrax". Noisecreep. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
^ Modern Drummer staff (January 4, 2012). "Interview with Charlie Benante". Modern Drummer. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ "Anthrax: Scott Ian im Video-Interview". Metal Hammer. June 16, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ "Anthrax: New Audio Interview With Scott Ian". Blabbermouth.net. October 8, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
^ Wawzenek, Bryan (June 24, 2008). "Anthrax Almost Finished with New Album". Gibson Guitar Corporation. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ Sciarretto, Amy (December 15, 2010). "Anthrax's Scott Ian: We're Almost Ready to Go With New Album". Noisecreep. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
^ "Anthrax Finish 'Most Emotional' Album". Ultimate-Guitar.com. April 29, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
^ "Anthrax – free download "Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't"". Nuclear Blast. June 24, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
^ "New Anthrax Album Being Mastered". Blabbermouth.net. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
^ Hart, Josh (July 12, 2011). "Anthrax Reveal Cover Art for New Album, 'Worship Music'". Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ Pehling, Dave (October 18, 2011). "Anthrax's Scott Ian on Making a Brilliant New Album and Possibly Bringing the Big Four Tour to S.F." SF Weekly. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
^ "Anthrax To Dedicate Song To Judas Priest On New Album". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. April 21, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
^ Anderson, Kyle (September 13, 2011). "Anthrax's Scott Ian on playing Yankee Stadium, getting inspiration from 'Lost,' and facial hair". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
^ a b Ives, Brian (February 1, 2013). "Behind The Song: Anthrax's "I'm Alive"". Radio.com. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
^ Huber, Nick (July 19, 2011). "Anthrax: 'Worship Music' Track Listing Revealed". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
^ Yardley, Miranda (June 3, 2011). "Anthrax Set Release Date For New Album". Terrorizer. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ "Anthrax: Sound of White Noise Chart Position". Allmusic. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
^ "Anthrax Debut At No. 122 With "We've Come For You All"". Blabbermouth.net. May 17, 2003. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
^ a b "Anthrax: More "Worship Music" First-Week Chart Positions". Blabbermouth.net. September 29, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
^ "Anthrax's 'Worship Music' Passes 100K Sales Mark In U.S." Blabbermouth.net. September 24, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
^ O’Shaughnessy, Matthew (July 30, 2012). "Anthrax' Frank Bello Says Covers Album Set For Fall Release; To Feature Rush, Boston Classics". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
^ "Anthrax Members Talk About Upcoming 'Worship Music' Re-Release". Blabbermouth.net. August 4, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ "Anthrax Thinking About Re-Releasing Worship Music With Newly Recorded Covers Next Year". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. October 23, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
^ "Worship Music: Special Edition". Nuclear Blast. March 22, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
^ "Anthrax's Cover Version of Boston's 'Smokin" Available for Streaming". Blabbermouth.net. March 15, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
^ "Worship Music Reviews". Metacritic. September 13, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ a b Prato, Greg. Anthrax: Worship Music at AllMusic. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
^ a b Heller, Jason (September 20, 2011). "Anthrax: Worship Music". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
^ a b Christopher, Michael (August 24, 2011). "Anthrax: Worship Music". The Phoenix. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
^ a b Dome, Malcolm (September 14, 2011). "Anthrax: Worship Music". Classic Rock. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ a b Grischow, Chad (September 12, 2011). "Anthrax: Worship Music". IGN. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
^ They are creative and explorative, restless and even daring. For the most part, though, these days they're also not that good.
^ a b Wood, Mikael (September 13, 2011). "Album Review: Anthrax's "Worship Music"". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
^ a b Wilkening, Matthew (September 13, 2011). "Anthrax: Worship Music". Loudwire. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
^ a b Fisher, Mark. "Anthrax: Worship Music". Metal Forces. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ Bowar, Chad. "Anthrax - Worship Music Review". About.com. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
^ "Top 10 Metal Albums of 2011". Loudwire. November 28, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
^ "The Top 20 Heavy Metal Albums of 2011". Metal Rules. January 8, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
^ "20 Best Metal Albums of 2011". Spin. December 19, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
^ "Sepultura's Andreas Kisser Performs with Anthrax for First Time". Blabbermouth.net. July 3, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ Small, Aaron (July 21, 2011). "Anthrax - Decapitate and Bleed". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ Ouellette, Mary (September 6, 2011). "Anthrax Announce Co-Headlining Fall 2011 Tour With Testament". Loudwire. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ Hart, Josh (December 5, 2011). "2012 Dates Added for Anthrax, Testament, Death Angel Tour". Guitar World. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ Adams, Gregory (May 31, 2012). "Anthrax, Testament and Death Angel Team Up for Canada-Heavy Tour". Exclaim!. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
^ "Motorhead and Anthrax announce joint UK tour". NME. April 24, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
^ "Guitarist Rob Caggiano Quits Anthrax". Blabbermouth.net. January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
^ "Anthrax Taps Shadows Fall Guitarist for Upcoming Tour". Blabbermouth.net. January 11, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ Ramirez, Carlos (December 17, 2012). "Metal Alliance Tour 2013: Anthrax to Perform Classic Album in Its Entirety". Noisecreep. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
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^ a b Childers, Chad (May 7, 2013). "Anthrax to Shoot Concert DVD in Santiago, Chile". Loudwire. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ Childers, Chad (September 16, 2013). "Iron Maiden, Megadeth, Anthrax + More Emerge Victorious at 2013 Battle of San Bernardino". Loudwire. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
^ a b "WebVoyage Record View 1: Earth on Hell, et al". Copyright Catalog. United States Copyright Office. September 19, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
^ ASCAP. "ACE Repertory". ASCAP. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
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External links
Worship Music at Discogs (list of releases)
vteAnthrax
Scott Ian
Charlie Benante
Frank Bello
Joey Belladonna
Jonathan Donais
Dan Lilker
Greg Walls
Greg D'Angelo
Neil Turbin
Dan Spitz
Matt Fallon
John Bush
Paul Crook
Dan Nelson
Rob Caggiano
Jon Dette
Studio albums
Fistful of Metal
Spreading the Disease
Among the Living
State of Euphoria
Persistence of Time
Sound of White Noise
Stomp 442
Volume 8: The Threat Is Real
We've Come for You All
The Greater of Two Evils
Worship Music
For All Kings
Live albums
Live: The Island Years
Music of Mass Destruction
Alive 2
Gigantour
Caught in a Mosh: BBC Live in Concert
The Big Four: Live from Sofia, Bulgaria (with Metallica, Megadeth and Slayer)
Extended plays
Armed and Dangerous
I'm the Man
Penikufesin
Inside Out
Summer 2003
Anthems
Compilations
Attack of the Killer B's
Return of the Killer A's
Madhouse: The Very Best of Anthrax
Anthrology: No Hit Wonders (1985–1991)
Songs
"Madhouse"
"I Am the Law"
"Indians"
"Antisocial"
"Got the Time"
"Bring the Noise"
"Only"
"Black Lodge"
Video albums
Music of Mass Destruction
Alive 2 - The DVD
Anthrology: No Hit Wonders (1985–1991)
The Big 4 Live from Sofia, Bulgaria
Related articles
Discography
Band members
Stormtroopers of Death
Nuclear Assault
Armored Saint
The Damned Things
Headbangers Ball Tour
Clash of the Titans
American Carnage Tour
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"We've Come for You All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27ve_Come_for_You_All"},{"link_name":"Joey Belladonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Belladonna"},{"link_name":"Rob Caggiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Caggiano"},{"link_name":"Dan Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Nelson"},{"link_name":"John Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bush_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sound of White Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_of_White_Noise"}],"text":"2011 studio album by AnthraxWorship Music is the tenth studio album by American heavy metal band Anthrax. The album was released on September 12, 2011 internationally, and on September 13 in the United States. It was the band's first album of original material since 2003's We've Come for You All, the first full-length Anthrax album since the return of longtime vocalist Joey Belladonna, and the final album with guitarist Rob Caggiano prior to his departure in January 2013.The album's creation was a lengthy process, with work beginning as early as November 2008. The album was delayed due to issues with the departure of vocalist Dan Nelson, and for a short period of time the re-joining of John Bush who ultimately decided not to commit to the album. The band eventually reunited with Belladonna, and finished recording in April 2011. Worship Music was positively received upon release, with critics describing it as \"fresh and eruptive as ever\" and qualified it as a return to form for the band. The record debuted at number 12 in the United States, their highest chart position since 1993's Sound of White Noise.","title":"Worship Music (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SuicideGirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuicideGirls"},{"link_name":"Scott Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Ian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dave Fortman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Fortman"},{"link_name":"Evanescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescence"},{"link_name":"Slipknot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipknot_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dan Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Nelson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bush_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS_2010-03-25-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Joey Belladonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Belladonna"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charlie Benante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Benante"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nassau Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Noisecreep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisecreep"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"free download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_download"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In the December 2008 edition of his monthly SuicideGirls column, Food Coma, guitarist Scott Ian revealed that he had been in the studio working on the new Anthrax album since November 4. Ian went on to say that drums, bass, and rhythm guitar had been arranged for 19 tracks, and that the process of recording the vocals had begun. \"We should be mixing at the end of January and soon after that giving birth to a really pissed off, loud, fast and heavy child.\"[2] In a subsequent May 2009 Food Coma column, Ian announced that the album was being mixed by Dave Fortman, whose previous credits include albums by Evanescence and Slipknot.[3]The album was initially scheduled to feature Dan Nelson on vocals. However, following the events later that year, he was no longer a member of the band. When asked what would happen to the completed studio album featuring Nelson's vocals, Ian said: \"Until we have a new singer, I can't tell you what will happen to the record. We'll probably change a few things on it, including the vocals.\" Ian also indicated that the album's release could be delayed until 2010.[4] It was assumed that John Bush was going to record new vocals for the album after his reunion with the band. However, this did not happen.[5] In an interview at the time, Bush said he was trying to re-record vocals for some of the songs that had already been recorded.[6]Bush eventually decided that he did not want to recommit to Anthrax full-time and left the group.[7] As a result, the band reunited with Joey Belladonna. Following shows during the summer and fall of 2010, the band returned to the studio. Some of the completed songs were left as is, adding Belladonna's vocals, others were re–written, and some entirely new songs were composed with Belladonna.[8] Drummer Charlie Benante suggested the album's title after the eponymous TV show.[9] Although Ian stated that the album name could be changed, this turned out not to be the case.[10] In October 2010 at Nassau Coliseum, Anthrax performed the song \"Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't\" for the first time with Belladonna. It was at this point that Ian said fans should expect the new record in late 2011.[11]In December, Ian stated that the band had almost completed the new album and only had to re-record two or three tracks. Ian further confirmed that all the material would feature vocals by Belladonna.[12] Noisecreep reported that Worship Music had been shelved until Belladonna completed new vocal tracks.[13] The band finished recording Worship Music in April 2011, and called it their \"most emotional album\".[14] \"Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't\" was released as the lead single on June 24, 2011. It was released for free download as a way of saying \"thank you\" to fans' loyalty in waiting in anticipation for the album.[15] Three days later, Ian announced that the band had started the mastering process for the upcoming album.[16] The cover art was revealed the following month.[17]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Egyptian revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution"},{"link_name":"Occupy Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire"},{"link_name":"Let the Right One In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_the_Right_One_In_(novel)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"zombie apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Ronnie James Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_James_Dio"},{"link_name":"Dimebag Darrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimebag_Darrell"},{"link_name":"Judas Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Priest"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Constant"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio.com-21"},{"link_name":"Blabbermouth.net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Hard_Rock/Metal_Performance"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio.com-21"}],"text":"The songs \"Earth on Hell\" and \"Revolution Screams\" refer to democracy in the United States and around the world. According to Ian, at the time of the album's release, these songs were \"very much about people taking the power back\". Although the songs were written long before, he cited the 2011 Egyptian revolution and Occupy Wall Street demonstrations as examples of this phenomenon coming to pass.[18] \"The Devil You Know\", despite the line \"Let the right one in\" and the band's history of using horror stories as subject matter, was not a reference to the 2004 Swedish vampire novel Let the Right One In; it was about World War II veterans. \"Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't\" is about a zombie apocalypse, and \"In the End\" was written as a tribute to the late Ronnie James Dio, an inspiration for the band, and Dimebag Darrell, a friend and collaborator on three Anthrax albums. \"Judas Priest\" was named as a tribute to the heavy metal band Judas Priest, and contains a bridge that references several well-known Priest songs.[19] \"The Constant\" is about the episode of the 2004 television series Lost of the same name, where a character travels through time until he finds his \"constant\".[20]\"I'm Alive\" was written when Dan Nelson was member of the band. Anthrax premiered the song live in 2008, though it was titled \"Vampires\" at that time.[21] It is notable for its tribal-sounding introduction with clean guitars backed up by a marching drum beat, before taking off into a heavy riff and gradually breaking into a melodic chorus. In an album preview by Blabbermouth.net, \"I'm Alive\" was described as \"beautiful and grand with a build that demands audience participation\".[22] The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance, the band's fourth Grammy nomination.[21]","title":"Lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"For All Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_All_Kings"},{"link_name":"Sound of White Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_of_White_Noise"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-24"},{"link_name":"We've Come for You All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27ve_Come_for_You_All"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Frank Bello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bello"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(band)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Smokin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokin%27_(Boston_song)"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"T.N.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.N.T._(song)"},{"link_name":"AC/DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC"},{"link_name":"Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_(band)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast"},{"link_name":"Anthems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthems_(Anthrax_album)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Worship Music was internationally released on September 12, 2011, and on September 13 in the United States.[23] It sold 28,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release and debuted at number 12 on the Billboard 200, the third highest position of their career (the second being its successor, For All Kings, which charted at number 9) and the highest since Sound of White Noise (1993), which peaked at number 7.[24] The band's previous studio album, We've Come for You All (2003), opened with just under 10,000 units to debut at number 122.[25] The album charted at number 13 in Germany and managed to break into the top 10 in Finland, reaching number 6.[26] By September 2012, Worship Music sold about 100,000 copies in the United States.[27]When asked about a possible follow-up to Worship Music, bassist Frank Bello said that the band intended to re-release Worship Music with several bonus tracks. The bonus tracks were set to include covers of Rush and Boston songs. Bello stated that the plan was to release the reissue in the fall of 2012.[28] A few days later, band members announced that five covers were included: \"Anthem\" by Rush, \"Smokin'\" by Boston, \"Neon Knights\" by Black Sabbath, \"T.N.T.\" by AC/DC, and \"Keep on Runnin'\" by Journey. Although Scott Ian expected the reissue to be released by the end of the year, it was eventually postponed for 2013.[29][30] The special edition of Worship Music was released on March 22, 2013 by Nuclear Blast. It consists of the original album and a bonus EP of cover songs, Anthems, which was also released separately on the same day in Europe, and three days earlier in North America.[31][32]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Persistence of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence_of_Time"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-34"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"nü-metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_metal"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-35"},{"link_name":"Classic Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Rock_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Dome"},{"link_name":"Among the Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Among_the_Living"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic_Rock-37"},{"link_name":"The Boston Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phoenix-36"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Lulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(Lou_Reed_and_Metallica_album)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times-40"},{"link_name":"Metal Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Forces"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metal_Forces-42"},{"link_name":"About.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-43"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNReview-38"},{"link_name":"Loudwire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudwire-41"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopMatters-1"}],"text":"Critical reception of the album was generally positive. AllMusic's Greg Prato noted that in spite of the issues surrounding the departure of Dan Nelson, the album fits together \"seamlessly\" and called it the group's finest studio recording since Persistence of Time (1990).[34] Jason Heller of The A.V. Club praised the album for being rid of the \"nü-metal stench\" of the previous record and the \"all-around patchiness\" from the other John Bush-era albums. Heller noted that it brought the band back into the \"youthful dynamic\".[35] Classic Rock journalist Malcolm Dome observed that musically, Worship Music is a mixture of \"the grinding power\" of We've Come for You All and the more \"clear-cut melodic approach\" of Among the Living (1987), resulting in an album that is \"violently metallic yet sophisticated\".[37]Michael Christopher of The Boston Phoenix commented that Anthrax has learned from its past mistakes in making the album. He observed that the humor that characterized the previous albums was still present, and called this album a \"fresh fistful of metal\".[36] Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times compared Worship Music to Metallica's Lulu, saying that Anthrax, unlike Metallica, opted to \"reclaim ground\" dominated by younger bands.[40] Mark Fisher, writing in Metal Forces, highlighted the guitar performance, saying it reminded him of the sound Anthrax is mostly associated with. Although Fisher preferred the albums with John Bush on vocals, he remarked that Worship Music is a fine recording with a career-defining performance by Joey Belladonna.[42] Chad Bowar from About.com also praised Belladonna's performance, noting that the vocal delivery was filled with angst and emotion. He opined that Anthrax sounded rejuvenated and qualified the album as a return to form.[43]Chad Grischow of IGN commented that the album sounded \"as fresh and eruptive as ever\" with the exception of \"Crawl\", the \"rare misstep on the otherwise fantastic album\".[38] Loudwire's Matthew Wilkening said that Belladonna's 20-year absence from the band hasn't affected the band's chemistry at all. According to him, the album represented the maturity and musical growth of the band.[41] PopMatters's Chris Colgan described the music as a combination of the \"later material with shades of their thrash beginnings\". He believes this wasn't \"the glorious comeback\" for Anthrax, but called it a solid album with signs of progress for the group.[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayer"},{"link_name":"Megadeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadeth"},{"link_name":"Sepultura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepultura"},{"link_name":"Andreas Kisser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Kisser"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_(band)"},{"link_name":"Death Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Angel"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Dark Roots of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Roots_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Motörhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Shadows Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_Fall"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Municipal Waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Waste_(band)"},{"link_name":"Holy Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grail_(band)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SantiagoDVD-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SantiagoDVD-57"}],"text":"Anthrax spent the following two years touring in support of Worship Music. The band started the tour with the \"big four\" shows alongside Metallica, Slayer, and Megadeth, which took place in the summer of 2011. Due to the birth of his child, Ian missed the European leg of the tour; Sepultura guitarist Andreas Kisser acted as a fill-in.[47] Ian was able to make an appearance in Milan, Italy, joining the band and Kisser for half of the setlist.[48] Anthrax continued touring in late 2011. In October and November, Anthrax embarked on a 23 date US tour co-headlining with Testament and openers Death Angel.[49] These three bands resumed performing together in early 2012.[50] The trio announced further dates in the US and Canada in the fall of 2012, with Testament promoting their then-new album, Dark Roots of Earth.[51] Anthrax teamed up with Motörhead for a ten show UK tour in November.[52] In January 2013, it was announced that Caggiano had left the band.[53] He was replaced by Shadows Fall guitarist Jonathan Donais.[54]Anthrax was announced as the headliner for the third annual Metal Alliance US tour, which endured through March and April 2013. Supporting acts included Exodus, Municipal Waste, and Holy Grail, with the headliner Anthrax performing Among the Living in its entirety.[55] Charlie Benante has been taking time off from gigs outside the US because of personal reasons. His place was filled in by drummer Jon Dette during these shows.[56] The group filmed their performance at Santiago, Chile, with Benante on drums, for the DVD album Chile On Hell.[57] The tour ended with a show at San Bernardino, California, at the two-year anniversary of the album's release.[58] After finishing the tour, the band took a short break before reconvening to start work on a new album.[57]","title":"Touring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Refused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refused"},{"link_name":"Dan Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Nelson"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CopyrightOffice-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"hidden track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_track"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"All songs written by Belladonna, Bello, Benante and Ian (except \"New Noise\", written and originally performed by Refused). Tracks 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12 and 13 co-written by Dan Nelson.[59][60]No.TitleLength1.\"Worship\" (instrumental)1:402.\"Earth on Hell\"3:103.\"The Devil You Know\"4:464.\"Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't\"5:485.\"I'm Alive\"5:366.\"Hymn 1\" (instrumental; unlisted)0:387.\"In the End\"6:488.\"The Giant\"3:469.\"Hymn 2\" (instrumental; unlisted)0:4410.\"Judas Priest\"6:2411.\"Crawl\"5:2812.\"The Constant\"5:0113.\"Revolution Screams\" (ends at 6:08; hidden track \"New Noise\" begins at 11:08 after 5 minutes of silence)15:54Total length:65:43Japanese edition additional track[61]No.TitleLength14.\"Crawl (Orc Mix)\"5:02Total length:70:45","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-62"}],"text":"Credits are adapted from AllMusic.[62]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joey Belladonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Belladonna"},{"link_name":"Rob Caggiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Caggiano"},{"link_name":"Scott Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Ian"},{"link_name":"Frank Bello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bello"},{"link_name":"Charlie Benante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Benante"}],"sub_title":"Anthrax","text":"Joey Belladonna – lead vocals\nRob Caggiano – lead guitar, backing vocals\nScott Ian – rhythm guitar, backing vocals\nFrank Bello – bass, backing vocals\nCharlie Benante – drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Nelson"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CopyrightOffice-59"},{"link_name":"Alison Chesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Chesley"}],"sub_title":"Additional musicians","text":"Dan Nelson – co-author (tracks 2–5, 8, 11–13)[59]\nAlison Chesley – cello","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alex Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ross"},{"link_name":"Ross Halfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Halfin"}],"sub_title":"Technical personnel","text":"Rob Caggiano – production\nJay Ruston – mixing, additional production\nAsim Ali – engineering\nAndy Lagis – assistant engineering\nAlex Ross – artwork\nCharlie Benante – cover concept\nDouglas Heusser – artwork, design\nRoss Halfin – photography","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
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[{"reference":"Coglan, Chris (September 28, 2011). \"Anthrax: Worship Music\". PopMatters. Retrieved August 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/148775-anthrax-worship-music/","url_text":"\"Anthrax: Worship Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"\"A Festive Feast of Awesomeness\". SuicideGirls.com. December 22, 2008. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081223125611/http://suicidegirls.com/news/culture/23475/","url_text":"\"A Festive Feast of Awesomeness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuicideGirls.com","url_text":"SuicideGirls.com"},{"url":"http://suicidegirls.com/news/culture/23475/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scott Ian's Food Coma: Uncorking Wine and Led Zep\". SuicideGirls.com. May 18, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2009. 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Retrieved August 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/anthrax-s-worship-music-passes-100k-sales-mark-in-u-s/","url_text":"\"Anthrax's 'Worship Music' Passes 100K Sales Mark In U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"O’Shaughnessy, Matthew (July 30, 2012). \"Anthrax' Frank Bello Says Covers Album Set For Fall Release; To Feature Rush, Boston Classics\". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. Retrieved August 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bravewords.com/news/anthrax-frank-bello-says-covers-album-set-for-fall-release-to-feature-rush-boston-classics","url_text":"\"Anthrax' Frank Bello Says Covers Album Set For Fall Release; To Feature Rush, Boston Classics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_Words_%26_Bloody_Knuckles","url_text":"Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles"}]},{"reference":"\"Anthrax Members Talk About Upcoming 'Worship Music' Re-Release\". Blabbermouth.net. August 4, 2012. 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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Goldberg_(disambiguation)
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Eric Goldberg
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[]
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Eric Goldberg may refer to:
Eric Goldberg (artist) (1890–1969), Canadian painter
Eric Goldberg (animator) (born 1955), American animator and film director
Eric Goldberg (game designer) (born 1959), American designer of board, role-playing, and computer games
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Eric_Goldberg&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Administration_of_Justice_(OAJ)
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United Nations Office of Administration of Justice
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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United Nations internal justice system
The United Nations Office of Administration of Justice (OAJ) is responsible for coordinating the functions of the internal justice system of the United Nations.
The OAJ is headed by an executive director, who is appointed to the position by the Secretary-General. The first executive director of the OAJ was Andrei Terekhov. Alayne Frankson-Wallace became executive director in 2017 and remains in the position as of 2023. The OAJ became operational on 1 July 2009, replacing an old system that had been in effect for 60 years. A hallmark of this new justice system is that it is independent.
The Office of Staff Legal Assistance, as well as the Registries for the United Nations Dispute Tribunal (UNDT) and the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, are part of the Office of Administration of Justice. With its headquarters in New York City, the OAJ also has a presence — through the UNDT registries and the branch offices of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance — in Geneva, Nairobi, Addis Ababa, and Beirut.
References
^ "Executive Director | United Nations Secretary-General". www.un.org. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
External links
Official website of the UN Office of Administration of Justice
This United Nations–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Castera
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Georges Castera
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["1 Works","1.1 Poetry in Haitian Creole","1.2 Poetry in French","1.3 Theatre","2 References"]
|
Haitian poet and writer (1936–2020)
Georges CasteraBorn27 December 1936Port-au-Prince, HaitiDied24 January 2020(2020-01-24) (aged 83)Pétion-Ville, HaitiNationalityHaitianOccupationPoet
Georges Castera (27 December 1936 – 24 January 2020) was a Haitian poet and writer. He was a founding member of the Association des écrivains haïtiens and the Atelier Jeudi Soir. He wrote in French, Haitian Creole, and Spanish. He is the uncle of german-haitian Rap Poet Frederik Torch Hahn.
Works
Poetry in Haitian Creole
Klou gagit (1965)
Bwa mitan (1970)
Panzou (1970)
Konbèlann (1976)
Jak Roumen (1977)
Biswit leta (1978)
Zèb atè (1980)
Trip fronmi (1984)
Pye pou pye (1986)
Dan Zòrèy (1986)
Gate Priyè (1990)
A wòd pòte (1993)
Rèl (1995)
Filalang (2000)
Jòf (2001)
Blengendeng bleng ! (2006)
Pwenba (2012)
Gout pa gout (2012)
Rabouch (2012)
Poetry in French
Retour à l’arbre (1974)
Ratures d’un miroir (1992)
Les Cinq lettres (1992)
Quasi parlando (1993)
Voix de tête (1996)
Brûler (1999)
Le Trou du souffleur (2006)
L’Encre est ma demeure (2006)
Choses de mer sur blessures d’encre (2010)
Attention peinture ! (2013)
Premiers poèmes en français de Georges Castera fils (2013)
Theatre
Tanbou Tibout-la bout (1970)
Montage théâtral à caractère de mural (1971)
Lèt ak sitron (1980)
Boulva Jan Jak Desalin (1987)
Au coeur de la nuit (1988)
References
^ "Haïti - Social : Décès de l'illustre poète haïtien Georges Castera fils". Haiti Libre (in French). 25 January 2020.
^ "Le célèbre poète haïtien Georges Castera est mort à 83 ans". Rezo Nòdwes (in French). 24 January 2020.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
|
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Chest
|
Dead Man's Chest
|
["1 Background","2 Original song","3 Variations and other usage","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Citations","5 External links"]
|
Sea song with lyrics by Robert Louis Stevenson.
For other uses, see Dead Man's Chest (disambiguation).
"Dead Man's Chest" (also known as "Fifteen Men on the Dead Man's Chest" or "Yo, Ho, Ho (And a Bottle of Rum)") is a fictional sea song, originally from Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Treasure Island (1883). It was expanded in a poem, titled "Derelict" by Young E. Allison, published in the Louisville Courier-Journal in 1891. It has since been used in many later works of art in various forms.
Background
Stevenson found the name "Dead Man's Chest" among a list of Virgin Island names in a book by Charles Kingsley, possibly in reference to the Dead Chest Island off Peter Island in the British Virgin Islands. As Stevenson once said, "Treasure Island came out of Kingsley's At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies (1871); where I got the 'Dead Man's Chest'—that was the seed." That is, Stevenson saw the three words "Dead Man's Chest" in Kingsley's book among a list of names, germinating in Stevenson's mind it was the "seed", which then grew into the novel.
Original song
In Treasure Island, Stevenson only wrote the chorus, leaving the remainder of the song unwritten, and to the reader's imagination:
Fifteen men on the dead man's chest—
...Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!
Drink and the devil had done for the rest—
...Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!
Another lyric in the novel near its end, in Chapter 34:
With one man of her crew alive,
What put to sea with seventy-five.
This lyric is also in Chapter 23, where it is But one man of the crew alive. He speaks of this lyric as "that other ship they sang about", and part of "a dull, old, droning sailor's song". Stevenson does not make clear if this 2-line lyric is part of "Dead Man's Chest" or another fictional song entirely.
Stevenson used "But", and later "With", which could be the result of sloppy writing or editing, but this is unlikely as Stevenson was known to play with language. More likely the classically trained Stevenson understood from his study of ancient bardic (oral) poets, such as Homer, that they would often repeat the same thing in slightly different ways, for example "divine Odysseus", "many-counseled Odysseus", or "much-enduring divine Odysseus", at different points in the poem. These slightly changing repetitions were sometimes used as memory aids, when bards recited hours-long epics entirely from memory. For example B precedes W is a memory aid of what follows - see oral-formulaic composition and Milman Parry. The oral song, sung by the presumably illiterate pirates, and passed down from pirate to pirate over the generations, is hinted at by Stevenson's slightly changing text. By mimicking this style, Stevenson provides the feel of an ancient tradition, such as encountered in a Homeric epic.
Variations and other usage
The song was expanded into a 3-verse poem by Young E. Allison, titled "Derelict", published in the Louisville Courier-Journal in 1891.
Other variations of the poem were printed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that claimed to be folklore, but in reality were nothing more than new extensions from Stevenson's original. One appeared in the Chicago Times-Herald named "Stevenson's Sailor Song" by an anonymous author, who claimed to hear it being sung on the "wharfs of Chicago" by a group of "old time sailors," who when asked where they learned it, replied "We never learned it nowhere, we allers knowed it." The story was meant as a hoax but some took it seriously. Another appeared in print as "Billy Bones's Fancy", supposedly pieced together from various "fragments," suggesting an antiquated origin, but in fact it was an adaptation of the Times-Herald piece. As Stevenson's stepson Osbourne once said, "'Fifteen-Men' was wholly original with Stevenson," and as Stevenson himself said, the book At Last by Kingsley was "the seed" of his invention.
The song has been widely used in the arts for over a century. In 1901, music was added by Henry Waller to the lyrics of Allison's "Derelict" for a Broadway rendition of Treasure Island. In the 1954 film Return to Treasure Island, starring Robert Newton, the song was sung in the opening credits, and instrumentally as the thematic background to the action. In 1956, Ed McCurdy released his version of the song on his Elektra Records album Blood, Booze and Bones.
In the 1959 television series The Adventures of Long John Silver—again starring Robert Newton—it was, although only in instrumental version, the series' theme song played both at the beginning and the end of each episode. In 1967, writers for the Walt Disney film company found inspiration in "Derelict" for the sea-song "Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)", which was played in the "Pirates of the Caribbean" theme ride at Disneyland. Astrid Lindgren expanded Stevenson's couplet differently in the script for the 1969 Pippi Longstocking TV series. Alan Moore made a play on the song in the 1986 graphic novel Watchmen; the chapter is called "One man on fifteen dead men's chests." In 1993, the contemporary "pirate" vocal group, The Jolly Rogers, recorded Mark Stahl's arrangement of Young E. Allison's lyrics, re-released in 1997 on their CD titled "Pirate Gold". A rendition was recorded by the steampunk band Abney Park as "The Derelict". In the second Pirates of the Caribbean film, Joshamee Gibbs sang the original version from Treasure Island—a fourth wall joke, as the film was called Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest.
In German, the song is sometimes known as either "17 Mann auf des toten Manns Kiste", mentioning two more men, or "13 Mann", mentioning two fewer, most prominently in Michael Ende's Jim Knopf stories. Likewise, in the Hungarian translation of Treasure Island, the phrase is "seven (men) on a dead man's chest"; apparently these numbers provided the closest effect to the original regarding rhyme and syllables in English.
Many authors have written prequels and sequels to Treasure Island. One such example is R. F. Delderfield's The Adventures of Ben Gunn (1956), in which Ben tells Jim Hawkins that the song is a reference to "an island of the Leewards" nicknamed "Dead Man's Chest" which "was little more than a long, high rock, shaped like a coffin." In Delderfield's story, the song is about 15 pirates who shipwrecked there who had salvaged many barrels of rum but almost no food, and were "all raving drunk" upon their rescue.
Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935), the Portuguese poet, quotes several passages from the Stevenson's poem in "Maritime ode" (Ode Marítima), adding a long paraphrase about "The Great Pirate's Song".
References
Notes
^ Fictional sea-song - in this sense means a sea-song that first appeared in a work of fiction, and not an authentic sea song; however, this does not mean the song was not later sung in real life by real sailors. For a full treatment of the fictional origin of the song, "wholly original with Stevenson", see Starrett, Vincent (1923). Buried Caesars. AMS Press. pp. 189–204. ISBN 9780404062231.
^ Many sources call "Dead Man's Chest" a sea chanty, however Stevenson himself never called it that, rather the novel says it's a "sea-song" and a "sailor's song". Sea-song is described in the Oxford English Dictionary as "A song such as is sung by sailors." (sea-song, n.; Second edition, 1989). The OED defines shanty as "A sailor's song, esp. one sung during heavy work." The OED has no entry for sailor's song. Since the terms Stevenson used are oblique, it is a matter of interpretation if Stevenson meant it to be a shanty, or not.
^ The relevant quote from At Lastthe first of those numberless isles which Columbus, so goes the tale, discovered on St. Ursula's day, and named them after the Saint and her eleven thousand mythical virgins. Unfortunately, English buccaneers have since then given to most of them less poetic names. The Dutchman's Cap, Broken Jerusalem, The Dead Man's Chest, Rum Island, and so forth, mark a time and a race more prosaic, but still more terrible, though not one whit more wicked and brutal, than the Spanish Conquistadores
Citations
^ a b c Schraer, Erich. "Derelict". biostat.wustl.edu. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on 2006-09-14. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
^ a b c Hersey, Frank Wilson Cheney (1911). Stevenson's Treasure Island. Boston: Ginn. pp. 214–215. …the Dead Man's Chest is the name of one of the Virgin Islands in the West Indies. Note: Hersey incorrectly says Stevenson derived the song from Billy Bones's Fancy, rather Billy Bones's Fancy is derived from Stevensons original chorus in Treasure Island.
^ There is also a Dead Man's Chest Island in Puerto Rico, not one of the Virgin Islands but close to them, and with the same name.
^ Kingsley, Charles (1871). "Chapter 1: Outward Bound". At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies – via Project Gutenberg. Unfortunately, English buccaneers have since then given to most of them less poetic names. The Dutchman's Cap, Broken Jerusalem, The Dead Man's Chest, Rum Island, and so forth, mark a time and a race more prosaic, but still more terrible, though not one whit more wicked and brutal, than the Spanish Conquistadores.
^ a b Cordingly, David (1996). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. Random House. p. 5. ISBN 9780679425601.
^ Stevenson, Robert Louis (2001). "To Sidney Colvin. Late May 1884". Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson. New Haven: Yale Nota Bene. p. 263. ISBN 9780300091243.
^ "Fifteen men on the Dead Man's Chest by Robert Louis Stevenson". Poetry Foundation. 2021-11-20. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
^ Hitchcock, Champion Ingraham (2006) . "The Dead Men's Song: Being the Story of a Poem and a Reminiscent Sketch of its Author Young Ewing Allison". Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2021-11-21 – via Project Gutenberg.
^ a b c d e f g Starrett, Vincent (1923). Buried Caesars: Essays in Literary Appreciation. Books for Libraries Press. pp. 189–204. ISBN 9780836909029.
^ "Jan Fedder - 17 Mann auf des toten Mannes Kiste" on YouTube
^ "Stalin-17 Mann auf des Totenmannskiste" on YouTube
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Dead Man's Chest
Fifteen Men on a Dead Man's Chest, at Everything2
vteRobert Louis Stevenson's Treasure IslandCharacters
Billy Bones
Captain Alexander Smollett
Captain Flint
Ben Gunn
Israel Hands
Jim Hawkins
Dr. Livesey (1988 film adaptation)
Long John Silver
Squire Trelawney
Films
Treasure Island (1918)
Treasure Island (1920)
Treasure Island (1934)
The Secret of Treasure Island (1938)
Treasure Island (1950)
Long John Silver (1954)
Return to Treasure Island (1954)
Between God, the Devil and a Winchester (1968)
Franco, Ciccio e il pirata Barbanera (1969)
Animal Treasure Island (1971)
Treasure Island (1971)
Treasure Island (1972)
Treasure Island (1973)
Treasure Planet (1982)
Treasure Island (1982)
Treasure Island (1986)
Treasure Island (1988)
Treasure Island (1990)
Muppet Treasure Island (1996)
Treasure Island (1999)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Pirates of Treasure Island (2006)
Doraemon: Nobita's Treasure Island (2018)
Television
The Adventures of Long John Silver (1954)
Treasure Island (1966)
Treasure Island (1977)
Treasure Island (1978)
Return to Treasure Island (1986)
Treasure Island in Outer Space (1987)
The Legends of Treasure Island (1993)
Ken Russell's Treasure Island (1995)
Treasure Island (2012)
Black Sails (2014)
Video games
Pirate Adventure (1978)
Treasure Island (1984)
Muppet Treasure Island (1996)
Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon (2002)
Destination: Treasure Island (2006)
Other adaptations and sequels
Shin Takarajima (1947 manga)
Pieces of Eight (1985 musical)
Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island (2001 novel)
The Resurrection Casket (2006 novel)
Long John Silver (2007 comic)
Silver (2012 novel)
Related
Black Spot
Legend of the Cybermen
"Shiver my timbers"
"Dead Man's Chest"
vtePirates of the CaribbeanTheme parkattractions
Pirates of the Caribbean
Battle for the Sunken Treasure
The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow
Pirate's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island
Mickey's Pirate and Princess Party
Western River Expedition (cancelled)
Restaurants
Blue Bayou
Captain Jack's
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The Curse of the Black Pearl
Dead Man's Chest
At World's End
On Stranger Tides
Dead Men Tell No Tales
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Cast
Accolades
Universe
Black Pearl
Locations
Characters
Jack Sparrow
Hector Barbossa
Joshamee Gibbs
Will Turner
Elizabeth Swann
Tia Dalma
Davy Jones
MusicAlbums
Walt Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean
The Curse of the Black Pearl
Dead Man's Chest
Swashbuckling Sea Songs
Soundtrack Treasures Collection
At World's End
At World's End Remixes
On Stranger Tides
Dead Men Tell No Tales
Songs
"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)"
"He's a Pirate"
Video games
The Curse of the Black Pearl
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Dead Man's Chest
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At World's End
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Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game
Related
Adventures in the Magic Kingdom
Kingdom Hearts
II
III
Disney Universe
Kinect: Disneyland Adventures
Disney Infinity
Disney Magic Kingdoms
Sea of Thieves: A Pirate's Life
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Books
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The Price of Freedom
Related
Lego Pirates of the Caribbean
"Jack Sparrow" (song)
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dead Man's Chest (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Chest_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sea song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_song_(genre)"},{"link_name":"[ii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island"},{"link_name":"Young E. Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_E._Allison"},{"link_name":"Louisville Courier-Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Courier-Journal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Dead Man's Chest (disambiguation).\"Dead Man's Chest\" (also known as \"Fifteen Men on the Dead Man's Chest\" or \"Yo, Ho, Ho (And a Bottle of Rum)\") is a fictional[i] sea song,[ii] originally from Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Treasure Island (1883). It was expanded in a poem, titled \"Derelict\" by Young E. Allison, published in the Louisville Courier-Journal in 1891. It has since been used in many later works of art in various forms.[1]","title":"Dead Man's Chest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virgin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Charles Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Dead Chest Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Chest_Island,_British_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Peter Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Island"},{"link_name":"British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[iii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersey-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cordingly-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Stevenson found the name \"Dead Man's Chest\" among a list of Virgin Island names in a book by Charles Kingsley, possibly in reference to the Dead Chest Island off Peter Island in the British Virgin Islands.[iii][2][3] As Stevenson once said, \"Treasure Island came out of Kingsley's At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies (1871); where I got the 'Dead Man's Chest'—that was the seed.\"[4][5][6] That is, Stevenson saw the three words \"Dead Man's Chest\" in Kingsley's book among a list of names, germinating in Stevenson's mind it was the \"seed\", which then grew into the novel.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"rum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum"},{"link_name":"oral-formulaic composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral-formulaic_composition"},{"link_name":"Milman Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milman_Parry"}],"text":"In Treasure Island, Stevenson only wrote the chorus, leaving the remainder of the song unwritten, and to the reader's imagination:[7]Fifteen men on the dead man's chest—\n...Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!\nDrink and the devil had done for the rest—\n...Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!Another lyric in the novel near its end, in Chapter 34:With one man of her crew alive,\nWhat put to sea with seventy-five.This lyric is also in Chapter 23, where it is But one man of the crew alive. He speaks of this lyric as \"that other ship they [pirates] sang about\", and part of \"a dull, old, droning sailor's song\". Stevenson does not make clear if this 2-line lyric is part of \"Dead Man's Chest\" or another fictional song entirely.Stevenson used \"But\", and later \"With\", which could be the result of sloppy writing or editing, but this is unlikely as Stevenson was known to play with language. More likely the classically trained Stevenson understood from his study of ancient bardic (oral) poets, such as Homer, that they would often repeat the same thing in slightly different ways, for example \"divine Odysseus\", \"many-counseled Odysseus\", or \"much-enduring divine Odysseus\", at different points in the poem. These slightly changing repetitions were sometimes used as memory aids, when bards recited hours-long epics entirely from memory. For example B precedes W is a memory aid of what follows - see oral-formulaic composition and Milman Parry. The oral song, sung by the presumably illiterate pirates, and passed down from pirate to pirate over the generations, is hinted at by Stevenson's slightly changing text. By mimicking this style, Stevenson provides the feel of an ancient tradition, such as encountered in a Homeric epic.","title":"Original song"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young E. Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_E._Allison"},{"link_name":"Louisville Courier-Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Courier-Journal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"claimed to be folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakelore"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-12"},{"link_name":"Chicago Times-Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Times"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersey-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hersey-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cordingly-8"},{"link_name":"Henry Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Waller_(composer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island"},{"link_name":"Return to Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Treasure_Island_(film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Newton"},{"link_name":"Ed McCurdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_McCurdy"},{"link_name":"Elektra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Long John Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Long_John_Silver"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_Ho_(A_Pirate%27s_Life_for_Me)"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Astrid Lindgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid_Lindgren"},{"link_name":"Pippi Longstocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippi_Longstocking_(1969_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moore"},{"link_name":"graphic novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"Watchmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen"},{"link_name":"steampunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steampunk"},{"link_name":"Abney Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_Park_(band)"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Joshamee Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"fourth wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Man%27s_Chest"},{"link_name":"Michael Ende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ende"},{"link_name":"Jim Knopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Button_and_Luke_the_Engine_Driver"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"R. F. Delderfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._F._Delderfield"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Ben Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Ben_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Gunn_(Treasure_Island)"},{"link_name":"Jim Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_(character)"},{"link_name":"Leewards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leewards"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fernando Pessoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa"}],"text":"The song was expanded into a 3-verse poem by Young E. Allison, titled \"Derelict\", published in the Louisville Courier-Journal in 1891.[8][1]Other variations of the poem were printed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that claimed to be folklore, but in reality were nothing more than new extensions from Stevenson's original.[9] One appeared in the Chicago Times-Herald named \"Stevenson's Sailor Song\" by an anonymous author, who claimed to hear it being sung on the \"wharfs of Chicago\"[9] by a group of \"old time sailors,\"[9] who when asked where they learned it, replied \"We never learned it nowhere, we allers knowed it.\"[9] The story was meant as a hoax but some took it seriously.[9] Another appeared in print as \"Billy Bones's Fancy\",[2] supposedly pieced together from various \"fragments,\"[2] suggesting an antiquated origin, but in fact it was an adaptation of the Times-Herald piece.[9] As Stevenson's stepson Osbourne once said, \"'Fifteen-Men' was wholly original with Stevenson,\"[9] and as Stevenson himself said, the book At Last by Kingsley was \"the seed\"[5] of his invention.The song has been widely used in the arts for over a century. In 1901, music was added by Henry Waller to the lyrics of Allison's \"Derelict\" for a Broadway rendition of Treasure Island. In the 1954 film Return to Treasure Island, starring Robert Newton, the song was sung in the opening credits, and instrumentally as the thematic background to the action. In 1956, Ed McCurdy released his version of the song on his Elektra Records album Blood, Booze and Bones.[1]In the 1959 television series The Adventures of Long John Silver—again starring Robert Newton—it was, although only in instrumental version, the series' theme song played both at the beginning and the end of each episode. In 1967, writers for the Walt Disney film company found inspiration in \"Derelict\" for the sea-song \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\", which was played in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" theme ride at Disneyland. Astrid Lindgren expanded Stevenson's couplet differently in the script for the 1969 Pippi Longstocking TV series.[citation needed] Alan Moore made a play on the song in the 1986 graphic novel Watchmen; the chapter is called \"One man on fifteen dead men's chests.\" In 1993, the contemporary \"pirate\" vocal group, The Jolly Rogers, recorded Mark Stahl's arrangement of Young E. Allison's lyrics, re-released in 1997 on their CD titled \"Pirate Gold\". A rendition was recorded by the steampunk band Abney Park as \"The Derelict\". In the second Pirates of the Caribbean film, Joshamee Gibbs sang the original version from Treasure Island—a fourth wall joke, as the film was called Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest.In German, the song is sometimes known as either \"17 Mann auf des toten Manns Kiste\", mentioning two more men, or \"13 Mann\", mentioning two fewer, most prominently in Michael Ende's Jim Knopf stories.[10][11] Likewise, in the Hungarian translation of Treasure Island, the phrase is \"seven (men) on a dead man's chest\"; apparently these numbers provided the closest effect to the original regarding rhyme and syllables in English.[citation needed]Many authors have written prequels and sequels to Treasure Island. One such example is R. F. Delderfield's The Adventures of Ben Gunn (1956), in which Ben tells Jim Hawkins that the song is a reference to \"an island of the Leewards\" nicknamed \"Dead Man's Chest\" which \"was little more than a long, high rock, shaped like a coffin.\" In Delderfield's story, the song is about 15 pirates who shipwrecked there who had salvaged many barrels of rum but almost no food, and were \"all raving drunk\" upon their rescue.[citation needed]Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935), the Portuguese poet, quotes several passages from the Stevenson's poem in \"Maritime ode\" (Ode Marítima), adding a long paraphrase about \"The Great Pirate's Song\".","title":"Variations and other usage"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Starrett, Vincent (1923). Buried Caesars. AMS Press. pp. 189–204. ISBN 9780404062231.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QfAS7NMHyeEC","url_text":"Buried Caesars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780404062231","url_text":"9780404062231"}]},{"reference":"Schraer, Erich. \"Derelict\". biostat.wustl.edu. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on 2006-09-14. Retrieved 2021-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://biostat.wustl.edu/~erich/music/songs/derelict.html","url_text":"\"Derelict\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis","url_text":"Washington University in St. Louis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060914053423/http://www.biostat.wustl.edu/~erich/music/songs/derelict.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hersey, Frank Wilson Cheney (1911). Stevenson's Treasure Island. Boston: Ginn. pp. 214–215. …the Dead Man's Chest is the name of one of the Virgin Islands in the West Indies.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/stevensonstreasu00stevrich#page/214/mode/2up","url_text":"Stevenson's Treasure Island"}]},{"reference":"Kingsley, Charles (1871). \"Chapter 1: Outward Bound\". At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies – via Project Gutenberg. Unfortunately, English buccaneers have since then given to most of them [islands] less poetic names. The Dutchman's Cap, Broken Jerusalem, The Dead Man's Chest, Rum Island, and so forth, mark a time and a race more prosaic, but still more terrible, though not one whit more wicked and brutal, than the Spanish Conquistadores.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kingsley","url_text":"Kingsley, Charles"},{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10669","url_text":"At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg","url_text":"Project Gutenberg"}]},{"reference":"Cordingly, David (1996). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. Random House. p. 5. ISBN 9780679425601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cordingly","url_text":"Cordingly, David"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/underblackflagro00cord_0/page/5/mode/2up?q=%22dead+man%27s+chest%22","url_text":"Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679425601","url_text":"9780679425601"}]},{"reference":"Stevenson, Robert Louis (2001). \"To Sidney Colvin. Late May 1884\". Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson. New Haven: Yale Nota Bene. p. 263. ISBN 9780300091243.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/selectedletterso0000stev/page/262/mode/2up?q=dead+man%27s+chest","url_text":"\"To Sidney Colvin. Late May 1884\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300091243","url_text":"9780300091243"}]},{"reference":"\"Fifteen men on the Dead Man's Chest by Robert Louis Stevenson\". Poetry Foundation. 2021-11-20. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2021-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45947/fifteen-men-on-the-dead-mans-chest","url_text":"\"Fifteen men on the Dead Man's Chest by Robert Louis Stevenson\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181005065813/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45947/fifteen-men-on-the-dead-mans-chest","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hitchcock, Champion Ingraham (2006) [1914]. \"The Dead Men's Song: Being the Story of a Poem and a Reminiscent Sketch of its Author Young Ewing Allison\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2021-11-21 – via Project Gutenberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19273/19273-h/19273-h.htm#Chapter_1","url_text":"\"The Dead Men's Song: Being the Story of a Poem and a Reminiscent Sketch of its Author Young Ewing Allison\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509115108/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19273/19273-h/19273-h.htm","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg","url_text":"Project Gutenberg"}]},{"reference":"Starrett, Vincent (1923). Buried Caesars: Essays in Literary Appreciation. Books for Libraries Press. pp. 189–204. ISBN 9780836909029.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Starrett","url_text":"Starrett, Vincent"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4qK3kwD46TMC&q=Buried%20Caesars&pg=PA189","url_text":"Buried Caesars: Essays in Literary Appreciation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836909029","url_text":"9780836909029"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QfAS7NMHyeEC","external_links_name":"Buried Caesars"},{"Link":"https://biostat.wustl.edu/~erich/music/songs/derelict.html","external_links_name":"\"Derelict\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060914053423/http://www.biostat.wustl.edu/~erich/music/songs/derelict.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/stevensonstreasu00stevrich#page/214/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Stevenson's Treasure Island"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10669","external_links_name":"At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/underblackflagro00cord_0/page/5/mode/2up?q=%22dead+man%27s+chest%22","external_links_name":"Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/selectedletterso0000stev/page/262/mode/2up?q=dead+man%27s+chest","external_links_name":"\"To Sidney Colvin. Late May 1884\""},{"Link":"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45947/fifteen-men-on-the-dead-mans-chest","external_links_name":"\"Fifteen men on the Dead Man's Chest by Robert Louis Stevenson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181005065813/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45947/fifteen-men-on-the-dead-mans-chest","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19273/19273-h/19273-h.htm#Chapter_1","external_links_name":"\"The Dead Men's Song: Being the Story of a Poem and a Reminiscent Sketch of its Author Young Ewing Allison\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509115108/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19273/19273-h/19273-h.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4qK3kwD46TMC&q=Buried%20Caesars&pg=PA189","external_links_name":"Buried Caesars: Essays in Literary Appreciation"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJfOPLqfv3E","external_links_name":"\"Jan Fedder - 17 Mann auf des toten Mannes Kiste\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nz6P-swQ3W0","external_links_name":"\"Stalin-17 Mann auf des Totenmannskiste\""},{"Link":"http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=642753","external_links_name":"Fifteen Men on a Dead Man's Chest"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiq_Subaie
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Rafiq Subaie
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["1 Career","2 Selected filmography","3 References"]
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Syrian actor, writer, and director
Rafiq SubaieBorn(1930-02-09)9 February 1930Damascus, SyriaDied5 January 2017(2017-01-05) (aged 86)Damascus, SyriaOccupation(s)Actor, writer, directorYears active1967–2017ChildrenAamer, Saifuddin
Rafiq Subaie (Arabic: رفيق السبيعي; 9 February 1930 – 5 January 2017) was a Syrian actor, writer and director. He appeared in A Memory of a Night of Love (1973).
Career
Subaie was born in one of the oldest districts of old Damascus and as an actor contributed to Syrian drama. He was well known for acting alongside Egyptian leading actor Salah Zulfikar in Memory of a Night of Love (1973). Subaie is also known by the name "Abu Sayyah", that of a character he played in plays and television series.
Selected filmography
1967 – "Makalib Ghawar", actor, comedy series
1973 – "Memory of a Night of Love", actor, Syrian film
2013 – "Amar el Sham", actor, Syrian drama
References
^ رفيق السبيعي - السينما.كوم
^ Public profile in elcinema.com
This article about a Syrian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrians"},{"link_name":"A Memory of a Night of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_a_Night_of_Love"}],"text":"Rafiq Subaie (Arabic: رفيق السبيعي; 9 February 1930 – 5 January 2017) was a Syrian actor, writer and director. He appeared in A Memory of a Night of Love (1973).","title":"Rafiq Subaie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Salah Zulfikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar"},{"link_name":"Memory of a Night of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_a_Night_of_Love"}],"text":"Subaie was born in one of the oldest districts of old Damascus[1] and as an actor contributed to Syrian drama. He was well known for acting alongside Egyptian leading actor Salah Zulfikar in Memory of a Night of Love (1973). Subaie is also known by the name \"Abu Sayyah\", that of a character he played in plays and television series.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memory of a Night of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_a_Night_of_Love"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1967 – \"Makalib Ghawar\", actor, comedy series\n1973 – \"Memory of a Night of Love\", actor, Syrian film\n2013 – \"Amar el Sham\", actor, Syrian drama[2]","title":"Selected filmography"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.elcinema.com/person/pr1066728/","external_links_name":"رفيق السبيعي - السينما.كوم"},{"Link":"http://www.elcinema.com/en/person/pr1066728/","external_links_name":"Public profile in elcinema.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafiq_Subaie&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Art
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Art of Europe
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["1 Prehistoric art","2 Ancient","2.1 Minoan","2.2 Classical Greek and Hellenistic","2.3 Roman","3 Medieval","3.1 Early Medieval art","3.2 Byzantine","3.3 Romanesque","3.4 Gothic","4 Renaissance","4.1 From Gothic to the Renaissance","4.2 Early Renaissance","4.3 High Renaissance","4.4 Northern art up to the Renaissance","5 Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo","5.1 Mannerism (16th century)","5.2 Baroque (early 17th century to mid-early 18th century)","5.3 Rococo (early to mid-18th century)","6 Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Academism, and Realism","7 Modern art","8 Contemporary art and Postmodern art","9 See also","10 References","11 Bibliography","12 External links"]
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History of European works of art
Apelles painting Campaspe, an artwork which shows people surrounded by fine art; by Willem van Haecht; c. 1630; oil on panel; height: 104.9 cm, width: 148.7 cm; Mauritshuis (The Hague, the Netherlands)
Kosovo Maiden; by Uroš Predić; 1919; oil on canvas; 1.95 x 2.64m; National Museum of Serbia (Belgrade, Serbia)
The Art of Painting; by Johannes Vermeer; 1666–1668; oil on canvas; 1.3 x 1.1 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)
History of art
Periods and movements
Prehistoric
Ancient
Medieval
Pre-Romanesque
Romanesque
Gothic
Renaissance
Mannerism
Baroque
Rococo
Neoclassicism
Revivalism
Romanticism
Realism
Pre-Raphaelites
Modern
Impressionism
Symbolism
Decorative
Post-Impressionism
Art Nouveau
Fauvism
Expressionism
Cubism
Contemporary
Postmodern
Conceptualism
Pop
Minimalism
RegionsArt of the Middle East
Mesopotamian
Egyptian
Hittite
Persian
Arabian
South Arabian
Phoenician
Ottoman
Art of Central Asia
Art of East Asia
Chinese
Hong Kong
Taiwan
Japanese
Korean
Tibetan
Art of South Asia
Indian
Bhutanese
Newar
Art of Southeast Asia
Indonesian
Filipino
Vietnamese
Thai
Myanmar
Malaysian
Cambodian
Khmer
Lao
Singaporean
Bruneian
Art of Europe
Minoan
Cycladic
Etruscan
Dacian
Celtic
Scythian
Greek
Hellenistic
Iberian
Roman
Byzantine
Anglo-Saxon
Ottonian
Viking
Rus
Art of Africa
Igbo
Yoruba
Benin
Kuba
Luba
Art of the Americas
Pre-Columbian
Maya
Muisca
Inuit
Art of Oceania
Australian
Cook Islands
Hawaiian
Papuan
Religions
Buddhist
Christian
Catholic
Protestant
Hindu
Islamic
Jain
Manichaean
Sikh
Taoist
Vodou
Vodun
Techniques
Sculpture
Painting
Pottery
Calligraphy
Architecture
Photography
Graphic arts
Digital art
Types
Abstract
Art history
Art movement
List
Figurative
Funerary
Naïve
Narrative
Naturalist
vte
European art history
Medieval
Renaissance
Mannerism
Baroque
Neoclassicism
Romanticism
Realism
Modern
Contemporary
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The art of Europe, also known as Western art, encompasses the history of visual art in Europe. European prehistoric art started as mobile Upper Paleolithic rock and cave painting and petroglyph art and was characteristic of the period between the Paleolithic and the Iron Age. Written histories of European art often begin with the Aegean civilizations, dating from the 3rd millennium BC. However a consistent pattern of artistic development within Europe becomes clear only with Ancient Greek art, which was adopted and transformed by Rome and carried; with the Roman Empire, across much of Europe, North Africa and Western Asia.
The influence of the art of the Classical period waxed and waned throughout the next two thousand years, seeming to slip into a distant memory in parts of the Medieval period, to re-emerge in the Renaissance, suffer a period of what some early art historians viewed as "decay" during the Baroque period, to reappear in a refined form in Neo-Classicism and to be reborn in Post-Modernism.
Before the 1800s, the Christian church was a major influence on European art, and commissions from the Church provided the major source of work for artists. In the same period there was also a renewed interest in classical mythology, great wars, heroes and heroines, and themes not connected to religion. Most art of the last 200 years has been produced without reference to religion and often with no particular ideology at all, but art has often been influenced by political issues, whether reflecting the concerns of patrons or the artist.
European art is arranged into a number of stylistic periods, which, historically, overlap each other as different styles flourished in different areas. Broadly the periods are, Classical, Byzantine, Medieval, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, Modern, Postmodern and New European Painting.
Prehistoric art
Main article: Prehistoric art § Europe
European prehistoric art is an important part of the European cultural heritage. Prehistoric art history is usually divided into four main periods: Stone Age, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. Most of the remaining artifacts of this period are small sculptures and cave paintings.
Venus of Willendorf; c. 26,000 BC (the Gravettian period); limestone with ocre coloring; Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)
Much surviving prehistoric art is small portable sculptures, with a small group of female Venus figurines such as the Venus of Willendorf (24,000–22,000 BC) found across central Europe; the 30 cm tall Löwenmensch figurine of about 30,000 BCE has hardly any pieces that can be related to it. The Swimming Reindeer of about 11,000 BCE is one of the finest of a number of Magdalenian carvings in bone or antler of animals in the art of the Upper Paleolithic, though they are outnumbered by engraved pieces, which are sometimes classified as sculpture. With the beginning of the Mesolithic in Europe figurative sculpture greatly reduced, and remained a less common element in art than relief decoration of practical objects until the Roman period, despite some works such as the Gundestrup cauldron from the European Iron Age and the Bronze Age Trundholm sun chariot.
The oldest European cave art dates back 40,800, and can be found in the El Castillo Cave in Spain. Other cave painting sites include Lascaux, Cave of Altamira, Grotte de Cussac, Pech Merle, Cave of Niaux, Chauvet Cave, Font-de-Gaume, Creswell Crags, Nottinghamshire, England, (Cave etchings and bas-reliefs discovered in 2003), Coliboaia cave from Romania (considered the oldest cave painting in central Europe) and Magura, Belogradchik, Bulgaria. Rock painting was also performed on cliff faces, but fewer of those have survived because of erosion. One well-known example is the rock paintings of Astuvansalmi in the Saimaa area of Finland. When Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola first encountered the Magdalenian paintings of the Altamira cave, Cantabria, Spain in 1879, the academics of the time considered them hoaxes. Recent reappraisals and numerous additional discoveries have since demonstrated their authenticity, while at the same time stimulating interest in the artistry of Upper Palaeolithic peoples. Cave paintings, undertaken with only the most rudimentary tools, can also furnish valuable insight into the culture and beliefs of that era.
The Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin represents a very different style, with the human figure the main focus, often seen in large groups, with battles, dancing and hunting all represented, as well as other activities and details such as clothing. The figures are generally rather sketchily depicted in thin paint, with the relationships between the groups of humans and animals more carefully depicted than individual figures. Other less numerous groups of rock art, many engraved rather than painted, show similar characteristics. The Iberian examples are believed to date from a long period perhaps covering the Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and early Neolithic.
Prehistoric Celtic art comes from much of Iron Age Europe and survives mainly in the form of high-status metalwork skillfully decorated with complex, elegant and mostly abstract designs, often using curving and spiral forms. There are human heads and some fully represented animals, but full-length human figures at any size are so rare that their absence may represent a religious taboo. As the Romans conquered Celtic territories, it almost entirely vanishes, but the style continued in limited use in the British Isles, and with the coming of Christianity revived there in the Insular style of the Early Middle Ages.
Cave paintings from Lascaux caves (Montignac, Dordogne, France)
Bison Licking Insect Bite; 15,000–13,000 BC; antler; National Museum of Prehistory (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil, France)
The Thinker of Cernavoda; by Hamangia culture from Romania; c. 5000 BC; terracotta; height: 11.5 cm (41⁄2 in.); National Museum of Romanian History (Bucharest)
Female figure; by Vinča culture from Serbia; 4500-3500 BC; fired clay with paint; overall: 16.1 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Ohio, US)
Ancient
Minoan
Main article: Minoan art
The Minoan civilization of Crete is regarded as the oldest civilization in Europe. Minoan art is marked by imaginative images and exceptional workmanship. Sinclair Hood described an "essential quality of the finest Minoan art, the ability to create an atmosphere of movement and life although following a set of highly formal conventions". It forms part of the wider grouping of Aegean art, and in later periods came for a time to have a dominant influence over Cycladic art. Wood and textiles have decomposed, so most surviving examples of Minoan art are pottery, intricately-carved Minoan seals, .palace frescos which include landscapes), small sculptures in various materials, jewellery, and metalwork.
The relationship of Minoan art to that of other contemporary cultures and later Ancient Greek art has been much discussed. It clearly dominated Mycenaean art and Cycladic art of the same periods, even after Crete was occupied by the Mycenaeans, but only some aspects of the tradition survived the Greek Dark Ages after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece.
Minoan art has a variety of subject-matter, much of it appearing across different media, although only some styles of pottery include figurative scenes. Bull-leaping appears in painting and several types of sculpture, and is thought to have had a religious significance; bull's heads are also a popular subject in terracotta and other sculptural materials. There are no figures that appear to be portraits of individuals, or are clearly royal, and the identities of religious figures is often tentative, with scholars uncertain whether they are deities, clergy or devotees. Equally, whether painted rooms were "shrines" or secular is far from clear; one room in Akrotiri has been argued to be a bedroom, with remains of a bed, or a shrine.
Animals, including an unusual variety of marine fauna, are often depicted; the "Marine Style" is a type of painted palace pottery from MM III and LM IA that paints sea creatures including octopus spreading all over the vessel, and probably originated from similar frescoed scenes; sometimes these appear in other media. Scenes of hunting and warfare, and horses and riders, are mostly found in later periods, in works perhaps made by Cretans for a Mycenaean market, or Mycenaean overlords of Crete.
While Minoan figures, whether human or animal, have a great sense of life and movement, they are often not very accurate, and the species is sometimes impossible to identify; by comparison with Ancient Egyptian art they are often more vivid, but less naturalistic. In comparison with the art of other ancient cultures there is a high proportion of female figures, though the idea that Minoans had only goddesses and no gods is now discounted. Most human figures are in profile or in a version of the Egyptian convention with the head and legs in profile, and the torso seen frontally; but the Minoan figures exaggerate features such as slim male waists and large female breasts.
Kamares ware beaked jug; 1850-1675 BC; ceramic; height: 27 cm; from Phaistos (Crete, Greece); Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Greece)
The Malia Pendant; 1800-1700 BC; gold; height: 4.6 cm, width: 4.9 cm; Heraklion Archaeological Museum
The fresco named the Bull-Leaping Fresco; 1675-1460 BC; lime plaster; height: 0.8 m, width: 1 m; from the palace at Knossos (Crete); Heraklion Archaeological Museum
"Snake Goddess" figurine; 1460-1410 BC (from the Minoan Neo-palatial Period); faience; height: 29.5 cm; from the Temple Repository at Knossos; Heraklion Archaeological Museum
Classical Greek and Hellenistic
Main article: Ancient Greek art
Ancient Greece had great painters, great sculptors, and great architects. The Parthenon is an example of their architecture that has lasted to modern days. Greek marble sculpture is often described as the highest form of Classical art. Painting on the pottery of Ancient Greece and ceramics gives a particularly informative glimpse into the way society in Ancient Greece functioned. Black-figure vase painting and Red-figure vase painting gives many surviving examples of what Greek painting was. Some famous Greek painters on wooden panels who are mentioned in texts are Apelles, Zeuxis and Parrhasius, however no examples of Ancient Greek panel painting survive, only written descriptions by their contemporaries or by later Romans. Zeuxis lived in 5–6 BC and was said to be the first to use sfumato. According to Pliny the Elder, the realism of his paintings was such that birds tried to eat the painted grapes. Apelles is described as the greatest painter of Antiquity for perfect technique in drawing, brilliant color and modeling.
The Euphiletos Painter Panathenaic prize amphora; 530 BC; painted terracotta; height: 62.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
The Artemision Bronze; 460-450 BC; bronze; height: 2.1 m; National Archaeological Museum (Athens)
The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis, the most iconic Doric Greek temple built of marble and limestone between circa 460-406 BC, dedicated to the goddess Athena
Mirror with a support in the form of a draped woman; mid-5th century BC; bronze; height: 40.41 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Calyx-krater; 400-375 BC; ceramic; height: 27.9 cm, diameter: 28.6 cm; from Thebes (Greece); Louvre
The Grave relief of Thraseas and Euandria; 375-350 BC; Pentelic marble; height: 160 cm, width: 91 cm; Pergamon Museum (Berlin)
Volute krater; 320-310 BC; ceramic; height: 1.1 m; Walters Art Museum (Baltimore, US)
Statuette of a draped woman; 2nd century BC; terracotta; height: 29.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Venus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre
Laocoön and His Sons; early first century BC; marble; height: 2.4 m; Vatican Museums (Vatican City)
Mosaic which represents the Epiphany of Dionysus; 2nd century AD; from the Villa of Dionysus (Dion, Greece); Archeological Museum of Dion
Illustrations of examples of ancient Greek ornaments and patterns, drawn in 1874
Roman
Main article: Roman art
Roman art was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting and sculpture, but was also strongly influenced by the more local Etruscan art of Italy. Roman sculpture, is primarily portraiture derived from the upper classes of society as well as depictions of the gods. However, Roman painting does have important unique characteristics. Among surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in Campania, in Southern Italy, especially at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Such painting can be grouped into four main "styles" or periods and may contain the first examples of trompe-l'œil, pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape.
Almost all of the surviving painted portraits from the Ancient world are a large number of coffin-portraits of bust form found in the Late Antique cemetery of Al-Fayum. They give an idea of the quality that the finest ancient work must have had. A very small number of miniatures from Late Antique illustrated books also survive, and a rather larger number of copies of them from the Early Medieval period. Early Christian art grew out of Roman popular, and later Imperial, art and adapted its iconography from these sources.
Bronze statuette of a philosopher on a lamp stand; late 1st century BC; bronze; overall: 27.3 cm; weight: 2.9 kg; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
Augustus of Prima Porta; circa 20 BC; white marble; height: 2.06 m; Vatican Museums (Vatican City)
Restoration of a fresco from an Ancient villa bedroom; 50-40 BC; dimensions of the room: 265.4 x 334 x 583.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
Altar with festoons; circa 50 AD; marble; height: 99.5 cm, width: 61.5 cm, depth: 47 cm; Louvre
Calyx-krater with reliefs of maidens and dancing maenads; 1st century AD; Pentelic marble; height: 80.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Panoramic view of the Pantheon (Rome), built between 113 and 125
Head of a goddess wearing a diadem; 1st–2nd century; marble; height: 23 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Couch and footstool; 1st–2nd century AD; wood, bone and glass; couch: 105.4 × 76.2 × 214.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Sarcophagus with Apollo, Minerva and the Muses; circa 200 AD; from Via Appia; Antikensammlung Berlin (Berlin)
Sarcophagus with festoons; 200–225; marble; 134.6 x 223.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Triumph of Neptune standing on a chariot pulled by two sea horses; mid-3rd century; Sousse Archaeological Museum (Tunisia)
The Theseus Mosaic; 300-400 AD; marble and limestone pebbles; 4.1 x 4.2 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)
Medieval
Main article: Medieval art
Most surviving art from the Medieval period was religious in focus, often funded by the Church, powerful ecclesiastical individuals such as bishops, communal groups such as abbeys, or wealthy secular patrons. Many had specific liturgical functions—processional crosses and altarpieces, for example.
One of the central questions about Medieval art concerns its lack of realism. A great deal of knowledge of perspective in art and understanding of the human figure was lost with the fall of Rome. But realism was not the primary concern of Medieval artists. They were simply trying to send a religious message, a task which demands clear iconic images instead of precisely rendered ones.
Time Period: 6th century to 15th century
Early Medieval art
Migration period art is a general term for the art of the "barbarian" peoples who moved into formerly Roman territories. Celtic art in the 7th and 8th centuries saw a fusion with Germanic traditions through contact with the Anglo-Saxons creating what is called the Hiberno-Saxon style or Insular art, which was to be highly influential on the rest of the Middle Ages. Merovingian art describes the art of the Franks before about 800, when Carolingian art combined insular influences with a self-conscious classical revival, developing into Ottonian art. Anglo-Saxon art is the art of England after the Insular period. Illuminated manuscripts contain nearly all the surviving painting of the period, but architecture, metalwork and small carved work in wood or ivory were also important media.
Buckle of Sutton Hoo; 580–620; gold and niello; length: 13.1 cm; British Museum (London)
The helmet of Sutton Hoo; early 7th century AD; coppery alloy, iron, gold and garnet; height: 31.8 cm; British Museum
Shoulder-clasps from Sutton Hoo; early 7th century; gold, glass & garnet; length: 12.7 cm; British Museum
The Incipit to Matthew from the Book of Lindisfarne; late 7th century; ink and pigments on vellum; 34 x 25 cm; British Library (London)
Byzantine
Main article: Byzantine art
Byzantine art overlaps with or merges with what we call Early Christian art until the iconoclasm period of 730-843 when the vast majority of artwork with figures was destroyed; so little remains that today any discovery sheds new understanding. After 843 until 1453 there is a clear Byzantine art tradition. It is often the finest art of the Middle Ages in terms of quality of material and workmanship, with production centered on Constantinople. Byzantine art's crowning achievement were the monumental frescos and mosaics inside domed churches, most of which have not survived due to natural disasters and the appropriation of churches to mosques.
Slab with a relief representing the Nativity of Jesus; 4th-early 5th century; marble; Byzantine and Christian Museum (Athens)
Apse of the Santa Maria Maggiore church in Rome, decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic
Mosaics on a ceiling and some walls of the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna (Italy), circa 547 AD
The Little Metropolis in Athens, built on unknown dates, between the 9th century to the 13th century
Cameo; 10th-11th centuries; jasper, almandine, emerald and chrysoprase; from Constantinople; Moscow Kremlin Museums (Russia)
Gospel lectionary; circa 1100; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment, and leather binding; overall: 36.8 x 29.6 x 12.4 cm, folio: 35 x 26.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
Icon of the New Testament Trinity; circa 1450; tempera and gold on wood panel (poplar); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)
Page of an Armenian illuminated manuscript; 1637–1638; tempera colors, gold paint, and gold leaf on parchment; height: 25.2 cm; Getty Center (Los Angeles)
Romanesque
Main article: Romanesque art
Romanesque art refers to the period from about 1000 to the rise of Gothic art in the 12th century. This was a period of increasing prosperity, and the first to see a coherent style used across Europe, from Scandinavia to Sicily. Romanesque art is vigorous and direct, was originally brightly coloured, and is often very sophisticated. Stained glass and enamel on metalwork became important media, and larger sculptures in the round developed, although high relief was the principal technique. Its architecture is dominated by thick walls, and round-headed windows and arches, with much carved decoration.
Maria Laach Abbey (near Andernach, Germany), one of the most iconic Romanesque churches
Stone bas-relief of Jesus, from the Vézelay Abbey (Burgundy, France)
Miniature of Saint John the Evangelist; before 1147; illumination on parchment; 35.5 cm; Avesnes-sur-Helpe (France)
The stoning of Saint Stephen; 1160s; fresco; height: 1.3 m; Saint John Abbey (Val Müstair, Canton of Grisons, Switzerland)
Gothic
Main article: Gothic art
Gothic art is a variable term depending on the craft, place and time. The term originated with Gothic architecture in 1140, but Gothic painting did not appear until around 1200 (this date has many qualifications), when it diverged from Romanesque style. Gothic sculpture was born in France in 1144 with the renovation of the Abbey Church of S. Denis and spread throughout Europe, by the 13th century it had become the international style, replacing Romanesque. International Gothic describes Gothic art from about 1360 to 1430, after which Gothic art merges into Renaissance art at different times in different places. During this period forms such as painting, in fresco and on panel, become newly important, and the end of the period includes new media such as prints.
Part of the Royal Portal; 1145–1155; limestone; Chartres Cathedral (Chartres, France)
North transept windows; circa 1230–1235; stained glass; diameter (rose window): 10.2 m; Chartres Cathedral
Scenes from the Legend of Saint Vincent of Saragossa; 1245–1247; pot-metal glass, vitreous paint, and lead; overall: 373.4 x 110.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
French diptych with the coronation of the Virgin and the Last Judgment; 1260–1270; elephant ivory with metal mounts; overall: 12.7 x 13 x 1.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Enthroned Virgin and child; 1260–1280; elephant ivory with traces of paint and gilding; overall: 18.4 x 7.6 x 7.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Bifolium with the decretals of gratian; circa 1290; tempera and gold on parchment, brown ink, and modern leather binding; overall: 48.3 x 29.2 x 1.3 cm, opened: 47.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
German diptych with religious scenes; 1300–1325; silver gilt with translucent and opaque enamels; overall (opened): 6.1 x 8.6 x 0.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Page of Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry depictic the funeral of Raymond Diocrès; 1411-1416 and 1485–1486; tempera on vellum; height: 29 cm, width: 21 cm; Condé Museum (Chantilly, France)
The Lady and the Unicorn, the title given to a series of six tapestries woven in Flanders, this one being called À Mon Seul Désir; late 15th century; wool and silk; 377 x 473 cm; Musée de Cluny (Paris)
Austrian statue of Enthroned Virgin; 1490–1500; limestone with gesso, painted and gilded; 80.3 x 59.1 x 23.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Entrance in Jerusalem; circa 1500; painting; Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon (Lyon, France)
Flamboyant Gothic cross-windows of the Hôtel de Sens (Paris)
Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (Uomo Vitruviano) (c. 1490), a seminal work from the Renaissance. The drawing is inspired and subsequently named after the 1st century BC Roman architect-author Vitruvius and his notions on the "ideal" human body proportions, found in his De architectura. The drawing highlights the movement's fascination with Graeco-Roman civilisations and appropriation of classical art, as well as his pursuit for the correlation between body structure and nature.
Main article: Renaissance art
The Renaissance is characterized by a focus on the arts of Ancient Greece and Rome, which led to many changes in both the technical aspects of painting and sculpture, as well as to their subject matter. It began in Italy, a country rich in Roman heritage as well as material prosperity to fund artists. During the Renaissance, painters began to enhance the realism of their work by using new techniques in perspective, thus representing three dimensions more authentically. Artists also began to use new techniques in the manipulation of light and darkness, such as the tone contrast evident in many of Titian's portraits and the development of sfumato and chiaroscuro by Leonardo da Vinci. Sculptors, too, began to rediscover many ancient techniques such as contrapposto. Following with the humanist spirit of the age, art became more secular in subject matter, depicting ancient mythology in addition to Christian themes. This genre of art is often referred to as Renaissance Classicism. In the North, the most important Renaissance innovation was the widespread use of oil paints, which allowed for greater colour and intensity.
From Gothic to the Renaissance
During the late 13th century and early 14th century, much of the painting in Italy was Byzantine in character, notably that of Duccio of Siena and Cimabue of Florence, while Pietro Cavallini in Rome was more Gothic in style. During the 13th century, Italian sculptors began to draw inspiration not only from medieval prototypes, but also from ancient works.
In 1290, Giotto began painting in a manner that was less traditional and more based upon observation of nature. His famous cycle at the Scrovegni Chapel, Padua, is seen as the beginnings of a Renaissance style.
Other painters of the 14th century were carried the Gothic style to great elaboration and detail. Notable among these painters are Simone Martini and Gentile da Fabriano.
In the Netherlands, the technique of painting in oils rather than tempera, led itself to a form of elaboration that was not dependent upon the application of gold leaf and embossing, but upon the minute depiction of the natural world. The art of painting textures with great realism evolved at this time. Dutch painters such as Jan van Eyck and Hugo van der Goes were to have great influence on Late Gothic and Early Renaissance painting.
Early Renaissance
The ideas of the Renaissance first emerged in the city-state of Florence, Italy. The sculptor Donatello returned to classical techniques such as contrapposto and classical subjects like the unsupported nude—his second sculpture of David was the first free-standing bronze nude created in Europe since the Roman Empire. The sculptor and architect Brunelleschi studied the architectural ideas of ancient Roman buildings for inspiration. Masaccio perfected elements like composition, individual expression, and human form to paint frescoes, especially those in the Brancacci Chapel, of surprising elegance, drama, and emotion.
A remarkable number of these major artists worked on different portions of the Florence Cathedral. Brunelleschi's dome for the cathedral was one of the first truly revolutionary architectural innovations since the Gothic flying buttress. Donatello created many of its sculptures. Giotto and Lorenzo Ghiberti also contributed to the cathedral.
Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery by Nicola Pisano; 1260; marble; height: 4.6 m.
Crucifix; by Cimabue; circa 1285; tempera on panel; 4.29 x 3.83 m; San Domenico (Arezzo, Italy)
Crucifix; Giotto; circa 1300; tempera on panel; 5.78 x 4.06 m; Santa Maria Novella (Florence, Italy)
The Maestà Altarpiece; by Duccio; 1308–1311; tempera on panel; 2.46 x 4.67 m; Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Siena, Italy)
High Renaissance
High Renaissance artists include such figures as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raffaello Sanzio.
The 15th-century artistic developments in Italy (for example, the interest in perspectival systems, in depicting anatomy, and in classical cultures) matured during the 16th century, accounting for the designations "Early Renaissance" for the 15th century and "High Renaissance" for the 16th century. Although no singular style characterizes the High Renaissance, the art of those most closely associated with this period—Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian—exhibits an astounding mastery, both technical and aesthetic. High Renaissance artists created works of such authority that generations of later artists relied on these artworks for instruction.
These exemplary artistic creations further elevated the prestige of artists. Artists could claim divine inspiration, thereby raising visual art to a status formerly given only to poetry. Thus, painters, sculptors, and architects came into their own, successfully claiming for their work a high position among the fine arts. In a sense, 16th- century masters created a new profession with its own rights of expression and its own venerable character.
The Tempietto (towards 1502–1510) in a narrow courtyard of the San Pietro in Montorio from Rome
David; by Michelangelo; 1501–1504; marble; 517 cm × 199 cm; Galleria dell'Accademia (Florence)
Mona Lisa; by Leonardo da Vinci; c. 1503–1506, perhaps continuing until c. 1517; oil on poplar panel; 77 cm × 53 cm; Louvre
The School of Athens; by Raphael; 1509–1510; fresco; 5.8 x 8.2 m; Apostolic Palace (Vatican City)
Northern art up to the Renaissance
Early Netherlandish painting developed (but did not strictly invent) the technique of oil painting to allow greater control in painting minute detail with realism—Jan van Eyck (1366–1441) was a figure in the movement from illuminated manuscripts to panel paintings.
Hieronymus Bosch (1450?–1516), a Dutch painter, is another important figure in the Northern Renaissance. In his paintings, he used religious themes, but combined them with grotesque fantasies, colorful imagery, and peasant folk legends. His paintings often reflect the confusion and anguish associated with the end of the Middle Ages.
Albrecht Dürer introduced Italian Renaissance style to Germany at the end of the 15th century, and dominated German Renaissance art.
Time Period:
Italian Renaissance: Late 14th century to Early 16th century
Northern Renaissance: 16th century
The Ghent Altarpiece; by Jan and Hubert van Eyck; 1432; oil on oak wood; 3.4 m × 4.6 m (opened like in this image); St Bavo's Cathedral (Ghent, Belgium)
The Arnolfini Portrait; by Jan van Eyck; 1434; oil on panel; 82.2 x 60 cm; National Gallery (London)
The Descent from the Cross; by Rogier van der Weyden; circa 1442; oil on oak panel; 220 × 262 cm; Museo del Prado (Madrid, Spain)
The Garden of Earthly Delights; by Hieronymus Bosch; c. 1504; oil on panel; 2.2 × 1.95 m – the central panel; Museo del Prado
The Rhinoceros; by Albrecht Dürer; 1515; woodcut; 23.5 cm × 29.8 cm; National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.)
The Ambassadors; by Hans Holbein the Younger; 1533; oil on panel; 2.07 × 2.09; National Gallery (London)
The Parade Armour of Henry II of France; by Étienne Delaune; circa 1555; chased steel; height: 187.96 cm, weight: 24.2 kg; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
The Tower of Babel; by Pieter Bruegel the Elder; 1563; oil on panel: 1.14 × 1.55 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)
Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo
Main articles: Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo
Differences between Baroque and Rococo artBaroque art was characterised by strongly religious and political themes; common characteristics included rich colours with a strong light and dark contrast. Paintings were elaborate, emotional and dramatic in nature. In the image Caravaggio's Christ at the Column (Cristo alla colonna)Rococo art was characterised by lighter, often jocular themes; common characteristics included pale, creamy colours, florid decorations and a penchant for bucolic landscapes. Paintings were more ornate than their Baroque counterpart, and usually graceful, playful and light-hearted in nature.
In European art, Renaissance Classicism spawned two different movements—Mannerism and the Baroque. Mannerism, a reaction against the idealist perfection of Classicism, employed distortion of light and spatial frameworks in order to emphasize the emotional content of a painting and the emotions of the painter. The work of El Greco is a particularly clear example of Mannerism in painting during the late 16th, early 17th centuries. Northern Mannerism took longer to develop, and was largely a movement of the last half of the 16th century. Baroque art took the representationalism of the Renaissance to new heights, emphasizing detail, movement, lighting, and drama in their search for beauty. Perhaps the best known Baroque painters are Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Peter Paul Rubens, and Diego Velázquez.
A rather different art developed out of northern realist traditions in 17th-century Dutch Golden Age painting, which had very little religious art, and little history painting, instead playing a crucial part in developing secular genres such as still life, genre paintings of everyday scenes, and landscape painting. While the Baroque nature of Rembrandt's art is clear, the label is less use for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while also continuing to produce the traditional categories.
Baroque art is often seen as part of the Counter-Reformation—the artistic element of the revival of spiritual life in the Roman Catholic Church. Additionally, the emphasis that Baroque art placed on grandeur is seen as Absolutist in nature. Religious and political themes were widely explored within the Baroque artistic context, and both paintings and sculptures were characterised by a strong element of drama, emotion and theatricality. Famous Baroque artists include Caravaggio or Rubens. Artemisia Gentileschi was another noteworthy artist, who was inspired by Caravaggio's style. Baroque art was particularly ornate and elaborate in nature, often using rich, warm colours with dark undertones. Pomp and grandeur were important elements of the Baroque artistic movement in general, as can be seen when Louis XIV said, "I am grandeur incarnate"; many Baroque artists served kings who tried to realize this goal. Baroque art in many ways was similar to Renaissance art; as a matter of fact, the term was initially used in a derogative manner to describe post-Renaissance art and architecture which was over-elaborate. Baroque art can be seen as a more elaborate and dramatic re-adaptation of late Renaissance art.
By the 18th century, however, Baroque art was falling out of fashion as many deemed it too melodramatic and also gloomy, and it developed into the Rococo, which emerged in France. Rococo art was even more elaborate than the Baroque, but it was less serious and more playful. Whilst the Baroque used rich, strong colours, Rococo used pale, creamier shades. The artistic movement no longer placed an emphasis on politics and religion, focusing instead on lighter themes such as romance, celebration, and appreciation of nature. Rococo art also contrasted the Baroque as it often refused symmetry in favor of asymmetrical designs. Furthermore, it sought inspiration from the artistic forms and ornamentation of Far Eastern Asia, resulting in the rise in favour of porcelain figurines and chinoiserie in general. The 18th-century style flourished for a short while; nevertheless, the Rococo style soon fell out of favor, being seen by many as a gaudy and superficial movement emphasizing aesthetics over meaning. Neoclassicism in many ways developed as a counter movement of the Rococo, the impetus being a sense of disgust directed towards the latter's florid qualities.
Mannerism (16th century)
Main article: Mannerism
Entombment; by Jacopo da Pontormo; 1525–1528; oil on panel; 3.12 x 1.9 m; Santa Felicita (Florence, Italy)
Madonna with the Long Neck; by Parmigianino; 1534–1540; oil on panel; 2.19 x 1.32 m; Uffizi Gallery (Florence)
Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time; by Bronzino; mid-1540s; oil on panel; 1.46 x 1.16 m; National Gallery (London)
Summer; by Giuseppe Arcimboldo; 1563; oil on panel; 67 x 50.8 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)
Baroque (early 17th century to mid-early 18th century)
Main article: Baroque
The Four Continents; by Peter Paul Rubens; circa 1615; oil on canvas; 209 x 284 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)
Dutch wardrobe; 1625–1650; oak with ebony and rosewood veneers; overall: 244.5 x 224.3 x 85.2 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)
The Night Watch; by Rembrandt; 1642; oil on canvas; 363 × 437 cm; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1647–1652; marble; height: 3.5 m; Santa Maria della Vittoria (Rome)
Las Meninas; by Diego Velázquez; 1656–1657; oil on canvas; 318 cm × 276 cm; Museo del Prado (Madrid, Spain)
The entrance of the Palace of Versailles (Versailles, France), the most iconic Baroque building
The Bust of Louis XIV; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles
The Art of Painting; by Johannes Vermeer; 1666–1668; oil on canvas; 1.3 x 1.1 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum
Carpet with fame and fortitude; 1668–1685; knotted and cut wool pile, woven with about 90 knots per square inch; 909.3 x 459.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Dome of the Church of the Gesù (Rome), made in 1674 by Giovanni Battista Gaulli
The Portrait of Louis XIV; by Hyacinthe Rigaud; 1701; oil on canvas; 277 × 194 cm; Louvre
The Karlskirche in Vienna (Austria), built between 1716 and 1737
Rococo (early to mid-18th century)
Main article: Rococo
The Chinese House, a chinoiserie garden pavilion in Sanssouci Park, from Potsdam (Germany)
The amazing interior of the Wilhering Abbey (Wilhering, Austria). This interior has a trompe-l'œil on its ceiling, surrounded of highly decorated stuccos
Boiserie from the Hôtel de Varengeville; circa 1736–1752; various materials, including carved, painted, and gilded oak; height: 5.58 m, width: 7.07 m, length: 12.36 m; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
Title print; by Juste Meissonnier; 1738–1749; etching on paper; 51.6 x 34.9 cm; Rijksmuseum
Pair of candelabrums; 18th century; soft-paste porcelain; heights (the left one): 26.8 cm, (the right one): 26.4 cm; by the Chelsea porcelain factory; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Mr and Mrs Andrews; by Thomas Gainsborough; circa 1750; oil on canvas; 69.8 x 119.4 cm; National Gallery (London)
Madame de Pompadour; by François Boucher; 1756; oil on canvas; 2.01 x 1.57 m; Alte Pinakothek (Munich, Germany)
The Swing; by Jean-Honoré Fragonard; 1767–1768; oil on canvas; height: 81 cm, width: 64 cm; Wallace Collection (London)
Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Academism, and Realism
Main articles: Neoclassicism, Romantic art, Academic art, and Realism (arts)
Neoclassical art, inspired by different classical themes, was characterised by an emphasis on simplicity, order and idealism. In the image Antonio Canova's Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss (1787-1793)
Throughout the 18th century, a counter movement opposing the Rococo sprang up in different parts of Europe, commonly known as Neoclassicism. It despised the perceived superficiality and frivolity of Rococo art, and desired for a return to the simplicity, order and 'purism' of classical antiquity, especially ancient Greece and Rome. The movement was in part also influenced by the Renaissance, which itself was strongly influenced by classical art. Neoclassicism was the artistic component of the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment; the Enlightenment was idealistic, and put its emphasis on objectivity, reason and empirical truth. Neoclassicism had become widespread in Europe throughout the 18th century, especially in the United Kingdom, which saw great works of Neoclassical architecture spring up during this period; Neoclassicism's fascination with classical antiquity can be seen in the popularity of the Grand Tour during this decade, where wealthy aristocrats travelled to the ancient ruins of Italy and Greece. Nevertheless, a defining moment for Neoclassicism came during the French Revolution in the late 18th century; in France, Rococo art was replaced with the preferred Neoclassical art, which was seen as more serious than the former movement. In many ways, Neoclassicism can be seen as a political movement as well as an artistic and cultural one. Neoclassical art places an emphasis on order, symmetry and classical simplicity; common themes in Neoclassical art include courage and war, as were commonly explored in ancient Greek and Roman art. Ingres, Canova, and Jacques-Louis David are among the best-known neoclassicists.
Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 1830, Romantic art.
Just as Mannerism rejected Classicism, so did Romanticism reject the ideas of the Enlightenment and the aesthetic of the Neoclassicists. Romanticism rejected the highly objective and ordered nature of Neoclassicism, and opted for a more individual and emotional approach to the arts. Romanticism placed an emphasis on nature, especially when aiming to portray the power and beauty of the natural world, and emotions, and sought a highly personal approach to art. Romantic art was about individual feelings, not common themes, such as in Neoclassicism; in such a way, Romantic art often used colours in order to express feelings and emotion. Similarly to Neoclassicism, Romantic art took much of its inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman art and mythology, yet, unlike Neoclassical, this inspiration was primarily used as a way to create symbolism and imagery. Romantic art also takes much of its aesthetic qualities from medievalism and Gothicism, as well as mythology and folklore. Among the greatest Romantic artists were Eugène Delacroix, Francisco Goya, J. M. W. Turner, John Constable, Caspar David Friedrich, Thomas Cole, and William Blake.
Most artists attempted to take a centrist approach which adopted different features of Neoclassicist and Romanticist styles, in order to synthesize them. The different attempts took place within the French Academy, and collectively are called Academic art. Adolphe William Bouguereau is considered a chief example of this stream of art.
In the early 19th century the face of Europe, however, became radically altered by industrialization. Poverty, squalor, and desperation were to be the fate of the new working class created by the "revolution". In response to these changes going on in society, the movement of Realism emerged. Realism sought to accurately portray the conditions and hardships of the poor in the hopes of changing society. In contrast with Romanticism, which was essentially optimistic about mankind, Realism offered a stark vision of poverty and despair. Similarly, while Romanticism glorified nature, Realism portrayed life in the depths of an urban wasteland. Like Romanticism, Realism was a literary as well as an artistic movement. The great Realist painters include Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet, Camille Corot, Honoré Daumier, Édouard Manet, Edgar Degas (both considered as Impressionists), and Thomas Eakins, among others.
The response of architecture to industrialisation, in stark contrast to the other arts, was to veer towards historicism. Although the railway stations built during this period are often considered the truest reflections of its spirit – they are sometimes called "the cathedrals of the age" – the main movements in architecture during the Industrial Age were revivals of styles from the distant past, such as the Gothic Revival. Related movements were the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, who attempted to return art to its state of "purity" prior to Raphael, and the Arts and Crafts Movement, which reacted against the impersonality of mass-produced goods and advocated a return to medieval craftsmanship.
Time Period:
Neoclassicism: mid-early 18th century to early 19th century
Romanticism: late 18th century to mid-19th century
Realism: 19th century
Modern art
Main articles: Impressionism, Post Impressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Modern art, Modernism, and Late modernism
Impressionism was known for its usage of light and movement in its paintings, as in Claude Monet's 1902 Houses of Parliament, sunset
Art & Language are known for their major input on conceptual art.
Out of the naturalist ethic of Realism grew a major artistic movement, Impressionism. The Impressionists pioneered the use of light in painting as they attempted to capture light as seen from the human eye. Edgar Degas,
Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, were all involved in the Impressionist movement. As a direct outgrowth of Impressionism came the development of Post-Impressionism. Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat are the best known Post-Impressionists.
Following the Impressionists and the Post-Impressionists came Fauvism, often considered the first "modern" genre of art. Just as the Impressionists revolutionized light, so did the fauvists rethink color, painting their canvases in bright, wild hues. After the Fauvists, modern art began to develop in all its forms, ranging from Expressionism, concerned with evoking emotion through objective works of art, to Cubism, the art of transposing a four-dimensional reality onto a flat canvas, to Abstract art. These new art forms pushed the limits of traditional notions of "art" and corresponded to the similar rapid changes that were taking place in human society, technology, and thought.
Surrealism is often classified as a form of Modern Art. However, the Surrealists themselves have objected to the study of surrealism as an era in art history, claiming that it oversimplifies the complexity of the movement (which they say is not an artistic movement), misrepresents the relationship of surrealism to aesthetics, and falsely characterizes ongoing surrealism as a finished, historically encapsulated era. Other forms of Modern art (some of which border on Contemporary art) include:
Abstract expressionism
Art Deco
Art Nouveau
Bauhaus
Color Field painting
Conceptual Art
Constructivism
Cubism
Dada
Der Blaue Reiter
De Stijl
Die Brücke
Body art
Expressionism
Fauvism
Fluxus
Futurism
Happening
Surrealism
Lettrisme
Lyrical Abstraction
Land art
Minimalism
Naive art
Op art
Performance art
Photorealism
Pop art
Suprematism
Video art
Vorticism
Time Period:
Impressionism: late 19th Century
Others: First half of the 20th century
Contemporary art and Postmodern art
Charles Thomson. Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision, 2000, Stuckism.
Main articles: Contemporary art and Postmodern art
Modern art foreshadowed several characteristics of what would later be defined as postmodern art; as a matter of fact, several modern art movements can often be classified as both modern and postmodern, such as pop art. Postmodern art, for instance, places a strong emphasis on irony, parody and humour in general; modern art started to develop a more ironic approach to art which would later advance in a postmodern context. Postmodern art sees the blurring between the high and fine arts with low-end and commercial art; modern art started to experiment with this blurring.
Recent developments in art have been characterised by a significant expansion of what can now deemed to be art, in terms of materials, media, activity and concept. Conceptual art in particular has had a wide influence. This started literally as the replacement of concept for a made object, one of the intentions of which was to refute the commodification of art. However, it now usually refers to an artwork where there is an object, but the main claim for the work is made for the thought process that has informed it. The aspect of commercialism has returned to the work.
There has also been an increase in art referring to previous movements and artists, and gaining validity from that reference.
Postmodernism in art, which has grown since the 1960s, differs from Modernism in as much as Modern art movements were primarily focused on their own activities and values, while Postmodernism uses the whole range of previous movements as a reference point. This has by definition generated a relativistic outlook, accompanied by irony and a certain disbelief in values, as each can be seen to be replaced by another. Another result of this has been the growth of commercialism and celebrity. Postmodern art has questioned common rules and guidelines of what is regarded as 'fine art', merging low art with the fine arts until none is fully distinguishable. Before the advent of postmodernism, the fine arts were characterised by a form of aesthetic quality, elegance, craftsmanship, finesse and intellectual stimulation which was intended to appeal to the upper or educated classes; this distinguished high art from low art, which, in turn, was seen as tacky, kitsch, easily made and lacking in much or any intellectual stimulation, art which was intended to appeal to the masses. Postmodern art blurred these distinctions, bringing a strong element of kitsch, commercialism and campness into contemporary fine art; what is nowadays seen as fine art may have been seen as low art before postmodernism revolutionised the concept of what high or fine art truly is. In addition, the postmodern nature of contemporary art leaves a lot of space for individualism within the art scene; for instance, postmodern art often takes inspiration from past artistic movements, such as Gothic or Baroque art, and both juxtaposes and recycles styles from these past periods in a different context.
Some surrealists in particular Joan Miró, who called for the "murder of painting" (In numerous interviews dating from the 1930s onwards, Miró expressed contempt for conventional painting methods and his desire to "kill", "murder", or "rape" them in favor of more contemporary means of expression). have denounced or attempted to "supersede" painting, and there have also been other anti-painting trends among artistic movements, such as that of Dada and conceptual art. The trend away from painting in the late 20th century has been countered by various movements, for example the continuation of Minimal Art, Lyrical Abstraction, Pop Art, Op Art, New Realism, Photorealism, Neo Geo, Neo-expressionism, New European Painting, Stuckism, Excessivism and various other important and influential painterly directions.
See also
History of art
History of painting
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (16th century book)
Modernism
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
Western European paintings in Ukrainian museums
List of time periods
References
^ a b Oosterbeek, Luíz. "European Prehistoric Art". Europeart. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ Boardman, John ed., The Oxford History of Classical Art, pp. 349-369, Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0198143869
^ Banister Fletcher excluded nearly all Baroque buildings from his mammoth tome A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method. The publishers eventually rectified this.
^ Murray, P. and Murray, L. (1963) The Art of the Renaissance. London: Thames & Hudson (World of Art), p. 9. ISBN 978-0-500-20008-7. "...in 1855 we find, for the first time, the word 'Renaissance' used — by the French historian Michelet — as an adjective to describe a whole period of history and not confined to the rebirth of Latin letters or a classically inspired style in the arts."
^ Hause, S. & Maltby, W. (2001). A History of European Society. Essentials of Western Civilization (Vol. 2, pp. 245–246). Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc.
^ a b "Art of Europe". Saint Louis Art Museum. Slam. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ Oosterbeek, Luíz. "European Prehistoric Art". Europeart. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ Sandars, 8-16, 29-31
^ Hahn, Joachim, "Prehistoric Europe, §II: Palaeolithic 3. Portable art" in Oxford Art Online, accessed 24 August 2012; Sandars, 37-40
^ Sandars, 75-80
^ Sandars, 253-257, 183-185
^ Kwong, Matt. "Oldest cave-man art in Europe dates back 40,800 years". CBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ "Romanian Cave May Boast Central Europe's Oldest Cave Art | Science/AAAS | News". News.sciencemag.org. 21 June 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ Gunther, Michael. "Art of Prehistoric Europe". Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ Chaniotis, Angelos. "Ancient Crete". Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
^ Hood, 56
^ Hood, 17-18, 23-23
^ Hood, 240-241
^ Gates (2004), 33-34, 41
^ eg Hood, 53, 55, 58, 110
^ Chapin, 49-51
^ Hood, 37-38
^ Hood, 56, 233-235
^ Hood, 235-236
^ Mattinson, Lindsay (2019). Understanding Architecture A Guide To Architectural Styles. Amber Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-78274-748-2.
^ "Roman Painting". Art-and-archaeology.com. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ "Roman Painting". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ "The Vitruvian Man". leonardodavinci.stanford.edu. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ a b "BBC - Science & Nature - Leonardo - Vitruvian man". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ Fortenberry, Diane (2017). THE ART MUSEUM. Phaidon. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-7148-7502-6.
^ Fortenberry, Diane (2017). THE ART MUSEUM. Phaidon. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-7148-7502-6.
^ Fortenberry, Diane (2017). THE ART MUSEUM. Phaidon. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-7148-7502-6.
^ Fortenberry, Diane (2017). THE ART MUSEUM. Phaidon. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-7148-7502-6.
^ a b "Baroque Art". Arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ "Ancien Regime Rococo". Bc.edu. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ "chinoiserie facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about chinoiserie". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ "Art in Neoclassicism". Artsz.org. 26 February 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ a b James J. Sheehan, "Art and Its Publics, c. 1800," United and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800, ed. Tim Blanning and Hagen Schulze (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 5-18.
^ a b c d e f "General Introduction to Postmodernism". Cla.purdue.edu. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ Ideas About Art, Desmond, Kathleen K. Archived 29 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine John Wiley & Sons, 2011, p.148
^ International postmodernism: theory and literary practice, Bertens, Hans Archived 29 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Routledge, 1997, p.236
^ M. Rowell, Joan Mirό: Selected Writings and Interviews (London: Thames & Hudson, 1987) pp. 114–116.
Bibliography
Chapin, Anne P., "Power, Privilege and Landscape in Minoan Art", in Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr, Hesperia (Princeton, N.J.) 33, 2004, ASCSA, ISBN 0876615337, 9780876615331, google books
Gates, Charles, "Pictorial Imagery in Minoan Wall Painting", in Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr, Hesperia (Princeton, N.J.) 33, 2004, ASCSA, ISBN 0876615337, 9780876615331, google books
Hood, Sinclair, The Arts in Prehistoric Greece, 1978, Penguin (Penguin/Yale History of Art), ISBN 0140561420
Sandars, Nancy K., Prehistoric Art in Europe, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), 1968 (nb 1st edn.; early datings now superseded)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willem_van_Haecht_(II)_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Willem van Haecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_van_Haecht"},{"link_name":"Mauritshuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritshuis"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kosovo_Maiden,_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87,_1919.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Uroš Predić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Art of Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Painting"},{"link_name":"Johannes Vermeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_art"},{"link_name":"visual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_art"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"prehistoric art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_art"},{"link_name":"Upper Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art"},{"link_name":"cave painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting"},{"link_name":"petroglyph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph"},{"link_name":"Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europeart-1"},{"link_name":"Aegean civilizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_civilization"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_art"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Western Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Classical period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Neo-Classicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Classicism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mur-4"},{"link_name":"Post-Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Modernism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"},{"link_name":"ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"Postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern"},{"link_name":"New European Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_European_Painting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"}],"text":"Apelles painting Campaspe, an artwork which shows people surrounded by fine art; by Willem van Haecht; c. 1630; oil on panel; height: 104.9 cm, width: 148.7 cm; Mauritshuis (The Hague, the Netherlands)Kosovo Maiden; by Uroš Predić; 1919; oil on canvas; 1.95 x 2.64m; National Museum of Serbia (Belgrade, Serbia)The Art of Painting; by Johannes Vermeer; 1666–1668; oil on canvas; 1.3 x 1.1 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)The art of Europe, also known as Western art, encompasses the history of visual art in Europe. European prehistoric art started as mobile Upper Paleolithic rock and cave painting and petroglyph art and was characteristic of the period between the Paleolithic and the Iron Age.[1] Written histories of European art often begin with the Aegean civilizations, dating from the 3rd millennium BC. However a consistent pattern of artistic development within Europe becomes clear only with Ancient Greek art, which was adopted and transformed by Rome and carried; with the Roman Empire, across much of Europe, North Africa and Western Asia.[2]The influence of the art of the Classical period waxed and waned throughout the next two thousand years, seeming to slip into a distant memory in parts of the Medieval period, to re-emerge in the Renaissance, suffer a period of what some early art historians viewed as \"decay\" during the Baroque period,[3] to reappear in a refined form in Neo-Classicism[4] and to be reborn in Post-Modernism.[5]Before the 1800s, the Christian church was a major influence on European art, and commissions from the Church provided the major source of work for artists. In the same period there was also a renewed interest in classical mythology, great wars, heroes and heroines, and themes not connected to religion.[6] Most art of the last 200 years has been produced without reference to religion and often with no particular ideology at all, but art has often been influenced by political issues, whether reflecting the concerns of patrons or the artist.European art is arranged into a number of stylistic periods, which, historically, overlap each other as different styles flourished in different areas. Broadly the periods are, Classical, Byzantine, Medieval, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, Modern, Postmodern and New European Painting.[6]","title":"Art of Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venus_of_Willendorf_frontview_retouched_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venus of Willendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf"},{"link_name":"Naturhistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturhistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"prehistoric art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_art"},{"link_name":"Venus figurines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_figurines"},{"link_name":"Venus of Willendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Löwenmensch figurine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6wenmensch_figurine"},{"link_name":"Swimming Reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_Reindeer"},{"link_name":"Magdalenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenian"},{"link_name":"art of the Upper Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gundestrup cauldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron"},{"link_name":"European Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Trundholm sun chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trundholm_sun_chariot"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"El Castillo Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Castillo_Cave"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lascaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascaux"},{"link_name":"Cave of Altamira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira"},{"link_name":"Grotte de Cussac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte_de_Cussac"},{"link_name":"Pech Merle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pech_Merle"},{"link_name":"Cave of Niaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Niaux"},{"link_name":"Chauvet Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave"},{"link_name":"Font-de-Gaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font-de-Gaume"},{"link_name":"Coliboaia cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliboaia_cave"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europeart-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Iberian_Mediterranean_Basin"},{"link_name":"Celtic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_art"},{"link_name":"Iron Age Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Insular style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_style"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lascaux_painting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cave paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_paintings"},{"link_name":"Lascaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascaux"},{"link_name":"Montignac, Dordogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montignac,_Dordogne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F07_0054.Ma.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bison Licking Insect Bite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Licking_Insect_Bite"},{"link_name":"antler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antler"},{"link_name":"Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bucharest_-_The_Thinker_of_Cernavoda_-_no_bg.png"},{"link_name":"Thinker of Cernavoda;","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thinker_of_Cernavoda;&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hamangia culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamangia_culture"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Romanian History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Romanian_History"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serbia,_Vin%C3%A7a_culture,_Neolithic_Era_-_Vinca_Idol_-_2000.201_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif"},{"link_name":"Vinča culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"}],"text":"European prehistoric art is an important part of the European cultural heritage.[7] Prehistoric art history is usually divided into four main periods: Stone Age, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. Most of the remaining artifacts of this period are small sculptures and cave paintings.Venus of Willendorf; c. 26,000 BC (the Gravettian period); limestone with ocre coloring; Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)Much surviving prehistoric art is small portable sculptures, with a small group of female Venus figurines such as the Venus of Willendorf (24,000–22,000 BC) found across central Europe;[8] the 30 cm tall Löwenmensch figurine of about 30,000 BCE has hardly any pieces that can be related to it. The Swimming Reindeer of about 11,000 BCE is one of the finest of a number of Magdalenian carvings in bone or antler of animals in the art of the Upper Paleolithic, though they are outnumbered by engraved pieces, which are sometimes classified as sculpture.[9] With the beginning of the Mesolithic in Europe figurative sculpture greatly reduced,[10] and remained a less common element in art than relief decoration of practical objects until the Roman period, despite some works such as the Gundestrup cauldron from the European Iron Age and the Bronze Age Trundholm sun chariot.[11]The oldest European cave art dates back 40,800, and can be found in the El Castillo Cave in Spain.[12] Other cave painting sites include Lascaux, Cave of Altamira, Grotte de Cussac, Pech Merle, Cave of Niaux, Chauvet Cave, Font-de-Gaume, Creswell Crags, Nottinghamshire, England, (Cave etchings and bas-reliefs discovered in 2003), Coliboaia cave from Romania (considered the oldest cave painting in central Europe)[13] and Magura,[1] Belogradchik, Bulgaria.[14] Rock painting was also performed on cliff faces, but fewer of those have survived because of erosion. One well-known example is the rock paintings of Astuvansalmi in the Saimaa area of Finland. When Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola first encountered the Magdalenian paintings of the Altamira cave, Cantabria, Spain in 1879, the academics of the time considered them hoaxes. Recent reappraisals and numerous additional discoveries have since demonstrated their authenticity, while at the same time stimulating interest in the artistry of Upper Palaeolithic peoples. Cave paintings, undertaken with only the most rudimentary tools, can also furnish valuable insight into the culture and beliefs of that era.The Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin represents a very different style, with the human figure the main focus, often seen in large groups, with battles, dancing and hunting all represented, as well as other activities and details such as clothing. The figures are generally rather sketchily depicted in thin paint, with the relationships between the groups of humans and animals more carefully depicted than individual figures. Other less numerous groups of rock art, many engraved rather than painted, show similar characteristics. The Iberian examples are believed to date from a long period perhaps covering the Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and early Neolithic.Prehistoric Celtic art comes from much of Iron Age Europe and survives mainly in the form of high-status metalwork skillfully decorated with complex, elegant and mostly abstract designs, often using curving and spiral forms. There are human heads and some fully represented animals, but full-length human figures at any size are so rare that their absence may represent a religious taboo. As the Romans conquered Celtic territories, it almost entirely vanishes, but the style continued in limited use in the British Isles, and with the coming of Christianity revived there in the Insular style of the Early Middle Ages.Cave paintings from Lascaux caves (Montignac, Dordogne, France)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBison Licking Insect Bite; 15,000–13,000 BC; antler; National Museum of Prehistory (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil, France)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Thinker of Cernavoda; by Hamangia culture from Romania; c. 5000 BC; terracotta; height: 11.5 cm (41⁄2 in.); National Museum of Romanian History (Bucharest)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFemale figure; by Vinča culture from Serbia; 4500-3500 BC; fired clay with paint; overall: 16.1 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Ohio, US)","title":"Prehistoric art"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ancient"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minoan civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Hood"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Aegean art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_art"},{"link_name":"Cycladic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycladic_art"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_pottery"},{"link_name":"Minoan seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_seals"},{"link_name":"frescos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art"},{"link_name":"Mycenaean art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_art"},{"link_name":"Cycladic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycladic_art"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Greek Dark Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages"},{"link_name":"Mycenaean Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bull-leaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull-leaping#Minoan_Crete"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Marine Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Style"},{"link_name":"octopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMI_-_Kamaresvase_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kamares ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamares_ware"},{"link_name":"Phaistos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaistos"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Heraklion Archaeological Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklion_Archaeological_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeological_Museum_of_Heraklion_%E2%80%93_Bee_pendant_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Malia Pendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia_Pendant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bull-Leaping Fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull-Leaping_Fresco"},{"link_name":"Knossos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knossos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Snake_Goddess,_Knossos,_1650-1550_BC,_AMH,_145150.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Snake Goddess\" figurine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines"},{"link_name":"faience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faience"}],"sub_title":"Minoan","text":"The Minoan civilization of Crete is regarded as the oldest civilization in Europe.[15] Minoan art is marked by imaginative images and exceptional workmanship. Sinclair Hood described an \"essential quality of the finest Minoan art, the ability to create an atmosphere of movement and life although following a set of highly formal conventions\".[16] It forms part of the wider grouping of Aegean art, and in later periods came for a time to have a dominant influence over Cycladic art. Wood and textiles have decomposed, so most surviving examples of Minoan art are pottery, intricately-carved Minoan seals, .palace frescos which include landscapes), small sculptures in various materials, jewellery, and metalwork.The relationship of Minoan art to that of other contemporary cultures and later Ancient Greek art has been much discussed. It clearly dominated Mycenaean art and Cycladic art of the same periods,[17] even after Crete was occupied by the Mycenaeans, but only some aspects of the tradition survived the Greek Dark Ages after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece.[18]Minoan art has a variety of subject-matter, much of it appearing across different media, although only some styles of pottery include figurative scenes. Bull-leaping appears in painting and several types of sculpture, and is thought to have had a religious significance; bull's heads are also a popular subject in terracotta and other sculptural materials. There are no figures that appear to be portraits of individuals, or are clearly royal, and the identities of religious figures is often tentative,[19] with scholars uncertain whether they are deities, clergy or devotees.[20] Equally, whether painted rooms were \"shrines\" or secular is far from clear; one room in Akrotiri has been argued to be a bedroom, with remains of a bed, or a shrine.[21]Animals, including an unusual variety of marine fauna, are often depicted; the \"Marine Style\" is a type of painted palace pottery from MM III and LM IA that paints sea creatures including octopus spreading all over the vessel, and probably originated from similar frescoed scenes;[22] sometimes these appear in other media. Scenes of hunting and warfare, and horses and riders, are mostly found in later periods, in works perhaps made by Cretans for a Mycenaean market, or Mycenaean overlords of Crete.While Minoan figures, whether human or animal, have a great sense of life and movement, they are often not very accurate, and the species is sometimes impossible to identify; by comparison with Ancient Egyptian art they are often more vivid, but less naturalistic.[23] In comparison with the art of other ancient cultures there is a high proportion of female figures, though the idea that Minoans had only goddesses and no gods is now discounted. Most human figures are in profile or in a version of the Egyptian convention with the head and legs in profile, and the torso seen frontally; but the Minoan figures exaggerate features such as slim male waists and large female breasts.[24]Kamares ware beaked jug; 1850-1675 BC; ceramic; height: 27 cm; from Phaistos (Crete, Greece); Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Greece)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Malia Pendant; 1800-1700 BC; gold; height: 4.6 cm, width: 4.9 cm; Heraklion Archaeological Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe fresco named the Bull-Leaping Fresco; 1675-1460 BC; lime plaster; height: 0.8 m, width: 1 m; from the palace at Knossos (Crete); Heraklion Archaeological Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Snake Goddess\" figurine; 1460-1410 BC (from the Minoan Neo-palatial Period); faience; height: 29.5 cm; from the Temple Repository at Knossos; Heraklion Archaeological Museum","title":"Ancient"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Parthenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon"},{"link_name":"marble sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism"},{"link_name":"pottery of Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_of_Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_art"},{"link_name":"Black-figure vase painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-figure_vase_painting"},{"link_name":"Red-figure vase painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-figure_vase_painting"},{"link_name":"Apelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apelles"},{"link_name":"Zeuxis and Parrhasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeuxis_and_Parrhasius"},{"link_name":"sfumato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfumato"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245711.jpg"},{"link_name":"Euphiletos Painter Panathenaic prize amphora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphiletos_Painter_Panathenaic_prize_amphora"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:God_of_Cape_Artemision_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Artemision Bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemision_Bronze"},{"link_name":"National Archaeological Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Parthenon_from_the_northeast.,_Acropolis_of_Athens_(13896193092).jpg"},{"link_name":"Parthenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon"},{"link_name":"Athenian Acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_Acropolis"},{"link_name":"Doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_mirror_with_a_support_in_the_form_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DT276.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calyx-krater_Louvre_CA929.jpg"},{"link_name":"krater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funerary_stele_of_Thrasea_and_Euandria_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grave relief of Thraseas and Euandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_relief_of_Thraseas_and_Euandria"},{"link_name":"Pentelic marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pentelicus#Pentelic_marble"},{"link_name":"Pergamon Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Museum"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walters Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terracotta_statuette_of_a_draped_woman_MET_DP117152.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venus de Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_de_Milo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laocoon_Pio-Clementino_Inv1059-1064-1067.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laocoön and His Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons"},{"link_name":"Vatican Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Museums"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"Dion, Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Archeological Museum of Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeological_Museum_of_Dion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Examples_of_Historical_Ornament,_Greek_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Classical Greek and Hellenistic","text":"Ancient Greece had great painters, great sculptors, and great architects. The Parthenon is an example of their architecture that has lasted to modern days. Greek marble sculpture is often described as the highest form of Classical art. Painting on the pottery of Ancient Greece and ceramics gives a particularly informative glimpse into the way society in Ancient Greece functioned. Black-figure vase painting and Red-figure vase painting gives many surviving examples of what Greek painting was. Some famous Greek painters on wooden panels who are mentioned in texts are Apelles, Zeuxis and Parrhasius, however no examples of Ancient Greek panel painting survive, only written descriptions by their contemporaries or by later Romans. Zeuxis lived in 5–6 BC and was said to be the first to use sfumato. According to Pliny the Elder, the realism of his paintings was such that birds tried to eat the painted grapes. Apelles is described as the greatest painter of Antiquity for perfect technique in drawing, brilliant color and modeling.The Euphiletos Painter Panathenaic prize amphora; 530 BC; painted terracotta; height: 62.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Artemision Bronze; 460-450 BC; bronze; height: 2.1 m; National Archaeological Museum (Athens)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis, the most iconic Doric Greek temple built of marble and limestone between circa 460-406 BC, dedicated to the goddess Athena[25]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMirror with a support in the form of a draped woman; mid-5th century BC; bronze; height: 40.41 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCalyx-krater; 400-375 BC; ceramic; height: 27.9 cm, diameter: 28.6 cm; from Thebes (Greece); Louvre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Grave relief of Thraseas and Euandria; 375-350 BC; Pentelic marble; height: 160 cm, width: 91 cm; Pergamon Museum (Berlin)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVolute krater; 320-310 BC; ceramic; height: 1.1 m; Walters Art Museum (Baltimore, US)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatuette of a draped woman; 2nd century BC; terracotta; height: 29.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVenus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLaocoön and His Sons; early first century BC; marble; height: 2.4 m; Vatican Museums (Vatican City)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMosaic which represents the Epiphany of Dionysus; 2nd century AD; from the Villa of Dionysus (Dion, Greece); Archeological Museum of Dion\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIllustrations of examples of ancient Greek ornaments and patterns, drawn in 1874","title":"Ancient"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_art"},{"link_name":"Etruscan art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_art"},{"link_name":"Roman sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Herculaneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneum"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"trompe-l'œil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"coffin-portraits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits"},{"link_name":"Late Antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antique"},{"link_name":"Al-Fayum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fayum"},{"link_name":"miniatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)"},{"link_name":"Early Christian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_art"},{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_statuette_of_a_philosopher_on_a_lamp_stand_MET_DT2527.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Augustus of Prima Porta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"Vatican Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Museums"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cubiculum_(bedroom)_from_the_Villa_of_P._Fannius_Synistor_at_Boscoreale_MET_DP170950.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autel_fun%C3%A9raire_d%27Amemptus_Louvre_Ma_488_n1.jpg"},{"link_name":"festoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festoon"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_calyx-krater_with_reliefs_of_maidens_and_dancing_maenads_MET_DT4541.jpg"},{"link_name":"Calyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyx_krater"},{"link_name":"krater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater"},{"link_name":"Pentelic marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pentelicus#Pentelic_marble"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Einblick_Panorama_Pantheon_Rom.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_head_of_a_goddess_wearing_a_diadem_MET_DP271743.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Couch_and_footstool_with_bone_carvings_and_glass_inlays_MET_DP138722.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcofago_con_apollo,_minerva_e_le_muse,_dalla_via_appia,_200_dc_ca._01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva"},{"link_name":"Muses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muses"},{"link_name":"Via Appia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian_Way"},{"link_name":"Antikensammlung Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_MET_DP140135.jpg"},{"link_name":"festoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festoon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sousse_neptune.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sousse Archaeological Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousse_Archaeological_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theseus_Mosaic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"sub_title":"Roman","text":"Roman art was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting and sculpture, but was also strongly influenced by the more local Etruscan art of Italy. Roman sculpture, is primarily portraiture derived from the upper classes of society as well as depictions of the gods. However, Roman painting does have important unique characteristics. Among surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in Campania, in Southern Italy, especially at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Such painting can be grouped into four main \"styles\" or periods[26] and may contain the first examples of trompe-l'œil, pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape.[27]Almost all of the surviving painted portraits from the Ancient world are a large number of coffin-portraits of bust form found in the Late Antique cemetery of Al-Fayum. They give an idea of the quality that the finest ancient work must have had. A very small number of miniatures from Late Antique illustrated books also survive, and a rather larger number of copies of them from the Early Medieval period. Early Christian art grew out of Roman popular, and later Imperial, art and adapted its iconography from these sources.Bronze statuette of a philosopher on a lamp stand; late 1st century BC; bronze; overall: 27.3 cm; weight: 2.9 kg; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAugustus of Prima Porta; circa 20 BC; white marble; height: 2.06 m; Vatican Museums (Vatican City)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRestoration of a fresco from an Ancient villa bedroom; 50-40 BC; dimensions of the room: 265.4 x 334 x 583.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAltar with festoons; circa 50 AD; marble; height: 99.5 cm, width: 61.5 cm, depth: 47 cm; Louvre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCalyx-krater with reliefs of maidens and dancing maenads; 1st century AD; Pentelic marble; height: 80.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPanoramic view of the Pantheon (Rome), built between 113 and 125\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHead of a goddess wearing a diadem; 1st–2nd century; marble; height: 23 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCouch and footstool; 1st–2nd century AD; wood, bone and glass; couch: 105.4 × 76.2 × 214.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSarcophagus with Apollo, Minerva and the Muses; circa 200 AD; from Via Appia; Antikensammlung Berlin (Berlin)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSarcophagus with festoons; 200–225; marble; 134.6 x 223.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTriumph of Neptune standing on a chariot pulled by two sea horses; mid-3rd century; Sousse Archaeological Museum (Tunisia)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Theseus Mosaic; 300-400 AD; marble and limestone pebbles; 4.1 x 4.2 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)","title":"Ancient"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"abbeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey"},{"link_name":"patrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron"},{"link_name":"crosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross"},{"link_name":"altarpieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"}],"text":"Most surviving art from the Medieval period was religious in focus, often funded by the Church, powerful ecclesiastical individuals such as bishops, communal groups such as abbeys, or wealthy secular patrons. Many had specific liturgical functions—processional crosses and altarpieces, for example.One of the central questions about Medieval art concerns its lack of realism. A great deal of knowledge of perspective in art and understanding of the human figure was lost with the fall of Rome. But realism was not the primary concern of Medieval artists. They were simply trying to send a religious message, a task which demands clear iconic images instead of precisely rendered ones.Time Period: 6th century to 15th century","title":"Medieval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Migration period art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_period_art"},{"link_name":"Celtic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_art"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Insular art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_art"},{"link_name":"Merovingian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_art"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Carolingian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_art"},{"link_name":"Ottonian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_art"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art"},{"link_name":"Illuminated manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sutton.Hoo.Belt.Buckle.RobRoy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sutton Hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sutton_Hoo_Ship_Burial_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg"},{"link_name":"helmet of Sutton Hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet"},{"link_name":"garnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sutton Hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo"},{"link_name":"garnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Incipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incipit"},{"link_name":"Book of Lindisfarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lindisfarne"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"}],"sub_title":"Early Medieval art","text":"Migration period art is a general term for the art of the \"barbarian\" peoples who moved into formerly Roman territories. Celtic art in the 7th and 8th centuries saw a fusion with Germanic traditions through contact with the Anglo-Saxons creating what is called the Hiberno-Saxon style or Insular art, which was to be highly influential on the rest of the Middle Ages. Merovingian art describes the art of the Franks before about 800, when Carolingian art combined insular influences with a self-conscious classical revival, developing into Ottonian art. Anglo-Saxon art is the art of England after the Insular period. Illuminated manuscripts contain nearly all the surviving painting of the period, but architecture, metalwork and small carved work in wood or ivory were also important media.Buckle of Sutton Hoo; 580–620; gold and niello; length: 13.1 cm; British Museum (London)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe helmet of Sutton Hoo; early 7th century AD; coppery alloy, iron, gold and garnet; height: 31.8 cm; British Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShoulder-clasps from Sutton Hoo; early 7th century; gold, glass & garnet; length: 12.7 cm; British Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Incipit to Matthew from the Book of Lindisfarne; late 7th century; ink and pigments on vellum; 34 x 25 cm; British Library (London)","title":"Medieval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iconoclasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_slap_with_relief_representation_of_the_Nativity._Later_4th-early_5th_c._(8383338579).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nativity of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Byzantine and Christian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_and_Christian_Museum"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_Lamb_of_God_mosaic.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basilica of San Vitale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens,_Greece.jpg"},{"link_name":"Little Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Metropolis"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cameo_Pantocrator_from_jasper,_almandines,_emerald,_chrysoprase_(Constantinople,_10-11_c,_mount_-_Byzantine_-_12-13_c;_Kremlin_museum)_01_by_shakko.JPG"},{"link_name":"jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper"},{"link_name":"almandine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almandine"},{"link_name":"emerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald"},{"link_name":"chrysoprase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoprase"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin_Museums"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaharis_Byzantine_Lectionary_MET_DP160638.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantium,_Constantinople_-_Icon_of_the_New_Testament_Trinity_-_2016.32_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"illuminated manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"gold leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf"},{"link_name":"Getty Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Center"}],"sub_title":"Byzantine","text":"Byzantine art overlaps with or merges with what we call Early Christian art until the iconoclasm period of 730-843 when the vast majority of artwork with figures was destroyed; so little remains that today any discovery sheds new understanding. After 843 until 1453 there is a clear Byzantine art tradition. It is often the finest art of the Middle Ages in terms of quality of material and workmanship, with production centered on Constantinople. Byzantine art's crowning achievement were the monumental frescos and mosaics inside domed churches, most of which have not survived due to natural disasters and the appropriation of churches to mosques.Slab with a relief representing the Nativity of Jesus; 4th-early 5th century; marble; Byzantine and Christian Museum (Athens)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tApse of the Santa Maria Maggiore church in Rome, decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMosaics on a ceiling and some walls of the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna (Italy), circa 547 AD\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Little Metropolis in Athens, built on unknown dates, between the 9th century to the 13th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCameo; 10th-11th centuries; jasper, almandine, emerald and chrysoprase; from Constantinople; Moscow Kremlin Museums (Russia)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGospel lectionary; circa 1100; tempera, gold, and ink on parchment, and leather binding; overall: 36.8 x 29.6 x 12.4 cm, folio: 35 x 26.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIcon of the New Testament Trinity; circa 1450; tempera and gold on wood panel (poplar); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPage of an Armenian illuminated manuscript; 1637–1638; tempera colors, gold paint, and gold leaf on parchment; height: 25.2 cm; Getty Center (Los Angeles)","title":"Medieval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"enamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_enamel"},{"link_name":"high relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_relief"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Lach_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maria Laach Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Laach_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Andernach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andernach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vezelay_WLM2016_La_basilique_Sainte-Marie-Madeleine_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Vézelay Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89vangiles_de_Liessies_-_saint_Jean_-_Avesnes-sur-Helpe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint John the Evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"Avesnes-sur-Helpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avesnes-sur-Helpe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klosterkirche_M%C3%BCstair_Freske_Steinigung_Stephanus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint John Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_Abbey,_M%C3%BCstair"},{"link_name":"Val Müstair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_M%C3%BCstair"},{"link_name":"Canton of Grisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Grisons"}],"sub_title":"Romanesque","text":"Romanesque art refers to the period from about 1000 to the rise of Gothic art in the 12th century. This was a period of increasing prosperity, and the first to see a coherent style used across Europe, from Scandinavia to Sicily. Romanesque art is vigorous and direct, was originally brightly coloured, and is often very sophisticated. Stained glass and enamel on metalwork became important media, and larger sculptures in the round developed, although high relief was the principal technique. Its architecture is dominated by thick walls, and round-headed windows and arches, with much carved decoration.Maria Laach Abbey (near Andernach, Germany), one of the most iconic Romanesque churches\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStone bas-relief of Jesus, from the Vézelay Abbey (Burgundy, France)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMiniature of Saint John the Evangelist; before 1147; illumination on parchment; 35.5 cm; Avesnes-sur-Helpe (France)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe stoning of Saint Stephen; 1160s; fresco; height: 1.3 m; Saint John Abbey (Val Müstair, Canton of Grisons, Switzerland)","title":"Medieval"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_portal_Central_Bay_Tympanum_2007_08_31.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chartres Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scenes_from_the_Legend_of_Saint_Vincent_of_Saragossa_and_the_History_of_His_Relics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diptych_with_the_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_and_the_Last_Judgment_MET_DP102832.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enthroned_Virgin_and_Child_MET_DP102857.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bifolium_with_the_Decretals_of_Gratian_MET_LC_1990_217s5.jpg"},{"link_name":"gratian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diptych_with_Scenes_of_the_Annunciation,_Nativity,_Crucifixion,_and_Resurrection_MET_DT231706.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folio_86v_-_The_Funeral_of_Raymond_Diocr%C3%A8s_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry"},{"link_name":"tempera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempera"},{"link_name":"vellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum"},{"link_name":"Condé Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Museum"},{"link_name":"Chantilly, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantilly,_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_(La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne)_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Lady and the Unicorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_and_the_Unicorn"},{"link_name":"tapestries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapestry"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Musée de Cluny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enthroned_Virgin_MET_DP366930.jpg"},{"link_name":"gesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_in_Jerusalem-Master_of_monogram_AH-MBA_Lyon_H648b-IMG_0241.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel-de-Sens-DSC_8085.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flamboyant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamboyant"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Sens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Sens"}],"sub_title":"Gothic","text":"Gothic art is a variable term depending on the craft, place and time. The term originated with Gothic architecture in 1140, but Gothic painting did not appear until around 1200 (this date has many qualifications), when it diverged from Romanesque style. Gothic sculpture was born in France in 1144 with the renovation of the Abbey Church of S. Denis and spread throughout Europe, by the 13th century it had become the international style, replacing Romanesque. International Gothic describes Gothic art from about 1360 to 1430, after which Gothic art merges into Renaissance art at different times in different places. During this period forms such as painting, in fresco and on panel, become newly important, and the end of the period includes new media such as prints.Part of the Royal Portal; 1145–1155; limestone; Chartres Cathedral (Chartres, France)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorth transept windows; circa 1230–1235; stained glass; diameter (rose window): 10.2 m; Chartres Cathedral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tScenes from the Legend of Saint Vincent of Saragossa; 1245–1247; pot-metal glass, vitreous paint, and lead; overall: 373.4 x 110.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrench diptych with the coronation of the Virgin and the Last Judgment; 1260–1270; elephant ivory with metal mounts; overall: 12.7 x 13 x 1.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEnthroned Virgin and child; 1260–1280; elephant ivory with traces of paint and gilding; overall: 18.4 x 7.6 x 7.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBifolium with the decretals of gratian; circa 1290; tempera and gold on parchment, brown ink, and modern leather binding; overall: 48.3 x 29.2 x 1.3 cm, opened: 47.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGerman diptych with religious scenes; 1300–1325; silver gilt with translucent and opaque enamels; overall (opened): 6.1 x 8.6 x 0.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPage of Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry depictic the funeral of Raymond Diocrès; 1411-1416 and 1485–1486; tempera on vellum; height: 29 cm, width: 21 cm; Condé Museum (Chantilly, France)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Lady and the Unicorn, the title given to a series of six tapestries woven in Flanders, this one being called À Mon Seul Désir; late 15th century; wool and silk; 377 x 473 cm; Musée de Cluny (Paris)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAustrian statue of Enthroned Virgin; 1490–1500; limestone with gesso, painted and gilded; 80.3 x 59.1 x 23.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance in Jerusalem; circa 1500; painting; Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon (Lyon, France)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlamboyant Gothic cross-windows of the Hôtel de Sens (Paris)","title":"Medieval"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uomo_Vitruviano.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Vitruvian Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man"},{"link_name":"Roman architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Vitruvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius"},{"link_name":"human body proportions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_proportions"},{"link_name":"De architectura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-29"},{"link_name":"Graeco-Roman civilisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeco-Roman"},{"link_name":"classical art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_art"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-29"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)"},{"link_name":"dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"sfumato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfumato"},{"link_name":"chiaroscuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaroscuro"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Sculptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"contrapposto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrapposto"},{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Classicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Classicism"},{"link_name":"oil paints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint"}],"text":"Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (Uomo Vitruviano) (c. 1490), a seminal work from the Renaissance. The drawing is inspired and subsequently named after the 1st century BC Roman architect-author Vitruvius and his notions on the \"ideal\" human body proportions, found in his De architectura.[28][29] The drawing highlights the movement's fascination with Graeco-Roman civilisations and appropriation of classical art, as well as his pursuit for the correlation between body structure and nature.[29]The Renaissance is characterized by a focus on the arts of Ancient Greece and Rome, which led to many changes in both the technical aspects of painting and sculpture, as well as to their subject matter. It began in Italy, a country rich in Roman heritage as well as material prosperity to fund artists. During the Renaissance, painters began to enhance the realism of their work by using new techniques in perspective, thus representing three dimensions more authentically. Artists also began to use new techniques in the manipulation of light and darkness, such as the tone contrast evident in many of Titian's portraits and the development of sfumato and chiaroscuro by Leonardo da Vinci. Sculptors, too, began to rediscover many ancient techniques such as contrapposto. Following with the humanist spirit of the age, art became more secular in subject matter, depicting ancient mythology in addition to Christian themes. This genre of art is often referred to as Renaissance Classicism. In the North, the most important Renaissance innovation was the widespread use of oil paints, which allowed for greater colour and intensity.","title":"Renaissance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art"},{"link_name":"Duccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duccio"},{"link_name":"Cimabue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimabue"},{"link_name":"Pietro Cavallini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Cavallini"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art"},{"link_name":"13th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Giotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone"},{"link_name":"Scrovegni Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"Renaissance style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art"},{"link_name":"Simone Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Martini"},{"link_name":"Gentile da Fabriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile_da_Fabriano"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint"},{"link_name":"tempera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempera"},{"link_name":"Jan van Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"Hugo van der Goes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_van_der_Goes"}],"sub_title":"From Gothic to the Renaissance","text":"During the late 13th century and early 14th century, much of the painting in Italy was Byzantine in character, notably that of Duccio of Siena and Cimabue of Florence, while Pietro Cavallini in Rome was more Gothic in style. During the 13th century, Italian sculptors began to draw inspiration not only from medieval prototypes, but also from ancient works.[30]In 1290, Giotto began painting in a manner that was less traditional and more based upon observation of nature. His famous cycle at the Scrovegni Chapel, Padua, is seen as the beginnings of a Renaissance style.Other painters of the 14th century were carried the Gothic style to great elaboration and detail. Notable among these painters are Simone Martini and Gentile da Fabriano.In the Netherlands, the technique of painting in oils rather than tempera, led itself to a form of elaboration that was not dependent upon the application of gold leaf and embossing, but upon the minute depiction of the natural world. The art of painting textures with great realism evolved at this time. Dutch painters such as Jan van Eyck and Hugo van der Goes were to have great influence on Late Gothic and Early Renaissance painting.","title":"Renaissance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello"},{"link_name":"contrapposto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrapposto"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello%27s_David"},{"link_name":"Brunelleschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi"},{"link_name":"Masaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Masaccio"},{"link_name":"Brancacci Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancacci_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Florence Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Ghiberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pisa,_battistero_di_San_Giovanni_(45).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit_in_the_Pisa_Baptistery"},{"link_name":"Nicola Pisano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Pisano"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CrocifissoCimabue-Arezzo-Photo_taken_by_Senet._April_20,_2010-Perspective_correction,_crop_and_blackframe_with_GIMP_by_Paolo_Villa_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crucifix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix_(Cimabue,_Arezzo)"},{"link_name":"Cimabue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimabue"},{"link_name":"San Domenico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Domenico,_Arezzo"},{"link_name":"Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arezzo"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giotto._the-crucifix-1290-1300_Florence,_Santa_Maria_Novella.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maest_0_duccio_1308-11_siena_duomo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maestà Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maest%C3%A0_(Duccio)"},{"link_name":"Duccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duccio"},{"link_name":"Museo dell'Opera del Duomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_(Siena)"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"}],"sub_title":"Early Renaissance","text":"The ideas of the Renaissance first emerged in the city-state of Florence, Italy. The sculptor Donatello returned to classical techniques such as contrapposto and classical subjects like the unsupported nude—his second sculpture of David was the first free-standing bronze nude created in Europe since the Roman Empire. The sculptor and architect Brunelleschi studied the architectural ideas of ancient Roman buildings for inspiration. Masaccio perfected elements like composition, individual expression, and human form to paint frescoes, especially those in the Brancacci Chapel, of surprising elegance, drama, and emotion.A remarkable number of these major artists worked on different portions of the Florence Cathedral. Brunelleschi's dome for the cathedral was one of the first truly revolutionary architectural innovations since the Gothic flying buttress. Donatello created many of its sculptures. Giotto and Lorenzo Ghiberti also contributed to the cathedral.Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery by Nicola Pisano; 1260; marble; height: 4.6 m.[31]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrucifix; by Cimabue; circa 1285; tempera on panel; 4.29 x 3.83 m; San Domenico (Arezzo, Italy)[32]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrucifix; Giotto; circa 1300; tempera on panel; 5.78 x 4.06 m; Santa Maria Novella (Florence, Italy)[33]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Maestà Altarpiece; by Duccio; 1308–1311; tempera on panel; 2.46 x 4.67 m; Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Siena, Italy)","title":"Renaissance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo Buonarroti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Buonarroti"},{"link_name":"Raffaello Sanzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tempietto_di_San_Pietro_in_Montorio.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Pietro in Montorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"Galleria dell'Accademia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg"},{"link_name":"The School of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Palace"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"}],"sub_title":"High Renaissance","text":"High Renaissance artists include such figures as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raffaello Sanzio.The 15th-century artistic developments in Italy (for example, the interest in perspectival systems, in depicting anatomy, and in classical cultures) matured during the 16th century, accounting for the designations \"Early Renaissance\" for the 15th century and \"High Renaissance\" for the 16th century. Although no singular style characterizes the High Renaissance, the art of those most closely associated with this period—Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian—exhibits an astounding mastery, both technical and aesthetic. High Renaissance artists created works of such authority that generations of later artists relied on these artworks for instruction.\nThese exemplary artistic creations further elevated the prestige of artists. Artists could claim divine inspiration, thereby raising visual art to a status formerly given only to poetry. Thus, painters, sculptors, and architects came into their own, successfully claiming for their work a high position among the fine arts. In a sense, 16th- century masters created a new profession with its own rights of expression and its own venerable character.The Tempietto (towards 1502–1510) in a narrow courtyard of the San Pietro in Montorio from Rome\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDavid; by Michelangelo; 1501–1504; marble; 517 cm × 199 cm; Galleria dell'Accademia (Florence)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMona Lisa; by Leonardo da Vinci; c. 1503–1506, perhaps continuing until c. 1517; oil on poplar panel; 77 cm × 53 cm; Louvre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe School of Athens; by Raphael; 1509–1510; fresco; 5.8 x 8.2 m; Apostolic Palace (Vatican City)","title":"Renaissance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Early Netherlandish painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting"},{"link_name":"oil painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_painting"},{"link_name":"Jan van Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"illuminated manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"panel paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_painting"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Northern Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"German Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Renaissance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamgods_open.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ghent Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"Hubert van Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"St Bavo's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bavo%27s_Cathedral,_Ghent"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Arnolfini Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnolfini_Portrait"},{"link_name":"Jan van Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Descendimiento,_by_Rogier_van_der_Weyden,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Descent from the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(van_der_Weyden)"},{"link_name":"Rogier van der Weyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden"},{"link_name":"Museo del Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Garden of Earthly Delights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Rhinoceros_(NGA_1964.8.697)_enhanced.png"},{"link_name":"The Rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Ambassadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ambassadors_(Holbein)"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armor_of_Henry_II,_King_of_France_(reigned_1547%E2%80%9359)_MET_DP256960.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parade Armour of Henry II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_Armour_of_Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Étienne Delaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Delaune"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_(Vienna)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Tower of Babel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)"},{"link_name":"Pieter Bruegel the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"sub_title":"Northern art up to the Renaissance","text":"Early Netherlandish painting developed (but did not strictly invent) the technique of oil painting to allow greater control in painting minute detail with realism—Jan van Eyck (1366–1441) was a figure in the movement from illuminated manuscripts to panel paintings.Hieronymus Bosch (1450?–1516), a Dutch painter, is another important figure in the Northern Renaissance. In his paintings, he used religious themes, but combined them with grotesque fantasies, colorful imagery, and peasant folk legends. His paintings often reflect the confusion and anguish associated with the end of the Middle Ages.Albrecht Dürer introduced Italian Renaissance style to Germany at the end of the 15th century, and dominated German Renaissance art.Time Period:Italian Renaissance: Late 14th century to Early 16th century\nNorthern Renaissance: 16th centuryThe Ghent Altarpiece; by Jan and Hubert van Eyck; 1432; oil on oak wood; 3.4 m × 4.6 m (opened like in this image); St Bavo's Cathedral (Ghent, Belgium)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Arnolfini Portrait; by Jan van Eyck; 1434; oil on panel; 82.2 x 60 cm; National Gallery (London)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Descent from the Cross; by Rogier van der Weyden; circa 1442; oil on oak panel; 220 × 262 cm; Museo del Prado (Madrid, Spain)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Garden of Earthly Delights; by Hieronymus Bosch; c. 1504; oil on panel; 2.2 × 1.95 m – the central panel; Museo del Prado\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Rhinoceros; by Albrecht Dürer; 1515; woodcut; 23.5 cm × 29.8 cm; National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Ambassadors; by Hans Holbein the Younger; 1533; oil on panel; 2.07 × 2.09; National Gallery (London)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Parade Armour of Henry II of France; by Étienne Delaune; circa 1555; chased steel; height: 187.96 cm, weight: 24.2 kg; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Tower of Babel; by Pieter Bruegel the Elder; 1563; oil on panel: 1.14 × 1.55 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)","title":"Renaissance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caravaggio_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caravaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Progress_of_Love_-_Love_Letters_-_Fragonard_1771-72.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mannerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerism"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"El Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Greco"},{"link_name":"Mannerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerism"},{"link_name":"Northern Mannerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mannerism"},{"link_name":"Caravaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Merisi"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Diego Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Dutch Golden Age painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting"},{"link_name":"history painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_painting"},{"link_name":"still life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life"},{"link_name":"genre paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_painting"},{"link_name":"landscape painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_painting"},{"link_name":"Vermeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermeer"},{"link_name":"Flemish Baroque painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting"},{"link_name":"Counter-Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Absolutist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)"},{"link_name":"Caravaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio"},{"link_name":"Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com-34"},{"link_name":"Artemisia Gentileschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com-34"},{"link_name":"Rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"},{"link_name":"porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain"},{"link_name":"chinoiserie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinoiserie"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Neoclassicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"}],"text":"Differences between Baroque and Rococo artBaroque art was characterised by strongly religious and political themes; common characteristics included rich colours with a strong light and dark contrast. Paintings were elaborate, emotional and dramatic in nature. In the image Caravaggio's Christ at the Column (Cristo alla colonna)Rococo art was characterised by lighter, often jocular themes; common characteristics included pale, creamy colours, florid decorations and a penchant for bucolic landscapes. Paintings were more ornate than their Baroque counterpart, and usually graceful, playful and light-hearted in nature.In European art, Renaissance Classicism spawned two different movements—Mannerism and the Baroque. Mannerism, a reaction against the idealist perfection of Classicism, employed distortion of light and spatial frameworks in order to emphasize the emotional content of a painting and the emotions of the painter. The work of El Greco is a particularly clear example of Mannerism in painting during the late 16th, early 17th centuries. Northern Mannerism took longer to develop, and was largely a movement of the last half of the 16th century. Baroque art took the representationalism of the Renaissance to new heights, emphasizing detail, movement, lighting, and drama in their search for beauty. Perhaps the best known Baroque painters are Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Peter Paul Rubens, and Diego Velázquez.A rather different art developed out of northern realist traditions in 17th-century Dutch Golden Age painting, which had very little religious art, and little history painting, instead playing a crucial part in developing secular genres such as still life, genre paintings of everyday scenes, and landscape painting. While the Baroque nature of Rembrandt's art is clear, the label is less use for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while also continuing to produce the traditional categories.Baroque art is often seen as part of the Counter-Reformation—the artistic element of the revival of spiritual life in the Roman Catholic Church. Additionally, the emphasis that Baroque art placed on grandeur is seen as Absolutist in nature. Religious and political themes were widely explored within the Baroque artistic context, and both paintings and sculptures were characterised by a strong element of drama, emotion and theatricality. Famous Baroque artists include Caravaggio or Rubens.[34] Artemisia Gentileschi was another noteworthy artist, who was inspired by Caravaggio's style. Baroque art was particularly ornate and elaborate in nature, often using rich, warm colours with dark undertones. Pomp and grandeur were important elements of the Baroque artistic movement in general, as can be seen when Louis XIV said, \"I am grandeur incarnate\"; many Baroque artists served kings who tried to realize this goal. Baroque art in many ways was similar to Renaissance art; as a matter of fact, the term was initially used in a derogative manner to describe post-Renaissance art and architecture which was over-elaborate.[34] Baroque art can be seen as a more elaborate and dramatic re-adaptation of late Renaissance art.By the 18th century, however, Baroque art was falling out of fashion as many deemed it too melodramatic and also gloomy, and it developed into the Rococo, which emerged in France. Rococo art was even more elaborate than the Baroque, but it was less serious and more playful.[35] Whilst the Baroque used rich, strong colours, Rococo used pale, creamier shades. The artistic movement no longer placed an emphasis on politics and religion, focusing instead on lighter themes such as romance, celebration, and appreciation of nature. Rococo art also contrasted the Baroque as it often refused symmetry in favor of asymmetrical designs. Furthermore, it sought inspiration from the artistic forms and ornamentation of Far Eastern Asia, resulting in the rise in favour of porcelain figurines and chinoiserie in general.[36] The 18th-century style flourished for a short while; nevertheless, the Rococo style soon fell out of favor, being seen by many as a gaudy and superficial movement emphasizing aesthetics over meaning. Neoclassicism in many ways developed as a counter movement of the Rococo, the impetus being a sense of disgust directed towards the latter's florid qualities.","title":"Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacopo_Pontormo_-_Kreuzabnahme_Christi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacopo da Pontormo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontormo"},{"link_name":"Santa Felicita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Felicita,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parmigianino_-_Madonna_dal_collo_lungo_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madonna with the Long Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_with_the_Long_Neck"},{"link_name":"Parmigianino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmigianino"},{"link_name":"Uffizi Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angelo_Bronzino_-_Venus,_Cupid,_Folly_and_Time_-_National_Gallery,_London.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus,_Cupid,_Folly_and_Time"},{"link_name":"Bronzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnolo_Bronzino"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Arcimboldo_-_Summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Arcimboldo)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Arcimboldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"sub_title":"Mannerism (16th century)","text":"Entombment; by Jacopo da Pontormo; 1525–1528; oil on panel; 3.12 x 1.9 m; Santa Felicita (Florence, Italy)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadonna with the Long Neck; by Parmigianino; 1534–1540; oil on panel; 2.19 x 1.32 m; Uffizi Gallery (Florence)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVenus, Cupid, Folly and Time; by Bronzino; mid-1540s; oil on panel; 1.46 x 1.16 m; National Gallery (London)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSummer; by Giuseppe Arcimboldo; 1563; oil on panel; 67 x 50.8 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)","title":"Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Four Continents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Continents"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olanda,_guardaroba_(kast),_1625-50_ca.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_ronda_de_noche,_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Night Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Watch"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"link_name":"Rijksmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmuseum"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ecstasy of Saint Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa"},{"link_name":"Gian Lorenzo Bernini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria della Vittoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria,_Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Las_Meninas,_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Las Meninas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Meninas"},{"link_name":"Diego Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Museo del Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5,_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palace of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bust of Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_of_Louis_XIV_(Bernini)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Art of Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Painting"},{"link_name":"Johannes Vermeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carpet_with_Fame_and_Fortitude_MET_DP212204.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dome_of_Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9_(Rome).jpg"},{"link_name":"Church of the Gesù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Gaulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Gaulli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Hyacinthe Rigaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karlskirche_Vienna_June_2006_475.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karlskirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlskirche"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"sub_title":"Baroque (early 17th century to mid-early 18th century)","text":"The Four Continents; by Peter Paul Rubens; circa 1615; oil on canvas; 209 x 284 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDutch wardrobe; 1625–1650; oak with ebony and rosewood veneers; overall: 244.5 x 224.3 x 85.2 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Night Watch; by Rembrandt; 1642; oil on canvas; 363 × 437 cm; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Ecstasy of Saint Teresa; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1647–1652; marble; height: 3.5 m; Santa Maria della Vittoria (Rome)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLas Meninas; by Diego Velázquez; 1656–1657; oil on canvas; 318 cm × 276 cm; Museo del Prado (Madrid, Spain)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe entrance of the Palace of Versailles (Versailles, France), the most iconic Baroque building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Bust of Louis XIV; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Art of Painting; by Johannes Vermeer; 1666–1668; oil on canvas; 1.3 x 1.1 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCarpet with fame and fortitude; 1668–1685; knotted and cut wool pile, woven with about 90 knots per square inch; 909.3 x 459.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDome of the Church of the Gesù (Rome), made in 1674 by Giovanni Battista Gaulli\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Portrait of Louis XIV; by Hyacinthe Rigaud; 1701; oil on canvas; 277 × 194 cm; Louvre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Karlskirche in Vienna (Austria), built between 1716 and 1737","title":"Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinesisches_Teehaus_Potsdam_IMG_3489.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_House_(Potsdam)"},{"link_name":"Sanssouci Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanssouci_Park"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wilhering Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhering_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Wilhering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhering"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"trompe-l'œil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il"},{"link_name":"stuccos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boiserie_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Varengeville_MET_DP159273.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titelprent_voor_een_oeuvrecatalogus_van_ontwerpen_door_Juste_Aur%C3%A8le_Meissonnier_Oeuvre_de_Juste_Aurele_Meissonnier_(titel_op_object)_Oeuvre_de_Juste_Aurele_Meissonnier_(serietitel),_RP-P-1998-242.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juste Meissonnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juste_Meissonnier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Candelabrum_(one_of_a_pair)_MET_DP-12374-040.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chelsea porcelain factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_porcelain_factory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Gainsborough_-_Mr_and_Mrs_Andrews.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mr and Mrs Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_and_Mrs_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madame de Pompadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour"},{"link_name":"François Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher"},{"link_name":"Alte Pinakothek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fragonard_-_swing.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swing_(Fragonard)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Honoré Fragonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard"},{"link_name":"Wallace Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Collection"}],"sub_title":"Rococo (early to mid-18th century)","text":"The Chinese House, a chinoiserie garden pavilion in Sanssouci Park, from Potsdam (Germany)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe amazing interior of the Wilhering Abbey (Wilhering, Austria). This interior has a trompe-l'œil on its ceiling, surrounded of highly decorated stuccos\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoiserie from the Hôtel de Varengeville; circa 1736–1752; various materials, including carved, painted, and gilded oak; height: 5.58 m, width: 7.07 m, length: 12.36 m; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTitle print; by Juste Meissonnier; 1738–1749; etching on paper; 51.6 x 34.9 cm; Rijksmuseum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPair of candelabrums; 18th century; soft-paste porcelain; heights (the left one): 26.8 cm, (the right one): 26.4 cm; by the Chelsea porcelain factory; Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMr and Mrs Andrews; by Thomas Gainsborough; circa 1750; oil on canvas; 69.8 x 119.4 cm; National Gallery (London)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadame de Pompadour; by François Boucher; 1756; oil on canvas; 2.01 x 1.57 m; Alte Pinakothek (Munich, Germany)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Swing; by Jean-Honoré Fragonard; 1767–1768; oil on canvas; height: 81 cm, width: 64 cm; Wallace Collection (London)","title":"Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Antonio Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"link_name":"Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_Revived_by_Cupid%27s_Kiss"},{"link_name":"Neoclassicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"the Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Ingres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres"},{"link_name":"Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Louis David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eugène Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"Liberty Leading the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People"},{"link_name":"Romantic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"},{"link_name":"medievalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Gothicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"Eugène Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"Francisco Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya"},{"link_name":"J. M. W. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"John Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable"},{"link_name":"Caspar David Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole"},{"link_name":"William Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"},{"link_name":"Academic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_art"},{"link_name":"Adolphe William Bouguereau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_William_Bouguereau"},{"link_name":"industrialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(visual_arts)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin"},{"link_name":"Gustave Courbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Courbet"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet"},{"link_name":"Camille Corot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot"},{"link_name":"Honoré Daumier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"Impressionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Thomas Eakins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eakins"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement"},{"link_name":"Neoclassicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)"}],"text":"Neoclassical art, inspired by different classical themes, was characterised by an emphasis on simplicity, order and idealism. In the image Antonio Canova's Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss (1787-1793)Throughout the 18th century, a counter movement opposing the Rococo sprang up in different parts of Europe, commonly known as Neoclassicism. It despised the perceived superficiality and frivolity of Rococo art, and desired for a return to the simplicity, order and 'purism' of classical antiquity, especially ancient Greece and Rome. The movement was in part also influenced by the Renaissance, which itself was strongly influenced by classical art. Neoclassicism was the artistic component of the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment; the Enlightenment was idealistic, and put its emphasis on objectivity, reason and empirical truth. Neoclassicism had become widespread in Europe throughout the 18th century, especially in the United Kingdom, which saw great works of Neoclassical architecture spring up during this period; Neoclassicism's fascination with classical antiquity can be seen in the popularity of the Grand Tour during this decade, where wealthy aristocrats travelled to the ancient ruins of Italy and Greece. Nevertheless, a defining moment for Neoclassicism came during the French Revolution in the late 18th century; in France, Rococo art was replaced with the preferred Neoclassical art, which was seen as more serious than the former movement. In many ways, Neoclassicism can be seen as a political movement as well as an artistic and cultural one.[37] Neoclassical art places an emphasis on order, symmetry and classical simplicity; common themes in Neoclassical art include courage and war, as were commonly explored in ancient Greek and Roman art. Ingres, Canova, and Jacques-Louis David are among the best-known neoclassicists.[38]Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 1830, Romantic art.Just as Mannerism rejected Classicism, so did Romanticism reject the ideas of the Enlightenment and the aesthetic of the Neoclassicists. Romanticism rejected the highly objective and ordered nature of Neoclassicism, and opted for a more individual and emotional approach to the arts.[39] Romanticism placed an emphasis on nature, especially when aiming to portray the power and beauty of the natural world, and emotions, and sought a highly personal approach to art. Romantic art was about individual feelings, not common themes, such as in Neoclassicism; in such a way, Romantic art often used colours in order to express feelings and emotion.[39] Similarly to Neoclassicism, Romantic art took much of its inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman art and mythology, yet, unlike Neoclassical, this inspiration was primarily used as a way to create symbolism and imagery. Romantic art also takes much of its aesthetic qualities from medievalism and Gothicism, as well as mythology and folklore. Among the greatest Romantic artists were Eugène Delacroix, Francisco Goya, J. M. W. Turner, John Constable, Caspar David Friedrich, Thomas Cole, and William Blake.[38]Most artists attempted to take a centrist approach which adopted different features of Neoclassicist and Romanticist styles, in order to synthesize them. The different attempts took place within the French Academy, and collectively are called Academic art. Adolphe William Bouguereau is considered a chief example of this stream of art.In the early 19th century the face of Europe, however, became radically altered by industrialization. Poverty, squalor, and desperation were to be the fate of the new working class created by the \"revolution\". In response to these changes going on in society, the movement of Realism emerged. Realism sought to accurately portray the conditions and hardships of the poor in the hopes of changing society. In contrast with Romanticism, which was essentially optimistic about mankind, Realism offered a stark vision of poverty and despair. Similarly, while Romanticism glorified nature, Realism portrayed life in the depths of an urban wasteland. Like Romanticism, Realism was a literary as well as an artistic movement. The great Realist painters include Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet, Camille Corot, Honoré Daumier, Édouard Manet, Edgar Degas (both considered as Impressionists), and Thomas Eakins, among others.The response of architecture to industrialisation, in stark contrast to the other arts, was to veer towards historicism. Although the railway stations built during this period are often considered the truest reflections of its spirit – they are sometimes called \"the cathedrals of the age\" – the main movements in architecture during the Industrial Age were revivals of styles from the distant past, such as the Gothic Revival. Related movements were the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, who attempted to return art to its state of \"purity\" prior to Raphael, and the Arts and Crafts Movement, which reacted against the impersonality of mass-produced goods and advocated a return to medieval craftsmanship.Time Period:Neoclassicism: mid-early 18th century to early 19th century\nRomanticism: late 18th century to mid-19th century\nRealism: 19th century","title":"Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Academism, and Realism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monet_Houses_of_Parliament,_Sunset.jpg"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Houses of Parliament, sunset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament_(Monet_series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art-LanguageV3No1-1974.jpg"},{"link_name":"Art & Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_%26_Language"},{"link_name":"Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Camille Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Post-Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Paul Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"},{"link_name":"Georges Seurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat"},{"link_name":"Post-Impressionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionists"},{"link_name":"Fauvism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism"},{"link_name":"color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color"},{"link_name":"modern art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"four-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art"},{"link_name":"Abstract art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_art"},{"link_name":"Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"aesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics"},{"link_name":"Contemporary art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"Abstract expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionism"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Color Field painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Field_painting"},{"link_name":"Conceptual Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_Art"},{"link_name":"Constructivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Der Blaue Reiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter"},{"link_name":"De Stijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stijl"},{"link_name":"Die Brücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"Body art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"Fauvism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism"},{"link_name":"Fluxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxus"},{"link_name":"Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism"},{"link_name":"Happening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happening"},{"link_name":"Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Lettrisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettrisme"},{"link_name":"Lyrical Abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_Abstraction"},{"link_name":"Land art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_art"},{"link_name":"Minimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism"},{"link_name":"Naive art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_art"},{"link_name":"Op art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_art"},{"link_name":"Performance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"Photorealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorealism"},{"link_name":"Pop art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art"},{"link_name":"Suprematism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprematism"},{"link_name":"Video art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_art"},{"link_name":"Vorticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticism"}],"text":"Impressionism was known for its usage of light and movement in its paintings, as in Claude Monet's 1902 Houses of Parliament, sunsetArt & Language are known for their major input on conceptual art.Out of the naturalist ethic of Realism grew a major artistic movement, Impressionism. The Impressionists pioneered the use of light in painting as they attempted to capture light as seen from the human eye. Edgar Degas,\nÉdouard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, were all involved in the Impressionist movement. As a direct outgrowth of Impressionism came the development of Post-Impressionism. Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat are the best known Post-Impressionists.Following the Impressionists and the Post-Impressionists came Fauvism, often considered the first \"modern\" genre of art. Just as the Impressionists revolutionized light, so did the fauvists rethink color, painting their canvases in bright, wild hues. After the Fauvists, modern art began to develop in all its forms, ranging from Expressionism, concerned with evoking emotion through objective works of art, to Cubism, the art of transposing a four-dimensional reality onto a flat canvas, to Abstract art. These new art forms pushed the limits of traditional notions of \"art\" and corresponded to the similar rapid changes that were taking place in human society, technology, and thought.Surrealism is often classified as a form of Modern Art. However, the Surrealists themselves have objected to the study of surrealism as an era in art history, claiming that it oversimplifies the complexity of the movement (which they say is not an artistic movement), misrepresents the relationship of surrealism to aesthetics, and falsely characterizes ongoing surrealism as a finished, historically encapsulated era. Other forms of Modern art (some of which border on Contemporary art) include:Abstract expressionism\nArt Deco\nArt Nouveau\nBauhaus\nColor Field painting\nConceptual Art\nConstructivism\nCubism\nDada\nDer Blaue Reiter\nDe Stijl\nDie Brücke\nBody art\nExpressionism\nFauvism\nFluxus\nFuturism\nHappening\nSurrealism\nLettrisme\nLyrical Abstraction\nLand art\nMinimalism\nNaive art\nOp art\nPerformance art\nPhotorealism\nPop art\nSuprematism\nVideo art\nVorticismTime Period:Impressionism: late 19th Century\nOthers: First half of the 20th century","title":"Modern art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Thomson._Sir_Nicholas_Serota_Makes_an_Acquisitions_Decision.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Nicholas_Serota_Makes_an_Acquisitions_Decision"},{"link_name":"Stuckism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuckism"},{"link_name":"pop art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"},{"link_name":"Conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"Postmodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism"},{"link_name":"Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"fine art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art"},{"link_name":"low art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_culture"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_class"},{"link_name":"kitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch"},{"link_name":"campness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_(style)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cla.purdue.edu-39"},{"link_name":"surrealists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Joan Miró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"Minimal Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_Art"},{"link_name":"Lyrical Abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_Abstraction"},{"link_name":"Pop Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Art"},{"link_name":"Op Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_Art"},{"link_name":"New Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Realism"},{"link_name":"Photorealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorealism"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-minimalism"},{"link_name":"Neo-expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-expressionism"},{"link_name":"New European Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_European_Painting"},{"link_name":"Stuckism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuckism"},{"link_name":"Excessivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excessivism"}],"text":"Charles Thomson. Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision, 2000, Stuckism.Modern art foreshadowed several characteristics of what would later be defined as postmodern art; as a matter of fact, several modern art movements can often be classified as both modern and postmodern, such as pop art. Postmodern art, for instance, places a strong emphasis on irony, parody and humour in general; modern art started to develop a more ironic approach to art which would later advance in a postmodern context. Postmodern art sees the blurring between the high and fine arts with low-end and commercial art; modern art started to experiment with this blurring.[39]\nRecent developments in art have been characterised by a significant expansion of what can now deemed to be art, in terms of materials, media, activity and concept. Conceptual art in particular has had a wide influence. This started literally as the replacement of concept for a made object, one of the intentions of which was to refute the commodification of art. However, it now usually refers to an artwork where there is an object, but the main claim for the work is made for the thought process that has informed it. The aspect of commercialism has returned to the work.There has also been an increase in art referring to previous movements and artists, and gaining validity from that reference.Postmodernism in art, which has grown since the 1960s, differs from Modernism in as much as Modern art movements were primarily focused on their own activities and values, while Postmodernism uses the whole range of previous movements as a reference point. This has by definition generated a relativistic outlook, accompanied by irony and a certain disbelief in values, as each can be seen to be replaced by another. Another result of this has been the growth of commercialism and celebrity. Postmodern art has questioned common rules and guidelines of what is regarded as 'fine art', merging low art with the fine arts until none is fully distinguishable.[40][41] Before the advent of postmodernism, the fine arts were characterised by a form of aesthetic quality, elegance, craftsmanship, finesse and intellectual stimulation which was intended to appeal to the upper or educated classes; this distinguished high art from low art, which, in turn, was seen as tacky, kitsch, easily made and lacking in much or any intellectual stimulation, art which was intended to appeal to the masses. Postmodern art blurred these distinctions, bringing a strong element of kitsch, commercialism and campness into contemporary fine art;[39] what is nowadays seen as fine art may have been seen as low art before postmodernism revolutionised the concept of what high or fine art truly is.[39] In addition, the postmodern nature of contemporary art leaves a lot of space for individualism within the art scene; for instance, postmodern art often takes inspiration from past artistic movements, such as Gothic or Baroque art, and both juxtaposes and recycles styles from these past periods in a different context.[39]Some surrealists in particular Joan Miró, who called for the \"murder of painting\" (In numerous interviews dating from the 1930s onwards, Miró expressed contempt for conventional painting methods and his desire to \"kill\", \"murder\", or \"rape\" them in favor of more contemporary means of expression).[42] have denounced or attempted to \"supersede\" painting, and there have also been other anti-painting trends among artistic movements, such as that of Dada and conceptual art. The trend away from painting in the late 20th century has been countered by various movements, for example the continuation of Minimal Art, Lyrical Abstraction, Pop Art, Op Art, New Realism, Photorealism, Neo Geo, Neo-expressionism, New European Painting, Stuckism, Excessivism and various other important and influential painterly directions.","title":"Contemporary art and Postmodern art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0876615337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876615337"},{"link_name":"google books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zQOQey4OkAsC&pg=PA181"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0876615337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876615337"},{"link_name":"google books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zQOQey4OkAsC&pg=PA181"},{"link_name":"Hood, Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Hood"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0140561420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140561420"}],"text":"Chapin, Anne P., \"Power, Privilege and Landscape in Minoan Art\", in Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr, Hesperia (Princeton, N.J.) 33, 2004, ASCSA, ISBN 0876615337, 9780876615331, google books\nGates, Charles, \"Pictorial Imagery in Minoan Wall Painting\", in Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr, Hesperia (Princeton, N.J.) 33, 2004, ASCSA, ISBN 0876615337, 9780876615331, google books\nHood, Sinclair, The Arts in Prehistoric Greece, 1978, Penguin (Penguin/Yale History of Art), ISBN 0140561420\nSandars, Nancy K., Prehistoric Art in Europe, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), 1968 (nb 1st edn.; early datings now superseded)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Apelles painting Campaspe, an artwork which shows people surrounded by fine art; by Willem van Haecht; c. 1630; oil on panel; height: 104.9 cm, width: 148.7 cm; Mauritshuis (The Hague, the Netherlands)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg/250px-Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kosovo Maiden; by Uroš Predić; 1919; oil on canvas; 1.95 x 2.64m; National Museum of Serbia (Belgrade, Serbia)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg/250px-Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Art of Painting; by Johannes Vermeer; 1666–1668; oil on canvas; 1.3 x 1.1 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Venus of Willendorf; c. 26,000 BC (the Gravettian period); limestone with ocre coloring; Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Venus_of_Willendorf_frontview_retouched_2.jpg/220px-Venus_of_Willendorf_frontview_retouched_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (Uomo Vitruviano) (c. 1490), a seminal work from the Renaissance. The drawing is inspired and subsequently named after the 1st century BC Roman architect-author Vitruvius and his notions on the \"ideal\" human body proportions, found in his De architectura.[28][29] The drawing highlights the movement's fascination with Graeco-Roman civilisations and appropriation of classical art, as well as his pursuit for the correlation between body structure and nature.[29]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Uomo_Vitruviano.jpg/180px-Uomo_Vitruviano.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neoclassical art, inspired by different classical themes, was characterised by an emphasis on simplicity, order and idealism. In the image Antonio Canova's Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss (1787-1793)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU01.JPG/220px-Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 1830, Romantic art.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg"},{"image_text":"Impressionism was known for its usage of light and movement in its paintings, as in Claude Monet's 1902 Houses of Parliament, sunset","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Monet_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg/200px-Monet_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg"},{"image_text":"Art & Language are known for their major input on conceptual art.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Art-LanguageV3No1-1974.jpg/200px-Art-LanguageV3No1-1974.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles Thomson. Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision, 2000, Stuckism.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Charles_Thomson._Sir_Nicholas_Serota_Makes_an_Acquisitions_Decision.jpg/170px-Charles_Thomson._Sir_Nicholas_Serota_Makes_an_Acquisitions_Decision.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"History of art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_art"},{"title":"History of painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_painting"},{"title":"Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects"},{"title":"Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"title":"Painting in the Americas before European colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization"},{"title":"Western European paintings in Ukrainian museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_paintings_in_Ukrainian_museums"},{"title":"List of time periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_time_periods"}]
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[{"reference":"Oosterbeek, Luíz. \"European Prehistoric Art\". Europeart. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.europreart.net/","url_text":"\"European Prehistoric Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art of Europe\". Saint Louis Art Museum. Slam. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slam.org/european/intro.html","url_text":"\"Art of Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Oosterbeek, Luíz. \"European Prehistoric Art\". Europeart. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.europreart.net/prese.htm","url_text":"\"European Prehistoric Art\""}]},{"reference":"Kwong, Matt. \"Oldest cave-man art in Europe dates back 40,800 years\". CBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2012/06/14/cave-paintings-europe.html","url_text":"\"Oldest cave-man art in Europe dates back 40,800 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Romanian Cave May Boast Central Europe's Oldest Cave Art | Science/AAAS | News\". News.sciencemag.org. 21 June 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/06/romanian-cave-may-boast-central.html","url_text":"\"Romanian Cave May Boast Central Europe's Oldest Cave Art | Science/AAAS | News\""}]},{"reference":"Gunther, Michael. \"Art of Prehistoric Europe\". Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/timelines/europe/prehistoric.html","url_text":"\"Art of Prehistoric Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Chaniotis, Angelos. \"Ancient Crete\". Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0071.xml;jsessionid=B732A8D81DF46C77A25A3DA2625360A9","url_text":"\"Ancient Crete\""}]},{"reference":"Mattinson, Lindsay (2019). Understanding Architecture A Guide To Architectural Styles. Amber Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-78274-748-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78274-748-2","url_text":"978-1-78274-748-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Roman Painting\". Art-and-archaeology.com. Retrieved 25 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/roman/painting.html","url_text":"\"Roman Painting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roman Painting\". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 19 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ropt/hd_ropt.htm","url_text":"\"Roman Painting\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Vitruvian Man\". leonardodavinci.stanford.edu. Retrieved 25 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://leonardodavinci.stanford.edu/submissions/clabaugh/history/leonardo.html","url_text":"\"The Vitruvian Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Science & Nature - Leonardo - Vitruvian man\". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo/gallery/vitruvian.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - Science & Nature - Leonardo - Vitruvian man\""}]},{"reference":"Fortenberry, Diane (2017). THE ART MUSEUM. Phaidon. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-7148-7502-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6","url_text":"978-0-7148-7502-6"}]},{"reference":"Fortenberry, Diane (2017). THE ART MUSEUM. Phaidon. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-7148-7502-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6","url_text":"978-0-7148-7502-6"}]},{"reference":"Fortenberry, Diane (2017). THE ART MUSEUM. Phaidon. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-7148-7502-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6","url_text":"978-0-7148-7502-6"}]},{"reference":"Fortenberry, Diane (2017). THE ART MUSEUM. Phaidon. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-7148-7502-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6","url_text":"978-0-7148-7502-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Baroque Art\". Arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com/BaroqueArt.html","url_text":"\"Baroque Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ancien Regime Rococo\". Bc.edu. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411162829/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/ancien.html","url_text":"\"Ancien Regime Rococo\""},{"url":"http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/ancien.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"chinoiserie facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about chinoiserie\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/chinoiserie.aspx#3-1E1:chinoise-full","url_text":"\"chinoiserie facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about chinoiserie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art in Neoclassicism\". Artsz.org. 26 February 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artsz.org/neoclassicism-art/","url_text":"\"Art in Neoclassicism\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Introduction to Postmodernism\". Cla.purdue.edu. Retrieved 25 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/postmodernism/modules/introduction.html","url_text":"\"General Introduction to Postmodernism\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_Institute_of_Plant_Breeding
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University of the Philippines Los Baños Institute of Plant Breeding
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["1 Core functions","2 Divisions and laboratories","3 Samples of IPB research","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 14°09′13.51″N 121°15′42.52″E / 14.1537528°N 121.2618111°E / 14.1537528; 121.2618111University of the Philippines Los Baños Institute of Plant BreedingTypeResearch InstituteEstablished1975DirectorJose E. HernandezLocationLos Baños, Laguna, PhilippinesWebsitecommunity.uplb.edu.ph/ca/ipbLocation in LagunaShow map of LagunaUniversity of the Philippines Los Baños Institute of Plant Breeding (Luzon)Show map of LuzonUniversity of the Philippines Los Baños Institute of Plant Breeding (Philippines)Show map of Philippines
The Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) is a research institute of the University of the Philippines Los Baños. It is the national biotechnology research center and repository for all crops other than rice, which is handled by the Philippine Rice Research Institute.
It traces its roots to the Plant Breeding Division of the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture. Dr. Emil Q. Javier later spearheaded the elevation of the division to an institute, which was approved and given funding under Presidential Decree No. 729 in June 1975, with Javier also serving as the institute's first director.
Core functions
Develop new and improved varieties of dryland crops
Conduct studies in plant breeding and allied disciplines related to crop improvement
Collect, introduce, preserve, and maintain germplasm of important and potentially useful agricultural and horticultural crops
Assist other agencies in multiplying quality seeds and vegetative materials of recommended crop varieties
Promote widescale use of IPB varieties and ensure that seeds are made available to small farmers
Divisions and laboratories
Cereal Crops Division
Feed and Industrial Crops Division
Fruit and Ornamental Crops Division
Legume Crops Division
Vegetables and Special Crops Division
Plant Pathology Laboratory
Entomology Laboratory
Plant Physiology Laboratory
Extension Division
Genetics Laboratory
National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory
Biochemistry Laboratory
Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory
National Seed Foundation
Samples of IPB research
Papaya Ringspot Virus (PSRV)-Resistant
This variety is a genetically enhanced papaya with PRSV resistance and delayed ripening trait. This trait will help reduce post-harvest losses due to spoilage which is another major problem to farmers. The first and second generation papayas had been previously subjected to polymerase chain reaction analysis, which indicated that the lines contain a copy of the PRSV coat protein gene. A third generation papaya is currently under development.
Fruit and Shoot Borer Resistant Eggplant
Initial crosses had already been made between Indian transgenic eggplants and selected Philippine varieties Mara, Mistisa, Dumaguete Long Purple, and Casino. The progeny of these crosses were then back-crossed with their Philippine variety parent in India.
Multiple Virus Resistant Tomato
The multiple virus resistant project aims to combine transgenic technologies for Cucumber Mosaic Virus with conventional resistance against Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLCV) to produce commercial tomato varieties. After introgression lines and appropriate controls were supplied by IPB partners, these tomato lines were screened to identify the genome regions that confer resistance against each local ToLCV. Reliable DNA markers are also being developed for each identified genome (introgression) region.
Mutation Breeding of Philippine Avocado
Although engaged in genetic engineering, the institute also uses mutation breeding, which is an alternative method of improving crop varieties. Small portions of avocado plant tissue (embryos) were allowed to grow (embryogenic cultures) and to differentiate into somatic embryos and shoots. Some of the plant tissue cultures were subjected to gamma irradiation to facilitate mutation from the regenerated plant tissue cultures. During the irradiation, some cells were killed and those capable of regrowth were multiplied. The surviving cells were grown to produce somatic embryos and shoots. The shoots from irradiated and non-irradiated tissues were then treated in a test tube environment to promote root growth and prepare them for natural growth environment. The IPB is currently undertaking the rooting and potting out of the plantlets to enable maximum recovery. The established regenerated plants will then be transferred to the greenhouse, and finally to the field for further evaluation.
References
^ "UP confers honoris causa upon Natl Scientist Javier". UPLB. 2021-03-10. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
UPLB Institute of Plant Breeding Website
Bureau of Agricultural Research Digest
Malaysian Biotechnology Information Center
Using Biotech to Improve Philippine Avocados
vteUniversity of the Philippines Los BañosLocated in: Los Baños, LagunaAcademics
Agriculture and Food Science
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Life
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Founded: 1909
Students: 13,710
Endowment: 3.00 billion PHP
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vteUniversity of the Philippines System
Shaping minds that shape the nation
UnitsConstituent universities
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14°09′13.51″N 121°15′42.52″E / 14.1537528°N 121.2618111°E / 14.1537528; 121.2618111
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of the Philippines Los Baños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Ba%C3%B1os"},{"link_name":"biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"Philippine Rice Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Rice_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Plant Breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Breeding"},{"link_name":"Agronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy"},{"link_name":"College of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPLB_College_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Emil Q. Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Q._Javier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uplbhonoriscausa-1"}],"text":"The Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) is a research institute of the University of the Philippines Los Baños. It is the national biotechnology research center and repository for all crops other than rice, which is handled by the Philippine Rice Research Institute.It traces its roots to the Plant Breeding Division of the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture. Dr. Emil Q. Javier later spearheaded the elevation of the division to an institute, which was approved and given funding under Presidential Decree No. 729 in June 1975, with Javier also serving as the institute's first director.[1]","title":"University of the Philippines Los Baños Institute of Plant Breeding"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Develop new and improved varieties of dryland crops\nConduct studies in plant breeding and allied disciplines related to crop improvement\nCollect, introduce, preserve, and maintain germplasm of important and potentially useful agricultural and horticultural crops\nAssist other agencies in multiplying quality seeds and vegetative materials of recommended crop varieties\nPromote widescale use of IPB varieties and ensure that seeds are made available to small farmers","title":"Core functions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cereal Crops Division\nFeed and Industrial Crops Division\nFruit and Ornamental Crops Division\nLegume Crops Division\nVegetables and Special Crops Division\nPlant Pathology Laboratory\nEntomology Laboratory\nPlant Physiology Laboratory\nExtension Division\nGenetics Laboratory\nNational Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory\nBiochemistry Laboratory\nPlant Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory\nNational Seed Foundation","title":"Divisions and laboratories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"papaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya"},{"link_name":"eggplants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplants"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"genetic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering"},{"link_name":"avocado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado"},{"link_name":"test tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_tube"}],"text":"Papaya Ringspot Virus (PSRV)-ResistantThis variety is a genetically enhanced papaya with PRSV resistance and delayed ripening trait. This trait will help reduce post-harvest losses due to spoilage which is another major problem to farmers. The first and second generation papayas had been previously subjected to polymerase chain reaction analysis, which indicated that the lines contain a copy of the PRSV coat protein gene. A third generation papaya is currently under development.Fruit and Shoot Borer Resistant EggplantInitial crosses had already been made between Indian transgenic eggplants and selected Philippine varieties Mara, Mistisa, Dumaguete Long Purple, and Casino. The progeny of these crosses were then back-crossed with their Philippine variety parent in India.Multiple Virus Resistant TomatoThe multiple virus resistant project aims to combine transgenic technologies for Cucumber Mosaic Virus with conventional resistance against Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLCV) to produce commercial tomato varieties. After introgression lines and appropriate controls were supplied by IPB partners, these tomato lines were screened to identify the genome regions that confer resistance against each local ToLCV. Reliable DNA markers are also being developed for each identified genome (introgression) region.Mutation Breeding of Philippine AvocadoAlthough engaged in genetic engineering, the institute also uses mutation breeding, which is an alternative method of improving crop varieties. Small portions of avocado plant tissue (embryos) were allowed to grow (embryogenic cultures) and to differentiate into somatic embryos and shoots. Some of the plant tissue cultures were subjected to gamma irradiation to facilitate mutation from the regenerated plant tissue cultures. During the irradiation, some cells were killed and those capable of regrowth were multiplied. The surviving cells were grown to produce somatic embryos and shoots. The shoots from irradiated and non-irradiated tissues were then treated in a test tube environment to promote root growth and prepare them for natural growth environment. The IPB is currently undertaking the rooting and potting out of the plantlets to enable maximum recovery. The established regenerated plants will then be transferred to the greenhouse, and finally to the field for further evaluation.","title":"Samples of IPB research"}]
|
[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Bachrach
|
Ernest Bachrach
|
[]
|
American photographer
Ernest A. Bachrach (1899 – 1973) was an American photographer.
Bachrach was born in 1899 and died in 1973. He attended Stuyvesant High School. He worked at Famous Players–Lasky "right after" World War I. Around 1923, he was working in Paramount Pictures's studio in Astoria, Queens, taking stills for Gloria Swanson films. When Swanson departed New York in 1926 after forming her own company, she asked Bachrach to come with her.
As of 1946, Bachrach had been a still photographer at RKO Pictures for 18 years. He founded RKO's still photography department in 1928 following RKO's merger with Film Booking Offices of America and headed the still photography department at RKO as of 1935. He took almost all the stills of Katharine Hepburn in the 1930s, while she was with RKO.
Bachrach used Graflex cameras "to capture spontaneity".
Scholar Patricia J. Fanning calls Bachrach "one of the premier portrait photographers in Hollywood".
Publications
Bachrach, Ernest A. (September 1932). "Personality and Pictorialism in Portraiture". American Cinematographer. 13 (5): 6–7, 28.
Bachrach, Ernest A. (March 1940). "Review of U.S. Camera, 1940". International Photographer. 12 (2): 25.
Notes
^ a b c Shields 2013, p. 339.
^ Barron, Stephanie; Bernstein, Sheri; Fort, Ilene Susan, eds. (2000). Made in California: Art, Image, and Identity, 1900–2000. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 284. ISBN 0-520-22764-6. OCLC 44454648.
^ a b Fanning 2008, p. 196.
^ Barnes, Eleanor (May 26, 1936). "Soul Painter". Los Angeles Daily News. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Shields 2013, pp. 239–240.
^ Hall, Theda; Hall, Emerson (March 1946). "Shooting the Cover". Popular Photography. 18 (3): 47–49.
^ Cavanaugh, Irene (August 17, 1935). "Heavy Outlay in Making 'Still' Pictures". Los Angeles Daily News. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Trent, Paul (1972). The Image Makers: Sixty Years of Hollywood Glamour. McGraw-Hill. p. 17. ISBN 0-07-065138-8. OCLC 257096.
^ Pepper, Terence (1989). The Man Who Shot Garbo: The Hollywood Photographs of Clarence Sinclair Bull. Simon & Schuster. p. 247n153. ISBN 0-671-69700-5. OCLC 20461098.
^ Fanning 2008, p. xxiii.
Sources
Fanning, Patricia J. (2008). Through an Uncommon Lens: The Life and Photography of F. Holland Day. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-61376-088-8. OCLC 794701604.
Shields, David S. (June 18, 2013). Still: American Silent Motion Picture Photography. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-01343-5.
Further reading
Mallory, Mary (September 22, 2014). "Ernest Bachrach Defines RKO Glamour". LA Daily Mirror.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
Museum of Modern Art
Photographers' Identities
RKD Artists
ULAN
This article about an American photographer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2013339-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stuyvesant High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanning2008196-3"},{"link_name":"Famous Players–Lasky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Players%E2%80%93Lasky"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes1936-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanning2008196-3"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Astoria, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Gloria Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Swanson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2013239%E2%80%93240-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2013339-1"},{"link_name":"RKO Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Film Booking Offices of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Booking_Offices_of_America"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cavanaugh1935-7"},{"link_name":"Katharine Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Graflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graflex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2013339-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanning2008xxiii-10"}],"text":"Ernest A. Bachrach (1899 – 1973) was an American photographer.Bachrach was born in 1899 and died in 1973.[1][2] He attended Stuyvesant High School.[3] He worked at Famous Players–Lasky \"right after\" World War I.[4][3] Around 1923, he was working in Paramount Pictures's studio in Astoria, Queens, taking stills for Gloria Swanson films.[5] When Swanson departed New York in 1926 after forming her own company, she asked Bachrach to come with her.[1]As of 1946, Bachrach had been a still photographer at RKO Pictures for 18 years.[6] He founded RKO's still photography department in 1928 following RKO's merger with Film Booking Offices of America and headed the still photography department at RKO as of 1935.[7] He took almost all the stills of Katharine Hepburn in the 1930s, while she was with RKO.[8][9]Bachrach used Graflex cameras \"to capture spontaneity\".[1]Scholar Patricia J. Fanning calls Bachrach \"one of the premier portrait photographers in Hollywood\".[10]","title":"Ernest Bachrach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"6–7, 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/american-cinematographer-1932-09-pdf/page/n7/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/internationalpho12holl/page/n94/mode/1up"}],"text":"Bachrach, Ernest A. (September 1932). \"Personality and Pictorialism in Portraiture\". American Cinematographer. 13 (5): 6–7, 28.\nBachrach, Ernest A. (March 1940). \"Review of U.S. Camera, 1940\". International Photographer. 12 (2): 25.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2013339_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2013339_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2013339_1-2"},{"link_name":"Shields 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShields2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/madeincaliforn00barr_/page/284/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-22764-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22764-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"44454648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44454648"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFanning2008196_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFanning2008196_3-1"},{"link_name":"Fanning 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFanning2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-barnes1936_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Soul Painter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/88133639/soul-painter/"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2013239%E2%80%93240_5-0"},{"link_name":"Shields 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShields2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Popular Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Photography"},{"link_name":"47–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/sim_popular-photography_1946-03_18_3/page/47/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cavanaugh1935_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Heavy Outlay in Making 'Still' Pictures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/88133591/heavy-outlay-in-making-still-pictures/"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/imagemakerssixty0000tren/page/17/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-07-065138-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-065138-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"257096","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/257096"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"247n153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/manwhoshotgarboh0000pepp/page/247/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-671-69700-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-69700-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20461098","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/20461098"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFanning2008xxiii_10-0"},{"link_name":"Fanning 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFanning2008"}],"text":"^ a b c Shields 2013, p. 339.\n\n^ Barron, Stephanie; Bernstein, Sheri; Fort, Ilene Susan, eds. (2000). Made in California: Art, Image, and Identity, 1900–2000. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 284. ISBN 0-520-22764-6. OCLC 44454648.\n\n^ a b Fanning 2008, p. 196.\n\n^ Barnes, Eleanor (May 26, 1936). \"Soul Painter\". Los Angeles Daily News. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ Shields 2013, pp. 239–240.\n\n^ Hall, Theda; Hall, Emerson (March 1946). \"Shooting the Cover\". Popular Photography. 18 (3): 47–49.\n\n^ Cavanaugh, Irene (August 17, 1935). \"Heavy Outlay in Making 'Still' Pictures\". Los Angeles Daily News. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.\n\n^ Trent, Paul (1972). The Image Makers: Sixty Years of Hollywood Glamour. McGraw-Hill. p. 17. ISBN 0-07-065138-8. OCLC 257096.\n\n^ Pepper, Terence (1989). The Man Who Shot Garbo: The Hollywood Photographs of Clarence Sinclair Bull. Simon & Schuster. p. 247n153. ISBN 0-671-69700-5. OCLC 20461098.\n\n^ Fanning 2008, p. xxiii.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Through an Uncommon Lens: The Life and Photography of F. Holland Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/throughuncommonl00fann"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-61376-088-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61376-088-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"794701604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/794701604"},{"link_name":"Still: American Silent Motion Picture Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-oEbI_9aH2YC"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-01343-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01343-5"}],"text":"Fanning, Patricia J. (2008). Through an Uncommon Lens: The Life and Photography of F. Holland Day. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-61376-088-8. OCLC 794701604.\nShields, David S. (June 18, 2013). Still: American Silent Motion Picture Photography. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-01343-5.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Ernest Bachrach Defines RKO Glamour\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ladailymirror.com/2014/09/22/mary-mallory-hollywood-heights-ernest-bachrach-defines-rko-glamour/"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52150937#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/95958672"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.moma.org/artists/62656"},{"link_name":"Photographers' Identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pic.nypl.org/constituents/318100"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/408537"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500042529"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_and_white_camera_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Bachrach&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US-photographer-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US-photographer-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US-photographer-stub"}],"text":"Mallory, Mary (September 22, 2014). \"Ernest Bachrach Defines RKO Glamour\". LA Daily Mirror.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nArtists\nMuseum of Modern Art\nPhotographers' Identities\nRKD Artists\nULANThis article about an American photographer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bachrach, Ernest A. (September 1932). \"Personality and Pictorialism in Portraiture\". American Cinematographer. 13 (5): 6–7, 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cinematographer","url_text":"American Cinematographer"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/american-cinematographer-1932-09-pdf/page/n7/mode/1up","url_text":"6–7, 28"}]},{"reference":"Bachrach, Ernest A. (March 1940). \"Review of U.S. Camera, 1940\". International Photographer. 12 (2): 25.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/internationalpho12holl/page/n94/mode/1up","url_text":"25"}]},{"reference":"Barron, Stephanie; Bernstein, Sheri; Fort, Ilene Susan, eds. (2000). Made in California: Art, Image, and Identity, 1900–2000. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 284. ISBN 0-520-22764-6. OCLC 44454648.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/madeincaliforn00barr_/page/284/mode/1up","url_text":"284"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22764-6","url_text":"0-520-22764-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44454648","url_text":"44454648"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Eleanor (May 26, 1936). \"Soul Painter\". Los Angeles Daily News. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88133639/soul-painter/","url_text":"\"Soul Painter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News","url_text":"Los Angeles Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Theda; Hall, Emerson (March 1946). \"Shooting the Cover\". Popular Photography. 18 (3): 47–49.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Photography","url_text":"Popular Photography"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-photography_1946-03_18_3/page/47/mode/1up","url_text":"47–49"}]},{"reference":"Cavanaugh, Irene (August 17, 1935). \"Heavy Outlay in Making 'Still' Pictures\". Los Angeles Daily News. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88133591/heavy-outlay-in-making-still-pictures/","url_text":"\"Heavy Outlay in Making 'Still' Pictures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News","url_text":"Los Angeles Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Trent, Paul (1972). The Image Makers: Sixty Years of Hollywood Glamour. McGraw-Hill. p. 17. ISBN 0-07-065138-8. OCLC 257096.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill","url_text":"McGraw-Hill"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/imagemakerssixty0000tren/page/17/mode/1up","url_text":"17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-065138-8","url_text":"0-07-065138-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/257096","url_text":"257096"}]},{"reference":"Pepper, Terence (1989). The Man Who Shot Garbo: The Hollywood Photographs of Clarence Sinclair Bull. Simon & Schuster. p. 247n153. ISBN 0-671-69700-5. OCLC 20461098.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manwhoshotgarboh0000pepp/page/247/mode/1up","url_text":"247n153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-69700-5","url_text":"0-671-69700-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20461098","url_text":"20461098"}]},{"reference":"Fanning, Patricia J. (2008). Through an Uncommon Lens: The Life and Photography of F. Holland Day. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-61376-088-8. OCLC 794701604.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/throughuncommonl00fann","url_text":"Through an Uncommon Lens: The Life and Photography of F. Holland Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press","url_text":"University of Massachusetts Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61376-088-8","url_text":"978-1-61376-088-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794701604","url_text":"794701604"}]},{"reference":"Shields, David S. (June 18, 2013). Still: American Silent Motion Picture Photography. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-01343-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-oEbI_9aH2YC","url_text":"Still: American Silent Motion Picture Photography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01343-5","url_text":"978-0-226-01343-5"}]},{"reference":"Mallory, Mary (September 22, 2014). \"Ernest Bachrach Defines RKO Glamour\". LA Daily Mirror.","urls":[{"url":"https://ladailymirror.com/2014/09/22/mary-mallory-hollywood-heights-ernest-bachrach-defines-rko-glamour/","url_text":"\"Ernest Bachrach Defines RKO Glamour\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Stockport
|
Bishop of Stockport
|
["1 List of bishops","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Suffragan bishop in the Church of England
Christianity portal
The Bishop of Stockport is an episcopal title used by a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Chester, in the Province of York, England. The title takes its name after the town of Stockport in Greater Manchester.
List of bishops
Bishops of Stockport
From
Until
Incumbent
Notes
1949
1950
Frank Okell
1951
1965
David Saunders-Davies
1965
1984
Gordon Strutt
1984
1994
Frank Sargeant
1994
2000
Geoffrey Turner
2000
2007
Nigel Stock
Translated to St Edmundsbury and Ipswich
2008
2014
Robert Atwell
2015
2019
Libby Lane
First woman consecrated as a bishop in the Church of England
2021
present
Sam Corley
Consecrated 19 July 2021.
Source(s):
References
^ a b Crockford's Clerical Directory (100th ed.). London: Church House Publishing. 2007. pp. 948–949. ISBN 978-0-7151-1030-0.
^ Queen approves new bishop Archived June 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 7 June 2008.
^ Suffragan See of Stockport Archived June 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 7 June 2008.
^ Church of England Media Centre – Libby Lane Announced as Bishop of Stockport (Accessed 17 December 2014)
^ BBC News Libby Lane: First female Church of England bishop consecrated
^ "Diocese of Chester | Julie and Sam to be consecrated at York Minster".
External links
Crockford's Clerical Directory listings
vteBishops of Stockport
Frank Okell
David Saunders-Davies
Gordon Strutt
Frank Sargeant
Geoffrey Turner
Nigel Stock
Robert Atwell
Libby Lane
Sam Corley
vteBishops suffragan in the Church of EnglandActive suffragan seesProvince of Canterbury
Aston
Barking
Basingstoke
Bedford
Bradwell
Brixworth
Buckingham
Colchester
Crediton
Croydon
Dorchester
Dorking
Dover
Dudley
Dunwich
Ebbsfleet
Edmonton
Europe
Fulham
Grantham
Grimsby
Hertford
Horsham
Huntingdon
Islington
Kensington
Kingston-upon-Thames
Lewes
Loughborough
Lynn
Oswestry
Plymouth
Ramsbury
Reading
Repton
Richborough
Sherborne
Shrewsbury
Southampton
St Germans
Stafford
Stepney
Swindon
Taunton
Tewkesbury
Thetford
Tonbridge
Warwick
Willesden
Wolverhampton
Woolwich
Province of York
Berwick
Beverley
Birkenhead
Bolton
Bradford
Burnley
Doncaster
Huddersfield
Hull
Jarrow
Kirkstall
Lancaster
Middleton
Penrith
Ripon
Selby
Sherwood
Stockport
Wakefield
Warrington
Whitby
Former suffragan seesAbeyant
Alnwick
Aylesbury
Barrow-in-Furness
Bishopwearmouth
Boston
Bristol
Chelsea
Cirencester
Coventry
Derby
Guildford
Halifax
Hexham
Hulme
Ipswich
Kendal
Leicester
Leominster
Ludlow
Maidstone
Marlborough
Northampton
Nottingham
Penrydd
Rochdale
Shaftesbury
Sheffield
Southwark
Swansea
Whalley
Wigan
Translated
Knaresborough (to Ripon)
Malmesbury (to Swindon)
Pontefract (to Wakefield)
Richmond (to Kirkstall)
See also: Suffragan Bishops Act 1534; Bishop for the Falkland Islands; Bishop to the Forces; spokesperson bishops; Bishop to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York
This Anglicanism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Crockford's Clerical Directory (100th ed.). London: Church House Publishing. 2007. pp. 948–949. ISBN 978-0-7151-1030-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7151-1030-0","url_text":"978-0-7151-1030-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Diocese of Chester | Julie and Sam to be consecrated at York Minster\".","urls":[{"url":"https://chester.anglican.org/news/julie-and-sam-to-be-consecrated-at-york-minster.php","url_text":"\"Diocese of Chester | Julie and Sam to be consecrated at York Minster\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_de_Gonzaga_y_Doria
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Vicente de Gonzaga y Doria
|
["1 Biography","2 References"]
|
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Vicente de Gonzaga y Doria, (1602 – 23 November 1694) was Governor of Galicia, 1652-1658, Viceroy of Valencia, 1663, Viceroy of Catalonia, 1664–1667 and Viceroy of Sicily, 1678.
Biography
He was the second of the 11 sons/daughters of Ferrante II Gonzaga, 1st Duke of Guastalla, (1563 – 5 August 1630), married in 1587 to Donna Vittoria Doria dei Principi di Melfi, (1569–1618), daughter of Genoese Admiral of the Spanish Fleet and Member of the Spanish Royal Council, Giovanni Andrea Doria, Prince of Melfi.
Vicente's eldest brother was Cesare II Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla.
Another sister, Zenobia de Gonzaga y Doria, (*1588 – +1618) married in 1607 don Giovanni Tagliavia d'Aragona, Duke of Terranova, a title awarded to Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba in the year 1502, from a powerful Aragonese-Sicilian family, linked to the Princes of Castelvetrano, a Sicilian town, located at 37°41′0″N 12°47′35″E.
References
Marek, Miroslav. "gonzaga/gonzaga3.html#F2G". Genealogy.EU.
Coniglio, Giuseppe (1967). I Gonzaga. Varese: Dall'Oglio.
vteHouse of GonzagaGenerations start from Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga1st Generation
Ludovico III, Marquis of Mantua
Carlo
2nd Generation
Federico I, Marquis of Mantua
Gianfrancesco, Count of Sabbioneta
Francesco
3rd Generation
Clara, Countess of Montpensier
Francesco II, Marquis of Mantua
Sigismund
Elisabetta, Duchess of Urbino
4th Generation
Eleonora, Duchess of Urbino
Federico II, Duke of Mantua
Ippolita Gonzaga
Ercole
Ferrante I, Count of Guastalla
Paola
5th Generation
Francesco III, Duke of Mantua
Guglielmo, Duke of Mantua
Louis, Duke of Nevers
Federico, Cardinal Gonzaga
Cesare, Duke of Amalfi
Francesco, Cardinal Gonzaga
Gian Vicenzo, Cardinal Gonzaga
6th Generation
Vincenzo I, Duke of Mantua
Margherita, Duchess of Modena
Anne Juliana, Archduchess of Austria
Charles, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat
Ferrante II, Duke of Guastalla
7th Generation
Francesco IV, Duke of Mantua
Ferdinando, Duke of Mantua
Margherita Gonzaga, Duchess of Lorraine
Vincenzo II, Duke of Mantua
Eleonora, Holy Roman Empress
Charles, Duke of Nevers
Marie Louise, Queen of Poland
Anne, Countess Palatine of Simmern
Cesare II, Duke of Guastalla
Vincenzo, Viceroy of Sicily
Andrea, Count of San Paolo
8th Generation
Maria, Duchess of Montferrat
Charles, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat
Eleonora, Holy Roman Empress
Vincenzo, Duke of Guastalla
Ferrante III, Duke of Guastalla
Vespasiano Vincenzo, Viceroy of Valencia
9th Generation
Ferdinando Carlo, Duke of Mantua
Eleonora Luisa, Duchess of Rovere
Antonio Ferrante, Duke of Guastalla
Giuseppe, Duke of Guastalla
Anna Isabella, Duchess of Mantua
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
People
Italian People
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Marek, Miroslav. \"gonzaga/gonzaga3.html#F2G\". Genealogy.EU.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/gonzaga/gonzaga3.html#F2G","url_text":"\"gonzaga/gonzaga3.html#F2G\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_60_Yard_Line
|
The 60 Yard Line
|
["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 References","6 External links"]
|
2017 filmThe 60 Yard LineFilm posterDirected byLeif GantvoortWritten by
Ryan Churchill
Nick Greco
Produced by
Leif Gantvoort
Nick Greco
Ryan Churchill
Alex McCullough
Starring
Ryan Churchill
Kimberley Crossman
Nic Greco
Jacquelyn Zook
Chelsey Crisp
Leif Gantvoort
Mindy Sterling
John D'Aquino
Randall Park
CinematographyCameron SchmuckerMusic byJimmy DeerRelease date
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02) (United States)
Running time90 minutesLanguageEnglish
The 60 Yard Line is a 2017 American comedy film directed by Leif Gantvoort and produced by Ryan Churchill.
Premise
The film is based on the true story of two best friends who purchase a house adjacent to Lambeau Field, the home of the Green Bay Packers. The film centers on the choices the friends must make between their love of football and their personal lives.
Cast
Ryan Churchill as Ben 'Zagger' Zagowski, a huge Green Bay Packers fan and shipping clerk who is engaged to Amy
Kimberley Crossman as Amy Etzman, Zagger's longtime fiance and co-worker
Nic Greco as Nick 'Polano' Polano, Zagger's best friend, coworker, and a Chicago Bears fan
Jacquelyn Zook as Debbie Zagowski, Zagger's sister and friend of Amy
Chelsey Crisp as Jody Johnson, a Packers fan who becomes friends with Zagger
Leif Gantvoort as Greg Hayes, a shipping executive who is Amy and Zagger's boss
Mindy Sterling as Linda Zagowski, Zagger's mom and part owner of the family business
John D'Aquino as John Zagowski, Zagger's dad and part owner of the family business
Randall Park as Trapper, a longtime Packers fan who secretly lives in Zagger's garage
The film also features multiple cameo appearances by former Packers players, including former Packers players Ahman Green, John Kuhn, and Mark Tauscher. Tom Zalaski and Burke Griffin, Green Bay TV personalities, former Green Bay mayor Jim Schmitt, and mixed martial artist Chuck Liddell also make appearances.
Production
The 60 Yard Line was primarily filmed on-location in Green Bay, although a few scenes were filmed in various locations in Los Angeles. Filming occurred in the fall of 2015, with additional scenes that required snow being filmed in the winter of 2016. The film was completed on a "limited budget".
Release
The film released in 2017 at select theaters across the United States, with special screenings occurring in the fall of 2017. It formally premiered at the Wisconsin Film Festival on April 2, 2017. It was also played at the 2018 Beloit International Film Festival and won multiple awards at the Los Angeles Film Festival and the Wisconsin Film Festival.
The movie was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and iTunes on November 7, 2017.
References
^ a b c Grunow, Morgan (September 12, 2017). "The 60 Yard Line' tells the relatable story of Wisconsin Packers super fans". The Badger Herald. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
^ a b c Meinert, Kendra (September 4, 2017). "15 fun things to look for in Packers comedy 'The 60 Yard Line'". USA Network. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
^ a b "The 60 Yard Line". Beloit International Film Festival. 2018. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
^ Meinert, Kendra (March 12, 2017). "'60 Yard Line' will make its world premiere in Madison". Oshkosh Northwestern. p. A4. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
^ Meinert, Kendra (October 26, 2017). "Packers movie '60 Yard Line' coming to DVD, iTunes". Manitowoc Herald-Times. p. B3. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
External links
The 60 Yard Line Official Website
The 60 Yard Line at AllMovie
The 60 Yard Line at IMDb
The 60 Yard Line at Rotten Tomatoes
vteGreen Bay Packers
Founded in 1919
Based and headquartered in Green Bay, Wisconsin
Franchise
Founders: Curly Lambeau & George Whitney Calhoun
Franchise overview
Green Bay Packers, Inc.
Presidents
General managers
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Records
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Players
A–D
E–K
L–R
S–Z
Pro Bowlers
Pro Football Hall of Famers
Records
Retired numbers (3
4
14
15
66
92)
Seasons
Stadiums
Starting quarterbacks
Stadiums
Hagemeister Park
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City Stadium
Borchert Field
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Training facilities
Clarke Hinkle Field
Don Hutson Center
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Culture
1940 NFL All-Star Game (January)
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Lore
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Rivalries
Chicago Bears
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Division championships (21)
1936
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Conference championships (9)
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League championships (13†)
1929
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1961
1962
1965
1966 (I)
1967 (II)
1996 (XXXI)
2010 (XLV)
Media
Radio: Packers Radio Network
WIXX (Green Bay)
WRNW (Milwaukee)
Television:
WGBA-TV
WTMJ-TV
Spectrum News 1 WI
Personnel:
Wayne Larrivee (play-by-play)
Larry McCarren (color/analysis)
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League (1921–present)
Conference: National Football Conference (1970–present)
Division: North Division (2002–present)
† does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships
|
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|
[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Olmedo
|
Alex Olmedo
|
["1 Biography","2 Grand Slam finals","2.1 Singles (2 titles, 1 runner-up)","2.2 Doubles (1 title, 1 runner-up)","2.3 Mixed doubles (1 runner-up)","3 Grand Slam tournament performance timeline","3.1 Singles","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Peruvian tennis player (1936–2020)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Olmedo and the second or maternal family name is Rodríguez.
Alex OlmedoAlex Olmedo in Noordwijk (the Netherlands), 1964Full nameAlejandro Olmedo RodríguezCountry (sports) Peru United StatesBorn(1936-03-24)March 24, 1936Arequipa, PeruDiedDecember 9, 2020(2020-12-09) (aged 84)Los Angeles, California, USHeight5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Turned pro1960Retired1977PlaysRight-handed (one-handed backhand)Int. Tennis HoF1987 (member page)SinglesCareer record477–420 (53.1%)Career titles21Highest rankingNo. 2 (1959, Lance Tingay)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian OpenW (1959)French Open1R (1969, 1972)WimbledonW (1959)US OpenF (1959)Professional majorsUS ProW (1960)Wembley ProSF (1960, 1963)French ProQF (1962, 1964)DoublesCareer record26–35Grand Slam doubles resultsUS OpenW (1958)Mixed doublesGrand Slam mixed doubles resultsUS OpenF (1958)Team competitionsDavis CupW (1958)
Alejandro "Alex" Olmedo Rodríguez (March 24, 1936 – December 9, 2020) was a tennis player from Peru with American citizenship. He was listed by the USTA as a "foreign" player for 1958, but as a U.S. player for 1959. He helped win the Davis Cup for the United States in 1958 and was the No. 2 ranked amateur in 1959. Olmedo won two Majors in 1959 (Australia and Wimbledon) and the U.S. Pro Championships in 1960, and was inducted into the Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.
Biography
Although born and raised in Peru, Olmedo moved to Southern California and was mentored by Perry T. Jones, president of the Southern California Tennis Association at the Los Angeles Tennis Club (LATC). George Toley recruited him to play for the University of Southern California (USC). Olmedo graduated with a business degree from USC. While there, he won the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Singles and Doubles Championships in 1956 and 1958. (In 1957, USC was excluded from NCAA competition due to a financial contribution violation involving the football program which also suspended the tennis team.)
Olmedo was ranked as the world No. 2 in 1959 by Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph.
Perry T. Jones was Davis Cup captain in 1958 and recruited Olmedo from Modesto Junior College to play on the team. He represented the U.S. in Davis Cup competition in 1958 and 1959, winning in both singles and doubles – achieving all three of the three points required to win the Cup in 1958 (two singles and one doubles). His teammates were Ham Richardson and Barry MacKay, when they won the Cup in 1958. Although he was not a U.S. citizen, he was technically eligible to represent the U.S. in Davis Cup because he had lived in the country for at least three years (since February 1954) and because Peru, his country of citizenship, did not have a Davis Cup team in those particular years. However, his participation was very controversial. Sports columnist Arthur Dailey at The New York Times wrote "This would seem to be the saddest day in the history of American tennis. A few more such rousing victories and the prestige of this country in tennis will sink to a new low." At the time, Olmedo, who held a student visa, refused to file for U.S. citizenship, said he was content to remain a Peruvian citizen, and denied he was refusing to apply for U.S. citizenship to avoid being drafted into the military. Still, many Americans "took a dim view of the largest nation in the competition stooping to borrow a little player from Peru to win the Cup". Olmedo eventually became a U.S. citizen many years later.
Olmedo won the Australian Championships and the Wimbledon singles titles in 1959 and was the runner-up at the 1959 U.S. Championships, losing to Neale Fraser, whom he defeated in the Australian Championships earlier that year. At 1959 Wimbledon, he defeated Rod Laver in 71 minutes 6–4, 6–3, 6–4. Olmedo turned professional in 1960, and that year, won the US Pro title by beating Tony Trabert in the final.
Olmedo was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987. He spent over 40 years teaching tennis at the Beverly Hills Hotel in California. His clients included Katharine Hepburn, Robert Duvall, and Jon Lovitz.
Olmedo's marriage to Ann Olmedo ended in divorce. He had a son Alejandro Jr., two daughters Amy and Angela, and four grand children. Olmedo died on December 9, 2020, at the age of 84 from cancer in Los Angeles.
Grand Slam finals
Singles (2 titles, 1 runner-up)
Result
Year
Championship
Surface
Opponent
Score
Winner
1959
Australian Championships
Grass
Neale Fraser
6–1, 6–2, 3–6, 6–3
Winner
1959
Wimbledon
Grass
Rod Laver
6–4, 6–3, 6–4
Loss
1959
U.S. Championships
Grass
Neale Fraser
3–6, 7–5, 2–6, 4–6
Doubles (1 title, 1 runner-up)
Result
Year
Championship
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Win
1958
U.S. Championships
Grass
Ham Richardson
Sam Giammalva Barry MacKay
3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–4
Loss
1959
U.S. Championships
Grass
Butch Buchholz
Roy Emerson Neale Fraser
6–3, 3–6, 7–5, 4–6, 5–7
Mixed doubles (1 runner-up)
Result
Year
Championship
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Loss
1958
U.S. Championships
Grass
Maria Bueno
Neale Fraser Margaret Osborne duPont
3–6, 6–3, 7–9
Grand Slam tournament performance timeline
Key
W
F
SF
QF
#R
RR
Q#
DNQ
A
NH
(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.
Singles
Tournament
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
SR
Australian Open
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
W
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
1 / 1
French Open
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
1R
A
A
1R
0 / 2
Wimbledon
A
A
A
A
A
A
1R
A
W
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
3R
1R
A
A
2R
1 / 5
US Open
1R
A
A
A
2R
4R
1R
QF
F
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
3R
A
2R
1R
2R
0 / 10
Strike rate
0 / 1
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 1
0 / 1
0 / 2
0 / 1
2 / 3
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 2
0 / 2
0 / 1
0 / 1
0 / 3
2 / 18
References
^ a b "Alex Olmedo: Career match record". thetennisbase.com. Tennismem SL.
^ a b United States Lawn Tennis Association (1972). Official Encyclopedia of Tennis (First Edition), p. 427.
^ "U.S. Top 10s - Men". usta.com.
^ "Hall of Famers – Perry Jones". International Tennis Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^ "Alex Olmedo, Tennis Champion". Sports illustrated. September 7, 1998. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
^ "Hail to the Chief". Time. January 12, 1959. Archived from the original on February 1, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
^ "While Critics Cry, He Wins", Lakeland Ledger, August 23, 1959, page 19.
^ a b c Goldstein, Richard (December 13, 2020). "Alex Olmedo, 84, Dies; Tennis Star Known for a Remarkable Year". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
^ "Alejandro Olmedo". International Tennis Hall of Fame. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
^ Joel Drucker (December 10, 2020). "Remembering Alex Olmedo, 1936–2020: star player, teacher to the stars". Tennis.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
^ James Buddell (December 10, 2020). "Alex Olmedo, 1936-2020". Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP).
^ Goldstein, Richard (December 13, 2020). "Alex Olmedo, 84, Dies; Tennis Star Known for a Remarkable Year". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
External links
Alex Olmedo at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
Alex Olmedo at the Association of Tennis Professionals
Alex Olmedo at the International Tennis Federation
Alex Olmedo at the Davis Cup
Alex Olmedo at Wimbledon
vte Men's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar yearFour wins
1938: Don Budge
1962: Rod Laver
1969: Rod Laver
Three wins
1933: Jack Crawford (AC&FC&WI)
1934: Fred Perry (AC&WI&US)
1955: Tony Trabert (FO&WI&US)
1956: Lew Hoad (AO&FO&WI)
1958: Ashley Cooper (AC&WI&US)
1964: Roy Emerson (AC&WI&US)
1974: Jimmy Connors (AO&WI&US)
1988: Mats Wilander (AO&FO&US)
2004: Roger Federer (AO&WI&US)
2006: Roger Federer (AO&WI&US)
2007: Roger Federer (AO&WI&US)
2010: Rafael Nadal (FO&WI&US)
2011: Novak Djokovic (AO&WI&US)
2015: Novak Djokovic (AO&WI&US)
2021: Novak Djokovic (AO&FO&WI)
2023: Novak Djokovic (AO&FO&US)
Two wins
1903: Laurence Doherty (WI&US)
1920: Bill Tilden (WI&US)
1921: Bill Tilden (WI&US)
1925: René Lacoste (FC&WI)
1927: René Lacoste (FC&US)
1928: Henri Cochet (FC&US)
1932: Ellsworth Vines (WI&US)
1935: Fred Perry (FC&WI)
1936: Fred Perry (WI&US)
1937: Don Budge (WI&US)
1939: Bobby Riggs (WI&US)
1947: Jack Kramer (WI&US)
1950: Budge Patty (FC&WI)
1951: Dick Savitt (AC&WI))
1952: Frank Sedgman (WI&US)
1953: Ken Rosewall (AC&FO)
1959: Alex Olmedo (AC&WI)
1960: Neale Fraser (WI&US)
1961: Roy Emerson (AC&US)
1963: Roy Emerson (AC&FC)
1965: Roy Emerson (AC&WI)
1967: Roy Emerson (AC&FC)
1967: John Newcombe (WI&US)
1973: John Newcombe (AO&US)
1977: Guillermo Vilas (FO&US)
1978: Björn Borg (FO&WI)
1979: Björn Borg (FO&WI)
1980: Björn Borg (FO&WI)
1981: John McEnroe (WI&US)
1982: Jimmy Connors (WI&US)
1984: John McEnroe (WI&US)
1986: Ivan Lendl (FO&US)
1987: Ivan Lendl (FO&US)
1989: Boris Becker (WI&US)
1992: Jim Courier (AO&FO)
1993: Pete Sampras (WI&US)
1994: Pete Sampras (AO&WI)
1995: Pete Sampras (WI&US)
1997: Pete Sampras (AO&WI)
1999: Andre Agassi (FO&US)
2005: Roger Federer (WI&US)
2008: Rafael Nadal (FO&WI)
2009: Roger Federer (FO&WI)
2013: Rafael Nadal (FO&US)
2016: Novak Djokovic (AO&FO)
2017: Roger Federer (AO&WI)
2017: Rafael Nadal (FO&US)
2018: Novak Djokovic (WI&US)
2019: Novak Djokovic (AO&WI)
2019: Rafael Nadal (FO&US)
2022: Rafael Nadal (AO&FO)
AC=Australasian/Australian Championships, AO=Australian Open, FC=French Championships, FO=French Open, WI=Wimbledon, US=U.S. National Championships/US Open
vteAustralian Open men's singles championsAmateur Era
1905: Rodney Heath
1906: Anthony Wilding
1907: Horace Rice
1908: Fred Alexander
1909: Anthony Wilding
1910: Rodney Heath
1911: Norman Brookes
1912: James Parke
1913: Ernie Parker
1914: Arthur O'Hara Wood
1915: Gordon Lowe
1919: Algernon Kingscote
1920: Pat O'Hara Wood
1921: Rice Gemmell
1922: James Anderson
1923: Pat O'Hara Wood
1924: James Anderson
1925: James Anderson
1926: John Hawkes
1927: Gerald Patterson
1928: Jean Borotra
1929: John Colin Gregory
1930: Edgar Moon
1931: Jack Crawford
1932: Jack Crawford
1933: Jack Crawford
1934: Fred Perry
1935: Jack Crawford
1936: Adrian Quist
1937: Vivian McGrath
1938: Don Budge
1939: John Bromwich
1940: Adrian Quist
1946: John Bromwich
1947: Dinny Pails
1948: Adrian Quist
1949: Frank Sedgman
1950: Frank Sedgman
1951: Dick Savitt
1952: Ken McGregor
1953: Ken Rosewall
1954: Mervyn Rose
1955: Ken Rosewall
1956: Lew Hoad
1957: Ashley Cooper
1958: Ashley Cooper
1959: Alex Olmedo
1960: Rod Laver
1961: Roy Emerson
1962: Rod Laver
1963: Roy Emerson
1964: Roy Emerson
1965: Roy Emerson
1966: Roy Emerson
1967: Roy Emerson
1968: William Bowrey
Open Era
1969: Rod Laver
1970: Arthur Ashe
1971: Ken Rosewall
1972: Ken Rosewall
1973: John Newcombe
1974: Jimmy Connors
1975: John Newcombe
1976: Mark Edmondson
1977 (Jan): Roscoe Tanner
1977 (Dec): Vitas Gerulaitis
1978: Guillermo Vilas
1979: Guillermo Vilas
1980: Brian Teacher
1981: Johan Kriek
1982: Johan Kriek
1983: Mats Wilander
1984: Mats Wilander
1985: Stefan Edberg
1987: Stefan Edberg
1988: Mats Wilander
1989: Ivan Lendl
1990: Ivan Lendl
1991: Boris Becker
1992: Jim Courier
1993: Jim Courier
1994: Pete Sampras
1995: Andre Agassi
1996: Boris Becker
1997: Pete Sampras
1998: Petr Korda
1999: Yevgeny Kafelnikov
2000: Andre Agassi
2001: Andre Agassi
2002: Thomas Johansson
2003: Andre Agassi
2004: Roger Federer
2005: Marat Safin
2006: Roger Federer
2007: Roger Federer
2008: Novak Djokovic
2009: Rafael Nadal
2010: Roger Federer
2011: Novak Djokovic
2012: Novak Djokovic
2013: Novak Djokovic
2014: Stanislas Wawrinka
2015: Novak Djokovic
2016: Novak Djokovic
2017: Roger Federer
2018: Roger Federer
2019: Novak Djokovic
2020: Novak Djokovic
2021: Novak Djokovic
2022: Rafael Nadal
2023: Novak Djokovic
2024: Jannik Sinner
vteWimbledon men's singles championsAmateur Era
1877: Spencer Gore
1878: Frank Hadow
1879: John Hartley
1880: John Hartley
1881: William Renshaw
1882: William Renshaw
1883: William Renshaw
1884: William Renshaw
1885: William Renshaw
1886: William Renshaw
1887: Herbert Lawford
1888: Ernest Renshaw
1889: William Renshaw
1890: Willoughby Hamilton
1891: Wilfred Baddeley
1892: Wilfred Baddeley
1893: Joshua Pim
1894: Joshua Pim
1895: Wilfred Baddeley
1896: Harold Mahony
1897: Reginald Doherty
1898: Reginald Doherty
1899: Reginald Doherty
1900: Reginald Doherty
1901: Arthur Gore
1902: Laurence Doherty
1903: Laurence Doherty
1904: Laurence Doherty
1905: Laurence Doherty
1906: Laurence Doherty
1907: Norman Brookes
1908: Arthur Gore
1909: Arthur Gore
1910: Anthony Wilding
1911: Anthony Wilding
1912: Anthony Wilding
1913: Anthony Wilding
1914: Norman Brookes
1919: Gerald Patterson
1920: Bill Tilden
1921: Bill Tilden
1922: Gerald Patterson
1923: Bill Johnston
1924: Jean Borotra
1925: René Lacoste
1926: Jean Borotra
1927: Henri Cochet
1928: René Lacoste
1929: Henri Cochet
1930: Bill Tilden
1931: Sidney Wood
1932: Ellsworth Vines
1933: Jack Crawford
1934: Fred Perry
1935: Fred Perry
1936: Fred Perry
1937: Don Budge
1938: Don Budge
1939: Bobby Riggs
1946: Yvon Petra
1947: Jack Kramer
1948: Bob Falkenburg
1949: Ted Schroeder
1950: Budge Patty
1951: Dick Savitt
1952: Frank Sedgman
1953: Vic Seixas
1954: Jaroslav Drobný
1955: Tony Trabert
1956: Lew Hoad
1957: Lew Hoad
1958: Ashley Cooper
1959: Alex Olmedo
1960: Neale Fraser
1961: Rod Laver
1962: Rod Laver
1963: Chuck McKinley
1964: Roy Emerson
1965: Roy Emerson
1966: Manuel Santana
1967: John Newcombe
Open Era
1968: Rod Laver
1969: Rod Laver
1970: John Newcombe
1971: John Newcombe
1972: Stan Smith
1973: Jan Kodeš
1974: Jimmy Connors
1975: Arthur Ashe
1976: Björn Borg
1977: Björn Borg
1978: Björn Borg
1979: Björn Borg
1980: Björn Borg
1981: John McEnroe
1982: Jimmy Connors
1983: John McEnroe
1984: John McEnroe
1985: Boris Becker
1986: Boris Becker
1987: Pat Cash
1988: Stefan Edberg
1989: Boris Becker
1990: Stefan Edberg
1991: Michael Stich
1992: Andre Agassi
1993: Pete Sampras
1994: Pete Sampras
1995: Pete Sampras
1996: Richard Krajicek
1997: Pete Sampras
1998: Pete Sampras
1999: Pete Sampras
2000: Pete Sampras
2001: Goran Ivanišević
2002: Lleyton Hewitt
2003: Roger Federer
2004: Roger Federer
2005: Roger Federer
2006: Roger Federer
2007: Roger Federer
2008: Rafael Nadal
2009: Roger Federer
2010: Rafael Nadal
2011: Novak Djokovic
2012: Roger Federer
2013: Andy Murray
2014: Novak Djokovic
2015: Novak Djokovic
2016: Andy Murray
2017: Roger Federer
2018: Novak Djokovic
2019: Novak Djokovic
2021: Novak Djokovic
2022: Novak Djokovic
2023: Carlos Alcaraz
vteUS Open men's doubles championsAmateur Era
1881: Clarence Clark / Frederick Winslow Taylor
1882: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1883: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1884: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1885: Richard Sears / Joseph Clark
1886: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1887: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1888: Oliver Campbell / Valentine Hall
1889: Henry Slocum / Howard Taylor
1890: Valentine Hall / Clarence Hobart
1891: Oliver Campbell / Bob Huntington
1892: Oliver Campbell / Bob Huntington
1893: Clarence Hobart / Fred Hovey
1894: Clarence Hobart / Fred Hovey
1895: Malcolm Chace / Robert Wrenn
1896: Carr Neel / Sam Neel
1897: Leo Ware / George Sheldon
1898: Leo Ware / George Sheldon
1899: Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis
1900: Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis
1901: Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis
1902: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1903: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1904: Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright
1905: Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright
1906: Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright
1907: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1908: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1909: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1910: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1911: Raymond Little / Gus Touchard
1912: Maurice McLoughlin / Tom Bundy
1913: Maurice McLoughlin / Tom Bundy
1914: Maurice McLoughlin / Tom Bundy
1915: Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston
1916: Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston
1917: Fred Alexander / Harold Throckmorton
1918: Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden
1919: Norman Brookes / Gerald Patterson
1920: Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston
1921: Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden
1922: Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden
1923: Brian Norton / Bill Tilden
1924: Howard Kinsey / Robert Kinsey
1925: Vincent Richards / R. Norris Williams
1926: Vincent Richards / R. Norris Williams
1927: Frank Hunter / Bill Tilden
1928: George Lott / John F. Hennessey
1929: George Lott / John Doeg
1930: George Lott / John Doeg
1931: Wilmer Allison / John Van Ryn
1932: Ellsworth Vines / Keith Gledhill
1933: George Lott / Lester Stoefen
1934: George Lott / Lester Stoefen
1935: Wilmer Allison / John Van Ryn
1936: Don Budge / Gene Mako
1937: Gottfried von Cramm / Henner Henkel
1938: Don Budge / Gene Mako
1939: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1940: Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder
1941: Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder
1942: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1943: Jack Kramer / Frank Parker
1944: Robert Falkenburg / Don McNeill
1945: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1946: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1947: Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder
1948: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1949: John Bromwich / Bill Sidwell
1950: John Bromwich / Frank Sedgman
1951: Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman
1952: Mervyn Rose / Vic Seixas
1953: Rex Hartwig / Mervyn Rose
1954: Vic Seixas / Tony Trabert
1955: Kosei Kamo / Atsushi Miyagi
1956: Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall
1957: Ashley Cooper / Neale Fraser
1958: Alex Olmedo / Ham Richardson
1959: Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser
1960: Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser
1961: Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston
1962: Rafael Osuna / Antonio Palafox
1963: Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston
1964: Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston
1965: Roy Emerson / Fred Stolle
1966: Roy Emerson / Fred Stolle
1967: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
Open Era
1968: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1969: Ken Rosewall / Fred Stolle
1970: Pierre Barthès / Nikola Pilić
1971: John Newcombe / Roger Taylor
1972: Cliff Drysdale / Roger Taylor
1973: Owen Davidson / John Newcombe
1974: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1975: Jimmy Connors / Ilie Năstase
1976: Tom Okker / Marty Riessen
1977: Bob Hewitt / Frew McMillan
1978: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1979: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1980: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1981: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1982: Kevin Curren / Steve Denton
1983: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1984: John Fitzgerald / Tomáš Šmíd
1985: Ken Flach / Robert Seguso
1986: Andrés Gómez / Slobodan Živojinović
1987: Stefan Edberg / Anders Järryd
1988: Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez
1989: John McEnroe / Mark Woodforde
1990: Pieter Aldrich / Danie Visser
1991: John Fitzgerald / Anders Järryd
1992: Jim Grabb / Richey Reneberg
1993: Ken Flach / Rick Leach
1994: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1995: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1996: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1997: Yevgeny Kafelnikov / Daniel Vacek
1998: Sandon Stolle / Cyril Suk
1999: Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien
2000: Lleyton Hewitt / Max Mirnyi
2001: Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett
2002: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi
2003: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge
2004: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2005: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2006: Martin Damm / Leander Paes
2007: Simon Aspelin / Julian Knowle
2008: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2009: Lukáš Dlouhý / Leander Paes
2010: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2011: Jürgen Melzer / Philipp Petzschner
2012: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2013: Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek
2014: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2015: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2016: Jamie Murray / Bruno Soares
2017: Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău
2018: Mike Bryan / Jack Sock
2019: Juan Sebastián Cabal / Robert Farah
2020: Mate Pavić / Bruno Soares
2021: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
2022: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
2023: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
vteMembers of the International Tennis Hall of FameMenMaster players
Manuel Alonso Areizaga
James Anderson
Mal Anderson
Bunny Austin
Wilfred Baddeley
Jean Borotra
John Bromwich
Norman Brookes
Jacques Brugnon
Clarence Clark
Henri Cochet
Ashley Cooper
Jim Courier
Jack Crawford
Owen Davidson
Sven Davidson
Jaroslav Drobný
Neale Fraser
Chuck Garland
Andrés Gimeno
Arthur Gore
Bryan Grant
Lew Hoad
Harry Hopman
Frederick Hovey
Karel Koželuh
René Lacoste
Herbert Lawford
Gene Mako
Ken McGregor
Robert Lindley Murray
Hans Nüsslein
Alex Olmedo
Manuel Orantes
Gerald Patterson
Theodore Pell
Fred Perry
Adrian Quist
Ernest Renshaw
William Renshaw
Mervyn Rose
Frank Sedgman
Pancho Segura
Gottfried von Cramm
Anthony Wilding
Players
Fred Alexander
Wilmer Allison
Karl Behr
Don Budge
Oliver Campbell
Malcolm Greene Chace
Joseph Clark
William Clothier
Dwight F. Davis
John Doeg
Laurence Doherty
Reginald Doherty
James Dwight
Bob Falkenburg
Pancho Gonzales
Harold Hackett
Joe Hunt
Francis Hunter
Bill Johnston
Jack Kramer
William Larned
Art Larsen
George Lott
Maurice McLoughlin
Frank Parker
Vincent Richards
Bobby Riggs
Ted Schroeder
Richard Sears
Frank Shields
Henry Slocum
Bill Talbert
Bill Tilden
John Van Ryn
Ellsworth Vines
Holcombe Ward
Watson Washburn
Malcolm Whitman
R. Norris Williams
Sidney Wood
Robert Wrenn
Beals Wright
Recent players
Andre Agassi
Arthur Ashe
Boris Becker
Björn Borg
Michael Chang
Jimmy Connors
Rick Draney
Stefan Edberg
Roy Emerson
David Hall
Lleyton Hewitt
Yevgeny Kafelnikov
Jan Kodeš
Gustavo Kuerten
Goran Ivanišević
Rod Laver
Ivan Lendl
John McEnroe
Chuck McKinley
Frew McMillan
Don McNeill
Gardnar Mulloy
Ilie Năstase
John Newcombe
Yannick Noah
Rafael Osuna
Budge Patty
Nicola Pietrangeli
Pat Rafter
Dennis Ralston
Tony Roche
Andy Roddick
Ken Rosewall
Marat Safin
Pete Sampras
Manuel Santana
Dick Savitt
Vic Seixas
Stan Smith
Randy Snow
Michael Stich
Fred Stolle
Tony Trabert
Guillermo Vilas
Mats Wilander
Todd Woodbridge
Mark Woodforde
Court tennis players
Pierre Etchebaster
Tom Pettitt
WomenMaster players
Daphne Akhurst
Blanche Bingley
Nancye Wynne Bolton
Lesley Turner Bowrey
Dorothy Cheney
Charlotte Cooper
Françoise Dürr
Marion Jones Farquhar
Kathleen McKane Godfree
Suzanne Lenglen
Thelma Coyne Long
Simonne Mathieu
Elisabeth Moore
Angela Mortimer
Betty Nuthall
Nancy Richey
Ellen Roosevelt
Dorothy Round
Elizabeth Ryan
Margaret Scriven
Eleonora Sears
Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling
Bertha Townsend
Marie Wagner
Players
Juliette Atkinson
Maud Barger-Wallach
Pauline Betz
Louise Brough
Mary Browne
Mabel Cahill
Maureen Connolly
Sarah Palfrey Cooke
Lottie Dod
Shirley Fry
Althea Gibson
Ellen Hansell
Darlene Hard
Doris Hart
Helen Jacobs
Ann Jones
Dorothea Lambert Chambers
Molla Mallory
Alice Marble
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
Helen Wills
Recent players
Tracy Austin
Maria Bueno
Jennifer Capriati
Rosemary Casals
Kim Clijsters
Margaret Court
Lindsay Davenport
Margaret Osborne duPont
Chris Evert
Gigi Fernández
Evonne Goolagong Cawley
Steffi Graf
Justine Henin
Martina Hingis
Monique Kalkman-Van Den Bosch
Billie Jean King
Li Na
Hana Mandlíková
Conchita Martínez
Amélie Mauresmo
Martina Navratilova
Jana Novotná
Mary Pierce
Gabriela Sabatini
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
Monica Seles
Pam Shriver
Helena Suková
May Sutton
Chantal Vandierendonck
Esther Vergeer
Virginia Wade
Natasha Zvereva
Contributors
Russ Adams
George Adee
Lawrence Baker
John Barrett
Nick Bollettieri
Vic Braden
Jane Brown Grimes
Butch Buchholz
Philippe Chatrier
Gianni Clerici
Bud Collins
Joseph Cullman
Allison Danzig
Mike Davies
Herman David
Donald Dell
Cliff Drysdale
Steve Flink
David Gray
Clarence Griffin
Gustaf V
Derek Hardwick
Gladys Heldman
William Hester
Lamar Hunt
Nancy Jeffett
Robert Walter Johnson
Perry T. Jones
Robert J. Kelleher
Peachy Kellmeyer
Al Laney
Alastair Martin
Dan Maskell
William McChesney Martin
Mark McCormack
Julian Myrick
Arthur Nielsen
Original 9
Mary Ewing Outerbridge
Brad Parks
Charlie Pasarell
Gene Scott
Lance Tingay
Ted Tinling
Ion Țiriac
Brian Tobin
Jimmy Van Alen
Dennis Van der Meer
Walter Clopton Wingfield
vteNCAA Division I men's singles champions
1946: Bob Falkenburg (USC)
1947: Gardner Larned (William & Mary)
1948: Harry Likas (San Francisco)
1949: Jack Tuero (Tulane)
1950: Herbert Flam (UCLA)
1951: Tony Trabert (Cincinnati)
1952: Hugh Stewart (USC)
1953: Ham Richardson (Tulane)
1954: Ham Richardson (Tulane)
1955: José Agüero (Tulane)
1956: Alex Olmedo (USC)
1957: Barry MacKay (Michigan)
1958: Alex Olmedo (USC)
1959: Whitney Reed (San José State)
1960: Larry Nagler (UCLA)
1961: Allen Fox (UCLA)
1962: Rafael Osuna (USC)
1963: Dennis Ralston (USC)
1964: Dennis Ralston (USC)
1965: Arthur Ashe (UCLA)
1966: Charlie Pasarell (UCLA)
1967: Bob Lutz (USC)
1968: Stan Smith (USC)
1969: Joaquín Loyo-Mayo (USC)
1970: Jeff Borowiak (UCLA)
1971: Jimmy Connors (UCLA)
1972: Dick Stockton (Trinity–TX)
1973: Alex Mayer (Stanford)
1974: John Whitlinger (Stanford)
1975: Billy Martin (UCLA)
1976: Bill Scanlon (Trinity–TX)
1977: Matt Mitchell (Stanford)
1978: John McEnroe (Stanford)
1979: Kevin Curren (Texas)
1980: Robert Van't Hof (USC)
1981: Tim Mayotte (Stanford)
1982: Mike Leach (Michigan)
1983: Greg Holmes (Utah)
1984: Mikael Pernfors (Georgia)
1985: Mikael Pernfors (Georgia)
1986: Dan Goldie (Stanford)
1987: Andrew Burrow (Miami-FL)
1988: Robbie Weiss (Pepperdine)
1989: Donni Leaycraft (LSU)
1990: Steve Bryan (Texas)
1991: Jared Palmer (Stanford)
1992: Alex O'Brien (Stanford)
1993: Chris Woodruff (Tennessee)
1994: Mark Merklein (Florida)
1995: Sargis Sargsian (Arizona State)
1996: Cecil Mamiit (USC)
1997: Luke Smith (UNLV)
1998: Bob Bryan (Stanford)
1999: Jeff Morrison (Florida)
2000: Alex Kim (Stanford)
2001: Matías Boeker (Georgia)
2002: Matías Boeker (Georgia)
2003: Amer Delić (Illinois)
2004: Benjamin Becker (Baylor)
2005: Benedikt Dorsch (Baylor)
2006: Benjamin Kohllöffel (UCLA)
2007: Somdev Devvarman (Virginia)
2008: Somdev Devvarman (Virginia)
2009: Devin Britton (Ole Miss)
2010: Bradley Klahn (Stanford)
2011: Steve Johnson (USC)
2012: Steve Johnson (USC)
2013: Blaž Rola (Ohio State)
2014: Marcos Giron (UCLA)
2015: Ryan Shane (Virginia)
2016: Mackenzie McDonald (UCLA)
2017: Thai-Son Kwiatkowski (Virginia)
2018: Petros Chrysochos (Wake Forest)
2019: Paul Jubb (South Carolina)
2021: Sam Riffice (Florida)
2022: Ben Shelton (Florida)
2023: Ethan Quinn (Georgia)
2024: Filip Planinsek (Alabama)
vteNCAA Division I men's doubles champions
1946: B. Falkenburg / T. Falkenburg (USC)
1947: S. Match / B. Curtis (Rice)
1948: F. Kovaleski / B. Bartzen (William & Mary)
1949: J. Brink / F. Fisher (Washington)
1950: H. Flam / G. Garrett (UCLA)
1951: E. Cochell / H. Stewart (USC)
1952: C. Mayne / H. Ditzler (California)
1953: R. Perry / L. Huebner (UCLA)
1954: R. Perry / R. Livingston (UCLA)
1955: F. Contreras / J. Reyes (USC)
1956: A. Olmedo / F. Contreras (USC)
1957: C. Henry / R. Holmberg (Tulane)
1958: A. Olmedo / E. Atkinson (USC)
1959: C. Henry / R. Holmberg (Tulane)
1960: L. Nagler / A. Fox (UCLA)
1961: R. Osuna / R Earnhart (USC)
1962: R. Osuna / R Earnhart (USC)
1963: R. Osuna / D. Ralston (USC)
1964: D. Ralston / W. Bond (USC)
1965: I. Crookenden / A. Ashe (UCLA)
1966: I. Crookenden / C. Pasarell (UCLA)
1967: S. Smith / B. Lutz (USC)
1968: S. Smith / B. Lutz (USC)
1969: J. Loyo-Mayo / M. Lara (USC)
1970: P. Cramer / L. García (Miami–FL)
1971: H. Rahim / J. Borowiak (UCLA)
1972: A. Mayer / R. Tanner (Stanford)
1973: A. Mayer / J. Delaney (Stanford)
1974: J. Whitlinger / J. Delaney (Stanford)
1975: B. Walts / B. Manson (USC)
1976: P. Fleming / F. Taygan (UCLA)
1977: B. Manson / C. Lewis (USC)
1978: J. Austin / B. Nichols (UCLA)
1979: E. Iskersky / B. McKown (Trinity–TX)
1980: M. Purcell / R. Harmon (Tennessee)
1981: D. Pate / K. Richter (TCU)
1982: P. Doohan / P. Serret (Arkansas)
1983: A. Miller / O. Malmqvist (Georgia)
1984: K. Jones / J. Jones (Pepperdine)
1985: K. Jones / C. di Laura (Pepperdine)
1986: R. Leach / T. Pawsat (USC)
1987: R. Leach / S. Melville (USC)
1988: P. Galbraith / B. Garrow (UCLA)
1989: E. Amend / B. Black (USC)
1990: D. Eisenman / M. Lucena (California)
1991: M. Lucena / B-O Pedersen (California)
1992: C. Cocotos / A. O'Brien (Stanford)
1993: D. Blair / M. Merklein (Florida)
1994: L. Miquelard / J. Simmons (MSU)
1995: M. Bhupathi / A. Hamadeh (Ole Miss)
1996: J. Gimelstob / S. Muškatirović (UCLA)
1997: L. Smith / T. Blenkiron (UNLV)
1998: B. Bryan / M. Bryan (Stanford)
1999: K Hippensteel / R. Wolters (Stanford)
2000: C. Franklin / G. Oliver (Illinois)
2001: M. Boeker / T. Parrott (Georgia)
2002: A. Colombo / M. Kovacs (Auburn)
2003: R. Ram / B. Wilson (Illinois)
2004: S. Warburg / K. Corkery (Stanford)
2005: J. Isner / A. Ruiz (Georgia)
2006: K. Anderson / R. Rowe (Illinois)
2007: M. Born / A. Siljeström (MTSU)
2008: R. Farah / K. Van't Hof (USC)
2009: D. Inglot / M. Shabaz (Virginia)
2010: D. Courtney / M. Shabaz (Virginia)
2011: J. Dadamo / A. Krajicek (Texas A&M)
2012: C. Buchanan / B. Rola (Ohio State)
2013: J. Jenkins / M. Styslinger (Virginia)
2014: M. Lībietis / H. Reese (Tennessee)
2015: S. Hess-Olesen / L. Glasspool (Texas)
2016: M. McDonald / M. Redlicki (UCLA)
2017: A. Harris / S. Papa (Oklahoma)
2018: M. Redlicki / E. Zhu (UCLA)
2019: M. Cressy / K. Smith (UCLA)
2021: P. Harper / A. Walton (Tennessee)
2022: R. Ciamarra / C. Harper (Texas)
2023: A. Lutschaunig / J. Trotter (Ohio State)
2024: R. Cash / JJ Tracy (Ohio State)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"},{"link_name":"Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Pro Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Pro_Championships"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Olmedo and the second or maternal family name is Rodríguez.Alejandro \"Alex\" Olmedo Rodríguez (March 24, 1936 – December 9, 2020) was a tennis player from Peru with American citizenship. He was listed by the USTA as a \"foreign\" player for 1958, but as a U.S. player for 1959.[3] He helped win the Davis Cup for the United States in 1958 and was the No. 2 ranked amateur in 1959. Olmedo won two Majors in 1959 (Australia and Wimbledon) and the U.S. Pro Championships in 1960, and was inducted into the Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.","title":"Alex Olmedo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Perry T. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_T._Jones"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Tennis Club (LATC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Tennis_Club"},{"link_name":"George Toley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Toley"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California (USC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USLTAEncyclopedia-2"},{"link_name":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ham Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Barry MacKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_MacKay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ledger-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-8"},{"link_name":"Australian Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Neale Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neale_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Rod Laver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Laver"},{"link_name":"US Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Pro_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tony Trabert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Trabert"},{"link_name":"International Tennis Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hof-9"},{"link_name":"the Beverly Hills Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beverly_Hills_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Katharine Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn"},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall"},{"link_name":"Jon Lovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Lovitz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-8"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Although born and raised in Peru, Olmedo moved to Southern California and was mentored by Perry T. Jones, president of the Southern California Tennis Association[4] at the Los Angeles Tennis Club (LATC). George Toley recruited him to play for the University of Southern California (USC). Olmedo graduated with a business degree from USC. While there, he won the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Singles and Doubles Championships in 1956 and 1958.[5] (In 1957, USC was excluded from NCAA competition due to a financial contribution violation involving the football program which also suspended the tennis team.)Olmedo was ranked as the world No. 2 in 1959 by Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph.[2]Perry T. Jones was Davis Cup captain in 1958 and recruited Olmedo from Modesto Junior College to play on the team. He represented the U.S. in Davis Cup competition in 1958 and 1959, winning in both singles and doubles – achieving all three of the three points required to win the Cup in 1958 (two singles and one doubles). His teammates were Ham Richardson and Barry MacKay, when they won the Cup in 1958.[6] Although he was not a U.S. citizen, he was technically eligible to represent the U.S. in Davis Cup because he had lived in the country for at least three years (since February 1954) and because Peru, his country of citizenship, did not have a Davis Cup team in those particular years. However, his participation was very controversial. Sports columnist Arthur Dailey at The New York Times wrote \"This would seem to be the saddest day in the history of American tennis. A few more such rousing victories and the prestige of this country in tennis will sink to a new low.\" At the time, Olmedo, who held a student visa, refused to file for U.S. citizenship, said he was content to remain a Peruvian citizen, and denied he was refusing to apply for U.S. citizenship to avoid being drafted into the military. Still, many Americans \"took a dim view of the largest nation in the competition stooping to borrow a little player from Peru to win the Cup\".[7] Olmedo eventually became a U.S. citizen many years later.[8]Olmedo won the Australian Championships and the Wimbledon singles titles in 1959 and was the runner-up at the 1959 U.S. Championships, losing to Neale Fraser, whom he defeated in the Australian Championships earlier that year. At 1959 Wimbledon, he defeated Rod Laver in 71 minutes 6–4, 6–3, 6–4. Olmedo turned professional in 1960, and that year, won the US Pro title by beating Tony Trabert in the final.Olmedo was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.[9] He spent over 40 years teaching tennis at the Beverly Hills Hotel in California. His clients included Katharine Hepburn, Robert Duvall, and Jon Lovitz.[8]Olmedo's marriage to Ann Olmedo ended in divorce. He had a son Alejandro Jr., two daughters Amy and Angela, and four grand children.[8] Olmedo died on December 9, 2020, at the age of 84 from cancer in Los Angeles.[10][11][12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grand Slam finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles (2 titles, 1 runner-up)","title":"Grand Slam finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles (1 title, 1 runner-up)","title":"Grand Slam finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed doubles (1 runner-up)","title":"Grand Slam finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.","title":"Grand Slam tournament performance timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Grand Slam tournament performance timeline"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Alex Olmedo: Career match record\". thetennisbase.com. Tennismem SL.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.thetennisbase.com/?enlace=playern&player_input_enc=OLMEDO%2C+ALEX&player_input=OLMEDO%2C+ALEX&sub=2#aSubmenu","url_text":"\"Alex Olmedo: Career match record\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Top 10s - Men\". usta.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usta.com/en/home/about-usta/usta-history/national/u-s--top-10s---men.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Top 10s - Men\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Famers – Perry Jones\". International Tennis Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120721031450/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/perry-jones","url_text":"\"Hall of Famers – Perry Jones\""},{"url":"http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/perry-jones","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Olmedo, Tennis Champion\". Sports illustrated. September 7, 1998. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130102055405/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1013916/index.htm","url_text":"\"Alex Olmedo, Tennis Champion\""},{"url":"http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1013916/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hail to the Chief\". Time. January 12, 1959. Archived from the original on February 1, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110201082915/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,937085,00.html","url_text":"\"Hail to the Chief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,937085,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Richard (December 13, 2020). \"Alex Olmedo, 84, Dies; Tennis Star Known for a Remarkable Year\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/13/sports/tennis/alex-olmedo-dead.html","url_text":"\"Alex Olmedo, 84, Dies; Tennis Star Known for a Remarkable Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alejandro Olmedo\". International Tennis Hall of Fame. Retrieved November 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/inductees/alex-olmedo","url_text":"\"Alejandro Olmedo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"International Tennis Hall of Fame"}]},{"reference":"Joel Drucker (December 10, 2020). \"Remembering Alex Olmedo, 1936–2020: star player, teacher to the stars\". Tennis.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201210155129/https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2020/12/remembering-alex-olmedo-1936-2020-star-player-teacher-stars/92102/","url_text":"\"Remembering Alex Olmedo, 1936–2020: star player, teacher to the stars\""},{"url":"https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2020/12/remembering-alex-olmedo-1936-2020-star-player-teacher-stars/92102/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James Buddell (December 10, 2020). \"Alex Olmedo, 1936-2020\". Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atptour.com/en/news/alex-olmedo-december-2020-obituary","url_text":"\"Alex Olmedo, 1936-2020\""}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Richard (December 13, 2020). \"Alex Olmedo, 84, Dies; Tennis Star Known for a Remarkable Year\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/13/sports/tennis/alex-olmedo-dead.html","url_text":"\"Alex Olmedo, 84, Dies; Tennis Star Known for a Remarkable Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1717_in_literature
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1717 in literature
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["1 Events","2 New books","2.1 Prose","2.2 Drama","2.3 Poetry","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]
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Overview of the events of 1717 in literature
List of years in literature
(table)
… 1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727 …
In poetry
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
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1720
Art
Archaeology
Architecture
Literature
Music
Philosophy
Science
+...
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1717.
Events
January – Three Hours After Marriage, a stage play by Alexander Pope, John Gay and John Arbuthnot, mocks the poet and critic John Dennis as "Sir Tremendous Longinus the Critic", Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea as "Clinkett the Poetess" and Colley Cibber as "Plotwell". The play encounters massive criticism and has a short run, which mortifies Pope. In February, Dennis publishes his critical Remarks upon Mr. Pope's Translation of Homer to which in May Thomas Parnell retorts with Homer's Battle of the Frogs and Mice. With the Remarks of Zolius. To which is prefixed, the Life of the said Zolius, after which Dennis and Pope are reconciled for a decade.
March 2 – Ballet master John Weaver revives the pantomime genre at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in London with The Loves of Mars and Venus – a new Entertainment in Dancing after the manner of the Antient Pantomimes and Perseus and Andromeda.
March 27 – Actress Adrienne Lecouvreur is invited to join the Comédie-Française in Paris, performing first in the title rôle of Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon's Electre.
April 22 – At Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre in London, the actor-manager John Rich introduces the character of Harlequin into pantomimes.
May 16 – Voltaire is sentenced to eleven months in the Bastille and banished from Paris for criticizing the Duc D'Orléans. While in prison he writes his first play, Oedipe ("Oedipus").
unknown dates
The last two volumes of Antoine Galland's Les mille et une nuits are published posthumously in Lyon of the first translation of One Thousand and One Nights into a European language, including the first translation of the story of Ali Baba.
The Irish poet Hugh MacCurtin (Aodh Buidhe Mac Cuirtin)'s A brief discourse in vindication of the antiquity of Ireland, out of many authentick Irish histories and chronicles (based on Geoffrey Keating's History of Ireland) is published in Dublin. The author is imprisoned in the city about this time.
New books
Prose
Joseph Addison, John Dryden, Laurence Eusden, Sir Samuel Garth, John Gay, Alexander Pope, Nicholas Rowe and others – Ovid's Metamorphoses
Laurent d'Arvieux – Voyage dans la Palestine
Elias Ashmole – Memoirs
John Durant Breval – The Art of Dress
Susanna Centlivre – An Epistle to the King of Sweden
Anthony Collins – A Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Human Liberty
John Dennis – Remarks upon Mr. Pope's Translation of Homer
Benjamin Hoadly – The Nature of the Kingdom, or Church of Christ (part of the Bangorian Controversy)
Jane Holt – A Fairy Tale
William Law – The Bishop Bangor's Late Sermon (answer to Hoadly)
Matthew Prior – The Dove
John Quincy – Lexicon Physico-medicum
Richard Savage – The Convocation; or, A Battle of Pamphlets (satire on the Bangorian Controversy)
Thomas Tickell – An Epistle from a Lady in England
John Toland – The State-Anatomy of Great Britain
Joseph Trapp – The Real Nature of the Church or Kingdom of Christ (part of the Bangorian Controversy)
Drama
John Durant Breval (as Mr. Gay) – The Confederates (attack on John Gay, Alexander Pope, and the other members of the Scriblerus Club)
Susanna Centlivre – The Cruel Gift
Colley Cibber – The Non-Juror
Charles Johnson – The Sultaness
Delarivière Manley – Lucius, the First Christian King of Britain
Alexander Pope, John Gay and John Arbuthnot – Three Hours After Marriage
William Taverner
The Artful Husband
The Artful Wife
Pedro Calderón de la Barca – Autos sacramentales, alegóricos e historiales del insigne poeta español
Poetry
Main article: 1717 in poetry
Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon – Poems by the Earl of Roscomon
Elijah Fenton – Poems on Several Occasions
Thomas Parnell – Homer's Battle of the Frogs and Mice
Alexander Pope
The Iliad of Homer vol. iii
The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope (with new material)
Thomas Traherne – Hexameron (on creationism)
Leonard Welsted – Palaemon to Caelia, at Bath
Ned Ward
British Wonders
A Collection of Historical and State Poems
Eugenio Gerardo Lobo – Selva de las musas
Births
c. February 11 – William Williams Pantycelyn, Welsh religious writer and hymnist (died 1791)
February 14 – Richard Owen Cambridge, English poet (died 1802)
February 19 – David Garrick, English actor and playwright (died 1779)
September 24 – Horace Walpole, English man of letters (died 1797)
November 16 – Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician and encyclopedist (died 1783)
November 25 (November 14 OS) – Alexander Sumarokov, Russian dramatist (died 1777)
December 9 – Johann Joachim Winckelmann, German art historian (died 1768)
December 16 – Elizabeth Carter, English poet, writer and translator (died 1806)
Deaths
January 6 – Lambert Bos, Dutch scholar and critic (born 1670)
March 3 – Pierre Allix, French religious writer (born 1641)
June 9 – Jeanne Guyon, French writer and mystic (born 1648)
September – Casimir Oudin, French monk and bibliographer (born 1638)
Unknown dates
William Diaper, English poet (born 1685)
Ahmed ibn Nasir, Moroccan Sufi writer and teacher (born 1647)
References
^ a b Paul, Harry Gilbert (1911). John Dennis: His Life and Criticism. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 91. Retrieved 2010-02-11. Grounds of Criticism
^ a b Cox, Michael, ed. (2004). The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860634-6.
^ Philip H. Highfill; Kalman A. Burnim; Edward A. Langhans (1973). A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800: Tibbett to M. West. SIU Press. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-8093-1802-5.
^ Dircks, Phyllis T. (2004). "Rich, John (1692–1761)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23486. Retrieved 2014-12-10. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
^ This Day in History.
^ Moody, T. W.; et al., eds. (1989). A New History of Ireland. 8: A Chronology of Irish History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821744-2.
^ Nicoll (25 June 2009). History of English Drama, 1660-1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-10929-1.
^ a b Nicoll (25 June 2009). History of English Drama, 1660-1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-521-10929-1.
^ "Elizabeth Carter - British Author". Britannica.com. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
^ Thompson Cooper (1874). A New Biographical Dictionary: Containing Concise Notices of Eminent Persons of All Ages and Countries. Macmillan. p. 259.
^ Jean Noël Paquot (1970). Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire littéraire des dix-sept provinces des Pays-Bas: de la principauté de Liège, et de quelques contrées voisines (in French). Gregg International. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-576-72862-1.
^ William Diaper (1952). The Complete Works of William Diaper. Harvard University Press. p. 210.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Overview of the events of 1717 in literatureThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1717.","title":"1717 in literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Hours After Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Hours_After_Marriage"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"link_name":"John Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gay"},{"link_name":"John Arbuthnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arbuthnot"},{"link_name":"John Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dennis_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Finch,_Countess_of_Winchilsea"},{"link_name":"Colley Cibber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley_Cibber"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-1"},{"link_name":"Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dennis_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Thomas Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Parnell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-1"},{"link_name":"March 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2"},{"link_name":"Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"John Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Weaver_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"pantomime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal, Drury Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"March 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_27"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Lecouvreur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Lecouvreur"},{"link_name":"Comédie-Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Jolyot_de_Cr%C3%A9billon"},{"link_name":"April 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_22"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields_Theatre"},{"link_name":"John Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rich_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Harlequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequinade#Harlequin"},{"link_name":"pantomimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"May 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_16"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"Bastille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Duc D'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oedipus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_(Voltaire_play)"},{"link_name":"Antoine Galland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Galland"},{"link_name":"Les mille et une nuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_mille_et_une_nuits"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"One Thousand and One Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights"},{"link_name":"Ali Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Baba"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"January – Three Hours After Marriage, a stage play by Alexander Pope, John Gay and John Arbuthnot, mocks the poet and critic John Dennis as \"Sir Tremendous Longinus the Critic\", Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea as \"Clinkett the Poetess\" and Colley Cibber as \"Plotwell\". The play encounters massive criticism and has a short run, which mortifies Pope.[1] In February, Dennis publishes his critical Remarks upon Mr. Pope's Translation of Homer[2] to which in May Thomas Parnell retorts with Homer's Battle of the Frogs and Mice. With the Remarks of Zolius. To which is prefixed, the Life of the said Zolius, after which Dennis and Pope are reconciled for a decade.[1]\nMarch 2 – Ballet master John Weaver revives the pantomime genre at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in London with The Loves of Mars and Venus – a new Entertainment in Dancing after the manner of the Antient Pantomimes and Perseus and Andromeda.[3]\nMarch 27 – Actress Adrienne Lecouvreur is invited to join the Comédie-Française in Paris, performing first in the title rôle of Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon's Electre.\nApril 22 – At Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre in London, the actor-manager John Rich introduces the character of Harlequin into pantomimes.[4]\nMay 16 – Voltaire is sentenced to eleven months in the Bastille and banished from Paris for criticizing the Duc D'Orléans.[5] While in prison he writes his first play, Oedipe (\"Oedipus\").\nunknown dates\nThe last two volumes of Antoine Galland's Les mille et une nuits are published posthumously in Lyon of the first translation of One Thousand and One Nights into a European language, including the first translation of the story of Ali Baba.\nThe Irish poet Hugh MacCurtin (Aodh Buidhe Mac Cuirtin)'s A brief discourse in vindication of the antiquity of Ireland, out of many authentick Irish histories and chronicles (based on Geoffrey Keating's History of Ireland) is published in Dublin.[6] The author is imprisoned in the city about this time.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Addison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Addison"},{"link_name":"John Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dryden"},{"link_name":"Laurence Eusden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Eusden"},{"link_name":"Samuel Garth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Garth"},{"link_name":"John Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gay"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"Metamorphoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocel-2"},{"link_name":"Laurent d'Arvieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_d%27Arvieux"},{"link_name":"Elias Ashmole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Ashmole"},{"link_name":"John Durant Breval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Durant_Breval"},{"link_name":"Susanna Centlivre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Centlivre"},{"link_name":"Anthony Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"John Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dennis_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Hoadly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Hoadly"},{"link_name":"Bangorian Controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangorian_Controversy"},{"link_name":"Jane Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Holt"},{"link_name":"William Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Law"},{"link_name":"Matthew Prior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Prior"},{"link_name":"John Quincy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_(medical_writer)"},{"link_name":"Richard Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Savage_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Tickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Tickell"},{"link_name":"John Toland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toland"},{"link_name":"Joseph Trapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Trapp"}],"sub_title":"Prose","text":"Joseph Addison, John Dryden, Laurence Eusden, Sir Samuel Garth, John Gay, Alexander Pope, Nicholas Rowe and others – Ovid's Metamorphoses[2]\nLaurent d'Arvieux – Voyage dans la Palestine\nElias Ashmole – Memoirs\nJohn Durant Breval – The Art of Dress\nSusanna Centlivre – An Epistle to the King of Sweden\nAnthony Collins – A Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Human Liberty\nJohn Dennis – Remarks upon Mr. Pope's Translation of Homer\nBenjamin Hoadly – The Nature of the Kingdom, or Church of Christ (part of the Bangorian Controversy)\nJane Holt – A Fairy Tale\nWilliam Law – The Bishop Bangor's Late Sermon (answer to Hoadly)\nMatthew Prior – The Dove\nJohn Quincy – Lexicon Physico-medicum\nRichard Savage – The Convocation; or, A Battle of Pamphlets (satire on the Bangorian Controversy)\nThomas Tickell – An Epistle from a Lady in England\nJohn Toland – The State-Anatomy of Great Britain\nJoseph Trapp – The Real Nature of the Church or Kingdom of Christ (part of the Bangorian Controversy)","title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Durant Breval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Durant_Breval"},{"link_name":"John Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gay"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"link_name":"Scriblerus Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriblerus_Club"},{"link_name":"Susanna Centlivre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Centlivre"},{"link_name":"The Cruel Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cruel_Gift"},{"link_name":"Colley Cibber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley_Cibber"},{"link_name":"The Non-Juror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Non-Juror"},{"link_name":"Charles Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Sultaness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sultaness"},{"link_name":"Delarivière Manley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delarivi%C3%A8re_Manley"},{"link_name":"Lucius, the First Christian King of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius,_the_First_Christian_King_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"link_name":"John Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gay"},{"link_name":"John Arbuthnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arbuthnot"},{"link_name":"Three Hours After Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Hours_After_Marriage"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"William Taverner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Taverner_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"The Artful Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artful_Husband"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicoll2009-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicoll2009-8"},{"link_name":"Pedro Calderón de la Barca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca"}],"sub_title":"Drama","text":"John Durant Breval (as Mr. Gay) – The Confederates (attack on John Gay, Alexander Pope, and the other members of the Scriblerus Club)\nSusanna Centlivre – The Cruel Gift\nColley Cibber – The Non-Juror\nCharles Johnson – The Sultaness\nDelarivière Manley – Lucius, the First Christian King of Britain\nAlexander Pope, John Gay and John Arbuthnot – Three Hours After Marriage[7]\nWilliam Taverner\nThe Artful Husband[8]\nThe Artful Wife[8]\nPedro Calderón de la Barca – Autos sacramentales, alegóricos e historiales del insigne poeta español","title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Dillon,_4th_Earl_of_Roscommon"},{"link_name":"Elijah Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Fenton"},{"link_name":"Thomas Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Parnell"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Thomas Traherne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Traherne"},{"link_name":"creationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism"},{"link_name":"Leonard Welsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Welsted"},{"link_name":"Ned Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Ward"},{"link_name":"Eugenio Gerardo Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Gerardo_Lobo"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon – Poems by the Earl of Roscomon [sic]\nElijah Fenton – Poems on Several Occasions\nThomas Parnell – Homer's Battle of the Frogs and Mice\nAlexander Pope\nThe Iliad of Homer vol. iii\nThe Works of Mr. Alexander Pope (with new material)\nThomas Traherne – Hexameron (on creationism)\nLeonard Welsted – Palaemon to Caelia, at Bath\nNed Ward\nBritish Wonders\nA Collection of Historical and State Poems\nEugenio Gerardo Lobo – Selva de las musas","title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Williams Pantycelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn"},{"link_name":"1791","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1791_in_literature"},{"link_name":"February 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_14"},{"link_name":"Richard Owen Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Owen_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"1802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1802_in_literature"},{"link_name":"February 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_19"},{"link_name":"David Garrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrick"},{"link_name":"1779","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1779_in_literature"},{"link_name":"September 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_24"},{"link_name":"Horace Walpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole"},{"link_name":"1797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1797_in_literature"},{"link_name":"November 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_16"},{"link_name":"Jean le Rond d'Alembert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert"},{"link_name":"1783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1783_in_literature"},{"link_name":"November 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_25"},{"link_name":"OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Alexander Sumarokov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Sumarokov"},{"link_name":"1777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1777_in_literature"},{"link_name":"December 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_9"},{"link_name":"Johann Joachim Winckelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann"},{"link_name":"1768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1768_in_literature"},{"link_name":"December 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_16"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Carter"},{"link_name":"1806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1806_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"c. February 11 – William Williams Pantycelyn, Welsh religious writer and hymnist (died 1791)\nFebruary 14 – Richard Owen Cambridge, English poet (died 1802)\nFebruary 19 – David Garrick, English actor and playwright (died 1779)\nSeptember 24 – Horace Walpole, English man of letters (died 1797)\nNovember 16 – Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician and encyclopedist (died 1783)\nNovember 25 (November 14 OS) – Alexander Sumarokov, Russian dramatist (died 1777)\nDecember 9 – Johann Joachim Winckelmann, German art historian (died 1768)\nDecember 16 – Elizabeth Carter, English poet, writer and translator (died 1806)[9]","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6"},{"link_name":"Lambert Bos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Bos"},{"link_name":"1670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1670_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"March 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_3"},{"link_name":"Pierre Allix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Allix"},{"link_name":"1641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1641_in_literature"},{"link_name":"June 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_9"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Guyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Guyon"},{"link_name":"1648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1648_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Casimir Oudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Oudin"},{"link_name":"1638","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1638_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"William Diaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Diaper"},{"link_name":"1685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1685_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ahmed ibn Nasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_ibn_Nasir"},{"link_name":"1647","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1647_in_literature"}],"text":"January 6 – Lambert Bos, Dutch scholar and critic (born 1670)[10]\nMarch 3 – Pierre Allix, French religious writer (born 1641)\nJune 9 – Jeanne Guyon, French writer and mystic (born 1648)\nSeptember – Casimir Oudin, French monk and bibliographer (born 1638)[11]\nUnknown dates\nWilliam Diaper, English poet (born 1685)[12]\nAhmed ibn Nasir, Moroccan Sufi writer and teacher (born 1647)","title":"Deaths"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Paul, Harry Gilbert (1911). John Dennis: His Life and Criticism. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 91. Retrieved 2010-02-11. Grounds of Criticism","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/johndennishisli02paulgoog","url_text":"John Dennis: His Life and Criticism"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/johndennishisli02paulgoog/page/n105","url_text":"91"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Michael, ed. (2004). The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860634-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conciseoxfordchr00coxm","url_text":"The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860634-6","url_text":"0-19-860634-6"}]},{"reference":"Philip H. Highfill; Kalman A. Burnim; Edward A. Langhans (1973). A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800: Tibbett to M. West. SIU Press. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-8093-1802-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC&pg=PA307","url_text":"A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800: Tibbett to M. West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1802-5","url_text":"978-0-8093-1802-5"}]},{"reference":"Dircks, Phyllis T. (2004). \"Rich, John (1692–1761)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23486. Retrieved 2014-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/23486","url_text":"\"Rich, John (1692–1761)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23486","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/23486"}]},{"reference":"Moody, T. W.; et al., eds. (1989). A New History of Ireland. 8: A Chronology of Irish History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821744-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821744-2","url_text":"978-0-19-821744-2"}]},{"reference":"Nicoll (25 June 2009). History of English Drama, 1660-1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-10929-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q68IDbyFx8EC&pg=PA358","url_text":"History of English Drama, 1660-1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10929-1","url_text":"978-0-521-10929-1"}]},{"reference":"Nicoll (25 June 2009). History of English Drama, 1660-1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-521-10929-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q68IDbyFx8EC&pg=PA358","url_text":"History of English Drama, 1660-1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10929-1","url_text":"978-0-521-10929-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Carter - British Author\". Britannica.com. Retrieved 3 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Carter","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Carter - British Author\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson Cooper (1874). A New Biographical Dictionary: Containing Concise Notices of Eminent Persons of All Ages and Countries. Macmillan. p. 259.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=phhGJXvlcUkC&pg=PA259","url_text":"A New Biographical Dictionary: Containing Concise Notices of Eminent Persons of All Ages and Countries"}]},{"reference":"Jean Noël Paquot (1970). Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire littéraire des dix-sept provinces des Pays-Bas: de la principauté de Liège, et de quelques contrées voisines (in French). Gregg International. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-576-72862-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TDMXAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire littéraire des dix-sept provinces des Pays-Bas: de la principauté de Liège, et de quelques contrées voisines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-576-72862-1","url_text":"978-0-576-72862-1"}]},{"reference":"William Diaper (1952). The Complete Works of William Diaper. Harvard University Press. p. 210.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3R0OAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Complete Works of William Diaper"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_2012_Olympic_bid
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London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics
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["1 Sporting venues","1.1 Olympic Zone","1.2 River Zone","1.3 Central Zone","1.4 Outside Greater London","1.5 Olympic Village","1.6 Transport and infrastructure","1.7 Budget","1.8 Ticketing","1.9 Political commitment","1.10 Other details","2 Planned legacy of the Games","2.1 Sports venues","2.2 Social and economic benefits","2.3 Transport","3 Opinions of the bid","3.1 Support","3.2 Criticism","4 IOC evaluation report","5 See also","6 References","7 External links","7.1 Publications and information","7.2 News"]
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Coordinates: 51°32′46″N 0°00′46″W / 51.54615°N 0.01269°W / 51.54615; -0.01269Successful bid to host the Olympic Games
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2012)
For further developments, see 2012 Summer Olympic development and Legacy of the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Bids for the 2012 (2012) Summer Olympics and ParalympicsOverviewGames of the XXX Olympiad XIV Paralympic GamesWinner: London Runner-up: Paris Shortlist: Madrid · Moscow · New York CityDetailsCityLondon, United KingdomNOCBritish Olympic Association (BOA)EvaluationIOC score7.6Previous Games hosted1908 Summer Olympics1948 Summer OlympicsDecisionResultDefeated Paris in Round 4, 54–50
Part of a series on2012 Summer Olympics
Bid process (bid details, legacy)
Development (venues, torch relay, security)
Marketing (mascots)
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Event calendar
Chronological summary
Medal table (medallists)
World and Olympic records
Concerns and controversies (minute of silence)
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics (medal table)
IOC
BOA
LOCOG
vte
Part of a series on2012 Summer Paralympics
Bid process (bid details)
Development (venues, torch relay)
Mascots
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Event calendar
Chronological summary
Medal table
Closing ceremony
Controversies
Olympics (medal table)
IPC
BPA
LOCOG
vte
London 2012 was the successful bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics, held in London with most events taking place in Stratford in the borough of Newham. The British Olympic Association had been working on the bid since 1997, and presented its report to government ministers in December 2000.
Following three consecutive unsuccessful UK bids to host summer Olympic Games (Birmingham for 1992 and Manchester for 1996 and 2000), the decision was made to bid with London, given the clear indication that it was the only UK city that had a chance of being selected by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) when put up against other world cities in a competitive bidding process. On 6 July 2005 at its 117th Session in Singapore, the IOC awarded London the right to host the Games of the XXX Olympiad. The city beat the favourite Paris 54 to 50 on the fourth and final ballot. London is the first city to host the Games three times.
At the time of the bid, the budget projection was around £2 billion, but it was later estimated that the true cost would be around £9 billion. The project involved a major regeneration of the Stratford area of London, as well as improvements to surrounding services and associated venues. Public transport, an aspect of the proposal which scored poorly for the bid, saw numerous improvements, including to the London Underground and the new "Olympic Javelin" service.
The celebrations of the bid's success were partly silenced the day after the announcement when the 7 July 2005 London bombings killed 52 people and injured hundreds more. There was no confirmed link between the IOC decision and the attack, which also coincided with the G8 Summit in Scotland.
Following the success of the bid, the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) was established to oversee the ongoing development of the games. Some alterations were made after the bid was accepted, including the decision by the IOC to eliminate some sporting events, and a new layout for the Olympic Zone, both resulting in some relatively minor changes to the Olympic venues.
London 2012 banner at The Monument
Sporting venues
The 2012 Olympics were planned to use a mixture of newly built venues, existing facilities, and temporary facilities, some of them in well known locations such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade. In the wake of the problems that plagued the Millennium Dome, the intention was that there would be no white elephants after the games. Some of the new facilities would be reused in their Olympic form, while others would be reduced in size and several would be relocated elsewhere in the UK. The plans would contribute to the regeneration of Stratford in east London, which would be the site of the Olympic Park, and of the neighbouring Lower Lea Valley.
However, this required the compulsory purchase of some businesses and this caused controversy, with some of the business owners claiming that the compensation offered was inadequate. The purchased buildings were demolished to make way for Olympic venues and infrastructure improvements.
The majority of venues were divided into three zones within Greater London: the Olympic Zone, the River Zone and the Central Zone. Also some venues (such as those for sailing) were outside the boundaries of Greater London.
The IOC noted that future negotiations were necessary to ensure the use of the Old Trafford and Villa Park football stadiums. The need for compulsory purchase orders was also highlighted as a possible problem for the Olympic Park, but IOC did not expect this to cause any "undue delay to construction schedules".
At the time of the bid, 60% of the venues and facilities were in place. The remaining venues were proposed to be completed between 2007 and the start of the games. At time of the bid the following were the tentative completion dates for some of the remaining venues: Channel Tunnel/Stratford rail link (2007); Aquatics Centre and London Velopark (2008); East London line extension (2010); Olympic Stadium and Heathrow Terminal 5 final completion (2011).
Olympic Zone
The Olympic Zone encompasses all of the facilities within the 500-acre (2 km2) Olympic Park in Stratford. This park was developed on existing waste and industrial land, at grid reference TQ379849, just seven minutes by Olympic Javelin train from central London. The park contains:
The Olympic Stadium, hosting the track and field athletics events as well as the opening and closing ceremonies.
The Aquatics Centre, hosting diving, swimming and synchronised swimming.
The Water Polo Arena, hosting water polo – the first Olympic venue dedicated to hosting the sport.
The London Velopark, including a 6,000-seat indoor velodrome for track cycling and a 6,000-seat outdoor BMX racing track.
The Riverbank Arena, with 15,000 and 5,000-seat arenas, hosting hockey.
Four indoor arenas (Olympic Park Arenas 1–4), hosting basketball (2), fencing (4), volleyball (1), handball (3), and the fencing and shooting disciplines of the modern pentathlon (2).
The London Olympic Village, with accommodation for all athletes and accredited officials (some 17,320 beds in total). After the games, the village was planned to become a district of the Stratford City development, a multi-billion-pound development project on the former railway goods yard to the east of the Olympic Park.
The Olympic Press and Broadcast Centres.
A tennis training centre.
River Zone
ExCel Exhibition Centre
The River Zone featured five main venues in the Thames Gateway area straddling the River Thames:
The ExCeL Exhibition Centre, for boxing, fencing, judo, table tennis, taekwondo, weightlifting, and wrestling.
The Millennium Dome and Greenwich Arena, for badminton, basketball, and gymnastics.
Greenwich Park, for equestrianism.
The Royal Artillery Barracks, for shooting.
Central Zone
The Central Zone was formed out of all the remaining venues within Greater London. They are quite widely spread across central and west London:
The new Wembley Stadium for the football finals.
The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Wimbledon for tennis.
Lord's Cricket Ground for archery.
Regent's Park for road bicycle racing. Baseball and softball were also due to be hosted in Regent's Park before it was announced in July 2005 that they would be dropped as Olympic events for the London games.
Horse Guards Parade for beach volleyball.
Hyde Park for the triathlon.
Outside Greater London
Three of the venues were just outside Greater London:
Weald Country Park, Essex for mountain biking
Broxbourne, Hertfordshire for canoe/kayak slalom
Dorney Lake, in Buckinghamshire, for rowing and canoe/kayak flatwater.
The Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy, in Portland Harbour, Dorset, on the south coast of England, would be used for the sailing events. It is around 120 miles (192 km) from central London.
The earlier stages of the football competition were played at football stadia around the country including:
Hampden Park in Glasgow
Millennium Stadium in Cardiff
Old Trafford in Manchester
St James' Park in Newcastle
Ricoh Arena in Coventry
Windsor Park in Belfast
Olympic Village
The Olympic Village was located in Lower Lea Valley in east London. The area was then underdeveloped, and thus a well-suited place to construct the village. Because the Olympic Village is located within the Olympic Park, about 75 percent of athletes would be within 15 minutes of their venues; this compact design, according to double Olympic decathlon gold medallist Daley Thompson, would "make so much more inspirating and real". When the games are over, the Village will be converted into new homes and facilities for the local community.
Australian construction company Lend Lease Corp Ltd was chosen to build the Olympic Village. The project cost £5.3 billion (A$13.2 billion) and was constructed in two phases. The first phase, which involves the development of 4,200 residential buildings and other accommodations for the village, began in 2008. When the 2012 Olympics are over, the second phase will involve the refurbishment of the Olympic village and construction on another 500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft) of space to complete the regeneration of Stratford City.
The Olympic Village's accommodations are the most spacious in Olympic history. Each athlete and official is guaranteed their own bed – over 17,000 beds in total. Each apartment was billed to include Internet access and wireless networking and other state-of-the-art technology.
Transport and infrastructure
A London Underground train decorated to promote London's olympic bid – this coincided with plans for investment the city's public transport network
Public transport, an aspect of the bid which scored poorly in the IOC's initial evaluation, was planned to see numerous improvements, including the expansion of the London Underground's East London Line, upgrades to the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line, and the temporary "Olympic Javelin" service. The games were won without a commitment to deliver Crossrail by 2012. This was the largest transport project proposed for London, and it was widely assumed in the early stages of the bidding process that the games could not be won without a guarantee that it would be completed before the games.
The bid envisaged that 80% of athletes would be within 20 minutes of their events and 97% would be within 30 minutes of their events. It was estimated that 80% of spectators would arrive by rail. Together, all the planned heavy rail, light rail, and underground services (excluding Crossrail) were expected to deliver around 240 trains every hour.
Additionally, there were to be two major park and ride sites off the M25 within 25 minutes of the Olympic Park capable of holding 12,000 cars. For the most part, predictions showed that on event days, 78% of spectators were likely to travel from within London and only 22% from the rest of the UK and Europe. Organisers hoped to use low- or no-emission vehicles to transport Olympic athletes and officials.
Budget
As of the time of the bid, projections for the cost of the 2012 Olympics were low. The bid team believed that London could end the Games with a surplus of more than £100 million. The organising committee laid out the following figures:
£560 million for new venues, including £250 million for the Olympic Stadium.
£650 million for the Olympic village.
£1.5 billion to run the Games.
£200 million on security.
The revenue for the games was also projected:
£1.5 billion from a special Olympic National Lottery game.
£625 million from a council tax surcharge of £20 per year for London households.
£560 million from IOC television and marketing deals.
£450 million from sponsorship and official suppliers.
£300 million from ticket sales.
£250 million from the London Development Agency.
£60 million from licensing.
While this projection seemed reasonable, many were adamant about the actual costs. In early 2007, it was suggested that the actual cost of the games could exceed £9.35 billion (US$18.03 billion), well over the bid projection. For comparison, the 2004 games in Athens cost around £7 billion (US$13.5 billion) and estimates for the 2008 games in Beijing run between £10 billion and £20 billion (US$19 billion and US$39 billion).
Ticketing
Approximately 8.0 million tickets were proposed to be available for the Olympics, and 1.5 million tickets for the Paralympics. and the London Organising Committee planned on selling a total of 6.5 million (an 81% sellout) Olympic tickets, and a 63% sellout for Paralympic tickets. Olympic tickets go on sale on 15 March 2011 and should remain on sale until the start of the event, depending on availability. With the purchase of a ticket, each person is entitled to free transportation on London's public transport system for that day. Paralympic tickets go on sale on 9 September 2011.
Marketing Director David Magliano said that 1.5 million tickets would be sold for £15 (US$29). The average ticket price was set to be £40 (US$77) and 75% of all tickets would cost less than £50 (US$97), prices that Magliano says are reasonably accessible to almost everyone in Britain. In addition to stadium seats, there would be 20,000 £10 (US$19) tickets for the Olympic Park to watch events on big screens.
Political commitment
To facilitate the Olympics at a governmental level, Cabinet-level Minister for the Olympics Tessa Jowell was set to be responsible for the games. Also in the Cabinet would be an Olympic Security Committee to co-ordinate security planning. In addition, the government proposed to create the Olympic Delivery Authority, which would oversee the construction of venues and see that the games are lived out past 2012.
Other details
A tri-generation plant to supply electricity, heat and chilled water to the Olympic Park using technology which produces 33% lower CO2 emissions than from the electricity grid.
By 2012, it was estimated that over 135,000 hotel rooms would be available within 50 kilometres of the Olympic Park, up from 103,000 at the time of the bid. 40,330 rooms had been guaranteed at the time of the bid.
For the first time in any Games, live Olympic backdrop presentation facilities would be available to broadcast rights holders via rooftop studios on the main press centre with a direct view of the Olympic Stadium and Park.
The torch relay would highlight the "Olympic Truce" by passing through the countries of Nobel Peace Prize winners. Following criticism of the International Torch relay in advance of the 2008 Beijing Summer Games, this was re-designed to be a UK-wide 70-day, 8000-mile torch relay with a brief excursion to Dublin, Ireland.
The first chairman of the London Olympic Bid was airline executive Barbara Cassani. Charles Allen, Lord Coe and Alan Pascoe were appointed Vice Chairmen in September 2003. Cassani guided the group through the first submission to the IOC, but stepped down in May 2004 in favour of Lord Coe. Coe, himself an Olympic gold medal-winning athlete and former Conservative politician, enlisted the support of many current and former British Olympians, including Kelly Holmes, Steve Redgrave, and Daley Thompson.
Planned legacy of the Games
The organising committee paid special attention to the after effects of the games on London, and what they could do to make sure the games left a lasting impression on London and the world. The LOCOG planned out the uses of important stadiums and transportation systems after the games, as well as the social factors of the 2012 legacy.
One of the most prominent of the proposed legacy is the conversion of the Olympic Village into 3,600 apartments, most of which will be affordable housing. Most of Stratford City will be regenerated with the construction of 500,000 more square metres of space.
The committee outlined plans to donate the sports equipment used in the Games to sports clubs and charities in the United Kingdom.
Sports venues
One of the priorities governing the contents of London's bid was to avoid leaving "white elephants" after the games. To be sure that important venues and stadiums do not go to waste, the organising committee has planned what to do with them after the games. All venues that will not have a planned use after the games are over will be built as temporary venues.
The 80,000-seat Olympic Stadium will be converted into a 25,000-seat multi-purpose venue to be mainly used for athletics events. The Stadium should become the hub of east London activities when the games end.
The Aquatics Centre after the games will include two 50-metre pools, a 25-metre diving pool and a fitness centre. They will be able to accommodate elite, development, local club and community users. The venue will allow for 3,500 spectators and would host local, national, and worldwide swimming events.
To connect a variety of cycling and walking trails throughout the Lea Valley, the London Velopark will be transformed into a multi-discipline cycling centre. It will be extended further northwards, with the legacy road cycling circuit straddling the A12 and extending into the old Eton Manor site, where the mountain biking area will be located. The transformed stadium will consist of a 3,000-seat velodrome, road track, competition and play BMX tracks, and a mountain biking course for use by all levels of cyclists.
The Olympic Hockey Centre after the games will become a venue providing training and competition facilities for hockey at all levels. It will feature a 5,000 seat arena and a training pitch.
In addition, several of the indoor arenas would be assembled elsewhere in the UK. The construction of the Aquatics Centre and the Velopark was confirmed before London won the Games, so it might be more accurate to call them legacies of the bid rather than of the Games. While the legacy venues would be tailored to London's ongoing needs, some of them would be expensive for that purpose. For example, London will have paid for an 80,000-seat athletics stadium, but will only possess a 25,000-seat stadium.
Social and economic benefits
At the time of the bid, those involved in British sport were hopeful that there would also be a 2012 legacy of increased commitment to sport in the UK, with the social and health benefits they believe that could bring, but it will be difficult to assess whether or not this really happens. Some commentators have argued that it would be better to invest directly in grass roots sport.
Disability organisations including the Autism Awareness Campaign UK were confident that the Olympic and Paralympic Games would encourage people across the disability spectrum to take up sport.
Other legacy items would include the conversion of the Olympic Village Polyclinic into a lifelong learning centre for the east London community with a nursery and primary and secondary schools, and the conversion of the media and press centre into a creative industries centre for east London. The organisers claimed that 3,000 new permanent jobs would be created, but opponents of the games were concerned that some of the 11,000 existing jobs in the Olympic Zone may be lost. It was also hoped that there will be a wider economic effect from the improvements which the games might make to London's image.
Transport
The planned transport legacy for the capital included new bus transit schemes, extensions to existing Underground lines, redevelopments of London Underground stations and upgrades to the trains used. There were also to be many upgrades to National Rail services with the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, a new high-speed rail link, several new stations and upgrades to stations such as King's Cross St Pancras. Please view the Legacy Map to see the upgrades to the London Transport network in context.
Opinions of the bid
Support
The Head of the IOC evaluation commission praised the passion behind the London 2012 bid when they visited Stratford and other places in the city. The IOC evaluation commission chair Nawal El Moutawakel speaking at a press conference in London observed: "We could feel it, hear it and see it." She added, "It was in every speech and every word."
2012 was seen as a window of opportunity as observers saw Europe as the destination for the Games. Four of the five finalist cities were from Europe.
Support for the bid topped 70% of the people of the United Kingdom and 68% of the people in London, as shown by an opinion poll commissioned by the IOC. Some of the support can be attributed to the city's "Back the Bid" campaign, which included the slogan on posters that were hung around London in the months leading up to the decision to award the 2012 Games to London. Many disability organisations including the Autism Awareness Campaign UK urged all people with disabilities to back the London 2012 bid.
On 17 June 2005, British Prime Minister Tony Blair reiterated the Government's total commitment to London's bid for the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Mr Blair told BBC Five Live that he would be travelling to Singapore with the London delegation to stress the "complete 100% support" of politicians from all the major political parties in the country. "The most important thing is to show people that the Government is absolutely behind the bid", said Mr Blair, who travelled to the Far East before returning to chair the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire, Scotland. The leaders of the opposition parties also attended the meeting and expressed their support of the venture.
Criticism
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Many Londoners challenged the high cost of the Olympics and the £20 per year council tax rise to fund it as well as the possibility of white elephant sites like the Millennium Dome being left. Additionally there were concerns that unions, including the RMT, would strike near or during the proceedings for bonuses and that construction deadlines would not be met.
Outside of London the success was not universally welcomed, with fears that the event would divert funding from the rest of the country and that the rest of the United Kingdom would be forced to help fund it, for no benefit. Local business – some extant in this area for over 100 years – were questioning the package of measures in place to allow them to find new sites when the new Olympic village displaced them.
Comparison had been drawn between the Manchester bid and this one, in terms of the amount of government support, and the overwhelmingly hostile attitude of the London-based press to Manchester's bid. Furthermore the cost of travelling and accommodation would rise across London which many thought would outprice tourists and leave many events under-attended.
IOC evaluation report
The International Olympic Committee's evaluation report was generally very positive. It scored poorly on the transportation and public/government support aspects of the evaluation, but received a 10 in accommodations.
London has proposed Games based on providing world-class facilities and services for the athletes, and a legacy for sport and the community. Whilst the Olympic Park would undoubtedly leave a strong sporting and environmental legacy for London, the magnitude of the project, including the planned upgrade and expansion of transport infrastructure, would require careful planning to ensure all facilities and rehabilitation projects were completed on time. Air quality in London at proposed Games-time is generally satisfactory. Increasing levels of ozone pollution are however a concern, but legislation and actions now in place are aimed at correcting that trend. With its rich history, the capacities of UK Paralympic Sport are among the best in the world. Athletes have been closely involved in the planning of the Olympic Village. The east side of the village would appear to be somewhat crowded.
See also
London 2012
References
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^ "IOC support after London attacks". BBC Sport. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ a b "New Olympic Programme in 2012". IOC. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ Hodgkinson, Mark (8 February 2007). "London 2012 must learn from the £1bn Sydney hangover". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ "Olympic Park land row rumbles on". BBC Sport. 4 November 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ "London 2012 venue: Olympic zone". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ "London 2012 venue: ExCeL Centre". BBC Sport. 8 November 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ "London 2012 venue: Millennium Dome". BBC Sport. 8 November 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ "London 2012 venue: Greenwich Park". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ "London 2012 venue: Royal Artillery Barracks". BBC Sport. 3 November 2004. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ "London 2012 venue: Wembley". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ "London 2012 venue: Wimbledon". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ "London 2012 venue: Archery". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ "London 2012 venue: Regent's Park". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
^ "London 2012 venue: Horse Guards Parade". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
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^ "London 2012 venue: Outside London". BBC Sport. 8 November 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
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^ a b "London reveals dramatic vision for 2012". 4 November 2004. Archived from the original on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
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^ London 2012 Tickets To go on Sale March 15 Archived 18 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, worldnewsinsight.com
^ Six weeks to apply for London 2012 tickets from March, moneycontrol.com, 16 January 2011
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^ London 2012: Demolition work starts on Olympic Park site Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine 14 December 2006
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Official site
Newham Olympics site
Publications and information
IOC page about the London 2012 bid
London 2012 Candidate City – Exhibition at the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)
Impact of 2012 London Olympics on Property Markets- Report by GVA Grimley LLP
IOC Evaluation (PDF file)
"London appoints vice-chairmen" (Press release). London 2012. 11 September 2003.
News
"Why London won the Olympics" (BBC)
"London's green Olympic blueprint" at BBC News, 24 October 2005
Gamesbids.com
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51°32′46″N 0°00′46″W / 51.54615°N 0.01269°W / 51.54615; -0.01269
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The British Olympic Association had been working on the bid since 1997, and presented its report to government ministers in December 2000.Following three consecutive unsuccessful UK bids to host summer Olympic Games (Birmingham for 1992 and Manchester for 1996 and 2000), the decision was made to bid with London, given the clear indication that it was the only UK city that had a chance of being selected by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) when put up against other world cities in a competitive bidding process.[1] On 6 July 2005 at its 117th Session in Singapore, the IOC awarded London the right to host the Games of the XXX Olympiad. The city beat the favourite Paris 54 to 50 on the fourth and final ballot. London is the first city to host the Games three times.[2]At the time of the bid, the budget projection was around £2 billion, but it was later estimated that the true cost would be around £9 billion.[3] The project involved a major regeneration of the Stratford area of London, as well as improvements to surrounding services and associated venues.[1] Public transport, an aspect of the proposal which scored poorly for the bid, saw numerous improvements, including to the London Underground and the new \"Olympic Javelin\" service.[4]The celebrations of the bid's success were partly silenced the day after the announcement when the 7 July 2005 London bombings killed 52 people and injured hundreds more. There was no confirmed link between the IOC decision and the attack,[5] which also coincided with the G8 Summit in Scotland.Following the success of the bid, the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) was established to oversee the ongoing development of the games. Some alterations were made after the bid was accepted, including the decision by the IOC to eliminate some sporting events,[6] and a new layout for the Olympic Zone, both resulting in some relatively minor changes to the Olympic venues.London 2012 banner at The Monument","title":"London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade"},{"link_name":"Millennium Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Dome"},{"link_name":"white elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant"},{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_London"},{"link_name":"Lower Lea Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Lea_Valley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-7"},{"link_name":"compulsory purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_London-1"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"Villa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Park"},{"link_name":"compulsory purchase orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_purchase_order"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_CPO-8"},{"link_name":"Channel Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"rail link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_1"},{"link_name":"Aquatics Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Aquatics_Centre"},{"link_name":"London Velopark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Velopark"},{"link_name":"East London line extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_line_extension"},{"link_name":"Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Terminal 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_5"}],"text":"The 2012 Olympics were planned to use a mixture of newly built venues, existing facilities, and temporary facilities, some of them in well known locations such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade. In the wake of the problems that plagued the Millennium Dome, the intention was that there would be no white elephants after the games. Some of the new facilities would be reused in their Olympic form, while others would be reduced in size and several would be relocated elsewhere in the UK. The plans would contribute to the regeneration of Stratford in east London, which would be the site of the Olympic Park, and of the neighbouring Lower Lea Valley.[7]However, this required the compulsory purchase of some businesses and this caused controversy, with some of the business owners claiming that the compensation offered was inadequate. The purchased buildings were demolished to make way for Olympic venues and infrastructure improvements.The majority of venues were divided into three zones within Greater London: the Olympic Zone, the River Zone and the Central Zone. Also some venues (such as those for sailing) were outside the boundaries of Greater London.[1]The IOC noted that future negotiations were necessary to ensure the use of the Old Trafford and Villa Park football stadiums. The need for compulsory purchase orders was also highlighted as a possible problem for the Olympic Park, but IOC did not expect this to cause any \"undue delay to construction schedules\".[8]At the time of the bid, 60% of the venues and facilities were in place. The remaining venues were proposed to be completed between 2007 and the start of the games. At time of the bid the following were the tentative completion dates for some of the remaining venues: Channel Tunnel/Stratford rail link (2007); Aquatics Centre and London Velopark (2008); East London line extension (2010); Olympic Stadium and Heathrow Terminal 5 final completion (2011).","title":"Sporting venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"grid reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system"},{"link_name":"TQ379849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=London_bid_for_the_2012_Summer_Olympics¶ms=51.546140_N_0.012686_W_region:GB_scale:25000"},{"link_name":"Olympic Javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Javelin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Olympic_Zone-9"},{"link_name":"Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stadium"},{"link_name":"track and field athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics"},{"link_name":"Aquatics Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Aquatics_Centre"},{"link_name":"diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"link_name":"synchronised swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronised_swimming"},{"link_name":"Water Polo Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Polo_Arena"},{"link_name":"water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo"},{"link_name":"London Velopark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_VeloPark"},{"link_name":"velodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velodrome"},{"link_name":"track cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_cycling"},{"link_name":"BMX racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX_racing"},{"link_name":"Riverbank Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverbank_Arena"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"modern pentathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon"},{"link_name":"London Olympic Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Village,_London"},{"link_name":"Stratford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_City"},{"link_name":"Olympic Press and Broadcast Centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_East"},{"link_name":"tennis training centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_Hockey_and_Tennis_Centre"}],"sub_title":"Olympic Zone","text":"The Olympic Zone encompasses all of the facilities within the 500-acre (2 km2) Olympic Park in Stratford. This park was developed on existing waste and industrial land, at grid reference TQ379849, just seven minutes by Olympic Javelin train from central London. The park contains:[9]The Olympic Stadium, hosting the track and field athletics events as well as the opening and closing ceremonies.\nThe Aquatics Centre, hosting diving, swimming and synchronised swimming.\nThe Water Polo Arena, hosting water polo – the first Olympic venue dedicated to hosting the sport.\nThe London Velopark, including a 6,000-seat indoor velodrome for track cycling and a 6,000-seat outdoor BMX racing track.\nThe Riverbank Arena, with 15,000 and 5,000-seat arenas, hosting hockey.\nFour indoor arenas (Olympic Park Arenas 1–4), hosting basketball (2), fencing (4), volleyball (1), handball (3), and the fencing and shooting disciplines of the modern pentathlon (2).\nThe London Olympic Village, with accommodation for all athletes and accredited officials (some 17,320 beds in total). After the games, the village was planned to become a district of the Stratford City development, a multi-billion-pound development project on the former railway goods yard to the east of the Olympic Park.\nThe Olympic Press and Broadcast Centres.\nA tennis training centre.","title":"Sporting venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ExCel_Exhibition_Centre.jpg"},{"link_name":"ExCel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExCel"},{"link_name":"Thames Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Gateway"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"ExCeL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExCeL"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"taekwondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo"},{"link_name":"weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting"},{"link_name":"wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_ExCeL_Centre-10"},{"link_name":"Millennium Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Dome"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Arena"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Millennium_Dome-11"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Park"},{"link_name":"equestrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Greenwich_Park-12"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Royal_Artillery_Barracks-13"}],"sub_title":"River Zone","text":"ExCel Exhibition CentreThe River Zone featured five main venues in the Thames Gateway area straddling the River Thames:The ExCeL Exhibition Centre, for boxing, fencing, judo, table tennis, taekwondo, weightlifting, and wrestling.[10]\nThe Millennium Dome and Greenwich Arena, for badminton, basketball, and gymnastics.[11]\nGreenwich Park, for equestrianism.[12]\nThe Royal Artillery Barracks, for shooting.[13]","title":"Sporting venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_London"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Wembley-14"},{"link_name":"All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon,_London"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Wimbledon-15"},{"link_name":"Lord's Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Archery-16"},{"link_name":"Regent's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"road bicycle racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Regent's_Park-17"},{"link_name":"Regent's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC_sports_changes-6"},{"link_name":"Horse Guards Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Horse_Guards_Parade-18"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Hyde_Park-19"}],"sub_title":"Central Zone","text":"The Central Zone was formed out of all the remaining venues within Greater London. They are quite widely spread across central and west London:The new Wembley Stadium for the football finals.[14]\nThe All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Wimbledon for tennis.[15]\nLord's Cricket Ground for archery.[16]\nRegent's Park for road bicycle racing.[17] Baseball and softball were also due to be hosted in Regent's Park before it was announced in July 2005 that they would be dropped as Olympic events for the London games.[6]\nHorse Guards Parade for beach volleyball.[18]\nHyde Park for the triathlon.[19]","title":"Sporting venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Outside_London-20"},{"link_name":"Weald Country Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald_Country_Park"},{"link_name":"mountain biking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike"},{"link_name":"Broxbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broxbourne_(canoeing_venue)"},{"link_name":"canoe/kayak slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_canoeing"},{"link_name":"Dorney Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorney_Lake"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_rowing"},{"link_name":"canoe/kayak flatwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe_racing"},{"link_name":"Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_and_Portland_National_Sailing_Academy"},{"link_name":"Portland Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"St James' Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27_Park"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Ricoh Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricoh_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Windsor Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Park"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"}],"sub_title":"Outside Greater London","text":"Three of the venues were just outside Greater London:[20]Weald Country Park, Essex for mountain biking\nBroxbourne, Hertfordshire for canoe/kayak slalom\nDorney Lake, in Buckinghamshire, for rowing and canoe/kayak flatwater.The Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy, in Portland Harbour, Dorset, on the south coast of England, would be used for the sailing events. It is around 120 miles (192 km) from central London.The earlier stages of the football competition were played at football stadia around the country including:Hampden Park in Glasgow\nMillennium Stadium in Cardiff\nOld Trafford in Manchester\nSt James' Park in Newcastle\nRicoh Arena in Coventry\nWindsor Park in Belfast","title":"Sporting venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Village,_Stratford"},{"link_name":"Lower Lea Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Lea_Valley"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayor_of_London-21"},{"link_name":"Daley Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daley_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_2012_vision-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH-23"},{"link_name":"Stratford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_City"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aussie_firm-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_2012_accommodations-25"}],"sub_title":"Olympic Village","text":"The Olympic Village was located in Lower Lea Valley in east London. The area was then underdeveloped, and thus a well-suited place to construct the village.[21] Because the Olympic Village is located within the Olympic Park, about 75 percent of athletes would be within 15 minutes of their venues; this compact design, according to double Olympic decathlon gold medallist Daley Thompson, would \"make [the experience] so much more inspirating [sic] and real\". When the games are over, the Village will be converted into new homes and facilities for the local community.[22]Australian construction company Lend Lease Corp Ltd was chosen to build the Olympic Village. The project cost £5.3 billion (A$13.2 billion)[23] and was constructed in two phases. The first phase, which involves the development of 4,200 residential buildings and other accommodations for the village, began in 2008. When the 2012 Olympics are over, the second phase will involve the refurbishment of the Olympic village and construction on another 500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft) of space to complete the regeneration of Stratford City.[24]The Olympic Village's accommodations are the most spacious in Olympic history. Each athlete and official is guaranteed their own bed – over 17,000 beds in total. Each apartment was billed to include Internet access and wireless networking and other state-of-the-art technology.[25]","title":"Sporting venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_2012_train.jpg"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poor_transportation-26"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"East London Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Line"},{"link_name":"Docklands Light Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"North London Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_Line"},{"link_name":"Olympic Javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Javelin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transport_Committee-4"},{"link_name":"Crossrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossrail"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_overview-27"},{"link_name":"heavy rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Train-28"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"M25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_motorway"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_overview-27"}],"sub_title":"Transport and infrastructure","text":"A London Underground train decorated to promote London's olympic bid – this coincided with plans for investment the city's public transport networkPublic transport, an aspect of the bid which scored poorly in the IOC's initial evaluation,[26] was planned to see numerous improvements, including the expansion of the London Underground's East London Line, upgrades to the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line, and the temporary \"Olympic Javelin\" service.[4] The games were won without a commitment to deliver Crossrail by 2012. This was the largest transport project proposed for London, and it was widely assumed in the early stages of the bidding process that the games could not be won without a guarantee that it would be completed before the games.The bid envisaged that 80% of athletes would be within 20 minutes of their events and 97% would be within 30 minutes of their events. It was estimated that 80% of spectators would arrive by rail.[27] Together, all the planned heavy rail, light rail, and underground services (excluding Crossrail) were expected to deliver around 240 trains every hour.[28]Additionally, there were to be two major park and ride sites off the M25 within 25 minutes of the Olympic Park capable of holding 12,000 cars. For the most part, predictions showed that on event days, 78% of spectators were likely to travel from within London and only 22% from the rest of the UK and Europe. Organisers hoped to use low- or no-emission vehicles to transport Olympic athletes and officials.[27]","title":"Sporting venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Lottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"council tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_tax"},{"link_name":"London Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Development_Agency"},{"link_name":"2004 games in Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2008 games in Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9billionprojection-29"}],"sub_title":"Budget","text":"As of the time of the bid, projections for the cost of the 2012 Olympics were low. The bid team believed that London could end the Games with a surplus of more than £100 million. The organising committee laid out the following figures:£560 million for new venues, including £250 million for the Olympic Stadium.\n£650 million for the Olympic village.\n£1.5 billion to run the Games.\n£200 million on security.The revenue for the games was also projected:£1.5 billion from a special Olympic National Lottery game.\n£625 million from a council tax surcharge of £20 per year for London households.\n£560 million from IOC television and marketing deals.\n£450 million from sponsorship and official suppliers.\n£300 million from ticket sales.\n£250 million from the London Development Agency.\n£60 million from licensing.While this projection seemed reasonable, many were adamant about the actual costs. In early 2007, it was suggested that the actual cost of the games could exceed £9.35 billion (US$18.03 billion), well over the bid projection. For comparison, the 2004 games in Athens cost around £7 billion (US$13.5 billion) and estimates for the 2008 games in Beijing run between £10 billion and £20 billion (US$19 billion and US$39 billion).[29]","title":"Sporting venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_2012_ticketing-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"London Organising Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOCOG"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_2012_ticketing_2-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_2012_ticketing-30"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_2012_ticketing_2-32"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Residents_Leaflet-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Residents_Leaflet-35"}],"sub_title":"Ticketing","text":"Approximately 8.0 million tickets were proposed to be available for the Olympics, and 1.5 million tickets for the Paralympics.[30][31] and the London Organising Committee planned on selling a total of 6.5 million (an 81% sellout) Olympic tickets, and a 63% sellout for Paralympic tickets.[32] Olympic tickets go on sale on 15 March 2011[33] and should remain on sale until the start of the event, depending on availability. With the purchase of a ticket, each person is entitled to free transportation on London's public transport system for that day.[30] Paralympic tickets go on sale on 9 September 2011.[34]Marketing Director David Magliano said that 1.5 million tickets would be sold for £15 (US$29). The average ticket price was set to be £40 (US$77)[32] and 75% of all tickets would cost less than £50 (US$97),[35] prices that Magliano says are reasonably accessible to almost everyone in Britain. In addition to stadium seats, there would be 20,000 £10 (US$19) tickets for the Olympic Park to watch events on big screens.[35]","title":"Sporting venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister for the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Tessa Jowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Jowell"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Olympic Delivery Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Delivery_Authority"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_overview-27"}],"sub_title":"Political commitment","text":"To facilitate the Olympics at a governmental level, Cabinet-level Minister for the Olympics Tessa Jowell was set to be responsible for the games. Also in the Cabinet would be an Olympic Security Committee to co-ordinate security planning. In addition, the government proposed to create the Olympic Delivery Authority, which would oversee the construction of venues and see that the games are lived out past 2012.[27]","title":"Sporting venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_overview-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_overview-27"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC_Report-36"},{"link_name":"Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(London)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_overview-27"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Relay-37"},{"link_name":"International Torch relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Olympic_Torch_Relay"},{"link_name":"2008 Beijing Summer Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"70-day, 8000-mile torch relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_2012#Torch_relay"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Barbara Cassani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Cassani"},{"link_name":"Charles Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Allen_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Lord Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Coe"},{"link_name":"Alan Pascoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Pascoe"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Steve Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"Daley Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daley_Thompson"}],"sub_title":"Other details","text":"A tri-generation plant to supply electricity, heat and chilled water to the Olympic Park using technology which produces 33% lower CO2 emissions than from the electricity grid.[27]\nBy 2012, it was estimated that over 135,000 hotel rooms would be available within 50 kilometres of the Olympic Park, up from 103,000 at the time of the bid.[27] 40,330 rooms had been guaranteed at the time of the bid.[36]\nFor the first time in any Games, live Olympic backdrop presentation facilities would be available to broadcast rights holders via rooftop studios on the main press centre with a direct view of the Olympic Stadium and Park.[27]\nThe torch relay would highlight the \"Olympic Truce\" by passing through the countries of Nobel Peace Prize winners.[37] Following criticism of the International Torch relay in advance of the 2008 Beijing Summer Games, this was re-designed to be a UK-wide 70-day, 8000-mile torch relay with a brief excursion to Dublin, Ireland.\nThe first chairman of the London Olympic Bid was airline executive Barbara Cassani. Charles Allen, Lord Coe and Alan Pascoe were appointed Vice Chairmen in September 2003. Cassani guided the group through the first submission to the IOC, but stepped down in May 2004 in favour of Lord Coe. Coe, himself an Olympic gold medal-winning athlete and former Conservative politician, enlisted the support of many current and former British Olympians, including Kelly Holmes, Steve Redgrave, and Daley Thompson.","title":"Sporting venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LOCOG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOCOG"},{"link_name":"2012 legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_legacy"},{"link_name":"Stratford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_City"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_2012_vision-22"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donating-38"}],"text":"The organising committee paid special attention to the after effects of the games on London, and what they could do to make sure the games left a lasting impression on London and the world. The LOCOG planned out the uses of important stadiums and transportation systems after the games, as well as the social factors of the 2012 legacy.One of the most prominent of the proposed legacy is the conversion of the Olympic Village into 3,600 apartments, most of which will be affordable housing. Most of Stratford City will be regenerated with the construction of 500,000 more square metres of space.[22]The committee outlined plans to donate the sports equipment used in the Games to sports clubs and charities in the United Kingdom.[38]","title":"Planned legacy of the Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"white elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legacy-39"},{"link_name":"Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(London)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legacy-39"},{"link_name":"Aquatics Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Aquatics_Centre"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legacy-39"},{"link_name":"A12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A12_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Eton Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_Manor"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legacy-39"},{"link_name":"Olympic Hockey Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Hockey_Centre_(London)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legacy-39"}],"sub_title":"Sports venues","text":"One of the priorities governing the contents of London's bid was to avoid leaving \"white elephants\" after the games. To be sure that important venues and stadiums do not go to waste, the organising committee has planned what to do with them after the games. All venues that will not have a planned use after the games are over will be built as temporary venues.[39]The 80,000-seat Olympic Stadium will be converted into a 25,000-seat multi-purpose venue to be mainly used for athletics events. The Stadium should become the hub of east London activities when the games end.[39]The Aquatics Centre after the games will include two 50-metre pools, a 25-metre diving pool and a fitness centre. They will be able to accommodate elite, development, local club and community users. The venue will allow for 3,500 spectators and would host local, national, and worldwide swimming events.[39]To connect a variety of cycling and walking trails throughout the Lea Valley, the London Velopark will be transformed into a multi-discipline cycling centre. It will be extended further northwards, with the legacy road cycling circuit straddling the A12 and extending into the old Eton Manor site, where the mountain biking area will be located.[40] The transformed stadium will consist of a 3,000-seat velodrome, road track, competition and play BMX tracks, and a mountain biking course for use by all levels of cyclists.[39]The Olympic Hockey Centre after the games will become a venue providing training and competition facilities for hockey at all levels. It will feature a 5,000 seat arena and a training pitch.[39]In addition, several of the indoor arenas would be assembled elsewhere in the UK. The construction of the Aquatics Centre and the Velopark was confirmed before London won the Games, so it might be more accurate to call them legacies of the bid rather than of the Games. While the legacy venues would be tailored to London's ongoing needs, some of them would be expensive for that purpose. For example, London will have paid for an 80,000-seat athletics stadium, but will only possess a 25,000-seat stadium.","title":"Planned legacy of the Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_legacy"},{"link_name":"Autism Awareness Campaign UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_Awareness_Campaign_UK"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timesonline-41"}],"sub_title":"Social and economic benefits","text":"At the time of the bid, those involved in British sport were hopeful that there would also be a 2012 legacy of increased commitment to sport in the UK, with the social and health benefits they believe that could bring, but it will be difficult to assess whether or not this really happens. Some commentators have argued that it would be better to invest directly in grass roots sport.Disability organisations including the Autism Awareness Campaign UK were confident that the Olympic and Paralympic Games would encourage people across the disability spectrum to take up sport.Other legacy items would include the conversion of the Olympic Village Polyclinic into a lifelong learning centre for the east London community with a nursery and primary and secondary schools, and the conversion of the media and press centre into a creative industries centre for east London. The organisers claimed that 3,000 new permanent jobs would be created, but opponents of the games were concerned that some of the 11,000 existing jobs in the Olympic Zone may be lost.[41] It was also hoped that there will be a wider economic effect from the improvements which the games might make to London's image.","title":"Planned legacy of the Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's Cross St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Cross_St_Pancras_tube_station"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"The planned transport legacy for the capital included new bus transit schemes, extensions to existing Underground lines, redevelopments of London Underground stations and upgrades to the trains used. There were also to be many upgrades to National Rail services with the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, a new high-speed rail link, several new stations and upgrades to stations such as King's Cross St Pancras. Please view the Legacy Map to see the upgrades to the London Transport network in context.","title":"Planned legacy of the Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Opinions of the bid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_London"},{"link_name":"Nawal El Moutawakel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawal_El_Moutawakel"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Speech-42"},{"link_name":"disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability"},{"link_name":"Autism Awareness Campaign UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_Awareness_Campaign_UK"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"Paralympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games"},{"link_name":"31st G8 summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_G8_summit"},{"link_name":"Gleneagles Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleneagles_Hotel"}],"sub_title":"Support","text":"The Head of the IOC evaluation commission praised the passion behind the London 2012 bid when they visited Stratford and other places in the city. The IOC evaluation commission chair Nawal El Moutawakel speaking at a press conference in London observed: \"We could feel it, hear it and see it.\" She added, \"It was in every speech and every word.\"[42]2012 was seen as a window of opportunity as observers saw Europe as the destination for the Games. Four of the five finalist cities were from Europe.Support for the bid topped 70% of the people of the United Kingdom and 68% of the people in London, as shown by an opinion poll commissioned by the IOC. Some of the support can be attributed to the city's \"Back the Bid\" campaign, which included the slogan on posters that were hung around London in the months leading up to the decision to award the 2012 Games to London. Many disability organisations including the Autism Awareness Campaign UK urged all people with disabilities to back the London 2012 bid.On 17 June 2005, British Prime Minister Tony Blair reiterated the Government's total commitment to London's bid for the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Mr Blair told BBC Five Live that he would be travelling to Singapore with the London delegation to stress the \"complete 100% support\" of politicians from all the major political parties in the country. \"The most important thing is to show people that the Government is absolutely behind the bid\", said Mr Blair, who travelled to the Far East before returning to chair the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire, Scotland. The leaders of the opposition parties also attended the meeting and expressed their support of the venture.","title":"Opinions of the bid"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"Many Londoners challenged the high cost of the Olympics and the £20 per year council tax rise to fund it as well as the possibility of white elephant sites like the Millennium Dome being left. Additionally there were concerns that unions, including the RMT, would strike near or during the proceedings for bonuses and that construction deadlines would not be met.Outside of London the success was not universally welcomed, with fears that the event would divert funding from the rest of the country and that the rest of the United Kingdom would be forced to help fund it, for no benefit. Local business – some extant in this area for over 100 years – were questioning the package of measures in place to allow them to find new sites when the new Olympic village displaced them.Comparison had been drawn between the Manchester bid and this one, in terms of the amount of government support, and the overwhelmingly hostile attitude of the London-based press to Manchester's bid. Furthermore the cost of travelling and accommodation would rise across London which many thought would outprice tourists and leave many events under-attended.","title":"Opinions of the bid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"}],"text":"The International Olympic Committee's evaluation report was generally very positive. It scored poorly on the transportation and public/government support aspects of the evaluation, but received a 10 in accommodations.London has proposed Games based on providing world-class facilities and services for the athletes, and a legacy for sport and the community. Whilst the Olympic Park would undoubtedly leave a strong sporting and environmental legacy for London, the magnitude of the project, including the planned upgrade and expansion of transport infrastructure, would require careful planning to ensure all facilities and rehabilitation projects were completed on time. Air quality in London at proposed Games-time is generally satisfactory. Increasing levels of ozone pollution are however a concern, but legislation and actions now in place are aimed at correcting that trend. With its rich history, the capacities of UK Paralympic Sport are among the best in the world. Athletes have been closely involved in the planning of the Olympic Village. The east side of the village would appear to be somewhat crowded.","title":"IOC evaluation report"}]
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[{"image_text":"London 2012 banner at The Monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/15-11-05_101_Monument.jpg/220px-15-11-05_101_Monument.jpg"},{"image_text":"ExCel Exhibition Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ExCel_Exhibition_Centre.jpg/150px-ExCel_Exhibition_Centre.jpg"},{"image_text":"A London Underground train decorated to promote London's olympic bid – this coincided with plans for investment the city's public transport network","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/London_2012_train.jpg/220px-London_2012_train.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"London 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_2012"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Rivals for 2012: London\". BBC Sport. 8 June 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4233055.stm","url_text":"\"Rivals for 2012: London\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"London wins 2012 Olympics\". CNN. 7 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070217154221/http://www.cnn.com/2005/SPORT/07/06/singapore.olympics/index.html","url_text":"\"London wins 2012 Olympics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2005/SPORT/07/06/singapore.olympics/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Experts debate Games bid benefits\". BBC News. 6 March 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6422367.stm","url_text":"\"Experts debate Games bid benefits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Going for Gold: Transport for London's 2012 Olympic Games\" (PDF). House of Commons Transport Committee. 14 March 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmtran/588/588i.pdf","url_text":"\"Going for Gold: Transport for London's 2012 Olympic Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOC support after London attacks\". BBC Sport. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/4659781.stm","url_text":"\"IOC support after London attacks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"New Olympic Programme in 2012\". IOC. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=1417","url_text":"\"New Olympic Programme in 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOC","url_text":"IOC"}]},{"reference":"Hodgkinson, Mark (8 February 2007). \"London 2012 must learn from the £1bn Sydney hangover\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423080542/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2007/02/08/solond08.xml","url_text":"\"London 2012 must learn from the £1bn Sydney hangover\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2007/02/08/solond08.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Park land row rumbles on\". BBC Sport. 4 November 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/other_sports/olympics_2012/4408396.stm","url_text":"\"Olympic Park land row rumbles on\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"London 2012 venue: Olympic zone\". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics_2004/olympics_2012/3224287.stm","url_text":"\"London 2012 venue: Olympic zone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"London 2012 venue: ExCeL Centre\". BBC Sport. 8 November 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3992159.stm","url_text":"\"London 2012 venue: ExCeL Centre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"London 2012 venue: Millennium Dome\". BBC Sport. 8 November 2004. 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Retrieved 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070217053355/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3979585.stm","url_text":"\"London 2012 venue: Royal Artillery Barracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3979585.stm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"London 2012 venue: Wembley\". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3223665.stm","url_text":"\"London 2012 venue: Wembley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"London 2012 venue: Wimbledon\". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. 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Archived from the original on 27 November 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041127004448/http://www.lda.gov.uk/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.627","url_text":"\"Legacy of the Games\""},{"url":"http://www.lda.gov.uk/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.627","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Samuel, Martin (13 July 2005). \"Who needs an Olympic pool when there's no room for a kickabout?\". The Times. London. Retrieved 16 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8305-1691781,00.html","url_text":"\"Who needs an Olympic pool when there's no room for a kickabout?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Smit, Martina (21 February 2005). \"Olympic inspectors praise Brit passion\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Rice-Jones
|
Art Rice-Jones
|
["1 Awards and achievements","2 External links"]
|
Canadian ice hockey player
Ice hockey player
Art Rice-JonesBorn
December 12, 1912Coronation, Alberta, CanadaDied
November 12, 1989(1989-11-12) (aged 76)Height
6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight
180 lb (82 kg; 12 st 12 lb)Position
GoaltenderShot
LeftPlayed for
Calgary Stampeders
Winnipeg Monarchs
Playing career
1930–1943
Art Rice-Jones (December 12, 1912 - November 12, 1989) was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender who played for the 1935 World Champion Winnipeg Monarchs at Davos, Switzerland.
Awards and achievements
Turnbull Cup MJHL Championships (1931 & 1932)
Memorial Cup Championship (1931)
IIHF World Championship (1935)
"Honoured Member" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
External links
Art Rice-Jones career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database
Art Rice-Jones’s biography at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"goaltender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerArt Rice-Jones (December 12, 1912 - November 12, 1989) was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender who played for the 1935 World Champion Winnipeg Monarchs at Davos, Switzerland.","title":"Art Rice-Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MJHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MJHL"},{"link_name":"Memorial Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Cup"},{"link_name":"IIHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Turnbull Cup MJHL Championships (1931 & 1932)\nMemorial Cup Championship (1931)\nIIHF World Championship (1935)\n\"Honoured Member\" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame","title":"Awards and achievements"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=94277","external_links_name":"Art Rice-Jones career statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311114429/http://www.mbhockeyhalloffame.ca/honoured/players.html?category=9&id=163","external_links_name":"Art Rice-Jones’s biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141004060054/http://www.mbhockeyhalloffame.ca/index.html","external_links_name":"Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision
|
Evolution of color vision
|
["1 Improved detection sensitivity","2 Invertebrates","3 Vertebrates","4 Mammals","5 Monotremes and marsupials","6 Primates","7 See also","8 References"]
|
Origin and variation of colour vision across various lineages through geologic time
Color vision, a proximate adaptation of the vision sensory modality, allows for the discrimination of light based on its wavelength components.
Improved detection sensitivity
The evolutionary process of switching from a single photopigment to two different pigments would have provided early ancestors with a sensitivity advantage in two ways.
In one way, adding a new pigment would allow them to see a wider range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Secondly, new random connections would create wavelength opponency and the new wavelength opponent neurons would be much more sensitive than the non-wavelength opponent neurons. This is the result of some wavelength distributions favouring excitation instead of inhibition. Both excitation and inhibition would be features of a neural substrate during the formation of a second pigment. Overall, the advantage gained from increased sensitivity with wavelength opponency would open up opportunities for future exploitation by mutations and even further improvement.
Invertebrates
Color vision requires a number of opsin molecules with different absorbance peaks, and at least three opsins were present in the ancestor of arthropods; chelicerates and pancrustaceans today possess color vision.
Vertebrates
See also: Opsin § Vertebrate visual opsins
Researchers studying the opsin genes responsible for color-vision pigments have long known that four photopigment opsins exist in birds, reptiles and teleost fish. This indicates that the common ancestor of amphibians and amniotes (≈350 million years ago) had tetrachromatic vision — the ability to see four dimensions of color.
Mammals
Today, most mammals possess dichromatic vision, corresponding to protanopia red–green color blindness. They can thus see violet, blue, green and yellow light, but cannot see ultraviolet, and deep red light. This was probably a feature of the first mammalian ancestors, which were likely small, nocturnal, and burrowing.
At the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago, the burrowing ability probably helped mammals survive extinction. Mammalian species of the time had already started to differentiate, but were still generally small, comparable in size to shrews; this small size would have helped them to find shelter in protected environments.
Monotremes and marsupials
It is postulated that some early monotremes, marsupials, and placentals were semiaquatic or burrowing, as there are multiple mammalian lineages with such habits today. Any burrowing or semiaquatic mammal would have had additional protection from Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary environmental stresses. However, many such species evidently possessed poor color vision in comparison with non-mammalian vertebrate species of the time, including reptiles, birds, and amphibians.
Primates
Further information: Evolution of color vision in primates
Since the beginning of the Paleogene Period, surviving mammals enlarged, moving away by adaptive radiation from a burrowing existence and into the open, although most species kept their relatively poor color vision. Exceptions occur for some marsupials (which possibly kept their original color vision) and some primates—including humans. Primates, as an order of mammals, began to emerge around the beginning of the Paleogene Period.
Primates have re-developed trichromatic color vision since that time, by the mechanism of gene duplication, being under unusually high evolutionary pressure to develop color vision better than the mammalian standard. Ability to perceive red and orange hues allows tree-dwelling primates to discern them from green. This is particularly important for primates in the detection of red and orange fruit, as well as nutrient-rich new foliage, in which the red and orange carotenoids have not yet been masked by chlorophyll.
Another theory is that detecting skin flushing and thereby mood may have influenced the development of primate trichromate vision. The color red also has other effects on primate and human behavior, as discussed in the color psychology article.
Today, among simians, the catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans) are routinely trichromatic—meaning that both males and females possess three opsins, sensitive to short-wave, medium-wave, and long-wave light—while, conversely, only a small fraction of platyrrhine primates (New World monkeys) are trichromats.
See also
Evolution of color vision in primates
Evolution of the eye
References
^ Gagin, G.; Bohon, K. S.; Butensky, A.; Gates, M. A.; Hu, J-Y.; Lafer-Sousa, R.; Pulumo, R. L.; Qu, J.; Stoughton, C. M.; Swanbeck, S. N.; Conway, B. R. (2014). "Color-detection thresholds in rhesus macaque monkeys and humans". Journal of Vision. 14 (8): 12–26. doi:10.1167/14.8.12. PMC 4528409. PMID 25027164.
^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008). "Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 66 (2): 130–137. Bibcode:2008JMolE..66..130K. doi:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID 18217181. S2CID 23837628.
^ Yokoyama, S., and B. F. Radlwimmer. 2001. The molecular genetics and evolution of red and green color vision in vertebrates. Genetics Society of America. 158: 1697-1710.
^ a b Bowmaker, J. K. (1998). "Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates". Eye. 12 (3b): 541–547. doi:10.1038/eye.1998.143. PMID 9775215. S2CID 12851209.
^ Carroll, Joseph; Murphy, Christopher J.; Neitz, Maureen; Hoeve, James N. Ver; Neitz, Jay (1 August 2001). "Photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision in the horse". Journal of Vision. 1 (2): 80–87. doi:10.1167/1.2.2. PMID 12678603. Retrieved 23 April 2018 – via jov.arvojournals.org.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-07. Retrieved 2015-06-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Robertson DS, McKenna MC, Toon OB, Hope S, Lillegraven JA (2004). "Survival in the first hours of the Cenozoic" (PDF). GSA Bulletin. 116 (5–6): 760–768. Bibcode:2004GSAB..116..760R. doi:10.1130/B25402.1. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
^ Dulai, K. S.; von Dornum, M.; Mollon, J. D.; Hunt, D. M. (1999). "The evolution of trichromatic color vision by opsin gene duplication in New World and Old World primates". Genome Research. 9 (7): 629–638. doi:10.1101/gr.9.7.629. PMID 10413401. S2CID 10637615.
^ Diana Widermann, Robert A. Barton, and Russel A. Hill. Evolutionary perspectives on sport and competition. In Roberts, S. C. (2011). Roberts, S. Craig (ed.). Applied Evolutionary Psychology. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-958607-3.
^ Surridge, A. K., and D. Osorio. 2003. Evolution and selection of trichromatic vision in primates. Trends in Ecol. and Evol. 18: 198-205.
Gengo Tanaka; Andrew R. Parker; Yoshikazu Hasegawa; David J. Siveter; Ryoichi Yamamoto; Kiyoshi Miyashita; Yuichi Takahashi; Shosuke Ito; Kazumasa Wakamatsu; Takao Mukuda; Marie Matsuura; Ko Tomikawa; Masumi Furutani; Kayo Suzuki; Haruyoshi Maeda (23 December 2014). "Mineralized rods and cones suggest colour vision in a 300 Myr-old fossil fish". Nature Communications. 5: 5920. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5920T. doi:10.1038/ncomms6920. hdl:2324/2928820. PMID 25536302.
vteVision in animalsVision
Birds
Chameleons
Dinosaurs
Fish
Toads
Mammals
horses
dogs
cats
Eyes
Arthropod eye
Compound eye
Eagle eye
Eye shine
Simple eye in invertebrates
Mammalian eye
human
Mollusc eye
cephalopod
gastropod
Holochroal eye
Parietal eye
Schizochroal eye
Evolution
Evolution of the eye
Evolution of color vision
Evolution of color vision in primates
Coloration
Albinism
Animal coloration
Aposematism
Camouflage
Chromatophore
Counter-illumination
Countershading
Crypsis
Deimatic behaviour
Disruptive coloration
coincident
Eyespot (mimicry)
Mimicry
Structural coloration
Underwater camouflage
Related topics
Animal senses
Blindness in animals
Eyespot apparatus
Feature detection
Infrared sensing in snakes
Monocular deprivation
Ommatidium
Palpebral (bone)
Pseudopupil
Rhopalium
Underwater vision
Visual perception
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Color vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_vision"},{"link_name":"sensory modality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_modality"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"}],"text":"Color vision, a proximate adaptation of the vision sensory modality, allows for the discrimination of light based on its wavelength components.","title":"Evolution of color vision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"photopigment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photopigment"},{"link_name":"neural substrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_substrate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The evolutionary process of switching from a single photopigment to two different pigments would have provided early ancestors with a sensitivity advantage in two ways.In one way, adding a new pigment would allow them to see a wider range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Secondly, new random connections would create wavelength opponency and the new wavelength opponent neurons would be much more sensitive than the non-wavelength opponent neurons. This is the result of some wavelength distributions favouring excitation instead of inhibition. Both excitation and inhibition would be features of a neural substrate during the formation of a second pigment. Overall, the advantage gained from increased sensitivity with wavelength opponency would open up opportunities for future exploitation by mutations and even further improvement.[1]","title":"Improved detection sensitivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin"},{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropods"},{"link_name":"chelicerates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelicerates"},{"link_name":"pancrustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancrustacea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Color vision requires a number of opsin molecules with different absorbance peaks, and at least three opsins were present in the ancestor of arthropods; chelicerates and pancrustaceans today possess color vision.[2]","title":"Invertebrates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Opsin § Vertebrate visual opsins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin#Vertebrate_visual_opsins"},{"link_name":"opsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin"},{"link_name":"photopigment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein"},{"link_name":"teleost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibians"},{"link_name":"amniotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote"},{"link_name":"tetrachromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachromacy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowmaker-4"}],"text":"See also: Opsin § Vertebrate visual opsinsResearchers studying the opsin genes responsible for color-vision pigments have long known that four photopigment opsins exist in birds, reptiles and teleost fish.[3] This indicates that the common ancestor of amphibians and amniotes (≈350 million years ago) had tetrachromatic vision — the ability to see four dimensions of color.[4]","title":"Vertebrates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dichromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichromacy"},{"link_name":"protanopia red–green color blindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protanopia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"mammalian ancestors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"shrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew"}],"text":"Today, most mammals possess dichromatic vision, corresponding to protanopia red–green color blindness. They can thus see violet, blue, green and yellow light, but cannot see ultraviolet, and deep red light.[5][6] This was probably a feature of the first mammalian ancestors, which were likely small, nocturnal, and burrowing.At the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago, the burrowing ability probably helped mammals survive extinction. Mammalian species of the time had already started to differentiate, but were still generally small, comparable in size to shrews; this small size would have helped them to find shelter in protected environments.","title":"Mammals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monotremes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme"},{"link_name":"marsupials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robertson-7"}],"text":"It is postulated that some early monotremes, marsupials, and placentals were semiaquatic or burrowing, as there are multiple mammalian lineages with such habits today. Any burrowing or semiaquatic mammal would have had additional protection from Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary environmental stresses.[7] However, many such species evidently possessed poor color vision in comparison with non-mammalian vertebrate species of the time, including reptiles, birds, and amphibians.","title":"Monotremes and marsupials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evolution of color vision in primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates"},{"link_name":"Paleogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene"},{"link_name":"adaptive radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_radiation"},{"link_name":"Primates, as an order of mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate#Evolution"},{"link_name":"trichromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichromacy"},{"link_name":"gene duplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_duplication"},{"link_name":"evolutionary pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"carotenoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid"},{"link_name":"chlorophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll"},{"link_name":"flushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing_(physiology)"},{"link_name":"color psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_psychology"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEP-9"},{"link_name":"simians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian"},{"link_name":"catarrhines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarrhine"},{"link_name":"Old World monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkey"},{"link_name":"apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape"},{"link_name":"humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowmaker-4"},{"link_name":"platyrrhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platyrrhine"},{"link_name":"New World monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_monkey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Further information: Evolution of color vision in primatesSince the beginning of the Paleogene Period, surviving mammals enlarged, moving away by adaptive radiation from a burrowing existence and into the open, although most species kept their relatively poor color vision. Exceptions occur for some marsupials (which possibly kept their original color vision) and some primates—including humans. Primates, as an order of mammals, began to emerge around the beginning of the Paleogene Period.Primates have re-developed trichromatic color vision since that time, by the mechanism of gene duplication, being under unusually high evolutionary pressure to develop color vision better than the mammalian standard. Ability to perceive red[8] and orange hues allows tree-dwelling primates to discern them from green. This is particularly important for primates in the detection of red and orange fruit, as well as nutrient-rich new foliage, in which the red and orange carotenoids have not yet been masked by chlorophyll.Another theory is that detecting skin flushing and thereby mood may have influenced the development of primate trichromate vision. The color red also has other effects on primate and human behavior, as discussed in the color psychology article.[9]Today, among simians, the catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans) are routinely trichromatic—meaning that both males and females possess three opsins, sensitive to short-wave, medium-wave, and long-wave light[4]—while, conversely, only a small fraction of platyrrhine primates (New World monkeys) are trichromats.[10]","title":"Primates"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Evolution of color vision in primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates"},{"title":"Evolution of the eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye"}]
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Retrieved 23 April 2018 – via jov.arvojournals.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Neitz","url_text":"Neitz, Maureen"},{"url":"http://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2121452","url_text":"\"Photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision in the horse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F1.2.2","url_text":"10.1167/1.2.2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12678603","url_text":"12678603"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-07. 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Retrieved 2016-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://uahost.uantwerpen.be/funmorph/raoul/macroevolutie/robertson2004.pdf","url_text":"\"Survival in the first hours of the Cenozoic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GSAB..116..760R","url_text":"2004GSAB..116..760R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FB25402.1","url_text":"10.1130/B25402.1"}]},{"reference":"Dulai, K. S.; von Dornum, M.; Mollon, J. D.; Hunt, D. M. (1999). \"The evolution of trichromatic color vision by opsin gene duplication in New World and Old World primates\". Genome Research. 9 (7): 629–638. doi:10.1101/gr.9.7.629. PMID 10413401. S2CID 10637615.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.9.7.629","url_text":"\"The evolution of trichromatic color vision by opsin gene duplication in New World and Old World primates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.9.7.629","url_text":"10.1101/gr.9.7.629"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10413401","url_text":"10413401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10637615","url_text":"10637615"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, S. C. (2011). Roberts, S. Craig (ed.). Applied Evolutionary Psychology. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-958607-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199586073.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958607-3","url_text":"978-0-19-958607-3"}]},{"reference":"Gengo Tanaka; Andrew R. Parker; Yoshikazu Hasegawa; David J. Siveter; Ryoichi Yamamoto; Kiyoshi Miyashita; Yuichi Takahashi; Shosuke Ito; Kazumasa Wakamatsu; Takao Mukuda; Marie Matsuura; Ko Tomikawa; Masumi Furutani; Kayo Suzuki; Haruyoshi Maeda (23 December 2014). \"Mineralized rods and cones suggest colour vision in a 300 Myr-old fossil fish\". Nature Communications. 5: 5920. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5920T. doi:10.1038/ncomms6920. hdl:2324/2928820. PMID 25536302.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6920","url_text":"\"Mineralized rods and cones suggest colour vision in a 300 Myr-old fossil fish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5.5920T","url_text":"2014NatCo...5.5920T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6920","url_text":"10.1038/ncomms6920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2324%2F2928820","url_text":"2324/2928820"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25536302","url_text":"25536302"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528409","external_links_name":"\"Color-detection thresholds in rhesus macaque monkeys and humans\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F14.8.12","external_links_name":"10.1167/14.8.12"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528409","external_links_name":"4528409"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25027164","external_links_name":"25027164"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JMolE..66..130K","external_links_name":"2008JMolE..66..130K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00239-008-9065-9","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18217181","external_links_name":"18217181"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23837628","external_links_name":"23837628"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Feye.1998.143","external_links_name":"\"Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Feye.1998.143","external_links_name":"10.1038/eye.1998.143"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9775215","external_links_name":"9775215"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12851209","external_links_name":"12851209"},{"Link":"http://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2121452","external_links_name":"\"Photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision in the horse\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F1.2.2","external_links_name":"10.1167/1.2.2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12678603","external_links_name":"12678603"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150807072005/http://www.neitzvision.com/content/publications/1989-Neitz-Color_vision_in_dog-VisNeuro.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.neitzvision.com/content/publications/1989-Neitz-Color_vision_in_dog-VisNeuro.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://uahost.uantwerpen.be/funmorph/raoul/macroevolutie/robertson2004.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Survival in the first hours of the Cenozoic\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GSAB..116..760R","external_links_name":"2004GSAB..116..760R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FB25402.1","external_links_name":"10.1130/B25402.1"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.9.7.629","external_links_name":"\"The evolution of trichromatic color vision by opsin gene duplication in New World and Old World primates\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.9.7.629","external_links_name":"10.1101/gr.9.7.629"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10413401","external_links_name":"10413401"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10637615","external_links_name":"10637615"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199586073.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6920","external_links_name":"\"Mineralized rods and cones suggest colour vision in a 300 Myr-old fossil fish\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5.5920T","external_links_name":"2014NatCo...5.5920T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6920","external_links_name":"10.1038/ncomms6920"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2324%2F2928820","external_links_name":"2324/2928820"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25536302","external_links_name":"25536302"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Caribou
|
Air Saguenay
|
["1 History","2 Fleet","3 Accidents and incidents","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Air SaguenayAn Air Saguenay DHC-2 BeaverFounded1960Ceased operationsNovember 2019AOC #1230Operating bases
Lac Sébastien Water Aerodrome
Chutes-des-Passes/Lac Margane Water Aerodrome
Fleet size2HeadquartersJonquière, Quebec, CanadaKey people
Peter Schoch, owner
Jean-Claude Tremblay, owner
Websitewww.airsaguenay.com
Air Saguenay was a regional airline based in Jonquière, Quebec, Canada (now Saguenay, Quebec, Canada).
History
In the early 1960s Peter Schoch, mink breeder, bought Saguenay Air Service, a carrier based at Kenogami Lake, owned by Saguenay Aero Club and used to train pilots. Schoch decided to open a new seaplane base, Lac Sébastien Water Aerodrome at St-David de Falardeau, Lake Sebastien, to offer a better service to companies like Alcan or Price Brothers, fishermen, hunters and services for forest fire patrol. The company expanded and merged in 1969 with Gagnon Air Service to form a new company, Air Saguenay.
In 1980, Jean-Claude Tremblay became the new owner, pushing the company one step further with his personalized approach and the quality of his services. A second seaplane base, Chutes-des-Passes/Lac Margane Water Aerodrome was opened at Chute-des-Passes, now Passes-Dangereuses, in 1982. It was a strategic location for accessing new territories for fishing and moose hunting and to better position the company towards the north. 1984 was a major year for the expansion of Air Saguenay. In 1984 it purchased Air Caribou in Fermont and also acquired Club Chambeaux outfitters which gave the company access to great fishing and caribou hunting territory in Northern Quebec. In 1986, the growth continued with the addition of a new seaplane base in Schefferville. Tremblay also purchased many other small bush operators in the 1990s, to reinforce the position of his company throughout Northern Quebec.
Since 1998, the carrier expanded again with the purchase of Expeditair in 1999, Grand Island Aviation in 2000, Aéro Golfe in 2001, Labrador Air Safari in 2006 and Deraps Aviation in 2011, both companies located on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River and in 2006 acquired Ashuanipi Aviation. Air Saguenay has now become, under Jean-Claude Tremblay and his son Jean Tremblay, an important bush carrier in Eastern Canada.
Air Saguenay also operated Lac Pau (Caniapiscau) Water Aerodrome and Sept-Îles/Lac Rapides Water Aerodrome.
In November 2019, facing several challenges, notably the end of caribou hunting in Quebec and a lawsuit following the July accident, Air Saguenay ceased operations.
Fleet
As of December 2020 Transport Canada had 16 aircraft listed but only two with operating certificates:
Air Saguenay fleet
Aircraft
No. of aircraftTC
Variants
Notes
Cessna 185 Skywagon
3
185E Skywagon, A185F Skywagon
Only one A185F with a valid certificate, up to six seats
Cessna 206
1
Cessna U206
Cancelled certificate, up to six seats
de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
8
Mk 1
Only one with a valid certificate, up to six passengers
de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter
4
All with cancelled certificates, 9 - 10 passengers
Accidents and incidents
On 16 July 2010, a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver floatplane, registration C-GAXL, crashed into a wooded mountainside and caught fire about 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) west southwest of Lake Péribonca, Quebec, after encountering adverse weather conditions seven minutes into the flight. Of the six people on board, the pilot and three passengers were killed.
On 23 August 2015, a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver floatplane, registration C-FKRJ, crashed into a wooded mountainside and caught fire near Les Bergeronnes, Quebec, shortly after taking off from Long Lake, about 10 NM (19 km; 12 mi) north of Tadoussac, on a sightseeing flight. All people on board, the pilot and six passengers, were killed.
On 15 July 2019, a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver floatplane crashed into a Labrador Lake late Monday night. The aircraft was on flight path from a fishing lodge near Crossroads Lake, near the Quebec border, to a remote camp on Mistastin Lake in northern Labrador. On board were seven people, four of them are confirmed dead including the pilot and the fate of the remaining three is unclear as they are missing. The cause of the crash has not yet been determined however officials with the Transportation Safety Board of Canada have been called in. All seven people died and the crash forced the closure of the airline.
See also
History of aviation in Canada
List of defunct airlines of Canada
References
^ Transport Canada (30 August 2019),
Civil Aviation Services (CAS) AOC. wwwapps.tc.gc.ca.
^ a b c "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Quick Search Result for Air Saguenay". Transport Canada. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
^ a b Quebec’s Air Saguenay closing down after plane crash lawsuit, business woes
^ "Gagnon Air Service". Airline History. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Expeditair". Airline History. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Grand Island Aviation". Airline History. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
^ "Aéro Golfe". Airline History. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
^ "Labrador Air Service". Airline History. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
^ "Deraps Aviation". Airline History. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
^ "Ashuanipi Aviation". Airline History. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
^ "Air Saguenay website". Archived from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
^ Nav Canada's Water Aerodrome Supplement. Effective 0901Z 26 March 2020 to 0901Z 22 April 2021.
^ "Quebec's Air Saguenay closing down after plane crash lawsuit, business woes". National Post. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
^ Charter in general
^ "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register (C-GAXL)". Transport Canada.
^ "Aviation Investigation Report A10Q0111". Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
^ "Pilot error blamed for 2010 Quebec plane crash". CBC News. CBC/Radio-Canada. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
^ "CADORS report for Air Saguenay (C-GAXL)". Transport Canada.
^ "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register (C-FKRJ)". Transport Canada.
^ "Float plane crash near Tadoussac, Que., kills 6". CBC News. CBC/Radio-Canada. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
^ "Four Britons among six killed in plane crash on Quebec's North Shore". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
^ "CADORS report for Air Saguenay (C-FKRJ)". Transport Canada.
^ Fourth body recovered from site of Labrador plane crash, three still missing
^ Search for Air Saguenay crash focuses on discovery of new debris
^ Canadian Armed Forces end search for Air Saguenay crash victims
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air Saguenay.
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See also: List of airlines of Canada
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonquière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonqui%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Saguenay, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-3"}],"text":"Air Saguenay was a regional airline based in Jonquière, Quebec, Canada (now Saguenay, Quebec, Canada).[3]","title":"Air Saguenay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink"},{"link_name":"Kenogami Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenogami_Lake"},{"link_name":"train pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_training"},{"link_name":"seaplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane"},{"link_name":"Lac Sébastien Water Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_S%C3%A9bastien_Water_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Alcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcan"},{"link_name":"Price Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitibi-Consolidated#Price_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chutes-des-Passes/Lac Margane Water Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutes-des-Passes/Lac_Margane_Water_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Passes-Dangereuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passes-Dangereuses"},{"link_name":"Fermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermont"},{"link_name":"Northern Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-du-Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Schefferville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schefferville"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Saint Lawrence River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"bush carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_flying"},{"link_name":"Eastern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Canada"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lac Pau (Caniapiscau) Water Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Pau_(Caniapiscau)_Water_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Sept-Îles/Lac Rapides Water Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sept-%C3%8Eles/Lac_Rapides_Water_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFS-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In the early 1960s Peter Schoch, mink breeder, bought Saguenay Air Service, a carrier based at Kenogami Lake, owned by Saguenay Aero Club and used to train pilots. Schoch decided to open a new seaplane base, Lac Sébastien Water Aerodrome at St-David de Falardeau, Lake Sebastien, to offer a better service to companies like Alcan or Price Brothers, fishermen, hunters and services for forest fire patrol. The company expanded and merged in 1969[4] with Gagnon Air Service to form a new company, Air Saguenay.In 1980, Jean-Claude Tremblay became the new owner, pushing the company one step further with his personalized approach and the quality of his services. A second seaplane base, Chutes-des-Passes/Lac Margane Water Aerodrome was opened at Chute-des-Passes, now Passes-Dangereuses, in 1982. It was a strategic location for accessing new territories for fishing and moose hunting and to better position the company towards the north. 1984 was a major year for the expansion of Air Saguenay. In 1984 it purchased Air Caribou in Fermont and also acquired Club Chambeaux outfitters which gave the company access to great fishing and caribou hunting territory in Northern Quebec. In 1986, the growth continued with the addition of a new seaplane base in Schefferville. Tremblay also purchased many other small bush operators in the 1990s, to reinforce the position of his company throughout Northern Quebec.Since 1998, the carrier expanded again with the purchase of Expeditair in 1999,[5] Grand Island Aviation in 2000,[6] Aéro Golfe in 2001,[7] Labrador Air Safari in 2006[8] and Deraps Aviation in 2011,[9] both companies located on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River and in 2006 acquired Ashuanipi Aviation.[10] Air Saguenay has now become, under Jean-Claude Tremblay and his son Jean Tremblay, an important bush carrier in Eastern Canada.[11]Air Saguenay also operated Lac Pau (Caniapiscau) Water Aerodrome and Sept-Îles/Lac Rapides Water Aerodrome.[12]In November 2019, facing several challenges, notably the end of caribou hunting in Quebec and a lawsuit following the July accident, Air Saguenay ceased operations.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transport Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Canada"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asfleet-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcfleet-2"}],"text":"As of December 2020 Transport Canada had 16 aircraft listed but only two with operating certificates:[14][2]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-2_Beaver"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"Lake Péribonca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_P%C3%A9ribonca"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSBC-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"floatplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Les Bergeronnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Bergeronnes"},{"link_name":"Tadoussac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadoussac"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbcn-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mgaz-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Mistastin Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistastin_crater"},{"link_name":"Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador"},{"link_name":"Transportation Safety Board of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Safety_Board_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-3"}],"text":"On 16 July 2010, a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver floatplane, registration C-GAXL,[15] crashed into a wooded mountainside and caught fire about 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) west southwest of Lake Péribonca, Quebec, after encountering adverse weather conditions seven minutes into the flight. Of the six people on board, the pilot and three passengers were killed.[16][17][18]\nOn 23 August 2015, a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver floatplane, registration C-FKRJ,[19] crashed into a wooded mountainside and caught fire near Les Bergeronnes, Quebec, shortly after taking off from Long Lake, about 10 NM (19 km; 12 mi) north of Tadoussac, on a sightseeing flight. All people on board, the pilot and six passengers, were killed.[20][21][22]\nOn 15 July 2019, a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver floatplane crashed into a Labrador Lake late Monday night. The aircraft was on flight path from a fishing lodge near Crossroads Lake, near the Quebec border, to a remote camp on Mistastin Lake in northern Labrador. On board were seven people, four of them are confirmed dead including the pilot and the fate of the remaining three is unclear as they are missing. The cause of the crash has not yet been determined however officials with the Transportation Safety Board of Canada have been called in. All seven people died and the crash forced the closure of the airline.[23][24][25][3]","title":"Accidents and incidents"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"History of aviation in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_aviation_in_Canada"},{"title":"List of defunct airlines of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Canada"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Quick Search Result for Air Saguenay\". Transport Canada. Retrieved 2019-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/CCARCS-RIACC/RchSimpRes.aspx?cn=%7C%7C&mn=%7C%7C&sn=%7C%7C&on=AIR+SAGUENAY%7C&m=%7C%7C&print=y","url_text":"\"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Quick Search Result for Air Saguenay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Canada","url_text":"Transport Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Gagnon Air Service\". Airline History. Retrieved 31 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/gagnon-air-service/","url_text":"\"Gagnon Air Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Expeditair\". Airline History. Retrieved 31 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/expeditair/","url_text":"\"Expeditair\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Island Aviation\". Airline History. Retrieved 3 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/grand-island-aviation/","url_text":"\"Grand Island Aviation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aéro Golfe\". Airline History. Retrieved 2 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/aero-golfe/","url_text":"\"Aéro Golfe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Labrador Air Service\". Airline History. Retrieved 28 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/labrador-air-safari/","url_text":"\"Labrador Air Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deraps Aviation\". Airline History. Retrieved 28 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/deraps-aviation/","url_text":"\"Deraps Aviation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ashuanipi Aviation\". Airline History. Retrieved 18 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/ashuanipi-aviation/","url_text":"\"Ashuanipi Aviation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Saguenay website\". Archived from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2007-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170824221103/http://www.airsaguenay.com/index_en.php?categories=2","url_text":"\"Air Saguenay website\""},{"url":"http://www.airsaguenay.com/index_en.php?categories=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Quebec's Air Saguenay closing down after plane crash lawsuit, business woes\". National Post. Retrieved 11 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/quebecs-air-saguenay-closing-down-after-plane-crash-lawsuit-business-woes","url_text":"\"Quebec's Air Saguenay closing down after plane crash lawsuit, business woes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register (C-GAXL)\". Transport Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/CCARCS-RIACC/RchHsRes.aspx?st=2&m=%7CGAXL%7C&rfr2=RchHs.aspx","url_text":"\"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register (C-GAXL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aviation Investigation Report A10Q0111\". Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 27 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/aviation/2010/a10q0111/a10q0111.asp","url_text":"\"Aviation Investigation Report A10Q0111\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pilot error blamed for 2010 Quebec plane crash\". CBC News. CBC/Radio-Canada. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/pilot-error-blamed-for-2010-quebec-plane-crash-1.1152269","url_text":"\"Pilot error blamed for 2010 Quebec plane crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"CADORS report for Air Saguenay (C-GAXL)\". Transport Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/cadors-screaq/rd.aspx?cno%3d2013C2311%26dtef%3d%26dtet%3d%26otp%3d-1%26ftop%3d%253e%253d%26ftno%3d0%26ijop%3d%253e%253d%26ijno%3d0%26olc%3d%26prv%3d-1%26rgn%3d-1%26tsbno%3d%26tsbi%3d-1%26arno%3d%26ocatno%3d%26ocatop%3d1%26oevtno%3d%26oevtop%3d1%26evtacoc%3d3%26fltno%3d%26fltr%3d-1%26cars%3d-1%26acat%3d-1%26nar%3d%26aiddl%3d-1%26aidxt%3d%26optdl%3d-1%26optxt%3d%26mkdl%3d-1%26mkxt%3d%26mdldl%3d-1%26mdlxt%3d%26rt%3dQR%26hypl%3dy%26cnum%3d2013C2311","url_text":"\"CADORS report for Air Saguenay (C-GAXL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register (C-FKRJ)\". Transport Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/CCARCS-RIACC/RchHsRes.aspx?st=2&m=%7CFKRJ%7C&rfr2=RchHs.aspx","url_text":"\"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register (C-FKRJ)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Float plane crash near Tadoussac, Que., kills 6\". CBC News. CBC/Radio-Canada. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/float-plane-crash-near-tadoussac-que-kills-6-1.3201370","url_text":"\"Float plane crash near Tadoussac, Que., kills 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four Britons among six killed in plane crash on Quebec's North Shore\". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/plane-with-six-passengers-crashes-in-quebecs-north-shore","url_text":"\"Four Britons among six killed in plane crash on Quebec's North Shore\""}]},{"reference":"\"CADORS report for Air Saguenay (C-FKRJ)\". Transport Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/cadors-screaq/rd.aspx?cno%3d2015Q1614%26dtef%3d%26dtet%3d%26otp%3d-1%26ftop%3d%253e%253d%26ftno%3d0%26ijop%3d%253e%253d%26ijno%3d0%26olc%3d%26prv%3d-1%26rgn%3d-1%26tsbno%3d%26tsbi%3d-1%26arno%3d%26ocatno%3d%26ocatop%3d1%26oevtno%3d%26oevtop%3d1%26evtacoc%3d3%26fltno%3d%26fltr%3d-1%26cars%3d-1%26acat%3d-1%26nar%3d%26aiddl%3d-1%26aidxt%3d%26optdl%3d-1%26optxt%3d%26mkdl%3d-1%26mkxt%3d%26mdldl%3d-1%26mdlxt%3d%26rt%3dQR%26hypl%3dy%26cnum%3d2015Q1614","url_text":"\"CADORS report for Air Saguenay (C-FKRJ)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.airsaguenay.com/","external_links_name":"www.airsaguenay.com"},{"Link":"https://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/saf-sec-sur/2/CAS-SAC/olsrler.aspx?id=12-30&lang=eng&n=Air+Saguenay&rid=&rtxt=&pid=&ptxt=&cid=&ctxt=&carid=&cartxt=&atid=&attxt=&stid=&sttxt=&ctid=&cttxt=","external_links_name":"Civil Aviation Services (CAS)"},{"Link":"http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/CCARCS-RIACC/RchSimpRes.aspx?cn=%7C%7C&mn=%7C%7C&sn=%7C%7C&on=AIR+SAGUENAY%7C&m=%7C%7C&print=y","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Quick Search Result for Air Saguenay\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-quebecs-air-saguenay-closing-down-after-plane-crash-lawsuit-business/","external_links_name":"Quebec’s Air Saguenay closing down after plane crash lawsuit, business woes"},{"Link":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/gagnon-air-service/","external_links_name":"\"Gagnon Air Service\""},{"Link":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/expeditair/","external_links_name":"\"Expeditair\""},{"Link":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/grand-island-aviation/","external_links_name":"\"Grand Island Aviation\""},{"Link":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/aero-golfe/","external_links_name":"\"Aéro Golfe\""},{"Link":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/labrador-air-safari/","external_links_name":"\"Labrador Air Service\""},{"Link":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/deraps-aviation/","external_links_name":"\"Deraps Aviation\""},{"Link":"https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/ashuanipi-aviation/","external_links_name":"\"Ashuanipi Aviation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170824221103/http://www.airsaguenay.com/index_en.php?categories=2","external_links_name":"\"Air Saguenay website\""},{"Link":"http://www.airsaguenay.com/index_en.php?categories=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/quebecs-air-saguenay-closing-down-after-plane-crash-lawsuit-business-woes","external_links_name":"\"Quebec's Air Saguenay closing down after plane crash lawsuit, business woes\""},{"Link":"http://www.airsaguenay.com/index_en.php?categories=99","external_links_name":"Charter in general"},{"Link":"http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/CCARCS-RIACC/RchHsRes.aspx?st=2&m=%7CGAXL%7C&rfr2=RchHs.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register (C-GAXL)\""},{"Link":"http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/aviation/2010/a10q0111/a10q0111.asp","external_links_name":"\"Aviation Investigation Report A10Q0111\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/pilot-error-blamed-for-2010-quebec-plane-crash-1.1152269","external_links_name":"\"Pilot error blamed for 2010 Quebec plane crash\""},{"Link":"http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/cadors-screaq/rd.aspx?cno%3d2013C2311%26dtef%3d%26dtet%3d%26otp%3d-1%26ftop%3d%253e%253d%26ftno%3d0%26ijop%3d%253e%253d%26ijno%3d0%26olc%3d%26prv%3d-1%26rgn%3d-1%26tsbno%3d%26tsbi%3d-1%26arno%3d%26ocatno%3d%26ocatop%3d1%26oevtno%3d%26oevtop%3d1%26evtacoc%3d3%26fltno%3d%26fltr%3d-1%26cars%3d-1%26acat%3d-1%26nar%3d%26aiddl%3d-1%26aidxt%3d%26optdl%3d-1%26optxt%3d%26mkdl%3d-1%26mkxt%3d%26mdldl%3d-1%26mdlxt%3d%26rt%3dQR%26hypl%3dy%26cnum%3d2013C2311","external_links_name":"\"CADORS report for Air Saguenay (C-GAXL)\""},{"Link":"http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/CCARCS-RIACC/RchHsRes.aspx?st=2&m=%7CFKRJ%7C&rfr2=RchHs.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register (C-FKRJ)\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/float-plane-crash-near-tadoussac-que-kills-6-1.3201370","external_links_name":"\"Float plane crash near Tadoussac, Que., kills 6\""},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/plane-with-six-passengers-crashes-in-quebecs-north-shore","external_links_name":"\"Four Britons among six killed in plane crash on Quebec's North Shore\""},{"Link":"http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/cadors-screaq/rd.aspx?cno%3d2015Q1614%26dtef%3d%26dtet%3d%26otp%3d-1%26ftop%3d%253e%253d%26ftno%3d0%26ijop%3d%253e%253d%26ijno%3d0%26olc%3d%26prv%3d-1%26rgn%3d-1%26tsbno%3d%26tsbi%3d-1%26arno%3d%26ocatno%3d%26ocatop%3d1%26oevtno%3d%26oevtop%3d1%26evtacoc%3d3%26fltno%3d%26fltr%3d-1%26cars%3d-1%26acat%3d-1%26nar%3d%26aiddl%3d-1%26aidxt%3d%26optdl%3d-1%26optxt%3d%26mkdl%3d-1%26mkxt%3d%26mdldl%3d-1%26mdlxt%3d%26rt%3dQR%26hypl%3dy%26cnum%3d2015Q1614","external_links_name":"\"CADORS report for Air Saguenay (C-FKRJ)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/fourth-body-recovered-from-site-of-labrador-plane-crash-three-still-missing-1.4523616","external_links_name":"Fourth body recovered from site of Labrador plane crash, three still missing"},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/search-for-air-saguenay-crash-focuses-on-discovery-of-new-debris","external_links_name":"Search for Air Saguenay crash focuses on discovery of new debris"},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/canadian-armed-forces-end-search-for-air-saguenay-crash-victims","external_links_name":"Canadian Armed Forces end search for Air Saguenay crash victims"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_North_Superleague
|
2013–14 North Superleague
|
["1 Member clubs for the 2013–14 season","2 League table","3 Results","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Football league seasonPMAC Group SuperleagueSeason2013–14ChampionsCulterRelegatedEast EndLongsideMatches played182Goals scored732 (4.02 per match)Biggest home winBanks O' Dee 8–2 Longside11 January 2014Culter 8–2 Banchory St. Ternan26 April 2014Biggest away winLongside 0–8 Banks O' Dee5 October 2013Longest winning runCulter (7)8 March 2014 – 26 April 2014Longest unbeaten runCulter (14)24 August 2013 – 22 February 2014Longest winless runLongside (17)9 November 2013 – season endLongest losing runLongside (8)28 December 2013 – 8 March 2014← 2012–13 2014–15 →
The 2013–14 North Superleague was the thirteenth staging of the North Superleague, the highest tier of league competition in the North Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association. The season began on 3 August 2013. The winners of this competition are eligible to enter the 2014–15 Scottish Cup.
Culter won the title on 6 May 2014.
Member clubs for the 2013–14 season
Culter were the reigning champions.
New Elgin and East End were promoted from the North First Division and replaced the relegated Lewis United and Fraserburgh United.
Club
Location
Ground
Manager
Finishing position 2012–13
Banchory St. Ternan
Crathes
Milton Park
Sandy Carrol
10th
Banks O' Dee
Aberdeen
Spain Park
Doug Baxter
4th
Culter
Peterculter
Crombie Park
Gary Thow & Andy Gibson
Champions
Deveronside
Banff
Canal Park
Rob Scott & Craig Ewen
5th
Dyce Juniors
Dyce
Ian Mair Park
Derek McKenzie & Andy Robb
2nd
East End
Aberdeen
New Advocates Park
Alan Keith
North First Division, 2nd
Ellon United
Ellon
The Meadows
Bruce Morrison
9th
Hall Russell United
Bridge of Don
Denmore Park
John Carroll
12th
Hermes
Bridge of Don
Uniconn Park
Neil Dawson
3rd
New Elgin
Elgin
Nicol-Togneri Park
Garry Wood
North First Division, 1st
Longside
Longside
Davidson Park
Dave Cormie
11th
Maud
Maud
Maud Pleasure Park
Allan Hale
8th
Stonehaven
Stonehaven
Glenury Park
Derek Allan
7th
FC Stoneywood
Aberdeen
Polo Park
Graeme Laird & Phil Leslie
6th
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Culter (C)
26
22
2
2
87
28
+59
68
Qualification for 2014–15 Scottish Cup
2
Banks O' Dee
26
16
5
5
86
35
+51
53
3
Dyce Juniors
26
17
1
8
65
42
+23
52
4
Hermes
26
15
5
6
74
45
+29
50
5
Maud
26
11
8
7
53
45
+8
41
6
Deveronside
26
11
6
9
50
46
+4
39
7
Stonehaven
26
11
6
9
41
47
−6
39
8
New Elgin
26
9
7
10
44
51
−7
34
9
Hall Russell United
26
10
2
14
44
55
−11
32
10
Ellon United
26
8
3
15
37
48
−11
27
11
Banchory St. Ternan
26
7
4
15
45
78
−33
25
12
FC Stoneywood
26
5
8
13
48
60
−12
23
13
East End (R)
26
5
7
14
33
64
−31
22
Relegation to North First Division
14
Longside (R)
26
2
2
22
25
88
−63
8
Updated to match(es) played on 20 May 2014. Source: North Region JFARules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Results
Home \ Away
BST
BOD
CUL
DVS
DYC
EAST
ELL
HRU
HER
LONG
MAU
NELG
SHV
STWD
Banchory St. Ternan
0–4
1–4
0–3
0–5
3–0
1–0
1–6
1–4
3–3
0–1
1–0
2–2
2–2
Banks O' Dee
6–2
1–3
2–0
3–1
4–1
1–0
6–1
3–3
8–2
2–2
3–1
6–0
4–1
Culter
8–2
2–1
3–1
3–1
4–0
2–1
3–1
1–2
6–0
2–2
5–1
2–1
7–3
Deveronside
5–1
2–5
1–4
2–1
4–1
1–1
0–1
4–3
2–1
2–0
2–4
1–0
2–2
Dyce Juniors
2–3
0–5
2–2
3–0
5–1
3–2
4–2
1–6
4–2
3–0
5–1
0–1
4–2
East End
1–3
3–3
0–3
1–1
1–3
1–0
1–2
1–1
0–1
0–2
1–0
2–0
1–3
Ellon United
1–3
1–0
2–4
2–2
0–3
1–2
3–1
1–3
4–1
0–1
1–3
1–0
4–2
Hall Russell United
1–4
0–3
1–4
1–3
2–3
2–2
2–0
3–3
2–0
0–3
1–2
0–1
1–2
Hermes
4–2
1–0
2–5
0–3
2–3
5–1
3–1
2–3
3–0
3–2
4–1
2–3
1–0
Longside
4–2
0–8
0–4
0–2
0–3
3–5
0–1
1–3
0–4
1–2
1–2
0–3
1–1
Maud
4–2
3–1
0–3
4–2
0–2
1–1
5–4
2–4
2–2
6–0
3–4
2–1
1–1
New Elgin
3–3
2–2
0–1
1–1
0–2
2–2
0–1
2–1
2–2
3–1
1–1
5–0
3–2
Stonehaven
4–3
1–1
2–1
3–2
2–1
3–3
0–0
0–2
1–5
3–2
1–1
4–0
2–2
FC Stoneywood
1–0
3–4
0–1
2–2
0–1
5–1
4–5
0–1
1–4
4–1
3–3
1–1
1–3
Updated to match(es) played on 20 May 2014. Source: North Region JFALegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
References
^ Easton, Richard (4 May 2013). "Culter are champions". SJFA North Region. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
External links
North Region JFA
vteSJFA North RegionPremier Division
Bridge of Don Thistle
Buchanhaven Hearts
Colony Park
Culter
Dyce
East End
Ellon United
Fraserburgh United
Hermes
Maud
Nairn St Ninian
Newmachar United
Rothie Rovers
Stonehaven
Stoneywood Parkvale
Sunnybank
Championship
Banchory St Ternan
Banks o' Dee Juniors
Burghead Thistle
Cruden Bay
Deveronside
Dufftown
Forres Thistle
Glentanar
Hall Russell United
Islavale
Longside
Lossiemouth United
New Elgin
Whitehills
Seasons
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
Defunct divisions
Division One
Division Two
Former clubs
Aberdeen Lads Club
Aberdeen University
Bishopmill United
Buckie Rovers
Fochabers
Formartine United
Inverness City
Lewis United
Lossiemouth United
Montrose Roselea
Portgordon Victoria
RAF Lossiemouth
Spey Valley United
Strathspey Thistle
Turriff United
vte2013–14 in Scottish football « 2012–13 2014–15 » Domestic leagues
SPFL
Premiership
Championship
League One
League Two
Highland
Lowland
East of Scotland
SJFA West Premier
SJFA East Superleague
SJFA North Superleague
SPFL U20 League
Women's Premier League 2013 2014
Domestic cups
Scottish Cup
Final
League Cup
Final
Challenge Cup
Final
Junior Cup
Youth Cup
Women's Cup 2013 2014
Women's League Cup 2013 2014
European competitions
Champions League
Europa League
Related to national team
Results
2014 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A
Transfers
Summer 2013
Winter 2013–14
Club seasonsPremiership
Aberdeen
Celtic
Dundee United
Heart of Midlothian
Hibernian
Inverness Caledonian Thistle
Kilmarnock
Motherwell
Partick Thistle
Ross County
St Johnstone
St Mirren
Championship
Alloa Athletic
Cowdenbeath
Dumbarton
Dundee
Falkirk
Greenock Morton
Hamilton Academical
Livingston
Queen of the South
Raith Rovers
League One
Airdrieonians
Arbroath
Ayr United
Brechin City
Dunfermline Athletic
East Fife
Forfar Athletic
Rangers
Stenhousemuir
Stranraer
League Two
Albion Rovers
Annan Athletic
Berwick Rangers
Clyde
East Stirlingshire
Elgin City
Montrose
Peterhead
Queen's Park
Stirling Albion
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Superleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_North_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"North Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association,_North_Region"},{"link_name":"Scottish Junior Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"2014–15 Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Culter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culter_F.C."}],"text":"The 2013–14 North Superleague was the thirteenth staging of the North Superleague, the highest tier of league competition in the North Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association. The season began on 3 August 2013. The winners of this competition are eligible to enter the 2014–15 Scottish Cup.Culter won the title on 6 May 2014.","title":"2013–14 North Superleague"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Culter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culter_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Elgin_F.C."},{"link_name":"East End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_East_End_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lewis United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fraserburgh United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraserburgh_United_F.C."}],"text":"Culter were the reigning champions.[1]New Elgin and East End were promoted from the North First Division and replaced the relegated Lewis United and Fraserburgh United.","title":"Member clubs for the 2013–14 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Region JFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//northregionjfa.pitchero.com/tables.php"}],"text":"Updated to match(es) played on 20 May 2014. Source: North Region JFARules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banchory_St._Ternan_F.C."},{"link_name":"BOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks_O%27_Dee_F.C."},{"link_name":"CUL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culter_F.C."},{"link_name":"DVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deveronside_F.C."},{"link_name":"DYC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyce_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"EAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_East_End_F.C."},{"link_name":"ELL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellon_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"HRU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Russell_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"HER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_F.C."},{"link_name":"LONG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longside_F.C."},{"link_name":"MAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_F.C."},{"link_name":"NELG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Elgin_F.C."},{"link_name":"SHV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehaven_F.C."},{"link_name":"STWD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Stoneywood"},{"link_name":"Banchory St. Ternan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banchory_St._Ternan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Banks O' Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks_O%27_Dee_F.C."},{"link_name":"Culter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culter_F.C."},{"link_name":"Deveronside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deveronside_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dyce Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyce_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"East End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_East_End_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ellon United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellon_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hall Russell United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Russell_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_F.C."},{"link_name":"Longside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longside_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_F.C."},{"link_name":"New Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Elgin_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stonehaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehaven_F.C."},{"link_name":"FC Stoneywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Stoneywood"},{"link_name":"North Region JFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//northregionjfa.pitchero.com/results.php"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nBST\n\nBOD\n\nCUL\n\nDVS\n\nDYC\n\nEAST\n\nELL\n\nHRU\n\nHER\n\nLONG\n\nMAU\n\nNELG\n\nSHV\n\nSTWD\n\n\nBanchory St. Ternan\n\n\n\n0–4\n\n1–4\n\n0–3\n\n0–5\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–6\n\n1–4\n\n3–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n\nBanks O' Dee\n\n6–2\n\n\n\n1–3\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n6–1\n\n3–3\n\n8–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n6–0\n\n4–1\n\n\nCulter\n\n8–2\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n6–0\n\n2–2\n\n5–1\n\n2–1\n\n7–3\n\n\nDeveronside\n\n5–1\n\n2–5\n\n1–4\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n4–3\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–4\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n\nDyce Juniors\n\n2–3\n\n0–5\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n\n\n5–1\n\n3–2\n\n4–2\n\n1–6\n\n4–2\n\n3–0\n\n5–1\n\n0–1\n\n4–2\n\n\nEast End\n\n1–3\n\n3–3\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n\nEllon United\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–4\n\n2–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n1–3\n\n4–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n4–2\n\n\nHall Russell United\n\n1–4\n\n0–3\n\n1–4\n\n1–3\n\n2–3\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n3–3\n\n2–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n\nHermes\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–5\n\n0–3\n\n2–3\n\n5–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–3\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n3–2\n\n4–1\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n\nLongside\n\n4–2\n\n0–8\n\n0–4\n\n0–2\n\n0–3\n\n3–5\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–4\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n\nMaud\n\n4–2\n\n3–1\n\n0–3\n\n4–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n5–4\n\n2–4\n\n2–2\n\n6–0\n\n\n\n3–4\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nNew Elgin\n\n3–3\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n5–0\n\n3–2\n\n\nStonehaven\n\n4–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–3\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–5\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n\nFC Stoneywood\n\n1–0\n\n3–4\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n5–1\n\n4–5\n\n0–1\n\n1–4\n\n4–1\n\n3–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n\n\nUpdated to match(es) played on 20 May 2014. Source: North Region JFALegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"}]
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[{"reference":"Easton, Richard (4 May 2013). \"Culter are champions\". SJFA North Region. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122844/http://northregionjfa.pitchero.com/culter-are-champions-14317/","url_text":"\"Culter are champions\""},{"url":"http://northregionjfa.pitchero.com/culter-are-champions-14317/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://northregionjfa.pitchero.com/tables.php","external_links_name":"North Region JFA"},{"Link":"http://northregionjfa.pitchero.com/results.php","external_links_name":"North Region JFA"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122844/http://northregionjfa.pitchero.com/culter-are-champions-14317/","external_links_name":"\"Culter are champions\""},{"Link":"http://northregionjfa.pitchero.com/culter-are-champions-14317/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005160702/http://northregionjfa.pitchero.com/","external_links_name":"North Region JFA"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksa_Jeli%C4%87
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Aleksa Jelić
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["1 Life and career","2 Discography","3 Filmography","4 External links","5 References"]
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Aleksa JelićAleksa Jelić in 2008Background informationBirth nameAleksa JelićBorn (1976-11-19) 19 November 1976 (age 47)Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR YugoslaviaGenresPopdance-popOccupation(s)SingerdancerpresenterYears active2007–presentLabelsPGP-RTSMusical artist
Aleksa Jelić (Serbian Cyrillic: Алекса Јелић; born 19 November 1976) is a Serbian singer, ballet dancer and television presenter.
Life and career
Jelić was born on 19 November 1976 in Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia. He is the son of rock musician and founder of YU Grupa, Dragi Jelić.
At 17 years of age, Jelić became the youngest permanent ballet dancer at the Terazije Theater in Belgrade.
In March 2007, he rose to prominence as a singer by competing on Serbian national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, called Beovizija, with the song "Beli grad", finishing in 7th place. The following year, he returned to Beovizija with "Beli jablan" featuring Ana Štajdohar, ending up as the runner-up. Same year in May, Jelić also released his debut album U tami disko kluba under PGP-RTS.
In November 2010, he released his second studio album Javna tajna. Jelić released the single "Idemo u grad" in October 2012, which served as the official anthem for the Belgrade Pride that year. In October 2013, Jelić became a contestant on the first season of the Serbian version of Your Face Sounds Familiar, where he finished in 3rd place. In March 2014, he was announced as the presenter of the Serbian spin-off of Dancing with the Stars. In February 2015, Jelić applied to represent Serbia on the Eurovision once again with the song "Vodi me". He finished in 3rd place out of three entries. In June 2019, Jelić released his third album Metamorfoza. Later that year, he competed on the All Stars season of Tvoje lice zvuči poznato, paired with the season one-winner, Ana Kokić. The two reached the grand final and ultimately placed as the second runner-ups.
Since 1999, Jelić has resided between Belgrade and Barcelona, Spain, where he works in the hospitality industry.
Discography
Studio albums
U tami disko kluba (2008)
Javna tajna (2010)
Matamorfoza (2019)
Filmography
Filmography of Aleksa Jelić
Year
Title
Genre
Role
Notes
2007
Beovizija
Television
Himself
7th place with "Beli grad"
2008
Runner-up with "Beli jablan" feat. Ana Štajdohar
2013
Tvoje lice zvuči poznato
Season 1, 3rd place
2014
Ples sa zvezdama
Presenter
2015
Odbrojavanje za Beč
3rd place with "Vodi me"
2019
Tvoje lice zvuči poznato
Season 5: All Stars, 3rd place alongside Ana Kokić
External links
Aleksa Jelić discography at Discogs
Aleksa Jelić at IMDb
References
^ Popović, A. (20 November 2013). "Svi rokeri ne jednom mestu". Blic.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ "Upoznajte Aleksu Jelića". Rts.rs. 13 February 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ "Serbia: Beovizija 2007". Eurovisionworld.com. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ "Serbia: Beovizija 2008". Eurovisionworld.com. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ Čule, M. (1 October 2012). "Aleksa Jelić snimio himnu za Prajd". Blic.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ D I. (6 March 2014). "Aleksa Jelić i Irina Radović vode "Ples sa zvezdama"". Blic.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ Ivanović, D. (12 January 2015). "OTKRIVAMO Aleksa u trci za Evrosong". Blic.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ "Serbia: Odbrojavanje za Beč (2015)". Eurovisionworld.com. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ M. J. V. (20 December 2019). "Finale šoua Tvoje lice zvuči poznato: Publika bira pobednički tim". Novisti.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ Manojlović, J. (9 January 2023). "Tamara Dragičević snimila našeg pevača kako radi za šankom u Španiji". Nova.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
vteTvoje lice zvuči poznatoSeasons
1
2
3
4
5
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
This article about a Serbian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"}],"text":"Musical artistAleksa Jelić (Serbian Cyrillic: Алекса Јелић; born 19 November 1976) is a Serbian singer, ballet dancer and television presenter.","title":"Aleksa Jelić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"YU Grupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YU_Grupa"},{"link_name":"Dragi Jelić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragi_Jeli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Terazije Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terazije_Theater"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Beovizija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beovizija"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ana Štajdohar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_%C5%A0tajdohar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"PGP-RTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGP-RTS"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Pride"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvoje_lice_zvu%C4%8Di_poznato_(Serbian_season_1)"},{"link_name":"Serbian version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvoje_lice_zvu%C4%8Di_poznato_(Serbian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Your Face Sounds Familiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Face_Sounds_Familiar"},{"link_name":"Serbian spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ples_sa_Zvezdama_(Season_1)"},{"link_name":"Dancing with the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"All Stars season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvoje_lice_zvu%C4%8Di_poznato_(Serbian_season_5)"},{"link_name":"Ana Kokić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Koki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"hospitality industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_industry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Jelić was born on 19 November 1976 in Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia. He is the son of rock musician and founder of YU Grupa, Dragi Jelić.[1]At 17 years of age, Jelić became the youngest permanent ballet dancer at the Terazije Theater in Belgrade.[2]In March 2007, he rose to prominence as a singer by competing on Serbian national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, called Beovizija, with the song \"Beli grad\", finishing in 7th place.[3] The following year, he returned to Beovizija with \"Beli jablan\" featuring Ana Štajdohar, ending up as the runner-up.[4] Same year in May, Jelić also released his debut album U tami disko kluba under PGP-RTS.In November 2010, he released his second studio album Javna tajna. Jelić released the single \"Idemo u grad\" in October 2012, which served as the official anthem for the Belgrade Pride that year.[5] In October 2013, Jelić became a contestant on the first season of the Serbian version of Your Face Sounds Familiar, where he finished in 3rd place. In March 2014, he was announced as the presenter of the Serbian spin-off of Dancing with the Stars.[6] In February 2015, Jelić applied to represent Serbia on the Eurovision once again with the song \"Vodi me\".[7] He finished in 3rd place out of three entries.[8] In June 2019, Jelić released his third album Metamorfoza. Later that year, he competed on the All Stars season of Tvoje lice zvuči poznato, paired with the season one-winner, Ana Kokić. The two reached the grand final and ultimately placed as the second runner-ups.[9]Since 1999, Jelić has resided between Belgrade and Barcelona, Spain, where he works in the hospitality industry.[10]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Studio albumsU tami disko kluba (2008)\nJavna tajna (2010)\nMatamorfoza (2019)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
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[{"reference":"Popović, A. (20 November 2013). \"Svi rokeri ne jednom mestu\". Blic.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blic.rs/zabava/svi-rokeri-na-jednom-mestu-aleksa-jelic-sa-mamom-slavio-rodendan/jcj5npt","url_text":"\"Svi rokeri ne jednom mestu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blic_(newspaper)","url_text":"Blic.rs"}]},{"reference":"\"Upoznajte Aleksu Jelića\". Rts.rs. 13 February 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rts.rs/page/rts/sr/Evrosong/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5+2015/story/2384/vesti/1829705/upoznajte-aleksu-jelica.html","url_text":"\"Upoznajte Aleksu Jelića\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia","url_text":"Rts.rs"}]},{"reference":"\"Serbia: Beovizija 2007\". Eurovisionworld.com. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovisionworld.com/national/serbia/beovizija-2007","url_text":"\"Serbia: Beovizija 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serbia: Beovizija 2008\". Eurovisionworld.com. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovisionworld.com/national/serbia/beovizija-2008","url_text":"\"Serbia: Beovizija 2008\""}]},{"reference":"Čule, M. (1 October 2012). \"Aleksa Jelić snimio himnu za Prajd\". Blic.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blic.rs/zabava/vesti/aleksa-jelic-snimio-himnu-za-prajd/wnjxech","url_text":"\"Aleksa Jelić snimio himnu za Prajd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blic_(newspaper)","url_text":"Blic.rs"}]},{"reference":"D I. (6 March 2014). \"Aleksa Jelić i Irina Radović vode \"Ples sa zvezdama\"\". Blic.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blic.rs/zabava/vesti/aleksa-jelic-i-irina-radovic-vode-ples-sa-zvezdama/4pee77y","url_text":"\"Aleksa Jelić i Irina Radović vode \"Ples sa zvezdama\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blic_(newspaper)","url_text":"Blic.rs"}]},{"reference":"Ivanović, D. (12 January 2015). \"OTKRIVAMO Aleksa u trci za Evrosong\". Blic.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blic.rs/zabava/vesti/otkrivamo-aleksa-u-trci-za-evrosong/8btcn72","url_text":"\"OTKRIVAMO Aleksa u trci za Evrosong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blic_(newspaper)","url_text":"Blic.rs"}]},{"reference":"\"Serbia: Odbrojavanje za Beč (2015)\". Eurovisionworld.com. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovisionworld.com/national/serbia/odbrojavanje-za-bec","url_text":"\"Serbia: Odbrojavanje za Beč (2015)\""}]},{"reference":"M. J. V. (20 December 2019). \"Finale šoua Tvoje lice zvuči poznato: Publika bira pobednički tim\". Novisti.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/scena.147.html:837054-Finale-soua-Tvoje-lice-zvuci-poznato-Publika-bira-pobednicki-tim","url_text":"\"Finale šoua Tvoje lice zvuči poznato: Publika bira pobednički tim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernje_Novosti","url_text":"Novisti.rs"}]},{"reference":"Manojlović, J. (9 January 2023). \"Tamara Dragičević snimila našeg pevača kako radi za šankom u Španiji\". Nova.rs. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nova.rs/zabava/showbiz/tamara-dragicevic-snimila-naseg-pevaca-kako-radi-za-sankom-u-spaniji-foto/","url_text":"\"Tamara Dragičević snimila našeg pevača kako radi za šankom u Španiji\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_S","url_text":"Nova.rs"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Aleksa+Jeli%C4%87","external_links_name":"Aleksa Jelić"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6492700/","external_links_name":"Aleksa Jelić"},{"Link":"https://www.blic.rs/zabava/svi-rokeri-na-jednom-mestu-aleksa-jelic-sa-mamom-slavio-rodendan/jcj5npt","external_links_name":"\"Svi rokeri ne jednom mestu\""},{"Link":"https://www.rts.rs/page/rts/sr/Evrosong/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5+2015/story/2384/vesti/1829705/upoznajte-aleksu-jelica.html","external_links_name":"\"Upoznajte Aleksu Jelića\""},{"Link":"https://eurovisionworld.com/national/serbia/beovizija-2007","external_links_name":"\"Serbia: Beovizija 2007\""},{"Link":"https://eurovisionworld.com/national/serbia/beovizija-2008","external_links_name":"\"Serbia: Beovizija 2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.blic.rs/zabava/vesti/aleksa-jelic-snimio-himnu-za-prajd/wnjxech","external_links_name":"\"Aleksa Jelić snimio himnu za Prajd\""},{"Link":"https://www.blic.rs/zabava/vesti/aleksa-jelic-i-irina-radovic-vode-ples-sa-zvezdama/4pee77y","external_links_name":"\"Aleksa Jelić i Irina Radović vode \"Ples sa zvezdama\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.blic.rs/zabava/vesti/otkrivamo-aleksa-u-trci-za-evrosong/8btcn72","external_links_name":"\"OTKRIVAMO Aleksa u trci za Evrosong\""},{"Link":"https://eurovisionworld.com/national/serbia/odbrojavanje-za-bec","external_links_name":"\"Serbia: Odbrojavanje za Beč (2015)\""},{"Link":"https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/scena.147.html:837054-Finale-soua-Tvoje-lice-zvuci-poznato-Publika-bira-pobednicki-tim","external_links_name":"\"Finale šoua Tvoje lice zvuči poznato: Publika bira pobednički tim\""},{"Link":"https://nova.rs/zabava/showbiz/tamara-dragicevic-snimila-naseg-pevaca-kako-radi-za-sankom-u-spaniji-foto/","external_links_name":"\"Tamara Dragičević snimila našeg pevača kako radi za šankom u Španiji\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a1cd11a2-6c38-4002-9ab5-66a774624afd","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksa_Jeli%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4rend%C3%B6_River
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Tärendö River
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 67°09′40″N 22°38′25″E / 67.16111°N 22.64028°E / 67.16111; 22.64028River in SwedenTärendö RiverTärendö river in late October 2011LocationCountrySwedenCountyNorrbotten CountyPhysical characteristicsSourceTorne River • coordinates67°26′40″N 22°26′50″E / 67.44444°N 22.44722°E / 67.44444; 22.44722 • elevation210 m (690 ft)
MouthKalix River • coordinates67°09′40″N 22°38′25″E / 67.16111°N 22.64028°E / 67.16111; 22.64028 • elevation160 m (520 ft)Length52 km (32 mi)Discharge • average80 m3/s (2,800 cu ft/s)
The Tärendö River (Swedish: Tärendö älv, Meänkieli: Täränönväylä) is a small distributary river to the Kalix River in Norrbotten, Sweden.
It is the second largest bifurcation in the world (second only to the Casiquiare canal, South America).
The Tärendö River splits off the Torne River in Pajala Municipality, near the village of Junosuando, at an altitude of 210 m. It takes more than 50% of the water in the Torne River.
It flows southeast for 52 km, passing Lautakoski and Koijuniemi, then empties into the Kalix River at the village of Tärendö at an altitude of 160 m.
Right-bank tributaries of the Tärendö River are Meras River, Leppä River, Saitta River, and Jukkas River. The Kari River flows into the Tärendö River on the left.
Like many other rivers in Nordkalotten and Norrland, the river is popular for fishing.
References
^ "Tärendö älv". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Retrieved 4 September 2010. (subscription required)
^ a b "Bifurkationen är en världssensation" (in Swedish). Pajala Municipality. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
External links
Tärendö river on Google Streetview
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Meänkieli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli"},{"link_name":"distributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributary"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"Kalix River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalix_River"},{"link_name":"Norrbotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrbotten_County"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"bifurcation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_bifurcation"},{"link_name":"Casiquiare canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casiquiare_canal"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pajala.se-2"},{"link_name":"Torne River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torne_(Finnish_and_Swedish_river)"},{"link_name":"Pajala Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajala_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Junosuando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junosuando"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pajala.se-2"},{"link_name":"Lautakoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lautakoski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koijuniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koijuniemi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tärendö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4rend%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Meras River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meras_River"},{"link_name":"Leppä River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepp%C3%A4_River"},{"link_name":"Saitta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitta_River"},{"link_name":"Jukkas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukkas_River"},{"link_name":"Kari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_River"},{"link_name":"Nordkalotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkalotten"},{"link_name":"Norrland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrland"}],"text":"River in SwedenThe Tärendö River (Swedish: Tärendö älv, Meänkieli: Täränönväylä) is a small distributary river to the Kalix River in Norrbotten, Sweden.\nIt is the second largest bifurcation in the world (second only to the Casiquiare canal, South America).[2]The Tärendö River splits off the Torne River in Pajala Municipality, near the village of Junosuando, at an altitude of 210 m. It takes more than 50% of the water in the Torne River.[2]It flows southeast for 52 km, passing Lautakoski and Koijuniemi, then empties into the Kalix River at the village of Tärendö at an altitude of 160 m.Right-bank tributaries of the Tärendö River are Meras River, Leppä River, Saitta River, and Jukkas River. The Kari River flows into the Tärendö River on the left.Like many other rivers in Nordkalotten and Norrland, the river is popular for fishing.","title":"Tärendö River"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Tärendö älv\". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Retrieved 4 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ne.se/t%C3%A4rend%C3%B6-%C3%A4lv","url_text":"\"Tärendö älv\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin","url_text":"Nationalencyklopedin"}]},{"reference":"\"Bifurkationen är en världssensation\" (in Swedish). Pajala Municipality. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2010-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100825141812/http://www.pajala.se/mun/pajala/www.nsf/Turism/Sev%C3%A4rdheter/F332C56EA33AC8ABC1256EE40024BDAA?open","url_text":"\"Bifurkationen är en världssensation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajala_Municipality","url_text":"Pajala Municipality"},{"url":"http://www.pajala.se/mun/pajala/www.nsf/Turism/Sev%C3%A4rdheter/F332C56EA33AC8ABC1256EE40024BDAA?open","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=T%C3%A4rend%C3%B6_River¶ms=67_09_40_N_22_38_25_E_type:river","external_links_name":"67°09′40″N 22°38′25″E / 67.16111°N 22.64028°E / 67.16111; 22.64028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=T%C3%A4rend%C3%B6_River¶ms=67_26_40_N_22_26_50_E_","external_links_name":"67°26′40″N 22°26′50″E / 67.44444°N 22.44722°E / 67.44444; 22.44722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=T%C3%A4rend%C3%B6_River¶ms=67_09_40_N_22_38_25_E_type:river","external_links_name":"67°09′40″N 22°38′25″E / 67.16111°N 22.64028°E / 67.16111; 22.64028"},{"Link":"http://www.ne.se/t%C3%A4rend%C3%B6-%C3%A4lv","external_links_name":"\"Tärendö älv\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100825141812/http://www.pajala.se/mun/pajala/www.nsf/Turism/Sev%C3%A4rdheter/F332C56EA33AC8ABC1256EE40024BDAA?open","external_links_name":"\"Bifurkationen är en världssensation\""},{"Link":"http://www.pajala.se/mun/pajala/www.nsf/Turism/Sev%C3%A4rdheter/F332C56EA33AC8ABC1256EE40024BDAA?open","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://maps.google.se/maps?f=d&source=s_d&sll=67.76274,22.343961&sspn=0.015591,0.077162&ie=UTF8&ll=67.424496,22.400093&spn=0,359.691353&z=12&layer=c&cbll=67.424358,22.401082&panoid=kDeqPl04FvznpgnpZmmk_w&cbp=12,178.91,,1,2.65","external_links_name":"Tärendö river on Google Streetview"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_SS
|
Austrian SS
|
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 Bibliography"]
|
Portion of the Schutzstaffel membership from Austria
The Austrian SS was that portion of the Schutzstaffel (SS) membership from Austria. The term and title was used unofficially. They were never officially recognized as a separate branch of the SS. Austrian SS members were seen as regular personnel and they served in every branch of the SS.
History
With Kaltenbrunner (on the far left), Heinrich Himmler talks to camp commander, Franz Ziereis, during an official visit to Mauthausen concentration camp in 1941. Austrian Gauleiter August Eigruber (wearing a pre-war Allgemeine SS uniform) accompanies them along with other SS officials.
The term "Austrian SS" is often used to describe that portion of the SS membership from Austria, but it was never a recognized branch of the SS. In contrast to SS members from other countries, who were grouped into either the Germanic-SS or the Foreign Legions of the Waffen-SS, Austrian SS members were regular SS personnel. It was technically under the command of the SS in Germany, but often acted independently concerning Austrian affairs. The Austrian SS was founded in 1930 and, by 1934, was acting as a covert force to bring about the Anschluss with Germany, which occurred in March 1938. Early Austrian SS leaders were Ernst Kaltenbrunner and Arthur Seyss-Inquart.
Austrian SS men were organized in the same manner as the Allgemeine-SS, but operated as an underground organization, in particular after 1936 when the Austrian government declared the SS an illegal organization. Kaltenbrunner, for example, repeatedly made trips to Bavaria to consult with Himmler and Heydrich. Hiding on a train and on a ship that traveled to Passau, he would return with money and orders for Austrian comrades. Kaltenbrunner was arrested for a second time in 1937, by Austrian authorities on charges of being head of the illegal Nazi Party organisation in Upper Austria. He was released in September. One of the largest formations of the Austrian SS was the 11th SS-Standarte operating out of Vienna.
After 1938, when Austria was annexed by Germany, the Austrian SS was folded into SS-Oberabschnitt Donau with the 3rd regiment of the SS-Verfugungstruppe, Der Führer, and the fourth Totenkopf regiment, Ostmark, recruited in Austria shortly thereafter. Mauthausen was the first concentration camp opened in Austria following the Anschluss. Starting with a single camp at Mauthausen, the complex expanded over time and by the summer of 1940 Mauthausen had become one of the largest labour camp complexes in the German-controlled part of Europe, with four main subcamps at Mauthausen and nearby Gusen, and nearly 100 other subcamps located throughout Austria and southern Germany, directed from a central office at Mauthausen.
In Vienna, the Hotel Metropole was transformed into Gestapo headquarters in April 1938. With a staff of 900 (80 per cent of whom were recruited from the Austrian police), it was the largest Gestapo office outside of Berlin. An estimated 50,000 people were interrogated or tortured there. Thereafter, the people would be deported to concentration camps throughout the German Reich. The Gestapo in Vienna was headed by Franz Josef Huber, who also served as chief of the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna. Although its de facto leaders were Adolf Eichmann and later Alois Brunner, Huber was still responsible for the mass deportation of Austrian Jews.
Austrian SS members served in every branch of the SS, including Nazi concentration camps, Einsatzgruppen, and the Security Services. Political scientist David Art of Tufts University notes that Austrians comprised 8 per cent of the Third Reich's population and 13 percent of the SS; he states that 40 per cent of the staff and 75 per cent of commanders at death camps were Austrian. Besides Eichmann, who was one of the major organisers of the Holocaust, Amon Göth was another infamous Austrian-SS member. He became the commandant of the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp in Płaszów (who was portrayed in the film Schindler's List by Ralph Fiennes).
See also
August Eigruber
August Meyszner
Wilhelm Höttl
Otto Skorzeny
References
Citations
^ Browder 1996, pp. 205–206.
^ Rosmus 2015, p. 52.
^ Miller 2015, p. 395.
^ Weale 2012, p. 107.
^ Dobosiewicz 2000, pp. 191–202.
^ Bischof & Pelinka 1996, pp. 185–190.
^ Anderson 2011.
^ Mang 2003, pp. 1–5.
^ Art 2006, p. 43.
^ Weale 2012, pp. 144, 156, 157.
^ Crowe 2004, p. 227.
Bibliography
Anderson, Christopher (1 November 2011). "Crossing the Painful Threshold of Memory". Vienna Review. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
Art, David (2006). The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85683-3.
Bischof, Günter; Pelinka, Anton (1996). Austrian Historical Memory and National Identity. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-902-0.
Browder, George C (1996). Hitler's Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19510-479-0.
Crowe, David M. (2004). Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-465-00253-5.
Dobosiewicz, Stanisław (2000). Mauthausen-Gusen: w obronie życia i ludzkiej godności (Mauthausen-Gusen: in defence of life and human dignity). Warsaw: Bellona. ISBN 83-11-09048-3.
Mang, Thomas (2003). "Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien – "Mein Name ist Huber"" (PDF). Döw Mitteilungen (in German). 164. Documentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstands: 1–5.
Miller, Michael (2015). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 2. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender. ISBN 978-19-329-7025-8.
Rosmus, Anna (2015). Hitlers Nibelungen: Niederbayern im Aufbruch zu Krieg und Untergang (in German). Grafenau: Samples Verlag. ISBN 978-3-93840-132-3.
Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS. New York; Toronto: NAL Caliber (Penguin Group). ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schutzstaffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"}],"text":"The Austrian SS was that portion of the Schutzstaffel (SS) membership from Austria. The term and title was used unofficially. They were never officially recognized as a separate branch of the SS. Austrian SS members were seen as regular personnel and they served in every branch of the SS.","title":"Austrian SS"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45534-0005,_Kz_Mauthausen,_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler,_Franz_Ziereis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"Franz Ziereis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Ziereis"},{"link_name":"Mauthausen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Gauleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauleiter"},{"link_name":"August Eigruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Eigruber"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_SS"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"Ernst Kaltenbrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner"},{"link_name":"Arthur Seyss-Inquart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996205%E2%80%93206-1"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine-SS"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Passau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosmus201552-2"},{"link_name":"Upper Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Austria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2015395-3"},{"link_name":"11th SS-Standarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_SS-Standarte"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"SS-Oberabschnitt Donau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Oberabschnitt_Donau"},{"link_name":"Mauthausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012107-4"},{"link_name":"labour camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_camp"},{"link_name":"subcamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcamp_(SS)"},{"link_name":"nearly 100 other subcamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mauthausen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191%E2%80%93202-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBischofPelinka1996185%E2%80%93190-6"},{"link_name":"Hotel Metropole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Metropole,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2011-7"},{"link_name":"Franz Josef Huber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Huber"},{"link_name":"Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Central_Agency_for_Jewish_Emigration_in_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Adolf Eichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann"},{"link_name":"Alois Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Brunner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMang20031%E2%80%935-8"},{"link_name":"Nazi concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"Einsatzgruppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArt200643-9"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Amon Göth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th"},{"link_name":"Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Płaszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Schindler's List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler%27s_List"},{"link_name":"Ralph Fiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012144,_156,_157-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowe2004227-11"}],"text":"With Kaltenbrunner (on the far left), Heinrich Himmler talks to camp commander, Franz Ziereis, during an official visit to Mauthausen concentration camp in 1941. Austrian Gauleiter August Eigruber (wearing a pre-war Allgemeine SS uniform) accompanies them along with other SS officials.The term \"Austrian SS\" is often used to describe that portion of the SS membership from Austria, but it was never a recognized branch of the SS. In contrast to SS members from other countries, who were grouped into either the Germanic-SS or the Foreign Legions of the Waffen-SS, Austrian SS members were regular SS personnel. It was technically under the command of the SS in Germany, but often acted independently concerning Austrian affairs. The Austrian SS was founded in 1930 and, by 1934, was acting as a covert force to bring about the Anschluss with Germany, which occurred in March 1938. Early Austrian SS leaders were Ernst Kaltenbrunner and Arthur Seyss-Inquart.[1]Austrian SS men were organized in the same manner as the Allgemeine-SS, but operated as an underground organization, in particular after 1936 when the Austrian government declared the SS an illegal organization. Kaltenbrunner, for example, repeatedly made trips to Bavaria to consult with Himmler and Heydrich. Hiding on a train and on a ship that traveled to Passau, he would return with money and orders for Austrian comrades.[2] Kaltenbrunner was arrested for a second time in 1937, by Austrian authorities on charges of being head of the illegal Nazi Party organisation in Upper Austria. He was released in September.[3] One of the largest formations of the Austrian SS was the 11th SS-Standarte operating out of Vienna.After 1938, when Austria was annexed by Germany, the Austrian SS was folded into SS-Oberabschnitt Donau with the 3rd regiment of the SS-Verfugungstruppe, Der Führer, and the fourth Totenkopf regiment, Ostmark, recruited in Austria shortly thereafter. Mauthausen was the first concentration camp opened in Austria following the Anschluss.[4] Starting with a single camp at Mauthausen, the complex expanded over time and by the summer of 1940 Mauthausen had become one of the largest labour camp complexes in the German-controlled part of Europe, with four main subcamps at Mauthausen and nearby Gusen, and nearly 100 other subcamps located throughout Austria and southern Germany, directed from a central office at Mauthausen.[5][6]In Vienna, the Hotel Metropole was transformed into Gestapo headquarters in April 1938. With a staff of 900 (80 per cent of whom were recruited from the Austrian police), it was the largest Gestapo office outside of Berlin. An estimated 50,000 people were interrogated or tortured there. Thereafter, the people would be deported to concentration camps throughout the German Reich.[7] The Gestapo in Vienna was headed by Franz Josef Huber, who also served as chief of the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna. Although its de facto leaders were Adolf Eichmann and later Alois Brunner, Huber was still responsible for the mass deportation of Austrian Jews.[8]Austrian SS members served in every branch of the SS, including Nazi concentration camps, Einsatzgruppen, and the Security Services. Political scientist David Art of Tufts University notes that Austrians comprised 8 per cent of the Third Reich's population and 13 percent of the SS; he states that 40 per cent of the staff and 75 per cent of commanders at death camps were Austrian.[9] Besides Eichmann, who was one of the major organisers of the Holocaust, Amon Göth was another infamous Austrian-SS member. He became the commandant of the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp in Płaszów (who was portrayed in the film Schindler's List by Ralph Fiennes).[10][11]","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"With Kaltenbrunner (on the far left), Heinrich Himmler talks to camp commander, Franz Ziereis, during an official visit to Mauthausen concentration camp in 1941. Austrian Gauleiter August Eigruber (wearing a pre-war Allgemeine SS uniform) accompanies them along with other SS officials.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45534-0005%2C_Kz_Mauthausen%2C_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler%2C_Franz_Ziereis.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45534-0005%2C_Kz_Mauthausen%2C_Besuch_Heinrich_Himmler%2C_Franz_Ziereis.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"August Eigruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Eigruber"},{"title":"August Meyszner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Meyszner"},{"title":"Wilhelm Höttl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_H%C3%B6ttl"},{"title":"Otto Skorzeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny"}]
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[{"reference":"Anderson, Christopher (1 November 2011). \"Crossing the Painful Threshold of Memory\". Vienna Review. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322040359/http://www.viennareview.net/on-the-town/city-life/scenes-of-vienna/crossing-the-threshold-of-painful-memory","url_text":"\"Crossing the Painful Threshold of Memory\""},{"url":"http://www.viennareview.net/on-the-town/city-life/scenes-of-vienna/crossing-the-threshold-of-painful-memory","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Art, David (2006). The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85683-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85683-3","url_text":"0-521-85683-3"}]},{"reference":"Bischof, Günter; Pelinka, Anton (1996). Austrian Historical Memory and National Identity. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-902-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers","url_text":"Transaction Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-902-0","url_text":"1-56000-902-0"}]},{"reference":"Browder, George C (1996). Hitler's Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19510-479-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19510-479-0","url_text":"978-0-19510-479-0"}]},{"reference":"Crowe, David M. (2004). Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-465-00253-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oskarschindlerun00crow","url_text":"Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00253-5","url_text":"978-0-465-00253-5"}]},{"reference":"Dobosiewicz, Stanisław (2000). Mauthausen-Gusen: w obronie życia i ludzkiej godności (Mauthausen-Gusen: in defence of life and human dignity). Warsaw: Bellona. ISBN 83-11-09048-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellona_Publishing_House","url_text":"Bellona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-11-09048-3","url_text":"83-11-09048-3"}]},{"reference":"Mang, Thomas (2003). \"Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien – \"Mein Name ist Huber\"\" [Head Gestapo Agency of Vienna: \"My name is Huber\"] (PDF). Döw Mitteilungen (in German). 164. Documentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstands: 1–5.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doew.at/cms/download/alalc/164.pdf","url_text":"\"Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien – \"Mein Name ist Huber\"\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Michael (2015). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 2. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender. ISBN 978-19-329-7025-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-19-329-7025-8","url_text":"978-19-329-7025-8"}]},{"reference":"Rosmus, Anna (2015). Hitlers Nibelungen: Niederbayern im Aufbruch zu Krieg und Untergang (in German). Grafenau: Samples Verlag. ISBN 978-3-93840-132-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-93840-132-3","url_text":"978-3-93840-132-3"}]},{"reference":"Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS. New York; Toronto: NAL Caliber (Penguin Group). ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Weale","url_text":"Weale, Adrian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23791-0","url_text":"978-0-451-23791-0"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322040359/http://www.viennareview.net/on-the-town/city-life/scenes-of-vienna/crossing-the-threshold-of-painful-memory","external_links_name":"\"Crossing the Painful Threshold of Memory\""},{"Link":"http://www.viennareview.net/on-the-town/city-life/scenes-of-vienna/crossing-the-threshold-of-painful-memory","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oskarschindlerun00crow","external_links_name":"Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List"},{"Link":"http://www.doew.at/cms/download/alalc/164.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien – \"Mein Name ist Huber\"\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkiln_Bayou
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Tarkiln Bayou Preserve State Park
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["1 Recreational Activities","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 30°22′16″N 87°24′36″W / 30.37111°N 87.41000°W / 30.37111; -87.41000State park in Florida, United States
Tarkiln Bayou State ParkIUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)Show map of FloridaShow map of the United StatesLocationEscambia County, Florida, United StatesNearest cityPensacola, FloridaCoordinates30°22′16″N 87°24′36″W / 30.37111°N 87.41000°W / 30.37111; -87.41000Governing bodyFlorida Department of Environmental Protection
Tarkiln Bayou Preserve State Park is a 4,290-acre (17.4 km2) preserve, a unit of Florida State Park located 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Pensacola, in northwestern Florida. It is home to four species of endangered pitcher plants, as well as other rare and endangered plant species. The rare, carnivorous white–top pitcher plant is unique to the Gulf Coast and found only between the Apalachicola and Mississippi rivers. Almost 100 other rare plants and animals depend on the wet prairie habitat, including the alligator snapping turtle, sweet pitcher plant, and Chapman's butterwort. Tarkiln Bayou Preserve State Park is located in Escambia County about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of the intersection of U.S. Hwy. 98 and State Road 293.
Recreational Activities
A half-mile long ADA boardwalk to Tarkiln Bayou allows visitors to experience some of western Florida's most wild and beautiful natural areas. Visitors can picnic or hike on one of the nature trails to observe the rare plants and animals. For the more adventurous, visitors can take a day–hike across the park to the Perdido River which separates Florida from Alabama.
Gallery
Park sign
entrance
Boardwalk leading to the Bayou
Panorama of part of the Bayou
Path in the park
Pitcher plant
References
^ "Tarkiln Bayou Preserve State Park".
External links
Florida State Parks
vteProtected areas of FloridaFederal levelNational parks
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State levelParks
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Paynes Creek
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River Rise
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Local levelPreserves and reserves
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Category
Commons
This Florida State Park related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a location in Escambia County, Florida is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Parks"},{"link_name":"Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"}],"text":"State park in Florida, United StatesTarkiln Bayou Preserve State Park is a 4,290-acre (17.4 km2) preserve, a unit of Florida State Park located 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Pensacola, in northwestern Florida. It is home to four species of endangered pitcher plants, as well as other rare and endangered plant species. The rare, carnivorous white–top pitcher plant is unique to the Gulf Coast and found only between the Apalachicola and Mississippi rivers. Almost 100 other rare plants and animals depend on the wet prairie habitat, including the alligator snapping turtle, sweet pitcher plant, and Chapman's butterwort. Tarkiln Bayou Preserve State Park is located in Escambia County about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of the intersection of U.S. Hwy. 98 and State Road 293.","title":"Tarkiln Bayou Preserve State Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBPSP-1"}],"text":"A half-mile long ADA boardwalk to Tarkiln Bayou allows visitors to experience some of western Florida's most wild and beautiful natural areas. Visitors can picnic or hike on one of the nature trails to observe the rare plants and animals. For the more adventurous, visitors can take a day–hike across the park to the Perdido River which separates Florida from Alabama.[1]","title":"Recreational Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pensacola_FL_Tarkiln_Bayou_SP_sign01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pensacola_FL_Tarkiln_Bayou_SP_entr01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pensacola_FL_Tarkiln_Bayou_SP_Claire_bdwlk06.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pensacola_FL_Tarkiln_Bayou_SP_pano02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pensacola_FL_Tarkiln_Bayou_SP_path03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pensacola_FL_Tarkiln_Bayou_SP_pitcher_plant01.jpg"}],"text":"Park sign\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tentrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoardwalk leading to the Bayou\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPanorama of part of the Bayou\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPath in the park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPitcher plant","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Tarkiln Bayou Preserve State Park\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.floridastateparks.org/parks-and-trails/tarkiln-bayou-preserve-state-park","url_text":"\"Tarkiln Bayou Preserve State Park\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maffucci_syndrome
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Maffucci syndrome
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["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Cause","3 Diagnosis","3.1 Differential diagnosis","4 Management","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Medical conditionMaffucci syndromeEnchondromas are present in Maffucci syndromeSpecialtyMedical genetics
Maffucci syndrome is a very rare disorder in which multiple benign tumors of cartilage develop within the bones (such tumors are known as enchondromas). The tumors most commonly appear in the bones of the hands, feet, and limbs, causing bone deformities and short limbs.
It is named for the Italian pathologist Angelo Maffucci who described it in 1881. Fewer than 200 cases of this syndrome have been reported.
Signs and symptoms
Patients are normal at birth and the syndrome manifests during childhood.
The enchondromas affect the extremities and their distribution is asymmetrical. The most common sites of enchondromas are the metacarpal bones and phalanges of the hands. The feet are less commonly affected. Disfigurations of the extremities are a result. Pathological fractures can arise in affected metaphyses and diaphyses of the long bones and are common (26%).
The risk for sarcomatous degeneration of enchondromas, hemangiomas, or lymphangiomas is 15–30% in the setting of Maffucci syndrome. Maffucci syndrome is associated with a higher risk of CNS, pancreatic, and ovarian malignancies. Multiple enchondromas may present in three disorders: Ollier disease, Maffucci syndrome, and metachondromatosis. It is important to make the distinction between these diseases, particularly Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome. Ollier disease is more common than Maffucci syndrome, and presents with multiple enchondromas often in a unilateral distribution. However, hemangiomas and lymphangiomas are not seen in Ollier disease. Metachondromatosis demonstrates autosomal-dominant transmission and presents with both multiple osteochondromas and enchondromas.
It is associated with multiple cavernous hemangioma and phlebolith. Lymphangiomas may also be apparent.
Cause
Maffucci syndrome is most commonly caused by mutations in the IDH1 or IDH2 gene.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
In Ollier's disease, isolated enchondromas are present without the presence of hemangiomas.
Management
Management entails careful examination and monitoring for malignant degenerations. Surgical interventions can correct or minimize deformities.
See also
Ollier disease
Njolstad syndrome
List of cutaneous conditions
List of radiographic findings associated with cutaneous conditions
References
^ a b c d e Reference, Genetics Home. "Maffucci syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
^ synd/1813 at Who Named It?
^ "Maffucci syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Maffucci Syndrome". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Maffucci syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Ollier disease: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Maffucci syndrome" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Faik A, Allali F, El Hassani S, Hajjaj-Hassouni N (February 2006). "Maffucci's syndrome: a case report". Clin. Rheumatol. 25 (1): 88–91. doi:10.1007/s10067-005-1101-1. PMID 16234991. S2CID 21114777.
^ "Ollier disease: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Maffucci Syndrome". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
External links
Malfucci syndrome at Genetics Home Reference
Gupta N, Kabra M (February 2007). "Maffucci syndrome" (PDF). Indian Pediatr. 44 (2): 149–50. PMID 17351310.
ClassificationDICD-10: Q78.4ICD-9-CM: 756.4OMIM: 166000MeSH: D004687DiseasesDB: 9212External resourceseMedicine: derm/256
vteOsteochondrodysplasiasOsteodysplasia/osteodystrophyDiaphysis
Camurati–Engelmann disease
Metaphysis
Metaphyseal dysplasia
Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
Epiphysis
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita
Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia
Osteosclerosis
Raine syndrome
Osteopoikilosis
Osteopetrosis
Other/ungrouped
FLNB
Boomerang dysplasia
Opsismodysplasia
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
McCune–Albright syndrome
Chondrodysplasia/chondrodystrophy(including dwarfism)Osteochondroma
osteochondromatosis
Hereditary multiple exostoses
Chondroma/enchondroma
enchondromatosis
Ollier disease
Maffucci syndrome
Growth factor receptorFGFR2:
Antley–Bixler syndrome
FGFR3:
Achondroplasia
Hypochondroplasia
Thanatophoric dysplasia
COL2A1 collagen disease
Achondrogenesis
type 2
Hypochondrogenesis
SLC26A2 sulfation defect
Achondrogenesis
type 1B
Autosomal recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
Atelosteogenesis, type II
Diastrophic dysplasia
Chondrodysplasia punctata
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata
Conradi–Hünermann syndrome
Other dwarfism
Fibrochondrogenesis
Short rib – polydactyly syndrome
Majewski's polydactyly syndrome
Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoralis_major
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Pectoralis major
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["1 Structure","1.1 Origin","1.2 Insertion","1.3 Nerve supply","1.4 Variation","2 Function","3 Clinical significance","3.1 Injuries and imaging","3.2 Poland syndrome","3.3 Other diseases","4 Additional images","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Main human chest muscle
Pectoralis majorSuperficial muscles of the chest and front of the armThe trunk viewed from the front, showing the pectoralis major to the right (To the left it is removed showing underlying structures, among other the pectoralis minor.)DetailsPronunciation/ˌpɛktəˈreɪlɪs ˈmeɪdʒər/OriginClavicular head: anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle. Sternocostal head: anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscleInsertionLateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus(anteromedial proximal humerus)ArteryPectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunkNerveLateral pectoral nerve and medial pectoral nerveClavicular head: C5 and C6Sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1ActionsClavicular head: flexes the humerus
Sternocostal head: horizontal and vertical adduction, extension, and internal rotation of the humerus Depression and abduction of the scapula.AntagonistDeltoid muscle, trapeziusIdentifiersLatinmusculus pectoralis majorTA98A04.4.01.002TA22301FMA9627Anatomical terms of muscle
The pectoralis major (from Latin pectus 'breast') is a thick, fan-shaped or triangular convergent muscle of the human chest. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles and lies under the breast. Beneath the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor muscle.
The pectoralis major arises from parts of the clavicle and sternum, costal cartilages of the true ribs, and the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle; it inserts onto the lateral lip of the bicipital groove. It receives double motor innervation from the medial pectoral nerve and the lateral pectoral nerve. The pectoralis major's primary functions are flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of the humerus. The pectoral major may colloquially be referred to as "pecs", "pectoral muscle", or "chest muscle", because it is the largest and most superficial muscle in the chest area.
Structure
Origin
It arises from the anterior surface of the sternal half of the clavicle from breadth of the half of the anterior surface of the sternum, as low down as the attachment of the cartilage of the sixth or seventh rib; from the cartilages of all the true ribs, with the exception, frequently, of the first or seventh, and from the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle.
Insertion
From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion; those arising from the clavicle pass obliquely downward and outwards (laterally), and are usually separated from the rest by a slight interval; those from the lower part of the sternum, and the cartilages of the lower true ribs, run upward and laterally, while the middle fibers pass horizontally.
They all end in a flat tendon, about 5 cm in breadth, which is inserted into the lateral lip of the bicipital groove (intertubercular sulcus) of the humerus.
This tendon consists of two laminae, placed one in front of the other, and usually blended together below:
The anterior lamina, which is thicker, receives the clavicular and the uppermost sternal fibers. They are inserted in the same order as that in which they arise: the most lateral of the clavicular fibers are inserted at the upper part of the anterior lamina; the uppermost sternal fibers pass down to the lower part of the lamina which extends as low as the tendon of the Deltoid and joins with it.
The posterior lamina of the tendon receives the attachment of the greater part of the sternal portion and the deep fibers, i. e., those from the costal cartilages.
These deep fibers, and particularly those from the lower costal cartilages, ascend the humerus insertion higher, turning backward successively behind the superficial and upper ones, so that the tendon appears to be twisted. The posterior lamina reaches higher on the humerus than the anterior one, and from it an expansion is given off which covers the intertubercular groove of the humerus and blends with the capsule of the shoulder-joint.
From the deepest fibers of this lamina at its insertion an expansion is given off which lines the intertubercular groove, while from the lower border of the tendon a third expansion passes downward to the fascia of the arm.
Nerve supply
The pectoralis major receives dual motor innervation by the medial pectoral nerve and the lateral pectoral nerve, also known as the lateral anterior thoracic nerve. The sternal head receives innervation from the C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots, via the lower trunk of the brachial plexus and the medial pectoral nerve. The clavicular head receives innervation from the C5 and C6 nerve roots via the upper trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, which gives off the lateral pectoral nerve. The lateral pectoral nerve is distributed over the deep surface of the pectoralis major.
The sensory feedback from the pectoralis major follows the reverse path, returning via first-order neurons to the spinal nerves at C5, C6, C8, and T1 through the posterior rami. After the synapse in the posterior horn of the spinal cord, sensory information concerning movement of the muscle, proprioception, and pressure then travels through a second-order neuron in the dorsal column medial lemniscus tract to the medulla. There, the fibers decussate to form the medial lemniscus which carries the sensory information the rest of the way to the thalamus, the "gateway to the cortex". The thalamus diverts some sensory information to the cerebellum and the basal nuclei to complete the motor feedback loop while some sensory information ascends directly to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe of the brain via third-order neurons. Sensory information for the pectoralis major is processed in the superior portion of the sensory homunculus, adjacent to the longitudinal fissure which divides the two hemispheres of the brain.
Electromyography suggests that it consists of at least six groups of muscle fibres that can be independently coordinated by the central nervous system.
Variation
Absence of sternocostal head of right pectoralis major associated with compensatory hypertrophy of latissimus dorsi is not rare. It is revealed on pressing downwards with the arms.
The more frequent variations include greater or less extent of attachment to the ribs and sternum, varying size of the abdominal part or its absence, greater or less extent of separation of sternocostal and clavicular parts, fusion of clavicular part with deltoid, and decussation in front of the sternum. Deficiency or absence of the sternocostal part is not uncommon and more frequent than absence of the clavicular part. Poland syndrome is a rare congenital condition in which the whole muscle is missing, most commonly on one side of the body. This may accompany absence of the breast in females. The sternalis muscle may be a variant form of the pectoralis major or the rectus abdominis. ]
Function
The function of the pectoralis major is different for its different heads. The clavicular head flexes the humerus, and the sternocostal head adducts the humerus. As a whole the action is to adduct and medially rotate the humerus. It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly.
The pectoralis major has four actions which are primarily responsible for movement of the shoulder joint. The first action is flexion of the humerus, as in throwing a ball underhand, and in lifting a child. Secondly, it adducts the humerus, as when flapping the arms. Thirdly, it rotates the humerus medially, as occurs when arm-wrestling. Fourthly the pectoralis major is also responsible for keeping the arm attached to the trunk of the body. It has two different parts which are responsible for different actions. The clavicular part is close to the deltoid muscle and contributes to flexion, horizontal adduction, and inward rotation of the humerus. When at an approximately 110-degree angle, it contributes to adduction of the humerus. The sternocostal part is antagonistic to the clavicular part contributing to downward and forward movement of the arm and inward rotation when accompanied by adduction. The sternal fibers can also contribute to extension, but not beyond anatomical position.
Hypertrophy of the pectoralis major increases functionality. Maximal activation of the pectoralis major occurs in the transverse plane through pressing motions. Both multi-joint and single-joint exercises induce pectoralis major hypertrophy. A combination of both single-joint and multi-joint exercises will result in a maximum hypertrophic response. The pectoralis major can be targeted from numerous training angles along the sternum and clavicle. Exercises that include horizontal adduction and elbow extensions such as the barbell bench press, dumbbell bench press, and machine bench press induce high activation of the pectoralis major in the sternocostal region. Heavy loads are strongly correlated with pectoralis major activation.
Clinical significance
Injuries and imaging
A pectoralis major rupturing during bench press while lifting 212.5 kg
Activation and protection of the Pectoralis major by a gymnast using talc.
Tears of the pectoralis major are rare and typically affect otherwise healthy individuals. This type of injury is known to affect the athletic population, namely in high-impact contact sports such as powerlifting, and may result in pain, weakness, and disability. Most lesions are located at the musculotendinous junction and result from violent, eccentric contraction of the muscle, such as during bench press. A less frequent rupture site is the muscle belly, usually as a result of a direct blow. In developed countries, most lesions occur in male athletes, especially those practicing contact sports and weight-lifting (particularly during a bench press maneuver). Women are less susceptible to these tears because of larger tendon-to-muscle diameter, greater muscular elasticity, and less energetic injuries. The injury is characterized by sudden and acute pain in the chest wall and shoulder area, bruising and loss of strength of the muscle. High grade partial or full thickness tears warrant surgical repair as the preferred treatment if function is to be preserved, particularly in the athletic population.
Acting fast, obtaining the correct diagnoses, and getting the surgical repair as soon as possible is a key to successful recovery. Waiting can cause the acute injury to become chronic and chances of success is greatly diminished as a result. After surgery, the impacted arm is then immobilized with a sling for about six to eight weeks to minimize and avoid movement of the arm and potentially re-rupturing the surgery site. About two months after the surgery, physical therapy is typically introduced for about six months, after which point strengthening of the muscle is needed to achieve good results. Most patients are able to return to activity after six months to a year following surgery with high patient satisfaction and slightly reduced strength compared to pre-injury. Both US and MRI are useful to confirm the diagnosis, location and extent of a tear, though the first may be more cost-effective in experienced hands.
Poland syndrome
Poland syndrome is a congenital anomaly in which there is a malformation of the chest causing the pectoralis major on one side of the body to be absent. Other characteristics of this disease are "unilateral shortening of the index, long, and ring fingers, syndactyly of the affected digits, hypoplasia of the hand, and the absence of the sternocostal portion of the ipsilateral pectoralis major muscle". Although the absence of a pectoralis major is not life-threatening, it will have an effect on the person with Poland's syndrome. Adduction and medial rotation of the arm will be much harder to accomplish without the pectoralis major. The latissimus dorsi and teres major also aid in adduction and medial rotation of the arm, so they may be able to compensate for the lack of extra muscle. However, some patients with Poland's syndrome may also be lacking these muscles, which make these actions nearly impossible.
Researchers from the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at the Yonsei University College of Medicine in Seoul, Korea reported a case of congenital absence of pectoralis major in 1990. According to Kakulas and Adams, pectoralis major is the most frequently congenitally absent muscle. The case involved a 22-year-old marine who had asymmetrical configuration of chest wall who had never experienced difficulties performing daily activities, but who experienced difficulties in the military camp. He had difficulty in some training activities especially those such as throwing a grenade or rope climbing. During a surgery performed to correct the sternal depression, it was found that the right pectoralis major was totally absent. However, previous physical exams did not show deficiencies in muscle strength as the right shoulder was good for flexion, adduction, horizontal adduction and internal rotation. Moreover, his pain and touch sensation were normal. X-rays were also performed and showed normal pictures of the chest's bones. The fact that the absence of pectoralis major did not cause functional loss in ordinary activities in this case of congenital absence showed that other surrounding muscles played a compensatory role.
Other diseases
Pectoralis major muscle in rare occasions may develop intramuscular lipomas. Such rare tumors may mimic malignant breast tumors as they look like enlargements of the breasts. They are well-encapsulated radiolucent tumours of fat density. Their location can be accurately identified through computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The treatment in these cases involves complete surgical excision because of the risk of liposarcoma they post especially large intramuscular liposomas. Partial excision is risky because recurrence may occur.
Additional images
Pectoralis Major Labelled
Computer Generated Turntable depicting Pectoralis Major Muscle
3d Computer Generated Image of Pectoralis Major Muscle
Pectoralis major highlighted on the trunk – frontal view
Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages, showing origins
Left clavicle. Superior surface, showing origins.
Left clavicle. Inferior surface, showing origins.
Left humerus. Anterior view, showing insertion.
The axillary artery and its branches
The brachial artery
The right brachial plexus with its short branches, viewed from in front
The right brachial plexus (infraclavicular portion) in the axillary fossa; viewed from below and in front
Nerves of the left upper extremity
The left side of the thorax
Pectoralis major muscle
An individual with an abdominal portion of the pectoralis major, and an accessory sternalis muscle. Both these are anatomical variations.
See also
This article uses anatomical terminology.
Pectoralis minor, an inferior, smaller muscle to the pectoralis major
Sternalis, an accessory muscle found in some individuals that may have embryonic origin from the pectoralis major
Tra Telligman, a retired American mixed martial artist and boxer having only one pectoral muscle
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 436 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
^ Pectoralis Major (Sternal Head). "PectoralisSternal". ExRx. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
^ "Pectoralis Major". University of Washington - Dept. of Radiology. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
^ "Pectoralis Muscle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
^ "Pectoralis Major". Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
^ Brown, JM; Wickham, JB; McAndrew, DJ; Huang, XF (2007). "Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks". J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 17 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007. PMID 16458022.
^ "Hi Def Pectoral Augmentation for Men in New York | ✓Best Results".
^ a b Saladin, KS (2010). Anatomy & Physiology: The Unit of Form and Function. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Changes made by Kari Thomas.
^ Hamilton, N, Luttgens, K, Weimar, W (2008). Kinesiology. 11th ed. Boston: Mcgraw Hill. Changes made by Kari Thomas
^ ExRx: Pectoralis Major Sternal
^ Schoenfeld, Brad (2016). The Science and Development of Muscle Hypertrophy. United States of America: Human Kinetics. p. 120. ISBN 978-1492519607.
^ "Pectoralis major". Strength & Conditioning Research. 2015-07-16. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
^ a b Garrigues, GE; Kraeutler, MJ; Gillespie, RJ; O'Brien, DF; Lazarus, MD (2012). "Repair of pectoralis major ruptures: single-surgeon case series". Orthopedics. 35 (8): e1184–1190. doi:10.3928/01477447-20120725-17. PMID 22868603.
^ Aarimaa, V; Rantanen, J; Heikkila, J; Helttula, I; Orava, S (2004). "Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle". Am J Sports Med. 32 (5): 1256–62. doi:10.1177/0363546503261137. PMID 15262651. S2CID 20216563.
^ Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Chapter on ultrasound evaluation of pectoralis major tears available at ShoulderUS.com
^ Connell DA, Sherman MF, Wickiewicz TL (1999). "Injuries of the pectoralis major muscle: evaluation with MR imaging". Radiology. 210 (3): 785–91. doi:10.1148/radiology.210.3.r99fe43785. PMID 10207482.
^ www.polands-syndrome.com Archived 2011-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Congenital Absence of Pectoralis Major: A Case Report and Isokinetic Analysis of Shoulder Motion" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-13.
^ "An Unusual Case of an Intramuscular Lipoma of the Pectoralis Major Muscle Simulating a Malignant Breast Mass" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-13.
External links
Illustration: upper-body/pectoralis-major from The Department of Radiology at the University of Washington
UCC
www.polands-syndrome.com
MRI Imaging sequence demonstrating a pectoralis major muscle tear
vteMuscles of the thorax and backBacksplenius
capitis
cervicis
erector spinae
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
Transversospinales
semispinalis
multifidus
rotatores
interspinales
intertransversarii
Vertebral column
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboid
major
minor
levator scapulae
Fascia
thoracolumbar fascia
Thorax
Intercostal muscles
external
internal
innermost
subcostalis
transversus thoracis
levatores costarum
serratus posterior
inferior
superior
thoracic diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
subclavius
serratus anterior
sternalis
Fascia
pectoral fascia
clavipectoral fascia
Portal: Anatomy
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"breast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast"},{"link_name":"convergent muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_muscle"},{"link_name":"chest muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_muscles"},{"link_name":"breast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast"},{"link_name":"pectoralis minor muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoralis_minor"},{"link_name":"costal cartilages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costal_cartilage"},{"link_name":"true ribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_rib"},{"link_name":"abdominal external oblique muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle"},{"link_name":"bicipital groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicipital_groove"},{"link_name":"medial pectoral nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_pectoral_nerve"},{"link_name":"lateral pectoral nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_pectoral_nerve"},{"link_name":"flexion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexion"},{"link_name":"adduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduction"},{"link_name":"internal rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_rotation"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"}],"text":"The pectoralis major (from Latin pectus 'breast') is a thick, fan-shaped or triangular convergent muscle of the human chest. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles and lies under the breast. Beneath the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor muscle.The pectoralis major arises from parts of the clavicle and sternum, costal cartilages of the true ribs, and the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle; it inserts onto the lateral lip of the bicipital groove. It receives double motor innervation from the medial pectoral nerve and the lateral pectoral nerve. The pectoralis major's primary functions are flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of the humerus. The pectoral major may colloquially be referred to as \"pecs\", \"pectoral muscle\", or \"chest muscle\", because it is the largest and most superficial muscle in the chest area.","title":"Pectoralis major"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aponeurosis_of_the_abdominal_external_oblique_muscle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uwrad1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit1-3"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"It arises from the anterior surface of the sternal half of the clavicle from breadth of the half of the anterior surface of the sternum, as low down as the attachment of the cartilage of the sixth or seventh rib; from the cartilages of all the true ribs, with the exception, frequently, of the first or seventh, and from the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle.[2][3]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bicipital groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicipital_groove"},{"link_name":"(intertubercular sulcus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"laminae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamina_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"Deltoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_muscle"},{"link_name":"costal cartilages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costal_cartilages"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"fascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia"}],"sub_title":"Insertion","text":"From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion; those arising from the clavicle pass obliquely downward and outwards (laterally), and are usually separated from the rest by a slight interval; those from the lower part of the sternum, and the cartilages of the lower true ribs, run upward and laterally, while the middle fibers pass horizontally.They all end in a flat tendon, about 5 cm in breadth, which is inserted into the lateral lip of the bicipital groove (intertubercular sulcus) of the humerus.[clarification needed]This tendon consists of two laminae, placed one in front of the other, and usually blended together below:The anterior lamina, which is thicker, receives the clavicular and the uppermost sternal fibers. They are inserted in the same order as that in which they arise: the most lateral of the clavicular fibers are inserted at the upper part of the anterior lamina; the uppermost sternal fibers pass down to the lower part of the lamina which extends as low as the tendon of the Deltoid and joins with it.\nThe posterior lamina of the tendon receives the attachment of the greater part of the sternal portion and the deep fibers, i. e., those from the costal cartilages.These deep fibers, and particularly those from the lower costal cartilages, ascend the humerus insertion higher, turning backward successively behind the superficial and upper ones, so that the tendon appears to be twisted. The posterior lamina reaches higher on the humerus than the anterior one, and from it an expansion is given off which covers the intertubercular groove of the humerus and blends with the capsule of the shoulder-joint.From the deepest fibers of this lamina at its insertion an expansion is given off which lines the intertubercular groove, while from the lower border of the tendon a third expansion passes downward to the fascia of the arm.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medial pectoral nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_pectoral_nerve"},{"link_name":"lateral pectoral nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_pectoral_nerve"},{"link_name":"brachial plexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"proprioception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception"},{"link_name":"Electromyography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromyography"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Nerve supply","text":"The pectoralis major receives dual motor innervation by the medial pectoral nerve and the lateral pectoral nerve, also known as the lateral anterior thoracic nerve. The sternal head receives innervation from the C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots, via the lower trunk of the brachial plexus and the medial pectoral nerve. The clavicular head receives innervation from the C5 and C6 nerve roots via the upper trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, which gives off the lateral pectoral nerve. The lateral pectoral nerve is distributed over the deep surface of the pectoralis major.The sensory feedback from the pectoralis major follows the reverse path, returning via first-order neurons to the spinal nerves at C5, C6, C8, and T1 through the posterior rami.[4] After the synapse in the posterior horn of the spinal cord, sensory information concerning movement of the muscle, proprioception, and pressure then travels through a second-order neuron in the dorsal column medial lemniscus tract to the medulla. There, the fibers decussate to form the medial lemniscus which carries the sensory information the rest of the way to the thalamus, the \"gateway to the cortex\". The thalamus diverts some sensory information to the cerebellum and the basal nuclei to complete the motor feedback loop while some sensory information ascends directly to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe of the brain via third-order neurons. Sensory information for the pectoralis major is processed in the superior portion of the sensory homunculus, adjacent to the longitudinal fissure which divides the two hemispheres of the brain.Electromyography suggests that it consists of at least six groups of muscle fibres that can be independently coordinated by the central nervous system.[5]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grant_1962_27a.png"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribs"},{"link_name":"sternum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sternum"},{"link_name":"abdominal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen"},{"link_name":"clavicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavicle"},{"link_name":"deltoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_muscle"},{"link_name":"decussation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decussation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Poland syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_syndrome"},{"link_name":"sternalis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternalis_muscle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Variation","text":"Absence of sternocostal head of right pectoralis major associated with compensatory hypertrophy of latissimus dorsi is not rare.[citation needed] It is revealed on pressing downwards with the arms.The more frequent variations include greater or less extent of attachment to the ribs and sternum, varying size of the abdominal part or its absence, greater or less extent of separation of sternocostal and clavicular parts, fusion of clavicular part with deltoid, and decussation in front of the sternum. Deficiency or absence of the sternocostal part is not uncommon and more frequent than absence of the clavicular part.[citation needed] Poland syndrome is a rare congenital condition in which the whole muscle is missing, most commonly on one side of the body. This may accompany absence of the breast in females. The sternalis muscle may be a variant form of the pectoralis major or the rectus abdominis. [Submuscular and intramuscular surgical implants (similar to breast augmentation implants) may be available from plastic surgeons to modify aesthetic contours, mass, and asymmetry or variation in both males and females.[6]]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_a.png"},{"link_name":"shoulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saladin,_KS_2010-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saladin,_KS_2010-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"deltoid muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_muscle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The function of the pectoralis major is different for its different heads. The clavicular head flexes the humerus, and the sternocostal head adducts the humerus. As a whole the action is to adduct and medially rotate the humerus. It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly.The pectoralis major has four actions which are primarily responsible for movement of the shoulder joint.[7] The first action is flexion of the humerus, as in throwing a ball underhand, and in lifting a child. Secondly, it adducts the humerus, as when flapping the arms. Thirdly, it rotates the humerus medially, as occurs when arm-wrestling. Fourthly the pectoralis major is also responsible for keeping the arm attached to the trunk of the body.[7][8] It has two different parts which are responsible for different actions. The clavicular part is close to the deltoid muscle and contributes to flexion, horizontal adduction, and inward rotation of the humerus. When at an approximately 110-degree angle,[citation needed] it contributes to adduction of the humerus. The sternocostal part is antagonistic to the clavicular part contributing to downward and forward movement of the arm and inward rotation when accompanied by adduction. The sternal fibers can also contribute to extension, but not beyond anatomical position.[9]Hypertrophy of the pectoralis major increases functionality. Maximal activation of the pectoralis major occurs in the transverse plane through pressing motions. Both multi-joint and single-joint exercises induce pectoralis major hypertrophy. A combination of both single-joint and multi-joint exercises will result in a maximum hypertrophic response. [Aesthetic contours of regions in the muscle may be specifically addressed (“targeted”) by specific exercises; for instance, “plating” or “stitching” of the pectoralis major —towards the center of the sternum —-may be targeted by a wider hand position.] The pectoralis major can be targeted from numerous training angles along the sternum and clavicle.[10] Exercises that include horizontal adduction and elbow extensions such as the barbell bench press, dumbbell bench press, and machine bench press induce high activation of the pectoralis major in the sternocostal region. Heavy loads are strongly correlated with pectoralis major activation.[11]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austrian_Future_Cup_2018-11-23_Training_Morning_Pommel_horse_(Martin_Rulsch)_1232.jpg"},{"link_name":"talc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talc"},{"link_name":"musculotendinous junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculotendinous_junction"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraeutler-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraeutler-12"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_sonography"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid=10207482-15"}],"sub_title":"Injuries and imaging","text":"A pectoralis major rupturing during bench press while lifting 212.5 kgActivation and protection of the Pectoralis major by a gymnast using talc.Tears of the pectoralis major are rare and typically affect otherwise healthy individuals. This type of injury is known to affect the athletic population, namely in high-impact contact sports such as powerlifting, and may result in pain, weakness, and disability. Most lesions are located at the musculotendinous junction and result from violent, eccentric contraction of the muscle, such as during bench press.[12] A less frequent rupture site is the muscle belly, usually as a result of a direct blow. In developed countries, most lesions occur in male athletes, especially those practicing contact sports and weight-lifting (particularly during a bench press maneuver). Women are less susceptible to these tears because of larger tendon-to-muscle diameter, greater muscular elasticity, and less energetic injuries.[13] The injury is characterized by sudden and acute pain in the chest wall and shoulder area, bruising and loss of strength of the muscle. High grade partial or full thickness tears warrant surgical repair as the preferred treatment if function is to be preserved, particularly in the athletic population.Acting fast, obtaining the correct diagnoses, and getting the surgical repair as soon as possible is a key to successful recovery. Waiting can cause the acute injury to become chronic and chances of success is greatly diminished as a result. After surgery, the impacted arm is then immobilized with a sling for about six to eight weeks to minimize and avoid movement of the arm and potentially re-rupturing the surgery site. About two months after the surgery, physical therapy is typically introduced for about six months, after which point strengthening of the muscle is needed to achieve good results. Most patients are able to return to activity after six months to a year following surgery with high patient satisfaction and slightly reduced strength compared to pre-injury.[12] Both US[14] and MRI[15] are useful to confirm the diagnosis, location and extent of a tear, though the first may be more cost-effective in experienced hands.","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poland syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"asymmetrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetrical"},{"link_name":"military camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_camp"},{"link_name":"grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade"},{"link_name":"rope climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_climbing"},{"link_name":"flexion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexion"},{"link_name":"adduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduction"},{"link_name":"X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rays"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Poland syndrome","text":"Poland syndrome is a congenital anomaly in which there is a malformation of the chest causing the pectoralis major on one side of the body to be absent. Other characteristics of this disease are \"unilateral shortening of the index, long, and ring fingers, syndactyly of the affected digits, hypoplasia of the hand, and the absence of the sternocostal portion of the ipsilateral pectoralis major muscle\".[16] Although the absence of a pectoralis major is not life-threatening, it will have an effect on the person with Poland's syndrome. Adduction and medial rotation of the arm will be much harder to accomplish without the pectoralis major. The latissimus dorsi and teres major also aid in adduction and medial rotation of the arm, so they may be able to compensate for the lack of extra muscle. However, some patients with Poland's syndrome may also be lacking these muscles, which make these actions nearly impossible.Researchers from the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at the Yonsei University College of Medicine in Seoul, Korea reported a case of congenital absence of pectoralis major in 1990. According to Kakulas and Adams, pectoralis major is the most frequently congenitally absent muscle. The case involved a 22-year-old marine who had asymmetrical configuration of chest wall who had never experienced difficulties performing daily activities, but who experienced difficulties in the military camp. He had difficulty in some training activities especially those such as throwing a grenade or rope climbing. During a surgery performed to correct the sternal depression, it was found that the right pectoralis major was totally absent. However, previous physical exams did not show deficiencies in muscle strength as the right shoulder was good for flexion, adduction, horizontal adduction and internal rotation. Moreover, his pain and touch sensation were normal. X-rays were also performed and showed normal pictures of the chest's bones. The fact that the absence of pectoralis major did not cause functional loss in ordinary activities in this case of congenital absence showed that other surrounding muscles played a compensatory role.[17]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lipomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipomas"},{"link_name":"breast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast"},{"link_name":"computed tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography"},{"link_name":"magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Other diseases","text":"Pectoralis major muscle in rare occasions may develop intramuscular lipomas. Such rare tumors may mimic malignant breast tumors as they look like enlargements of the breasts. They are well-encapsulated radiolucent tumours of fat density. Their location can be accurately identified through computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The treatment in these cases involves complete surgical excision because of the risk of liposarcoma they post especially large intramuscular liposomas. Partial excision is risky because recurrence may occur.[18]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pectoralis_Major_Muscle.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PectoralisMajor.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pectoralis_Major.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pectoralis_major.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray115.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray200.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray201.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray207.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray523.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray525.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray808.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray809.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1215.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide3DDDD.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braus_1921_137.png"},{"link_name":"sternalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternalis"},{"link_name":"anatomical variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_variation"}],"text":"Pectoralis Major Labelled\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tComputer Generated Turntable depicting Pectoralis Major Muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t3d Computer Generated Image of Pectoralis Major Muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPectoralis major highlighted on the trunk – frontal view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages, showing origins\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeft clavicle. Superior surface, showing origins.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeft clavicle. Inferior surface, showing origins.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeft humerus. Anterior view, showing insertion.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe axillary artery and its branches\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe brachial artery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe right brachial plexus with its short branches, viewed from in front\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe right brachial plexus (infraclavicular portion) in the axillary fossa; viewed from below and in front\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNerves of the left upper extremity\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe left side of the thorax\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPectoralis major muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn individual with an abdominal portion of the pectoralis major, and an accessory sternalis muscle. Both these are anatomical variations.","title":"Additional images"}]
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[{"image_text":"Absence of sternocostal head of right pectoralis major associated with compensatory hypertrophy of latissimus dorsi is not rare.[citation needed] It is revealed on pressing downwards with the arms.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Grant_1962_27a.png/220px-Grant_1962_27a.png"},{"image_text":"The function of the pectoralis major is different for its different heads. The clavicular head flexes the humerus, and the sternocostal head adducts the humerus. As a whole the action is to adduct and medially rotate the humerus. It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_a.png/220px-1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_a.png"},{"image_text":"A pectoralis major rupturing during bench press while lifting 212.5 kg"},{"image_text":"Activation and protection of the Pectoralis major by a gymnast using talc.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Austrian_Future_Cup_2018-11-23_Training_Morning_Pommel_horse_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_1232.jpg/180px-Austrian_Future_Cup_2018-11-23_Training_Morning_Pommel_horse_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_1232.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"anatomical terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminology"},{"title":"Pectoralis minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoralis_minor"},{"title":"Sternalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternalis"},{"title":"Tra Telligman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tra_Telligman"}]
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[{"reference":"Pectoralis Major (Sternal Head). \"PectoralisSternal\". ExRx. Retrieved 29 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://exrx.net/Muscles/PectoralisSternal","url_text":"\"PectoralisSternal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pectoralis Major\". University of Washington - Dept. of Radiology. Retrieved 18 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/upper-body/pectoralis-major","url_text":"\"Pectoralis Major\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pectoralis Muscle\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/448397/pectoralis-muscle","url_text":"\"Pectoralis Muscle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pectoralis Major\". Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved 18 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nervesurgery.wustl.edu/ev/brachialplexus/medialpectoralnerve/Pages/pectoralismajor.aspx","url_text":"\"Pectoralis Major\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, JM; Wickham, JB; McAndrew, DJ; Huang, XF (2007). \"Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks\". J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 17 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007. PMID 16458022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jelekin.2005.10.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16458022","url_text":"16458022"}]},{"reference":"\"Hi Def Pectoral Augmentation for Men in New York | ✓Best Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://maleplasticsurgerynewyork.com/pec-augmentation/","url_text":"\"Hi Def Pectoral Augmentation for Men in New York | ✓Best Results\""}]},{"reference":"Schoenfeld, Brad (2016). The Science and Development of Muscle Hypertrophy. United States of America: Human Kinetics. p. 120. ISBN 978-1492519607.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1492519607","url_text":"978-1492519607"}]},{"reference":"\"Pectoralis major\". Strength & Conditioning Research. 2015-07-16. Retrieved 2016-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.strengthandconditioningresearch.com/muscles/pectoralis-major/","url_text":"\"Pectoralis major\""}]},{"reference":"Garrigues, GE; Kraeutler, MJ; Gillespie, RJ; O'Brien, DF; Lazarus, MD (2012). \"Repair of pectoralis major ruptures: single-surgeon case series\". Orthopedics. 35 (8): e1184–1190. doi:10.3928/01477447-20120725-17. PMID 22868603.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3928%2F01477447-20120725-17","url_text":"10.3928/01477447-20120725-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22868603","url_text":"22868603"}]},{"reference":"Aarimaa, V; Rantanen, J; Heikkila, J; Helttula, I; Orava, S (2004). \"Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle\". Am J Sports Med. 32 (5): 1256–62. doi:10.1177/0363546503261137. PMID 15262651. S2CID 20216563.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0363546503261137","url_text":"10.1177/0363546503261137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15262651","url_text":"15262651"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20216563","url_text":"20216563"}]},{"reference":"Connell DA, Sherman MF, Wickiewicz TL (1999). \"Injuries of the pectoralis major muscle: evaluation with MR imaging\". Radiology. 210 (3): 785–91. doi:10.1148/radiology.210.3.r99fe43785. PMID 10207482.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiology.210.3.r99fe43785","url_text":"10.1148/radiology.210.3.r99fe43785"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10207482","url_text":"10207482"}]},{"reference":"\"Congenital Absence of Pectoralis Major: A Case Report and Isokinetic Analysis of Shoulder Motion\" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eymj.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0069YMJ/ymj-32-87.pdf","url_text":"\"Congenital Absence of Pectoralis Major: A Case Report and Isokinetic Analysis of Shoulder Motion\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Unusual Case of an Intramuscular Lipoma of the Pectoralis Major Muscle Simulating a Malignant Breast Mass\" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/34VolNo3200504/V34N3p275.pdf","url_text":"\"An Unusual Case of an Intramuscular Lipoma of the Pectoralis Major Muscle Simulating a Malignant Breast Mass\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_160
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U.S. Route 160
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["1 Route description","1.1 Arizona","1.2 New Mexico","1.3 Colorado","1.4 Kansas","1.5 Missouri","2 History","2.1 Western terminus","2.2 Eastern terminus","2.3 Missouri","3 Major intersections","4 Special routes","4.1 Mancos","4.2 Bayfield","4.3 Willard","5 See also","5.1 Related routes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Route map: Highway in the United States
U.S. Route 160US 160 highlighted in redRoute informationAuxiliary route of US 60Length1,465 mi (2,358 km)Existed1930–presentMajor junctionsWest end US 89 near Tuba City, AZMajor intersections
US 191 in Mexican Water, AZ
US 64 in Teec Nos Pos, AZ
US 84 in Pagosa Springs, CO
US 285 in Alamosa, CO
I-25 / US 85 / US 87 between Walsenburg and Trinidad, CO
I-35 / Kansas Turnpike at Wellington, KS
I-49 / US 71 at Lamar, MO
I-44 at Springfield, MO
US 60 in Springfield, MO
US 65 near Branson, MO
East end US 67 / Route 158 near Poplar Bluff, MO
LocationCountryUnited StatesStatesArizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri
Highway system
United States Numbered Highway System
List
Special
Divided
U.S. Route 160 (US 160) is a 1,465-mile-long (2,358 km) east–west United States Numbered Highway in the Midwestern and Western United States. The western terminus of the route is at US 89 five miles (8.0 km) west of Tuba City, Arizona. The eastern terminus is at US 67 and Missouri 158 southwest of Poplar Bluff, Missouri.
Its route, if not its number, was made famous in song in 1975, as the road from Wolf Creek Pass to Pagosa Springs, Colorado in C.W. McCall's country music song "Wolf Creek Pass".
Route description
Arizona
Main article: U.S. Route 160 in Arizona
Western terminus of US 160 at US 89 near Tuba City, AZ
U.S. Route 160 in Arizona
US 160 begins at US 89 near the western edge of Navajo Nation. Near Tuba City, it intersects State Route 264. It goes through Tonalea and Cow Springs before entering Kayenta, where it intersects U.S. Route 163. It continues northeast through Dennehotso, then has a brief overlap with U.S. Route 191 in Mexican Water. It goes east until Teec Nos Pos, where it intersects U.S. Route 64, then turns northeast to go to the Four Corners and enters New Mexico.
US 160 is one of the major routes crossing the Navajo Nation and in Arizona does not leave the Navajo Nation.
New Mexico
Main article: U.S. Route 160 in New Mexico
About 0.9 miles (1.4 km) of US 160 is located within New Mexico. The highway travels northeast through extreme northwestern New Mexico, intersecting State Road 597, which provides access to the Four Corners Monument. US-160 along with NM-597 do not connect to any other portion of the New Mexico state highway network, requiring New Mexico Department of Transportation crews to travel through either Arizona or Colorado to access it.
Colorado
Main article: U.S. Route 160 in Colorado
U.S. Route 160 enters Colorado near the Four Corners Monument. It goes northeast and intersects U.S. Route 491, then turns north to enter Cortez with U.S. 491. East of Cortez, a road leads south from U.S. 160 to Mesa Verde National Park. It continues east to Durango, where it intersects U.S. Route 550. After overlapping with U.S. 550 south of Durango, U.S. 160 turns east and meets U.S. Route 84 at Pagosa Springs. It then goes northeast and crosses the Continental Divide at Wolf Creek Pass.
From Wolf Creek Pass, U.S. 160 continues northeast and turns east at South Fork. At Monte Vista, an overlap begins with U.S. Route 285, which continues southeast into Alamosa. It turns east, then goes northeast to go through North La Veta Pass, then continues east to Walsenburg, where it intersects Interstate 25.
From Walsenburg, U.S. 160 continues south with Interstate 25 to Trinidad, then turns northeast to intersect U.S. Route 350. It continues east, passing through the Comanche National Grassland before intersecting the concurrent U.S. Route 287 and U.S. Route 385 south of Springfield. It continues east and enters Kansas east of Walsh.
Kansas
Main article: U.S. Route 160 in Kansas
US-160 enters Kansas just west of Saunders. It goes northeast to Johnson City, then turns east to go through Ulysses. Near Sublette, it intersects U.S. Route 83 and runs concurrently southward past its intersection with U.S. Route 56. It turns east and then runs concurrently with U.S. Route 54 between Plains and Meade. It continues east, and runs concurrently with U.S. Route 283 and U.S. Route 183. At Medicine Lodge, it intersects U.S. Route 281. It continues east and at Wellington, intersects U.S. Route 81 and then Interstate 35, on which the Kansas Turnpike is routed in the area.
East of Interstate 35, it intersects U.S. Route 77 in Winfield. It goes east from Winfield, then turns north to Burden, then goes east before going south to Elk City. It then turns east and goes through Independence after being concurrent with U.S. Route 75. It continues east, is briefly concurrent with U.S. Route 169 and then intersects U.S. Route 59 at Altamont. US-160 and US-59 then go into Oswego and separate. At Columbus, US-160 begins a concurrency with U.S. Route 69, which goes east to Crestline, then north to Frontenac, Kansas. Also at Crestline, it picks up a second concurrency with U.S. Route 400, which goes north and ends just south of Pittsburg, Kansas. After Frontenac, it turns east and enters Missouri.
Missouri
U.S. Route 160 enters Missouri west of Mindenmines. At Lamar, it intersects Interstate 49/U.S. Route 71. It goes southeast towards Springfield, where it intersects Interstate 44 and U.S. Route 60, with which it has a short concurrency. It goes south out of Springfield into Nixa as Massey Boulevard, then turns east and intersects U.S. Route 65 north of Branson. It continues east to West Plains, where it intersects U.S. Route 63, then ends southwest of Poplar Bluff at an intersection with U.S. Route 67 (Future Interstate 57).
In Willard, US 160 runs on a bypass along the western and southern edge of town. The old alignment through Willard is now U.S. Route 160 Business.
History
Western terminus
As commissioned in 1930 the western terminus was Trinidad, Colorado. In 1939, US 160 absorbed all of former route U.S. Route 450 which ran from U.S. 50 at Crescent Junction, Utah to U.S. Route 85 at Walsenburg, Colorado.
U.S. Route 450LocationCrescent Junction, UT–Walsenburg, COExisted1926–1939
In 1970 many US highways in the Four Corners region were re-aligned. U.S. 160 was diverted southwesterly from Cortez, Colorado to follow its present route past the Four Corners into Arizona, absorbing the route numbered U.S. Route 164 from 1964-1970.
The portion of former US 160 (and US 450) from Crescent Jct. to Monticello, Utah was replaced with U.S. Route 163 (now U.S. Route 191) and the portion from Monticello to Cortez, Colorado was replaced with U.S. Route 666 (now U.S. Route 491).
Eastern terminus
Former eastern terminus of US 160 in Poplar Bluff, Missouri.
The eastern terminus of US 160 was originally located at an intersection with U.S. Route 60 and then-U.S. Route 66 in Springfield, Missouri (Grant Avenue and College Street). In the 1950s, the terminus moved eastward across the state to an intersection with then-US 60 and then-U.S. Route 67 (now US 60 Bus. and U.S. Route 67 Business) in Poplar Bluff. The extension between Springfield and Poplar Bluff was parallel to U.S. Route 65 from Springfield to Highlandville. Between Highlandville and Holister, the highways ran concurrently. Past Holister, US 160 headed east across the Ozark Mountains. Route 160 was later routed further north in the Branson area, replacing a section of Route 148. In 2007, the terminus was moved to its current location southwest of Poplar Bluff, eliminating a concurrency between US 160 and two other highways (US 67 and US 67 Business) over the last 10 miles (16 km) of US 160.
Missouri
When U.S. Route 160 was formed in Missouri in 1930, it replaced Route 12, which had been created in 1922 as Route 36 from Kansas to Springfield and renumbered in 1926 due to US 36. The 1950s extension absorbed Route 80 (Gainesville to West Plains in 1922, later extended west to Lakeview and east to Thomasville) and the part of Route 14 east of Alton (created in 1922 as Route 42, and later absorbed by Route 14).
Major intersections
Arizona
US 89 southwest of Tuba City
US 163 in Kayenta
US 191 south-southeast of Mexican Water. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Mexican Water.
US 64 in Teec Nos Pos
New Mexico
No major intersections
Colorado
US 491 south of Towaoc. The highways travel concurrently to Cortez.
US 550 in Durango. The highways travel concurrently to south-southeast of Durango.
US 84 in Pagosa Springs
US 285 in Monte Vista. The highways travel concurrently to Alamosa.
I-25 / US 85 / US 87 in Walsenburg. The highways travel concurrently to Trinidad.
US 350 east-northeast of El Moro
US 287 / US 385 south of Springfield
Kansas
US 83 north-northwest of Sublette. The highways travel concurrently to northwest of Kismet.
US 54 east of Plains. The highways travel concurrently to east of Meade.
US 283 south-southeast of Minneola. The highways travel concurrently to north of Englewood.
US 183 north-northwest of Sitka. The highways travel concurrently to north of Coldwater.
US 281 west-southwest of Medicine Lodge. The highways travel concurrently to Medicine Lodge.
US 81 in Wellington. The highways travel concurrently through Wellington.
I-35 east of Wellington
US 77 in Winfield
US 75 west of Independence. The highways travel concurrently to Independence.
US 169 south-southwest of Cherryvale. The highways travel concurrently for approximately 0.9 miles (1.4 km).
US 59 east of Altamont. The highways travel concurrently to Oswego.
US 69 northeast of Columbus. The highways travel concurrently to Frontenac.
US 400 north of Crestline. The highways travel concurrently to south of Pittsburg.
Missouri
I-49 / US 71 in Lamar
I-44 in Springfield
US 60 in Springfield. The highways travel concurrently through Springfield.
US 65 northwest of Walnut Shade
US 63 in West Plains. The highways travel concurrently through West Plains.
Future I-57 / US 67 east-northeast of Fairdealing
Special routes
There are currently three business routes of US 160.
Mancos
U.S. Highway 160 BusinessLocationMancos, Colorado
U.S. 160 Business is a business loop that serves Mancos located in southwestern Colorado. It begins west of Mancos and goes straight through downtown. It parallels the Mancos River as it leaves town before it terminates at US 160.
Major intersections
The entire route is in Mancos, Montezuma County.
mikmDestinationsNotes
0.0000.000 US 160Western terminus
1.5222.449 SH 184 northSouthern terminus of SH 184
2.4884.004 US 160Eastern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Bayfield
U.S. Highway 160 BusinessLocationBayfield, Colorado
U.S. Route 160 Business is a business loop that serves Bayfield located in southwestern Colorado. The entire route runs along Bayfield parkway which begins at US 160 west of Bayfield. It crosses the Los Pinos River and runs north of downtown until it reaches its eastern terminus at US 160.
Willard
U.S. Highway 160 BusinessLocationWillard, Missouri
U.S. Route 160 Business is a business loop that serves Willard in southwestern Missouri. It runs along Jackson Street from US 160 northwest of Willard and through downtown before it terminates at US 160 southeast of town. It is also a former alignment of US 160 as it was rerouted on a bypass around Willard.
See also
U.S. Roads portal
Related routes
U.S. Route 60
U.S. Route 260
U.S. Route 360
U.S. Route 460
References
^ Google (November 28, 2010). "US 160 in NM" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
^ U.S. Highway Ends by Dale Sanderson (Mapguy), Last Retrieved Sept 25, 2007
^ U.S. Highway Ends by Dale Sanderson (Mapguy), Last Retrieved Sept 25, 2007
^ U.S. Highway Ends by Dale Sanderson (Mapguy), Last Retrieved Sept 25, 2007
^ Division of Highway Planning (January 1, 1955). Map of the Missouri State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Jefferson City: Missouri State Highway Commission. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
^ Division of Highway Planning (1963). Missouri Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Jefferson City: Missouri State Highway Commission. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
^ Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 8, 20–21, 40–41, 58–59, 68. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2.
^ "Highway 160D between 0 and 2.488". Colorado Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 160.
KML file (edit • help)
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Endpoints of US 160
Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
vteU.S. Routes related to US 60
US 160
US 260
former
US 360
US 460
Special
460
vteU.S. Routes related to US 50
US 150
US 250
US 350
US 450
former
US 550
US 650
former
Special
Browse numbered routes
← US 159MO→ Route 161
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Numbered Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highway"},{"link_name":"US 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_89_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Tuba City, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Route_158"},{"link_name":"Poplar Bluff, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Bluff,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Wolf Creek Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Pass"},{"link_name":"Pagosa Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagosa_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"C.W. McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.W._McCall"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Wolf Creek Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Pass_(album)"}],"text":"Highway in the United StatesU.S. Route 160 (US 160) is a 1,465-mile-long (2,358 km) east–west United States Numbered Highway in the Midwestern and Western United States. The western terminus of the route is at US 89 five miles (8.0 km) west of Tuba City, Arizona. The eastern terminus is at US 67 and Missouri 158 southwest of Poplar Bluff, Missouri.\nIts route, if not its number, was made famous in song in 1975, as the road from Wolf Creek Pass to Pagosa Springs, Colorado in C.W. McCall's country music song \"Wolf Creek Pass\".","title":"U.S. Route 160"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_160_End.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tuba City, AZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_City,_Arizona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Route_160,_Arizona.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Navajo Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Nation"},{"link_name":"Tuba City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"State Route 264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_264"},{"link_name":"Tonalea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalea,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Cow Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_Springs,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Kayenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayenta,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_163_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Dennehotso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennehotso,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Mexican Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Water,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Teec Nos Pos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teec_Nos_Pos,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners"},{"link_name":"Navajo Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Nation"}],"sub_title":"Arizona","text":"Western terminus of US 160 at US 89 near Tuba City, AZU.S. Route 160 in ArizonaUS 160 begins at US 89 near the western edge of Navajo Nation. Near Tuba City, it intersects State Route 264. It goes through Tonalea and Cow Springs before entering Kayenta, where it intersects U.S. Route 163. It continues northeast through Dennehotso, then has a brief overlap with U.S. Route 191 in Mexican Water. It goes east until Teec Nos Pos, where it intersects U.S. Route 64, then turns northeast to go to the Four Corners and enters New Mexico.US 160 is one of the major routes crossing the Navajo Nation and in Arizona does not leave the Navajo Nation.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"State Road 597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_597"},{"link_name":"Four Corners Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners_Monument"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps_nm-1"}],"sub_title":"New Mexico","text":"About 0.9 miles (1.4 km) of US 160 is located within New Mexico. The highway travels northeast through extreme northwestern New Mexico, intersecting State Road 597, which provides access to the Four Corners Monument.[1] US-160 along with NM-597 do not connect to any other portion of the New Mexico state highway network, requiring New Mexico Department of Transportation crews to travel through either Arizona or Colorado to access it.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_491"},{"link_name":"Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Mesa Verde National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_550"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"Pagosa Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagosa_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide"},{"link_name":"Wolf Creek Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Pass"},{"link_name":"South Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Monte Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Vista,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_285"},{"link_name":"Alamosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosa,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"North La Veta Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_La_Veta_Pass"},{"link_name":"Walsenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsenburg,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Interstate 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_350"},{"link_name":"Comanche National Grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche_National_Grassland"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsh,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Colorado","text":"U.S. Route 160 enters Colorado near the Four Corners Monument. It goes northeast and intersects U.S. Route 491, then turns north to enter Cortez with U.S. 491. East of Cortez, a road leads south from U.S. 160 to Mesa Verde National Park. It continues east to Durango, where it intersects U.S. Route 550. After overlapping with U.S. 550 south of Durango, U.S. 160 turns east and meets U.S. Route 84 at Pagosa Springs. It then goes northeast and crosses the Continental Divide at Wolf Creek Pass.From Wolf Creek Pass, U.S. 160 continues northeast and turns east at South Fork. At Monte Vista, an overlap begins with U.S. Route 285, which continues southeast into Alamosa. It turns east, then goes northeast to go through North La Veta Pass, then continues east to Walsenburg, where it intersects Interstate 25.From Walsenburg, U.S. 160 continues south with Interstate 25 to Trinidad, then turns northeast to intersect U.S. Route 350. It continues east, passing through the Comanche National Grassland before intersecting the concurrent U.S. Route 287 and U.S. Route 385 south of Springfield. It continues east and enters Kansas east of Walsh.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Johnson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Sublette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublette,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_56_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_54_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meade,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_283_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Medicine Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Lodge,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Kansas Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Winfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Burden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Elk City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_169_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Altamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamont,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Oswego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Crestline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestline,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Frontenac, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontenac,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_400_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas"}],"sub_title":"Kansas","text":"US-160 enters Kansas just west of Saunders. It goes northeast to Johnson City, then turns east to go through Ulysses. Near Sublette, it intersects U.S. Route 83 and runs concurrently southward past its intersection with U.S. Route 56. It turns east and then runs concurrently with U.S. Route 54 between Plains and Meade. It continues east, and runs concurrently with U.S. Route 283 and U.S. Route 183. At Medicine Lodge, it intersects U.S. Route 281. It continues east and at Wellington, intersects U.S. Route 81 and then Interstate 35, on which the Kansas Turnpike is routed in the area.East of Interstate 35, it intersects U.S. Route 77 in Winfield. It goes east from Winfield, then turns north to Burden, then goes east before going south to Elk City. It then turns east and goes through Independence after being concurrent with U.S. Route 75. It continues east, is briefly concurrent with U.S. Route 169 and then intersects U.S. Route 59 at Altamont. US-160 and US-59 then go into Oswego and separate. At Columbus, US-160 begins a concurrency with U.S. Route 69, which goes east to Crestline, then north to Frontenac, Kansas. Also at Crestline, it picks up a second concurrency with U.S. Route 400, which goes north and ends just south of Pittsburg, Kansas. After Frontenac, it turns east and enters Missouri.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mindenmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindenmines,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Interstate 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_49_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_71_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Interstate 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_44_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Nixa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixa,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_65_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Branson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branson,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"West Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Plains,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_63_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Poplar Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Bluff,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Interstate 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_57"},{"link_name":"Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 160 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_160_Business_(Willard,_Missouri)"}],"sub_title":"Missouri","text":"U.S. Route 160 enters Missouri west of Mindenmines. At Lamar, it intersects Interstate 49/U.S. Route 71. It goes southeast towards Springfield, where it intersects Interstate 44 and U.S. Route 60, with which it has a short concurrency. It goes south out of Springfield into Nixa as Massey Boulevard, then turns east and intersects U.S. Route 65 north of Branson. It continues east to West Plains, where it intersects U.S. Route 63, then ends southwest of Poplar Bluff at an intersection with U.S. Route 67 (Future Interstate 57).In Willard, US 160 runs on a bypass along the western and southern edge of town. The old alignment through Willard is now U.S. Route 160 Business.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinidad, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Walsenburg, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsenburg,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners"},{"link_name":"Cortez, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Monticello, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello,_Utah"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_163"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191"},{"link_name":"Cortez, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 666","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_666"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_491"}],"sub_title":"Western terminus","text":"As commissioned in 1930 the western terminus was Trinidad, Colorado.[2] In 1939, US 160 absorbed all of former route U.S. Route 450 which ran from U.S. 50 at Crescent Junction, Utah to U.S. Route 85 at Walsenburg, Colorado.[3]In 1970 many US highways in the Four Corners region were re-aligned. U.S. 160 was diverted southwesterly from Cortez, Colorado to follow its present route past the Four Corners into Arizona, absorbing the route numbered U.S. Route 164 from 1964-1970.[4]The portion of former US 160 (and US 450) from Crescent Jct. to Monticello, Utah was replaced with U.S. Route 163 (now U.S. Route 191) and the portion from Monticello to Cortez, Colorado was replaced with U.S. Route 666 (now U.S. Route 491).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:End_US_160.JPG"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"US 60 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_Business_(Springfield,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 67 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_Business_(Poplar_Bluff)"},{"link_name":"Poplar Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Bluff,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_65_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Highlandville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlandville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Holister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollister,_MO"},{"link_name":"Ozark Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Eastern terminus","text":"Former eastern terminus of US 160 in Poplar Bluff, Missouri.The eastern terminus of US 160 was originally located at an intersection with U.S. Route 60 and then-U.S. Route 66 in Springfield, Missouri (Grant Avenue and College Street). In the 1950s, the terminus moved eastward across the state to an intersection with then-US 60 and then-U.S. Route 67 (now US 60 Bus. and U.S. Route 67 Business) in Poplar Bluff. The extension between Springfield and Poplar Bluff was parallel to U.S. Route 65 from Springfield to Highlandville. Between Highlandville and Holister, the highways ran concurrently. Past Holister, US 160 headed east across the Ozark Mountains.[5] Route 160 was later routed further north in the Branson area, replacing a section of Route 148.[6] In 2007, the terminus was moved to its current location southwest of Poplar Bluff, eliminating a concurrency between US 160 and two other highways (US 67 and US 67 Business) over the last 10 miles (16 km) of US 160.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_MO"},{"link_name":"US 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_36_(MO)"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_MO"},{"link_name":"West Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Plains,_MO"},{"link_name":"Lakeview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Thomasville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomasville,_MO"},{"link_name":"Route 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_14_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton,_MO"}],"sub_title":"Missouri","text":"When U.S. Route 160 was formed in Missouri in 1930, it replaced Route 12, which had been created in 1922 as Route 36 from Kansas to Springfield and renumbered in 1926 due to US 36. The 1950s extension absorbed Route 80 (Gainesville to West Plains in 1922, later extended west to Lakeview and east to Thomasville) and the part of Route 14 east of Alton (created in 1922 as Route 42, and later absorbed by Route 14).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_89"},{"link_name":"Tuba City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_163"},{"link_name":"Kayenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayenta,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191"},{"link_name":"Mexican Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Water,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"Teec Nos Pos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teec_Nos_Pos,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US 491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_491"},{"link_name":"Towaoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towaoc,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_550"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"Pagosa Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagosa_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_285"},{"link_name":"Monte Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Vista,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Alamosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosa,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25"},{"link_name":"US 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87"},{"link_name":"Walsenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsenburg,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_350"},{"link_name":"El Moro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Moro,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83"},{"link_name":"Sublette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublette,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kismet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_54"},{"link_name":"Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meade,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_283"},{"link_name":"Minneola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneola,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Englewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183"},{"link_name":"Sitka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Coldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldwater,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281"},{"link_name":"Medicine Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Lodge,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77"},{"link_name":"Winfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75"},{"link_name":"Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_169"},{"link_name":"Cherryvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherryvale,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"Altamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamont,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Oswego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Frontenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontenac,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_400"},{"link_name":"Crestline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestline,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"I-49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_49"},{"link_name":"US 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_71"},{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"I-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_44"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60"},{"link_name":"US 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_65"},{"link_name":"Walnut Shade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Shade,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"US 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_63"},{"link_name":"West Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Plains,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Future I-57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_57_Future"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67"},{"link_name":"Fairdealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairdealing,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randmcnally-7"}],"text":"Arizona\n US 89 southwest of Tuba City\n US 163 in Kayenta\n US 191 south-southeast of Mexican Water. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Mexican Water.\n US 64 in Teec Nos Pos\nNew Mexico\nNo major intersections\nColorado\n US 491 south of Towaoc. The highways travel concurrently to Cortez.\n US 550 in Durango. The highways travel concurrently to south-southeast of Durango.\n US 84 in Pagosa Springs\n US 285 in Monte Vista. The highways travel concurrently to Alamosa.\n I-25 / US 85 / US 87 in Walsenburg. The highways travel concurrently to Trinidad.\n US 350 east-northeast of El Moro\n US 287 / US 385 south of Springfield\nKansas\n US 83 north-northwest of Sublette. The highways travel concurrently to northwest of Kismet.\n US 54 east of Plains. The highways travel concurrently to east of Meade.\n US 283 south-southeast of Minneola. The highways travel concurrently to north of Englewood.\n US 183 north-northwest of Sitka. The highways travel concurrently to north of Coldwater.\n US 281 west-southwest of Medicine Lodge. The highways travel concurrently to Medicine Lodge.\n US 81 in Wellington. The highways travel concurrently through Wellington.\n I-35 east of Wellington\n US 77 in Winfield\n US 75 west of Independence. The highways travel concurrently to Independence.\n US 169 south-southwest of Cherryvale. The highways travel concurrently for approximately 0.9 miles (1.4 km).\n US 59 east of Altamont. The highways travel concurrently to Oswego.\n US 69 northeast of Columbus. The highways travel concurrently to Frontenac.\n US 400 north of Crestline. The highways travel concurrently to south of Pittsburg.\nMissouri\n I-49 / US 71 in Lamar\n I-44 in Springfield\n US 60 in Springfield. The highways travel concurrently through Springfield.\n US 65 northwest of Walnut Shade\n US 63 in West Plains. The highways travel concurrently through West Plains.\n Future I-57 / US 67 east-northeast of Fairdealing[7]","title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are currently three business routes of US 160.","title":"Special routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mancos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancos,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Mancos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancos,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Montezuma County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma_County,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Mancos","text":"U.S. 160 Business is a business loop that serves Mancos located in southwestern Colorado. It begins west of Mancos and goes straight through downtown. It parallels the Mancos River as it leaves town before it terminates at US 160.Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Mancos, Montezuma County.","title":"Special routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayfield,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Bayfield","text":"U.S. Route 160 Business is a business loop that serves Bayfield located in southwestern Colorado. The entire route runs along Bayfield parkway which begins at US 160 west of Bayfield. It crosses the Los Pinos River and runs north of downtown until it reaches its eastern terminus at US 160.","title":"Special routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"}],"sub_title":"Willard","text":"U.S. Route 160 Business is a business loop that serves Willard in southwestern Missouri. It runs along Jackson Street from US 160 northwest of Willard and through downtown before it terminates at US 160 southeast of town. It is also a former alignment of US 160 as it was rerouted on a bypass around Willard.","title":"Special routes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Western terminus of US 160 at US 89 near Tuba City, AZ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/US_160_End.jpg/220px-US_160_End.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. Route 160 in Arizona","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/U.S._Route_160%2C_Arizona.jpg/200px-U.S._Route_160%2C_Arizona.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former eastern terminus of US 160 in Poplar Bluff, Missouri.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/End_US_160.JPG/220px-End_US_160.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"}]
|
[{"reference":"Google (November 28, 2010). \"US 160 in NM\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=US-160+E&daddr=US-160+E&geocode=FQZuNAIdMBqA-Q%3BFY6PNAIdpkWA-Q&gl=us&hl=en&mra=dme&mrcr=0&mrsp=1&sz=17&sll=36.998945,-109.033771&sspn=0.002553,0.006899&ie=UTF8&ll=36.995766,-109.035873&spn=0.010214,0.027595&z=15","url_text":"\"US 160 in NM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Division of Highway Planning (January 1, 1955). Map of the Missouri State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Jefferson City: Missouri State Highway Commission. Retrieved March 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modot.org/sites/default/files/documents/1955002_reduced%5B1%5D_0.pdf","url_text":"Map of the Missouri State Highway System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Highway_Commission","url_text":"Missouri State Highway Commission"}]},{"reference":"Division of Highway Planning (1963). Missouri Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Jefferson City: Missouri State Highway Commission. Retrieved March 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modot.org/sites/default/files/documents/1963001_reduced%5B1%5D.pdf","url_text":"Missouri Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 8, 20–21, 40–41, 58–59, 68. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-528-00771-2","url_text":"978-0-528-00771-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Highway 160D between 0 and 2.488\". Colorado Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData#/ui/1/0/criteria/160D/0/2.488","url_text":"\"Highway 160D between 0 and 2.488\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Colorado Department of Transportation"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=US-160+E&daddr=US-160+E&geocode=FQZuNAIdMBqA-Q%3BFY6PNAIdpkWA-Q&gl=us&hl=en&mra=dme&mrcr=0&mrsp=1&sz=17&sll=36.998945,-109.033771&sspn=0.002553,0.006899&ie=UTF8&ll=36.995766,-109.035873&spn=0.010214,0.027595&z=15","external_links_name":"\"US 160 in NM\""},{"Link":"http://usends.com/160.html","external_links_name":"U.S. Highway Ends"},{"Link":"http://usends.com/450.html","external_links_name":"U.S. Highway Ends"},{"Link":"http://usends.com/164-ii.html","external_links_name":"U.S. Highway Ends"},{"Link":"https://www.modot.org/sites/default/files/documents/1955002_reduced%5B1%5D_0.pdf","external_links_name":"Map of the Missouri State Highway System"},{"Link":"https://www.modot.org/sites/default/files/documents/1963001_reduced%5B1%5D.pdf","external_links_name":"Missouri Highway Map"},{"Link":"https://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData#/ui/1/0/criteria/160D/0/2.488","external_links_name":"\"Highway 160D between 0 and 2.488\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_160&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_160&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://usends.com/160.html","external_links_name":"Endpoints of US 160"},{"Link":"http://www.ksdot.org/burtransplan/maps/MapsState.asp","external_links_name":"Current"},{"Link":"http://www.ksdot.org/burtransplan/maps/HistoricStateMaps.asp","external_links_name":"Historic"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315531469","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americamysis_almyra
|
Americamysis almyra
|
["1 Distribution and habitat","2 Ecology","3 References"]
|
Species of crustacean
Americamysis almyra
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Mysida
Family:
Mysidae
Genus:
Americamysis
Species:
A. almyra
Binomial name
Americamysis almyra(Bowman, 1964)
Synonyms
Mysidopsis almyra Bowman, 1964
Americamysis almyra is a shrimp-like crustacean in the order Mysida, the opossum shrimps. It is native to estuarine waters in the western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. It is often referred to in the literature as Mysidopsis almyra.
Distribution and habitat
Americamysis almyra is native to shallow parts of the western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Its range extends from Maryland to Florida and the whole Gulf of Mexico, and includes the brackish waters of Lake Pontchartrain, St. Andrews Bay and Chesapeake Bay. Its habitat is typically seagrass meadows and shallow marshy areas at depths of less than 4 m (13 ft). It is tolerant of salinities ranging from 0 to 30 psu (practical salinity units) but is usually found in areas with a salinity below 20 psu.
Americamysis almyra was first described from Lake Pontchartrain from specimens collected in 1953. It was identified as being present in St. Johns River Florida in 1977 and was first detected in the Patapsco River flowing into Chesapeake Bay in 1980. It is unclear whether it had invaded these areas, perhaps in the ballast water of ships, or whether it had been there previously but had been misidentified as Americamysis bigelowi.
Ecology
Americamysis almyra is an omnivore and examination of its stomach contents showed that its diet includes 31% vascular plant debris and 11% copepods and diatoms. Opossum shrimps play an important part in the estuarine food chain and are consumed in large quantities by such fish as the striped bass, inland silverside, whiffs and flounders.
References
^ a b c Mees, Jan (2013). "Americamysis almyra (Bowman, 1964)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
^ a b Johnson, William S.; Allen, Dennis M. (2012). Zooplankton of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts: A Guide to Their Identification and Ecology. JHU Press. p. 192. ISBN 9781421406183.
^ "Americamysis almyra". Chesapeake Bay Introduced Species Database. NEMESIS. 2005-09-09. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
^ Mayer, F. L.; Hamelink, J. L. (eds.) (2007). Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation. ASTM International. pp. 110–111. ISBN 9780803102781. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
Taxon identifiersAmericamysis almyra
Wikidata: Q4508877
CoL: CR69
EoL: 127328
GBIF: 2221168
iNaturalist: 260626
IRMNG: 11250959
ITIS: 682616
NCBI: 419521
OBIS: 161345
Open Tree of Life: 88080
WoRMS: 161345
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-ripping
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Horse-ripping
|
["1 Incidents","2 Critique","3 In literature","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Further reading"]
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Infliction of serious injuries upon horses
Horse-ripping, or horse slashing, is an animal cruelty phenomenon involving serious injuries in horses, often involving mutilation of their genitalia and slashing of the flank or neck. It has not been established, however, how often these injuries are caused by human cruelty. "Horse-ripping" is not an entirely neutral term since it implies there is always a human act behind the mutilations.
Incidents
There were 160 reported incidents in Britain between 1983 and 1993, and 300 incidents in Germany between 1992 and 1998.
It has become a widespread belief in recent years that these attacks are carried out deliberately by people, and generally sexually motivated. Animal welfare officers have also drawn links between attacks on horses and 'fertility cults'. At least one case initially believed to be horse-ripping was later shown to have been caused by another horse.
Horse-ripping, which is regarded as pathological, is distinguished from castration of male animals, which is regarded as a normal pastoral practice.
In Great Wyrley, England, during the Edwardian period, George Edalji was wrongly convicted of horse ripping. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the Sherlock Holmes series, defended Edalji.
Critique
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Horse-ripping" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Investigations have shown it doubtful whether all 'horse-ripping' incidents can be ascribed to human acts. For the similar cattle mutilation, primarily a US phenomenon, UFOs, cults and animal cruelty have been blamed, but research showed there were natural or undetermined causes in the vast majority of cases.
Media and the public often regard all incidents of horses being found injured as resulting from human acts, even if it has not been proven that the causes are unnatural. For this reason, some would argue that the concept should be analysed in terms of mass psychology and might qualify as a moral panic phenomenon. However, it is agreed upon that true cases of human-inflicted mutilation are a pathological or criminal phenomenon.
In literature
The short story Romulus (1883) by the Danish author Karl Gjellerup features cruelty to a noble race horse. The story was inspired by a contemporary case where the Royal Chamberlain was accused of animal cruelty.
The play Equus from 1973 elaborates the psychology of a young horse mutilator. It also was inspired by a then-contemporary series of horse blindings. Based on the play, the film Equus was produced in 1977.
In Dostoyevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, the protagonist Rodion Raskolnikov has a dream about a mare being whipped and eventually bludgeoned to death with an iron bar by a drunken man, while a large crowd encourages and helps him.
The novel Arthur & George by Julian Barnes centers around Arthur Conan Doyle's involvement with the Great Wryley Outrages, a series of mutilations committed against horses and other livestock in 1903.
See also
Cattle mutilation
Horse sacrifice
Moral panic
Zoosadism
Notes
^ Horsetalk, Horse slashers profiled, 22 October 1998
^ Times Online, Horse slasher leaves stables in fear, , Ben Macintyre, 15 November 2005
^ Arizona Horse Slashing Mystery Solved
- press release on the same case.
^ Knud B. Gjesing: Karl Gjellerup, Archive for Danish Literature Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish)
Further reading
Schedel-Stupperich A. Criminal acts against horses--phenomenology and psychosocial construct Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. March 2002;109(3):116-9. (in German)
Yates, Roger; Powell, Chris; and Beirne, Piers. Horse Maiming in the English Countryside, Society and Animals, 9:1, 2001.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animal cruelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cruelty"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutilation"},{"link_name":"their genitalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_anatomy#Reproductive_system"}],"text":"Horse-ripping, or horse slashing, is an animal cruelty phenomenon involving serious injuries in horses, often involving mutilation of their genitalia and slashing of the flank or neck. It has not been established, however, how often these injuries are caused by human cruelty. \"Horse-ripping\" is not an entirely neutral term since it implies there is always a human act behind the mutilations.","title":"Horse-ripping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Animal welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"castration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Great Wyrley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wyrley"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Edwardian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_era"},{"link_name":"George Edalji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edalji"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"}],"text":"There were 160 reported incidents in Britain between 1983 and 1993, and 300 incidents in Germany between 1992 and 1998.[1]It has become a widespread belief in recent years that these attacks are carried out deliberately by people, and generally sexually motivated. Animal welfare officers have also drawn links between attacks on horses and 'fertility cults'.[2] At least one case initially believed to be horse-ripping was later shown to have been caused by another horse.[3]Horse-ripping, which is regarded as pathological, is distinguished from castration of male animals, which is regarded as a normal pastoral practice.[citation needed]In Great Wyrley, England, during the Edwardian period, George Edalji was wrongly convicted of horse ripping. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the Sherlock Holmes series, defended Edalji.","title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cattle mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_mutilation"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"UFOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO"},{"link_name":"cults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"},{"link_name":"mass psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_psychology"},{"link_name":"moral panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_panic"},{"link_name":"pathological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathological"}],"text":"Investigations have shown it doubtful whether all 'horse-ripping' incidents can be ascribed to human acts. For the similar cattle mutilation, primarily a US phenomenon, UFOs, cults and animal cruelty have been blamed, but research showed there were natural or undetermined causes in the vast majority of cases.Media and the public often regard all incidents of horses being found injured as resulting from human acts, even if it has not been proven that the causes are unnatural. For this reason, some would argue that the concept should be analysed in terms of mass psychology and might qualify as a moral panic phenomenon. However, it is agreed upon that true cases of human-inflicted mutilation are a pathological or criminal phenomenon.","title":"Critique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Gjellerup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gjellerup"},{"link_name":"race horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_horse"},{"link_name":"Royal Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)"},{"link_name":"animal cruelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cruelty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Equus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_(play)"},{"link_name":"Equus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dostoyevsky's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostoyevsky"},{"link_name":"Crime and Punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment"},{"link_name":"Rodion Raskolnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion_Raskolnikov"},{"link_name":"mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare"},{"link_name":"Arthur & George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_%26_George"},{"link_name":"Julian Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Great Wryley Outrages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edalji"}],"text":"The short story Romulus (1883) by the Danish author Karl Gjellerup features cruelty to a noble race horse. The story was inspired by a contemporary case where the Royal Chamberlain was accused of animal cruelty.[4]The play Equus from 1973 elaborates the psychology of a young horse mutilator. It also was inspired by a then-contemporary series of horse blindings. Based on the play, the film Equus was produced in 1977.In Dostoyevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, the protagonist Rodion Raskolnikov has a dream about a mare being whipped and eventually bludgeoned to death with an iron bar by a drunken man, while a large crowd encourages and helps him.The novel Arthur & George by Julian Barnes centers around Arthur Conan Doyle's involvement with the Great Wryley Outrages, a series of mutilations committed against horses and other livestock in 1903.","title":"In literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Horse slashers profiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.horsetalk.co.nz/features/slashers.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Horse slasher leaves stables in fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1872308_1,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Arizona Horse Slashing Mystery Solved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060327014047/http://www.horsenaroundfarm.com/Article20.htm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090203084246/http://www.pimasheriff.org/MR/61704horseslash.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Knud B. Gjesing: Karl Gjellerup, Archive for Danish Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//base.kb.dk/adl_pub/fportraet/cv/FpPdf.xsql?nnoc=&ff_id=27"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081210182425/http://base.kb.dk/adl_pub/fportraet/cv/FpPdf.xsql?nnoc=&ff_id=27"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Horsetalk, Horse slashers profiled, 22 October 1998\n\n^ Times Online, Horse slasher leaves stables in fear, , Ben Macintyre, 15 November 2005\n\n^ Arizona Horse Slashing Mystery Solved\n[1] - press release on the same case.\n\n^ Knud B. Gjesing: Karl Gjellerup, Archive for Danish Literature Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Criminal acts against horses--phenomenology and psychosocial construct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11963360&dopt=Abstract"},{"link_name":"Yates, Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Yates"},{"link_name":"Horse Maiming in the English Countryside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110727122207/http://www.animalsandsociety.org/assets/library/426_s911.pdf"}],"text":"Schedel-Stupperich A. Criminal acts against horses--phenomenology and psychosocial construct Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. March 2002;109(3):116-9. (in German)\nYates, Roger; Powell, Chris; and Beirne, Piers. Horse Maiming in the English Countryside, Society and Animals, 9:1, 2001.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Cattle mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_mutilation"},{"title":"Horse sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_sacrifice"},{"title":"Moral panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_panic"},{"title":"Zoosadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoosadism"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Hockey_Centre_(Rio_de_Janeiro)
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Olympic Hockey Centre (Rio de Janeiro)
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 22°51′39″S 43°24′09″W / 22.8607°S 43.4024°W / -22.8607; -43.4024Olympic Hockey Center (tentative)Full nameOlympic Hockey CenterLocationRio de Janeiro, BrazilCapacity10,000 (Main Court); 5,000 (Secondary Court)ConstructionOpened2007Renovated2016Tenants2016 Summer Olympics (field hockey)WebsiteRio2016
The Olympic Hockey Center is a sports venue in Deodoro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The centre was built for the 2007 Pan American Games before being totally rebuilt for the Olympic Field hockey competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics. The Center was designed by the Brazilian studio Vigliecca & Associados, led by Arch. Ronald Werner Fiedler, Héctor Vigliecca and Luciene Quel.
References
^ "Olympic Hockey Centre". Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
vte Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics (Rio de Janeiro)Barra Cluster
Carioca Arena 1
Carioca Arena 2
Carioca Arena 3
Future Arena
Maria Lenk Aquatics Centre
Olympic Aquatics Stadium
Olympic Golf Course
Olympic Tennis Centre
Rio Olympic Arena
Pontal
Riocentro (four venues)
Rio Olympic Velodrome
Copacabana Cluster
Copacabana Stadium
Fort Copacabana
Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon
Marina da Glória
Deodoro Cluster
Deodoro Aquatics Centre
Deodoro Stadium
National Equestrian Center
National Shooting Center
Olympic BMX Centre
Olympic Hockey Centre
Mountain Bike Centre
Deodoro Olympic Whitewater Stadium
Youth Arena
Maracanã-Engenho de Dentro Cluster
Estádio Olímpico João Havelange
Maracanã Stadium
Maracanãzinho
Sambódromo
Football stadia
Maracanã Stadium
Estádio Olímpico João Havelange
Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha
Arena Fonte Nova
Mineirão
Arena Corinthians
Arena da Amazônia
vteOlympic venues in field hockey20th century
1908: White City Stadium
1920: Olympisch Stadion
1928: Old Stadion
1932: Olympic Stadium
1936: Hockey Stadion (final), Hockey Stadion #2
1948: Empire Stadium (medal matches), Guinness Sports Club, Lyons' Sports Club, Polytechnic Sports Ground
1952: Velodrome
1956: Eastern Sportsground, Melbourne Cricket Ground (final)
1960: Campo Tre Fontane, Olympic Velodrome (final), Stadio dei Marmi
1964: Komazawa Hockey Field
1968: Municipal Stadium
1972: Hockeyanlage
1976: Molson Stadium, McGill University
1980: Dynamo Central Stadium, Minor Arena; Young Pioneers Stadium (final)
1984: Weingart Stadium
1988: Seongnam Stadium
1992: Estadi Olímpic de Terrassa
1996: Clark Atlanta University Stadium, Morris Brown College Stadium (final)
21st century
2000: State Hockey Centre
2004: Olympic Hockey Centre
2008: Olympic Green Hockey Field
2012: Riverbank Arena
2016: Olympic Hockey Centre
2020: Oi Hockey Stadium
2024: Stade Yves-du-Manoir
2028: Dignity Health Sports Park
2032: Ballymore Stadium
22°51′39″S 43°24′09″W / 22.8607°S 43.4024°W / -22.8607; -43.4024
This article about a sports venue in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 2016 Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Summer Olympics venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deodoro, Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodoro,_Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"2007 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Olympic Field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Olympic Hockey Center is a sports venue in Deodoro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The centre was built for the 2007 Pan American Games before being totally rebuilt for the Olympic Field hockey competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[1] The Center was designed by the Brazilian studio Vigliecca & Associados, led by Arch. Ronald Werner Fiedler, Héctor Vigliecca and Luciene Quel.","title":"Olympic Hockey Centre (Rio de Janeiro)"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterostylis_longipetala
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Pterostylis longipetala
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["1 Description","2 Taxonomy and naming","3 Distribution and habitat","4 References"]
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Species of orchid
Curved greenhood
Pterostylis longipetala growing in Bournda National Park
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Orchidaceae
Subfamily:
Orchidoideae
Tribe:
Cranichideae
Genus:
Pterostylis
Species:
P. longipetala
Binomial name
Pterostylis longipetalaRupp
Synonyms
Diplodium longipetalum (Rupp) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.
Pterostylis longipetala, commonly known as the curved greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to eastern Australia. As with similar greenhoods, the flowering plants differ from those which are not flowering. The non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves flat on the ground but the flowering plants have a single flower with leaves on the flowering spike. This greenhood has dark green, brown and white flowers which lean slightly forwards and have sharply-pointed petals and a long, curved labellum.
Description
Pterostylis longipetala is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and when not flowering, a rosette of between three and six egg-shaped, dark green leaves lying flat on the ground. Each leaf is 8–15 mm (0.3–0.6 in) long and 4–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) wide. Flowering plants have a single flower 14–17 mm (0.6–0.7 in) long and 4–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide which leans slightly forwards, on a flowering stem 100–160 mm (4–6 in) high with between three and five stem leaves. The flowers are dark green, brown and white. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column. The dorsal sepal has a thread-like tip 6–12 mm (0.2–0.5 in) long and the petals have pointed tips. The lateral sepals are erect, held closely against the galea, have thread-like tips 20–25 mm (0.8–1 in) long and a V-shaped sinus between their bases. The labellum is 12–15 mm (0.5–0.6 in) long, about 3 mm (0.1 in) wide, dark reddish-brown and curved, and protrudes above the sinus. Flowering occurs from April to June.
Taxonomy and naming
Pterostylis longipetala was first formally described in 1943 by Herman Rupp from a specimen collected at Batemans Bay. The description was published in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. The specific epithet (longipetala) is derived from the Latin words longus meaning "long": 494 and petalum meaning "petal".: 616 Rupp did not give a reason for this epithet but did note that "the petals are narrower and longer than in any other species of Pterostylis known to me".
Distribution and habitat
The curved greenhood grows on moist slopes in coastal and near coastal forests in New South Wales.
References
^ a b "Pterostylis longipetala". APNI. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
^ "Pterostylis longipetala". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^ a b Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. pp. 295–296. ISBN 978-1877069123.
^ a b Jones, David L. "Pterostylis longipetala". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney: plantnet. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
^ Harden, Gwen J. (1993). Flora of New South Wales (1st ed.). Kensington NSW: New South Wales University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0868401881.
^ a b Rupp, Herman (1943). "Contributions to the Orchidology of New South Wales". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 68: 9. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
^ a b Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Taxon identifiersPterostylis longipetala
Wikidata: Q15492566
Wikispecies: Pterostylis longipetala
APNI: 74926
CoL: 4Q6H5
EoL: 1132243
GBIF: 2847647
iNaturalist: 1147716
IPNI: 655332-1
NCBI: 672848
NSWFlora: Pterostylis~longipetala
Open Tree of Life: 790664
Plant List: kew-170584
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:655332-1
Species+: 62835
Tropicos: 50039326
VicFlora: 11052d17-4971-4630-85c6-15fb2bfdc45d
WFO: wfo-0000288514
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"petals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal"},{"link_name":"labellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labellum_(botany)"}],"text":"Pterostylis longipetala, commonly known as the curved greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to eastern Australia. As with similar greenhoods, the flowering plants differ from those which are not flowering. The non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves flat on the ground but the flowering plants have a single flower with leaves on the flowering spike. This greenhood has dark green, brown and white flowers which lean slightly forwards and have sharply-pointed petals and a long, curved labellum.","title":"Pterostylis longipetala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"herb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant"},{"link_name":"tuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber"},{"link_name":"rosette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_(botany)"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dorsal"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal"},{"link_name":"petals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal"},{"link_name":"column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(botany)"},{"link_name":"lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lateral"},{"link_name":"sinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGS-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harden-5"}],"text":"Pterostylis longipetala is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and when not flowering, a rosette of between three and six egg-shaped, dark green leaves lying flat on the ground. Each leaf is 8–15 mm (0.3–0.6 in) long and 4–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) wide. Flowering plants have a single flower 14–17 mm (0.6–0.7 in) long and 4–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide which leans slightly forwards, on a flowering stem 100–160 mm (4–6 in) high with between three and five stem leaves. The flowers are dark green, brown and white. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or \"galea\" over the column. The dorsal sepal has a thread-like tip 6–12 mm (0.2–0.5 in) long and the petals have pointed tips. The lateral sepals are erect, held closely against the galea, have thread-like tips 20–25 mm (0.8–1 in) long and a V-shaped sinus between their bases. The labellum is 12–15 mm (0.5–0.6 in) long, about 3 mm (0.1 in) wide, dark reddish-brown and curved, and protrudes above the sinus. Flowering occurs from April to June.[3][4][5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herman Rupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Rupp"},{"link_name":"Batemans Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batemans_Bay"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rupp-6"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RWB-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RWB-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rupp-6"}],"text":"Pterostylis longipetala was first formally described in 1943 by Herman Rupp from a specimen collected at Batemans Bay. The description was published in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales.[1][6] The specific epithet (longipetala) is derived from the Latin words longus meaning \"long\"[7]: 494 and petalum meaning \"petal\".[7]: 616 Rupp did not give a reason for this epithet but did note that \"the petals are narrower and longer than in any other species of Pterostylis known to me\".[6]","title":"Taxonomy and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGS-4"}],"text":"The curved greenhood grows on moist slopes in coastal and near coastal forests in New South Wales.[3][4]","title":"Distribution and habitat"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Pterostylis longipetala\". APNI. Retrieved 6 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/487725","url_text":"\"Pterostylis longipetala\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pterostylis longipetala\". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.","urls":[{"url":"http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=170584","url_text":"\"Pterostylis longipetala\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families","url_text":"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. pp. 295–296. ISBN 978-1877069123.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1877069123","url_text":"978-1877069123"}]},{"reference":"Jones, David L. \"Pterostylis longipetala\". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney: plantnet. Retrieved 6 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Pterostylis~longipetala","url_text":"\"Pterostylis longipetala\""}]},{"reference":"Harden, Gwen J. (1993). Flora of New South Wales (1st ed.). Kensington NSW: New South Wales University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0868401881.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0868401881","url_text":"978-0868401881"}]},{"reference":"Rupp, Herman (1943). \"Contributions to the Orchidology of New South Wales\". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 68: 9. Retrieved 6 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/108561#page/35/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Contributions to the Orchidology of New South Wales\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/487725","external_links_name":"\"Pterostylis longipetala\""},{"Link":"http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=170584","external_links_name":"\"Pterostylis longipetala\""},{"Link":"http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Pterostylis~longipetala","external_links_name":"\"Pterostylis longipetala\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/108561#page/35/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Contributions to the Orchidology of New South Wales\""},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/74926","external_links_name":"74926"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4Q6H5","external_links_name":"4Q6H5"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1132243","external_links_name":"1132243"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2847647","external_links_name":"2847647"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1147716","external_links_name":"1147716"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/655332-1","external_links_name":"655332-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=672848","external_links_name":"672848"},{"Link":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Pterostylis~longipetala","external_links_name":"Pterostylis~longipetala"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=790664","external_links_name":"790664"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-170584","external_links_name":"kew-170584"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A655332-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:655332-1"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/62835","external_links_name":"62835"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50039326","external_links_name":"50039326"},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/11052d17-4971-4630-85c6-15fb2bfdc45d","external_links_name":"11052d17-4971-4630-85c6-15fb2bfdc45d"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000288514","external_links_name":"wfo-0000288514"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buariki_(Aranuka)
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Buariki (Aranuka)
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["1 Villages","2 Air transportation","3 See also","4 References"]
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AranukaMap of AranukaGeographyLocationPacific OceanCoordinates0°09′N 173°35′E / 0.150°N 173.583°E / 0.150; 173.583 (Aranuka)ArchipelagoGilbert IslandsArea13.228 km2 (5.107 sq mi)Highest elevation3 m (10 ft)AdministrationKiribatiCapitalBuarikiDemographicsPopulation1,057 (2010 Census)Pop. density79.9/km2 (206.9/sq mi)Ethnic groupsI-Kiribati 99.6%
Buariki is the largest island in the Aranuka atoll of the Gilbert Islands in the Republic of Kiribati. Together with Takaeang the two large islands form the triangle shape of the atoll with Buariki forming the base.
Villages
Baurua
Buariki
Air transportation
Aranuka Airport is located about one kilometre north of Buariki village.
See also
Buariki (Tarawa)
References
^ "10. Aranuka" (PDF). Office of Te Beretitent - Republic of Kiribati Island Report Series. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
vteGeography of KiribatiGilbert Islands
Abaiang
Abemama
Aranuka
Arorae
Beru
Butaritari
Kuria
Maiana
Makin
Marakei
Nikunau
Nonouti
Onotoa
Tabiteuea
Tamana
Tarawa
Phoenix Islands
Birnie Island
Canton
Enderbury Island
Manra
McKean Island
Nikumaroro
Orona
Rawaki
Line Islands
Caroline Island
Flint Island
Kiritimati
Malden Island
Starbuck Island
Tabuaeran
Teraina
Vostok Island
West of Gilberts
Banaba
Reefs
Carondelet Reef
Filippo Reef
Winslow Reef
Outline of Kiribati
This Kiribati location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Aranuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranuka"},{"link_name":"atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Islands"},{"link_name":"Republic of Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Takaeang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaeang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A2012-1"}],"text":"Buariki is the largest island in the Aranuka atoll of the Gilbert Islands in the Republic of Kiribati. Together with Takaeang the two large islands form the triangle shape of the atoll with Buariki forming the base.[1]","title":"Buariki (Aranuka)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Baurua\nBuariki","title":"Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aranuka Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranuka_Airport"}],"text":"Aranuka Airport is located about one kilometre north of Buariki village.","title":"Air transportation"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Buariki (Tarawa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buariki_(Tarawa)"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"10. Aranuka\" (PDF). Office of Te Beretitent - Republic of Kiribati Island Report Series. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130913215849/http://www.climate.gov.ki/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/10_ARANUKA-revised-2012.pdf","url_text":"\"10. Aranuka\""},{"url":"http://www.climate.gov.ki/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/10_ARANUKA-revised-2012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Buariki_(Aranuka)¶ms=0_09_N_173_35_E_&title=Aranuka_type:isle","external_links_name":"0°09′N 173°35′E / 0.150°N 173.583°E / 0.150; 173.583 (Aranuka)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130913215849/http://www.climate.gov.ki/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/10_ARANUKA-revised-2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"10. Aranuka\""},{"Link":"http://www.climate.gov.ki/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/10_ARANUKA-revised-2012.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buariki_(Aranuka)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BDnov
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Chýnov
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["1 Administrative parts","2 Geography","3 History","4 Demographics","5 Sights","6 Notable people","7 Twin towns – sister cities","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 49°24′25″N 14°48′40″E / 49.40694°N 14.81111°E / 49.40694; 14.81111Town in South Bohemian, Czech RepublicChýnovTownTown square
FlagCoat of armsChýnovLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 49°24′25″N 14°48′40″E / 49.40694°N 14.81111°E / 49.40694; 14.81111Country Czech RepublicRegionSouth BohemianDistrictTáborFirst mentioned981Government • MayorOndřej JarošArea • Total30.51 km2 (11.78 sq mi)Elevation488 m (1,601 ft)Population (2023-01-01) • Total2,536 • Density83/km2 (220/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code391 55Websitewww.chynov.cz
Chýnov is a town in Tábor District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,500 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Dobronice u Chýnova, Kloužovice, Velmovice and Záhostice are administrative parts of Chýnov.
Geography
Chýnov is located about 9 kilometres (6 mi) east of Tábor and 53 km (33 mi) northeast of České Budějovice. The built-up area lies in the Křemešník Highlands, but the municipal territory extends into the Tábor Uplands in the west. The highest point is the hill Ve Vrších at 602 m (1,975 ft) above sea level.
History
The first written mention of Chýnov is from 981, when it was mentioned in Chronica Boemorum. From 1250, the village was owned by the bishopric in Prague. During the rule of bishop Arnošt of Pardubice, the local fortress was rebuilt into a castle, and ponds were established. In the second half of the 15th century, Chýnov was bought by the Malovec of Malovice family. In 1719, the estate was acquired by the House of Schwarzenberg. They had rebuilt the castle into a Baroque aristocratic residence.
In 1903, Chýnov was promoted to a town.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%18692,156— 18802,381+10.4%18902,327−2.3%19002,299−1.2%19102,204−4.1%YearPop.±%19212,055−6.8%19301,914−6.9%19501,828−4.5%19612,117+15.8%19702,013−4.9%YearPop.±%19802,054+2.0%19912,035−0.9%20012,070+1.7%20112,342+13.1%20212,455+4.8%Source: Censuses
Sights
Church of the Holy Trinity
The most important monument of Chýnov is the Church of the Holy Trinity. There was probably originally a Romanesque church from 995, replaced by a new Gothic building in the mid-14th century. In 1670–1679, the church was rebuilt into its present Baroque form. The tower was added in 1727.
The Chýnov Castle was originally a fortress, rebuilt into the Baroque castle in 1730–1732. The English park was founded in the 19th century. Today the castle houses a retirement home.
Notable people
František Bílek (1872–1941), sculptor and architect
Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic
Chýnov is twinned with:
Oberthal, Switzerland
See also
43954 Chýnov, a minor planet named after Chýnov
References
^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23.
^ a b "Historie města" (in Czech). Město Chýnov. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Tábor" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 5–6.
^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.
^ "Kostel Nejsvětější Trojice" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
^ "Zámek čp. 1 a čp. 2" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
^ "Občasník Chýnovska: Na chýnovské radnici zavlála červená vlajka s bílým křížem" (in Czech). Město Chýnov. December 2018. p. 11. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chýnov.
Official website
vteTowns, market towns and villages of Tábor District
Balkova Lhota
Bechyně
Bečice
Běleč
Borkovice
Borotín
Bradáčov
Březnice
Budislav
Černýšovice
Chotěmice
Chotoviny
Choustník
Chrbonín
Chýnov
Dírná
Dlouhá Lhota
Dobronice u Bechyně
Dolní Hořice
Dolní Hrachovice
Dráchov
Drahov
Dražice
Dražičky
Drhovice
Haškovcova Lhota
Hlasivo
Hlavatce
Hodětín
Hodonice
Jedlany
Jistebnice
Katov
Klenovice
Komárov
Košice
Košín
Krátošice
Krtov
Libějice
Lom
Malšice
Mažice
Meziříčí
Mezná
Mladá Vožice
Mlýny
Myslkovice
Nadějkov
Nasavrky
Nemyšl
Nová Ves u Chýnova
Nová Ves u Mladé Vožice
Oldřichov
Opařany
Planá nad Lužnicí
Pohnánec
Pohnání
Pojbuky
Přehořov
Psárov
Radenín
Radětice
Radimovice u Tábora
Radimovice u Želče
Radkov
Rataje
Ratibořské Hory
Řemíčov
Řepeč
Řípec
Rodná
Roudná
Šebířov
Sedlečko u Soběslavě
Sezimovo Ústí
Skalice
Skopytce
Skrýchov u Malšic
Slapsko
Slapy
Smilovy Hory
Soběslav
Stádlec
Sudoměřice u Bechyně
Sudoměřice u Tábora
Sviny
Svrabov
Tábor
Třebějice
Tučapy
Turovec
Ústrašice
Val
Vesce
Veselí nad Lužnicí
Vilice
Vlastiboř
Vlčeves
Vlkov
Vodice
Zadní Střítež
Záhoří
Zálší
Želeč
Zhoř u Mladé Vožice
Zhoř u Tábora
Žíšov
Zlukov
Zvěrotice
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tábor District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1bor_District"},{"link_name":"South Bohemian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bohemian_Region"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"}],"text":"Town in South Bohemian, Czech RepublicChýnov is a town in Tábor District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,500 inhabitants.","title":"Chýnov"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Villages of Dobronice u Chýnova, Kloužovice, Velmovice and Záhostice are administrative parts of Chýnov.","title":"Administrative parts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tábor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1bor"},{"link_name":"České Budějovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice"},{"link_name":"Křemešník Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99eme%C5%A1n%C3%ADk_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Tábor Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1bor_Uplands&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Chýnov is located about 9 kilometres (6 mi) east of Tábor and 53 km (33 mi) northeast of České Budějovice. The built-up area lies in the Křemešník Highlands, but the municipal territory extends into the Tábor Uplands in the west. The highest point is the hill Ve Vrších at 602 m (1,975 ft) above sea level.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chronica Boemorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronica_Boemorum"},{"link_name":"bishopric in Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Prague"},{"link_name":"Arnošt of Pardubice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno%C5%A1t_of_Pardubice"},{"link_name":"House of Schwarzenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Schwarzenberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"}],"text":"The first written mention of Chýnov is from 981, when it was mentioned in Chronica Boemorum. From 1250, the village was owned by the bishopric in Prague. During the rule of bishop Arnošt of Pardubice, the local fortress was rebuilt into a castle, and ponds were established. In the second half of the 15th century, Chýnov was bought by the Malovec of Malovice family. In 1719, the estate was acquired by the House of Schwarzenberg. They had rebuilt the castle into a Baroque aristocratic residence.[2]In 1903, Chýnov was promoted to a town.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%BDnov_church.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"English park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_garden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Church of the Holy TrinityThe most important monument of Chýnov is the Church of the Holy Trinity. There was probably originally a Romanesque church from 995, replaced by a new Gothic building in the mid-14th century. In 1670–1679, the church was rebuilt into its present Baroque form. The tower was added in 1727.[5]The Chýnov Castle was originally a fortress, rebuilt into the Baroque castle in 1730–1732. The English park was founded in the 19th century. Today the castle houses a retirement home.[6]","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"František Bílek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_B%C3%ADlek"}],"text":"František Bílek (1872–1941), sculptor and architect","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Oberthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberthal,_Switzerland"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech RepublicChýnov is twinned with:[7]Oberthal, Switzerland","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"}]
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[{"image_text":"Church of the Holy Trinity","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ch%C3%BDnov_church.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%BDnov_church.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"43954 Chýnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43954_Ch%C3%BDnov"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-1-january-2023","url_text":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Historie města\" (in Czech). Město Chýnov. Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chynov.cz/mesto/d-60293/p1=2020","url_text":"\"Historie města\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Tábor\" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 5–6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150317.pdf/4bffeff0-6813-4ffb-b712-8688f0256fe9?version=1.2","url_text":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Tábor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","url_text":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Kostel Nejsvětější Trojice\" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2023-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/kostel-nejsvetejsi-trojice-18969551","url_text":"\"Kostel Nejsvětější Trojice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zámek čp. 1 a čp. 2\" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2023-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pamatkovykatalog.cz/zamek-cp-1-a-cp-2-19156276","url_text":"\"Zámek čp. 1 a čp. 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Občasník Chýnovska: Na chýnovské radnici zavlála červená vlajka s bílým křížem\" (in Czech). Město Chýnov. December 2018. p. 11. Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chynov.cz/assets/File.ashx?id_org=5547&id_dokumenty=66429","url_text":"\"Občasník Chýnovska: Na chýnovské radnici zavlála červená vlajka s bílým křížem\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-free_software
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Proprietary software
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["1 Types","2 Origin","3 Licenses","3.1 Mixed-source software","3.2 Multi-licensing","4 Legal basis","4.1 Limitations","5 Exclusive rights","5.1 Use of the software","5.2 Inspection and modification of source code","5.3 Redistribution","6 Interoperability with software and hardware","6.1 Proprietary file formats and protocols","6.2 Proprietary APIs","6.3 Vendor lock-in","6.4 Software limited to certain hardware configurations","7 Abandonment by proprietors","8 Pricing and economics","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
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Software released under a license restricting rights
"Non-free software" redirects here. Not to be confused with Commercial software or Business software.
Proprietary software is software that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern copyright and intellectual property law to exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered and EULA-bound software—from making use of the software on their own, thereby restricting their freedoms.
Proprietary software is a subset of non-free software, a term defined in contrast to free and open-source software; non-commercial licenses such as CC BY-NC are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be closed-source software or source-available software.
Types
Free/Open Licenses
Non-free Licenses
Public domain & equivalents
Permissive license
Copyleft (protective license)
Noncommercial license
Proprietary license
Trade secret
Software
PD, CC0
BSD, MIT, Apache
GPL, AGPL
JRL, AFPL
proprietary software, no public license
private, internal software
Other creative works
PD, CC0
CC BY
CC BY-SA
CC BY-NC
Copyright, no public license
unpublished
Origin
Until the late 1960s, computers—especially large and expensive mainframe computers, machines in specially air-conditioned computer rooms—were usually leased to customers rather than sold. Service and all software available were usually supplied by manufacturers without separate charge until 1969. Computer vendors usually provided the source code for installed software to customers. Customers who developed software often made it available to the public without charge. Closed source means computer programs whose source code is not published except to licensees. It is available to be modified only by the organization that developed it and those licensed to use the software.
In 1969, IBM, which had antitrust lawsuits pending against it, led an industry change by starting to charge separately for mainframe software and services, by unbundling hardware and software.
Bill Gates' "Open Letter to Hobbyists" in 1976 decried computer hobbyists' rampant copyright infringement of software, particularly Microsoft's Altair BASIC interpreter, and asserted that their unauthorized use hindered his ability to produce quality software. But the legal status of software copyright, especially for object code, was not clear until the 1983 appeals court ruling in Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.
According to Brewster Kahle the legal characteristic of software changed also due to the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976.
Starting in February 1983 IBM adopted an "object-code-only" model for a growing list of their software and stopped shipping much of the source code, even to licensees.
In 1983, binary software became copyrightable in the United States as well by the Apple vs. Franklin law decision, before which only source code was copyrightable. Additionally, the growing availability of millions of computers based on the same microprocessor architecture created for the first time an unfragmented and big enough market for binary distributed software.
Licenses
This section is an excerpt from Software license § Proprietary software licenses.
A brief, written-out beta test software license issued by Macromedia in 1995
The tendency to license proprietary software, rather than sell it, dates from the time period before the existence, then the scope of software copyright protection was clear. These licenses have continued in use after software copyright was recognized in the courts, and are considered to grant the company extra protection compared to copyright law. According to United States federal law, a company can restrict the parties to which it sells but it cannot prevent a buyer from reselling the product. Software licensing agreements usually prohibit resale, enabling the company to maximize revenue.
Traditionally, software was distributed in the form of binary object code that could not be understood or modified by the user, but could be downloaded and run. The user bought a perpetual license to use a particular version of the software. Software as service (SaaS) vendors—who have the majority market share in application software as of 2023—rarely offer perpetual licenses. SaaS licenses are usually temporary and charged on a pay-per-usage or subscription basis, although other revenue models such as freemium are also used. For customers, the advantages of temporary licenses include reduced upfront cost, increased flexibility, and lower overall cost compared to a perpetual license. In some cases, the steep one-time cost demanded by sellers of traditional software were out of the reach of smaller businesses, but pay-per-use SaaS models makes the software affordable.
Mixed-source software
Software distributions considered as proprietary may in fact incorporate a "mixed source" model including both free and non-free software in the same distribution. Most if not all so-called proprietary UNIX distributions are mixed source software, bundling open-source components like BIND, Sendmail, X Window System, DHCP, and others along with a purely proprietary kernel and system utilities.
Multi-licensing
Some free software packages are also simultaneously available under proprietary terms. Examples include MySQL, Sendmail and ssh. The original copyright holders for a work of free software, even copyleft free software, can use dual-licensing to allow themselves or others to redistribute proprietary versions. Non-copyleft free software (i.e. software distributed under a permissive free software license or released to the public domain) allows anyone to make proprietary redistributions. Free software that depends on proprietary software is considered "trapped" by the Free Software Foundation. This includes software written only for Microsoft Windows, or software that could only run on Java, before it became free software.
Legal basis
Further information: Software law, Software copyright, Software patent, and End-user license agreement
Most of the software is covered by copyright which, along with contract law, patents, and trade secrets, provides legal basis for its owner to establish exclusive rights.
A software vendor delineates the specific terms of use in an end-user license agreement (EULA). The user may agree to this contract in writing, interactively on screen (clickwrap), or by opening the box containing the software (shrink wrap licensing). License agreements are usually not negotiable. Software patents grant exclusive rights to algorithms, software features, or other patentable subject matter, with coverage varying by jurisdiction. Vendors sometimes grant patent rights to the user in the license agreement. The source code for a piece of proprietary software is routinely handled as a trade secret. Software can be made available with fewer restrictions on licensing or source-code access; software that satisfies certain conditions of freedom and openness is known as "free" or "open-source."
Limitations
Since license agreements do not override applicable copyright law or contract law, provisions in conflict with applicable law are not enforceable. Some software is specifically licensed and not sold, in order to avoid limitations of copyright such as the first-sale doctrine.
Exclusive rights
The owner of proprietary software exercises certain exclusive rights over the software. The owner can restrict the use, inspection of source code, modification of source code, and redistribution.
Use of the software
Further information: Copy protection, Crippleware, and Price discrimination
Vendors typically limit the number of computers on which software can be used, and prohibit the user from installing the software on extra computers. Restricted use is sometimes enforced through a technical measure, such as product activation, a product key or serial number, a hardware key, or copy protection.
Vendors may also distribute versions that remove particular features, or versions which allow only certain fields of endeavor, such as non-commercial, educational, or non-profit use.
Use restrictions vary by license:
Windows Vista Starter is restricted to running a maximum of three concurrent applications.
The retail edition of Microsoft Office Home and Student 2007 is limited to non-commercial use on up to three devices in one household.
Windows XP can be installed on one computer, and limits the number of network file sharing connections to 10. The Home Edition disables features present in Windows XP Professional.
Traditionally, Adobe licenses are limited to one user, but allow the user to install a second copy on a home computer or laptop. This is no longer true with the switching to Creative Cloud.
iWork '09, Apple's productivity suite, is available in a five-user family pack, for use on up to five computers in a household.
Inspection and modification of source code
See also: Open-source software and Crippleware
Vendors typically distribute proprietary software in compiled form, usually the machine language understood by the computer's central processing unit. They typically retain the source code, or human-readable version of the software, often written in a higher level programming language. This scheme is often referred to as closed source.
While most proprietary software is distributed without the source code, some vendors distribute the source code or otherwise make it available to customers. For example, users who have purchased a license for the Internet forum software vBulletin can modify the source for their own site but cannot redistribute it. This is true for many web applications, which must be in source code form when being run by a web server. The source code is covered by a non-disclosure agreement or a license that allows, for example, study and modification, but not redistribution. The text-based email client Pine and certain implementations of Secure Shell are distributed with proprietary licenses that make the source code available.Some licenses for proprietary software allow distributing changes to the source code, but only to others licensed for the product, and some of those modifications are eventually picked up by the vendor.
Some governments fear that proprietary software may include defects or malicious features which would compromise sensitive information. In 2003 Microsoft established a Government Security Program (GSP) to allow governments to view source code and Microsoft security documentation, of which the Chinese government was an early participant. The program is part of Microsoft's broader Shared Source Initiative which provides source code access for some products. The Reference Source License (Ms-RSL) and Limited Public License (Ms-LPL) are proprietary software licenses where the source code is made available.
Governments have also been accused of adding such malware to software themselves. According to documents released by Edward Snowden, the NSA has used covert partnerships with software companies to make commercial encryption software exploitable to eavesdropping, or to insert backdoors.
Software vendors sometimes use obfuscated code to impede users who would reverse engineer the software. This is particularly common with certain programming languages. For example, the bytecode for programs written in Java can be easily decompiled to somewhat usable code, and the source code for programs written in scripting languages such as PHP or JavaScript is available at run time.
Redistribution
Further information: Shareware
See also: Freely redistributable software
Proprietary software vendors can prohibit the users from sharing the software with others. Another unique license is required for another party to use the software.
In the case of proprietary software with source code available, the vendor may also prohibit customers from distributing their modifications to the source code.
Shareware is closed-source software whose owner encourages redistribution at no cost, but which the user sometimes must pay to use after a trial period. The fee usually allows use by a single user or computer. In some cases, software features are restricted during or after the trial period, a practice sometimes called crippleware.
Interoperability with software and hardware
Further information: Interoperability § Software
Proprietary file formats and protocols
Further information: Proprietary format and Proprietary protocol
Proprietary software often stores some of its data in file formats that are incompatible with other software, and may also communicate using protocols which are incompatible. Such formats and protocols may be restricted as trade secrets or subject to patents.
Proprietary APIs
A proprietary application programming interface (API) is a software library interface "specific to one device or, more likely to a number of devices within a particular manufacturer's product range." The motivation for using a proprietary API can be vendor lock-in or because standard APIs do not support the device's functionality.
The European Commission, in its March 24, 2004, decision on Microsoft's business practices, quotes, in paragraph 463, Microsoft general manager for C++ development Aaron Contorer as stating in a February 21, 1997, internal Microsoft memo drafted for Bill Gates:
The Windows API is so broad, so deep, and so functional that most ISVs would be crazy not to use it. And it is so deeply embedded in the source code of many Windows apps that there is a huge switching cost to using a different operating system instead.
Early versions of the iPhone SDK were covered by a non-disclosure agreement. The agreement forbade independent developers from discussing the content of the interfaces. Apple discontinued the NDA in October 2008.
Vendor lock-in
Further information: Vendor lock-in
Any dependency on the future versions and upgrades for a proprietary software package can create vendor lock-in, entrenching a monopoly position.
Software limited to certain hardware configurations
Proprietary software may also have licensing terms that limit the usage of that software to a specific set of hardware. Apple has such a licensing model for macOS, an operating system which is limited to Apple hardware, both by licensing and various design decisions. This licensing model has been affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Abandonment by proprietors
Main article: Abandonware
Proprietary software which is no longer marketed, supported or sold by its owner is called abandonware, the digital form of orphaned works. If the proprietor of a software package should cease to exist, or decide to cease or limit production or support for a proprietary software package, recipients and users of the package may have no recourse if problems are found with the software. Proprietors can fail to improve and support software because of business problems. Support for older or existing versions of a software package may be ended to force users to upgrade and pay for newer versions(planned obsolescence). Sometimes another vendor or a software's community themselves can provide support for the software, or the users can migrate to either competing systems with longer support life cycles or to FOSS-based systems.
Some proprietary software is released by their owner at end-of-life as open-source or source available software, often to prevent the software from becoming unsupported and unavailable abandonware. 3D Realms and id Software are famous for the practice of releasing closed source software into the open source. Some of those kinds are free-of-charge downloads (freeware), some are still commercially sold (e.g. Arx Fatalis). More examples of formerly closed-source software in the List of commercial software with available source code and List of commercial video games with available source code.
Pricing and economics
See also: Commercial software
Proprietary software is not synonymous with commercial software, although the two terms are sometimes used synonymously in articles about free software. Proprietary software can be distributed at no cost or for a fee, and free software can be distributed at no cost or for a fee. The difference is that whether proprietary software can be distributed, and what the fee would be, is at the proprietor's discretion. With free software, anyone who has a copy can decide whether, and how much, to charge for a copy or related services.
Proprietary software that comes for no cost is called freeware.
Proponents of commercial proprietary software argue that requiring users to pay for software as a product increases funding or time available for the research and development of software. For example, Microsoft says that per-copy fees maximize the profitability of software development.
Proprietary software generally creates greater commercial activity over free software, especially in regard to market revenues. Proprietary software is often sold with a license that gives the end user right to use the software.
See also
Business software
Commercial off-the-shelf
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
Proprietary hardware
Retail software
References
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^ Feigenbaum, Joan (30 October 2003). "Attacking an Obfuscated Cipher by Injecting Faults". Digital Rights Management: ACM CCS-9 Workshop, DRM 2002, Washington, DC, USA, November 18, 2002, Revised Papers. Second International Workshop on Digital Rights Management. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2696. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-540-44993-5. Retrieved 12 January 2024 – via Internet Archive.
^ Tony Patton (2008-11-21). "Protect your JavaScript with obfuscation". TechRepublic. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2022. While the Web promotes the sharing of such code, there are times when you or a client may not want to share their JavaScript code. This may be due to the sensitive nature of data within the code, proprietary calculations, or any other scenario.
^ a b Orenstein, David (January 10, 2000). "Application Programming Interface". Computerworld. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
^ "Commission Decision of 24.03.2004 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/C-3/37.792 Microsoft)" (PDF). European Commission. March 24, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
^ Wilson, Ben (2008-10-01). "Apple Drops NDA for Released iPhone Software". CNET. Archived from the original on 2013-03-08. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ The Linux Information Project (2006-04-29). "Vendor Lock-in Definition". Retrieved 2009-06-11. Vendor lock-in, or just lock-in, is the situation in which customers are dependent on a single manufacturer or supplier for some product This dependency is typically a result of standards that are controlled by the vendor It can grant the vendor some extent of monopoly power The best way for an organization to avoid becoming a victim of vendor lock-in is to use products that conform to free, industry-wide standards. Free standards are those that can be used by anyone and are not controlled by a single company. In the case of computers, this can usually be accomplished by using free software rather than proprietary software (i.e., commercial software).
^ Don Reisinger (2011-09-29). "Apple wins key battle against Psystar over Mac clones". Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ "What happens when a proprietary software company dies?". Linux. October 24, 2003. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
^ Livingston, Brian (December 15, 2006). "Microsoft Turns Up The Heat On Windows 2000 Users". CRN. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
^ Cassia, Fernando (March 28, 2007). "Open Source, the only weapon against 'planned obsolescence'". The Inquirer. Linux Today. Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
^ Bell, John (October 1, 2009). "Opening the Source of Art". Technology Innovation Management Review. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2022. that no further patches to the title would be forthcoming. The community was predictably upset. Instead of giving up on the game, users decided that if Activision wasn't going to fix the bugs, they would. They wanted to save the game by getting Activision to open the source so it could be kept alive beyond the point where Activision lost interest. With some help from members of the development team that were active on fan forums, they were eventually able to convince Activision to release Call to Power II's source code in October of 2003.
^ Wen, Howard (June 10, 2004). "Keeping the Myths Alive". Linux Dev Center. Archived from the original on April 6, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2012. fans of the Myth trilogy have taken this idea a step further: they have official access to the source code for the Myth games. Organized under the name MythDevelopers, this all-volunteer group of programmers, artists, and other talented people devote their time to improving and supporting further development of the Myth game series.
^ Largent, Andy (October 8, 2003). "Homeworld Source Code Released". Inside Mac Games. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2012. With the release of Homeworld 2 for the PC, Relic Entertainment has decided to give back to their impressive fan community by releasing the source code to the original Homeworld.
^ Rosen, Lawrence (2004). Open Source Licensing. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. pp. 52, 255, 259. ISBN 978-0-13-148787-1.
^ Havoc Pennington (2008-03-02). "Debian Tutorial". Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2009-06-04. It is important to distinguish commercial software from proprietary software. Proprietary software is non-free software, while commercial software is software sold for money.
^ Russell McOrmond (2000-01-04). "What is "Commercial Software"?". Retrieved 2009-05-02.
^ Michael K. Johnson (1996-09-01). "Licenses and Copyright". Retrieved 2009-06-16. If you program for Linux, you do need to understand licensing, no matter if you are writing free software or commercial software.
^ Eric S. Raymond (2003-12-29). "Proprietary, Jargon File". Retrieved 2009-06-12. Proprietary software should be distinguished from commercial software. It is possible for the software to be commercial without being proprietary. The reverse is also possible, for example in binary-only freeware.
^ "Selling Free Software". GNU Project.
^ "The Commercial Software Model". Microsoft. May 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-03-05.
^ Open Source Versus Commercial Software: Why Proprietary Software is Here to Stay. Sams Publishing. October 2005. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commercial software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_software"},{"link_name":"Business software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_software"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software"},{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"intellectual property law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_law"},{"link_name":"EULA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EULA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Experts-1"},{"link_name":"subset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset"},{"link_name":"free and open-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software"},{"link_name":"CC BY-NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC_BY-NC"},{"link_name":"source-available software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source-available_software"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Experts-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Felix_AguilarInc.2003-2"}],"text":"\"Non-free software\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Commercial software or Business software.Proprietary software is software that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern copyright and intellectual property law to exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered and EULA-bound software—from making use of the software on their own, thereby restricting their freedoms.[1]Proprietary software is a subset of non-free software, a term defined in contrast to free and open-source software; non-commercial licenses such as CC BY-NC are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be closed-source software or source-available software.[1][2]","title":"Proprietary software"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mainframe computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer"},{"link_name":"leased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lease"},{"link_name":"sold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceruzzi_2003-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust"},{"link_name":"starting to charge separately for mainframe software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_IBM#1960%E2%80%931969:_The_System/360_era,_Unbundling_software_and_services"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pugh2002-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton_1969-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bill Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates"},{"link_name":"Open Letter to Hobbyists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists"},{"link_name":"copyright infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement"},{"link_name":"Altair BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_BASIC"},{"link_name":"software copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_copyright"},{"link_name":"object code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_code"},{"link_name":"Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gates_1976_open_letter-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Brewster Kahle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_Kahle"},{"link_name":"Copyright Act of 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cringely-12"},{"link_name":"object-code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_code"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Apple vs. Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landley2009-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landley2009-16"}],"text":"Until the late 1960s, computers—especially large and expensive mainframe computers, machines in specially air-conditioned computer rooms—were usually leased to customers rather than sold.[3][4] Service and all software available were usually supplied by manufacturers without separate charge until 1969. Computer vendors usually provided the source code for installed software to customers.[citation needed] Customers who developed software often made it available to the public without charge.[5] Closed source means computer programs whose source code is not published except to licensees. It is available to be modified only by the organization that developed it and those licensed to use the software.In 1969, IBM, which had antitrust lawsuits pending against it, led an industry change by starting to charge separately for mainframe software[6][7] and services, by unbundling hardware and software.[8]Bill Gates' \"Open Letter to Hobbyists\" in 1976 decried computer hobbyists' rampant copyright infringement of software, particularly Microsoft's Altair BASIC interpreter, and asserted that their unauthorized use hindered his ability to produce quality software. But the legal status of software copyright, especially for object code, was not clear until the 1983 appeals court ruling in Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.[9][10][11]According to Brewster Kahle the legal characteristic of software changed also due to the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976.[12]Starting in February 1983 IBM adopted an \"object-code-only\" model for a growing list of their software and stopped shipping much of the source code,[13][14] even to licensees.In 1983, binary software became copyrightable in the United States as well by the Apple vs. Franklin law decision,[15] before which only source code was copyrightable.[16] Additionally, the growing availability of millions of computers based on the same microprocessor architecture created for the first time an unfragmented and big enough market for binary distributed software.[16]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Software license § Proprietary software licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license#Proprietary_software_licenses"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_license&action=edit#Proprietary_software_licenses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ohhh,_Shockwave_(117804940).jpg"},{"link_name":"beta test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_test"},{"link_name":"Macromedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromedia"},{"link_name":"clear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_certainty"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013469-17"},{"link_name":"United States federal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_law"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerasaki2013469%E2%80%93470-18"},{"link_name":"object code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_code"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle200345-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040%E2%80%9341-20"},{"link_name":"Software as service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_service"},{"link_name":"market share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_share"},{"link_name":"application software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20234-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848,_57-23"},{"link_name":"freemium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemium"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201861%E2%80%9363-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040%E2%80%9341-20"},{"link_name":"smaller businesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182-25"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Software license § Proprietary software licenses.[edit]\nA brief, written-out beta test software license issued by Macromedia in 1995\nThe tendency to license proprietary software, rather than sell it, dates from the time period before the existence, then the scope of software copyright protection was clear. These licenses have continued in use after software copyright was recognized in the courts, and are considered to grant the company extra protection compared to copyright law.[17] According to United States federal law, a company can restrict the parties to which it sells but it cannot prevent a buyer from reselling the product. Software licensing agreements usually prohibit resale, enabling the company to maximize revenue.[18] \n\nTraditionally, software was distributed in the form of binary object code that could not be understood or modified by the user,[19] but could be downloaded and run. The user bought a perpetual license to use a particular version of the software.[20] Software as service (SaaS) vendors—who have the majority market share in application software as of 2023[update][21]—rarely offer perpetual licenses.[22] SaaS licenses are usually temporary and charged on a pay-per-usage or subscription basis,[23] although other revenue models such as freemium are also used.[24] For customers, the advantages of temporary licenses include reduced upfront cost, increased flexibility, and lower overall cost compared to a perpetual license.[20] In some cases, the steep one-time cost demanded by sellers of traditional software were out of the reach of smaller businesses, but pay-per-use SaaS models makes the software affordable.[25]","title":"Licenses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"UNIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX"},{"link_name":"BIND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND"},{"link_name":"Sendmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendmail"},{"link_name":"X Window System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System"},{"link_name":"DHCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHCP"},{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Mixed-source software","text":"Software distributions considered as proprietary may in fact incorporate a \"mixed source\" model including both free and non-free software in the same distribution.[26] Most if not all so-called proprietary UNIX distributions are mixed source software, bundling open-source components like BIND, Sendmail, X Window System, DHCP, and others along with a purely proprietary kernel and system utilities.[27][28]","title":"Licenses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MySQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL"},{"link_name":"Sendmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendmail"},{"link_name":"dual-licensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-licensing"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosenberg2000p109-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsfandpublicdomain-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Multi-licensing","text":"Some free software packages are also simultaneously available under proprietary terms. Examples include MySQL, Sendmail and ssh. The original copyright holders for a work of free software, even copyleft free software, can use dual-licensing to allow themselves or others to redistribute proprietary versions. Non-copyleft free software (i.e. software distributed under a permissive free software license or released to the public domain) allows anyone to make proprietary redistributions.[29][30] Free software that depends on proprietary software is considered \"trapped\" by the Free Software Foundation. This includes software written only for Microsoft Windows,[31] or software that could only run on Java, before it became free software.[32]","title":"Licenses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Software law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_law"},{"link_name":"Software copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_copyright"},{"link_name":"Software patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patent"},{"link_name":"End-user license agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-user_license_agreement"},{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_copyright"},{"link_name":"contract law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract"},{"link_name":"patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patent"},{"link_name":"trade secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liberman-33"},{"link_name":"end-user license agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-user_license_agreement"},{"link_name":"clickwrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickwrap"},{"link_name":"shrink wrap licensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrink_wrap_license"},{"link_name":"not negotiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_form_contract"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Software patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patent"},{"link_name":"patentable subject matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patentable_subject_matter"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tysver-35"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"trade secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_license"},{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_license"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Further information: Software law, Software copyright, Software patent, and End-user license agreementMost of the software is covered by copyright which, along with contract law, patents, and trade secrets, provides legal basis for its owner to establish exclusive rights.[33]A software vendor delineates the specific terms of use in an end-user license agreement (EULA). The user may agree to this contract in writing, interactively on screen (clickwrap), or by opening the box containing the software (shrink wrap licensing). License agreements are usually not negotiable.[34] Software patents grant exclusive rights to algorithms, software features, or other patentable subject matter, with coverage varying by jurisdiction. Vendors sometimes grant patent rights to the user in the license agreement.[35] The source code for a piece of proprietary software is routinely handled as a trade secret.[36] Software can be made available with fewer restrictions on licensing or source-code access; software that satisfies certain conditions of freedom and openness is known as \"free\" or \"open-source.\"[37]","title":"Legal basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"copyright law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"contract law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"first-sale doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-sale_doctrine"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Limitations","text":"Since license agreements do not override applicable copyright law or contract law, provisions in conflict with applicable law are not enforceable.[38] Some software is specifically licensed and not sold, in order to avoid limitations of copyright such as the first-sale doctrine.[39]","title":"Legal basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exclusive rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_right"}],"text":"The owner of proprietary software exercises certain exclusive rights over the software. The owner can restrict the use, inspection of source code, modification of source code, and redistribution.","title":"Exclusive rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copy protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_protection"},{"link_name":"Crippleware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crippleware"},{"link_name":"Price discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"product activation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_activation"},{"link_name":"product key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_key"},{"link_name":"hardware key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongle"},{"link_name":"copy protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_protection"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista Starter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista_Starter"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office Home and Student 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_enterprise"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Home Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP_Home_Edition"},{"link_name":"Adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Systems"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"iWork '09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWork"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Use of the software","text":"Further information: Copy protection, Crippleware, and Price discriminationVendors typically limit the number of computers on which software can be used, and prohibit the user from installing the software on extra computers.[citation needed] Restricted use is sometimes enforced through a technical measure, such as product activation, a product key or serial number, a hardware key, or copy protection.Vendors may also distribute versions that remove particular features, or versions which allow only certain fields of endeavor, such as non-commercial, educational, or non-profit use.Use restrictions vary by license:Windows Vista Starter is restricted to running a maximum of three concurrent applications.\nThe retail edition of Microsoft Office Home and Student 2007 is limited to non-commercial use on up to three devices in one household.\nWindows XP can be installed on one computer, and limits the number of network file sharing connections to 10.[40] The Home Edition disables features present in Windows XP Professional.\nTraditionally, Adobe licenses are limited to one user, but allow the user to install a second copy on a home computer or laptop.[41] This is no longer true with the switching to Creative Cloud.\niWork '09, Apple's productivity suite, is available in a five-user family pack, for use on up to five computers in a household.[42]","title":"Exclusive rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Open-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"Crippleware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crippleware"},{"link_name":"compiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"machine language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code"},{"link_name":"central processing unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"higher level programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_language"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dwheeler-44"},{"link_name":"vBulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBulletin"},{"link_name":"non-disclosure agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_(e-mail_client)"},{"link_name":"Secure Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"defects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug"},{"link_name":"malicious features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware"},{"link_name":"Chinese government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-china-48"},{"link_name":"Shared Source Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_source"},{"link_name":"made available","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_available"},{"link_name":"Edward Snowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden"},{"link_name":"NSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA"},{"link_name":"backdoors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"obfuscated code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscated_code"},{"link_name":"reverse engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineer"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"programming languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"bytecode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_bytecode"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"decompiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompiler"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"scripting languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language"},{"link_name":"PHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"},{"link_name":"run time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Inspection and modification of source code","text":"See also: Open-source software and CripplewareVendors typically distribute proprietary software in compiled form, usually the machine language understood by the computer's central processing unit. They typically retain the source code, or human-readable version of the software, often written in a higher level programming language.[43] This scheme is often referred to as closed source.[44]While most proprietary software is distributed without the source code, some vendors distribute the source code or otherwise make it available to customers. For example, users who have purchased a license for the Internet forum software vBulletin can modify the source for their own site but cannot redistribute it. This is true for many web applications, which must be in source code form when being run by a web server. The source code is covered by a non-disclosure agreement or a license that allows, for example, study and modification, but not redistribution.[45] The text-based email client Pine and certain implementations of Secure Shell are distributed with proprietary licenses that make the source code available.[citation needed]Some licenses for proprietary software allow distributing changes to the source code, but only to others licensed for the product, and some[46] of those modifications are eventually picked up by the vendor.Some governments fear that proprietary software may include defects or malicious features which would compromise sensitive information. In 2003 Microsoft established a Government Security Program (GSP) to allow governments to view source code and Microsoft security documentation, of which the Chinese government was an early participant.[47][48] The program is part of Microsoft's broader Shared Source Initiative which provides source code access for some products. The Reference Source License (Ms-RSL) and Limited Public License (Ms-LPL) are proprietary software licenses where the source code is made available.Governments have also been accused of adding such malware to software themselves. According to documents released by Edward Snowden, the NSA has used covert partnerships with software companies to make commercial encryption software exploitable to eavesdropping, or to insert backdoors.[49][50]Software vendors sometimes use obfuscated code to impede users who would reverse engineer the software.[51] This is particularly common with certain programming languages.[citation needed] For example, the bytecode for programs written in Java can be easily decompiled to somewhat usable code,[citation needed] and the source code for programs written in scripting languages such as PHP or JavaScript is available at run time.[52]","title":"Exclusive rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shareware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware"},{"link_name":"Freely redistributable software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freely_redistributable_software"},{"link_name":"Shareware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware"},{"link_name":"crippleware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crippleware"}],"sub_title":"Redistribution","text":"Further information: SharewareSee also: Freely redistributable softwareProprietary software vendors can prohibit the users from sharing the software with others. Another unique license is required for another party to use the software.In the case of proprietary software with source code available, the vendor may also prohibit customers from distributing their modifications to the source code.Shareware is closed-source software whose owner encourages redistribution at no cost, but which the user sometimes must pay to use after a trial period. The fee usually allows use by a single user or computer. In some cases, software features are restricted during or after the trial period, a practice sometimes called crippleware.","title":"Exclusive rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interoperability § Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability#Software"}],"text":"Further information: Interoperability § Software","title":"Interoperability with software and hardware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proprietary format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_format"},{"link_name":"Proprietary protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_protocol"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"incompatible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_incompatibility"},{"link_name":"protocols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol"},{"link_name":"trade secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret"},{"link_name":"patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Proprietary file formats and protocols","text":"Further information: Proprietary format and Proprietary protocolProprietary software often[citation needed] stores some of its data in file formats that are incompatible with other software, and may also communicate using protocols which are incompatible. Such formats and protocols may be restricted as trade secrets or subject to patents.[citation needed]","title":"Interoperability with software and hardware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"application programming interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface"},{"link_name":"software library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-techworld-53"},{"link_name":"vendor lock-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-techworld-53"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"Bill Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates"},{"link_name":"Windows API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API"},{"link_name":"iPhone SDK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_SDK"},{"link_name":"non-disclosure agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nda-55"}],"sub_title":"Proprietary APIs","text":"A proprietary application programming interface (API) is a software library interface \"specific to one device or, more likely to a number of devices within a particular manufacturer's product range.\"[53] The motivation for using a proprietary API can be vendor lock-in or because standard APIs do not support the device's functionality.[53]The European Commission, in its March 24, 2004, decision on Microsoft's business practices,[54] quotes, in paragraph 463, Microsoft general manager for C++ development Aaron Contorer as stating in a February 21, 1997, internal Microsoft memo drafted for Bill Gates:The Windows API is so broad, so deep, and so functional that most ISVs would be crazy not to use it. And it is so deeply embedded in the source code of many Windows apps that there is a huge switching cost to using a different operating system instead.Early versions of the iPhone SDK were covered by a non-disclosure agreement. The agreement forbade independent developers from discussing the content of the interfaces. Apple discontinued the NDA in October 2008.[55]","title":"Interoperability with software and hardware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vendor lock-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Vendor lock-in","text":"Further information: Vendor lock-inAny dependency on the future versions and upgrades for a proprietary software package can create vendor lock-in, entrenching a monopoly position.[56]","title":"Interoperability with software and hardware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Software limited to certain hardware configurations","text":"Proprietary software may also have licensing terms that limit the usage of that software to a specific set of hardware. Apple has such a licensing model for macOS, an operating system which is limited to Apple hardware, both by licensing and various design decisions. This licensing model has been affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[57]","title":"Interoperability with software and hardware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abandonware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandonware"},{"link_name":"orphaned works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphaned_works"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"planned obsolescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence"},{"link_name":"provide support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_patch"},{"link_name":"FOSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"end-of-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-of-life_(product)"},{"link_name":"source available","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_available"},{"link_name":"abandonware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandonware"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timcalltopower2-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mythalive2004-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-home_source-63"},{"link_name":"3D Realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Realms"},{"link_name":"id Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_Software"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"freeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"Arx Fatalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arx_Fatalis"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"List of commercial software with available source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commercial_software_with_available_source_code"},{"link_name":"List of commercial video games with available source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commercial_video_games_with_available_source_code"}],"text":"Proprietary software which is no longer marketed, supported or sold by its owner is called abandonware, the digital form of orphaned works. If the proprietor of a software package should cease to exist, or decide to cease or limit production or support for a proprietary software package, recipients and users of the package may have no recourse if problems are found with the software. Proprietors can fail to improve and support software because of business problems.[58] Support for older or existing versions of a software package may be ended to force users to upgrade and pay for newer versions[59](planned obsolescence). Sometimes another vendor or a software's community themselves can provide support for the software, or the users can migrate to either competing systems with longer support life cycles or to FOSS-based systems.[60]Some proprietary software is released by their owner at end-of-life as open-source or source available software, often to prevent the software from becoming unsupported and unavailable abandonware.[61][62][63] 3D Realms and id Software are famous for the practice of releasing closed source software into the open source.[further explanation needed] Some of those kinds are free-of-charge downloads (freeware), some are still commercially sold (e.g. Arx Fatalis).[further explanation needed] More examples of formerly closed-source software in the List of commercial software with available source code and List of commercial video games with available source code.","title":"Abandonment by proprietors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commercial software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_software"},{"link_name":"commercial software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_software"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosen2004-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pennington2008-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"free software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jargon2003proprietary-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"freeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"research and development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"See also: Commercial softwareProprietary software is not synonymous with commercial software,[64][65] although the two terms are sometimes used synonymously in articles about free software.[66][67] Proprietary software can be distributed at no cost or for a fee, and free software can be distributed at no cost or for a fee.[68] The difference is that whether proprietary software can be distributed, and what the fee would be, is at the proprietor's discretion. With free software, anyone who has a copy can decide whether, and how much, to charge for a copy or related services.[69]Proprietary software that comes for no cost is called freeware.Proponents of commercial proprietary software argue that requiring users to pay for software as a product increases funding or time available for the research and development of software. For example, Microsoft says that per-copy fees maximize the profitability of software development.[70]Proprietary software generally creates greater commercial activity over free software, especially in regard to market revenues.[71] Proprietary software is often sold with a license that gives the end user right to use the software.","title":"Pricing and economics"}]
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[{"image_text":"A brief, written-out beta test software license issued by Macromedia in 1995","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ohhh%2C_Shockwave_%28117804940%29.jpg/220px-Ohhh%2C_Shockwave_%28117804940%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Business software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_software"},{"title":"Commercial off-the-shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf"},{"title":"Comparison of open-source and closed-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software"},{"title":"Proprietary hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_hardware"},{"title":"Retail software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_software"}]
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[{"reference":"Saraswati Experts. \"2.5.3\". COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH C++. Saraswati House Pvt Ltd. p. 1.27. ISBN 978-93-5199-877-8. Retrieved 29 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OtlBDAAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA31","url_text":"\"2.5.3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5199-877-8","url_text":"978-93-5199-877-8"}]},{"reference":"AUUG, Inc. (March 2003). \"Chapter 1. Definitions\". AUUGN. AUUG, Inc. p. 51. Retrieved 29 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C55YaWmDBiAC&pg=PA51","url_text":"\"Chapter 1. Definitions\""}]},{"reference":"Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003). A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-262-53203-4. Although IBM agreed to sell its machines as part of a Consent Decree effective January 1956, leasing continued to be its preferred way of doing business.then everyone started fighting","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru_0/page/128","url_text":"A History of Modern Computing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press","url_text":"MIT Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru_0/page/128","url_text":"128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53203-4","url_text":"0-262-53203-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Equipment Leasing\", Lease Genie, archived from the original on April 11, 2008, retrieved November 12, 2010, In the 1960s, IBM and Xerox recognized that substantial sums could be made from the financing of their equipment. The leasing of computer and office equipment that occurred then was a significant contribution to leasings [sic] growth, since many companies were exposed to equipment leasing for the first time when they leased such equipment.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411024345/http://www.leasegenie.com/History_of_Leasing.html","url_text":"\"The History of Equipment Leasing\""},{"url":"http://www.leasegenie.com/History_of_Leasing.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Overview of the GNU System\". GNU Operating System. Free Software Foundation. 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2017-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.en.html","url_text":"\"Overview of the GNU System\""}]},{"reference":"Pugh, Emerson W. (2002). \"Origins of Software Bundling\". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 24 (1): 57–58. doi:10.1109/85.988580.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing","url_text":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.988580","url_text":"10.1109/85.988580"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Thomas W. (1969). IBM's Unbundling Decision: Consequences for Users and the Industry. Programming Sciences Corporation.","urls":[]},{"reference":"IBM (n.d.). \"Chronological History of IBM: 1960s\". Retrieved May 28, 2016. Rather than offer hardware, services and software exclusively in packages, marketers 'unbundled' the components and offered them for sale individually. Unbundling gave birth to the multibillion-dollar software and services industries, of which IBM is today a world leader.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"},{"url":"http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1960.html","url_text":"\"Chronological History of IBM: 1960s\""}]},{"reference":"Gates, Bill (February 3, 1976). \"An Open Letter to Hobbyists\". Retrieved May 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg","url_text":"\"An Open Letter to Hobbyists\""}]},{"reference":"Swann, Matthew (18 November 2004). Executable Code is Not the Proper Subject of Copyright Law (Technical report). Cal Poly State University. CPSLO-CSC-04-02.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pamela Samuelson (Sep 1984), \"CONTU Revisited: The Case against Copyright Protection for Computer Programs in Machine-Readable Form\", Duke Law Journal, 1984 (4): 663–769, doi:10.2307/1372418, JSTOR 1372418, archived from the original on Aug 4, 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170804014725/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu:80/facpubs/333/","url_text":"\"CONTU Revisited: The Case against Copyright Protection for Computer Programs in Machine-Readable Form\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1372418","url_text":"10.2307/1372418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1372418","url_text":"1372418"},{"url":"https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/333","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cantrill, Bryan (2014-09-17). \"Corporate Open Source Anti-patterns\". YouTube. At 3:15. Archived from the original (video) on 2021-10-27. Retrieved 2015-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Cantrill","url_text":"Cantrill, Bryan"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/Pm8P4oCIY3g","url_text":"\"Corporate Open Source Anti-patterns\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pm8P4oCIY3g&t=3m15s","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gallant, John (1985-03-18). \"IBM policy draws fire - Users say source code rules hamper change\". Computerworld. Retrieved 2015-12-27. While IBM's policy of withholding source code for selected software products has already marked its second anniversary, users are only now beginning to cope with the impact of that decision. But whether or not the advent of object-code-only products has affected their day-to-day DP operations, some users remain angry about IBM's decision. Announced in February 1983, IBM's object-code-only policy has been applied to a growing list of Big Blue system software products","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wgmey4obagC&q=1983object-only+model+IBM&pg=PA8","url_text":"\"IBM policy draws fire - Users say source code rules hamper change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerworld","url_text":"Computerworld"}]},{"reference":"Hassett, Rob (Dec 18, 2012). \"Impact of Apple vs. Franklin Decision\". InternetLegal.com. Archived from the original on Sep 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.internetlegal.com/impact-of-apple-vs-franklin-decision/","url_text":"\"Impact of Apple vs. Franklin Decision\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230908092517/https://internetlegal.com/impact-of-apple-vs-franklin-decision/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Landley, Rob (2009-05-23). \"May 23, 2009\". landley.net. Archived from the original on Dec 8, 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-02. So if open source used to be the norm back in the 1960's and 70's, how did this _change_? Where did proprietary software come from, and when, and how? How did Richard Stallman's little utopia at the MIT AI lab crumble and force him out into the wilderness to try to rebuild it? Two things changed in the early 80's: the exponentially growing installed base of microcomputer hardware reached critical mass around 1980, and a legal decision altered copyright law to cover binaries in 1983. Increasing volume: The microprocessor creates millions of identical computers","urls":[{"url":"http://landley.net/notes-2009.html#23-05-2009","url_text":"\"May 23, 2009\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208135356/http://landley.net/notes-2009.html#23-05-2009","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Engelfriet, Arnoud (August–September 2006). \"The best of both worlds\". Intellectual Asset Management (IAM) (19). Gavin Stewart. Archived from the original on 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2008-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130914013626/http://www.iam-magazine.com/issues/Article.ashx?g=64d0a423-1249-4de3-929c-91b57c15f702","url_text":"\"The best of both worlds\""},{"url":"http://www.iam-magazine.com/issues/article.ashx?g=64d0a423-1249-4de3-929c-91b57c15f702","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Loftus, Jack (2007-02-19). \"Managing mixed source software stacks\". LinuxWorld. Archived from the original on 2010-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100603162347/http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid39_gci1244277,00.html","url_text":"\"Managing mixed source software stacks\""},{"url":"http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid39_gci1244277,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tan, Aaron (2006-12-28). \"Novell: We're a 'mixed-source' company\". CNET Networks, Inc.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/0,39044164,61977995,00.htm","url_text":"\"Novell: We're a 'mixed-source' company\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Donald (2000). Open Source: The Unauthorized White Papers. Foster City: IDG. p. 109. ISBN 0-7645-4660-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/opensourceunauth00rose/page/109","url_text":"Open Source: The Unauthorized White Papers"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/opensourceunauth00rose/page/109","url_text":"109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-4660-0","url_text":"0-7645-4660-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Categories of Free and Non-Free Software\". GNU Project.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware","url_text":"\"Categories of Free and Non-Free Software\""}]},{"reference":"Free Software Foundation (2009-05-05). \"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses\". Retrieved 2017-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation","url_text":"Free Software Foundation"},{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#WindowsRuntimeAndGPL","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses\""}]},{"reference":"Richard Stallman (2004-04-12). \"Free But Shackled - The Java Trap\". Retrieved 2017-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/java-trap.html","url_text":"\"Free But Shackled - The Java Trap\""}]},{"reference":"Liberman, Michael (1995). \"Overreaching Provisions in Software License Agreements\". Richmond Journal of Law and Technology. 1: 4. Retrieved November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://jolt.richmond.edu/v1i1/liberman.html","url_text":"\"Overreaching Provisions in Software License Agreements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Journal_of_Law_and_Technology","url_text":"Richmond Journal of Law and Technology"}]},{"reference":"Daniel A. Tysver (2008-11-23). \"Why Protect Software Through Patents\". Bitlaw. Retrieved 2009-06-03. In connection with the software, an issued patent may prevent others from utilizing a certain algorithm (such as the GIF image compression algorithm) without permission, or may prevent others from creating software programs that perform a function in a certain way. In connection with computer software, copyright law can be used to prevent the total duplication of a software program, as well as the copying of a portion of software code.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bitlaw.com/software-patent/why-patent.html","url_text":"\"Why Protect Software Through Patents\""}]},{"reference":"Donovan, S. (1994). \"Patent, copyright and trade secret protection for software\". IEEE Potentials. 13 (3): 20. doi:10.1109/45.310923. S2CID 19873766. Essentially there are only three ways to protect computer software under the law: patent it, register a copyright for it, or keep it as a trade secret.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F45.310923","url_text":"10.1109/45.310923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19873766","url_text":"19873766"}]},{"reference":"Eben Moglen (2005-02-12). \"Why the FSF gets copyright assignments from contributors\". Retrieved 2017-05-01. Under US copyright law, which is the law under which most free software programs have historically been first published, [...] only the copyright holder or someone having assignment of the copyright can enforce the license.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-assign.html","url_text":"\"Why the FSF gets copyright assignments from contributors\""}]},{"reference":"White, Aoife (2012-07-03). \"Oracle Can't Stop Software License Resales, EU Court Says\". Bloomberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-03/oracle-can-t-stop-software-license-resales-eu-court-says-1-.html","url_text":"\"Oracle Can't Stop Software License Resales, EU Court Says\""}]},{"reference":"Microsoft Corporation (2005-04-01). \"End-User License Agreement for Microsoft Software: Microsoft Windows XP Professional Edition Service Pack 2\" (PDF). Microsoft. p. Page 3. Retrieved 2009-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation","url_text":"Microsoft Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/useterms/","url_text":"\"End-User License Agreement for Microsoft Software: Microsoft Windows XP Professional Edition Service Pack 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"Microsoft Corporation (2005-04-01). \"End-User License Agreement for Microsoft Software: Microsoft Windows XP Professional Edition Service Pack 2\" (PDF). Microsoft. p. Page 1. Retrieved 2009-04-29. You may install, use, access, display and run one copy of the Software on a single computer, such as a workstation, terminal or another device (\"Workstation Computer\"). The Software may not be used by more than two (2) processors at any one time on any single Workstation Computer. ... You may permit a maximum of ten (10) computers or other electronic devices (each a 'Device') to connect to the Workstation Computer to utilize one or more of the following services of the Software: File Services, Print Services, Internet Information Services, Internet Connection Sharing and telephony services.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation","url_text":"Microsoft Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/useterms/","url_text":"\"End-User License Agreement for Microsoft Software: Microsoft Windows XP Professional Edition Service Pack 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"Adobe Systems, Adobe Software License Agreement (PDF), retrieved 2010-06-09","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Systems","url_text":"Adobe Systems"},{"url":"https://www.adobe.com/products/eulas/pdfs/gen_wwcombined_20091001_1604.pdf","url_text":"Adobe Software License Agreement"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Jason (January 27, 2009). \"Apple iWork '09 review: Apple iWork '09\". CNET. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/reviews/apple-iwork-09-review/","url_text":"\"Apple iWork '09 review: Apple iWork '09\""}]},{"reference":"Heffan, Ira V. (1997). \"Copyleft: Licensing Collaborative Works in the Digital Age\" (PDF). Stanford Law Review. 49 (6): 1490. doi:10.2307/1229351. JSTOR 1229351. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2009-07-27. Under the proprietary software model, most software developers withhold their source code from users.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514171754/http://www.open-bar.org/docs/copyleft.pdf","url_text":"\"Copyleft: Licensing Collaborative Works in the Digital Age\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1229351","url_text":"10.2307/1229351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229351","url_text":"1229351"},{"url":"http://www.open-bar.org/docs/copyleft.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David A. Wheeler (2009-02-03). \"Free-Libre / Open Source Software (FLOSS) is Commercial Software\". Retrieved 2009-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/commercial-floss.html","url_text":"\"Free-Libre / Open Source Software (FLOSS) is Commercial Software\""}]},{"reference":"\"Distribution of IBM Licensed Programs and Licensed Program Materials and Modified Agreement for IBM Licensed Programs\". Announcement Letters. IBM. February 8, 1983. 283-016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.landley.net/history/mirror/ibm/oco.html","url_text":"\"Distribution of IBM Licensed Programs and Licensed Program Materials and Modified Agreement for IBM Licensed Programs\""}]},{"reference":"Greg Mushial (July 20, 1983), \"Module 24: SLAC Enhancements to and Beautifications of the IBM H-Level Assembler for Version 2.8\", SLAC VM NOTEBOOK, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsf-soft.com/Documents/SLAC-MODS.html","url_text":"\"Module 24: SLAC Enhancements to and Beautifications of the IBM H-Level Assembler for Version 2.8\""}]},{"reference":"Shankland, Stephen (January 30, 2003). \"Governments to see Windows code\". CNET. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/governments-to-see-windows-code/","url_text":"\"Governments to see Windows code\""}]},{"reference":"Gao, Ken (February 28, 2003). \"China to view Windows code\". CNET. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/china-to-view-windows-code/","url_text":"\"China to view Windows code\""}]},{"reference":"James Ball, Julian Borger and Glenn Greenwald (2013-09-06). \"US and UK spy agencies defeat privacy and security on the internet\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ball_(journalist)","url_text":"James Ball"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security","url_text":"\"US and UK spy agencies defeat privacy and security on the internet\""}]},{"reference":"Bruce Schneier (2013-09-06). \"How to remain secure against NSA surveillance\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-how-to-remain-secure-surveillance","url_text":"\"How to remain secure against NSA surveillance\""}]},{"reference":"Feigenbaum, Joan (30 October 2003). \"Attacking an Obfuscated Cipher by Injecting Faults\". Digital Rights Management: ACM CCS-9 Workshop, DRM 2002, Washington, DC, USA, November 18, 2002, Revised Papers. Second International Workshop on Digital Rights Management. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2696. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-540-44993-5. Retrieved 12 January 2024 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Feigenbaum","url_text":"Feigenbaum, Joan"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b11725/page/n26/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Attacking an Obfuscated Cipher by Injecting Faults\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b11725","url_text":"Digital Rights Management: ACM CCS-9 Workshop, DRM 2002, Washington, DC, USA, November 18, 2002, Revised Papers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Berlin_Heidelberg","url_text":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44993-5","url_text":"978-3-540-44993-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Tony Patton (2008-11-21). \"Protect your JavaScript with obfuscation\". TechRepublic. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2022. While the Web promotes the sharing of such code, there are times when you or a client may not want to share their JavaScript code. This may be due to the sensitive nature of data within the code, proprietary calculations, or any other scenario.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140315082054/http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/software-engineer/protect-your-javascript-with-obfuscation/","url_text":"\"Protect your JavaScript with obfuscation\""},{"url":"https://www.techrepublic.com/article/protect-your-javascript-with-obfuscation/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Orenstein, David (January 10, 2000). \"Application Programming Interface\". Computerworld. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerworld.com/article/2593623/application-programming-interface.html","url_text":"\"Application Programming Interface\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commission Decision of 24.03.2004 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/C-3/37.792 Microsoft)\" (PDF). European Commission. March 24, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081028213407/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/cases/decisions/37792/en.pdf","url_text":"\"Commission Decision of 24.03.2004 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/C-3/37.792 Microsoft)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission","url_text":"European Commission"},{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/cases/decisions/37792/en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Ben (2008-10-01). \"Apple Drops NDA for Released iPhone Software\". CNET. Archived from the original on 2013-03-08. Retrieved 2022-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130308181607/http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19512_7-10115774-233.html","url_text":"\"Apple Drops NDA for Released iPhone Software\""},{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/apple-drops-nda-for-released-iphone-software/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Linux Information Project (2006-04-29). \"Vendor Lock-in Definition\". Retrieved 2009-06-11. Vendor lock-in, or just lock-in, is the situation in which customers are dependent on a single manufacturer or supplier for some product [...] This dependency is typically a result of standards that are controlled by the vendor [...] It can grant the vendor some extent of monopoly power [...] The best way for an organization to avoid becoming a victim of vendor lock-in is to use products that conform to free, industry-wide standards. Free standards are those that can be used by anyone and are not controlled by a single company. In the case of computers, this can usually be accomplished by using free software rather than proprietary software (i.e., commercial software).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linfo.org/vendor_lockin.html","url_text":"\"Vendor Lock-in Definition\""}]},{"reference":"Don Reisinger (2011-09-29). \"Apple wins key battle against Psystar over Mac clones\". Retrieved 2022-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/home/smart-home/apple-wins-key-battle-against-psystar-over-mac-clones/","url_text":"\"Apple wins key battle against Psystar over Mac clones\""}]},{"reference":"\"What happens when a proprietary software company dies?\". Linux. October 24, 2003. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linux.com/news/what-happens-when-proprietary-software-company-dies/","url_text":"\"What happens when a proprietary software company dies?\""}]},{"reference":"Livingston, Brian (December 15, 2006). \"Microsoft Turns Up The Heat On Windows 2000 Users\". CRN. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crn.com/news/channel-programs/196700124/microsoft-turns-up-the-heat-on-windows-2000-users.htm","url_text":"\"Microsoft Turns Up The Heat On Windows 2000 Users\""}]},{"reference":"Cassia, Fernando (March 28, 2007). \"Open Source, the only weapon against 'planned obsolescence'\". The Inquirer. Linux Today. Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110120192512/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1001739/open-source-weapon-planned-obsolescence","url_text":"\"Open Source, the only weapon against 'planned obsolescence'\""},{"url":"https://www.linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/the-inquirer-open-source-the-only-weapon-against-planned-obsolescence/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bell, John (October 1, 2009). \"Opening the Source of Art\". Technology Innovation Management Review. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2022. that no further patches to the title would be forthcoming. The community was predictably upset. Instead of giving up on the game, users decided that if Activision wasn't going to fix the bugs, they would. They wanted to save the game by getting Activision to open the source so it could be kept alive beyond the point where Activision lost interest. With some help from members of the development team that were active on fan forums, they were eventually able to convince Activision to release Call to Power II's source code in October of 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140330084636/http://timreview.ca/article/294","url_text":"\"Opening the Source of Art\""},{"url":"http://www.johnpbell.com/opening-the-source-of-art/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wen, Howard (June 10, 2004). \"Keeping the Myths Alive\". Linux Dev Center. Archived from the original on April 6, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2012. fans of the Myth trilogy have taken this idea a step further: they have official access to the source code for the Myth games. Organized under the name MythDevelopers, this all-volunteer group of programmers, artists, and other talented people devote their time to improving and supporting further development of the Myth game series.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130406161344/http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2004/06/10/mythdevelopers.html","url_text":"\"Keeping the Myths Alive\""},{"url":"http://linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2004/06/10/mythdevelopers.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Largent, Andy (October 8, 2003). \"Homeworld Source Code Released\". Inside Mac Games. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2012. With the release of Homeworld 2 for the PC, Relic Entertainment has decided to give back to their impressive fan community by releasing the source code to the original Homeworld.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012012745/http://www.insidemacgames.com/news/story.php?ArticleID=8516","url_text":"\"Homeworld Source Code Released\""},{"url":"http://www.insidemacgames.com/news/story.php?ArticleID=8516","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Lawrence (2004). Open Source Licensing. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. pp. 52, 255, 259. ISBN 978-0-13-148787-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Rosen_(attorney)","url_text":"Rosen, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/opensourcelicens00rose_0","url_text":"Open Source Licensing"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/opensourcelicens00rose_0/page/52","url_text":"52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-148787-1","url_text":"978-0-13-148787-1"}]},{"reference":"Havoc Pennington (2008-03-02). \"Debian Tutorial\". Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2009-06-04. It is important to distinguish commercial software from proprietary software. Proprietary software is non-free software, while commercial software is software sold for money.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180129072039/https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-tutorial/","url_text":"\"Debian Tutorial\""},{"url":"http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-tutorial/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Russell McOrmond (2000-01-04). \"What is \"Commercial Software\"?\". Retrieved 2009-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/2000010400505NWSM","url_text":"\"What is \"Commercial Software\"?\""}]},{"reference":"Michael K. Johnson (1996-09-01). \"Licenses and Copyright\". Retrieved 2009-06-16. If you program for Linux, you do need to understand licensing, no matter if you are writing free software or commercial software.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1297","url_text":"\"Licenses and Copyright\""}]},{"reference":"Eric S. Raymond (2003-12-29). \"Proprietary, Jargon File\". Retrieved 2009-06-12. Proprietary software should be distinguished from commercial software. It is possible for the software to be commercial [...] without being proprietary. The reverse is also possible, for example in binary-only freeware.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/P/proprietary.html","url_text":"\"Proprietary, Jargon File\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selling Free Software\". GNU Project.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/selling.html","url_text":"\"Selling Free Software\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Commercial Software Model\". Microsoft. May 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070305010226/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/craig/05-03sharedsource.mspx","url_text":"\"The Commercial Software Model\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"},{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/craig/05-03sharedsource.mspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Open Source Versus Commercial Software: Why Proprietary Software is Here to Stay. Sams Publishing. October 2005. Retrieved 2022-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=420290","url_text":"Open Source Versus Commercial Software: Why Proprietary Software is Here to Stay"}]}]
|
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Hobbyists\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170804014725/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu:80/facpubs/333/","external_links_name":"\"CONTU Revisited: The Case against Copyright Protection for Computer Programs in Machine-Readable Form\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1372418","external_links_name":"10.2307/1372418"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1372418","external_links_name":"1372418"},{"Link":"https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/333","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1jUr0JrYEk","external_links_name":"Cringely's interview with Brewster Kahle"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190118221148/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1jUr0JrYEk&gl=US&hl=en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/Pm8P4oCIY3g","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Open Source 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(2004)"},{"Link":"http://www.bitlaw.com/software-patent/why-patent.html","external_links_name":"\"Why Protect Software Through Patents\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F45.310923","external_links_name":"10.1109/45.310923"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19873766","external_links_name":"19873766"},{"Link":"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-assign.html","external_links_name":"\"Why the FSF gets copyright assignments from contributors\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-03/oracle-can-t-stop-software-license-resales-eu-court-says-1-.html","external_links_name":"\"Oracle Can't Stop Software License Resales, EU Court Says\""},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/useterms/","external_links_name":"\"End-User License Agreement for Microsoft Software: Microsoft Windows XP Professional Edition Service Pack 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/useterms/","external_links_name":"\"End-User License Agreement for Microsoft Software: 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Software\""},{"Link":"http://www.landley.net/history/mirror/ibm/oco.html","external_links_name":"\"Distribution of IBM Licensed Programs and Licensed Program Materials and Modified Agreement for IBM Licensed Programs\""},{"Link":"https://www.gsf-soft.com/Documents/SLAC-MODS.html","external_links_name":"\"Module 24: SLAC Enhancements to and Beautifications of the IBM H-Level Assembler for Version 2.8\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/governments-to-see-windows-code/","external_links_name":"\"Governments to see Windows code\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/china-to-view-windows-code/","external_links_name":"\"China to view Windows code\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security","external_links_name":"\"US and UK spy agencies defeat privacy and security on the internet\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-how-to-remain-secure-surveillance","external_links_name":"\"How to 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhardshofen
|
Gerhardshofen
|
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Culture","3.1 Music","3.2 Periodic Events","4 Economics and Infrastructure","5 References"]
|
Coordinates: 49°37′N 10°41′E / 49.617°N 10.683°E / 49.617; 10.683Municipality in Bavaria, GermanyGerhardshofen Municipality
Coat of armsLocation of Gerhardshofen within Neustadt a.d.Aisch-Bad Windsheim district
Gerhardshofen Show map of GermanyGerhardshofen Show map of BavariaCoordinates: 49°37′N 10°41′E / 49.617°N 10.683°E / 49.617; 10.683CountryGermanyStateBavariaAdmin. regionMittelfranken DistrictNeustadt a.d.Aisch-Bad Windsheim Municipal assoc.Uehlfeld Subdivisions14 OrtsteileGovernment • Mayor (2020–26) Jürgen MöniusArea • Total27.20 km2 (10.50 sq mi)Elevation288 m (945 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total2,544 • Density94/km2 (240/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes91466Dialling codes09163Vehicle registrationNEAWebsitewww.gerhardshofen.de
Gerhardshofen is a municipality in the district of Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim in the administrative region of Middle Franconia in northern Bavaria in Germany.
Geography
Gerhardshofen is located in the valley of the Aisch. The neighbouring municipalities are (from the north in clockwise direction): Dachsbach, Weisendorf, Oberreichenbach, Emskirchen, Diespeck and Gutenstetten. The municipality has 13 boroughs: Altenbuch, Birnbaum, Eckenhof, Emelsdorf, Forst, Göttelhöf, Kästel, Kleehof, Linden, Rappoldshofen, Sintmannsbuch, Vahlenmühle and Willmersbach.
History
The village owes its foundation to the Franconian colonisation of the 9th century and thus is a foundation of the Carolingian dynasty.
The first documented notice of Gerhardshofen is from 1235. There was mentioned a Heinrich Neze von Gerhardshofen in two documents of the Burgraves of Nuremberg. The first non aristocratic inhabitant ever mentioned was Conrad Stahel in 1304.
In the First Margrave War (1449–1450) Nuremberg troops looted 118 cows and 17 horses from Gerhardshofen and Dachsbach.
In 1553 there existed 53 properties which belonged to the manorialism Brunn, the Margraves' bailiff offices of Dachsbach and Neustadt an der Aisch and to the reeves offices of Birkenfeld and Münchsteinach. In the Thirty Years' War nearly all houses were destroyed, also the church was burnt out. But in 1697 there were already 44 farmsteads resettled. Their number increased to 57 in the year 1792.
The village belonged to the blood court of Dachsbach, but the manoralism Brunn did justice on their properties by their own rights.
Probably there was a church destroyed by 1450. By 1471 there was laid a foundation stone for a new church. The inauguration of it was in 1481. The great structural damages of the Thirty Years' War were not repaired until the end of the 17th century. The renovation of 1795 matched a new construction. It was done in the baroque style of the Margraves. After a recent renovation the Lord's house is a gem in the Aischgrund.
Culture
Music
Man choral society "Eintracht" Gerhardshofen
Periodic Events
Kirchweih, each next to last Sunday in August.
Annual alternating village fête and trade show.
Economics and Infrastructure
Federal highway B 470 is directed from north to south through the community area.
From 12 July 1904 until 30 May 1976 there was a railway, the Neustadt (Aisch)–Demantsfürth-Uehlfeld railway called Aischtalbahn, which led to the Nuremberg–Würzburg railway. It was broken down and since then only buses connect Dachsbach with the surrounding area. The lines belong to the pay scale area of the Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg.
References
^ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden, Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik, 15 July 2021.
^ Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gerhardshofen.
vteTowns and municipalities in Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim
Bad Windsheim
Baudenbach
Burgbernheim
Burghaslach
Dachsbach
Diespeck
Dietersheim
Emskirchen
Ergersheim
Gallmersgarten
Gerhardshofen
Gollhofen
Gutenstetten
Hagenbüchach
Hemmersheim
Illesheim
Ippesheim
Ipsheim
Langenfeld
Markt Bibart
Markt Erlbach
Markt Nordheim
Markt Taschendorf
Marktbergel
Münchsteinach
Neuhof an der Zenn
Neustadt an der Aisch
Oberickelsheim
Obernzenn
Oberscheinfeld
Scheinfeld
Simmershofen
Sugenheim
Trautskirchen
Uehlfeld
Uffenheim
Weigenheim
Wilhelmsdorf
Coat of Arms of Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim district
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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The neighbouring municipalities are (from the north in clockwise direction): Dachsbach, Weisendorf, Oberreichenbach, Emskirchen, Diespeck and Gutenstetten. The municipality has 13 boroughs: Altenbuch, Birnbaum, Eckenhof, Emelsdorf, Forst, Göttelhöf, Kästel, Kleehof, Linden, Rappoldshofen, Sintmannsbuch, Vahlenmühle and Willmersbach.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolingian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Burgraves of Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgraves_of_Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"First Margrave War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Margrave_War"},{"link_name":"Neustadt an der Aisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Aisch"},{"link_name":"Münchsteinach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchsteinach"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"}],"text":"The village owes its foundation to the Franconian colonisation of the 9th century and thus is a foundation of the Carolingian dynasty.The first documented notice of Gerhardshofen is from 1235. There was mentioned a Heinrich Neze von Gerhardshofen in two documents of the Burgraves of Nuremberg. The first non aristocratic inhabitant ever mentioned was Conrad Stahel in 1304.In the First Margrave War (1449–1450) Nuremberg troops looted 118 cows and 17 horses from Gerhardshofen and Dachsbach.In 1553 there existed 53 properties which belonged to the manorialism Brunn, the Margraves' bailiff offices of Dachsbach and Neustadt an der Aisch and to the reeves offices of Birkenfeld and Münchsteinach. In the Thirty Years' War nearly all houses were destroyed, also the church was burnt out. But in 1697 there were already 44 farmsteads resettled. Their number increased to 57 in the year 1792.The village belonged to the blood court of Dachsbach, but the manoralism Brunn did justice on their properties by their own rights.Probably there was a church destroyed by 1450. By 1471 there was laid a foundation stone for a new church. The inauguration of it was in 1481. The great structural damages of the Thirty Years' War were not repaired until the end of the 17th century. The renovation of 1795 matched a new construction. It was done in the baroque style of the Margraves. After a recent renovation the Lord's house is a gem in the Aischgrund.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Man choral society \"Eintracht\" Gerhardshofen","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirchweih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchweih"}],"sub_title":"Periodic Events","text":"Kirchweih, each next to last Sunday in August.\nAnnual alternating village fête and trade show.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neustadt (Aisch)–Demantsfürth-Uehlfeld railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_(Aisch)%E2%80%93Demantsf%C3%BCrth-Uehlfeld_railway"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg–Würzburg railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93W%C3%BCrzburg_railway"},{"link_name":"Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Gro%C3%9Fraum_N%C3%BCrnberg"}],"text":"Federal highway B 470 is directed from north to south through the community area.From 12 July 1904 until 30 May 1976 there was a railway, the Neustadt (Aisch)–Demantsfürth-Uehlfeld railway called Aischtalbahn, which led to the Nuremberg–Würzburg railway. It was broken down and since then only buses connect Dachsbach with the surrounding area. The lines belong to the pay scale area of the Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg.","title":"Economics and Infrastructure"}]
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A185_road
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A roads in Zone 1 of the Great Britain numbering scheme
|
["1 Single- and double-digit roads","2 Triple-digit roads","3 Four-digit roads","3.1 1000s","3.2 1100s","3.3 1200s and higher","4 References"]
|
Class of road in Great Britain's Zone 1
"A189" redirects here. For the helicopter with type designator A189, see AgustaWestland AW189.
Roundabout on the A189 spine road between Woodhorn and Ellington near to Linton
The numbering zones for A-roads in Great Britain
List of A roads in zone 1 in Great Britain beginning north of the River Thames, east of the A1 (roads beginning with 1).
Single- and double-digit roads
Road
From
To
Notes
A1
A1211 at Museum of London, City of London
A7 in Edinburgh
Often called the "Great North Road". London sections of road covered by separate A1 road (London) article. May have originally started at St Paul's Cathedral. Longest road in Great Britain. Parts of the road have been reclassified as the A1(M) motorway.
A10
A3 in City of London(The Monument)
A47 in King's Lynn
Section round Cambridge overlaps M11 and A14.
A11
A1211 in City of London(Aldgate)
A147, Inner Ring Road in Norwich
Section between Bow and Stump Cross (M11 J9) superseded by A12 and M11. Section round Newmarket overlaps A14.
A12
A102 in Blackwall(Blackwall Tunnel)
A47 in Lowestoft
Section round Ipswich overlaps A14. Section between Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth redesignated as A47 in 2017.
A13
A11 in Whitechapel
B1016 in Shoeburyness
Old section of road replaced by A1306 around the Dagenham to Thurrock Bypass. At Canvey Island, road exit is A13, while continuing on current road is A130.
A14
M6, Catthorpe Interchange
A154 at Felixstowe Port
Originally the A14 was the Old North Road, which forms part of the Roman Road known as Ermine Street. It ran from Royston, Hertfordshire through Huntingdon to meet with the A1 south of Alconbury. The Royston-Huntingdon section was renumbered the A1198 to discourage through traffic. The only remaining section of the original 1970's A14 north of Huntingdon, a spur of the A604, was renamed A1307 (along with much of the 1970s A14 road from Cambridge past Huntingdon) following the opening of a second Huntingdon Bypass in 2019.
A15
A1(M) at Norman Cross near Peterborough
A63 in Hessle, near Hull
Crosses Humber Bridge. Used to cross Humber on ferry and run along platform of New Holland railway station.
A16
A180 near docks in Grimsby
A47 in Peterborough
Stretch between Spalding and Peterborough replaced the A1073 which was downgraded because it went on a similar alignment to the bypass, the previous road from Spalding to Stamford becoming the A1175.
A17
A1/A46 at Winthorpe, near Newark-on-Trent
A47 near King's Lynn
Originally started in Swaffham.
A18
A630 in Doncaster
A16 in Ludborough
Largely superseded by M180. The section of M180 between Hatfield and the M18 was designated A18(M) between 1972 and 1979.
A19
A638 north of Doncaster
A1 at Seaton Burn, north of Newcastle upon Tyne.
The section through and north of the Tyne Tunnel was previously the route of the A1.
Triple-digit roads
Road
From
To
Notes
A100
A2 at Bricklayers Arms, South London
A3211 at Byward Street, City of London
Part of the London Inner Ring Road. Crosses Tower Bridge.
A101
A13 at Limehouse
A200 in Rotherhithe
Rotherhithe Tunnel
A102
A2 in Charlton
A107 in Clapton
Includes the Blackwall Tunnel and former A102(M) motorway south of the tunnel. Section between A13 and Hackney Wick redesignated as A12.
A103
A1 in Highbury
A504 in Hornsey
Crosses the route of the former Seven Sisters to Alexandra Palace railway line.
A104
A1 at Islington Green
A121 in Epping, Essex
The northern section of this road, beyond Woodford Green, was originally A11. Passes through Epping Forest.
A105
A104 in Canonbury
A110 Enfield Town
Formerly continued north to end on A10 (now A1010) south of Waltham Cross.
A106
A107 in Hackney
A12 in Wanstead
Formerly ended at Leytonstone, but according to some maps seems to have taken over bits of the old A11 and A12. Originally, the number referred to the A12 Eastern Avenue section.
A107
A11 in Whitechapel
A503 at Manor House
via Hackney and Clapton. Section between Stamford Hill Road (A10) and Seven Sisters Road (A503) originally B106. The section in Hackney was previously B109 and B110 but became A107 when original route (Mare Street) was pedestrianised.
A108
Unused
Was allocated twice. Firstly on what's now the A1080 and A10, from the A105 junction at Wood Green to the A1170 junction at Waltham Cross. Secondly, it was used for what's now the A19 from Seaham to Seaton Burn (at the time, the A19 went on the current A1018). It was sometimes an error for Griggs Approach, which was an extension to the A1083. (Griggs Approach was declassified in 2005).
A109
A1010 in Whetstone
A1000 in Tottenham
Westernmost side off A1000 as Oakleigh Road North, becomes Oakleigh Road South, then re-appears off A1003 Friern Barnet Road as Station Road, across the A406 into Bounds Green Road. To the East of A105 Green Lanes as Lordship Lane crossing the A1080 and the A10 until it hits A1010 Tottenham High Road.
A110
A104 in Woodford Green
A1000 at Barnet
via Enfield
A111
A406/A10 at Palmers Green
A1000 in Potters Bar
Originally continued along current B556 to A5 (now A5183) via South Mimms.
A112
A121, south of Waltham Abbey
A117 at Woolwich Ferry
Passes London City Airport.
A113
A12 at Leytonstone
A128 near Chipping Ongar
Originally continued to A414. Short extension in Leytonstone when A11 downgraded to A1199.
A114
A112 at Plaistow
A104 at Whipps Cross
Part of the North Circular Road until the 1980s relief road (A13) opened.
A115
Unused
Ran from Hackney Wick to Stratford. Eliminated in 2010; now Chapman Road, Rothbury Road, White Post Lane, and Carpenters Road. The original alignment went from Leytonstone to Valentines, which is now mostly part of the A12, which was rerouted along similar roads.
A116
A118 at Manor Park
A114 at Wanstead
The majority of the route formed part of the North Circular Road until the 1980s.
A117
A116 at Aldersbrook
Woolwich Ferry
Woolwich Ferry Approach forms a small part of the North Circular Road. Originally much more of the route formed the North Circular Road. Meets the A112 head-on at Woolwich Ferry.
A118
A12 at Bow
A12 near Romford
Section between Bow and Stratford was A11, with the section east of Stratford forming the original A12. An older one went from Canning Town to Rippleside. This is now part of the A13 (which the old route became an extension of the A124 and A123).
A119
A1170 at Ware
A602 at Watton-at-Stone
See also A602
A120
A10 at Puckeridge
B1352 at Harwich
Section between Marks Tey and Colchester overlaps with A12. Passes Parkeston Quay, terminus for ferries to Denmark and The Netherlands, and Stansted Airport. Runs full length of Harwich Quay then becomes unclassified.
A121
A10 at Waltham Cross
A104 at Woodford Green
via Waltham Cross and Buckhurst Hill
A122
Unused
Ran from Epping to Chelmsford. Rerouted to Hastingwood later. Renumbered as part of the A414 (old route now B183 and A1060). The number may be reused for the Lower Thames Crossing.
A123
A113 at Chigwell
A13 at Lodge Avenue, Barking
East of Barking town centre (Ripple Road) was the original A13. A13 still uses much of the original (albeit dualled) Ripple Road towards Dagenham.
A124
A13 at Canning Town
B187/B1421 in Upminster
Western section was the original A13 as far as Barking. Originally ran from the A13 in Barking and terminated on A125.
A125
A12 North of Romford
A1306 (former A13) at Rainham
Section at Roneo Corner overlaps with A124. Section in the Romford Ring Road overlaps with A118.
A126
A13 at West Thurrock
A1089 in Tilbury
At junction with A13, only west facing on/off slips are provided. Some maps show A126 continuing to A1089 beyond Dock Road. Originally terminated at Tilbury Riverside Station where a road ferry crossed the Thames to Gravesend. This ferry still runs but for foot passengers only.
A127
A12 at Romford
A13 at Southend
Known as the Southend Arterial Road. Via Basildon; part of the eastern end was A1015. Originally built as single carriageway with provision for dualling later.
A128
A13 at Orsett
A414 in Chipping Ongar
used to run from Tilbury and end on A113. Route from Tilbury now A126 and unclassified.
A129
A1023 near Shenfield railway station
A13 at Hadleigh
Eastbound traffic in Billericay has to use A176 (unsigned) to resume journey on A129. Northbound traffic on the A132 in Wickford wishing to join the eastbound A129 where it multiplexes with the A132 requires a u-turn at the next roundabout.
A130
A12 at Howe Green, near Chelmsford
B1014 at Canvey Island
Used to start at Trumpington, near Cambridge. Originally ended on the A129 near Rayleigh until extended to the A127 and then Canvey Island. In 2008 from Dunmow to Chelmsford the road was downgraded to B1008.
A131
A12 at Boreham Interchange, near Chelmsford
A134 at Sudbury
Much of the one-way system in Sudbury, now the A131, was originally the A134 before the bypass opened. Recently, it replaced the A130 between Little Waltham and Chelmsford.
A132
A13 in Pitsea, Basildon
B1012 near South Woodham Ferrers
Originally allocated to the road from Colchester to Huntingdon (became part of A604, now A1124, A1017, A143, A1307, A14). Current route overlaps with A129 at Wickford.
A133
A1124 (former A12) near Colchester
Clacton-on-Sea, sea front
by way of Elmstead Market, Frating, Great Bentley and Weeley (Main route uses a bypass at Weeley). Has a spur from A12 to A120 at Hare Green. To the East of Hare Green, crosses former A604 (now unclassified). The Colchester bypass was originally the A12 and later became the A604. Continued north to Sudbury from 1929 to the 1970s via what is now the B1508.
A134
A10, south of King's Lynn
A133 in Colchester
Although this road forms the Sudbury bypass, it's the route through the town centre (A131) which has primary status. A spur of the A134 near Stradsett used to link to the A1122 (former A47) at Crimplesham. Later unclassified, this spur is still heavily used to avoid the awful staggered junction with the A1122 at Stradsett a little further north.
A135
A1130/A1305 Ring Road in Stockton-on-Tees
A67 at Egglescliffe
Originally this number belonged to the road from Colchester to Harwich via Manningtree in Essex; this became part of the A1124 and the A604, and is now shared between the A137 and, east of Manningtree B1352. Traffic from Colchester to Harwich is now directed via the A120. The current A135 follows part of the original route of the A19.
A136
A120 in Harwich
Harwich International Port
Originally this ran from Harwich to Clacton. This extended east to Harwich town later where there is another international port. Later, the section southwest of Harwich became part of an extended B1414. Later, this extended north to Parkeston Quay, west of Harwich. The section from the A120 to Harwich Town was later declassified (it is now Parkeston Road and the B1352), leaving the current section from the A120 to Parkeston Quay (Which was later rerouted on the bypass; the old route is now Station Road).
A137
A1214 (former A12) in Ipswich
A133 in Colchester
This road connects the town centre of Ipswich to Old Stoke by going over the Old Stoke Bridge which traverses the tidal section of the River Orwell. Alton Water reservoir covers part of the former route of the A137 at Tattingstone White Horse.
A138
A12 east of Chelmsford
A1114 near Chelmsford city centre
Partly follows first Chelmsford city centre bypass. One-way eastbound between A1114 and first roundabout. Called Chelmer Road. Previously allocated to a road between Ipswich and Shotley Gate (now B1456).
A139
A1305 Ring Road at Stockton-on-Tees
A19 south of Billingham
Previously allocated to a road between Ipswich and Felixstowe where a road ferry crossed to Harwich. (This became the A45 before the bypasses opened. Note the current A14 (ex-A45) uses none of the former route of the A139.) Only south facing slips are provided at the A19 junction. Traffic must use the A1027 to access the northbound A19.
A140
A14 east of Needham Market
A149 near Cromer
part of original route occupied by Norwich Airport runway. Originally started on the then A45 in Claydon and followed current A14 to present starting point.
A141
A47 at Guyhirn
A1 & A14 Brampton Hut
Originally started on the A17 in Kings Lynn and continued to its current starting point at Guyhirn. When the new bridge opened over the River Ouse, the A141 swapped routes with the A47 between Wisbech and Guyhirn. Subsequently, the A47 was diverted onto a new alignment with the former A141 being downgraded to the B1441. This road was later declassified, but was upgraded to the B1542 in 2020.
A142
A141 at Chatteris
A1304 (former A11) at Newmarket
Used to pass under very low (2.7m) bridge at Ely but diverted on to southern bypass which opened in 2018. Previously met A10 at Ely Cathedral.
A143
B1370 at Gorleston on Sea, south of Great Yarmouth
A1017 at Haverhill
Originally started on A12 (now A47) in Gorleston and ended in Bury St Edmunds. Extended along course of B1060 to the A604 in Haverhill. However, in the 1990s, the A604 was downgraded with the A143 taking the route of the former A604 to end on the bypass.
A144
A12 at Darsham
A143 at Bungay
Originally continued to Norwich, the Bungay-Norwich section since renumbered B1332. Passes former RAF Halesworth which is now owned by Bernard Matthews.
A145
A12 at Blythburgh
A146 on Beccles bypass
Originally started in Bungay and ended as now on the A146 but ran via a different route along the East bank of the River Waveney. The road was extended to Blythburgh by the 1930s, when the original section was renumbered the A1116 (now mostly the B1062) to dissuade its use as a through route.
A146
A140, Outer Ring Road in Norwich
A1117 in Lowestoft
Originally ended on A12 in Lowestoft.
A147
Norwich
Norwich
Part of the Norwich inner ring road; previously allocated to a road between Norwich and Cromer (now A140).
A148
A47, southern bypass at King's Lynn
A149 Cromer
Cromer-Mundesley section of B1159 (since reclassified to a C road) was previously part of A148 (1935-1960s). Original western end was on A10/A149 near Knights Hill.
A149
A47 at Great Yarmouth
A148 at Kings Lynn
The dual carriageway section in Great Yarmouth was previously the A47 as was Hardwick Road in King's Lynn. The Ormesby bypass used to be the A1064. Stalham bypass occupies former railway alignment. Passes old AA phone box in layby near Hunstanton.
A150
Unused
Previously allocated to a road between Wisbech and Long Sutton. It is now the A1101 and B1359. The southern end around Wisbech is unclassified.
A151
A1 interchange at Colsterworth
A17 at Holbeach
via Twenty, Bourne (old route now B1193). Pinchbeck Road in Spalding was originally the A16.
A152
A52 in Donington
A16 at Surfleet
Originally terminated on A16 east of Gosberton. Extended to current terminus when the new section of A16 opened in the 1990s. Originally continued west via current A52 to A1.
A153
A607 bypass at Honington
A16 bypass at Louth
Originally passed through Sleaford on the current B1517. At Tattershall, the original river bridge remains but is closed to traffic.
A154
A14 north of Felixstowe
A14 Felixstowe docks
The original alignment went from Mablethorpe to Donington (originally ended in Swineshead) with a spur to Swineshead (now the A52). The current A154 is the original route of the then A45 into Felixstowe, although the final section by the river has been lost to redevelopment.
A155
A153 at Tumby
A16 at West Keal
via Mareham Le Fen and Revesby.
A156
A57 in Drinsey Nook
A631 in Gainsborough
Has two arms in Gainsborough as traffic for A631 eastbound and A159 must turn right after passing under two railway bridges. The main route ahead only provides access to the westbound A631. Partly follows the Foss Dyke.
A157
A158 in Wragby
A1104 in Maltby le Marsh
Original route in Louth now B1200. Multiplexes with A16 along Louth bypass. Original bridge across River Great Eau now a layby. Until 1935, started on A15/A46 in Lincoln which is now mostly the A158.
A158
A15 in Lincoln
A52 in Skegness
Follows former Roman road from Langham to Lincoln. Originally started at A154 (now part of the A52) by Skegness railway station. Section of route towards Lincoln was originally the A157 but then became part of an extended A158 which also used the current A15 route to end on the former A15/A46 junction near Pottergate.
A159
A18 in Scunthorpe
A631 & A156 in Gainsborough
The route in Gainsborough as far as the junction with the B1433 is the original route of the A631. Used to continue into Scunthorpe town centre along now unclassified road. Crosses M180 motorway but without a junction.
A160
A180 at Ulceby, North Lincolnshire
A1173 at Immingham docks
Previously allocated to a road between Croxton and Barrow upon Humber. This road was rerouted via Ulceby to Immingham Docks in 1969, with the old route becoming an extension of the A1077. When the current route was built, the old route became an extension of the A1077 (which was diverted away from the centre of Wootton) and the B1211. About 1 mile long.
A161
A631 on Beckingham bypass
A614 at Goole
Originally this road continued west to Rawcliffe, but the A614 replaced that section when it was rerouted. The section from Beckingham to the A18 near Crowle was originally the B1187 but was upgraded in 1932.
A162
A1(M) at Darrington (Junction 40)
A659 (former A64) at Tadcaster
Although the road commences on the A1(M) there is no connection between the two. The A162 follows the route of the original A1 as far as Ferrybridge. The old A1 continues ahead as the A1246 with traffic for the A162 having to use slip roads. Originally started on former A1 at Brotherton.
A163
A19 near Barlby on Selby bypass
A614 in Holme on Spalding Moor
Originally, this road continued northeast to Driffield, but that section became part of the A614 in 1996.
A164
A15 in Hessle
A614 at Driffield
Originally started in the centre of Hull and used the current B1231 and an unclassified route via Kirk Ella and Willerby. The current route came into use with the opening of the Humber Bridge and Clive Sullivan Way. Used to pass through Beverley and terminated on the A166 in Driffield town centre. Some maps also mark the A164 as continuing to the A63.
A165
A1079 in Kingston upon Hull
A171 north of Scarborough
The non-primary section near Scarborough was the B1262 until the 1920s. Used to pass through Osgodby (near Filey) but that road is no longer open to through traffic south of the village. (A bypass for another village called Osgodby in Yorkshire on the A63 was intended to be built at the same time but this never happened.)
A166
A64 at Grimston Bar, York
A614 on Driffield bypass
Continued to Bridlington until 1996 when the A614 was extended over the Driffield to Bridlington section. Until the opening of the York bypass (A64), started on A66 (later A1079).
A167
A168 at Topcliffe
A1 at Kenton Bar
In County Durham this road largely follows the old course of the A1. Previously allocated to a road between Topcliffe and Thirsk. (now the A168 and B1448). Includes A167(M), the only section of urban motorway built as planned in Newcastle. The section through Newcastle was previously A6127 and A6127(M). Maps show the A167 having two arms north of Gosforth, one towards Westerhope and the other to Kenton. However, only the road towards Kenton is signed.
A168
A659 at Boston Spa
A167 at Northallerton
Originally started at Thirsk but expanded south when the A1(M) opened, using one of the carriageways of the former A1. There is a dispute about whether the dual carriageway section known as the Dishforth Spur is part of the A1(M) or the A168(M). A minor detour south of Boroughbridge was a temporary terminus of the A1(M).
A169
A64 bypass at Malton
A171 west of Whitby
via Vale of Pickering. North Yorkshire Moors Railway follows more or less the same route between Pickering and Whitby. Used to meet A171 at Bagdale but was diverted after the river bridge on the route was washed away in the 1930s. Further changed when Whitby bypass opened in 1972, the A171 taking over the A169 route into Whitby as part of the bypass.
A170
A19 & A168, south-east of Thirsk
A171 & A64 in Scarborough
via Sutton Bank, a 1 in 4 climb in the North Yorkshire Moors. Via Beadlam, Pickering and Thirsk town centre, the latter following the alignment of former A19.
A171
A66 in Middlesbrough
A170 in Scarborough
Originally passed over single lane swing bridge in Whitby (this now has a 17 tonne weight limit) and followed the current B1460 out of Whitby.
A172
A19 at Tontine
A66 in Middlesbrough
The original route through Stokesley is now the B1365. Passes through Marton, birthplace of Captain Cook. Originally terminated on A178 in central Middlesbrough.
A173
A172 bypass at Stokesley
A174 north of Skelton-in-Cleveland
Original route in Stokesley now part of B1257. Previously ran through centre of Guisborough.
A174
A1044 at Thornaby
A171 at Whitby
Plans for road improvements in the Teesside area would have seen the A174 extended to the A66 with a large junction complete with flyovers at the A19 interchange. Non-primary section between Lazenby and Whitby known as 'The Coast Road'. The modern viaduct near the Skinningrove steel works replaced the original Victorian viaduct as part of improvements to the A174.
A175
Unused
Previously a road between South Bank and Normanby. The entire route is unclassified but for several years the A175 ended on the B1380 (the former route of the A174).
A176
A13 in Vange, near Basildon
A129 in Billericay
via Basildon. Previously allocated to a road between Thornaby and Middlesbrough (now old A66).
A177
A1305 & A139 in Stockton
A167 south of Durham
Route through Coxhoe now B6291 with a weight limit. Now uses formerly unclassified Tursdale Road. Originally started on former A1 (later A167, now Front Street) north of Durham following High Carr Road/Durham Road, B6532, A691, North Road, A690, Silver Street, Elvet Bridge, and Hallgarth Street to Stockton Road (then part of the A1051). Section north of A691 was declassified (a portion became the B6532 later). Section from A691 to A690 became an extension of the A691 (which was rerouted on Framwellgate Peth a few years later), truncating the road to the A690. Later rerouted on the New Elvet Bridge. Rerouted on its current route in the 1990s, replacing portions of the A1051 and A1050.
A178
A66 in Middlesbrough
A689 near the harbour in Hartlepool
Crosses the transporter bridge in Middlesbrough. The road between Seaton Carew and Port Clarence was originally a private toll road built by the Tees Concervancy Commission in January 1919 which was only open during daylight hours. It was taken over by the local authority in December 1919 by mutual agreement becoming the A178 in 1923.
A179
A19 near Wingate
A689 in Hartlepool
The A689 and B1376 start at the same roundabout in Hartlepool as the A179. Original route through Hart Village now unclassified.
A180
M180 at Barnetby-le-Wold
A46 near Cleethorpes
Previously allocated to a road between Durham and Byers Garth (now B1198); originally proposed on what is now the A1086. Section from A16 Lock Hill Roundabout (which terminates there) to A46 originally A1031.
A181
A690 at Durham
A19 near Castle Eden
Route in Durham is part of the original A690 alignment. Meets the B1198 near Sherburn House Hospital. The B road has priority there as it was the A180 until the 1970s.
A182
A194(M) near Washington
Unclassified road in Seaham
Currently southbound traffic on the A19 wishing to access the A182 towards Washington must use the next junction (A1086) and pass through Easington Village as no southbound offslip on the A19 is provided at Easington on to the A182.
A183
A1(M), Junction 63 near Chester-le-Street
A194 & A1018 in South Shields
via Sunderland. Crosses Wearmouth Bridge (former A19) in Sunderland. Passes Penshaw Monument, built to resemble a Greek temple.
A184
A1018 (former A19) near Sunderland
A1 at Gateshead Quays Interchange, west of Gateshead
Section between White Mare Pool and A19 was part of A1 when that road used the Tyne Tunnel. Passes Sunderland Greyhound Stadium. Originally started in Newcastle city centre.
A185
A184 Heworth station near Felling
A194 near South Shields
Originally continued to Chichester along current A194, unclassified Dean Street, and B1298 to end on the A19 (now A1018), Westhoe Road. The former route in Chichester is now unclassified. Used to run along now unclassified High Street in Jarrow.
A186
A1, Denton Burn Interchange Newcastle upon Tyne
A192 at Earsdon, North Shields
Originally started on A689 in Pilgrim Street in Newcastle city centre. Ran via Neptune Streetto Wallsend ending back on the A689. A1 to city centre was previously the A6115 and A69. Route east of the A191 was formerly part of the A188.
A187
A193 in Heaton
A193 in North Shields
The roundabout just to the east of the Tyne Tunnels used to provide access for traffic using the tunnel when there was only the one bore. Now only traffic leaving the original tunnel can access it. Originally only ran from the A693 (current A193) in Rosehill to the A192 near the North Shields ferry.
A188
A193 at Byker
A189, near Forest Hall
via Heaton. Originally started on A1 (now B1318) in city centre to end on the A192 in Earsdon. This route now forms part of the A1058. The section from Benton to Earsdon is now part of the A191 and the A186. Section north of the A191 was originally the A1060.
A189
A184 in Gateshead Newcastle upon Tyne
A1068 north of Ashington
St James Boulevard follows the alignment of the planned Central Motorway West. Passes St James's Park, home to Newcastle United FC. Grandstand Road in Town Moor is named in honour of the racecourse which once occupied part of the now protected Town Moor. Passes former Woodhorn colliery, now a museum.
A190
A189 on Dudley bypass, North Tyneside
A193 in Seaton Sluice
Known locally as The Avenue, this was originally the drive to Seaton Delaval Hall which is now owned by the National Trust.
A191
A6085 at Kenton Bar
A193 in Whitley Bay
Originally started on the then A188 in Holystone. Silver Lonnen was originally the B6340. Route from A186 to A188 was originally part of the A188, and route west of A188 was originally the A1059.
A192
A193 in North Shields
A197 bypass north of Morpeth
via Cramlington and Morpeth. Originally ran from North Shields to the then A194 in Shankhouse. Section from Shankhouse to Cramlington was originally part of the A194, and the section from Cramlington to Morpeth was originally the A195.
A193
A1068 in Bedlington
A167(M) in Newcastle city centre
Metro runs in elevated section above central reservation between the River Ouseburn and Byker Metro station. Via Wallsend, Rosehill, North Shields, Tynemouth and Bedlington. Prior to World War II, only ran from Tynemouth to Blyth. The section from Newcastle was the A695, section from Blythe to Bedlington the A194 and section through Bedlington the A1062.
A194
A194(M) in Wardley, Gateshead
A183 in South Shields
Previously allocated to a road between Seaton Burn and Blyth (now A1068, A192, B1505 (former A189), A193, B1329 (former A193)).
A195
A1(M) J64 near Washington
A184 in Wardley
Route originally designated A1231, except for the small section between the A184 and close to the current junction with the A194(M) which was then the end of the A182. The former junction with the A182 no longer exists. The route also has a spur connecting the A195 to the A1(M) at J64, the A195(M), although this is signed as part of the A195.
Previously allocated to a road between Morpeth and Plessey Checks. Became a portion of an extended A192 after World War II.
A196
A192 in Morpeth
A197, east of Ashington
via Guide Post. Guide Post to A192 originally A1063. Originally followed what is now A1068 to the then A195 near Plessey Woods and continued east via what is now the A197 to Newbiggin-by-the-Sea
A197
A1 north of Morpeth
B1334 in Newbiggin-by-the-Sea
Originally ended on A196 in Ashington and passed through Pegswood.
A198
A199 in Tyninghame
A1, north of Tranent
Originally terminated on A1 at both ends. Via North Berwick and Whitekirk.
A199
A901 in Leith
A1 on Thistly Cross Roundabout, Dunbar
Joppa to Dunbar originally the route of the A1.
Four-digit roads
1000s
Road
From
To
Notes
A1000
A1 in Highgate
A1(M) J6 in Welwyn
Mostly former A1. Previously allocated to a road from the A503 at Finsbury Park Station to the A504 at Muswell Hill which is now part of the A1201.
A1001
A1000 Near Hatfield
A1(M) J4, Oldings Corner roundabout near Welwyn
Was created when the A1 bypass was built and the A1000 was created. Previously allocated to a road along what is now the A10 from the A108 (now A1080) to A10 in Tottenham. At the time, the A10 went north along what is now the A1010. Passes over roof of Hatfield Tunnel.
A1002
Unused
Ran from A10 to A503 in Tottenham. (Became part of the A10 one-way system (which was later rerouted onto Monument Way rather than Chesnut Road) and is now part of the A503; at the time, the A503 followed Broad Lane)
A1003
A1004 in Southgate
A598 & A1000 in North Finchley
via Friern Barnet.
A1004
A111 in Southgate
A105 in Palmers Green
Passes Broomfield Park.
A1005
A111 near Potters Bar
A110 in Enfield
Previously ended on A1 (current A1000) in Potters Bar.
A1006
A112 in Leyton
A503 at Walthamstow Reservoirs
Passes Blackhorse Road and St James Street railway stations.
A1007
Unused
Ran from A104 to A1199 in Woodford, London along Snaresbrook Road, Eagle Lane and Falcon Way. Eagle Lane was downgraded when the level crossing was removed as part of the construction of the Central line. The remainder was downgraded as part of the M11 construction.
A1008
A12 in Snaresbrook
A114 in Wanstead
Section south of A12 formerly part of the A114. Formerly continued north via High Street to the A11, now the A1199. Cambridge Park originally the A12.
A1009
A406 Cooks Ferry Roundabout in South Chingford
A113 in Woodford
A104 (former A11) to A406 was originally part of the A111. Prior to the 1940s, ran along Snakes Lane.
A1010
A10 at Bruce Grove Station, Tottenham
A121 in Waltham Cross
Former A10 alignment. Previously allocated to a road from Canning Town to North Woolwich (now A1011, Victoria Dock Road, and A112). Original continued along B176 via Cheshunt. Downgraded when the A121 was extended to the new A10.
A1011
A112 in West Ham
A1020 in Silvertown
Portion east of A1020 is now part of A1020. Passes West Ham Station and under the Northern Outfall Sewer in Manor Road. The Greenway walkway lies on top of the sewer.
A1012
A13 in North Stifford
A126 in Grays
There is confusion as to whether the section after the Elizabeth Road roundabout is part of the A126 or A1012. Maps suggest that this is also the A1012 but signage suggests this is the A126. (The A126 originally didn't have a northern deviation in Grays but followed the railway line direct into Grays.)
A1013
A13 near Stanford-le-Hope
A126 in Grays
Former A13 alignment (pre-1980s) between Stanford and Lodge Lane, Grays. The section between Lodge Lane and Grays town centre was the original alignment of the A1013. Lodge Lane between A1013 and A1306 is presently unclassified but was part of the A13 until the 1980s. Locals commonly call this road the "old A13".
A1014
A13 near Stanford-le-Hope
former Coryton Refinery
The oil refinery closed in 2012 and is being redeveloped.
A1015
A129 in Rayleigh
A127 in Eastwood
Originally continued to Southend town centre along current A127.
A1016
A1114 in Widford, Essex
A130 in Springfield, Essex
Previously allocated to a road from Writtle Road (then the A122) to Moulsham Street (then the A12) in Chelmsford via New London Road (now part of B1007). The road in Shoeburyness mistakenly shown as the A1016 is in fact the B1016. Forms Chelmsford western bypass.
A1017
A1307 in Haverhill
A131 north of Braintree
via Gosfield, Ridgewell. Originally ran from A131 to current A1124, most of the rest being the A604.
A1018
A194/A183 in South Shields
A19 near Seaham
Former A19 alignment; a former alignment went along the old A1 through Grantham (now B1174), and the original alignment went from A137 west of Manningtree to Mistley (became A137 spur, now B1352 spur). Part of the route in Sunderland was the B1522 and B1294 prior to the opening of the Sunderland Southern Radial Route and the route is still signed as such at some points, even though the new road opened in 2008.
A1019
A414 in Harlow
A1025 in Harlow
The original A1019 went from Harwich to Parkeston (became part of the A604, later part of the A136, now Parkeston Road and Station Road). Passes Harlow College.
A1020
A13 at East India Docks
A406 in Beckton
The original A1020 went from Great North Road (then the A1) to Crosshall Road (then the A45) in St Neots via St Neots Road. Should the proposed Silvertown Tunnel be built, then the section west of the A1011 junction would become part of the realigned A102. Part of the North Circular Road. An unused bridge just after the A117 junction was intended to link to a new bridge across the Thames. This was cancelled by the then Lord Mayor, Boris Johnson.
A1021
A154 in Felixstowe
A154 in Felixstowe
Formerly part of the A139, the original route into Felixstowe. Previously allocated to a road from Buckden, Cambridgeshire to Brampton (became part of the A141, now a spur of the B1514).
A1022
A1156 St Matthews Street in Ipswich
A1156 Slade Street in Ipswich
Previously allocated to a road in Bury St Edmunds along Westgate Street and Guildhall Street from Crown Street (then part of the A45) to Abbeygate Street (then part of the A45, which the A14 replaced the eastern section of). Part of Ipswich Inner Ring Road.
A1023
A12 Brook Street Interchange (Brentwood)
A12 J12 near Mountnessing
Former A12 alignment. Previously allocated to a road from A47 to A134 in Crimplesham (now Main Road). Partially follows course of Roman road. Via Brentwood.
A1024
A1042, Mile Cross in Norwich
A1074 Dereham Road in Norwich
The section from the A1074 to King Street (the original section) was mostly replaced by the A147, but Earlham Road section is now the B1108 and the Heigham Road section is unclassified.
A1025
M11 J7a
A1169 in Harlow
Previously allocated to a road along what is now the A147 and A1242 from the A146 (now A147) in Norwich via King Street, Koblenz Avenue, and Carrow Road to Thorpe Road (then the A47, now the A1242). Construction of M11 Junction 7A has seen the A1025 replace a section of the B183 between the A414 and the roundabout junction onto the new M11 link road.
A1026
Unused
Ran along North Quay and Fuller's Hill (now part of the B1141) in Great Yarmouth from the A12 (now A1243) to the A47 (now Northgate Street). May have been used in Ipswich between the A12 and A1114; this is now part of the A1156.
A1027
A135 in Hartburn
A139 in Billingham
Previously allocated to a road along Chapel Road in Wisbech. This was redesignated as the B1442 when the A47 was rerouted off of North Brink and Barton Road (which became the B1441), and became the C313 when the B1441 became the C312. Has only existed since 1968 when previously unclassified roads Hartburn Ave, Oxbridge Ave and Bishopton Avenue were upgraded to A road status. Extended in 1974 following opening of new roads carrying the A66 and A19. Yarm Road South previously part of A135.
A1028
A16 at Ulceby Cross
A158 in Candlesby
via Ulceby
A1029
A1077 in Scunthorpe
A18 in Scunthorpe
Previously ended on A159 in town centre. Part of the northern section was the A1077.
A1030
Unused
Ran from the A1243 (former A16) in Nunsthorpe to Cleethorpes; became an extension of the A46 in the 1970s.
A1031
A46, west of Cleethorpes
A1104 in Mablethorpe
Originally Grimsby to Cleethorpes. Section between A46 and Mablethorpe was originally the B1198.
A1032
A1046 near Hemlington
A174 in Portrack
Previously allocated to a road from Hatfield, South Yorkshire to Thorne (became part of the mainline A614, now the A1146). Later allocated to a road from Hoddesdon to St. Margarets (became part of the B180, and is now the C43). Crosses Newport Bridge, a lift bridge which is now locked in position but with the lifting mechanism still in place.
A1033
A1079 in Kingston upon Hull
B1362 in Withernsea
via Hull, Thorngumbald, Patrington. Originally started on A165 in centre of Hull and ended in Hedon.
A1034
A63 on South Cave bypass
A1079 on Market Weighton bypass
Partly follows course of Roman road. Originally started in centre of South Cave village and ended on A66 in centre of Market Weighton.
A1035
B1242 at Hornsea
A1079 near Beverley
Formerly started at A165 at Leven but extended when B1244 was reclassified as A1035 in 2013.
A1036
A64 near Copmanthorpe
A1237 near Huntington
Originally assigned to Low Petergate, Colliergate, Fossgate and Walmgate through downtown, but was shifted to the eastern half of the inner ring road when that was built. (Entire inner ring road now part of A1036). The remainder of the route is the A64 through York prior to the York By Pass.
A1037
A112 in Chingford
A1009 in Chingford
Created in the 1980s. Known as Waltham Way, runs alongside the River Lee Diversion and William Girling Reservoir. Previously allocated to a road from the A165 east to Manor Street in Bridlington (now part of the A1038).
A1038
A165 in Bridlington
A165 near Bridlington
Passes Bridlington Hospital. The original A1038 shared none of the current route running from Old Town to the then separate community of Bridlington Quay.
A1039
A64 east of Staxton
A165 in Filey
via Flixton, Muston. Until around 1925, the section to the east of the A165 was originally the B1259 and B1260.
A1040
Unused
Ran from the A174 north to downtown Redcar; renumbered to B1269 in 1984.
A1041
A614 in East Cowick
A19 in Selby
Previously allocated to a proposed road from Middlesbrough to Redcar, but this was opened as the A1085 instead. The A1041 was instead allocated to a road between Goole and Holme-on-Spalding-Moor (this became part of the A614 which also replaced part of the A161 from Goole to west of Rawcliffe, and the A1041 was reassigned to the old route of the A614).
A1042, (Norwich)
A140 in Norwich
A47 in Norwich
Duplicate number which first appeared in 1992. Part of Norwich outer ring road which used to run down now unclassified Harvey Lane. The easternmost section was part of the A47 until that road was moved on to a new southern bypass in 1992.
A1042, (Redcar)
A174
A1085 near Redcar
This route was first designated in 1924 and connected Kirkleatham and Redcar High Street meeting the northern end of the A1040. It was subsequently extended from Redcar to Marske along part of the current A1085.
A1043
A171 in Nunthorpe
A172 in Nunthorpe
Nunthorpe Bypass. Originally passed through Nunthorpe.
A1044
A67 (former A19) in Yarm
A174 near Thornaby
Originally went northeast along what is now the B1380 between what was previously the A1045 to the A174 at Hemlington. (Some maps still show the A1044 along this section which was downgraded in 2000.)
A1045
Unused
Ran from Thornaby-on-Tees to Stockton-on-Tees (now A1044 and Thornaby Road; the A1044 went northeast on what is now the B1380).
A1046
A1305 in Stockton-on-Tees
A178 in Port Clarence
Originally started on Stockton High Street (the former A19). Via High Clarence.
A1047
Unused
Ran along Crown Street and East Street in Darlington. Declassified because it was located inside Darlington's ring road.
A1048
A1049 in Hartlepool
A179 Marina Way in Hartlepool
Originally started in centre of West Hartlepool where the other three roads at the crossroads were the A178, A179 and A689. This section is now unclassified following construction of Marina Way.
A1049
A179 at West View, Hartlepool
Northgate Town Square, Hartlepool
Originally started in centre of Hartlepool on A179.
A1050
Unused
Ran from Farewell Hall to Durham (now A177/South Road and Church Street)
A1051
Unused
Ran from A177/Hallgarth Street to Crossgate (now A177, Quarryheads Lane, and Margery Lane)
A1052
A183 in Houghton Gate
A690 in Houghton-le-Spring
via Fence Houses, High Dubmire
A1053
A174 near Lazenby
Grangetown
Previously allocated to a road from Chester-le-Street from Newcastle Road (then the A1) to Picktree Lane (then the A693, which went west via Pelton Lane); this became part of the A693, and later, when the Chilton bypass was built, also became part of the A167. Ends at Teesport security checkpoint where the only way of turning around is on the roundabout beyond the checkpoint, even though signs indicate this to not be used by the general public.
A1054
A146 in Norwich
A147 in Norwich
Previously allocated to a road from the A19 (now the B1285) east to Seaham (now the B1404 and B1287). Although most maps indicate that Bracondale is a spur of the A147, others claim this road, which was originally part of the A146, is now part of the A1054. (Signs on the ground do not indicate either is correct.)
A1055
A503 in Tottenham Hale
A10 in Waltham Cross
Previously allocated to a road from the A184 east of Gateshead to the A185 in South Shields (now part of the A194). A spur of the A1055, called Conduit Lane, connects the A1055 to the A405 which the main route passes underneath without a junction. The unclassified road at the A10 junction was originally part of the A105.
A1056 (Northumberland)
A1 J79 near North Brunton
A19 near Killingworth
via Wideopen. Sandy Lane was originally part of the B1318. The section between the B1505 (former A189) and A19 was intended to be dual carriageway but only one carriageway has been built.
A1056 (Norwich)
A11 in Norwich
A140 & A146 in Norwich
Previously allocated to a road from A185 in Jarrow via Monkton Terrace (later closed), Grange Road, and Staple Road/Ferry Street to the dock, where the ferry ran. The current Norwich A1056 was created when the A140 was rerouted on to the Outer Ring Road in the 1990s.
A1057
A1001 on Hatfield bypass
A1081 in St Albans
Previously allocated to a road in Newcastle upon Tyne from A695 (this section now part of the A186) via Pilgrim Street and Northumberland Street to the B1318 (then part of the A1). The current A1057 was originally part of the A414. The B6426 in Hatfield was the original route of the A1057 but was also originally part of the A414.
A1058
A167(M) in Newcastle upon Tyne
A193 in Tynemouth
The spur of the A167(M) could be the A1058(M) instead as signs on the spur are blue with the designation A1058. Originally started on A1 Barras Bridge and ran along Jesmond Road. Partly occupies former route of A188. Original terminated by railway station on A193 in Tynemouth running along Queen Alexandra Road and King Edward Road but these are now unclassified.
A1059
Unused
Ran from London Road (this was then A1184, but now B1383) to A1250 in Bishop's Stortford (now South Street, Potter Street, and North Street, with southbound traffic going on Dane Street and Station Road; now the B1529). Previously allocated to a road from Gosforth to Longbenton (now part of the A191).
A1060
A1250 in Bishop's Stortford
A12 near Sandon
Previously allocated to a road from Longbenton to West Moor (now part of the A188, which previously went northeast via the current A191 routing and A186 routing to the A192). Via Little Hallingbury, Hatfield Heath, "The Rodings" and Chelmsford. Originally the B1005 and A414.
A1061
A189 in Shankhouse
A193 in South Beach, Blyth
Originally A192 to A189 near Cramlington. The A189 now occupies part of the original route while a farm track south of the current route was also part of the original A1061. Part of the current route around New Delaval used to be part of the B1237.
A1062
A1151 in Hoveton
A149 east of Potter Heigham
Previously an eastward continuation of the B1354. Previously ended on A149 in centre of Potter Heigham. Previously allocated to a road from Bebside to Bedlington (now part of the A193)
A1063
Ran from Wendens Ambo to Saffron Walden (replaced the southernmost section of B1052, but became part of the B1052 again when the M11 was constructed). Previously allocated to a road from Morpeth to Guide Post (now part of the A196; at the time the A196 went south via the current A1068 to the A192).
A1064
A47 Acle bypass
A149 Near Caister-on-Sea
Originally Beach Road in Caister-on-Sea, later extended to Acle, but the section on Norwich Road and the original section on Beach Road was declassified when the A149 was rerouted. Entire route was part of A47 until 1935.
A1065
A11 in Mildenhall
A148 near Fakenham
Lakenheath airfield occupies part of former route where the road bends sharply. Via Brandon and Swaffham. Prior to 1922 was part of the B1105.
A1066
A11 near Thetford
A140 east of Diss
via The Forest, Garboldisham, Roydon and Diss. Passes Bressingham Steam Museum. Created in 1924 when the Thetford to Diss section of the B1111 was upgraded. The short section of route east of Diss to Sluston Common was originally part of the B1131 which ended on the now unclassified original route of the A143.
A1067
A1042 (former A140) in Norwich
A148 near Fakenham
significant portion is now B1454 between Tattersett and Heacham via Docking. Signage in Norwich suggests it starts closer to the A147 at the junction of Pitt Street and New Botolph Street but mapping suggests otherwise. From the 1920s until the construction of RAF Sculthorpe, the A1042 ran along the entire route of the B1154 ending on the A149 in Heacham. This extension was downgraded to the B1454 in the 1960s. Note that the site of the junction of the A148 and B1154 lies under the runway.
A1068
A1 at Seaton Burn
A1 south of Alnwick
via Bedlington, Guide Post, Widdrington and Amble. Originally passed through Red Row and Broomhill and ended on A1 on edge of Alnwick town centre. Partly occupies route of original B1337, B1336 and B1333.
A1069
A110 in Chingford
A104 (former A11) in Buckhurst Hill
Passes Chingford railway station. Via Epping Forest.
A1070
A1072 in Stevenage
A602 in Stevenage
Previously allocated to a road from the A12 (now the A1124) in Colchester to the A133 in Greenstead (this became the B1422, and is now part of the A134). Another disputed A1070 was on Fairland Way in Stevenage (the current A1155). Just before the A602 roundabout a grassed over bridge carrying a cycle path can be seen on the left. This bridge was once part of the A1.
A1071
A134 southeast of Sudbury, Suffolk
A1214 near Ipswich Hospital
via Hintlesham and Ipswich. The original A1071 took over the route of the B1069 and ran along Hadleigh Road ending on the original A12. The gap in continuity in the town centre stems from the A45 being diverted along what had been originally the A12 and A139 in 1935. When the A45 was diverted on to the bypass (current A14), the A1071 was extended to its current terminus.
A1072
A602 spur in Stevenage
A1175 in Stevenage
Previously allocated to a road from Witcham Toll to Stretham (the east–west section became part of the A1123, while the north–south section became a spur of the A1123, and is now the A1421).
A1073
Unused
Ran from Eye to Spalding. It was downgraded to two C-roads, because the bypass was open, but the new bypass became part of the A16 road, while the old route of the A16 became the A1175.
A1074
A47 at New Costessey
A147 in Norwich
Previously part of the A47 prior to the construction of the Norwich southern bypass; formerly used on the Norwich Outer Ring Road. The original A1074 was from the current A1074 (then part of the A47) north to what is now the A1402 (became an extension of the A1024).
A1075
A1066 in Thetford
A47 near East Dereham
Previously allocated to a road from Donington to Baythorpe (became part of the A154, now the A52). The A1075 was an upgrade of the B1110 and has been extended along the former A11 through Thetford town centre. Note the original alignment of the B1110 between Thetford and Hatton was requisitioned by the army in 1942 as part of the Stanford Battle Area with the B1110 diverted on to previously unclassified roads.
A1076
A148 in Gaywood
A149 in Kings Lynn
Previously allocated to a road from Gunness to Scunthorpe (now part of the A18, which at the time went east from Gunness via what is now the B1450). The current A1076 was originally part of the B1145 and was upgraded when the bypass opened. Some signs still indicate this route as the B1145.
A1077
M181 near Scunthorpe
A160 in South Killingholme
Originally started in centre of Scunthorpe where the other roads were the A1076 and A1029. Via Risby Warren, South Ferriby, Barton-upon-Humber, Barrow-upon-Humber.
A1078
A148 in Kings Lynn
A148 in South Wootton
Previously allocated to a road from Guide Post to west of Ashington (now part of the A1068). Passes the docks.
A1079
A1036 inner ring road in York
A63 near Kingston upon Hull
Newland Avenue in Hull has a pub alongside a railway bridge made from part of a former railway carriage. Passes close to the University of Hull. Originally passed through Beverley along a now unclassified road. Via Bishop Burton, Shiptonthorpe and Hayton. The entire route is part of the pre-1922 route of the A66.
A1080
A105 at Turnpike Lane Underground station
A10 at Tottenham
Formerly numbered as part of the A108; the original route went from the A11 (now Broadway) to the A12 (now Broadway) in Stratford (now a spur of the A118/The Grove). Traffic on the A1080 can only turn on to the northbound A10 in Tottenham.
A1081
Luton Airport
A1000 in High Barnet
Previously allocated to present A1400 and A406 from Gants Hill to Walthamstow Forest. This road was originally the A6. Its actual numbering is curious because it is out of zone although it may be due to the rerouting of the A1 and curtailment of the A6 in the 1950s. Maps but not signs indicate the A1081 continues through the tunnel under the airport.
A1082
A148 south of Sheringwood
A149 at Sheringham
Previously numbered as the B1158; original location was on what is now the western half of the Whipps Cross Roundabout. Shortly after the junction with the A148 is a turning on the right which was the original route of the B1158, the current route being created when the road was upgraded to A road status.
A1083
A124 in Becontree Heath
A118 in Ilford
Originally the B176, it was extended along Griggs Approach, a new bridge across the railway line, in 1985 but this was downgraded to unclassified in 2005.
A1084
A18 (originally A15) near Brigg
A1173 near Caistor
Originally the B1209, it used to end on the A46 in Caister town centre but was extended along Grimsby Road to its current terminus when the A46 bypass opened.
A1085
A172 in Middlesbrough
A174 south of Marske-by-the-Sea
Most of this road wasn't built until the 1920s. During construction of the Middlesbrough to Redcar section it was designated as the A1041 but was numbered A1085 upon opening. However the route was subsequently changed with the westernmost part becoming the A172 and the A1085 diverted to run past Albert Park. This was later declassified but the B1272 still ends on the Albert Park route.
A1086
A19 in Easington
A179 in Hartlepool
This road was built in the 1920s and was allocated the number A180 in the 1922 roads list. However none of the A1086 has ever actually been the A180. The original route was as now from the A179 but in West Hartlepool and ending on the B1283 at Easington Colliery. In more recent times, the A1086 in Easington has swapped routes with the B1283. The connection to the A19 was originally a spur of the A182.
A1087
A199 in Beltonford
A1 near Broxburn
Numbered B1345 until late 1920s. Originally started on A1 rather than A199, the change being made as part of the upgrade of the A1. Via Dunbar (which the A1 has always bypassed) and John Muir Country Park.
A1088
A14 J47 east of Woolpit
A1066 in Thetford
Originally the B1112, it was upgraded in the 1920s. It mostly follows the boundary between Norfolk and Suffolk. Passes through the village of Euston. The local peer also owned land in London and named the area around what is now the A501 after this village. Originally met the A143 in Ixworth town centre but both roads now bypass it, part of the old A143 being closed to traffic. A layby near Stowlangtoft once formed a hairpin bend on the route. The road originally ended on the original A45 west of Woolpit.
A1089
A13 at Orsett Heath
Tilbury Cruise Terminal
this is the Trunk Road into Tilbury (and not the A13!) Previously allocated to the current B149 from Little Thurrock to Chadwell St Mary. The unclassified road heading east towards Tilbury at the A126 roundabout was originally a continuation of the A126. (It was downgraded with the removal of the A128 from the Tilbury area.)
A1090
A1306 near Purfleet
A126 in West Thurrock
Created in 2013, when the old A1090 along New Tank Hill Road and London Road in Purfleet was declassified. The Purfleet bypass was originally the A126 but became unclassified when the A126 was diverted to the current A13 in the 1990s.
A1091
Unused
Originally the B1006, it ran along Lordship Road in Writtle from A414 (now A1060) to Ongar Road (then the A122). Became a part of the A414 between 1978 and 1982, but was downgraded in 1986 following general renumbering around Chelmsford after the bypass opened.
A1092
A1017 in Baythorne End
A134 Long Melford
Originally numbered B1062, the road originally ended in the centre of Long Melford on the A134, both forks either side of the village green being the A1092 at that time. The current A1092 only uses the left fork, the main route ahead is the B1064.
A1093
Unused
Originally the B1080, it ran from Main Road (then part of the A12, which went west via the current A1214) in Martlesham to west of Kirton (now Felixstowe Road, Gloster Road, Barrack Square, and Brightwell Road)
A1094
A12 near Stratford St. Andrew
Aldeburgh
Originally ended at the Moot Hall, Aldeburgh and designated B1121, it was extended to its current terminus in the 1920s.
A1095
A12 near Blythburgh
Market Square in Southwold
Originally part of the B1123. The unclassified continuation of the route in Southwold, Queen Street, leads to the ferry across the River Blythe. This ferry service was once a vehicle ferry but now is foot passengers only.
A1096
A1123 at Galley Hill
A1307 (former A14) near St Ives
Previously allocated to a road from Acle to Great Yarmouth (now part of the A47; at the time the A47 went via the current A1064 and A149 to Great Yarmouth). Most of the route was part of the B1040 (which now multiplexes along the entire route) and was upgraded in the 1970s including a new bridge in St Ives.
A1097
Defunct
Running between A157 (now B1200) and A16 (now B1502), it directed traffic heading between the west and the north away from Louth town centre along St Mary's Lane. Downgraded in 1991, when the Louth bypass was opened, to become a spur of the B1200.
A1098
A16 in New Waltham
A46 & A180 in Cleethorpes
via Cleethorpes sea front. When first opened in the 1920s, passed through New Waltham along current B1198.
A1099
A1060 in Chelmsford
A1060 in Chelmsford
Partly uses a section of the former A12, Springfield Road.
1100s
Road
From
To
Notes
A1100
Ran from A12 in Copdock to A45 in Great Blakenham (now B1113, Swan Hill, and The Street).
A1101
A1302 in Bury St. Edmunds
A17 in Long Sutton
Longest 4 digit A road in the country. Runs via Wisbech, Littleport, Barton Mills. Part of the original route lies under the runway of RAF Mildenhall. The road was formed from sections of the A150, A47 and B1101 in the 1920s. The section into Bury St Edmunds is the original line of the A143.
A1102
Was the original Lincoln northern bypass, which became the B1273 and a southeastward extension of the B1182 when the newer A46 and A158 Lincoln bypass opened.
A1103
A631 north of West Rasen
A46 east of Osgodby
Originally the B1204. Upgraded in the 1920s.
A1104
A16 at Ulceby Cross
High Street in Mablethorpe
The end of the route in Mablethorpe is also the end of the A52. Via Alford, Maltby-le-Marsh. Until the late 1920s was the B1196, B1197, B1198 and B1199.
A1105
A15 near Kingston upon Hull
A1079 near Hessle
Created in 1930 from part of the A164 (Anlaby Road) which had ended on the A63 Midland Street, a short distance from the current A1079, and the newly built Hessle bypass. In the late 1940s the A1105 (which had since been extended to Hull City centre) and A63 swapped routes. Recent improvements to roads in the area have seen the A1105 revert to part of its old route although part of the original route is unclassified while Hessle Road is partly the A1166 and A63.
A1106
Ran from Pinchbeck Road (then the A16) to Commercial Road (then the A151) in Spalding via Elloe Avenue (now part of the A151).
A1107
A1 near Cockburnspath
A1 near Burnmouth
The section between Burnmouth and Eyemouth was originally the B1343 and originally passed through Burnmouth village on a now unclassified road to join the A1 further east.
A1108
A193 in Chirton
A1058 in Billy Mill, North Shields
Originally part of the B1316. Runs along Billy Mill Avenue and Regent Terrace.
A1109
Ran from Lincoln Road in New England, Peterborough to Eastfield Road in Newark, Peterborough. Exact route is uncertain but assumed to have run via St. Pauls Road, Dogsthorpe Road, Elmfield Road, and Newark Avenue. It is presumed to have been downgraded following the rerouting of the A15 and A47. Previously allocated to a road from the A175 (now Normanby Road) in South Bank to the A1085 in Grangetown. This became the B1446 and is now Middlesbrough Road, Eston Road, A66 and A1053.
A1110
A109 in New Southgate
A406 in Arnos Grove
The western section of Bowes Road that passes through Arnos Grove.
A1111
A1104 in Alford
A52 in Sutton-on-Sea
Subject of the song 'the A1111' by John Shuttleworth, the stage persona of Graham Fellows. Previously allocated to another road elsewhere, but it is unknown where the previous route was. The current A1111 was originally unclassified but in the 1920s became the B1197. The route was upgraded to A road status in the late 1950s.
A1112
A113 west of Abridge
A125 in Dagenham
Southern section used to follow what is now A1240, and formerly, north of the A12 it was B196 as far as Hainault Forest and north of there part of a much longer B174, while south of the A124 it was part of a much longer B178.
A1113
Ran from A1099 to A138 in Chelmsford along the former A12 when the original bypass opened. When the current bypass opened, the route was downgraded to the B1137.
A1114 (Chelmsford)
A414 in Widford, Chelmsford
A12 in Howe Green, Chelmsford
Previously allocated to a road from A12 (now A1071) in Ipswich to A45 (now A1156) as the Ipswich north bypass. The section from west A1071 junction to east A1071 junction became part of the A12 (now the A1214), leaving the section from the A12 to the A45. The remaining section became part of the A45 (now the A1189) later.
A1114 (Gateshead)
A184 in Teams, Gateshead
A694 in Swalwell near Blaydon
A1115
Ran from Winceby (original west end was at Spilsby) to Scremby (now B1195, Ashby Road, and Northfield Road). Declassified in 1988.
A1116
Ran from downtown Beccles to the A144 in Bungay (now Ballygate, B1062 and B1435). Originally the A145.
A1117
A12 in Pakefield, Lowestoft
A47 (former A12) in Oulton, north of Lowestoft
Forms Lowestoft bypass. Passes Oulton Broad Station. Originally the B1129 (between Oulton Broad and Blundeston). Previously passed through Oulton village along the current B1375. The A146 originally multiplexed with the A1117 rather than starting on it.
A1118
Was a loop around the A12 in Lowestoft via Marine Parade (became one way; now B1532).
A1119
Ran from Lincoln Road (then the A15) in Peterborough via Burghley Road and Crawthorne Road to Eastfield Road (then the A47). Previously allocated to another road elsewhere, but it is unknown where the previous route was. Downgraded in the 1970s.
A1120
A1308 in Stowmarket
A12 near Yoxford
Previously allocated to a road in Cambridge from Newnham Road (then the A603) to Newmarket Road (then the A45) (now the A603/A1134 multiplex). Signed as a Tourist Route with brown signs. Via Stowupland, Forward Green, "The Stonhams", Pettaugh, Earl Soham and Yoxford. The road came into existence in the 1950s from parts of the B1114, B1115 and B1120. The original terminus was on the A45 (now A1308) in Stowmarket town centre.
A1121
A52 in Boston
A17 in Swineshead Bridge
Previously allocated to another road elsewhere, but it is unknown where the previous route was. Originally unclassified it became the B1371 in the 1920s and was upgraded in the 1950s. Virtually dead straight.
A1122
A1101 in Outwell
A47 near Swaffham
Most of the route was the A47 until 1935 when it was rerouted via Kings Lynn. Via Downham Market and RAF Marham. The point where it meets the A47 was the original eastern end of the A17.
A1123
A141 bypass at Huntingdon
A142 bypass at Soham
via Earith, Bluntisham, Stretham and Wicken. The Hartford to Stretham section was the B1085, the rest unclassified, until about 1925. The Haddenham to Witcham Toll section of the A1421 was originally a spur of the A1123.
A1124
A1017 in Sible Hedingham
A134 in Colchester
Original section on East Street and Greenstead Road was declassified when the A134 was rerouted. Most of the current route was originally the A604. The section from the current A12 (junction 26) into Colchester was originally part of the A12. Via Halstead and Earls Colne.
A1125
Actual route is uncertain but it's assumed to have run from Thorpe Road (then part of the A47) in Peterborough via Thorpe Park Road, Grange Road, and Westfield Road to the B1380 Westwood Street. Westwood Street no longer exists having been replaced by the A15 Bourge Boulevard.
A1126
Ran from the A14 (later A604 spur, now A1307) in Huntingdon to the A141 (now B1514) east of Huntingdon (now A141, B1044, B1514).
A1127
Ran from downtown Peterborough on the A15 to Eastfield Road (then part of the A47) via Broadway. Declassified in the late 20th century.
A1128
Ran from the A1126 (now B1044 Ermine Street) to the A141 (now Hartford Road) in Huntingdon via Cromwell Walk and Brookside (now B1514).
A1129
A605 in Fletton
A15 near Woodston, Cambridgeshire
Partly occupies original route of A605 (later downgraded to B1092) which ran down Fletton High Street and turned into Princes Road. (No evidence of this remains.) The A1129 originally continued along New Road to end back on the A605.
A1130
A1305 Ring Road in Stockton-on-Tees
A1032 in Acklam
via Thornaby. The A1130 originally consisted solely of Levick Crescent in Acklam.
A1131
Ran from Milton Road (then the A10) to Parker Road (A603) in Cambridge via Victoria Avenue, Emmanuel Road, and Parker Street. It was originally numbered B1047 and was upgraded in the late 20th century.
A1132
Ran from Cambridge to Chesterton via Chesterton Road.
A1133
A46 northeast of Newark-on-Trent
A156 in Torksey
Originally passed through Winthorpe but the route was severed by improvements to the A1. Via Collingham, Besthorpe, Newton-on-Trent and Laughterton. The route was the B1186 until 1960.
A1134
Cambridge
Cambridge
The Cambridge Ring Road. An unbuilt section was a bridge over the River Cam linking the A1303 and A1309. Originally used Coldhams Lane, avoiding most of Newmarket Road.
A1135
Ran on the old alignment of the A47 through Wisbech (now the B198).
A1136
A180 in Healing
A16 in Grimsby
via Little Coates. Previously the B1361 (unclassified until 1920s), the road was upgraded in the 1940s. Originally continued to Immingham along current B1210.
A1137
A52 in Boston
A16 in Boston
A1138
A16 in Boston
Boston Docks
A1139
A47 in Eye
A(1)M junction 17 in Orton, Peterborough
Doubles as Fletton Parkway, part of Peterborough's Parkway system and a major part of the city's road network.
A1140
A1 in Piershill, Edinburgh
A199 in Portobello, Edinburgh
A1141
A134 near Stanningfield
A1071 in Hadleigh
Originally the B1070 until it was upgraded in the 1960s. Originally ended in Hadleigh on the old A1071 and was shortened when the A1071 bypass was built. This section became the B1070 again.
A1142
Ran from St. John's Street/Cornhill (then the A45) east via Brentgovel Street and Looms Lane to Northgate Street (then the A134) in Bury St Edmunds.
A1143
Ran on St. Mary's Road in Beccles from Ballygate (then part of the A1116) east to Blyburgate (then part of the A146) (now part of the B1062).
A1144
A1117 in Oulton
A47 in Lowestoft
A1145
A146 in Carlton Colville
A12 in Pakefield, Lowestoft
A1146
A18 in Hatfield
A614 in Thorne
Former A1032 (later A614).
A1147
A189 in Bedlington
A196 in Stakeford
Was B1330 before 1975.
A1148
A192 in Wellfield
A193 in Whitley Bay
A1149
A187 in North Shields
A193 in North Shields
A1150
A167 in Harrowgate
A66 in Great Burdon
Former B1256
A1151
A147 in Norwich
A149 east of Dilham
Passes through Wroxham, the 'capital' of the Norfolk Broads
A1152
A12 in Woodbridge
B1069 in Rendlesham
Former routing of B1069 and B1084. Serves long-defunct RAF Bentwaters.
A1153
A13 east of Barking
A124 in Becontree
Short link road connecting the A13 at Ripple Road to the A124 at Martins Corner
A1154
Planned link road in Great Yarmouth connecting the A12 to the A1243.
A1155
A1072 in Stevenage
A1072 in St Nicholas, Stevenage
A1156
A14 at Whitehouse, Ipswich
A12/A14 at Bucklesham
Former A45.
A1157
Ran on the Darlington ring road; became part of the A68 and A167 when the A68 was extended and the A167 was rerouted out of the city centre.
A1158
A13 in Westcliff-on-Sea
A127 in Eastwood
A1159
A13 in Thorpe Bay
London Southend Airport
A1160
A13 in Southend-on-Sea
B1016 on Southend waterfront
Short link road from A13
A1161
Ran on the old alignment of the A122 (which was rerouted further north) from Epping to North Weald Bassett (now part of the B181)
A1162
Ran from the A1102 (now B1273) to the A15 in Lincoln (now part of the B1308).
A1163
Ran from the A1164 (now A1079) to the A165 (now Clarence Road) in Kingston upon Hull via Jameson Street, George Street, and Witham.
A1164
Ran from the A63 (now Alfred Gelder Street) to the A1079 (now Prospect Street) in Kingston upon Hull via Carr Lane/Anlaby Road and Ferensway.
A1165
A63 in Kingston upon Hull
A1079 in Newland, Kingston upon Hull
A1166
A1105 in Anlaby Park
A63 in Dairycoates, Kingston upon Hull
A1167
A1 in Berwick-upon-Tweed
A1 in Scremerston
Previously allocated to a road from Boroughbridge to Green Hammerton (now the B6265)
A1168
A113 near Chigwell
A121 in Loughton
Formerly B171
A1169
A414 in Potter Street, Harlow
A414 in Harlow town
A1170
A10 in Ware
A10 in Turnford
A1171
A19 in Annitsford
A192 in Cramlington
A1172
A1068 in Cramlington
A1171 in Cramlington
A1173
A46 in Caistor
A160 near Immingham
A1174
A1079 in Dunswell
A1079 near Bishop Burton
This road includes the notorious Grovehill junction, which has 42 traffic lights.
A1175
A16 in Spalding
A1 in Stamford
Previous route of A16 road between Spalding and Stamford, before completion of the A1073 upgrade.
A1176
A59 in York
A19 in York
Follows Water End.
A1177
Ran from A1105 in Hessle to A164 (now Springfield Way/Gorton Road) in Anlaby (became part of rerouted A164, and later became part of a northward extended B1232).
A1178
Temporary designation for what is now the M25 between junctions 23 (South Mimms) and 24 (Potters Bar). Would have been part of the planned M16 (Ringway 3).
A1179
A15 in Peterborough
A1260 in Longthorpe
A1180
Ran from High Street (then the A46, later the B1262, which was declassified in 2017) to Newark Road (then the A46, now the A1434) in Lincoln (now Dixon Street (which was until 2017 the B1360) and A1192 (which was until 2017 part of the B1103).
A1181 - A1183
Unused
A1184
A120 in Bishops Stortford
A414 in Harlow
Most of this formed the old A11 route between the two towns
A1185
A689 in Wolviston
A178 at Seal Sands
A1185 - A1187
Unused
A1188
Was once reserved for a road with a description of "A406 (T) Woodford Avenue". The A1400 number was used instead.
A1189
A1214 at Rushmere St. Andrew
A14 at Nacton
A1190
Ran from High Street (then the A46, later the B1262, which was declassified in 2017) to Canwick Road (then the A158, now the A15) in Lincoln (became part of rerouted A57, which was rerouted in 2017 and this is now part of the B199)
A1191
Proposed
Was a proposed road from A1052 in Houghton-le-Spring to B1284 in Rye Hill, and would have probably taken over the B1284 to the A690. It has since been subsumed into a more extensive long-term plan to bypass and reroute the A182 on new construction from Shiney Row to A19 east of Murton via the Central Route, Hetton Bypass and the partially complete East Durham Link Road.
A1192
A57 in Lincoln
A1434 in North Hykeham
New route created in 2017; replaced part of the B1003.
A1193
Unused
A1194
A1042 east of Norwich
A1270 east of Norwich
Broadland Gate Link
A1195 - A1197
Unused
A1198
A505 in Royston
A1307 in Godmanchester
Original route of the A14
A1199 (Islington)
A1201 near Highbury
A104 in Canonbury
A1199 (Woodford)
A12 in Leytonstone
A104 in Woodford
Uses the former path of the A11.
1200s and higher
Road
From
To
Notes
A1200
A501 in Shoreditch
A1 in Islington
A1201
A1 in Islington
A504 near Alexandra Palace
A1202
A501 in Shoreditch
1203 near St Katharine Docks
Part of the London Inner Ring Road
A1203
A100 at Tower Hill
A1261 in Poplar
Includes the Limehouse Link tunnel in Docklands. Number seems also to refer to Butcher Row, a spur that connects to the A13 at Limehouse
A1204
Previously ran along Wapping High Street.
A1205
A106 in South Hackney
A13 in Limehouse
Burdett Road and Grove Road, crosses A11 at Mile End station.
A1206
A1261 in Limehouse
A13 in Blackwall
This is a crescent-shaped round around the Isle of Dogs. If you actually want to go from Limehouse to Blackwall you would use the A1261
A1207
A107 in Hackney
A104 in Dalston
Graham Road with Western boundary at Queensbridge Road where the A104 temporarily heads northbound.
A1208
A10 in Shoreditch
A107 in Cambridge Heath
Hackney Road.
A1209
A10 in Shoreditch
A107 in Bethnal Green
Bethnal Green Road
A1210
A100 at Tower Hill
A11 at Aldgate
One-way section of the London Inner Ring Road, mostly Mansell Street, with links via Minories and Goodman's Yard
A1211
A1 at Barbican
A1210 at Aldgate
A1212
Ran from A1213 (Gracechurch Street) to A11 (Leadenhall Street) in London via Fenchurch Street.
A1213
Threadneedle Street, London
King William Street
Entirely concurrent with A10.
A1214
A12/A14 at Copdock
A12 in Martlesham
Former route of A12, prior to Ipswich Southern/Eastern by-pass
A1215 - A1230
Unused
A1231
A(1)M at Birtley
A183 in Sunderland
Also known as the Sunderland Highway
A1232
A133 in Colchester
A12/A120 near Colchester
Former A12 alignment through northern Colchester. See also A120
A1233 - A1234
Unused
A1235
A176 in Basildon
A132 in Basildon
Cranes Farm Road, parallels the A127 and the A1321 between the A176 and A132 roads.
A1236
Unused
A1237
A64 in Copmanthorpe
A64 in Stockton-on-the-Forest
York Outer Ring Road (Western & Northern)
A1238
A63 in Thorpe Willoughby
A19 in Selby
A1239
Unused
A1240
A124 in Becontree
A1306 in Dagenham
Formerly part of the A1112, which was rerouted to the east. Passes by Dagenham Heathway tube station.
A1241
Ran from the A10 to the A121 (now B156) west of Cheshunt; this is now the B198.
A1242
A147 in Norwich
A1042 in Thorpe St Andrew
Previously part of the A47 prior to the construction of the Norwich southern bypass.
A1243 (Great Yarmouth)
A47 in Great Yarmouth
Great Yarmouth harbour
Shares the same number with Scartho Road and a stretch of Louth Road to the south of Grimsby. See Anomalously numbered roads in Great Britain
A1243 (Grimsby)
A1136 in Grimsby
A16 in New Waltham
A1244
Reserved for the Northern Gateway Access Road near Waltham Abbey. It would go from the A1055 to A121 if built.
A1245
A130 at South Benfleet
A132 at Battlesbridge
Previously the A130
A1246
A63 near Ledsham
A162 in Brotherton
Previously part of the A1
A1247 - A1249
Unused
A1250
A120 in Bishops Stortford
A120 in Bishops Stortford
Forms the "main road" connecting Bishops Stortford (town centre) to the A120.
A1251
A125 in Romford
A118 in Romford
Forms part of the Romford Ring Road.
A1252 - A1259
Unused
A1260
A15 in Hampton, Peterborough
A47 in Longthorpe, Peterborough
A1261
A13 in Limehouse
A13 in Leamouth
Aspen Way, East India Dock Link tunnel, and West India Dock Road in Docklands
A1262
Ran on the Aspen Way Tunnel in London Docklands from the A1261 to the A13; this is now part of the A1261.
A1263
Ran on Leamouth Road in London Docklands from the A13 to the A1020; this is now part of the A1020.
A1264 - A1269
Unused
A1270
A1067 in Taverham
A47 in Postwick
Norwich Northern Distributor Road
A1271 - A1289
Unused
A1290
A1231 in Hylton Red House
A1018 in Monkwearmouth
Sections (east to west) known as Southwick Road, Keir Hardie Way, Queen's Road, Wessington Way
A1291 - A1299
Unused
A1300
A194 in Jarrow
A183 in Marsden
John Reid Road, South Shields southern ring road
A1301
A1309 in Trumpington
M11 in Great Chesterford
Previously allocated to a road from Sadlers Farm to Canvey Island. This became part of the A130 and B1014 (the old B1014 became part of the A130). The current A1301 was created on a former section of the A130 when sections of the A130 were downgraded when the parallel M11 was built.
A1302
A14 in Westley
A134 in Bury St Edmunds
A1303
A428 at Madingley
A1304 near Newmarket
Former A45
A1304
A11 at Six Mile Bottom
A11/A14 north of Newmarket
Former A11
A1305
Stockton-on-Tees
Stockton-on-Tees
Stockton town centre's ring road.
A1306
A13 in Dagenham
A1012 in Chafford Hundred
Former A13 alignment, with unclassified Lodge Lane connecting to the A1013. Eastern section was the main route until the 1980s. Western section was the main route until as recently as the late 1990s. Along with the A1013, locals commonly refer to this road as the "old A13".
A1307
A(1)M at Alconbury
A143 in Haverhill
Formerly A604 and before that A132. Follows the old route of the A14 from the A1(M) motorway (A1307 spur) at Alconbury past Huntingdon railway station continuing south through Cambridgeshire often parallel to the A14 allowing local traffic to bypass St Ives, Cambridgeshire and other local towns, then through the northern edge of Cambridge to Haverhill
A1308
A14 in Stowmarket
A1120 in Combs Ford
A1309
M11 at Trumpington
A14 at Milton
Former A10 alignment
A1310
Unused
A1311
A1306 in South Hornchurch
A13 in South Hornchurch
Marsh Way, link road between A13 and A1306. Briefly part of A13 during completion of Thames Gateway 1998–9.
A1312 - A1320
Unused
A1321
A176 in Basildon
A132 in Basildon
Broadmayne, parallels the A1235 between the A176 and A132 roads
A1322 - A1340
Unused
A1341
A12 north of Myland
A134 in Myland
Created in 2015 along the Severalls Link Road.
A1342 - A1357
Unused
A1358
Mapping error for the A1308.
A1359 - A1399
Unused
A1400
A406 in South Woodford
A12 at Gants Hill
Formerly A406, but this section was only briefly considered part of the North Circular, the latter historically using the A104/A114/A116/A117 until 1987.
A1401
Unused
A1402
A147 in Norwich
A140 in Hellesdon
Former routing of the A140
A1403 - A1420
Unused
A1421
A1123 in Haddenham
A142 near Witcham
Links with the A142 near Sutton, which leads to Ely
A1422 - A1427
Unused
A1428
Planned for the former A428 when the Black Cat to Caxton scheme is completed.
A1429 - A1433
Unused
A1434
A15 east of Lincoln
A46 in South Hykeham
A1435 - A1499
Unused
A1500
A15 near Scampton
A156 in Marton
Forms the eastern section of the Roman road from Ermine Street to Bawtry, fording the River Trent at Littleborough (the Roman settlement of Segelocum), then onto the Roman Fort at Doncaster (Danum).
A1501 - A1519
Unused
References
^ "Old Stoke Bridge, Ipswich". www.topbond.co.uk. Top Bond. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
^ "A150". Society for All British and Irish Road Enthusiasts. 13 May 2010. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to A roads in Zone 1 of the Great Britain numbering scheme.
vteRoads in the United KingdomArticles
Road numbering schemes: Great Britain
Motoring taxation
Driving
Odonymy
Road signs
Wales
Gaelic-speaking Scotland
ZonesA-road lists
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Northern Ireland
B-road lists
1
2
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Other lists
Anomalously numbered roads
Junctions
Motorways
Primary destinations
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AgustaWestland AW189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roundabout_on_the_A189_spine_road_between_Woodhorn_and_Ellington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_268885.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_A_road_zones.svg"},{"link_name":"A roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_roads_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A_roads_zones_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)"}],"text":"\"A189\" redirects here. For the helicopter with type designator A189, see AgustaWestland AW189.Roundabout on the A189 spine road between Woodhorn and Ellington near to LintonThe numbering zones for A-roads in Great BritainList of A roads in zone 1 in Great Britain beginning north of the River Thames, east of the A1 (roads beginning with 1).","title":"A roads in Zone 1 of the Great Britain numbering scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Single- and double-digit roads"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Triple-digit roads"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Four-digit roads"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1000s","title":"Four-digit roads"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1100s","title":"Four-digit roads"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1200s and higher","title":"Four-digit roads"}]
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[{"image_text":"Roundabout on the A189 spine road between Woodhorn and Ellington near to Linton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Roundabout_on_the_A189_spine_road_between_Woodhorn_and_Ellington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_268885.jpg/220px-Roundabout_on_the_A189_spine_road_between_Woodhorn_and_Ellington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_268885.jpg"},{"image_text":"The numbering zones for A-roads in Great Britain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_Kingdom_A_road_zones.svg/220px-United_Kingdom_A_road_zones.svg.png"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.topbond.co.uk/marine/old-stoke-bridge-ipswich/menu-id-196.html","external_links_name":"\"Old Stoke Bridge, Ipswich\""},{"Link":"http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php","external_links_name":"\"A150\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100808072710/http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarite_de_Litera
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Tamarite de Litera
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["1 Villages","2 History","3 Famous natives","4 See also","5 References"]
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Coordinates: 41°52′12″N 0°26′0″E / 41.87000°N 0.43333°E / 41.87000; 0.43333Municipality in Aragon, SpainTamarite de Litera
Tamarit de LliteraMunicipality
Coat of armsTamarite de LiteraLocation in SpainShow map of AragonTamarite de LiteraTamarite de Litera (Spain)Show map of SpainCoordinates: 41°52′12″N 0°26′0″E / 41.87000°N 0.43333°E / 41.87000; 0.43333Country SpainAutonomous community AragonProvinceHuescaComarcaLa LiteraJudicial districtMonzónArea • Total110.6 km2 (42.7 sq mi)Elevation360 m (1,180 ft)Population (2018) • Total3,528 • Density32/km2 (83/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code22550
Tamarite de Litera, is the first major town of the comarca of La Litera in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2014 census, the municipality has a population of 14,926 inhabitants. It is the capital of the comarca of La Litera. Catalan: Tamarit de Llitera.
Villages
Tamarite de Litera.
Algayón.
La Melusa.
History
The town was reconquered from the Moors by Alfonso I of Aragon in 1107.
Famous natives
Fernando Aranda, former motorcycle champion.
Dolores Cabrera y Heredia
See also
La Franja
References
^ Consejo General de Procuradores de España
^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)
vteMunicipalities in the province of Huesca
Abiego
Abizanda
Adahuesca
Agüero
Aísa
Aínsa-Sobrarbe
Albalate de Cinca
Albalatillo
Albelda
Albero Alto
Albero Bajo
Alberuela de Tubo
Alcalá de Gurrea
Alcalá del Obispo
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IdRef
This article about a location in the Province of Huesca is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Litera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Litera"},{"link_name":"Huesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huesca_(province)"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"La Litera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Litera"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"}],"text":"Municipality in Aragon, SpainTamarite de Litera, is the first major town of the comarca of La Litera in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2014 census,[3] the municipality has a population of 14,926 inhabitants. It is the capital of the comarca of La Litera. Catalan: Tamarit de Llitera.","title":"Tamarite de Litera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algayón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algay%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Melusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Melusa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Tamarite de Litera.\nAlgayón.\nLa Melusa.","title":"Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"},{"link_name":"Alfonso I of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_I_of_Aragon"}],"text":"The town was reconquered from the Moors by Alfonso I of Aragon in 1107.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fernando Aranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Aranda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dolores Cabrera y Heredia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Cabrera_y_Heredia"}],"text":"Fernando Aranda, former motorcycle champion.\nDolores Cabrera y Heredia","title":"Famous natives"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"La Franja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Franja"}]
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[{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_China_Enterprises_Index
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Hang Seng China Enterprises Index
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["1 Constituents","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Hang Seng China Enterprises IndexTraditional Chinese恒生中國企業指數Simplified Chinese恒生中国企业指数TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHéng shēng zhōng guó qǐ yè zhǐ shùYue: CantoneseJyutpingHang4 saang1 zung1 gwok3 kei5 jip6 zi2 sou3Alternative Chinese nameTraditional Chinese國企指數Simplified Chinese国企指数TranscriptionsYue: CantoneseJyutpingGwok3 kei5 zi2 sou3
Hang Seng China Enterprises Index is a stock market index of The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong for H share, red chip, and P chip.
H share is a class of ordinary share of the mainland China incorporated company that only traded outside the mainland China; all of these companies were majority owned by the central or regional Chinese government. In contrast, civilian-run enterprises of the mainland China listed their companies in Hong Kong using "foreign"-incorporated holding companies as P chip (either Bermuda, the Cayman Islands or Hong Kong); those using the same method but majority owned by the central or regional Chinese government, was known as red chip; red chip had their own separated index.
In August 2017, it was announced that the index would be reformed, which P chip and red chip would be added to the index in March 2018.
Some of the constituents of Hang Seng China Enterprises Index was also the constituents of Hang Seng Index.
Constituents
As of August 2022 there are 50 constituent stocks.
Ticker
Name
Weighting (%)
Industry
SEHK: 9988
Alibaba Group
8.28
Information Technology
SEHK: 3690
Meituan
8.27
Information Technology
SEHK: 700
Tencent
7.72
Information Technology
SEHK: 939
China Construction Bank
7.38
Financials
SEHK: 9618
JD.com
5.14
Information Technology
SEHK: 941
China Mobile
4.66
Telecommunications
SEHK: 1398
ICBC
4.26
Financials
SEHK: 2318
Ping An Insurance
4.24
Financials
SEHK: 3988
Bank of China
3.17
Financials
SEHK: 1211
BYD Company
3.07
Consumer Discretionary
SEHK: 1810
Xiaomi
2.92
Information Technology
SEHK: 883
CNOOC Limited
2.74
Energy
SEHK: 2331
Li-Ning
2.45
Consumer Discretionary
SEHK: 3968
China Merchants Bank
2.27
Financials
SEHK: 1024
Kuaishou
2.12
Information Technology
SEHK: 2319
Mengniu Dairy
1.63
Consumer Staples
SEHK: 1109
China Resources Land
1.49
Properties & Construction
SEHK: 2020
Anta Sports
1.48
Consumer Discretionary
SEHK: 175
Geely
1.38
Consumer Discretionary
SEHK: 9633
Nongfu Spring
1.36
Consumer Staples
SEHK: 2688
ENN Energy
1.31
Utilities
SEHK: 386
Sinopec
1.3
Energy
SEHK: 291
China Resources Beer
1.28
Consumer Staples
SEHK: 9999
NetEase
1.26
Information Technology
SEHK: 2628
China Life Insurance Company
1.21
Financials
SEHK: 688
China Overseas Land and Investment
1.17
Properties & Construction
SEHK: 1288
Agricultural Bank of China
1.14
Financials
SEHK: 2382
Sunny Optical
1.11
Industrials
SEHK: 1093
Shijiazhuang Pharma Group
1.03
Healthcare
SEHK: 981
SMIC
1.02
Information Technology
SEHK: 2313
Shenzhou International
0.98
Consumer Discretionary
SEHK: 9888
Baidu
0.96
Information Technology
SEHK: 6618
JD Health
0.88
Healthcare
SEHK: 267
CITIC Limited
0.85
Conglomerates
SEHK: 968
Xinyi Solar
0.77
Industrials
SEHK: 1658
Postal Savings Bank of China
0.74
Financials
SEHK: 992
Lenovo
0.68
Information Technology
SEHK: 1177
Sino Biopharmaceutical Limited
0.68
Healthcare
SEHK: 960
Longfor Properties
0.67
Properties & Construction
SEHK: 1801
Innovent Bio
0.64
Healthcare
SEHK: 2601
China Pacific Insurance Company
0.63
Financials
SEHK: 3328
Bank of Communications
0.57
Financials
SEHK: 384
China Gas
0.49
Utilities
SEHK: 6186
China Feihe
0.46
Consumer Staples
SEHK: 2618
JD Logistics
0.45
Industrials
SEHK: 6098
CG Services
0.45
Properties & Construction
SEHK: 6862
Haidilao
0.37
Consumer Discretionary
SEHK: 241
Alibaba Health
0.31
Healthcare
SEHK: 9626
Bilibili
0.28
Information Technology
SEHK: 2007
Country Garden
0.27
Properties & Construction
See also
Hang Seng Index - blue chip index of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong
Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index - index for Red chip of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong
References
^ 國指納紅籌民企 篩走急升股 騰訊中移動熱門 分5次增權重至10%. Ming Pao (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Media Chinese International. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
^ "Hang Seng China Enterprises Index" (PDF).
External links
Official website
vteHang Seng China Enterprises Index companies of Hong Kong
Agricultural Bank of China
Alibaba Group
Alibaba Health
Anta Sports
Baidu
Bank of China
Bank of Communications
Bilibili
BYD Company
CG Services
China Construction Bank
China Feihe
China Gas
China Life Insurance Company
China Merchants Bank
China Mobile
China Overseas Land and Investment
China Pacific Insurance Company
China Resources Beer
China Resources Land
CITIC Limited
CNOOC Limited
Country Garden
ENN Energy
Geely Auto
Haidilao
ICBC
Innovent Bio
JD Health
JD Logistics
JD.com
Kuaishou
Lenovo
Li-Ning
Longfor Properties
Meituan
Mengniu Dairy
NetEase
Nongfu Spring
Ping An Insurance
Postal Savings Bank of China
Shenzhou International
Shijiazhuang Pharma Group
Sino Biopharmaceutical Limited
Sinopec
SMIC
Sunny Optical
Tencent
Xiaomi
Xinyi Solar
vteEconomy of Hong KongHistory
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Black Saturday (1983)
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1997 Asian financial crisis
Stock disasters in Hong Kong
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Hang Seng Index
Hang Seng China Enterprises Index
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Agreements
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List of power stations in Hong Kong
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Water supply in Hong Kong
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See also: Economy of Macau
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This Hong Kong–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about stock exchanges is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stock_Exchange_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"H share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_share"},{"link_name":"red chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_chip"},{"link_name":"P chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_chip"},{"link_name":"civilian-run enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian-run_enterprise"},{"link_name":"P chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_chip"},{"link_name":"red chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_chip"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hang Seng Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_Index"}],"text":"Hang Seng China Enterprises Index is a stock market index of The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong for H share, red chip, and P chip.H share is a class of ordinary share of the mainland China incorporated company that only traded outside the mainland China; all of these companies were majority owned by the central or regional Chinese government. In contrast, civilian-run enterprises of the mainland China listed their companies in Hong Kong using \"foreign\"-incorporated holding companies as P chip (either Bermuda, the Cayman Islands or Hong Kong); those using the same method but majority owned by the central or regional Chinese government, was known as red chip; red chip had their own separated index.In August 2017, it was announced that the index would be reformed, which P chip and red chip would be added to the index in March 2018.[1]Some of the constituents of Hang Seng China Enterprises Index was also the constituents of Hang Seng Index.","title":"Hang Seng China Enterprises Index"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"As of August 2022 there are 50 constituent stocks. [2]","title":"Constituents"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Hang Seng Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_Index"},{"title":"Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Seng_China-Affiliated_Corporations_Index"}]
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[{"reference":"國指納紅籌民企 篩走急升股 騰訊中移動熱門 分5次增權重至10%. Ming Pao (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Media Chinese International. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20170818/s00004/1502993524307","url_text":"國指納紅籌民企 篩走急升股 騰訊中移動熱門 分5次增權重至10%"}]},{"reference":"\"Hang Seng China Enterprises Index\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hsi.com.hk/static/uploads/contents/en/dl_centre/factsheets/hsceie.pdf","url_text":"\"Hang Seng China Enterprises Index\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Tour_de_France
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1997 Tour de France
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["1 Teams","2 Route and stages","3 Race overview","4 Classification leadership and minor prizes","5 Final standings","5.1 General classification","5.2 Points classification","5.3 Mountains classification","5.4 Young rider classification","5.5 Team classification","5.6 Combativity classification","6 Aftermath","7 Notes","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
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Cycling race
1997 Tour de FranceRoute of the 1997 Tour de FranceRace detailsDates5–27 July 1997Stages21 + PrologueDistance3,950 km (2,454 mi)Winning time100h 30' 35"Results
Winner
Jan Ullrich (GER)
(Team Telekom)
Second
Richard Virenque (FRA)
(Festina–Lotus)
Third
Marco Pantani (ITA)
(Mercatone Uno)
Points
Erik Zabel (GER)
(Team Telekom)
Mountains
Richard Virenque (FRA)
(Festina–Lotus)
Youth
Jan Ullrich (GER)
(Team Telekom)
Combativity
Richard Virenque (FRA)
(Festina–Lotus)
Team
Team Telekom
← 1996 1998 →
The 1997 Tour de France was the 84th edition of the Tour de France and took place from 5 to 27 July. Jan Ullrich's victory margin of 9:09 was the largest margin of victory since Laurent Fignon won the 1984 Tour de France by 10:32. Since 1997 no rider has had this convincing of a win with the closest margin to Ullrich's victory being Vincenzo Nibali winning the 2014 Tour de France with a gap of 7:39. Ullrich's simultaneous victories in both the general classification and the young riders' classification marked the first time the same rider had won both categories in the same Tour since Laurent Fignon in 1983. The points classification was won by Ullrich's teammate Erik Zabel, for the second time, and their team Team Telekom also won the team classification. The mountains classification was won by Richard Virenque for the fourth time.
Teams
For a more comprehensive list, see List of teams and cyclists in the 1997 Tour de France.
198 riders in 22 teams commenced the 1997 Tour de France. 139 riders finished. The 16 teams with the highest UCI ranking at the start of 1997 were automatically qualified. Six wildcard invitations were also given.
The teams entering the race were:
Qualified teams
Banesto
Batik–Del Monte
Casino
Cofidis
Festina–Lotus
Française des Jeux
GAN
Mapei–GB
MG Maglificio–Technogym
ONCE
Team Polti
Rabobank
Roslotto–ZG Mobili
Saeco–Estro
Team Telekom
TVM–Farm Frites
Invited teams
BigMat–Auber 93
Kelme–Costa Blanca
Lotto–Mobistar–Isoglass
Mercatone Uno
Mutuelle de Seine-et-Marne
U.S. Postal Service
Route and stages
The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,408 m (7,900 ft) at the summit of the Port d'Envalira mountain pass on stages 10 and 11.
Stage characteristics and winners
Stage
Date
Course
Distance
Type
Winner
P
5 July
Rouen
7.3 km (4.5 mi)
Individual time trial
Chris Boardman (GBR)
1
6 July
Rouen to Forges-les-Eaux
192.0 km (119.3 mi)
Flat stage
Mario Cipollini (ITA)
2
7 July
Saint-Valery-en-Caux to Vire
262.0 km (162.8 mi)
Flat stage
Mario Cipollini (ITA)
3
8 July
Vire to Plumelec
224.0 km (139.2 mi)
Flat stage
Erik Zabel (GER)
4
9 July
Plumelec to Le Puy du Fou
223.0 km (138.6 mi)
Flat stage
Nicola Minali (ITA)
5
10 July
Chantonnay to La Châtre
261.5 km (162.5 mi)
Flat stage
Cédric Vasseur (FRA)
6
11 July
Le Blanc to Marennes
217.5 km (135.1 mi)
Flat stage
Jeroen Blijlevens (NED)
7
12 July
Marennes to Bordeaux
194.0 km (120.5 mi)
Flat stage
Erik Zabel (GER)
8
13 July
Sauternes to Pau
161.5 km (100.4 mi)
Flat stage
Erik Zabel (GER)
9
14 July
Pau to Loudenvielle
182.0 km (113.1 mi)
Mountain stage
Laurent Brochard (FRA)
10
15 July
Luchon to Andorra Arcalis
252.5 km (156.9 mi)
Mountain stage
Jan Ullrich (GER)
11
16 July
Andorra Arcalis to Perpignan
192.0 km (119.3 mi)
Hilly stage
Laurent Desbiens (FRA)
17 July
Saint-Étienne
Rest day
12
18 July
Saint-Étienne
55.0 km (34.2 mi)
Individual time trial
Jan Ullrich (GER)
13
19 July
Saint-Étienne to Alpe d'Huez
203.5 km (126.4 mi)
Mountain stage
Marco Pantani (ITA)
14
20 July
Le Bourg-d'Oisans to Courchevel
148.0 km (92.0 mi)
Mountain stage
Richard Virenque (FRA)
15
21 July
Courchevel to Morzine
208.5 km (129.6 mi)
Mountain stage
Marco Pantani (ITA)
16
22 July
Morzine to Fribourg (Switzerland)
181.0 km (112.5 mi)
Hilly stage
Christophe Mengin (FRA)
17
23 July
Fribourg (Switzerland) to Colmar
218.5 km (135.8 mi)
Flat stage
Neil Stephens (AUS)
18
24 July
Colmar to Montbéliard
175.5 km (109.1 mi)
Hilly stage
Didier Rous (FRA)
19
25 July
Montbéliard to Dijon
172.0 km (106.9 mi)
Flat stage
Mario Traversoni (ITA)
20
26 July
Disneyland Paris
63.0 km (39.1 mi)
Individual time trial
Abraham Olano (ESP)
21
27 July
Disneyland Paris to Paris (Champs-Élysées)
149.5 km (92.9 mi)
Flat stage
Nicola Minali (ITA)
Total
3,950 km (2,454 mi)
Race overview
Main articles: 1997 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10 and 1997 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21
Jan Ullrich wearing the race leader's yellow jersey as the Tour passed through the Vosges mountains
The Prologue was won by Time Trial Specialist Chris Boardman giving him the Yellow Jersey for stage one with Ullrich just two seconds behind. Defending champion Bjarne Riis, who had been preparing for and seeking a repeat victory with Ullrich acting as his Super-Domestique finished outside the top 10 but was in no way concerned as he had come into the Tour in good form. The first four stages were flat stages, the first two of which were won by the infamous Italian sprinter Mario Cipollini with the third going to Erik Zabel and the fourth being won by Nicola Minali. Cipollini would wear the Yellow Jersey following the first few stages due to bonus seconds during the sprint finishes. During the 261 km stage five from Chantonnay to Le Chatre Cédric Vasseur survived a breakaway and finished nearly two and a half minutes ahead of the Peloton to claim the stage win and the Yellow Jersey, which he would hold on to until the race reached the high mountains.
Stage 6 was won by Jeroen Blijlevens in a sprint finish with Djamolidine Abdoujaparov finishing 2nd which would be his highest placing in this final TDF of his impressive career. Stages 7 and 8 followed rounding out the first week with sprint finishes, both of which were won by Erik Zabel as he bested Jaan Kirsipuu and Blijlevens in stage 7 and Minali and Blijlevens in stage 8. Zabel had donned the Green Jersey following stage 3 and would hold it all the way to Paris. Stage 9 was the first stage in the Pyrenees which included the Col d'Aspin and Col du Tourmalet as two of the five categorized climbs. Laurent Brochard won the stage with the elite group of Richard Virenque, Pantani and Ullrich finishing 0:14 behind. Surprisingly to some defending champion Riis lost nearly thirty seconds to the other contenders coming across in 8th putting him in a tie for 4th in the overall standings with Virenque at 1:43 behind Vasseur after the first major mountain stage. Spaniard Abraham Olano was in 3rd at 1:14 behind and the next closest GC favorite was Ullrich 0:14 behind him.
Stage 10 was another high mountain stage with five climbs and was won convincingly by Ullrich by 1:06 over Virenque and Pantani as Riis and Olano each lost more than three minutes. With the victory Ullrich became the first German rider to wear the maillot jaune since Klaus-Peter Thaler in the 1978 Tour de France and only 3rd overall as "Didi" Dietrich Thurau wore it for 15 days in the 1977 Tour de France. Stage 11 was an intermediate stage in which Laurent Desbiens survived to finish 0:18 ahead of the bunch together with two other riders whom he outsprinted to take the stage win. There were no major attacks by the GC riders in this stage so going into the ITT in Stage 12 Ullrich was convincingly in the lead at 2:38 over Virenque, 4:46 over Olano and 4:53 over his teammate Riis, who at this point remained confident he was still the leader of Team Telekom with Ullrich continuing to ride for him as a Super-Domestique.
The individual time trial extinguished any and all doubts who was in command of the race as Ullrich put more than three minutes into all of his competitors and teammates with 2nd place Virenque now approaching a six-minute deficit in the overall standings and Pantani, Olano and Riis each being eight minutes or more behind.
Marco Pantani climbing towards the finish of stage 13 at Alpe d'Huez
Stage 13 was Alpe d'Huez and the only rider able to drop Ullrich was Pantani who had to put in one of the fastest recorded times up Alpe d'Huez in TDF history in order to do so. Virenque finished 3rd 1:27 behind Pantani and Francesco Casagrande finished 4th on the stage while also moving to 6th place in the overall standings. Riis finished 5th, losing nearly another two minutes to Ullrich. In stage 14 Virenque made an attack to win back time on Ullrich, helped by his entire team. The margin was never more than two minutes, and Ullrich was able to get back to Virenque before the final climb. Virenque won the stage, but Ullrich finished in the same time.
In stage 15 it was the Pirate attacking and winning his second stage and while he remained more than ten minutes behind Ullrich he did jump Riis in the standings to move in the final podium position.
Ullrich remained fully in command as the race progressed and aside from suffering a major crash or failing a doping control there wasn't much chance of him losing the Tour. Stage 18 was the final mountain stage and included a rare climb up the Ballon d'Alsace, which was a popular stage early in TDF history but hadn't been included since the 1982 Tour de France and was added to the route for only the 4th time since World War II. Frenchman Didier Rous would win the stage beating the next closest breakaway riders in Pascal Hervé, Bobby Julich and Laurent Roux by more than five minutes to finish the mountain stages with there being no further changes among the general classification favorites.
The final ITT in Stage 20 was won by Olano with Ullrich taking second 0:45 back. The final stage on the Champs-Élysées was won by Nicola Minali who beat out Zabel, Blijlevens, Henk Vogel, Robbie McEwen and George Hincapie in the mass sprint finish. Afterwards on the podiums Erik Zabel was awarded the green jersey, Richard Virenque won the King of the Mountains as well as the Most Combative Rider, in 3rd place on the podium was Marco Pantani, in 2nd was Virenque and in 1st overall winning the best young rider award, as well as the yellow jersey as champion of the Tour de France was Jan Ullrich.
Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1997 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.
Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.
The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.
In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification. Richard Virenque won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Port d'Envalira on stage 10. This prize was won by Virenque for the third time, the most by any rider in Tour history.
Classification leadership by stage
Stage
Winner
General classification
Points classification
Mountains classification
Young rider classification
Team classification
Combativity
Award
Classification
P
Chris Boardman
Chris Boardman
Chris Boardman
Cyril Saugrain
Jan Ullrich
Team Telekom
no award
1
Mario Cipollini
Mario Cipollini
Mario Cipollini
Artūras Kasputis
Artūras Kasputis
Artūras Kasputis
2
Mario Cipollini
Laurent Brochard
Thierry Gouvenou
Thierry Gouvenou
3
Erik Zabel
Erik Zabel
François Simon
4
Nicola Minali
Philippe Gaumont
5
Cédric Vasseur
Cédric Vasseur
GAN
Cédric Vasseur
Cédric Vasseur
6
Jeroen Blijlevens
Pascal Lance
7
Erik Zabel
Adriano Baffi
8
Erik Zabel
Fabio Baldato
9
Laurent Brochard
Team Telekom
Pascal Hervé
10
Jan Ullrich
Jan Ullrich
Richard Virenque
Festina–Lotus
Jean-Philippe Dojwa
11
Laurent Desbiens
Philippe Gaumont
12
Jan Ullrich
Team Telekom
no award
13
Marco Pantani
Nicola Loda
14
Richard Virenque
Richard Virenque
Richard Virenque
15
Marco Pantani
Laurent Jalabert
16
Christophe Mengin
Stéphane Heulot
17
Neil Stephens
Neil Stephens
18
Didier Rous
Didier Rous
19
Mario Traversoni
Bart Voskamp
20
Abraham Olano
no award
21
Nicola Minali
Pascal Chanteur
Final
Jan Ullrich
Erik Zabel
Richard Virenque
Jan Ullrich
Team Telekom
Richard Virenque
In stage 1, Jan Ullrich wore the green jersey.
In stage 2, Tom Steels wore the green jersey.
In stage 3, Erik Zabel wore the green jersey.
Final standings
Legend
Denotes the winner of the general classification
Denotes the winner of the points classification
Denotes the winner of the mountains classification
General classification
Final general classification (1–10)
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Jan Ullrich (GER)
Team Telekom
100h 30' 35"
2
Richard Virenque (FRA)
Festina–Lotus
+ 9' 09"
3
Marco Pantani (ITA)
Mercatone Uno
+ 14' 03"
4
Abraham Olano (ESP)
Banesto
+ 15' 55"
5
Fernando Escartín (ESP)
Kelme–Costa Blanca
+ 20' 32"
6
Francesco Casagrande (ITA)
Saeco–Estro
+ 22' 47"
7
Bjarne Riis (DEN)
Team Telekom
+ 26' 34"
8
José María Jiménez (ESP)
Banesto
+ 31' 17"
9
Laurent Dufaux (SUI)
Festina–Lotus
+ 31' 55"
10
Roberto Conti (ITA)
Mercatone Uno
+ 32' 26"
Final general classification (11–139)
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
11
Beat Zberg (SUI)
Mercatone Uno
+ 35' 41"
12
Oscar Camenzind (SUI)
Mapei–GB
+ 35' 52"
13
Peter Luttenberger (AUT)
Rabobank
+ 45' 39"
14
Manuel Beltrán (ESP)
Banesto
+ 49' 34"
15
Jean-Cyril Robin (FRA)
U.S. Postal Service
+ 58' 35"
16
Michael Boogerd (NED)
Rabobank
+ 1h 00' 33"
17
Bobby Julich (USA)
Cofidis
+ 1h 01' 10"
18
Daniele Nardello (ITA)
Mapei–GB
+ 1h 01' 30"
19
Christophe Moreau (FRA)
Festina–Lotus
+ 1h 02' 48"
20
Stéphane Heulot (FRA)
Française des Jeux
+ 1h 06' 13"
21
Udo Bölts (GER)
Team Telekom
+ 1h 09' 02"
22
Hernán Buenahora (COL)
Banesto
+ 1h 13' 48"
23
Laurent Roux (FRA)
TVM–Farm Frites
+ 1h 17' 44"
24
Massimo Podenzana (ITA)
Mercatone Uno
+ 1h 20' 56"
25
Laurent Madouas (FRA)
Lotto–Mobistar–Isoglass
+ 1h 24' 58"
26
Pascal Chanteur (FRA)
Casino
+ 1h 25' 48"
27
Santiago Blanco (ESP)
Banesto
+ 1h 29' 18"
28
Thierry Bourguignon (FRA)
BigMat–Auber 93
+ 1h 29' 35"
29
Ángel Casero (ESP)
Banesto
+ 1h 35' 11"
30
Alberto Elli (ITA)
Casino
+ 1h 37' 23"
31
Laurent Brochard (FRA)
Festina–Lotus
+ 1h 39' 15"
32
François Simon (FRA)
GAN
+ 1h 40' 40"
33
Orlando Rodrigues (POR)
Banesto
+ 1h 42' 33"
34
Georg Totschnig (AUT)
Team Telekom
+ 1h 42' 49"
35
Joona Laukka (FIN)
Festina–Lotus
+ 1h 43' 05"
36
Pascal Hervé (FRA)
Festina–Lotus
+ 1h 44' 04"
37
Javier Pascual (ESP)
Banesto
+ 1h 45' 52"
38
Kevin Livingston (USA)
Cofidis
+ 1h 46' 23"
39
Peter Farazijn (BEL)
Lotto–Mobistar–Isoglass
+ 1h 47' 54"
40
Cédric Vasseur (FRA)
GAN
+ 1h 54' 02"
41
Marcello Siboni (ITA)
Mercatone Uno
+ 1h 56' 05"
42
Fabrice Gougot (FRA)
Casino
+ 1h 56' 15"
43
Laurent Jalabert (FRA)
ONCE
+ 1h 58' 32"
44
Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS)
U.S. Postal Service
+ 2h 01' 23"
45
Didier Rous (FRA)
Festina–Lotus
+ 2h 01' 46"
46
Gianluca Bortolami (ITA)
Festina–Lotus
+ 2h 03' 35"
47
Massimiliano Lelli (ITA)
Saeco–Estro
+ 2h 05' 26"
48
Christophe Mengin (FRA)
Française des Jeux
+ 2h 06' 57"
49
Peter Meinert (DEN)
U.S. Postal Service
+ 2h 07' 38"
50
Frank Vandenbroucke (BEL)
Mapei–GB
+ 2h 09' 34"
51
Rolf Aldag (GER)
Team Telekom
+ 2h 10' 36"
52
Erik Breukink (NED)
Rabobank
+ 2h 13' 44"
53
Giuseppe Guerini (ITA)
Team Polti
+ 2h 14' 21"
54
Neil Stephens (AUS)
Festina–Lotus
+ 2h 23' 40"
55
Juan José de los Ángeles (ESP)
Banesto
+ 2h 24' 12"
56
Andrea Peron (ITA)
Française des Jeux
+ 2h 24' 48"
57
Andrea Tafi (ITA)
Mapei–GB
+ 2h 25' 53"
58
Davide Rebellin (ITA)
Française des Jeux
+ 2h 29' 54"
59
Zenon Jaskuła (POL)
Mapei–GB
+ 2h 30' 15"
60
Jens Heppner (GER)
Team Telekom
+ 2h 31' 12"
61
Marino Alonso (ESP)
Banesto
+ 2h 32' 25"
62
Patrick Jonker (AUS)
Rabobank
+ 2h 33' 38"
63
Aitor Garmendia (ESP)
ONCE
+ 2h 35' 30"
64
Maarten den Bakker (NED)
TVM–Farm Frites
+ 2h 38' 30"
65
Jon Odriozola (ESP)
Batik–Del Monte
+ 2h 40' 08"
66
Erik Zabel (GER)
Team Telekom
+ 2h 41' 16"
67
Maximilian Sciandri (GBR)
Française des Jeux
+ 2h 42' 24"
68
Rolf Sørensen (DEN)
Rabobank
+ 2h 43' 47"
69
Tyler Hamilton (USA)
U.S. Postal Service
+ 2h 47' 51"
70
Íñigo Cuesta (ESP)
ONCE
+ 2h 50' 02"
71
Francisco Benitez (ESP)
Banesto
+ 2h 53' 37"
72
Daniele Sgnaolin (ITA)
Roslotto–ZG Mobili
+ 2h 54' 00"
73
Marco Zen (ITA)
Mapei–GB
+ 2h 54' 29"
74
Giorgio Furlan (ITA)
Saeco–Estro
+ 2h 56' 21"
75
José Luis Arrieta (ESP)
Banesto
+ 2h 57' 04"
76
Miguel Arroyo (MEX)
BigMat–Auber 93
+ 3h 04' 05"
77
José Angel Vidal (ESP)
Banesto
+ 3h 04' 27"
78
Jose-Roberto Sierra (ESP)
ONCE
+ 3h 04' 58"
79
Frankie Andreu (USA)
Cofidis
+ 3h 05' 00"
80
Oscar Pelliccioli (ITA)
Mercatone Uno
+ 3h 07' 09"
81
Erik Dekker (NED)
Rabobank
+ 3h 07' 17"
82
Jesper Skibby (DEN)
TVM–Farm Frites
+ 3h 07' 50"
83
Dominique Rault (FRA)
Mutuelle de Seine-et-Marne
+ 3h 09' 58"
84
Christian Henn (GER)
Team Telekom
+ 3h 10' 01"
85
Francisco Mauleón (ESP)
ONCE
+ 3h 11' 00"
86
Gianluca Valoti (ITA)
Team Polti
+ 3h 11' 57"
87
Dariusz Baranowski (POL)
U.S. Postal Service
+ 3h 12' 45"
88
Thierry Gouvenou (FRA)
BigMat–Auber 93
+ 3h 12' 52"
89
Wilfried Peeters (BEL)
Mapei–GB
+ 3h 13' 33"
90
Paul Van Hyfte (BEL)
Lotto–Mobistar–Isoglass
+ 3h 18' 11"
91
Marco Artunghi (ITA)
Mercatone Uno
+ 3h 18' 29"
92
Íñigo Chaurreau (ESP)
Team Polti
+ 3h 20' 28"
93
Artūras Kasputis (LIT)
Casino
+ 3h 22' 01"
94
Christophe Agnolutto (FRA)
Casino
+ 3h 22' 57"
95
Marco Saligari (ITA)
Casino
+ 3h 23' 36"
96
Marty Jemison (USA)
U.S. Postal Service
+ 3h 25' 21"
97
Giuseppe Tartaggia (ITA)
Batik–Del Monte
+ 3h 25' 54"
98
Bart Voskamp (NED)
TVM–Farm Frites
+ 3h 26' 27"
99
Henk Vogels jr (AUS)
GAN
+ 3h 26' 46"
100
Mario Traversoni (ITA)
Mercatone Uno
+ 3h 27' 30"
101
Laurent Genty (FRA)
BigMat–Auber 93
+ 3h 27' 56"
102
Peter Van Petegem (BEL)
TVM–Farm Frites
+ 3h 29' 20"
103
Gian Matteo Fagnini (ITA)
Saeco–Estro
+ 3h 29' 34"
104
George Hincapie (USA)
U.S. Postal Service
+ 3h 31' 08"
105
Arnaud Prétot (FRA)
GAN
+ 3h 32' 07"
106
Flavio Vanzella (ITA)
Française des Jeux
+ 3h 32' 52"
107
Servais Knaven (NED)
TVM–Farm Frites
+ 3h 34' 52"
108
Francisco Cabello (ESP)
Banesto
+ 3h 35' 42"
109
Stuart O'Grady (AUS)
GAN
+ 3h 35' 56"
110
Nicola Loda (ITA)
MG Maglificio–Technogym
+ 3h 39' 10"
111
Frédérick Guesdon (FRA)
Française des Jeux
+ 3h 41' 04"
112
Bruno Cenghialta (ITA)
Batik–Del Monte
+ 3h 41' 06"
113
Serhiy Utchakov (UKR)
Team Polti
+ 3h 42' 48"
114
Frédéric Moncassin (FRA)
GAN
+ 3h 45' 03"
115
Christophe Rinero (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 3h 45' 14"
116
Gilberto Simoni (ITA)
MG Maglificio–Technogym
+ 3h 45' 33"
117
Robbie McEwen (AUS)
Rabobank
+ 3h 45' 47"
118
Giovanni Lombardi (ITA)
Team Telekom
+ 3h 45' 59"
119
Adriano Baffi (ITA)
U.S. Postal Service
+ 3h 46' 55"
120
Luca Scinto (ITA)
MG Maglificio–Technogym
+ 3h 48' 04"
121
Marcelino García (ESP)
ONCE
+ 3h 49' 33"
122
Nicola Minali (ITA)
Batik–Del Monte
+ 3h 51' 26"
123
Mirko Crepaldi (ITA)
Team Polti
+ 3h 51' 49"
124
Lauri Aus (EST)
Casino
+ 3h 52' 31"
125
Gerrit de Vries (NED)
Team Polti
+ 3h 54' 05"
126
Jeroen Blijlevens (NED)
TVM–Farm Frites
+ 3h 54' 10"
127
Laurent Desbiens (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 3h 54' 32"
128
Tristan Hoffman (NED)
TVM–Farm Frites
+ 3h 54' 49"
129
Carlo Finco (ITA)
MG Maglificio–Technogym
+ 3h 57' 27"
130
Rossano Brasi (ITA)
Team Polti
+ 4h 02' 11"
131
Pascal Deramé (FRA)
U.S. Postal Service
+ 4h 04' 57"
132
Matteo Tosatto (ITA)
MG Maglificio–Technogym
+ 4h 06' 05"
133
Gianluca Pierobon (ITA)
Batik–Del Monte
+ 4h 06' 53"
134
Eros Poli (ITA)
GAN
+ 4h 11' 22"
135
Nicolas Jalabert (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 4h 11' 31"
136
Torsten Schmidt (GER)
Roslotto–ZG Mobili
+ 4h 15' 48"
137
Philipp Buschor (SUI)
Saeco–Estro
+ 4h 17' 35"
138
Stéphane Cueff (FRA)
Mutuelle de Seine-et-Marne
+ 4h 18' 18"
139
Philippe Gaumont (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 4h 26' 09"
Points classification
Final points classification (1–10)
Rank
Rider
Team
Points
1
Erik Zabel (GER)
Team Telekom
350
2
Frédéric Moncassin (FRA)
GAN
223
3
Mario Traversoni (ITA)
Mercatone Uno
198
4
Jeroen Blijlevens (NED)
TVM–Farm Frites
192
5
Nicola Minali (ITA)
Batik–Del Monte
156
6
Jan Ullrich (GER)
Team Telekom
154
7
Robbie McEwen (AUS)
Rabobank
151
8
Richard Virenque (FRA)
Festina–Lotus
151
9
François Simon (FRA)
GAN
145
10
Adriano Baffi (ITA)
U.S. Postal Service
131
Mountains classification
Final mountains classification (1–10)
Rank
Rider
Team
Points
1
Richard Virenque (FRA)
Festina–Lotus
579
2
Jan Ullrich (GER)
Team Telekom
328
3
Francesco Casagrande (ITA)
Saeco–Estro
309
4
Marco Pantani (ITA)
Mercatone Uno
269
5
Laurent Brochard (FRA)
Festina–Lotus
241
6
Laurent Dufaux (SWI)
Festina–Lotus
212
7
Pascal Hervé (FRA)
Festina–Lotus
176
8
Fernando Escartín (ESP)
Kelme–Costa Blanca
141
9
Bjarne Riis (DEN)
Team Telekom
139
10
José María Jiménez (ESP)
Banesto
136
Young rider classification
Final young rider classification (1–10)
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Jan Ullrich (GER)
Team Telekom
100h 30' 35"
2
Peter Luttenberger (AUT)
Rabobank
+ 45' 39"
3
Michael Boogerd (NED)
Rabobank
+ 1h 00' 33"
4
Daniele Nardello (ITA)
Mapei–GB
+ 1h 01' 30"
5
Laurent Roux (FRA)
TVM–Farm Frites
+ 1h 17' 44"
6
Santiago Blanco (ESP)
Banesto
+ 1h 29' 18"
7
Ángel Luis Casero (ESP)
Banesto
+ 1h 35' 11"
8
Joona Laukka (FIN)
Festina–Lotus
+ 1h 43' 05"
9
Kevin Livingston (USA)
Cofidis
+ 1h 46' 23
10
Frank Vandenbroucke (BEL)
Mapei–GB
+ 2h 09' 34
Team classification
Final team classification (1–10)
Rank
Team
Time
1
Team Telekom
310h 51' 30"
2
Mercatone Uno
+ 31' 56"
3
Festina–Lotus
+ 47' 52"
4
Banesto
+ 1h 05' 15"
5
Kelme–Costa Blanca
+ 2h 20' 22"
6
Mapei–GB
+ 2h 28' 14"
7
Rabobank
+ 2h 40' 30"
8
Saeco–Estro
+ 4h 06' 13"
9
Française des Jeux
+ 4h 15' 59"
10
U.S. Postal Service
+ 4h26' 19"
Combativity classification
Final combativity classification (1–3)
Rank
Rider
Team
Points
1
Richard Virenque (FRA)
Festina–Lotus
54
2
Cédric Vasseur (FRA)
GAN
35
3
Marco Pantani (ITA)
Mercatone Uno
34
Aftermath
After Ullrich's domination of the 1997 Tour de France at his young age, it was believed that Ullrich would dominate the Tour de France for the next years. However, Ullrich would never win the Tour again, although he did reach the podium four more times finishing second to Pantani in 1998 and standing 2nd on the podium to Lance Armstrong three times. He also reached the podium in the 2005 Tour de France, but that result was later voided. Ullrich would win another Grand Tour however, the 1999 Vuelta a España.
Notes
^ A white jersey was not awarded to the leader of the young rider classification between 1989 and 1999.
References
^ Augendre, Jacques (2009). Guide Historique, Part 6 (PDF) (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation. p. 115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
^ a b c "84ème Tour de France 1997" . Mémoire du cyclisme (in French). Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ "Second Edition News for December 12, 1996, UCI Team Rankings -- Prospects for 1997". Cyclingnews. 12 December 1997. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Startt, James (18 June 1997). "News for June 18, 1997: Final Tour Team list". Cyclingnews. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Startt, James (17 June 1997). "Reaction to the Wild Cards". Cyclingnews (Second ed.). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1997 – The starters". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
^ a b Augendre 2016, p. 185.
^ "84ème Tour de France 1997" . Mémoire du cyclisme (in French). Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1997 – The stage winners". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
^ Augendre 2016, p. 110.
^ a b "The history of the Tour de France, Year 1997: Ullrich admitted doping". Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
^ "1997 Tour de France". Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
^ Tim Maloney (21 July 2004). "Armstrong dominates on l'Alpe d'Huez". www.cyclingnews.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
^ "Ullrich withstands Virenque". Deseret News. 21 July 1997. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
^ "Col du Ballon d'Alsace by BikeRaceInfo". Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
^ "1997 Tour de France". Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–455.
^ a b c d e f g h "Tour 97: Règlement" . Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 12 July 1997. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–453.
^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 453–454.
^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 454.
^ a b Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 454–455.
^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 455.
^ van den Akker 2018, pp. 211–216.
^ Augendre 2016, p. 88.
^ Fischer, Jürgen (16 July 1997). "Riis zeigt Schwächen, Jan Ullrich hält sich zurück" . Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
^ van den Akker 2018, p. 199.
^ "Tour de France 1997 – Leaders overview". ProCyclingStats. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
^ van den Akker, Pieter. "Informatie over de Tour de France van 1997" . TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
^ a b c d e "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1997 – Stage 21 Disneyland-Paris > Paris". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
^ a b "Tour de France 1997 - Stage 21, Disneyland (Paris) to Champs Elysses (Paris), 149.5 km". Cyclingnews. 1997. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
^ "Jan Ullrich, une premiere pour changer d'ere l'homme mur de Berlin s'est erige a Paris Abraham Olano sauve son Tour de Justesse" . Le Soir (in French). 28 July 1997. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
^ Abt, Samuel (28 July 1997). "A New Dynasty Begins at the Tour de France". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Bibliography
Augendre, Jacques (2016). "Guide historique" (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-300-2.
van den Akker, Pieter (2018). Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018. Self-published. ISBN 978-1-79398-080-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tour de France 1997.
Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 7 August 1997)
1997 Tour de France at Cyclingnews.com
vte1997 Tour de France « 1996 1998 »
Teams and cyclists
Prologue–Stage 10
Stage 11–21
vteTour de FranceBy yearmen
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
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1910
1911
1912
1913
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1915
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1917
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1920
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1922
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1926
1927
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1962
1963
1964
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2002
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2008
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2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
By yearwomen
2022
2023
2024
Classifications("Jerseys")Current
General(maillot jaune)
Points(maillot vert)
Mountains(maillot à pois)
Young rider(maillot blanc)
Team(classement d'équipes)
Combativity(prix de combativité)
Former
Combination (maillot du combiné)
Intermediate sprints (maillot rouge)
DirectorsMen's
1903–1935: Henri Desgrange
1936–1961: Jacques Goddet
1962–1986: Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan
1987: Jean-François Naquet-Radiguet
1988: Xavier Louy
1989–2006: Jean-Marie Leblanc
2007–present: Christian Prudhomme
Women's
2022–present: Marion Rousse
Finish locations
1903–1967: Parc des Princes
1968–1974: Vélodrome de Vincennes
1975–2023: Champs-Élysées
final stage
2024: Promenade des Anglais
Lists
General classification winners
Secondary classification winners
Grands Départs
Records and statistics
Mountain passes and hills
Highest points reached
Additional topics
During World War II
Yellow jersey statistics
Lanterne rouge
Doping
Hors catégorie
Souvenir Jacques Goddet
Souvenir Henri Desgrange
Related articles
Émilien Amaury
Amaury Sport Organisation
Pierre Dumas
Géo Lefèvre
Didi Senft
La Course by Le Tour de France
L'Étape du Tour
Grand Tour
Grande Boucle Féminine Internationale
Tour de France Femmes
Authority control databases: National
Germany
|
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Jan Ullrich's victory margin of 9:09 was the largest margin of victory since Laurent Fignon won the 1984 Tour de France by 10:32.[1] Since 1997 no rider has had this convincing of a win with the closest margin to Ullrich's victory being Vincenzo Nibali winning the 2014 Tour de France with a gap of 7:39. Ullrich's simultaneous victories in both the general classification and the young riders' classification marked the first time the same rider had won both categories in the same Tour since Laurent Fignon in 1983. The points classification was won by Ullrich's teammate Erik Zabel, for the second time, and their team Team Telekom also won the team classification. The mountains classification was won by Richard Virenque for the fourth time.","title":"1997 Tour de France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of teams and cyclists in the 1997 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_teams_and_cyclists_in_the_1997_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdc1997-2"},{"link_name":"UCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-selproc-3"},{"link_name":"wildcard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_card_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wildcards-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letour-start-list-6"},{"link_name":"Banesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Batik–Del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewiss%E2%80%93Ballan"},{"link_name":"Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Cofidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofidis_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Festina–Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festina_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Française des Jeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"GAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Mapei–GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapei_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"MG Maglificio–Technogym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Maglificio_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"ONCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONCE_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Polti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Polti"},{"link_name":"Rabobank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Roslotto–ZG Mobili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio%E2%80%93Bianchi"},{"link_name":"Saeco–Estro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeco_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%E2%80%93Highroad"},{"link_name":"TVM–Farm Frites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"BigMat–Auber 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michel%E2%80%93Mavic%E2%80%93Auber93_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Kelme–Costa Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelme_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Mobistar–Isoglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Mercatone Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercatone_Uno%E2%80%93Scanavino"},{"link_name":"Mutuelle de Seine-et-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuelle_de_Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"U.S. Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service_Pro_Cycling_Team"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of teams and cyclists in the 1997 Tour de France.198 riders in 22 teams commenced the 1997 Tour de France. 139 riders finished.[2] The 16 teams with the highest UCI ranking at the start of 1997 were automatically qualified.[3] Six wildcard invitations were also given.[4][5]The teams entering the race were:[6]Qualified teamsBanesto\nBatik–Del Monte\nCasino\nCofidis\nFestina–Lotus\nFrançaise des Jeux\nGAN\nMapei–GB\nMG Maglificio–Technogym\nONCE\nTeam Polti\nRabobank\nRoslotto–ZG Mobili\nSaeco–Estro\nTeam Telekom\nTVM–Farm FritesInvited teamsBigMat–Auber 93\nKelme–Costa Blanca\nLotto–Mobistar–Isoglass\nMercatone Uno\nMutuelle de Seine-et-Marne\nU.S. Postal Service","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"highest point of elevation in the race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_points_reached_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Port d'Envalira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_d%27Envalira"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugendre2016185-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,408 m (7,900 ft) at the summit of the Port d'Envalira mountain pass on stages 10 and 11.[7][8]","title":"Route and stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Ullrich_and_Udo_B%C3%B6lts,_1997.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Ullrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ullrich"},{"link_name":"yellow jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Vosges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges"},{"link_name":"Chris Boardman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Boardman"},{"link_name":"Bjarne Riis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarne_Riis"},{"link_name":"Mario Cipollini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Cipollini"},{"link_name":"Erik Zabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Zabel"},{"link_name":"Nicola Minali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Minali"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letour.fr-11"},{"link_name":"Cédric Vasseur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Vasseur"},{"link_name":"Jeroen Blijlevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_Blijlevens"},{"link_name":"Djamolidine Abdoujaparov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djamolidine_Abdoujaparov"},{"link_name":"Jaan Kirsipuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaan_Kirsipuu"},{"link_name":"Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"Col du Tourmalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_du_Tourmalet"},{"link_name":"Laurent Brochard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Brochard"},{"link_name":"Richard Virenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Virenque"},{"link_name":"Abraham Olano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Olano"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"maillot jaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maillot_jaune"},{"link_name":"Klaus-Peter Thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus-Peter_Thaler"},{"link_name":"1978 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Dietrich Thurau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Thurau"},{"link_name":"1977 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letour.fr-11"},{"link_name":"Laurent Desbiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Desbiens"},{"link_name":"Domestique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marco_Pantani,_1997.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marco Pantani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pantani"},{"link_name":"Alpe d'Huez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe_d%27Huez"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEWS-13"},{"link_name":"Francesco Casagrande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Casagrande"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ballon d'Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballon_d%27Alsace"},{"link_name":"1982 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Didier Rous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Rous"},{"link_name":"Pascal Hervé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Herv%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bobby Julich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Julich"},{"link_name":"Laurent Roux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Roux"},{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Champs-Élysées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Robbie McEwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_McEwen"},{"link_name":"George Hincapie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hincapie"},{"link_name":"Erik Zabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Zabel"},{"link_name":"Richard Virenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Virenque"},{"link_name":"King of the Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Marco Pantani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pantani"},{"link_name":"Jan Ullrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ullrich"}],"text":"Jan Ullrich wearing the race leader's yellow jersey as the Tour passed through the Vosges mountainsThe Prologue was won by Time Trial Specialist Chris Boardman giving him the Yellow Jersey for stage one with Ullrich just two seconds behind. Defending champion Bjarne Riis, who had been preparing for and seeking a repeat victory with Ullrich acting as his Super-Domestique finished outside the top 10 but was in no way concerned as he had come into the Tour in good form. The first four stages were flat stages, the first two of which were won by the infamous Italian sprinter Mario Cipollini with the third going to Erik Zabel and the fourth being won by Nicola Minali. Cipollini would wear the Yellow Jersey following the first few stages due to bonus seconds during the sprint finishes.[11] During the 261 km stage five from Chantonnay to Le Chatre Cédric Vasseur survived a breakaway and finished nearly two and a half minutes ahead of the Peloton to claim the stage win and the Yellow Jersey, which he would hold on to until the race reached the high mountains.Stage 6 was won by Jeroen Blijlevens in a sprint finish with Djamolidine Abdoujaparov finishing 2nd which would be his highest placing in this final TDF of his impressive career. Stages 7 and 8 followed rounding out the first week with sprint finishes, both of which were won by Erik Zabel as he bested Jaan Kirsipuu and Blijlevens in stage 7 and Minali and Blijlevens in stage 8. Zabel had donned the Green Jersey following stage 3 and would hold it all the way to Paris. Stage 9 was the first stage in the Pyrenees which included the Col d'Aspin and Col du Tourmalet as two of the five categorized climbs. Laurent Brochard won the stage with the elite group of Richard Virenque, Pantani and Ullrich finishing 0:14 behind. Surprisingly to some defending champion Riis lost nearly thirty seconds to the other contenders coming across in 8th putting him in a tie for 4th in the overall standings with Virenque at 1:43 behind Vasseur after the first major mountain stage. Spaniard Abraham Olano was in 3rd at 1:14 behind and the next closest GC favorite was Ullrich 0:14 behind him.[12]Stage 10 was another high mountain stage with five climbs and was won convincingly by Ullrich by 1:06 over Virenque and Pantani as Riis and Olano each lost more than three minutes. With the victory Ullrich became the first German rider to wear the maillot jaune since Klaus-Peter Thaler in the 1978 Tour de France and only 3rd overall as \"Didi\" Dietrich Thurau wore it for 15 days in the 1977 Tour de France.[11] Stage 11 was an intermediate stage in which Laurent Desbiens survived to finish 0:18 ahead of the bunch together with two other riders whom he outsprinted to take the stage win. There were no major attacks by the GC riders in this stage so going into the ITT in Stage 12 Ullrich was convincingly in the lead at 2:38 over Virenque, 4:46 over Olano and 4:53 over his teammate Riis, who at this point remained confident he was still the leader of Team Telekom with Ullrich continuing to ride for him as a Super-Domestique.The individual time trial extinguished any and all doubts who was in command of the race as Ullrich put more than three minutes into all of his competitors and teammates with 2nd place Virenque now approaching a six-minute deficit in the overall standings and Pantani, Olano and Riis each being eight minutes or more behind.Marco Pantani climbing towards the finish of stage 13 at Alpe d'HuezStage 13 was Alpe d'Huez and the only rider able to drop Ullrich was Pantani who had to put in one of the fastest recorded times up Alpe d'Huez in TDF history in order to do so.[13] Virenque finished 3rd 1:27 behind Pantani and Francesco Casagrande finished 4th on the stage while also moving to 6th place in the overall standings. Riis finished 5th, losing nearly another two minutes to Ullrich. In stage 14 Virenque made an attack to win back time on Ullrich, helped by his entire team. The margin was never more than two minutes, and Ullrich was able to get back to Virenque before the final climb. Virenque won the stage, but Ullrich finished in the same time.[14]\nIn stage 15 it was the Pirate attacking and winning his second stage and while he remained more than ten minutes behind Ullrich he did jump Riis in the standings to move in the final podium position.Ullrich remained fully in command as the race progressed and aside from suffering a major crash or failing a doping control there wasn't much chance of him losing the Tour. Stage 18 was the final mountain stage and included a rare climb up the Ballon d'Alsace, which was a popular stage early in TDF history but hadn't been included since the 1982 Tour de France and was added to the route for only the 4th time since World War II.[15] Frenchman Didier Rous would win the stage beating the next closest breakaway riders in Pascal Hervé, Bobby Julich and Laurent Roux by more than five minutes to finish the mountain stages with there being no further changes among the general classification favorites.[16]The final ITT in Stage 20 was won by Olano with Ullrich taking second 0:45 back. The final stage on the Champs-Élysées was won by Nicola Minali who beat out Zabel, Blijlevens, Henk Vogel, Robbie McEwen and George Hincapie in the mass sprint finish. Afterwards on the podiums Erik Zabel was awarded the green jersey, Richard Virenque won the King of the Mountains as well as the Most Combative Rider, in 3rd place on the podium was Marco Pantani, in 2nd was Virenque and in 1st overall winning the best young rider award, as well as the yellow jersey as champion of the Tour de France was Jan Ullrich.","title":"Race overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012452%E2%80%93455-17"},{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-le-tour-regulations-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012452%E2%80%93453-19"},{"link_name":"points classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-le-tour-regulations-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012453%E2%80%93454-20"},{"link_name":"mountains classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"hors catégorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors_cat%C3%A9gorie"},{"link_name":"polka dots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polka_dot"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-le-tour-regulations-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012454-21"},{"link_name":"young rider classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_rider_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-le-tour-regulations-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012454%E2%80%93455-22"},{"link_name":"team classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-le-tour-regulations-18"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012455-23"},{"link_name":"combativity award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combativity_award_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"mass-start","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_start"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Akker2018211%E2%80%93216-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugendre201688-25"},{"link_name":"Souvenir Henri Desgrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvenir_Henri_Desgrange"},{"link_name":"Henri Desgrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Desgrange"},{"link_name":"Port d'Envalira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_d%27Envalira"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugendre2016185-7"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Akker2018199-27"},{"link_name":"Jan Ullrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ullrich"},{"link_name":"Tom Steels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Steels"},{"link_name":"Erik Zabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Zabel"}],"text":"There were several classifications in the 1997 Tour de France.[17] The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[18][19]Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[18][20]There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.[18][21]The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.[18][22]For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.[18][23]In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification.[24] Richard Virenque won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award.[25] The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Port d'Envalira on stage 10. This prize was won by Virenque for the third time, the most by any rider in Tour history.[26][7][27]In stage 1, Jan Ullrich wore the green jersey.\nIn stage 2, Tom Steels wore the green jersey.\nIn stage 3, Erik Zabel wore the green jersey.","title":"Classification leadership and minor prizes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Tour_de_France&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letour-class-final-31"},{"link_name":"Erik Zabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Zabel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Team Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%E2%80%93Highroad"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Moncassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Moncassin"},{"link_name":"GAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Mario Traversoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Traversoni"},{"link_name":"Mercatone Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercatone_Uno%E2%80%93Scanavino"},{"link_name":"Jeroen Blijlevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_Blijlevens"},{"link_name":"TVM–Farm Frites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Nicola Minali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Minali"},{"link_name":"Batik–Del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik%E2%80%93Del_Monte"},{"link_name":"Jan Ullrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ullrich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Team Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%E2%80%93Highroad"},{"link_name":"Robbie McEwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_McEwen"},{"link_name":"Rabobank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Richard Virenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Virenque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Festina–Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festina_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"François Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Simon_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"GAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Adriano Baffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Baffi"},{"link_name":"U.S. Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service_Pro_Cycling_Team"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Tour_de_France&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letour-class-final-31"},{"link_name":"Richard Virenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Virenque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Festina–Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festina_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Jan Ullrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ullrich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Team Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%E2%80%93Highroad"},{"link_name":"Francesco Casagrande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Casagrande"},{"link_name":"Saeco–Estro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeco_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Marco Pantani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pantani"},{"link_name":"Mercatone Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercatone_Uno%E2%80%93Scanavino"},{"link_name":"Laurent Brochard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Brochard"},{"link_name":"Festina–Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festina_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Laurent Dufaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Dufaux"},{"link_name":"Festina–Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festina_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Pascal Hervé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Herv%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Festina–Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festina_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Fernando Escartín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Escart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Kelme–Costa Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelme_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Bjarne Riis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarne_Riis"},{"link_name":"Team Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%E2%80%93Highroad"},{"link_name":"José María Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Jim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"Banesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Tour_de_France&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letour-class-final-31"},{"link_name":"Jan Ullrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ullrich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Team Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%E2%80%93Highroad"},{"link_name":"Peter Luttenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Luttenberger"},{"link_name":"Rabobank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Michael Boogerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Boogerd"},{"link_name":"Rabobank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Daniele Nardello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Nardello"},{"link_name":"Mapei–GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapei_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Laurent Roux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Roux"},{"link_name":"TVM–Farm Frites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVM_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Santiago Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Banesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Ángel Luis Casero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Luis_Casero"},{"link_name":"Banesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Joona Laukka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joona_Laukka"},{"link_name":"Festina–Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festina_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Cofidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofidis_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Frank Vandenbroucke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Vandenbroucke_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Mapei–GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapei_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Tour_de_France&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdc1997-2"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cn-32"},{"link_name":"Team Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%E2%80%93Highroad"},{"link_name":"Mercatone Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercatone_Uno%E2%80%93Scanavino"},{"link_name":"Festina–Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festina_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Banesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Kelme–Costa Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelme_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Mapei–GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapei_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Rabobank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Saeco–Estro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeco_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Française des Jeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"U.S. Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service_Pro_Cycling_Team"}],"sub_title":"General classification","text":"Points classification[edit]\n\nFinal points classification (1–10)[30]\n\n\nRank\nRider\nTeam\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Erik Zabel (GER) \nTeam Telekom\n350\n\n\n2\n\n Frédéric Moncassin (FRA)\nGAN\n223\n\n\n3\n\n Mario Traversoni (ITA)\nMercatone Uno\n198\n\n\n4\n\n Jeroen Blijlevens (NED)\nTVM–Farm Frites\n192\n\n\n5\n\n Nicola Minali (ITA)\nBatik–Del Monte\n156\n\n\n6\n\n Jan Ullrich (GER) \nTeam Telekom\n154\n\n\n7\n\n Robbie McEwen (AUS)\nRabobank\n151\n\n\n8\n\n Richard Virenque (FRA) \nFestina–Lotus\n151\n\n\n9\n\n François Simon (FRA)\nGAN\n145\n\n\n10\n\n Adriano Baffi (ITA)\nU.S. Postal Service\n131\n\n\nMountains classification[edit]\n\nFinal mountains classification (1–10)[30]\n\n\nRank\nRider\nTeam\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Richard Virenque (FRA) \nFestina–Lotus\n579\n\n\n2\n\n Jan Ullrich (GER) \nTeam Telekom\n328\n\n\n3\n\n Francesco Casagrande (ITA)\nSaeco–Estro\n309\n\n\n4\n\n Marco Pantani (ITA)\nMercatone Uno\n269\n\n\n5\n\n Laurent Brochard (FRA)\nFestina–Lotus\n241\n\n\n6\n\n Laurent Dufaux (SWI)\nFestina–Lotus\n212\n\n\n7\n\n Pascal Hervé (FRA)\nFestina–Lotus\n176\n\n\n8\n\n Fernando Escartín (ESP)\nKelme–Costa Blanca\n141\n\n\n9\n\n Bjarne Riis (DEN)\nTeam Telekom\n139\n\n\n10\n\n José María Jiménez (ESP)\nBanesto\n136Young rider classification[edit]\n\nFinal young rider classification (1–10)[30]\n\n\nRank\nRider\nTeam\nTime\n\n\n1\n\n Jan Ullrich (GER) \nTeam Telekom\n100h 30' 35\"\n\n\n2\n\n Peter Luttenberger (AUT)\nRabobank\n+ 45' 39\"\n\n\n3\n\n Michael Boogerd (NED)\nRabobank\n+ 1h 00' 33\"\n\n\n4\n\n Daniele Nardello (ITA)\nMapei–GB\n+ 1h 01' 30\"\n\n\n5\n\n Laurent Roux (FRA)\nTVM–Farm Frites\n+ 1h 17' 44\"\n\n\n6\n\n Santiago Blanco (ESP)\nBanesto\n+ 1h 29' 18\"\n\n\n7\n\n Ángel Luis Casero (ESP)\nBanesto\n+ 1h 35' 11\"\n\n\n8\n\n Joona Laukka (FIN)\nFestina–Lotus\n+ 1h 43' 05\"\n\n\n9\n\n Kevin Livingston (USA)\nCofidis\n+ 1h 46' 23\n\n\n10\n\n Frank Vandenbroucke (BEL)\nMapei–GB\n+ 2h 09' 34\n\n\nTeam classification[edit]\n\nFinal team classification (1–10)[2][31]\n\n\nRank\nTeam\nTime\n\n\n1\n\nTeam Telekom\n310h 51' 30\"\n\n\n2\n\nMercatone Uno\n+ 31' 56\"\n\n\n3\n\nFestina–Lotus\n+ 47' 52\"\n\n\n4\n\nBanesto\n+ 1h 05' 15\"\n\n\n5\n\nKelme–Costa Blanca\n+ 2h 20' 22\"\n\n\n6\n\nMapei–GB\n+ 2h 28' 14\"\n\n\n7\n\nRabobank\n+ 2h 40' 30\"\n\n\n8\n\nSaeco–Estro\n+ 4h 06' 13\"\n\n\n9\n\nFrançaise des Jeux\n+ 4h 15' 59\"\n\n\n10\n\nU.S. Postal Service\n+ 4h26' 19\"","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Combativity classification","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Lance Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"2005 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"1999 Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"}],"text":"After Ullrich's domination of the 1997 Tour de France at his young age, it was believed that Ullrich would dominate the Tour de France for the next years.[33] However, Ullrich would never win the Tour again, although he did reach the podium four more times finishing second to Pantani in 1998 and standing 2nd on the podium to Lance Armstrong three times. He also reached the podium in the 2005 Tour de France, but that result was later voided. Ullrich would win another Grand Tour however, the 1999 Vuelta a España.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-white-jersey_30-0"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012454%E2%80%93455-22"}],"text":"^ A white jersey was not awarded to the leader of the young rider classification between 1989 and 1999.[22]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augendre, Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Augendre"},{"link_name":"\"Guide historique\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf"},{"link_name":"Amaury Sport Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf"},{"link_name":"Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59884-300-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-300-2"},{"link_name":"Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=09sxwQEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-79398-080-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-79398-080-9"}],"text":"Augendre, Jacques (2016). \"Guide historique\" [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.\nNauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-300-2.\nvan den Akker, Pieter (2018). Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018. Self-published. ISBN 978-1-79398-080-9.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Jan Ullrich wearing the race leader's yellow jersey as the Tour passed through the Vosges mountains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jan_Ullrich_and_Udo_B%C3%B6lts%2C_1997.jpg/220px-Jan_Ullrich_and_Udo_B%C3%B6lts%2C_1997.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marco Pantani climbing towards the finish of stage 13 at Alpe d'Huez","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Marco_Pantani%2C_1997.jpg/220px-Marco_Pantani%2C_1997.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Augendre, Jacques (2009). Guide Historique, Part 6 (PDF) (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation. p. 115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Augendre","url_text":"Augendre, Jacques"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090711021351/http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/COURSE/docs/histo2009_06.pdf","url_text":"Guide Historique, Part 6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation","url_text":"Amaury Sport Organisation"},{"url":"http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/COURSE/docs/histo2009_06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"84ème Tour de France 1997\" [84th Tour de France 1997]. Mémoire du cyclisme (in French). Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://memoire-du-cyclisme.eu/eta_tdf/tdf1997.php","url_text":"\"84ème Tour de France 1997\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191219010501/http://memoire-du-cyclisme.eu/eta_tdf/tdf1997.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Second Edition News for December 12, 1996, UCI Team Rankings -- Prospects for 1997\". Cyclingnews. 12 December 1997. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/dec96/uciteams.html","url_text":"\"Second Edition News for December 12, 1996, UCI Team Rankings -- Prospects for 1997\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130620190214/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/dec96/uciteams.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Startt, James (18 June 1997). \"News for June 18, 1997: Final Tour Team list\". Cyclingnews. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jun97/jun18.html","url_text":"\"News for June 18, 1997: Final Tour Team list\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221914/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jun97/jun18.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Startt, James (17 June 1997). \"Reaction to the Wild Cards\". Cyclingnews (Second ed.). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jun97/jun18a.html","url_text":"\"Reaction to the Wild Cards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191438/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jun97/jun18a.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1997 – The starters\". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1997/partants.html","url_text":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1997 – The starters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation","url_text":"Amaury Sport Organisation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200403111437/http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1997/partants.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"84ème Tour de France 1997\" [84th Tour de France 1997]. Mémoire du cyclisme (in French). Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://memoire-du-cyclisme.eu/eta_tdf/tdf1997.php","url_text":"\"84ème Tour de France 1997\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191219010501/http://memoire-du-cyclisme.eu/eta_tdf/tdf1997.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1997 – The stage winners\". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1997/vainqueurs.html","url_text":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1997 – The stage winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation","url_text":"Amaury Sport Organisation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200403012335/http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1997/vainqueurs.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The history of the Tour de France, Year 1997: Ullrich admitted doping\". Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004152/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1997/histoire.html","url_text":"\"The history of the Tour de France, Year 1997: Ullrich admitted doping\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation","url_text":"Amaury Sport Organisation"},{"url":"http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1997/histoire.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1997 Tour de France\". Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf1997.html","url_text":"\"1997 Tour de France\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190515095852/https://www.bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf1997.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tim Maloney (21 July 2004). \"Armstrong dominates on l'Alpe d'Huez\". www.cyclingnews.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/tour04/?id=results/stage16","url_text":"\"Armstrong dominates on l'Alpe d'Huez\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090620014443/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/tour04/?id=results%2Fstage16","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ullrich withstands Virenque\". Deseret News. 21 July 1997. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/573726/Ullrich-withstands-Virenque.html","url_text":"\"Ullrich withstands Virenque\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231036/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/573726/Ullrich-withstands-Virenque.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Col du Ballon d'Alsace by BikeRaceInfo\". Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bikeraceinfo.com/kom/europe/kom-france-ballon-d-alsace.html","url_text":"\"Col du Ballon d'Alsace by BikeRaceInfo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190624143710/http://bikeraceinfo.com/kom/europe/kom-france-ballon-d-alsace.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1997 Tour de France\". Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf1997.html","url_text":"\"1997 Tour de France\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190515095852/https://www.bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf1997.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour 97: Règlement\" [Tour 97: Regulations]. Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 12 July 1997. Retrieved 17 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970712000738/http://www.letour.fr/tour97us/reglement.html","url_text":"\"Tour 97: Règlement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France","url_text":"Tour de France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation","url_text":"Amaury Sport Organisation"},{"url":"http://www.letour.fr/tour97us/reglement.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Jürgen (16 July 1997). \"Riis zeigt Schwächen, Jan Ullrich hält sich zurück\" [Riis shows weaknesses, Jan Ullrich holds back]. Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article639765/Riis-zeigt-Schwaechen-Jan-Ullrich-haelt-sich-zurueck.html","url_text":"\"Riis zeigt Schwächen, Jan Ullrich hält sich zurück\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt","url_text":"Die Welt"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501174303/https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article639765/Riis-zeigt-Schwaechen-Jan-Ullrich-haelt-sich-zurueck.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de France 1997 – Leaders overview\". ProCyclingStats. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/tour-de-france/1997/gc/stages/leaders-overview","url_text":"\"Tour de France 1997 – Leaders overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190216224418/https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/tour-de-france/1997/gc/stages/leaders-overview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"van den Akker, Pieter. \"Informatie over de Tour de France van 1997\" [Information about the Tour de France from 1997]. TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1997","url_text":"\"Informatie over de Tour de France van 1997\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190302052629/http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1997","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1997 – Stage 21 Disneyland-Paris > Paris\". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200402222326/http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1997/2100/etape.html","url_text":"\"The history of the Tour de France – Year 1997 – Stage 21 Disneyland-Paris > Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation","url_text":"Amaury Sport Organisation"},{"url":"http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1997/2100/etape.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de France 1997 - Stage 21, Disneyland (Paris) to Champs Elysses (Paris), 149.5 km\". Cyclingnews. 1997. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/tour97/stage21.html","url_text":"\"Tour de France 1997 - Stage 21, Disneyland (Paris) to Champs Elysses (Paris), 149.5 km\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724020249/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/tour97/stage21.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jan Ullrich, une premiere pour changer d'ere l'homme mur de Berlin s'est erige a Paris Abraham Olano sauve son Tour de Justesse\" [Jan Ullrich, a first to change the era of the Berlin wall man built in Paris Abraham Olano rescues his Tower of Justice]. Le Soir (in French). 28 July 1997. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesoir.be/art/jan-ullrich-une-premiere-pour-changer-d-ere-l-homme-mur_t-19970728-Z0E0WG.html","url_text":"\"Jan Ullrich, une premiere pour changer d'ere l'homme mur de Berlin s'est erige a Paris Abraham Olano sauve son Tour de Justesse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Soir","url_text":"Le Soir"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191008174908/https://www.lesoir.be/art/jan-ullrich-une-premiere-pour-changer-d-ere-l-homme-mur_t-19970728-Z0E0WG.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abt, Samuel (28 July 1997). \"A New Dynasty Begins at the Tour de France\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/28/sports/a-new-dynasty-begins-at-the-tour-de-france.html","url_text":"\"A New Dynasty Begins at the Tour de France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219193405/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/28/sports/a-new-dynasty-begins-at-the-tour-de-france.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Augendre, Jacques (2016). \"Guide historique\" [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Augendre","url_text":"Augendre, Jacques"},{"url":"http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf","url_text":"\"Guide historique\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation","url_text":"Amaury Sport Organisation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-300-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC","url_text":"Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-300-2","url_text":"978-1-59884-300-2"}]},{"reference":"van den Akker, Pieter (2018). Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018. Self-published. ISBN 978-1-79398-080-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=09sxwQEACAAJ","url_text":"Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-79398-080-9","url_text":"978-1-79398-080-9"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Dog!
|
Bad Dog!
|
["1 History","2 Episodes","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Animal Planet series of candid videos of pets misbehaving
For other uses, see Bad Dog (disambiguation).
Bad Dog! is an Animal Planet series that showcases viral caught on video moments of dogs behaving terribly and doing things they're not supposed to be doing. Bad Dog! started as a pilot episode on August 28, 2010 then it became a full series a year later in September 2011.
History
Bad Dog! started as a television pilot episode on August 28, 2010. The show became a series in 2011 and aired on the Animal Planet channel. The press release called the show a, "...hilarious hour of television documenting just how far pets can push their owners and still get unconditional love." The show debuted in 2011 and the first episode was titled, Bad to the Bone.
Episodes
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedPilot1August 28, 2010 (2010-08-28)15September 10, 2011 (2011-09-10)October 8, 2011 (2011-10-08)26June 30, 2012 (2012-06-30)August 4, 2012 (2012-08-04)38July 12, 2014 (2014-07-12)August 23, 2014 (2014-08-23)
Reception
In 2011 Ann Tatko-Peterson of The Mercury News said, "As guilty pleasures go, this one is a winner." Writing for The New York Times Neil Genzlinger stated, "The show presents assorted dogs that are expanding the boundaries of bad canine behavior, then does nothing to correct the beasts. Instead, it seems to revel in their wickedness."
See also
List of Animal Planet original programming
References
^ "Bad Dog!". Directv. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
^ Manning, Sue (6 June 2012). "Canines Dominate Television During Summer 2012". Kokomo Tribune. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
^ "Bad Dog!". Discovery. Discovery Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ a b Genzlinger, Neil (9 September 2011). "So, This Is Man's Best Friend?". New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ Tatko-Peterson, Ann (19 September 2011). "TV Time: 'Bad Dog!' season finale". The Mercury News. MediaNews Group. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
External links
Bad Dog! at IMDb
Video - World's Sleepiest Dog - Bad Dog!
Dogs portal
This article relating to a non-fiction television series in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Animal_Planet_Bad_Dog%21.jpg/220px-Animal_Planet_Bad_Dog%21.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of Animal Planet original programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Animal_Planet_original_programming"}]
|
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_South_Ethiopia_Region_referendum
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2023 South Ethiopia Region referendum
|
["1 Background","2 Logistics","3 Results","3.1 Result by subdivision","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Southern Ethiopian autonomy referendum
2023 South Ethiopia Region referendum
6 February 2023
Do you support the organisation of the six zones (Konso, Wolayita, South Omo, Gamo, Gedeo, Gofa) and the special woredas (Burji, Basketo, Ale, Amaro, Dirashe) into one common region?Results
Choice
Votes
%
Yes
2,398,469
95.22%
No
120,501
4.78%
Valid votes
2,518,970
96.73%
Invalid or blank votes
85,189
3.27%
Total votes
2,604,159
100.00%
Registered voters/turnout
2,791,882
93.28%
Results by zone and woreda
On 6 February 2023 a referendum was held in the Wolayita, Gamo, Gofa, South Omo, Gedeo, and Konso Zones, as well as the Dirashe, Amaro, Burji, Ale, and Basketo special woredas of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNP) of Ethiopia, on whether the included areas should leave SNNP and form their own Region.
This referendum follows two previous referendums from 2019 and 2021 in other areas of the then-SNNP, both of which resulted in votes to split off into new regions.
The referendum was tentatively approved, although Wolayita Zone had to rerun voting after it was found that irregularities were present. The approval of the new region in the other zones and woredas was conveyed to the national House of Federation by the SNNP government. The new region's name was set as the South Ethiopia Region. Wolayita Zone reran the referendum successfully in the summer, with a majority also voting in favor of a new region. The House of Federation unanimously voted in favour of the creation of the new region on 5 July 2023. The remaining part of the SNNP was renamed to the Central Ethiopia Region.
Background
The Constitution of Ethiopia grants every ethnic group the right to have their own region in Ethiopia. The Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNP) previously contained 56 ethnic groups. The ascension of prime minister Abiy Ahmed in 2018, along with his promises for reforms, reignited demands for autonomy by some ethnic groups in SNNP. The 2019 Sidama Region referendum saw the Sidama Region split off from the SNNP. A similar referendum in 2021 saw 5 zones and 1 special woreda leave the SNNP and form the new South West Region.
At the end of July 2022, 10 zones and 6 special woredas in SNNP passed resolutions aiming to split off two new states from what remained of the SNNP. These resolutions were greeted positively by the SNNP government. (There were reports that the Gurage Zone was also involved, however it wished to continue with a proposal it had submitted on 26 November 2018 to become its own region.)
The South Ethiopia Region (in purple) following the 2023 referendum and secession, note the territory that split off following the 2019 Sidama Region referendum and the 2021 South West Region referendum (in pink and lighter purple), as well as the Central region that did not have a referendum and did not secede, hence being somewhat of a successor to the former big region.
On 5 August, the SNNP Council submitted the requests to the House of Federation. The Speaker of the House of Federation noted that the House would come to a quick decision, and tasked the National Election Board of Ethiopia with looking into carrying out the referendums. Official approval of the referendum by the House of Federation for the proposal given by from 6 zones and 5 special woredas occurred on 18 August. Specifically, this was for the Wolayita, Gamo, Gofa, South Omo, Gedeo, and Konso Zones, as well as the Dirashe, Amaro, Burji, Ale, and Basketo special woredas. (The simultaneous request, from the Hadiya, Halaba, Kembata Tembaro, and Silte Zones, and the Yem Special Woreda request has not yet been acted upon.) The House of Federation requested the referendum, for a new South Ethiopia Region, be held within three months.
In September the National Election Board submitted a budget request to the House of Peoples' Representatives.
On 10 October the National Election Board announced that a referendum would be held in parts of Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region on 6 February, targeting results to be released on 15 February. Campaigning began on 17 October, and voter registration ran for two weeks beginning on 20 December. By 9 January, 2,934,143 voters had registered, and registration for 24 polling stations was extended.
Logistics
The National Election Board expected to hire 18,885 people, and requested 541,270,104.82 birr to carry out the referendum. 410.1 million birr was given. 5,200 election observers from Ethiopia and elsewhere were expected.
3,771 polling stations were set up, divided into 31 groups. These are expected to see around 3 million voters. Each polling station is expected to release its results over the five days following the referendum. To assist those with reading difficulties, each option on the referendum was also represented by an easily identifiable symbol: a white dove for a vote in favor of a new region, and a hut for a vote against.
Results
Full results were initially expected on 15 February, and partial results were released on 18 February. The National Election Board announced on 20 February that a majority had voted to secede, although the official results from the Wolayita Zone were still pending as the board stated a variety of irregularities occurred before and during the vote. These irregularities are possibly due to a longstanding campaign for Wolayita to become a region on its own. Of the areas with approved results, the largest opposition came from the Gedeo zone. The referendum in the Wolayita Zone was rerun on 19 June, and its results were released eight days later.
ChoiceVotes%For2,398,46995.22Against120,5014.78Total2,518,970100.00Valid votes2,518,97096.73Invalid/blank votes85,1893.27Total votes2,604,159100.00Registered voters/turnout2,791,88293.28Source: NEBE (summary). Wolayita: NEBE
Result by subdivision
Subdivision
For
%
Against
%
Invalid
Registered voters
Turnout %
Wolayita Zone
752,044
94.77
41,531
5.23
44,938
840,226
99.80
Konso Zone
101,114
98.17
1,890
1.83
2,180
111,561
94.28
South Omo Zone
256,159
97.95
5,364
2.05
5,273
297,948
89.54
Gamo Zone
583,757
98.37
9,682
1.63
8,141
630,340
95.44
Gedeo Zone
241,695
83.79
46,749
16.21
11,941
372,754
80.59
Gofa Zone
243,327
95.19
12,306
4.81
8,471
289,307
91.29
Burji special woreda
28,460
97.38
765
2.62
676
36,123
82.78
Basketo special woreda
27,674
96.07
1,133
3.93
1,098
32,639
91.62
Ale special woreda
22,395
98.19
412
1.81
710
29,950
78.52
Amaro special woreda
90,377
99.76
216
0.24
598
94,233
96.77
Dirashe special woreda
51,467
99.13
453
0.87
1,163
56,801
93.45
References
^ "Ethiopia: Upper House votes to form 12th regional state". Africanews. 6 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
^ "News: Ethiopia House of Federation officiates creation of new state in Southern Ethiopia". Addis Standard. 5 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
^ "Central Ethiopia, Southern Ethiopia Regional States Established". ENA English. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
^ Account (20 August 2023). "Ethiopia's two new regional states formed : Central Ethiopia, South Ethiopia". Borkena Ethiopian News. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
^ Susan Houlton (18 July 2019). "Ethiopia delays referendum on new independent region". DW. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ "Vote on breakaway region as Ethiopia faces tests to unity". France 24. 28 September 2021. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ a b c d "News: Electoral Board to hold Southern region referendum in February next year". Addis Standard. 12 October 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ "News: Ten zones, six special woredas in Ethiopia's Southern state undergo major restructuring to create two more regional states". Addis Standard. 2 August 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ "News update: Zonal restructure not agenda for Gurage Zone Council, Zone awaits House of Federation decision on request for own region". Addis Standard. 3 August 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ "News: SNNP Council submits zonal, special woredas restructuring to House of Federation; Bu'i city in Gurage zone establishes command post". Addis Standard. 5 August 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ a b "News: Electoral Board requests more than 541 m birr budget to hold referendum in Southern state". Addis Standard. 21 September 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ "#Breaking: Six zones and five special woredas to hold a referendum". Addis Standard. 18 August 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ "House Orders Holding of Referendum for Establishment of New Region in SNNP". ENA. 18 August 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ a b "Voting Date Set for Referendum to Form New Region in Ethiopia". Ethiopian Monitor. 13 October 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ a b "Over 2.9m Voters Registered for Referendum in SNNPR". Ethiopian Monitor. 9 January 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ a b "News: Over three million people expected to vote in referendum to form Ethiopia's 12th regional state". Addis Standard. 21 October 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ "Referendum Starts in Six Zones, Five Special Districts in Southern Ethiopia". ENA. 6 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ "Referendum Result | National Election Board of Ethiopia". Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^ "የኢትዮጵያ ብሔራዊ ምርጫ ቦርድ በደ/ብ/ብ/ሕ ክልላዊ መንግሥት ሥር በሚገኙ ስድስት ዞኖች (በኮንሶ፣ በደቡብ ኦሞ፣ በወላይታ፣ በጋሞ፣ በጌዴኦ፣ በጎፋ) እና አምስት ልዩ ወረዳዎች (በቡርጂ፣ በባስኬቶ፣ በአሌ፣ በአማሮ፣ በዲራሼ) ያካሄደውን የሕዝበ ውሣኔ ውጤት ስለማሳወቅ". NEBE (in Amharic). 18 February 2023. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
^ "News: NEBE reports majority vote in favor of new region in recent referendum, irregularities in Wolaita zone". Addis Standard. 21 February 2023. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
^ "Board prepares to rerun Wolaita referendum". The Reporter. 6 May 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ "Voting date set for Referendum Rerun in Wolaita". Ethiopian Monitor. 10 May 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ National Election Board of Ethiopia (27 June 2023). "የኢትዮጵያ ብሔራዊ ምርጫ ቦርድ ሰኔ 12 ቀን 2015 ዓ.ም በ1,812 ምርጫ ጣቢያዎች ላይ ያስፈጸመውን የወላይታ ዞን የድጋሚ ሕዝበ ውሣኔ የውጤት ማረጋገጥ ሥራ ሲሠራ የቆየ ሲሆን፤የተረጋገጠውን ውጤት ይፋ አድርጓል።ዝርዝር ሰነዱ ከታች ተያይዟል።" (Tweet) (in Amharic). Retrieved 16 July 2023 – via Twitter.
External links
National Election Board of Ethiopia Referendums page
vte Elections and referendums in EthiopiaGeneral elections
1957
1961
1965
1969
1973
1987
1994
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2021
Regional elections
2015
2020
2021
Local elections
2008
2013
2021
Referendums
1987
2019
2021
2023
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wolayita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolayita_Zone"},{"link_name":"Gamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamo_Zone"},{"link_name":"Gofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gofa_Zuria"},{"link_name":"South Omo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Omo_Zone"},{"link_name":"Gedeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedeo_Zone"},{"link_name":"Konso Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konso_Zone"},{"link_name":"Dirashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirashe_special_woreda"},{"link_name":"Amaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaro_special_woreda"},{"link_name":"Burji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burji_special_woreda"},{"link_name":"Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ale_special_woreda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basketo special woredas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketo_special_woreda"},{"link_name":"Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities,_and_Peoples%27_Region"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sidama_Region_referendum"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_South_West_Region_referendum"},{"link_name":"House of Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Federation"},{"link_name":"South Ethiopia Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ethiopia_Regional_State"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Central Ethiopia Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Ethiopia_Regional_State"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On 6 February 2023 a referendum was held in the Wolayita, Gamo, Gofa, South Omo, Gedeo, and Konso Zones, as well as the Dirashe, Amaro, Burji, Ale, and Basketo special woredas of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNP) of Ethiopia, on whether the included areas should leave SNNP and form their own Region.This referendum follows two previous referendums from 2019 and 2021 in other areas of the then-SNNP, both of which resulted in votes to split off into new regions.The referendum was tentatively approved, although Wolayita Zone had to rerun voting after it was found that irregularities were present. The approval of the new region in the other zones and woredas was conveyed to the national House of Federation by the SNNP government. The new region's name was set as the South Ethiopia Region. Wolayita Zone reran the referendum successfully in the summer, with a majority also voting in favor of a new region. The House of Federation unanimously voted in favour of the creation of the new region on 5 July 2023.[1][2] The remaining part of the SNNP was renamed to the Central Ethiopia Region.[3][4]","title":"2023 South Ethiopia Region referendum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities,_and_Peoples%27_Region"},{"link_name":"Abiy Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2019 Sidama Region referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sidama_Region_referendum"},{"link_name":"Sidama Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidama_Region"},{"link_name":"similar referendum in 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_South_West_Region_referendum"},{"link_name":"zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"woreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"South West Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Ethiopia_Peoples%27_Region"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AddisStandardBoard-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AddisStandardZones-8"},{"link_name":"Gurage Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_Zone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg"},{"link_name":"2019 Sidama Region referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sidama_Region_referendum"},{"link_name":"2021 South West Region referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_South_West_Region_referendum"},{"link_name":"House of Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Federation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Election Board of Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Election_Board_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AddisStandardBudget-11"},{"link_name":"Wolayita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolayita_Zone"},{"link_name":"Gamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamo_Zone"},{"link_name":"Gofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gofa_Zuria"},{"link_name":"South Omo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Omo_Zone"},{"link_name":"Gedeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedeo_Zone"},{"link_name":"Konso Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konso_Zone"},{"link_name":"Dirashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirashe_special_woreda"},{"link_name":"Amaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaro_special_woreda"},{"link_name":"Burji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burji_special_woreda"},{"link_name":"Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ale_special_woreda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basketo special woredas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketo_special_woreda"},{"link_name":"Hadiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiya_Zone"},{"link_name":"Halaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaba_Zone"},{"link_name":"Kembata Tembaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembata_Tembaro_Zone"},{"link_name":"Silte Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silte_Zone"},{"link_name":"Yem Special Woreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yem_Special_Woreda"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"House of Peoples' Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Peoples%27_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AddisStandardBudget-11"},{"link_name":"Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities,_and_Peoples%27_Region"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AddisStandardBoard-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EthiopianMonitorDate-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EthiopianMonitorRegistered-15"}],"text":"The Constitution of Ethiopia grants every ethnic group the right to have their own region in Ethiopia. The Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNP) previously contained 56 ethnic groups. The ascension of prime minister Abiy Ahmed in 2018, along with his promises for reforms, reignited demands for autonomy by some ethnic groups in SNNP.[5][6] The 2019 Sidama Region referendum saw the Sidama Region split off from the SNNP. A similar referendum in 2021 saw 5 zones and 1 special woreda leave the SNNP and form the new South West Region.[7]At the end of July 2022, 10 zones and 6 special woredas in SNNP passed resolutions aiming to split off two new states from what remained of the SNNP. These resolutions were greeted positively by the SNNP government.[8] (There were reports that the Gurage Zone was also involved, however it wished to continue with a proposal it had submitted on 26 November 2018 to become its own region.[9])The South Ethiopia Region (in purple) following the 2023 referendum and secession, note the territory that split off following the 2019 Sidama Region referendum and the 2021 South West Region referendum (in pink and lighter purple), as well as the Central region that did not have a referendum and did not secede, hence being somewhat of a successor to the former big region.On 5 August, the SNNP Council submitted the requests to the House of Federation. The Speaker of the House of Federation noted that the House would come to a quick decision,[10] and tasked the National Election Board of Ethiopia with looking into carrying out the referendums.[11] Official approval of the referendum by the House of Federation for the proposal given by from 6 zones and 5 special woredas occurred on 18 August. Specifically, this was for the Wolayita, Gamo, Gofa, South Omo, Gedeo, and Konso Zones, as well as the Dirashe, Amaro, Burji, Ale, and Basketo special woredas. (The simultaneous request, from the Hadiya, Halaba, Kembata Tembaro, and Silte Zones, and the Yem Special Woreda request has not yet been acted upon.)[12] The House of Federation requested the referendum, for a new South Ethiopia Region, be held within three months.[13]In September the National Election Board submitted a budget request to the House of Peoples' Representatives.[11]On 10 October the National Election Board announced that a referendum would be held in parts of Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region on 6 February, targeting results to be released on 15 February.[7] Campaigning began on 17 October, and voter registration ran for two weeks beginning on 20 December.[14] By 9 January, 2,934,143 voters had registered, and registration for 24 polling stations was extended.[15]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_birr"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AddisStandardBoard-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AddisStandardExpectedVote-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EthiopianMonitorRegistered-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AddisStandardExpectedVote-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EthiopianMonitorDate-14"},{"link_name":"symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_symbol"}],"text":"The National Election Board expected to hire 18,885 people, and requested 541,270,104.82 birr to carry out the referendum.[7] 410.1 million birr was given.[16] 5,200 election observers from Ethiopia and elsewhere were expected.[15]3,771 polling stations were set up, divided into 31 groups.[17] These are expected to see around 3 million voters.[16] Each polling station is expected to release its results over the five days following the referendum.[14] To assist those with reading difficulties, each option on the referendum was also represented by an easily identifiable symbol: a white dove for a vote in favor of a new region, and a hut for a vote against.","title":"Logistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AddisStandardBoard-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheReporter-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EthiopianMonitor-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Full results were initially expected on 15 February,[7][18] and partial results were released on 18 February.[19] The National Election Board announced on 20 February that a majority had voted to secede, although the official results from the Wolayita Zone were still pending as the board stated a variety of irregularities occurred before and during the vote. These irregularities are possibly due to a longstanding campaign for Wolayita to become a region on its own. Of the areas with approved results, the largest opposition came from the Gedeo zone.[20] The referendum in the Wolayita Zone was rerun on 19 June,[21][22] and its results were released eight days later.[23]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Result by subdivision","title":"Results"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The South Ethiopia Region (in purple) following the 2023 referendum and secession, note the territory that split off following the 2019 Sidama Region referendum and the 2021 South West Region referendum (in pink and lighter purple), as well as the Central region that did not have a referendum and did not secede, hence being somewhat of a successor to the former big region.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/220px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ethiopia: Upper House votes to form 12th regional state\". Africanews. 6 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/06/ethiopia-upper-house-votes-to-form-12th-regional-state/","url_text":"\"Ethiopia: Upper House votes to form 12th regional state\""}]},{"reference":"\"News: Ethiopia House of Federation officiates creation of new state in Southern Ethiopia\". Addis Standard. 5 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://addisstandard.com/news-ethiopia-house-of-federation-officiates-creation-of-new-state-in-southern-ethiopia/","url_text":"\"News: Ethiopia House of Federation officiates creation of new state in Southern Ethiopia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Central Ethiopia, Southern Ethiopia Regional States Established\". ENA English. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/eng_3222547","url_text":"\"Central Ethiopia, Southern Ethiopia Regional States Established\""}]},{"reference":"Account (20 August 2023). \"Ethiopia's two new regional states formed : Central Ethiopia, South Ethiopia\". Borkena Ethiopian News. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://borkena.com/2023/08/19/ethiopias-two-new-regional-states-formed-central-ethiopia-south-ethiopia/","url_text":"\"Ethiopia's two new regional states formed : Central Ethiopia, South Ethiopia\""}]},{"reference":"Susan Houlton (18 July 2019). \"Ethiopia delays referendum on new independent region\". DW. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-delays-referendum-on-new-independent-region/a-49636874","url_text":"\"Ethiopia delays referendum on new independent region\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123057/https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-delays-referendum-on-new-independent-region/a-49636874","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vote on breakaway region as Ethiopia faces tests to unity\". France 24. 28 September 2021. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210928-vote-on-breakaway-region-as-ethiopia-faces-tests-to-unity","url_text":"\"Vote on breakaway region as Ethiopia faces tests to unity\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123058/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210928-vote-on-breakaway-region-as-ethiopia-faces-tests-to-unity","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News: Electoral Board to hold Southern region referendum in February next year\". Addis Standard. 12 October 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://addisstandard.com/news-electoral-board-to-hold-southern-region-referendum-in-february-next-year/","url_text":"\"News: Electoral Board to hold Southern region referendum in February next year\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125003755/https://addisstandard.com/news-electoral-board-to-hold-southern-region-referendum-in-february-next-year/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News: Ten zones, six special woredas in Ethiopia's Southern state undergo major restructuring to create two more regional states\". Addis Standard. 2 August 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://addisstandard.com/news-eleven-zones-six-special-woredas-in-ethiopias-southern-state-undergo-major-restructuring-to-create-two-more-regional-states/","url_text":"\"News: Ten zones, six special woredas in Ethiopia's Southern state undergo major restructuring to create two more regional states\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207150123/https://addisstandard.com/news-eleven-zones-six-special-woredas-in-ethiopias-southern-state-undergo-major-restructuring-to-create-two-more-regional-states/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News update: Zonal restructure not agenda for Gurage Zone Council, Zone awaits House of Federation decision on request for own region\". Addis Standard. 3 August 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://addisstandard.com/news-update-zonal-restructur-not-agenda-for-gurage-zone-council-zone-awaits-house-of-federation-decision-on-request-for-own-region/","url_text":"\"News update: Zonal restructure not agenda for Gurage Zone Council, Zone awaits House of Federation decision on request for own region\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207073821/https://addisstandard.com/news-update-zonal-restructur-not-agenda-for-gurage-zone-council-zone-awaits-house-of-federation-decision-on-request-for-own-region/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News: SNNP Council submits zonal, special woredas restructuring to House of Federation; Bu'i city in Gurage zone establishes command post\". Addis Standard. 5 August 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://addisstandard.com/news-snnp-council-submits-zonal-special-woredas-restructuring-to-house-of-federation-bui-city-in-gurage-zone-establishes-command-post/","url_text":"\"News: SNNP Council submits zonal, special woredas restructuring to House of Federation; Bu'i city in Gurage zone establishes command post\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125003831/https://addisstandard.com/news-snnp-council-submits-zonal-special-woredas-restructuring-to-house-of-federation-bui-city-in-gurage-zone-establishes-command-post/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News: Electoral Board requests more than 541 m birr budget to hold referendum in Southern state\". Addis Standard. 21 September 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://addisstandard.com/news-electoral-board-requests-more-than-541-m-birr-budget-to-hold-referendum-in-southern-state/","url_text":"\"News: Electoral Board requests more than 541 m birr budget to hold referendum in Southern state\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125003829/https://addisstandard.com/news-electoral-board-requests-more-than-541-m-birr-budget-to-hold-referendum-in-southern-state/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"#Breaking: Six zones and five special woredas to hold a referendum\". Addis Standard. 18 August 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://addisstandard.com/breaking-six-zones-and-five-special-woredas-to-hold-a-referendum/","url_text":"\"#Breaking: Six zones and five special woredas to hold a referendum\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125003753/https://addisstandard.com/breaking-six-zones-and-five-special-woredas-to-hold-a-referendum/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"House Orders Holding of Referendum for Establishment of New Region in SNNP\". ENA. 18 August 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ena.et/en/?p=37874","url_text":"\"House Orders Holding of Referendum for Establishment of New Region in SNNP\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123102/https://www.ena.et/en/?p=37874","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Voting Date Set for Referendum to Form New Region in Ethiopia\". Ethiopian Monitor. 13 October 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2022/10/13/voting-date-set-for-referendum-to-form-new-region-in-ethiopia/","url_text":"\"Voting Date Set for Referendum to Form New Region in Ethiopia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123059/https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2022/10/13/voting-date-set-for-referendum-to-form-new-region-in-ethiopia/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Over 2.9m Voters Registered for Referendum in SNNPR\". Ethiopian Monitor. 9 January 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2023/01/09/over-2-9m-voters-registered-for-referendum-in-snnpr/","url_text":"\"Over 2.9m Voters Registered for Referendum in SNNPR\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123059/https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2023/01/09/over-2-9m-voters-registered-for-referendum-in-snnpr/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News: Over three million people expected to vote in referendum to form Ethiopia's 12th regional state\". Addis Standard. 21 October 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://addisstandard.com/news-over-three-million-people-expected-to-vote-in-referendum-to-form-ethiopias-12th-regional-state/","url_text":"\"News: Over three million people expected to vote in referendum to form Ethiopia's 12th regional state\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207150124/https://addisstandard.com/news-over-three-million-people-expected-to-vote-in-referendum-to-form-ethiopias-12th-regional-state/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Referendum Starts in Six Zones, Five Special Districts in Southern Ethiopia\". ENA. 6 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ena.et/en/?p=42618","url_text":"\"Referendum Starts in Six Zones, Five Special Districts in Southern Ethiopia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207074713/https://www.ena.et/en/?p=42618","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Referendum Result | National Election Board of Ethiopia\". Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nebe.org.et/en/Referendum_Result","url_text":"\"Referendum Result | National Election Board of Ethiopia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230217202647/https://nebe.org.et/en/Referendum_Result","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"የኢትዮጵያ ብሔራዊ ምርጫ ቦርድ በደ/ብ/ብ/ሕ ክልላዊ መንግሥት ሥር በሚገኙ ስድስት ዞኖች (በኮንሶ፣ በደቡብ ኦሞ፣ በወላይታ፣ በጋሞ፣ በጌዴኦ፣ በጎፋ) እና አምስት ልዩ ወረዳዎች (በቡርጂ፣ በባስኬቶ፣ በአሌ፣ በአማሮ፣ በዲራሼ) ያካሄደውን የሕዝበ ውሣኔ ውጤት ስለማሳወቅ\". NEBE (in Amharic). 18 February 2023. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nebe.org.et/am/node/855","url_text":"\"የኢትዮጵያ ብሔራዊ ምርጫ ቦርድ በደ/ብ/ብ/ሕ ክልላዊ መንግሥት ሥር በሚገኙ ስድስት ዞኖች (በኮንሶ፣ በደቡብ ኦሞ፣ በወላይታ፣ በጋሞ፣ በጌዴኦ፣ በጎፋ) እና አምስት ልዩ ወረዳዎች (በቡርጂ፣ በባስኬቶ፣ በአሌ፣ በአማሮ፣ በዲራሼ) ያካሄደውን የሕዝበ ውሣኔ ውጤት ስለማሳወቅ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230221151128/https://nebe.org.et/am/node/855","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News: NEBE reports majority vote in favor of new region in recent referendum, irregularities in Wolaita zone\". Addis Standard. 21 February 2023. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://addisstandard.com/news-nebe-reports-majority-vote-in-favor-of-new-region-in-recent-referendum-irregularities-in-wolaita-zone/","url_text":"\"News: NEBE reports majority vote in favor of new region in recent referendum, irregularities in Wolaita zone\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230301181442/https://addisstandard.com/news-nebe-reports-majority-vote-in-favor-of-new-region-in-recent-referendum-irregularities-in-wolaita-zone/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Board prepares to rerun Wolaita referendum\". The Reporter. 6 May 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/33744/","url_text":"\"Board prepares to rerun Wolaita referendum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voting date set for Referendum Rerun in Wolaita\". Ethiopian Monitor. 10 May 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2023/05/10/voting-date-set-for-referendum-rerun-in-wolaita/","url_text":"\"Voting date set for Referendum Rerun in Wolaita\""}]},{"reference":"National Election Board of Ethiopia [@NEBEthiopia] (27 June 2023). \"የኢትዮጵያ ብሔራዊ ምርጫ ቦርድ ሰኔ 12 ቀን 2015 ዓ.ም በ1,812 ምርጫ ጣቢያዎች ላይ ያስፈጸመውን የወላይታ ዞን የድጋሚ ሕዝበ ውሣኔ የውጤት ማረጋገጥ ሥራ ሲሠራ የቆየ ሲሆን፤የተረጋገጠውን ውጤት ይፋ አድርጓል።ዝርዝር ሰነዱ ከታች ተያይዟል።\" (Tweet) (in Amharic). Retrieved 16 July 2023 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Election_Board_of_Ethiopia","url_text":"National Election Board of Ethiopia [@NEBEthiopia]"},{"url":"https://x.com/NEBEthiopia/status/1673625992781242379","url_text":"\"የኢትዮጵያ ብሔራዊ ምርጫ ቦርድ ሰኔ 12 ቀን 2015 ዓ.ም በ1,812 ምርጫ ጣቢያዎች ላይ ያስፈጸመውን የወላይታ ዞን የድጋሚ ሕዝበ ውሣኔ የውጤት ማረጋገጥ ሥራ ሲሠራ የቆየ ሲሆን፤የተረጋገጠውን ውጤት ይፋ አድርጓል።ዝርዝር ሰነዱ ከታች ተያይዟል።\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://nebe.org.et/am/Referendum_Result","external_links_name":"NEBE"},{"Link":"https://nebe.org.et/sites/default/files/Summery_Website.jpg","external_links_name":"summary"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/NEBEthiopia/status/1673625992781242379","external_links_name":"NEBE"},{"Link":"https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/06/ethiopia-upper-house-votes-to-form-12th-regional-state/","external_links_name":"\"Ethiopia: Upper House votes to form 12th regional state\""},{"Link":"https://addisstandard.com/news-ethiopia-house-of-federation-officiates-creation-of-new-state-in-southern-ethiopia/","external_links_name":"\"News: Ethiopia House of Federation officiates creation of new state in Southern Ethiopia\""},{"Link":"https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/eng_3222547","external_links_name":"\"Central Ethiopia, Southern Ethiopia Regional States Established\""},{"Link":"https://borkena.com/2023/08/19/ethiopias-two-new-regional-states-formed-central-ethiopia-south-ethiopia/","external_links_name":"\"Ethiopia's two new regional states formed : Central Ethiopia, South Ethiopia\""},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-delays-referendum-on-new-independent-region/a-49636874","external_links_name":"\"Ethiopia delays referendum on new independent region\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123057/https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-delays-referendum-on-new-independent-region/a-49636874","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210928-vote-on-breakaway-region-as-ethiopia-faces-tests-to-unity","external_links_name":"\"Vote on breakaway region as Ethiopia faces tests to unity\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123058/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210928-vote-on-breakaway-region-as-ethiopia-faces-tests-to-unity","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://addisstandard.com/news-electoral-board-to-hold-southern-region-referendum-in-february-next-year/","external_links_name":"\"News: Electoral Board to hold Southern region referendum in February next year\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125003755/https://addisstandard.com/news-electoral-board-to-hold-southern-region-referendum-in-february-next-year/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://addisstandard.com/news-eleven-zones-six-special-woredas-in-ethiopias-southern-state-undergo-major-restructuring-to-create-two-more-regional-states/","external_links_name":"\"News: Ten zones, six special woredas in Ethiopia's Southern state undergo major restructuring to create two more regional states\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207150123/https://addisstandard.com/news-eleven-zones-six-special-woredas-in-ethiopias-southern-state-undergo-major-restructuring-to-create-two-more-regional-states/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://addisstandard.com/news-update-zonal-restructur-not-agenda-for-gurage-zone-council-zone-awaits-house-of-federation-decision-on-request-for-own-region/","external_links_name":"\"News update: Zonal restructure not agenda for Gurage Zone Council, Zone awaits House of Federation decision on request for own region\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207073821/https://addisstandard.com/news-update-zonal-restructur-not-agenda-for-gurage-zone-council-zone-awaits-house-of-federation-decision-on-request-for-own-region/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://addisstandard.com/news-snnp-council-submits-zonal-special-woredas-restructuring-to-house-of-federation-bui-city-in-gurage-zone-establishes-command-post/","external_links_name":"\"News: SNNP Council submits zonal, special woredas restructuring to House of Federation; Bu'i city in Gurage zone establishes command post\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125003831/https://addisstandard.com/news-snnp-council-submits-zonal-special-woredas-restructuring-to-house-of-federation-bui-city-in-gurage-zone-establishes-command-post/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://addisstandard.com/news-electoral-board-requests-more-than-541-m-birr-budget-to-hold-referendum-in-southern-state/","external_links_name":"\"News: Electoral Board requests more than 541 m birr budget to hold referendum in Southern state\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125003829/https://addisstandard.com/news-electoral-board-requests-more-than-541-m-birr-budget-to-hold-referendum-in-southern-state/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://addisstandard.com/breaking-six-zones-and-five-special-woredas-to-hold-a-referendum/","external_links_name":"\"#Breaking: Six zones and five special woredas to hold a referendum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230125003753/https://addisstandard.com/breaking-six-zones-and-five-special-woredas-to-hold-a-referendum/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ena.et/en/?p=37874","external_links_name":"\"House Orders Holding of Referendum for Establishment of New Region in SNNP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123102/https://www.ena.et/en/?p=37874","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2022/10/13/voting-date-set-for-referendum-to-form-new-region-in-ethiopia/","external_links_name":"\"Voting Date Set for Referendum to Form New Region in Ethiopia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123059/https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2022/10/13/voting-date-set-for-referendum-to-form-new-region-in-ethiopia/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2023/01/09/over-2-9m-voters-registered-for-referendum-in-snnpr/","external_links_name":"\"Over 2.9m Voters Registered for Referendum in SNNPR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123059/https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2023/01/09/over-2-9m-voters-registered-for-referendum-in-snnpr/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://addisstandard.com/news-over-three-million-people-expected-to-vote-in-referendum-to-form-ethiopias-12th-regional-state/","external_links_name":"\"News: Over three million people expected to vote in referendum to form Ethiopia's 12th regional state\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207150124/https://addisstandard.com/news-over-three-million-people-expected-to-vote-in-referendum-to-form-ethiopias-12th-regional-state/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ena.et/en/?p=42618","external_links_name":"\"Referendum Starts in Six Zones, Five Special Districts in Southern Ethiopia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207074713/https://www.ena.et/en/?p=42618","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nebe.org.et/en/Referendum_Result","external_links_name":"\"Referendum Result | National Election Board of Ethiopia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230217202647/https://nebe.org.et/en/Referendum_Result","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nebe.org.et/am/node/855","external_links_name":"\"የኢትዮጵያ ብሔራዊ ምርጫ ቦርድ በደ/ብ/ብ/ሕ ክልላዊ መንግሥት ሥር በሚገኙ ስድስት ዞኖች (በኮንሶ፣ በደቡብ ኦሞ፣ በወላይታ፣ በጋሞ፣ በጌዴኦ፣ በጎፋ) እና አምስት ልዩ ወረዳዎች (በቡርጂ፣ በባስኬቶ፣ በአሌ፣ በአማሮ፣ በዲራሼ) ያካሄደውን የሕዝበ ውሣኔ ውጤት ስለማሳወቅ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230221151128/https://nebe.org.et/am/node/855","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://addisstandard.com/news-nebe-reports-majority-vote-in-favor-of-new-region-in-recent-referendum-irregularities-in-wolaita-zone/","external_links_name":"\"News: NEBE reports majority vote in favor of new region in recent referendum, irregularities in Wolaita zone\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230301181442/https://addisstandard.com/news-nebe-reports-majority-vote-in-favor-of-new-region-in-recent-referendum-irregularities-in-wolaita-zone/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/33744/","external_links_name":"\"Board prepares to rerun Wolaita referendum\""},{"Link":"https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2023/05/10/voting-date-set-for-referendum-rerun-in-wolaita/","external_links_name":"\"Voting date set for Referendum Rerun in Wolaita\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/NEBEthiopia/status/1673625992781242379","external_links_name":"\"የኢትዮጵያ ብሔራዊ ምርጫ ቦርድ ሰኔ 12 ቀን 2015 ዓ.ም በ1,812 ምርጫ ጣቢያዎች ላይ ያስፈጸመውን የወላይታ ዞን የድጋሚ ሕዝበ ውሣኔ የውጤት ማረጋገጥ ሥራ ሲሠራ የቆየ ሲሆን፤የተረጋገጠውን ውጤት ይፋ አድርጓል።ዝርዝር ሰነዱ ከታች ተያይዟል።\""},{"Link":"https://nebe.org.et/en/referendum","external_links_name":"National Election Board of Ethiopia Referendums page"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_of_election
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Confirmation of bishops
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["1 Early history","2 Confirmation and the papacy","3 Confirmation in the Church of England","4 Confirmation in the Church in Wales","5 References"]
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This article is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, which was produced in 1911. It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk page. (May 2022)
In canon law the confirmation of a bishop is the act by which the election of a new bishop receives the assent of the proper ecclesiastical authority.
Early history
In the early centuries of the history of the Christian Church the election or appointment of a suffragan bishop was confirmed and approved by the metropolitan and his suffragans assembled in synod. By the 4th Canon of the First Council of Nicaea (325 AD), however, it was decreed that the right of confirmation should belong to the metropolitan bishop of each province, a rule confirmed by the 12th Canon of the Council of Laodicaea. For the appointment of a metropolitan no papal confirmation was required either in the West or East; but the practice which grew up, from the 6th century onwards, of the popes presenting the pallium, at first honoris causa, to newly appointed metropolitans gradually came to symbolize the licence to exercise metropolitan jurisdiction.
By the 8th and 9th centuries, the papal right of confirmation by this means was strenuously asserted; yet as late as the 13th century, there were instances of metropolitans exercising their functions without receiving the pallium, and it was not until after this date that the present rule and practice of the Roman Catholic Church was definitively established. The canonical right of the metropolitan to confirm the election of his suffragans was still affirmed by Gratian; but from the time of Pope Alexander III (1159–1181) the canon lawyers, under the influence of the False Decretals, began to claim this right for the pope.
Confirmation and the papacy
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From the 13th century onwards, it was effectively exercised, though the all but universal practice of the popes of reserving and providing to vacant bishoprics, initiated by Pope Clement V, obscured the issue, since in the case of papal nominations no confirmation was required. The question, however, was raised, in connection with that of the papal reservations and provisions, at the councils of Constance and Basel. The former shelved it in the interests of peace; but the latter once more formulated the principle that elections in the churches were to be free and their result confirmed according to the provisions of the common law (juxta juris communis dispositionem), i.e. by the immediate superior to whom the right of confirmation belonged. In Roman Catholic countries the complete control of the papacy over the election and appointment of bishops has since the Protestant Reformation become firmly established, in spite of the efforts of Gallicans and Febronians to reassert what they held to be the more Catholic usage.
Confirmation in the Church of England
It is the confirmation of the election which actually makes the candidate bishop of the diocese— a Church of England review group, Working with the Spirit: Choosing Diocesan Bishops: a Review of the Operation of the Crown Appointments Commission and Related Matters, page 81, section 5.24
In England, where the abuse of provisors had been most acutely felt, the matter was dealt with during the vacancy of the Holy See between the deposition of Antipope John XXIII at Constance (May 1415) and the election of Pope Martin V (November 1417). During the interval the only possible way of appointing a bishop was by the ancient method of canonical election and confirmation. Shortly after the deposition of John XXIII, Henry V of England assented to an ordinance that during the voidance of the Holy See bishops elect should be confirmed by their metropolitans; but the ordinance was not recorded on the Statute Roll. Three bishops only, namely: John Chandler (or Cjaaundeler), Bishop of Salisbury; Edmund Lacey, Bishop of Hereford; and John Wakering, Bishop of Norwich, were confirmed by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury during the papal vacancy. When Martin V was elected pope in 1417 he resumed the practice of providing bishops, and from this time until the English Reformation the canonical election and confirmation of a bishop in England was a rare exception.
With the independence of the Church of England the role of the papacy in appointing bishops was abolished, but the confirmation became almost formal in character. By 25 Hen. 8. c. 20, s. 4 it is provided that after an episcopal election a royal mandate shall issue to the archbishop of the province requiring him to confirm the said election or, in case of an archbishop-elect, to one archbishop and two bishops, or to four bishops, requiring and commanding them with all speed and celerity to confirm it. This practice still prevails in the case of dioceses which have chapters to elect. The confirmation has usually been performed by the archbishop's vicar-general and, in the southern province, at the church of St Mary-le-Bow, London (as the permanent home of the Arches Court); but since 1901 it has also been performed variously at: Church House, Westminster; at Lambeth Palace; at the Archbishop's Faculty Office (1 The Sanctuary, Westminster); and at St Paul's—in consequence of the disorder in the proceedings at St Mary-le-Bow on the confirmation there of Arthur Winnington-Ingram as Bishop of London. All objectors are cited to appear on pain of contumacy after the old form; but although the knowledge that opposition might be offered has been a safeguard against improper nominations, e.g. in the case of Samuel Clarke the Arian, confirmation has never been refused since the Reformation. In 1628, Dr. Rives, acting for the vicar-general, declined to receive objections made to Richard Montagu's election to the See of Chichester on the ground that they were not made in legal form. An informal protest against the confirmation of James Prince Lee as Bishop of Manchester in 1848 was almost immediately followed by another in due form against that of Renn Hampden, Bishop-elect of Hereford. The vicar-general refused to receive the objections and an application to the Queen's bench for a mandamus was unsuccessful, the judges being divided two against two.
Around the time of Rowan Williams' confirmation to Canterbury in 2002, Lambeth Palace described the canonical election as "the choice of the bishop by the Diocese will serve" and the confirmation as "the affirmation of Election by the wider Church." On that occasion (2 December 2002) and at Justin Welby's confirmation (4 February 2013), the respective Archbishops of York were assisted by eight bishops of the Province of Canterbury: the six other officers of the provincial chapter (London, Winchester, Salisbury, Worcester, Rochester, and Lincoln); plus the two next most longest-serving (i.e. Lichfield and Oxford in 2002, Leicester and Norwich in 2013).
Confirmation in the Church in Wales
Since its disestablishment and severance from the Church of England, the Church in Wales's procedures for electing and confirming bishops have developed differently. Under Chapter V (paragraph 11) of the current Constitution of the Church in Wales, a bishop's election is confirmed by the Bench of Bishops (i.e. such of the six diocesan bishops as are in post) "assembled in Synod". As such, an assembly of the bishops in order to confirm an election has become known as a Sacred Synod. The use of the term occurs as early as 1939, and was in formal use by 1999.
References
^ a b c d e f g Chisholm 1911, p. 906.
^ Hinschius, Paul. System des katholischen Kirchenrechts. 6 vol.
^ a b Febronius (Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim). De statu ecclesiae. 2nd ed, 1765.
^ Rotuli Parliamentorum, iv. p. 71
^ "Background to the Confirmation of Election service". ArchbishopofCanterbury.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ a b "Archbishop Rowan Williams confirmed in office as Archbishop of Canterbury". ArchbishopofCanterbury.org. 2 December 2002. Archived from the original on 15 January 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ a b "Justin Welby confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury at St Paul's Cathedral". ArchbishopofCanterbury.org. 4 February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ "Chapter V: The Archbishop and the Diocesan Bishops". The Church in Wales. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
^ "Monmouth Grapevine (page 3)" (PDF). Diocese of Monmouth. Winter 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
^ "Sacred Synod held". The Church in Wales. 5 January 2020. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
^ "Election of new Bishop of St Davids". The Church in Wales. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
^ "The Church in Wales: The Bishop-Elect of Llandaff". Church Times. No. 4002. 6 October 1939. p. 294. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 19 October 2023 – via UK Press Online archives.
^ "Bishop of Swansea & Brecon elected". Church Times. No. 7093. 22 January 1999. p. 5. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 19 October 2023 – via UK Press Online archives.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Confirmation of Bishops". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 906–907.
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Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Palace"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-ce-6"},{"link_name":"Justin Welby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Welby"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jw-ce-7"},{"link_name":"Province of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-ce-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jw-ce-7"}],"text":"It is the confirmation of the election which actually makes the candidate bishop of the diocese— a Church of England review group, Working with the Spirit: Choosing Diocesan Bishops: a Review of the Operation of the Crown Appointments Commission and Related Matters, page 81, section 5.24In England, where the abuse of provisors had been most acutely felt, the matter was dealt with during the vacancy of the Holy See between the deposition of Antipope John XXIII at Constance (May 1415) and the election of Pope Martin V (November 1417). During the interval the only possible way of appointing a bishop was by the ancient method of canonical election and confirmation. Shortly after the deposition of John XXIII, Henry V of England assented to an ordinance that during the voidance of the Holy See bishops elect should be confirmed by their metropolitans;[4] but the ordinance was not recorded on the Statute Roll. Three bishops only, namely: John Chandler (or Cjaaundeler), Bishop of Salisbury; Edmund Lacey, Bishop of Hereford; and John Wakering, Bishop of Norwich, were confirmed by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury during the papal vacancy. When Martin V was elected pope in 1417 he resumed the practice of providing bishops, and from this time until the English Reformation the canonical election and confirmation of a bishop in England was a rare exception.[1]With the independence of the Church of England the role of the papacy in appointing bishops was abolished, but the confirmation became almost formal in character. By 25 Hen. 8. c. 20, s. 4 it is provided that after an episcopal election a royal mandate shall issue to the archbishop of the province requiring him to confirm the said election or, in case of an archbishop-elect, to one archbishop and two bishops, or to four bishops, requiring and commanding them with all speed and celerity to confirm it. This practice still prevails in the case of dioceses which have chapters to elect. The confirmation has usually been performed by the archbishop's vicar-general and, in the southern province, at the church of St Mary-le-Bow, London (as the permanent home of the Arches Court); but since 1901 it has also been performed variously at: Church House, Westminster; at Lambeth Palace; at the Archbishop's Faculty Office (1 The Sanctuary, Westminster); and at St Paul's—in consequence of the disorder in the proceedings at St Mary-le-Bow on the confirmation there of Arthur Winnington-Ingram as Bishop of London. All objectors are cited to appear on pain of contumacy after the old form[clarification needed]; but although the knowledge that opposition might be offered has been a safeguard against improper nominations, e.g. in the case of Samuel Clarke the Arian, confirmation has never been refused since the Reformation. In 1628, Dr. Rives,[clarification needed] acting for the vicar-general, declined to receive objections made to Richard Montagu's election to the See of Chichester on the ground that they were not made in legal form. An informal protest against the confirmation of James Prince Lee as Bishop of Manchester in 1848 was almost immediately followed by another in due form against that of Renn Hampden, Bishop-elect of Hereford. The vicar-general refused to receive the objections and an application to the Queen's bench for a mandamus was unsuccessful, the judges being divided two against two.[1]Around the time of Rowan Williams' confirmation to Canterbury in 2002, Lambeth Palace described the canonical election as \"the choice of the bishop by the Diocese [they] will serve\" and the confirmation as \"the affirmation of [their] Election by the wider Church.\"[5] On that occasion (2 December 2002)[6] and at Justin Welby's confirmation (4 February 2013),[7] the respective Archbishops of York were assisted by eight bishops of the Province of Canterbury: the six other officers of the provincial chapter (London, Winchester, Salisbury, Worcester, Rochester, and Lincoln); plus the two next most longest-serving (i.e. Lichfield and Oxford in 2002,[6] Leicester and Norwich in 2013).[7]","title":"Confirmation in the Church of England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"its disestablishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Since its disestablishment and severance from the Church of England, the Church in Wales's procedures for electing and confirming bishops have developed differently. Under Chapter V (paragraph 11) of the current Constitution of the Church in Wales, a bishop's election is confirmed by the Bench of Bishops (i.e. such of the six diocesan bishops as are in post) \"assembled in Synod\".[8] As such, an assembly of the bishops in order to confirm an election has become known as a Sacred Synod.[9][10][11] The use of the term occurs as early as 1939,[12] and was in formal use by 1999.[13]","title":"Confirmation in the Church in Wales"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Background to the Confirmation of Election service\". ArchbishopofCanterbury.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030203070624/http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/events/index.html","url_text":"\"Background to the Confirmation of Election service\""},{"url":"http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/events/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archbishop Rowan Williams confirmed in office as Archbishop of Canterbury\". ArchbishopofCanterbury.org. 2 December 2002. Archived from the original on 15 January 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030115031627/http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/releases/021202.html","url_text":"\"Archbishop Rowan Williams confirmed in office as Archbishop of Canterbury\""},{"url":"http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/releases/021202.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Justin Welby confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury at St Paul's Cathedral\". ArchbishopofCanterbury.org. 4 February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130311115757/http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/5014/justin-welby-confirmed-as-archbishop-of-canterbury-at-st-pauls-cathedral","url_text":"\"Justin Welby confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury at St Paul's Cathedral\""},{"url":"http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/5014/justin-welby-confirmed-as-archbishop-of-canterbury-at-st-pauls-cathedral","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter V: The Archbishop and the Diocesan Bishops\". The Church in Wales. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922133615/https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/clergy-and-members/constitution/chapter-v-archbishop-and-diocesan-bishops/","url_text":"\"Chapter V: The Archbishop and the Diocesan Bishops\""},{"url":"https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/clergy-and-members/constitution/chapter-v-archbishop-and-diocesan-bishops/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monmouth Grapevine (page 3)\" (PDF). Diocese of Monmouth. Winter 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614212449/https://monmouth.contentfiles.net/media/documents/6995-Grapevine-Issue-15h.pdf","url_text":"\"Monmouth Grapevine (page 3)\""},{"url":"https://monmouth.contentfiles.net/media/documents/6995-Grapevine-Issue-15h.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sacred Synod held\". The Church in Wales. 5 January 2020. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707012859/https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/news-and-events/sacred-synod-held/","url_text":"\"Sacred Synod held\""},{"url":"https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/news-and-events/sacred-synod-held/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election of new Bishop of St Davids\". The Church in Wales. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231017165308/https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/news-and-events/election-of-new-bishop-of-st-davids/","url_text":"\"Election of new Bishop of St Davids\""},{"url":"https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/news-and-events/election-of-new-bishop-of-st-davids/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Church in Wales: The Bishop-Elect of Llandaff\". Church Times. No. 4002. 6 October 1939. p. 294. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 19 October 2023 – via UK Press Online archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1939_10_06_294","url_text":"\"The Church in Wales: The Bishop-Elect of Llandaff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","url_text":"0009-658X"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop of Swansea & Brecon elected\". Church Times. No. 7093. 22 January 1999. p. 5. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 19 October 2023 – via UK Press Online archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1999_01_22_005","url_text":"\"Bishop of Swansea & Brecon elected\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","url_text":"0009-658X"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Confirmation of Bishops\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 906–907.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Confirmation_of_Bishops","url_text":"Confirmation of Bishops"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G5dDqXqWrbUC&pg=PA81","external_links_name":"page 81, section 5.24"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030203070624/http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/events/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Background to the Confirmation of Election service\""},{"Link":"http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/events/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030115031627/http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/releases/021202.html","external_links_name":"\"Archbishop Rowan Williams confirmed in office as Archbishop of Canterbury\""},{"Link":"http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/releases/021202.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130311115757/http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/5014/justin-welby-confirmed-as-archbishop-of-canterbury-at-st-pauls-cathedral","external_links_name":"\"Justin Welby confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury at St Paul's Cathedral\""},{"Link":"http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/5014/justin-welby-confirmed-as-archbishop-of-canterbury-at-st-pauls-cathedral","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922133615/https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/clergy-and-members/constitution/chapter-v-archbishop-and-diocesan-bishops/","external_links_name":"\"Chapter V: The Archbishop and the Diocesan Bishops\""},{"Link":"https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/clergy-and-members/constitution/chapter-v-archbishop-and-diocesan-bishops/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220614212449/https://monmouth.contentfiles.net/media/documents/6995-Grapevine-Issue-15h.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Monmouth Grapevine (page 3)\""},{"Link":"https://monmouth.contentfiles.net/media/documents/6995-Grapevine-Issue-15h.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707012859/https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/news-and-events/sacred-synod-held/","external_links_name":"\"Sacred Synod held\""},{"Link":"https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/news-and-events/sacred-synod-held/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231017165308/https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/news-and-events/election-of-new-bishop-of-st-davids/","external_links_name":"\"Election of new Bishop of St Davids\""},{"Link":"https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/news-and-events/election-of-new-bishop-of-st-davids/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1939_10_06_294","external_links_name":"\"The Church in Wales: The Bishop-Elect of Llandaff\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1999_01_22_005","external_links_name":"\"Bishop of Swansea & Brecon elected\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Crosby
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Norm Crosby
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["1 Career","2 Personal life and death","3 References","4 External links"]
|
American comedian (1927–2020)
Norm CrosbyCrosby in 1965BornNorman Lawrence Crosby(1927-09-15)September 15, 1927Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedNovember 7, 2020(2020-11-07) (aged 93)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeHillside Memorial Park CemeteryOccupationComedianSpouse
Joan Crane Foley (m. 1966)Children2
Norman Lawrence Crosby (September 15, 1927 – November 7, 2020) was an American comedian born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was often referred to as "The Master of Malaprop".
Career
Crosby went solo as a stand-up comedian, adopting a friendly, blue collar, guy-next-door persona in the 1950s. Crosby refined his standup monologues by interpolating malapropisms. He first appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in December 1964. In late-1968, he co-starred on The Beautiful Phyllis Diller Show, an NBC twelve-week series.
In 1974, he co-hosted a Canadian variety television series, Everything Goes. From 1974 through 1984 he was on over half a dozen Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts including one of George Burns and two separate ones of Redd Foxx. From 1978 through 1981, he hosted a nationally syndicated series, The Comedy Shop, in which a mix of up-and-coming stand-up comics and vaudeville legends presented their material.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Crosby became a commercial pitchman for Anheuser-Busch Natural Light beer. During this time, he also appeared as a celebrity guest on a number of game shows, including Celebrity Bowling, Liar's Club, Tattletales, and Hollywood Squares.
From 1983 until the program's dissociation from Jerry Lewis in 2010, Crosby co-hosted and contributed to the annual Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon.
He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6560 Hollywood Boulevard.
He appeared in two films with Adam Sandler – Eight Crazy Nights (2002)., and Grown Ups 2 (2013)
Personal life and death
Crosby was born to a Jewish family and was raised in Dorchester, Boston, the son of Ann (née Lansky) and John Crosby.
During World War II, he served aboard a Coast Guard submarine chaser in the North Atlantic. He suffered permanent damage of his hearing from a concussion he received from the depth charges that exploded while he was on anti-submarine patrol. He did not notice hearing problems until long after he had returned home and wore a hearing aid onstage.
In 1966, Crosby married Joan Crane Foley. They had two children. He became a Freemason in 1956, and served as Master of at least one lodge and participated in many charitable activities. He was a member of Ionic Composite Lodge #520 in Los Angeles, California.
On November 7, 2020, Crosby died of heart failure at his home in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 93.
References
^ a b Profile, filmreference.com; accessed April 3, 2017.
^ "Barbara Feldon Guest on Phyllis Diller Show". Schenectady Gazette. October 5, 1968. p. TV 8. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
^ "From the Music Capitals of the World". Billboard. March 9, 1974. p. 54. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
^ The Comedy Shop Archived January 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine videos at MeTV
^ "Norm Crosby". Hollywood Walk of Fame. October 25, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
^ Epstein, Lawrence J. (December 6, 2001). "The story of Jewish comedians". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
^ Vennochi, Joan (April 20, 1983). "Langone Announces Entry Into Boston's Mayoral Race". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
^ Slotnik, Daniel E. (November 8, 2020). "Norm Crosby, Comedian Who Had a (Wrong) Way With Words, Dies at 93". The New York Times.
^ Profile, MSANA.com (October 2007); accessed April 3, 2017.
^ Ionic Composite Lodge #520 Trestle Board Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, calodges.org; accessed April 3, 2017.
^ Saperstein, Pat (November 8, 2020). "Norm Crosby, Comedian Who Was Master of Malaprops, Dies at 93". Variety. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
External links
Norm Crosby at IMDb
Norm Crosby discography at Discogs
Interview (November 2010), classicshowbiz.blogspot.com; accessed April 3, 2017.
Interview, accessed April 27, 2017.
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Norman Lawrence Crosby (September 15, 1927 – November 7, 2020) was an American comedian born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was often referred to as \"The Master of Malaprop\".","title":"Norm Crosby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stand-up comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_comedy"},{"link_name":"blue collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"malapropisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malapropism"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Everything Goes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Goes_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin_Celebrity_Roast"},{"link_name":"George Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Burns"},{"link_name":"Redd Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redd_Foxx"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Anheuser-Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch_InBev"},{"link_name":"Natural Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Light"},{"link_name":"game shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_shows"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Bowling"},{"link_name":"Liar's Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar%27s_Club"},{"link_name":"Tattletales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattletales"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Squares"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDA_Show_of_Strength"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Adam Sandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Sandler"},{"link_name":"Eight Crazy Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Crazy_Nights"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2020/11/08/obituaries/norm-crosby-dead.html"},{"link_name":"Grown Ups 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grown_Ups_2"}],"text":"Crosby went solo as a stand-up comedian, adopting a friendly, blue collar, guy-next-door persona in the 1950s. Crosby refined his standup monologues by interpolating malapropisms. He first appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in December 1964. In late-1968, he co-starred on The Beautiful Phyllis Diller Show, an NBC twelve-week series.[2]In 1974, he co-hosted a Canadian variety television series, Everything Goes.[3] From 1974 through 1984 he was on over half a dozen Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts including one of George Burns and two separate ones of Redd Foxx. From 1978 through 1981, he hosted a nationally syndicated series, The Comedy Shop, in which a mix of up-and-coming stand-up comics and vaudeville legends presented their material.[4]In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Crosby became a commercial pitchman for Anheuser-Busch Natural Light beer. During this time, he also appeared as a celebrity guest on a number of game shows, including Celebrity Bowling, Liar's Club, Tattletales, and Hollywood Squares.From 1983 until the program's dissociation from Jerry Lewis in 2010, Crosby co-hosted and contributed to the annual Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon.He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6560 Hollywood Boulevard.[5]He appeared in two films with Adam Sandler – Eight Crazy Nights (2002).[1], and Grown Ups 2 (2013)","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dorchester, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmr-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msanotes-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Crosby was born to a Jewish family[6] and was raised in Dorchester, Boston,[7] the son of Ann (née Lansky) and John Crosby.[1]During World War II, he served aboard a Coast Guard submarine chaser in the North Atlantic. He suffered permanent damage of his hearing from a concussion he received from the depth charges that exploded while he was on anti-submarine patrol. He did not notice hearing problems until long after he had returned home and wore a hearing aid onstage.[8]In 1966, Crosby married Joan Crane Foley. They had two children. He became a Freemason in 1956, and served as Master of at least one lodge and participated in many charitable activities. He was a member of Ionic Composite Lodge #520 in Los Angeles, California.[9][10]On November 7, 2020, Crosby died of heart failure at his home in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 93.[11]","title":"Personal life and death"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Barbara Feldon Guest on Phyllis Diller Show\". Schenectady Gazette. October 5, 1968. p. TV 8. Retrieved August 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sYtGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b-kMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4427%2C1296197","url_text":"\"Barbara Feldon Guest on Phyllis Diller Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"From the Music Capitals of the World\". Billboard. March 9, 1974. p. 54. Retrieved August 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vAcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54","url_text":"\"From the Music Capitals of the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norm Crosby\". Hollywood Walk of Fame. October 25, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://walkoffame.com/norm-crosby/","url_text":"\"Norm Crosby\""}]},{"reference":"Epstein, Lawrence J. (December 6, 2001). \"The story of Jewish comedians\". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved March 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/archives/the-story-of-jewish-comedians/article_bb42da5d-9720-5f21-bcdc-584c6d3bc29a.html","url_text":"\"The story of Jewish comedians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Jewish_News","url_text":"Cleveland Jewish News"}]},{"reference":"Vennochi, Joan (April 20, 1983). \"Langone Announces Entry Into Boston's Mayoral Race\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107002449/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/663726171.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT","url_text":"\"Langone Announces Entry Into Boston's Mayoral Race\""},{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/663726171.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Slotnik, Daniel E. (November 8, 2020). \"Norm Crosby, Comedian Who Had a (Wrong) Way With Words, Dies at 93\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/08/obituaries/norm-crosby-dead.html","url_text":"\"Norm Crosby, Comedian Who Had a (Wrong) Way With Words, Dies at 93\""}]},{"reference":"Saperstein, Pat (November 8, 2020). \"Norm Crosby, Comedian Who Was Master of Malaprops, Dies at 93\". Variety. Retrieved November 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/norm-crosby-dead-malaprop-borscht-belt-1234825326/","url_text":"\"Norm Crosby, Comedian Who Was Master of Malaprops, Dies at 93\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/08/obituaries/norm-crosby-dead.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/1/Norm-Crosby.html","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sYtGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b-kMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4427%2C1296197","external_links_name":"\"Barbara Feldon Guest on Phyllis Diller Show\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vAcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54","external_links_name":"\"From the Music Capitals of the World\""},{"Link":"https://www.metv.com/videos/the-comedy-shop/","external_links_name":"The Comedy Shop"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073515/https://www.metv.com/videos/the-comedy-shop/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://walkoffame.com/norm-crosby/","external_links_name":"\"Norm Crosby\""},{"Link":"https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/archives/the-story-of-jewish-comedians/article_bb42da5d-9720-5f21-bcdc-584c6d3bc29a.html","external_links_name":"\"The story of Jewish comedians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107002449/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/663726171.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT","external_links_name":"\"Langone Announces Entry Into Boston's Mayoral Race\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/663726171.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/08/obituaries/norm-crosby-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Norm Crosby, Comedian Who Had a (Wrong) Way With Words, Dies at 93\""},{"Link":"http://www.msana.com/emarchives/emoct07.asp","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.calodges.org/no520/trestleboard/05Sep.pdf","external_links_name":"Ionic Composite Lodge #520 Trestle Board"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003133/http://www.calodges.org/no520/trestleboard/05Sep.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/norm-crosby-dead-malaprop-borscht-belt-1234825326/","external_links_name":"\"Norm Crosby, Comedian Who Was Master of Malaprops, Dies at 93\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0189030/","external_links_name":"Norm Crosby"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Norm+Crosby","external_links_name":"Norm Crosby"},{"Link":"http://classicshowbiz.blogspot.com/2010/10/interview-with-norm-crosby.html","external_links_name":"Interview (November 2010)"},{"Link":"http://www.thespectrum.com/story/entertainment/2017/04/27/malaprop-master-norm-crosby/100843752/","external_links_name":"Interview"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/378447/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/14046037","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1283973693","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007359525505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96802193","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b3cf687c-7bd8-490c-9b84-c52c9e4f00b0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_256
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Georgia State Route 256
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["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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State highway in Georgia, United States
State Route 256Georgia State Route 256 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by GDOTLength21.0 mi (33.8 km)Existed1949–presentMajor junctionsSouth end US 319 / SR 35 in Norman ParkNorth end SR 33 in Sylvester
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateGeorgiaCountiesColquitt, Worth
Highway system
Georgia State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Special
← SR 255→ SR 257
State Route 256 (SR 256) is a 21.0-mile-long (33.8 km) north–south state highway located in the southern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. Its route is within Colquitt and Worth counties.
Route description
Northern terminus, Sylvester
SR 256 begins at an intersection with US 319/SR 35 in Norman Park. It starts heading northwest and immediately curves to the north. Farther to the north, it crosses Warrior Creek. During its curve to the northwest, the route intersects Scooterville Tifton Road, which leads to Tifton. A short while later, SR 256 passes New Prospect Cemetery. It then meets Sumner Road South, which leads to Moultrie and Sumner. Just after this, it intersects Pine Forest Road, which leads to Tempy and Pine Forest cemeteries. It slides across the southwest corner of Poulan. Finally, it turns northwest as it approaches Sylvester, and is co-designated East Martin Luther King Jr. Drive when it enters that city. Approaching Sylvester's Main Street, the co-designated name for SR 33 within the city, SR 256 turns west, and meets its northern terminus at the intersection SR 33 (Main Street). While SR 256 terminates, the Martin Luther King Jr. Drive designation continues as a Sylvester residential street for a further five blocks to the west.
No section of SR 256 is part of the National Highway System.
History
SR 256 was established in 1949 on the same alignment as it runs today. In 1952, the section from Poulan to Sylvester was paved, and, in 1953, the rest of the highway was paved.
Major intersections
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
ColquittNorman Park0.00.0 US 319 / SR 35 (College Street) – Moultrie, TiftonSouthern terminus
WorthSylvester21.033.8 SR 33 (South Main Street) – Moultrie, CordeleNorthern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
See also
Georgia (U.S. state) portal
U.S. roads portal
References
^ a b c Google (February 22, 2013). "Overview map of SR 256" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (1948). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved February 22, 2013. (Corrected to February 28, 1948.)
^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (1949). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved February 22, 2013. (Corrected to April 1, 1949.)
^ "National Highway System: Georgia" (PDF). United States Department of Transportation. May 8, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ State Highway Department of Georgia (1950). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved February 22, 2013. (Corrected to August 1, 1950.)
^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (1952). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved February 22, 2013. (Corrected to January 1, 1952.)
^ State Highway Department of Georgia (1953). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved February 22, 2013. (Corrected to September 1, 1953.)
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Georgia State Route 256KML is not from Wikidata
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[{"image_text":"Northern terminus, Sylvester","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/GA256_end_at_GA33%2C_Sylvester.jpg/220px-GA256_end_at_GA33%2C_Sylvester.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Georgia (U.S. state) portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"title":"U.S. roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._roads"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Elanjikal
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Cornelius Elanjikal
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["1 Life Sketch","2 References","3 External links"]
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Cornelius ElanjikalArchbishop of Diocese of Verapoly (Emeritus)ChurchRoman Catholic ChurchArchdioceseDiocese of VerapolySeeDiocese of VerapolyIn office1987–1996PredecessorJoseph KelantharaSuccessorDaniel AcharuparambilOrdersOrdination18 March 1945Personal detailsBorn(1918-09-08)8 September 1918Kerala, IndiaDied7 August 2011(2011-08-07) (aged 92)Kochi, India
Cornelius Elanjikal D.D. Ph.D. DC.L. (8 September 1918 – 7 August 2011) was an Indian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.
Life Sketch
He was born in Elanjikal family in Kara, a small hamlet near Kodungallur, Thrissur District, Kerala, India on 8 September 1987 to Kunjavira and Thressia.
He had his early schooling in Mount Carmel School and St Albert's High School, Ernakulam. He completed his pastoral studies at St. Joseph's Pontifical Seminary, Mangalappuzha and obtained his Ph.D. in Hindu Theology on the subject Transformation in dependence of God with special reference to Brihadaranyaka and Chandokya Upanishads and Doctorate in Canon Law from Propaganda College, Rome.
He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1945. Elanjikal was appointed on 16 January 1971 to the Diocese of Vijayapuram and was consecrated bishop on 4 April 1971. Elanjikal was appointed to the Diocese of Verapoly on 26 January 1987. He also served as the
President of Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council (KCBC). He retired from active service on 14 June 1996.
Bishop Elanjikal was a prolific writer who had 10 books and more than 500 Christian devotional songs to his credit. He was also known to be well-versed in Hindu Theology and Vedas. His most famous book was Concept of God in Upanishads. He was known to be actively involved in social activities and initiated several welfare programs for the Dalits and the poor living in the coastal areas of central Kerala. He has portrayed his life in his autobiography, Mangaatha Smaranakal (Unfading Memories)
He died on 7 October 2011, aged 93, at a private hospital in Ernakulam succumbing to respiratory ailments.
References
^ "Arch Bishop Dr Cornelius Elanjikal (93) Entered into the Eternity". Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
^ "A Theologian Who Crossed Religious Borders". Archived from the original on 22 April 2014.
^ "Window of Knowledge: Tribute Paid to Archbishop Cornelius Elanjikal". 7 August 2011.
^ "Archbishop Cornelius Elanjikal".
^ "Window of Knowledge: Tribute Paid to Archbishop Cornelius Elanjikal". 7 August 2011.
^ "Vatican Radio".
^ "Latest News Update: Archbishop Elanjikal succumbs in hospital". 8 August 2011.
^ "A Theologian Who Crossed Religious Borders". Archived from the original on 22 April 2014.
^ "Archbishop Cornelius Elanjikal passed to Glory-GCIC Grieves | Christian Persecution Update". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
External links
Catholic-Hierarchy
Verapoly Diocese
Cornelius Elanjikal's obituary (in Malayalam)
News of Death on Doordarshan on YouTube
Announcement
List of Popular Songs
Report
on New Indian Express Daily
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelate"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"}],"text":"Cornelius Elanjikal D.D. Ph.D. DC.L. (8 September 1918 – 7 August 2011) was an Indian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.","title":"Cornelius Elanjikal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kodungallur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur"},{"link_name":"Thrissur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrissur"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"Propaganda College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_College"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Vijayapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vijayapuram"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Verapoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Verapoly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Upanishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dalits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalits"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ernakulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernakulam"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"He was born in Elanjikal family in Kara, a small hamlet near Kodungallur, Thrissur District, Kerala, India on 8 September 1987 to Kunjavira and Thressia.[1]He had his early schooling in Mount Carmel School and St Albert's High School, Ernakulam. He completed his pastoral studies at St. Joseph's Pontifical Seminary, Mangalappuzha and obtained his Ph.D. in Hindu Theology on the subject Transformation in dependence of God with special reference to Brihadaranyaka and Chandokya Upanishads[2] and Doctorate in Canon Law from Propaganda College, Rome.[3]He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1945. Elanjikal was appointed on 16 January 1971 to the Diocese of Vijayapuram and was consecrated bishop on 4 April 1971. Elanjikal was appointed to the Diocese of Verapoly on 26 January 1987. He also served as the\nPresident of Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council (KCBC). He retired from active service on 14 June 1996.Bishop Elanjikal was a prolific writer who had 10 books and more than 500 Christian devotional songs to his credit.[4] He was also known to be well-versed in Hindu Theology and Vedas.[5] His most famous book was Concept of God in Upanishads.[6] He was known to be actively involved in social activities and initiated several welfare programs for the Dalits and the poor living in the coastal areas of central Kerala.[7] He has portrayed his life in his autobiography, Mangaatha Smaranakal (Unfading Memories)[8]He died on 7 October 2011, aged 93, at a private hospital in Ernakulam succumbing to respiratory ailments.[9]","title":"Life Sketch"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_(As_I_Lay_Dying_song)
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Frail Words Collapse
|
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 References"]
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2003 studio album by As I Lay DyingFrail Words CollapseStudio album by As I Lay DyingReleasedJuly 1, 2003 (2003-07-01)RecordedFebruary 2003StudioBig Fish StudioGenreMetalcoreLength38:44LabelMetal BladeProducerEvan White, Tim LambesisAs I Lay Dying chronology
As I Lay Dying / American Tragedy(2002)
Frail Words Collapse(2003)
Shadows Are Security(2005)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicExclaim!Highly favorableHM MagazineHighly favorableJesus Freak HideoutImperiumi
Frail Words Collapse is the second studio album by American metalcore band As I Lay Dying. The album is their first release on the record label Metal Blade Records. This is also the last album to feature Evan White before his departure from the band shortly after the album's release. Two of the band's signature songs, "94 Hours" and "Forever", appear on the album.
Music videos have been produced for the songs "94 Hours" and "Forever". The album has sold 250,000 copies to date, according to Nielsen SoundScan.
The album gets its name from a lyric of one of the songs on it, "Falling upon Deaf Ears".
Track listing
All tracks are written by As I Lay DyingNo.TitleWriter(s)Re-recorded version, originally appeared on:Length1."94 Hours" 3:112."Falling upon Deaf Ears" 2:313."Forever" As I Lay Dying/American Tragedy4:434."Collision" 3:115."Distance Is Darkness" 2:396."Behind Me Lies Another Fallen Soldier"As I Lay Dying, Jon JamesonBeneath the Encasing of Ashes3:037."Undefined" 2:178."A Thousand Steps" 1:469."The Beginning"As I Lay Dying, Tommy GarciaAs I Lay Dying/American Tragedy3:2910."Song 10" 4:1611."The Pain of Separation" As I Lay Dying/American Tragedy2:5712."Elegy" 4:47Total length:38:44
Personnel
Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.
As I Lay Dying
Tim Lambesis – lead vocals, keyboards
Evan White – guitars, bass
Jordan Mancino – drums
Production
Tim Lambesis – production
Evan White – production
Steve Russell – engineer, mixing
Evan White – lead guitar, bass, production
Dan de la Isla – assistant engineer, mixing
Brad Vance – mastering
Brandon O'Connell – pre-production
Jacob Bannon – artwork
Additional musicians
Dylan Plymale – guitars
Tommy Garcia – backing vocals on "94 Hours"
Johnny Upton – clean vocals on "Forever"
Jarrod – clean vocals on "Distance is Darkness"
Charts
Chart (2003)
Peakposition
US Independent Albums (Billboard)
30
US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard)
41
References
^ "Frail Words Collapse - As I Lay Dying". Allmusic.
^ Pratt, Gregg (September 2003). "As I Lay Dying - Frail Words Collapse". Exclaim!. Ian Danzig. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
^ Rhorer, Sean. "As I Lay Dying - FRAIL WORDS COLLAPSE". HM Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
^ "As I Lay Dying, "Frail Words Collapse" Review". Jesus Freak Hideout.
^ Niko Kaartinen (2003-06-23). "Levyarviot: As I Lay Dying - Frail Words Collapse". Imperiumi. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
^ "As I Lay Dying Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard.
^ "As I Lay Dying Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)". Billboard.
vteAs I Lay Dying
Tim Lambesis
Phil Sgrosso
Ken Susi
Ryan Neff
Nick Pierce
Evan White
Clint Norris
Noah Chase
Aaron Kennedy
Jasun Krebs
Nick Hipa
Josh Gilbert
Jordan Mancino
Studio albums
Beneath the Encasing of Ashes
Frail Words Collapse
Shadows Are Security
An Ocean Between Us
The Powerless Rise
Awakened
Shaped by Fire
Compilations
A Long March: The First Recordings
Decas
Videos
This Is Who We Are
Split albums
As I Lay Dying / American Tragedy
Songs
"My Own Grave"
Related articles
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"As I Lay Dying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_I_Lay_Dying_(band)"},{"link_name":"Metal Blade Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Blade_Records"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Frail Words Collapse is the second studio album by American metalcore band As I Lay Dying. The album is their first release on the record label Metal Blade Records. This is also the last album to feature Evan White before his departure from the band shortly after the album's release. Two of the band's signature songs, \"94 Hours\" and \"Forever\", appear on the album.Music videos have been produced for the songs \"94 Hours\" and \"Forever\". The album has sold 250,000 copies to date, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[citation needed]The album gets its name from a lyric of one of the songs on it, \"Falling upon Deaf Ears\".","title":"Frail Words Collapse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"As I Lay Dying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_I_Lay_Dying_(band)"},{"link_name":"As I Lay Dying/American Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_I_Lay_Dying/American_Tragedy"},{"link_name":"Beneath the Encasing of Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneath_the_Encasing_of_Ashes"}],"text":"All tracks are written by As I Lay DyingNo.TitleWriter(s)Re-recorded version, originally appeared on:Length1.\"94 Hours\" 3:112.\"Falling upon Deaf Ears\" 2:313.\"Forever\" As I Lay Dying/American Tragedy4:434.\"Collision\" 3:115.\"Distance Is Darkness\" 2:396.\"Behind Me Lies Another Fallen Soldier\"As I Lay Dying, Jon JamesonBeneath the Encasing of Ashes3:037.\"Undefined\" 2:178.\"A Thousand Steps\" 1:469.\"The Beginning\"As I Lay Dying, Tommy GarciaAs I Lay Dying/American Tragedy3:2910.\"Song 10\" 4:1611.\"The Pain of Separation\" As I Lay Dying/American Tragedy2:5712.\"Elegy\" 4:47Total length:38:44","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Lambesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Lambesis"},{"link_name":"Jordan Mancino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Mancino"},{"link_name":"Tim Lambesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Lambesis"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"Jacob Bannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bannon"}],"text":"Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.As I Lay DyingTim Lambesis – lead vocals, keyboards\nEvan White – guitars, bass\nJordan Mancino – drumsProductionTim Lambesis – production\nEvan White – production\nSteve Russell – engineer, mixing\nEvan White – lead guitar, bass, production\nDan de la Isla – assistant engineer, mixing\nBrad Vance – mastering\nBrandon O'Connell – pre-production\nJacob Bannon – artworkAdditional musiciansDylan Plymale – guitars\nTommy Garcia – backing vocals on \"94 Hours\"\nJohnny Upton – clean vocals on \"Forever\"\nJarrod – clean vocals on \"Distance is Darkness\"","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._C._Roberson_High_School
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T. C. Roberson High School
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["1 T.C. Roberson Football","2 Athletics","3 Notable alumni","3.1 Athletics","3.2 Other","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 35°29′10″N 82°32′06″W / 35.486225°N 82.5351218°W / 35.486225; -82.5351218Public school in North Carolina, United States
T.C. Roberson High SchoolLocation250 Overlook RdAsheville, North Carolina 28803United StatesCoordinates35°29′10″N 82°32′06″W / 35.486225°N 82.5351218°W / 35.486225; -82.5351218InformationSchool typePublicEstablished1962 (62 years ago) (1962)School districtBuncombe County Schools SystemCEEB code343630PrincipalNathan AllisonFaculty96.74 (FTE)Enrollment1,470 (2019-20)Student to teacher ratio15.20Campus size261,000 sq.ft.Campus typeSuburbanColor(s)Navy Blue and Vegas Gold Team nameRamsWebsitetcrhs.buncombeschools.org
T.C. Roberson High School is a high school in the Buncombe County Schools System in Asheville, North Carolina. It is located at 250 Overlook Road, Asheville, NC 28803. TC Roberson High School was founded when Valley Springs High School and Biltmore High School were combined to form one high school. It is named for Thomas Crawford Roberson, a former Superintendent of Buncombe County Schools and the architect of the consolidation of 21 county high schools into the 6 county high schools that exist today. Its school newspaper is the Golden Fleece. It has two feeder schools – Valley Springs Middle School and half of the students at Cane Creek Middle School.
T.C. Roberson is located right by W.W. Estes Elementary School, Valley Springs Middle School, as well as Charles T. Koontz Intermediate School, making it a convenient location for both parents and students. Roberson is also home to the Progressive Education Program (PEP) which is a program dedicated to students with both mental and physical disabilities. The PEP program allows these students to attend school and have the same opportunities as any other student, such as having gym class, art class, math and reading lessons, and getting to meet and interact with classmates. The current principal of the PEP program is Larry Wiegel.
T.C. Roberson Football
The T.C. Roberson Rams Football team represents the T.C. Roberson High School in the sport of American football in High School Athletics. The Rams play in the Mountain 3A/4A conference of the North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA) and are members of the 4A conference.
Athletics
Roberson is affiliated with the North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA). Its team name are the Rams, with the school colors being blue and gold.
In North Carolina, Roberson is ranked fifth in team state championships holding a total of 37. In addition, Roberson has won the AAA Wachovia Cup (award for best overall athletic program in the state of North Carolina) for three straight years and five times since the Wachovia Cup was created in 1979.
Roberson's main rivals in athletics in the Asheville area are A.C. Reynolds High School, and Asheville High School. T.C. Roberson is well known for being a powerhouse in basketball, soccer, cross country, swimming, tennis, and baseball. It is noteworthy that there have been four Roberson baseball players selected in the MLB Draft since 2000. In 2022–2023, the baseball team won a state championship, marking the fifth in its history for T.C. Roberson baseball.
Notable alumni
Athletics
Logan Allen, MLB pitcher
Josh Bonifay, former professional baseball player and coach
Braxton Davidson, #32 overall draft pick of 2014 Major League Baseball Draft by Atlanta Braves
Darren Holmes, former MLB pitcher and 1998 World Series champion with the New York Yankees
Joel McKeithan, MLB coach
Cameron Maybin, MLB player and 2017 World Series champion with the Houston Astros
Christian Moody, former Kansas Jayhawks basketball player who was also named "Greatest Walk-On of All Time" by ESPN
Chris Narveson, former MLB pitcher
David Testo, professional soccer player with the Columbus Crew, Vancouver Whitecaps, and Montreal Impact
Roy Williams, retired men's basketball head coach at the University of Kansas and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Other
Judy Clarke, attorney, known as a "one-woman Dream Team", an anti-death penalty advocate, has defended Eric Rudolph, The Unabomber, and Susan Smith
Michael McFee, poet and essayist
Riley Howell, student, known for taking down a gunman in the 2019 University of North Carolina at Charlotte shooting
Robert A. Phillips, George R. Gardiner Professor of Business Ethics - Schulich School of Business - York University
References
^ a b c "Roberson High". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
^ "The History of TC Roberson High School". www.buncombe.k12.nc.us. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14.
^
^ "Family Bond Fuels Logan Allen's Quest For Greatness". MiLB.com. September 12, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
^ "Bonifay sets record for managing wins in Tennessee". July 11, 2016.
^ Rogers, Carroll (June 5, 2014). "Braves use top pick on power bat, draft Davidson". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
^ Ballew, Bill (2007). A History of Professional Baseball in Asheville. The History Press. p. 114. ISBN 9781596291768. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
^ "McKeithan wrapping up college career for Wolfpack". Citizen-times.com. 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ Beck, Jason (June 7, 2005). "Tigers tab Maybin with top pick". MLB.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
^ Woodling, Chuck (November 7, 2004). "KU's Moody still pride of Asheville". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
^ Ballew, Bill (2004). Baseball in Asheville. Arcadia Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 9780738516103. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
^ Forman, Ross (January 25, 2012). "Gay soccer player David Testo hopes to hit main goals". Windy City Times. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
^ Wood, Rick (2011). 40 Seasons. Wheatmark, Inc. p. 90. ISBN 9781604946017. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
^ "Michael McFee - UNC English and Comparative Literature]". englishcomplit.unc.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
^ "Robert Phillips". schulich.yorku.ca.
External links
School History from Official Website
vteEducation in Buncombe County, North CarolinaAsheville City SchoolsPublic high schools
Asheville High School
Buncombe County SchoolsPublic high schools
A. C. Reynolds High School
Charles D. Owen High School
Clyde A. Erwin High School
Community
Enka High School
North Buncombe High School
T. C. Roberson High School
Independent schoolsReligious schools
Asheville Christian Academy
Christ School
Mount Pisgah Academy
Secular/private schools
Asheville School
Carolina Day School
TertiaryUniversities
Montreat College
University of North Carolina at Asheville
Warren Wilson College
Western Carolina University
Community colleges
Asheville–Buncombe Technical Community College
This list is incomplete.Western Carolina University has its main campus in Cullowhee, North Carolina, which is in Jackson County but operates an additional campus in Asheville.The Buncombe County Schools system serves portions of the city of Asheville and operates three high schools within its city limits.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
Geographic
NCES
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Buncombe County Schools System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buncombe_County_Schools_System"},{"link_name":"Asheville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"Public school in North Carolina, United StatesT.C. Roberson High School is a high school in the Buncombe County Schools System in Asheville, North Carolina. It is located at 250 Overlook Road, Asheville, NC 28803. TC Roberson High School was founded when Valley Springs High School and Biltmore High School were combined to form one high school. It is named for Thomas Crawford Roberson, a former Superintendent of Buncombe County Schools and the architect of the consolidation of 21 county high schools into the 6 county high schools that exist today. Its school newspaper is the Golden Fleece. It has two feeder schools – Valley Springs Middle School and half of the students at Cane Creek Middle School.T.C. Roberson is located right by W.W. Estes Elementary School, Valley Springs Middle School, as well as Charles T. Koontz Intermediate School, making it a convenient location for both parents and students. Roberson is also home to the Progressive Education Program (PEP) which is a program dedicated to students with both mental and physical disabilities. The PEP program allows these students to attend school and have the same opportunities as any other student, such as having gym class, art class, math and reading lessons, and getting to meet and interact with classmates. The current principal of the PEP program is Larry Wiegel.","title":"T. C. Roberson High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"High School Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_athletics"},{"link_name":"North Carolina High School Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_High_School_Athletic_Association"}],"text":"The T.C. Roberson Rams Football team represents the T.C. Roberson High School in the sport of American football in High School Athletics. The Rams play in the Mountain 3A/4A conference of the North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA) and are members of the 4A conference.","title":"T.C. Roberson Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina High School Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_High_School_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Asheville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"A.C. Reynolds High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Reynolds_High_School"},{"link_name":"Asheville High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville_High_School"},{"link_name":"MLB Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_Draft"}],"text":"Roberson is affiliated with the North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA). Its team name are the Rams, with the school colors being blue and gold.In North Carolina, Roberson is ranked fifth in team state championships holding a total of 37.[3] In addition, Roberson has won the AAA Wachovia Cup (award for best overall athletic program in the state of North Carolina) for three straight years and five times since the Wachovia Cup was created in 1979.Roberson's main rivals in athletics in the Asheville area are A.C. Reynolds High School, and Asheville High School. T.C. Roberson is well known for being a powerhouse in basketball, soccer, cross country, swimming, tennis, and baseball. It is noteworthy that there have been four Roberson baseball players selected in the MLB Draft since 2000. In 2022–2023, the baseball team won a state championship, marking the fifth in its history for T.C. Roberson baseball.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Logan Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Allen_(baseball,_born_1997)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Josh Bonifay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Bonifay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Braxton Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braxton_Davidson"},{"link_name":"2014 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Darren Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Holmes_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Joel McKeithan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_McKeithan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cameron Maybin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Maybin"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Christian Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Moody"},{"link_name":"Kansas Jayhawks basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_basketball"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chris Narveson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Narveson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"David Testo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Testo"},{"link_name":"Columbus Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Crew"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Whitecaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Whitecaps_(1986%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"Montreal Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Impact_(1992%E2%80%932011)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Roy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Williams_(coach)"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Athletics","text":"Logan Allen, MLB pitcher[4]\nJosh Bonifay, former professional baseball player and coach[5]\nBraxton Davidson, #32 overall draft pick of 2014 Major League Baseball Draft by Atlanta Braves[6]\nDarren Holmes, former MLB pitcher and 1998 World Series champion with the New York Yankees[7]\nJoel McKeithan, MLB coach[8]\nCameron Maybin, MLB player and 2017 World Series champion with the Houston Astros[9]\nChristian Moody, former Kansas Jayhawks basketball player who was also named \"Greatest Walk-On of All Time\" by ESPN[10]\nChris Narveson, former MLB pitcher[11]\nDavid Testo, professional soccer player with the Columbus Crew, Vancouver Whitecaps, and Montreal Impact[12]\nRoy Williams, retired men's basketball head coach at the University of Kansas and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill[13]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judy Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Michael McFee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McFee"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2019 University of North Carolina at Charlotte shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte_shooting"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Allen_Phillips"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Schulich School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulich_School_of_Business"},{"link_name":"York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_University"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Judy Clarke, attorney, known as a \"one-woman Dream Team\", an anti-death penalty advocate, has defended Eric Rudolph, The Unabomber, and Susan Smith\nMichael McFee, poet and essayist[14]\nRiley Howell, student, known for taking down a gunman in the 2019 University of North Carolina at Charlotte shooting\nRobert A. Phillips, George R. Gardiner Professor of Business Ethics [15] - Schulich School of Business - York University","title":"Notable alumni"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Roberson High\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3700450&SchoolPageNum=3&ID=370045000164","url_text":"\"Roberson High\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of TC Roberson High School\". www.buncombe.k12.nc.us. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081014081704/www.buncombe.k12.nc.us/99920730125156653/blank/browse.asp?A=383&BMDRN=2000&BCOB=0&C=54805","url_text":"\"The History of TC Roberson High School\""},{"url":"http://www.buncombe.k12.nc.us/99920730125156653/blank/browse.asp?A=383&BMDRN=2000&BCOB=0&C=54805","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Family Bond Fuels Logan Allen's Quest For Greatness\". MiLB.com. September 12, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/el-paso/news/family-bond-fuels-logan-allens-quest-for-greatness/c-294359304","url_text":"\"Family Bond Fuels Logan Allen's Quest For Greatness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bonifay sets record for managing wins in Tennessee\". July 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://usatodayhss.com/2016/bonifay-sets-record-for-managing-wins-in-tennessee","url_text":"\"Bonifay sets record for managing wins in Tennessee\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Carroll (June 5, 2014). \"Braves use top pick on power bat, draft Davidson\". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved June 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ajc.com/news/sports/baseball/braves-draft-high-school-of-davidson-with-first-ov/ngFgS/","url_text":"\"Braves use top pick on power bat, draft Davidson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Journal-Constitution","url_text":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution"}]},{"reference":"Ballew, Bill (2007). A History of Professional Baseball in Asheville. The History Press. p. 114. ISBN 9781596291768. Retrieved June 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K83OaiYbHM4C&pg=PA114","url_text":"A History of Professional Baseball in Asheville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596291768","url_text":"9781596291768"}]},{"reference":"\"McKeithan wrapping up college career for Wolfpack\". Citizen-times.com. 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2022-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citizen-times.com/story/hshuddle/2015/03/20/mckeithan-wrapping-up-career-for-wolfpack/25071339/","url_text":"\"McKeithan wrapping up college career for Wolfpack\""}]},{"reference":"Beck, Jason (June 7, 2005). \"Tigers tab Maybin with top pick\". MLB.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160118050127/http://detroit.tigers.mlb.com/news/print.jsp?ymd=20050607&content_id=1079528&vkey=news_det&fext=.jsp&c_id=det","url_text":"\"Tigers tab Maybin with top pick\""},{"url":"http://detroit.tigers.mlb.com/news/print.jsp?ymd=20050607&content_id=1079528&vkey=news_det&fext=.jsp&c_id=det","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Woodling, Chuck (November 7, 2004). \"KU's Moody still pride of Asheville\". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved June 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=20041107&id=ySUzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=megFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5596,4044118","url_text":"\"KU's Moody still pride of Asheville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Journal-World","url_text":"Lawrence Journal-World"}]},{"reference":"Ballew, Bill (2004). Baseball in Asheville. Arcadia Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 9780738516103. Retrieved June 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n5ryVyt_csQC&pg=PA123","url_text":"Baseball in Asheville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738516103","url_text":"9780738516103"}]},{"reference":"Forman, Ross (January 25, 2012). \"Gay soccer player David Testo hopes to hit main goals\". Windy City Times. Retrieved June 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=35804","url_text":"\"Gay soccer player David Testo hopes to hit main goals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy_City_Times","url_text":"Windy City Times"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Rick (2011). 40 Seasons. Wheatmark, Inc. p. 90. ISBN 9781604946017. Retrieved June 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yz0bYYVPI2EC&pg=PA90","url_text":"40 Seasons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604946017","url_text":"9781604946017"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael McFee - UNC English and Comparative Literature]\". englishcomplit.unc.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://englishcomplit.unc.edu/faculty-directory/michael-mcfee/","url_text":"\"Michael McFee - UNC English and Comparative Literature]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Phillips\". schulich.yorku.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://schulich.yorku.ca/faculty/robert-phillips/","url_text":"\"Robert Phillips\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_wallaby
|
Swamp wallaby
|
["1 Etymology","2 Habitat and distribution","3 Description","4 Reproduction","5 Nutrition","6 Taxonomy","7 Threats","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Species of mammal
Swamp wallaby
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Infraclass:
Marsupialia
Order:
Diprotodontia
Family:
Macropodidae
Subfamily:
Macropodinae
Genus:
WallabiaTrouessart, 1905
Species:
W. bicolor
Binomial name
Wallabia bicolor(Desmarest, 1804)
Swamp wallaby range
The swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) is a small macropod marsupial of eastern Australia. This wallaby is also commonly known as the black wallaby, with other names including black-tailed wallaby, fern wallaby, black pademelon, stinker (in Queensland), and black stinker (in New South Wales) on account of its characteristic swampy odour.
The swamp wallaby is the only living member of the genus Wallabia.
Etymology
Historic names for the swamp wallaby include Aroe kangaroo and Macropus ualabatus, as well as banggarai in the Dharawal language.
Habitat and distribution
The swamp wallaby is found from the northernmost areas of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, down the entire east coast and around to southwestern Victoria. It was formerly found throughout southeastern South Australia, but is now rare or absent from that region.
It inhabits thick undergrowth in forests and woodlands, or shelters during the day in thick grass or ferns, emerging at night to feed. Brigalow scrub in Queensland is a particularly favoured habitat.
Note the light cheek stripe
A "pinky" stage pouch joey
A "young at foot" joey
Description
The species name bicolor comes from the distinct colouring variation, with the typical grey coat of the macropods varied with a dark brown to black region on the back, and light yellow to rufous orange on the chest. A light coloured cheek stripe is usually present, and extremities of the body generally show a darker colouring, except for the tip of the tail, which is often white.
The gait differs from other wallabies, with the swamp wallaby carrying its head low and its tail out straight.
The average length is 76 cm (30 in) for males, and 70 cm (28 in) for females (excluding the tail). The tail in both sexes is approximately equal in length to the rest of the body. Average weight for males is 17 kg (37 lb), females averaging 13 kg (29 lb).
The swamp wallaby has seven carpal bones in the wrist (humans have eight).
Reproduction
The swamp wallaby becomes reproductively fertile between 15 and 18 months of age, and can breed throughout the year. Gestation is from 33 to 38 days, leading to a single young. The young is carried in the pouch for 8 to 9 months, but will continue to suckle until about 15 months.
The swamp wallaby exhibits an unusual form of embryonic diapause, differing from other marsupials in having its gestation period longer than its oestrous cycle. This timing makes it possible for swamp wallaby females to overlap two pregnancies, gestating both an embryo and a fetus at the same time. The swamp wallaby ovulates, mates, conceives and forms a new embryo one to two days before the birth of their full-term fetus. Consequently, females are continuously pregnant throughout their reproductive life.
The swamp wallaby is notable for having a distinct sex-chromosome system from most other Theria (the subclass that includes marsupials and placental mammals). Females are characterized by the XX pair typical of therians, but males have one X chromosome and two non-sequence homology Y chromosomes. This system is thought to arise from a series of chromosomal fusions over the last 6 million years.
A swamp wallaby feeding on leaves
Nutrition
The swamp wallaby is typically a solitary animal, but often aggregates into groups when feeding. It will eat a wide range of food plants, depending on availability, including shrubs, pasture, agricultural crops, and native and exotic vegetation. It appears to be able to tolerate a variety of plants poisonous to many other animals, including brackens, hemlock and lantana.
The ideal diet appears to involve browsing on shrubs and bushes, rather than grazing on grasses. This is unusual in wallabies and other macropods, which typically prefer grazing. Tooth structure reflects this preference for browsing, with the shape of the molars differing from other wallabies. The fourth premolar is retained through life, and is shaped for cutting through coarse plant material.
There is evidence that the swamp wallaby is an opportunist taking advantage of food sources when they become available, such as fungi, bark and algae. There is also one reported case of the consumption of carrion.
Taxonomy
Several physical and behavioral characteristics make the swamp wallaby different enough from other wallabies that it is placed apart in its own genus, Wallabia. However, genetic evidence (e.g. Dodt et al, 2017) demonstrates that Wallabia is embedded within the large genus Macropus, necessitating reclassification of this species in the future.
Threats
Anthropogenic actions, such as the increase in roads through swamp wallaby habitats, are a threat to their survival. They are frequently seen near the side of roads, leading to a larger number becoming roadkill.
Other sources of threat for the swamp wallaby are their predators, which include dingoes, eagles and wild dogs.
References
^ Menkhorst, P.; Denny, M.; Ellis, M.; Winter, J.; Burnett, S.; Lunney, D.; van Weenen, J. (2016). "Wallabia bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40575A21952658. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40575A21952658.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Trouessart, E.-L. (1904). Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium. Vol. Quinquennale supplementum. Berolini: R. Friedländer & Sohn. p. 834.
^ a b c d Merchant, J. C. (1995). Strahan, Ronald (ed.). Mammals of Australia (Revised ed.). Sydney: Reed New Holland Publishers. p. 409.
^ a b c d e f g h Merchant, J. C. (1983). Strahan, Ronald (ed.). The Australian Museum Complete Book of Australian Mammals, The National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife (Corrected 1991 reprint ed.). Australia: Cornstalk Publishing. pp. 261–262. ISBN 0-207-14454-0.
^ "Dharug and Dharawal Resources".
^ "Carpals of Swamp Wallaby – Wallabia bicolor". 3 July 2014.
^ "Swamp wallabies conceive new embryo before birth -- a unique reproductive strategy". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
^ Toder, R; O'Neill, R J; Wienberg, K; O'Brien, P C; Voullaire, L; Marshall-Graves, J A (June 1997). "Comparative chromosome painting between two marsupials: origins of an XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system". Mamm Genome. 8 (6): 418–22. doi:10.1007/s003359900459. PMID 9166586. S2CID 12515691. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
^ Fitzsimons, James A. (2016). "Carrion consumption by the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor)". Australian Mammalogy. 39: 105. doi:10.1071/AM16017.
^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
^ Osawa, R (1989). "Road-Kills of the Swamp Wallaby, Wallabia-Bicolor, on North-Stradbroke-Island, Southeast Queensland". Wildlife Research. 16 (1): 95. doi:10.1071/WR9890095. ISSN 1035-3712.
^ Davis, Naomi E.; Forsyth, David M.; Triggs, Barbara; Pascoe, Charlie; Benshemesh, Joe; Robley, Alan; Lawrence, Jenny; Ritchie, Euan G.; Nimmo, Dale G.; Lumsden, Lindy F. (2015-03-19). Crowther, Mathew S. (ed.). "Interspecific and Geographic Variation in the Diets of Sympatric Carnivores: Dingoes/Wild Dogs and Red Foxes in South-Eastern Australia". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0120975. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1020975D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120975. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4366095. PMID 25790230.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to Wallabia bicolor.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wallabia bicolor.
"Wallabia Trouessart, 1905". Atlas of Living Australia.
Australian Museum
vteExtant Diprotodontia species
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Marsupialia
Suborder VombatiformesPhascolarctidaePhascolarctos
Koala (P. cinereus)
Vombatidae(wombats)Vombatus
Common wombat (V. ursinus)
Lasiorhinus
Southern hairy-nosed wombat (L. latifrons)
Northern hairy-nosed wombat (L. krefftii)
Suborder Phalangeriformes (possums)Phalangeridae(including cuscuses)Ailurops(bear cuscuses)
Talaud bear cuscus (A. melanotis)
Sulawesi bear cuscus (A. ursinus)
Phalanger
Gebe cuscus (P. alexandrae)
Mountain cuscus (P. carmelitae)
Ground cuscus (P. gymnotis)
Eastern common cuscus (P. intercastellanus)
Woodlark cuscus (P. lullulae)
Blue-eyed cuscus (P. matabiru)
Telefomin cuscus (P. matanim)
Southern common cuscus (P. mimicus)
Northern common cuscus (P. orientalis)
Ornate cuscus (P. ornatus)
Rothschild's cuscus (P. rothschildi)
Silky cuscus (P. sericeus)
Stein's cuscus (P. vestitus)
Spilocuscus
Admiralty Island cuscus (S. kraemeri)
Common spotted cuscus (S. maculatus)
Waigeou cuscus (S. papuensis)
Black-spotted cuscus (S. rufoniger)
Blue-eyed spotted cuscus (S. wilsoni)
Strigocuscus
Sulawesi dwarf cuscus (S. celebensis)
Banggai cuscus (S. pelegensis)
Trichosurus(brushtail possums)
Northern brushtail possum (T. arnhemensis)
Short-eared possum (T. caninus)
Mountain brushtail possum (T. cunninghami)
Coppery brushtail possum (T. johnstonii)
Common brushtail possum (T. vulpecula)
Wyulda
Scaly-tailed possum (W. squamicaudata)
Burramyidae(pygmy possums)Burramys
Mountain pygmy possum (B. parvus)
Cercartetus
Long-tailed pygmy possum (C. caudatus)
Western pygmy possum (C. concinnus)
Tasmanian pygmy possum (C. lepidus)
Eastern pygmy possum (C. nanus)
TarsipedidaeTarsipes
Honey possum (T. rostratus)
PetauridaeDactylopsila
Great-tailed triok (D. megalura)
Long-fingered triok (D. palpator)
Tate's triok (D. tatei)
Striped possum (D. trivirgata)
Gymnobelideus
Leadbeater's possum (G. leadbeateri)
Petaurus
Northern glider (P. abidi)
Yellow-bellied glider (P. australis)
Biak glider (P. biacensis)
Sugar glider (P. breviceps)
Mahogany glider (P. gracilis)
Squirrel glider (P. norfolcensis)
PseudocheiridaeHemibelideus
Lemur-like ringtail possum (H. lemuroides)
Petauroides(greater gliders)
Central greater glider (P. armillatus)
Northern greater glider (P. minor)
Southern greater glider (P. volans)
Petropseudes
Rock-haunting ringtail possum (P. dahli)
Pseudocheirus
Common ringtail possum (P. peregrinus)
Pseudochirulus
Lowland ringtail possum (P. canescens)
Weyland ringtail possum (P. caroli)
Cinereus ringtail possum (P. cinereus)
Painted ringtail possum (P. forbesi)
Herbert River ringtail possum (P. herbertensis)
Masked ringtail possum (P. larvatus)
Pygmy ringtail possum (P. mayeri)
Vogelkop ringtail possum (P. schlegeli)
Pseudochirops
D'Albertis's ringtail possum (P. albertisii)
Green ringtail possum (P. archeri)
Plush-coated ringtail possum (P. corinnae)
Reclusive ringtail possum (P. coronatus)
Coppery ringtail possum (P. cupreus)
AcrobatidaeAcrobates
Feathertail glider (A. pygmaeus)
Distoechurus
Feather-tailed possum (D. pennatus)
Suborder MacropodiformesMacropodidae(includes wallabies)Lagostrophus
Banded hare-wallaby (L. fasciatus)
Dendrolagus(tree-kangaroos)
Bennett's tree-kangaroo (D. bennettianus)
Doria's tree-kangaroo (D. dorianus)
Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo (D. goodfellowi)
Grizzled tree-kangaroo (D. inustus)
Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (D. lumholtzi)
Matschie's tree-kangaroo (D. matschiei)
Dingiso (D. mbaiso)
Ifola (D. notatus)
Golden-mantled tree-kangaroo (D. pulcherrimus)
Lowlands tree-kangaroo (D. spadix)
Tenkile (D. scottae)
Seri's tree-kangaroo (D. stellarum)
Ursine tree-kangaroo (D. ursinus)
Dorcopsis
Black dorcopsis (D. atrata)
White-striped dorcopsis (D. hageni)
Gray dorcopsis (D. luctuosa)
Brown dorcopsis (D. muelleri)
Dorcopsulus
Macleay's dorcopsis (D. macleayi)
Small dorcopsis (D. vanheurni)
Lagorchestes(hare-wallabies)
Spectacled hare-wallaby (L. conspicillatus)
Rufous hare-wallaby (L. hirsutus)
Macropus
Western grey kangaroo (M. fuliginosus)
Eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus)
Notamacropus
Agile wallaby (N. agilis)
Black-striped wallaby (N. dorsalis)
Tammar wallaby (N. eugenii)
Western brush wallaby (N. irma)
Parma wallaby (N. parma)
Whiptail wallaby (N. parryi)
Red-necked wallaby (N. rufogriseus)
Onychogalea(nail-tail wallabies)
Bridled nail-tail wallaby (O. fraenata)
Northern nail-tail wallaby (O. unguifera)
Osphranter
Antilopine kangaroo (O. antilopinus)
Black wallaroo (O. bernardus)
Common wallaroo (O. robustus)
Red kangaroo (O. rufus)
Petrogale(rock-wallabies)
P. brachyotis species group: Short-eared rock-wallaby (P. brachyotis)
Monjon (P. burbidgei)
Nabarlek (P. concinna)
Eastern short-eared rock-wallaby (P. wilkinsi)
P. xanthopus species group: Proserpine rock-wallaby (P. persephone)
Rothschild's rock-wallaby (P. rothschildi)
Yellow-footed rock-wallaby (P. xanthopus)
P. lateralis/penicillata species group: Allied rock-wallaby (P. assimilis)
Cape York rock-wallaby (P. coenensis)
Godman's rock-wallaby (P. godmani)
Herbert's rock-wallaby (P. herberti)
Unadorned rock-wallaby (P. inornata)
Black-flanked rock-wallaby (P. lateralis)
Mareeba rock-wallaby (P. mareeba)
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby (P. penicillata)
Purple-necked rock-wallaby (P. purpureicollis)
Mount Claro rock-wallaby (P. sharmani)
Setonix
Quokka (S. brachyurus)
Thylogale(pademelons)
Tasmanian pademelon (T. billardierii)
Brown's pademelon (T. browni)
Dusky pademelon (T. brunii)
Calaby's pademelon (T. calabyi)
Mountain pademelon (T. lanatus)
Red-legged pademelon (T. stigmatica)
Red-necked pademelon (T. thetis)
Wallabia
Swamp wallaby (W. bicolor)
PotoroidaeAepyprymnus
Rufous rat-kangaroo (A. rufescens)
Bettongia(bettongs)
Eastern bettong (B. gaimardi)
Boodie (B. lesueur)
Woylie (B. penicillata)
Northern bettong (B. tropica)
Potorous(potoroos)
Long-footed potoroo (P. longipes)
Long-nosed potoroo (P. tridactylus)
Gilbert's potoroo (P. gilbertii)
HypsiprymnodontidaeHypsiprymnodon
Musky rat-kangaroo (H. moschatus)
Taxon identifiersWallabia bicolor
Wikidata: Q735179
Wikispecies: Wallabia bicolor
ADW: Wallabia_bicolor
AFD: Wallabia_bicolor
BOLD: 718686
CoL: 7G6MC
EoL: 310755
GBIF: 2440149
iNaturalist: 42973
IRMNG: 11035060
ITIS: 552759
IUCN: 40575
MDD: 1000317
MSW: 11000314
NCBI: 9330
NZOR: e44a0ac5-6025-4789-a454-34b5ae986f5a
Observation.org: 88221
Open Tree of Life: 836770
Paleobiology Database: 234860
Kangurus bicolor
Wikidata: Q122789919
GBIF: 4826244
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"macropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropodidae"},{"link_name":"marsupial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1995-3"},{"link_name":"wallaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaby"},{"link_name":"pademelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pademelon"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"only living member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1983-4"}],"text":"The swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) is a small macropod marsupial of eastern Australia.[3] This wallaby is also commonly known as the black wallaby, with other names including black-tailed wallaby, fern wallaby, black pademelon, stinker (in Queensland), and black stinker (in New South Wales) on account of its characteristic swampy odour.The swamp wallaby is the only living member of the genus Wallabia.[4]","title":"Swamp wallaby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dharawal language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharawal_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Historic names for the swamp wallaby include Aroe kangaroo and Macropus ualabatus, as well as banggarai in the Dharawal language.[5]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape York Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1983-4"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland"},{"link_name":"grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"Brigalow scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_harpophylla"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1983-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wallabia_bicolor_Jenolan_Caves_portrait.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swamp_wallaby_joey.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swamp-Wallaby-joey-Wallabia-bicolor-cropped.jpg"}],"text":"The swamp wallaby is found from the northernmost areas of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, down the entire east coast and around to southwestern Victoria. It was formerly found throughout southeastern South Australia, but is now rare or absent from that region.[4]It inhabits thick undergrowth in forests and woodlands, or shelters during the day in thick grass or ferns, emerging at night to feed. Brigalow scrub in Queensland is a particularly favoured habitat.[4]Note the light cheek stripeA \"pinky\" stage pouch joeyA \"young at foot\" joey","title":"Habitat and distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1995-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1983-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1983-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The species name bicolor comes from the distinct colouring variation, with the typical grey coat of the macropods varied with a dark brown to black region on the back, and light yellow to rufous orange on the chest. A light coloured cheek stripe is usually present, and extremities of the body generally show a darker colouring, except for the tip of the tail, which is often white.[3]The gait differs from other wallabies, with the swamp wallaby carrying its head low and its tail out straight.[4]The average length is 76 cm (30 in) for males, and 70 cm (28 in) for females (excluding the tail). The tail in both sexes is approximately equal in length to the rest of the body. Average weight for males is 17 kg (37 lb), females averaging 13 kg (29 lb).[4]The swamp wallaby has seven carpal bones in the wrist (humans have eight).[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation"},{"link_name":"pouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouch_(marsupial)"},{"link_name":"suckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding"},{"link_name":"embryonic diapause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_diapause"},{"link_name":"oestrous cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrous_cycle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1983-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Theria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therian_mammals"},{"link_name":"marsupials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupials"},{"link_name":"placental mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_mammals"},{"link_name":"X chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome"},{"link_name":"sequence homology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_homology"},{"link_name":"Y chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosomes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image-Swamp-Wallaby-Feeding-4,-Vic,-Jan.2008.jpg"}],"text":"The swamp wallaby becomes reproductively fertile between 15 and 18 months of age, and can breed throughout the year. Gestation is from 33 to 38 days, leading to a single young. The young is carried in the pouch for 8 to 9 months, but will continue to suckle until about 15 months.The swamp wallaby exhibits an unusual form of embryonic diapause, differing from other marsupials in having its gestation period longer than its oestrous cycle.[4] This timing makes it possible for swamp wallaby females to overlap two pregnancies, gestating both an embryo and a fetus at the same time. The swamp wallaby ovulates, mates, conceives and forms a new embryo one to two days before the birth of their full-term fetus. Consequently, females are continuously pregnant throughout their reproductive life.[7]The swamp wallaby is notable for having a distinct sex-chromosome system from most other Theria (the subclass that includes marsupials and placental mammals). Females are characterized by the XX pair typical of therians, but males have one X chromosome and two non-sequence homology Y chromosomes. This system is thought to arise from a series of chromosomal fusions over the last 6 million years.[8]A swamp wallaby feeding on leaves","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solitary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1995-3"},{"link_name":"food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"shrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"pasture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture"},{"link_name":"agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"exotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation"},{"link_name":"brackens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracken"},{"link_name":"hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conium"},{"link_name":"lantana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1983-4"},{"link_name":"browsing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browsing_(predation)"},{"link_name":"shrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing"},{"link_name":"Tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth"},{"link_name":"molars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)"},{"link_name":"premolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premolar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1983-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The swamp wallaby is typically a solitary animal, but often aggregates into groups when feeding.[3] It will eat a wide range of food plants, depending on availability, including shrubs, pasture, agricultural crops, and native and exotic vegetation. It appears to be able to tolerate a variety of plants poisonous to many other animals, including brackens, hemlock and lantana.[4]The ideal diet appears to involve browsing on shrubs and bushes, rather than grazing on grasses. This is unusual in wallabies and other macropods, which typically prefer grazing. Tooth structure reflects this preference for browsing, with the shape of the molars differing from other wallabies. The fourth premolar is retained through life, and is shaped for cutting through coarse plant material.[4]There is evidence that the swamp wallaby is an opportunist taking advantage of food sources when they become available, such as fungi, bark and algae. There is also one reported case of the consumption of carrion.[9]","title":"Nutrition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msw3-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant1995-3"}],"text":"Several physical and behavioral characteristics make the swamp wallaby different enough from other wallabies that it is placed apart in its own genus, Wallabia.[10][3] However, genetic evidence (e.g. Dodt et al, 2017) demonstrates that Wallabia is embedded within the large genus Macropus, necessitating reclassification of this species in the future.","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roadkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadkill"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Anthropogenic actions, such as the increase in roads through swamp wallaby habitats, are a threat to their survival. They are frequently seen near the side of roads, leading to a larger number becoming roadkill.[11]Other sources of threat for the swamp wallaby are their predators, which include dingoes, eagles and wild dogs.[12]","title":"Threats"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Note the light cheek stripe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Wallabia_bicolor_Jenolan_Caves_portrait.jpg/220px-Wallabia_bicolor_Jenolan_Caves_portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"A \"pinky\" stage pouch joey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Swamp_wallaby_joey.jpg/220px-Swamp_wallaby_joey.jpg"},{"image_text":"A \"young at foot\" joey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Swamp-Wallaby-joey-Wallabia-bicolor-cropped.jpg/220px-Swamp-Wallaby-joey-Wallabia-bicolor-cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"A swamp wallaby feeding on leaves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Image-Swamp-Wallaby-Feeding-4%2C-Vic%2C-Jan.2008.jpg/220px-Image-Swamp-Wallaby-Feeding-4%2C-Vic%2C-Jan.2008.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Menkhorst, P.; Denny, M.; Ellis, M.; Winter, J.; Burnett, S.; Lunney, D.; van Weenen, J. (2016). \"Wallabia bicolor\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40575A21952658. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40575A21952658.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/40575/21952658","url_text":"\"Wallabia bicolor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40575A21952658.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40575A21952658.en"}]},{"reference":"Trouessart, E.-L. (1904). Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium. Vol. Quinquennale supplementum. Berolini: R. Friedländer & Sohn. p. 834.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40579370","url_text":"Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium"}]},{"reference":"Merchant, J. C. (1995). Strahan, Ronald (ed.). Mammals of Australia (Revised ed.). Sydney: Reed New Holland Publishers. p. 409.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Merchant, J. C. (1983). Strahan, Ronald (ed.). The Australian Museum Complete Book of Australian Mammals, The National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife (Corrected 1991 reprint ed.). Australia: Cornstalk Publishing. pp. 261–262. ISBN 0-207-14454-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-207-14454-0","url_text":"0-207-14454-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Dharug and Dharawal Resources\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dharug.dalang.com.au/language/view_word/1855","url_text":"\"Dharug and Dharawal Resources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carpals of Swamp Wallaby – Wallabia bicolor\". 3 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://kmccready.wordpress.com/2014/07/03/carpals-of-swamp-wallaby-wallabia-bicolor/","url_text":"\"Carpals of Swamp Wallaby – Wallabia bicolor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swamp wallabies conceive new embryo before birth -- a unique reproductive strategy\". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2020-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200302153611.htm","url_text":"\"Swamp wallabies conceive new embryo before birth -- a unique reproductive strategy\""}]},{"reference":"Toder, R; O'Neill, R J; Wienberg, K; O'Brien, P C; Voullaire, L; Marshall-Graves, J A (June 1997). \"Comparative chromosome painting between two marsupials: origins of an XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system\". Mamm Genome. 8 (6): 418–22. doi:10.1007/s003359900459. PMID 9166586. S2CID 12515691. Retrieved March 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9166586/","url_text":"\"Comparative chromosome painting between two marsupials: origins of an XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003359900459","url_text":"10.1007/s003359900459"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9166586","url_text":"9166586"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12515691","url_text":"12515691"}]},{"reference":"Fitzsimons, James A. (2016). \"Carrion consumption by the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor)\". Australian Mammalogy. 39: 105. doi:10.1071/AM16017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FAM16017","url_text":"10.1071/AM16017"}]},{"reference":"Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Groves","url_text":"Groves, C. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11000314","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-801-88221-4","url_text":"0-801-88221-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Osawa, R (1989). \"Road-Kills of the Swamp Wallaby, Wallabia-Bicolor, on North-Stradbroke-Island, Southeast Queensland\". Wildlife Research. 16 (1): 95. doi:10.1071/WR9890095. ISSN 1035-3712.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=WR9890095","url_text":"\"Road-Kills of the Swamp Wallaby, Wallabia-Bicolor, on North-Stradbroke-Island, Southeast Queensland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FWR9890095","url_text":"10.1071/WR9890095"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1035-3712","url_text":"1035-3712"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Naomi E.; Forsyth, David M.; Triggs, Barbara; Pascoe, Charlie; Benshemesh, Joe; Robley, Alan; Lawrence, Jenny; Ritchie, Euan G.; Nimmo, Dale G.; Lumsden, Lindy F. (2015-03-19). Crowther, Mathew S. (ed.). \"Interspecific and Geographic Variation in the Diets of Sympatric Carnivores: Dingoes/Wild Dogs and Red Foxes in South-Eastern Australia\". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0120975. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1020975D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120975. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4366095. PMID 25790230.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4366095","url_text":"\"Interspecific and Geographic Variation in the Diets of Sympatric Carnivores: Dingoes/Wild Dogs and Red Foxes in South-Eastern Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1020975D","url_text":"2015PLoSO..1020975D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0120975","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0120975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","url_text":"1932-6203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4366095","url_text":"4366095"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25790230","url_text":"25790230"}]},{"reference":"\"Wallabia Trouessart, 1905\". Atlas of Living Australia.","urls":[{"url":"https://bie.ala.org.au/species/https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/f33c3347-515b-4d9f-a2d7-9aba91f42435","url_text":"\"Wallabia Trouessart, 1905\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CPBL_stolen_bases_champions
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List of CPBL stolen bases champions
|
["1 Champions","2 External links"]
|
Chinese Professional Baseball League recognizes stolen base champions each season.
Champions
Year
Player
Team
Stolen bases
1990
Lin Yi-tseng (林易增)
Wei Chuan Dragons
34
1991
31
1992
Brother Elephants
47
1993
41
1994
33
1995
Chang Yaw-Teing (張耀騰)
China Times Eagles
45
1996
César Hernández (賀亮德C.D.)
Uni-President Lions
36
1997
Bernardo Tatis (大帝士B.T.)
Wei Chuan Dragons
71
1998
65
1999
Huang Kan-lin (黃甘霖)
Uni-President Lions
54
2000
42
2001
40
2002
42
2003
49
2004
Cheng Chou-hang (鄭兆行)
Sinon Bulls
31
2005
Yang Sen (陽 森)
Uni-President Lions
25
2006
Yu Hsien-ming (余賢明)
Sinon Bulls
27
2007
Huang Lung-yi (黃龍義)
La New Bears
27
2008
Wang Seng-wei (王勝偉)
Brother Elephants
24
2009
42
2010
Cheng Da-hong (鄭達鴻)
Sinon Bulls
31
2011
Chang Cheng-Wei (張正偉)
Brother Elephants
33
2012
Chang Chih-Hao (張志豪)
22
Chang Cheng-wei (張正偉)
2013
Wang Sheng Wei (王勝偉)
29
2014
Lin Chih-Ping (林智平)
Lamigo Monkeys
31
2015
32
2016
26
2017
Wang Sheng-Wei (王勝偉)
Chinatrust Brothers
20
2018
Wang Wei-Chen (王威晨)
44
2019
27
2020
Chen Chen-Wei (陳晨威)
Rakuten Monkeys
42
2021
Lin Li (林 立)
27
2022
Chen Chen-Wei (陳晨威)
Rakuten Monkeys
38
2023
Chen Chen-Wei (陳晨威)
Rakuten Monkeys
22
External links
vteChinese Professional Baseball LeagueCurrent teams
CTBC Brothers
Fubon Guardians
Rakuten Monkeys
TSG Hawks
Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions
Wei Chuan Dragons
Defunct teams
Mercuries Tigers
China Times Eagles
Chinatrust Whales
dmedia T-REX
Seasons
2007
2008
2011
2020
2021
2022
2023
Taiwan Series
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2020
2021
Games
All-Star Game
Home Run Derby
Awards
MVP of the Year
Rookie of the Year
Manager of the Year
Most Progressive
Win Champions
ERA Champions
Strikeout Champions
Hold Champions
Save Champions
Batting Champions
Home run Champions
RBI Champions
Hit Champions
Stolen Base Champions
Miscellaneous
Nicknames
Scandals
Import players
Taiwan Major League (defunct)
Asia Series (defunct)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese Professional Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Professional_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"stolen base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_base"}],"text":"Chinese Professional Baseball League recognizes stolen base champions each season.","title":"List of CPBL stolen bases champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Champions"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisoroszi
|
Kisoroszi
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 47°48′35″N 19°00′45″E / 47.809722°N 19.0125°E / 47.809722; 19.0125Village in Central Hungary, HungaryKisorosziVillage
FlagCoat of armsKisorosziLocation of KisorosziCoordinates: 47°48′35″N 19°00′45″E / 47.809722°N 19.0125°E / 47.809722; 19.0125CountryHungaryRegionCentral HungaryCountyPestDistrictSzentendreArea • Total10.94 km2 (4.22 sq mi)Population (1 January 2023) • Total908 • Density83/km2 (210/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code2024Area code(+36) 26Websitewww.kisoroszi.hu
Kisoroszi is a village on Szentendre Island in Pest county, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary. It has a population of 892 (2007).
References
^ Detailed Gazetteer of Hungary. 30 October 2023 https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=29850. Retrieved 5 November 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
This Pest County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Szentendre Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentendre_Island"},{"link_name":"Pest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(county)"},{"link_name":"Budapest metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"}],"text":"Village in Central Hungary, HungaryKisoroszi is a village on Szentendre Island in Pest county, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary. It has a population of 892 (2007).","title":"Kisoroszi"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Detailed Gazetteer of Hungary. 30 October 2023 https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=29850. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=29850","url_text":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=29850"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kisoroszi¶ms=47.809722_N_19.0125_E_region:HU_type:city(908)","external_links_name":"47°48′35″N 19°00′45″E / 47.809722°N 19.0125°E / 47.809722; 19.0125"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kisoroszi¶ms=47.809722_N_19.0125_E_region:HU_type:city(908)","external_links_name":"47°48′35″N 19°00′45″E / 47.809722°N 19.0125°E / 47.809722; 19.0125"},{"Link":"http://www.kisoroszi.hu/","external_links_name":"www.kisoroszi.hu"},{"Link":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=29850","external_links_name":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=29850"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/137382662","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535623705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98007058","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kisoroszi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landon_Powell
|
Landon Powell
|
["1 High school","2 College","3 Professional career","3.1 Draft","3.2 Oakland Athletics","3.3 Houston Astros","3.4 New York Mets","4 Coaching","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]
|
American baseball player and coach (born 1982)
Baseball player
Landon PowellPowell with the Oakland AthleticsCatcherBorn: (1982-03-19) March 19, 1982 (age 42)Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.Batted: SwitchThrew: RightMLB debutApril 11, 2009, for the Oakland AthleticsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 28, 2011, for the Oakland AthleticsMLB statisticsBatting average.207Home runs10Runs batted in45
Teams
Oakland Athletics (2009–2011)
Landon Reed Powell (born March 19, 1982) is an American former professional baseball player and current coach. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 2009 to 2011 for the Oakland Athletics. Powell is the current head baseball coach of the North Greenville Crusaders. He played college baseball at South Carolina from 2001 to 2004. He was the Athletics' catcher on May 9, 2010, when pitcher Dallas Braden threw a perfect game.
High school
Powell led Apex High School in Apex, North Carolina to the 2000 4-A state championship as a junior. Because he was already 18 years old, he was eligible to enter the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft and did so. However, he went undrafted because his agent, Scott Boras, did not inform teams he was available. This made Powell a free agent, but he chose to attend college after failing to receive an acceptable offer from an MLB club. This loophole in the drafting system was later closed due to this incident and one a year later involving pitcher Jeremy Bonderman.
College
Powell attended the University of South Carolina. In 2002, as a sophomore, he had a .292 batting average with 12 home runs and started at catcher as the team went to the 2002 College World Series. The Gamecocks made a run to the finals, but eventually lost to the Texas Longhorns in the last College World Series to have a single game final series. In 2003 the tournament would expand the finals to a best of 3. In 2003 and 2004, Powell once again helped lead the University of South Carolina to the CWS and ranked third on the team in batting average in 2003 (.339) and 2004 (.328). Powell received College World Series all-tournament honors as a catcher in both 2002 and 2003. In his four seasons with the Gamecocks, Powell was a leading offensive threat. He finished with a career batting average of .306 as a switch-hitting catcher, with 44 home runs, 61 doubles, and 193 RBI. The two-time team captain was named as an All-American in 2002 and 2004 as well as all-SEC in his senior season.
In 2010, Powell was named to the NCAA World Series Legends Team. He and Ryan Garko were named as catchers.
Professional career
Draft
After three seasons with the Gamecocks, Powell was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 2003 Major League Baseball Draft as the 733rd overall pick in the 25th round. He did not sign with the Cubs and opted instead to play another season with the University of South Carolina. After his final season there, he entered the draft again in 2004 and the switch hitting catcher was taken in the 1st round by the Oakland Athletics as the 24th overall pick and was the Athletics' first overall pick. Major League scouts reported Powell had a great baseball IQ, and soft hands which made him a top prospect.
Oakland Athletics
Upon signing with the Athletics on July 22, 2004, he was assigned to play for the Single-A Vancouver Canadians. He played in 38 games and hit just .237. Teammate Kurt Suzuki, also taken in the 2004 draft, got more playing time as he played in 46 games and hit .297. Both were the organizations catchers of the future and only time would tell who would reach the majors first. Powell's chances were ruined when in 2005, he was out for the entire season when he underwent surgery to repair a left torn ACL. After a lost year, he played again in 2006, playing for the Single-A Stockton Ports and the Double-A Midland RockHounds.
Powell began the 2007 season playing for the Rockhounds. In 60 games with them, he hit .292 with 11 home runs. He was promoted to play with the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats on June 28. He played just 4 games for the River Cats before reaggravating the same knee that forced him to sit the 2005 season. Powell missed the rest of the 2007 season. He was considered as a possibility to split the catching duties for the major league club in 2008 but with his injury, it wasn't possible.
On November 20, 2007, the Athletics purchased his contract, protecting him from the Rule 5 draft.
Powell made his major league debut for the Athletics on April 11, 2009. In his first major league at-bat, Powell doubled in the second inning off the Seattle Mariners' Félix Hernández, driving in two runs. He spent the entire season in the big leagues, yet only appeared in 46 games (36 at catcher, 6 at first base and 3 at DH), as Kurt Suzuki for the second straight year led the majors in games caught. He finished the season with .229 batting average with 7 home runs and 30 RBIs.
On May 9, 2010, Powell caught Dallas Braden's perfect game.
Powell was designated for assignment on December 23, 2011, and outrighted to the Sacramento River Cats on January 5, 2012. On March 9, 2012, Powell was released by the Athletics.
Houston Astros
On March 14, 2012, Powell signed a minor league deal with the Houston Astros with an invite to spring training. On April 3, 2012, Houston assigned him to the Oklahoma City RedHawks.
New York Mets
On January 18, 2013, Powell signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets with an invite to spring training.
Reassigned to AAA Las Vegas 51s on March 30, 2013.
On June 8, 2013, the Las Vegas 51s released Powell from his contract.
Coaching
On May 9, 2014, Powell was hired by North Greenville University, a Division II school located in Tigerville, South Carolina, to be the head coach of the baseball team.
On June 10, 2022, Powell managed the North Greenville Crusaders to their first ever Baseball NCAA DII National Championship winning over Point Loma University with a final score of 5–3.
Personal life
On January 25, 2013, Powell and his wife Allyson lost their infant daughter Izzy, who died from Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Powell continues to raise awareness for the need for organ donation, due to his own struggles with autoimmune hepatitis. The Powells have two other children, a son and another daughter.
References
^ "Player Bio: Landon Powell - SOUTH CAROLINA GAMECOCKS". Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
^ a b "Baseball America - Alan Matthews' High School Notebook". www.baseballamerica.com. Archived from the original on 2005-03-05.
^ "Landon Powell". nguathletics.com. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
^ "Landon Powell named to NCAA College World Series Legends Team | oaklandathletics.com: Official Info". oakland.athletics.mlb.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18.
^ Slusser, Susan (2005-03-20). "Meyer, hopeful as starter, shows progress in victory". sfgate.com. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
^ Slusser, Susan (2007-07-05). "Kennedy walks 4, retires 2, takes loss". sfgate.com. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
^ "Landon Powell 2009 Batting Gamelogs - Baseball-Reference.com". Archived from the original on 2010-02-03.
^ "Seattle Mariners at Oakland Athletics Box Score, April 11, 2009". Baseball-Reference.com.
^ Shea, John (March 9, 2012). "Landon Powell on release by A;s: 'It's something I knew was coming'". San Francisco Gate.
^ Nicholson-Smith, Ben (March 14, 2012). "Astros Sign Landon Powell". MLB Trade Rumors.
^ Campbell, Steve (April 3, 2012). "Astros unveil minor league rosters". Ultimate Astros.
^ "Mets Sign Landon Powell To Minor League Deal". amazinavenue.com. amazinavenue. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
^ Burns, Michael. "Former Gamecock star Landon Powell to coach North Greenville baseball". The Greenville News.
^ "National Champions: NGU Wins NCAA DII Baseball". 14 June 2022.
^ Rubin, Adam (January 26, 2013). "Landon Powell's infant daughter dies".
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
North Greenville Crusader coach bio
vte2004 Major League Baseball draft first round selections
Matt Bush
Justin Verlander
Philip Humber
Jeff Niemann
Mark Rogers
Jeremy Sowers
Homer Bailey
Wade Townsend
Chris Nelson
Thomas Diamond
Neil Walker
Jered Weaver
Bill Bray
Billy Butler
Stephen Drew
David Purcey
Scott Elbert
Josh Fields
Chris Lambert
Trevor Plouffe
Greg Golson
Glen Perkins
Phil Hughes
Landon Powell
Kyle Waldrop
Richie Robnett
Taylor Tankersley
Blake DeWitt
Matthew Campbell
Eric Hurley
J. P. Howell
Zach Jackson
Justin Orenduff
Tyler Lumsden
Matt Fox
Danny Putnam
Jon Poterson
Gio González
Jay Rainville
Huston Street
Jeff Marquez
vteOakland Athletics first-round draft picks
1965: Monday
1966: Jackson
1967: Bickerton
1968: Broberg
1969: Stanhouse
1970: Ford
1971: Daniels
1972: Lemon
1973: Scarbery
1974: Johnson
1975: Robinson
1976: T. Sullivan
1977: Harris
1978: Morgan, Conroy
1979: Bustabad, Stenhouse
1980: King
1981: Pyznarski
1982: None
1983: Hilton
1984: McGwire
1985: Weiss
1986: Hemond
1987: Tinsley
1988: Royer
1989: None
1990: Van Poppel, Peters, Zancanaro, Dressendorfer
1991: Gates, Rossiter
1992: Grigsby
1993: Wasdin, Adams
1994: Grieve
1995: Prieto
1996: Chavez
1997: Enochs, DuBose, Haynes, Wagner
1998: Mulder
1999: Zito
2000: None
2001: Crosby, Bonderman, Rheinecker
2002: Swisher, Blanton, McCurdy, Fritz, J. Brown, Obenchain, Teahen
2003: B. Sullivan, Snyder, Quintanilla
2004: Powell, Robnett, Putnam, Street
2005: Pennington, Buck
2006: None
2007: Simmons, Doolittle, C. Brown
2008: Weeks
2009: Green
2010: Choice
2011: Gray
2012: Russell, Robertson, Olson
2013: McKinney
2014: Chapman
2015: Martin
2016: Puk
2017: Beck
2018: Murray
2019: Davidson
2020: Soderstrom
2021: Muncy
2022: Susac
2023: Wilson
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"North Greenville Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Greenville_Crusaders"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_baseball"},{"link_name":"Dallas Braden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Braden"},{"link_name":"perfect game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Braden%27s_perfect_game"}],"text":"Baseball playerLandon Reed Powell (born March 19, 1982) is an American former professional baseball player and current coach. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 2009 to 2011 for the Oakland Athletics. Powell is the current head baseball coach of the North Greenville Crusaders. He played college baseball at South Carolina from 2001 to 2004. He was the Athletics' catcher on May 9, 2010, when pitcher Dallas Braden threw a perfect game.","title":"Landon Powell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apex High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_High_School"},{"link_name":"Apex, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2000 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"Scott Boras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Boras"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baseballamerica.com-2"},{"link_name":"free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Bonderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bonderman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baseballamerica.com-2"}],"text":"Powell led Apex High School in Apex, North Carolina to the 2000 4-A state championship as a junior.[1] Because he was already 18 years old, he was eligible to enter the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft and did so. However, he went undrafted because his agent, Scott Boras, did not inform teams he was available.[2] This made Powell a free agent, but he chose to attend college after failing to receive an acceptable offer from an MLB club. This loophole in the drafting system was later closed due to this incident and one a year later involving pitcher Jeremy Bonderman.[2]","title":"High school"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_runs"},{"link_name":"2002 College World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_College_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Texas Longhorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ryan Garko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Garko"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Powell attended the University of South Carolina. In 2002, as a sophomore, he had a .292 batting average with 12 home runs and started at catcher as the team went to the 2002 College World Series. The Gamecocks made a run to the finals, but eventually lost to the Texas Longhorns in the last College World Series to have a single game final series. In 2003 the tournament would expand the finals to a best of 3. In 2003 and 2004, Powell once again helped lead the University of South Carolina to the CWS and ranked third on the team in batting average in 2003 (.339) and 2004 (.328). Powell received College World Series all-tournament honors as a catcher in both 2002 and 2003. In his four seasons with the Gamecocks, Powell was a leading offensive threat. He finished with a career batting average of .306 as a switch-hitting catcher, with 44 home runs, 61 doubles, and 193 RBI. The two-time team captain was named as an All-American in 2002 and 2004 as well as all-SEC in his senior season.[3]In 2010, Powell was named to the NCAA World Series Legends Team. He and Ryan Garko were named as catchers.[4]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"2003 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"}],"sub_title":"Draft","text":"After three seasons with the Gamecocks, Powell was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 2003 Major League Baseball Draft as the 733rd overall pick in the 25th round. He did not sign with the Cubs and opted instead to play another season with the University of South Carolina. After his final season there, he entered the draft again in 2004 and the switch hitting catcher was taken in the 1st round by the Oakland Athletics as the 24th overall pick and was the Athletics' first overall pick. Major League scouts reported Powell had a great baseball IQ, and soft hands which made him a top prospect.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canadians"},{"link_name":"Kurt Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"torn ACL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torn_ACL"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Stockton Ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Ports"},{"link_name":"Midland RockHounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_RockHounds"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Sacramento River Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_River_Cats"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rule 5 draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_5_draft"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Félix Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kurt Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Dallas Braden's perfect game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Braden%27s_perfect_game"},{"link_name":"Sacramento River Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_River_Cats"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Oakland Athletics","text":"Upon signing with the Athletics on July 22, 2004, he was assigned to play for the Single-A Vancouver Canadians. He played in 38 games and hit just .237. Teammate Kurt Suzuki, also taken in the 2004 draft, got more playing time as he played in 46 games and hit .297. Both were the organizations catchers of the future and only time would tell who would reach the majors first. Powell's chances were ruined when in 2005, he was out for the entire season when he underwent surgery to repair a left torn ACL.[5] After a lost year, he played again in 2006, playing for the Single-A Stockton Ports and the Double-A Midland RockHounds.Powell began the 2007 season playing for the Rockhounds. In 60 games with them, he hit .292 with 11 home runs. He was promoted to play with the Triple-A Sacramento River Cats on June 28. He played just 4 games for the River Cats before reaggravating the same knee that forced him to sit the 2005 season. Powell missed the rest of the 2007 season. He was considered as a possibility to split the catching duties for the major league club in 2008 but with his injury, it wasn't possible.[6]On November 20, 2007, the Athletics purchased his contract, protecting him from the Rule 5 draft.Powell made his major league debut for the Athletics on April 11, 2009.[7] In his first major league at-bat, Powell doubled in the second inning off the Seattle Mariners' Félix Hernández, driving in two runs.[8] He spent the entire season in the big leagues, yet only appeared in 46 games (36 at catcher, 6 at first base and 3 at DH), as Kurt Suzuki for the second straight year led the majors in games caught. He finished the season with .229 batting average with 7 home runs and 30 RBIs.On May 9, 2010, Powell caught Dallas Braden's perfect game.Powell was designated for assignment on December 23, 2011, and outrighted to the Sacramento River Cats on January 5, 2012. On March 9, 2012, Powell was released by the Athletics.[9]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City RedHawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_RedHawks"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Houston Astros","text":"On March 14, 2012, Powell signed a minor league deal with the Houston Astros with an invite to spring training.[10] On April 3, 2012, Houston assigned him to the Oklahoma City RedHawks.[11]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"New York Mets","text":"On January 18, 2013, Powell signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets with an invite to spring training.[12]Reassigned to AAA Las Vegas 51s on March 30, 2013.\nOn June 8, 2013, the Las Vegas 51s released Powell from his contract.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Greenville University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Greenville_University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On May 9, 2014, Powell was hired by North Greenville University, a Division II school located in Tigerville, South Carolina, to be the head coach of the baseball team. \n[13] On June 10, 2022, Powell managed the North Greenville Crusaders to their first ever Baseball NCAA DII National Championship winning over Point Loma University with a final score of 5–3.[14]","title":"Coaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemophagocytic_lymphohistiocytosis"},{"link_name":"organ donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_donation"},{"link_name":"autoimmune hepatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On January 25, 2013, Powell and his wife Allyson lost their infant daughter Izzy, who died from Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Powell continues to raise awareness for the need for organ donation, due to his own struggles with autoimmune hepatitis. The Powells have two other children, a son and another daughter.[15]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Player Bio: Landon Powell - SOUTH CAROLINA GAMECOCKS\". Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2009-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100410142708/http://gamecocksonline.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/mtt/powell_landon00.html","url_text":"\"Player Bio: Landon Powell - SOUTH CAROLINA GAMECOCKS\""},{"url":"http://gamecocksonline.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/mtt/powell_landon00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball America - Alan Matthews' High School Notebook\". www.baseballamerica.com. Archived from the original on 2005-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050305024048/http://www.baseballamerica.com/today/highschool/050302hsnotes.html","url_text":"\"Baseball America - Alan Matthews' High School Notebook\""},{"url":"http://www.baseballamerica.com/today/highschool/050302hsnotes.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Landon Powell\". nguathletics.com. Retrieved 13 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nguathletics.com/sports/baseball/roster/coaches/landon-powell/410","url_text":"\"Landon Powell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Landon Powell named to NCAA College World Series Legends Team | oaklandathletics.com: Official Info\". oakland.athletics.mlb.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318031222/http://oakland.athletics.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20100506&content_id=9843706&vkey=pr_oak&fext=.jsp&c_id=oak","url_text":"\"Landon Powell named to NCAA College World Series Legends Team | oaklandathletics.com: Official Info\""},{"url":"http://oakland.athletics.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20100506&content_id=9843706&vkey=pr_oak&fext=.jsp&c_id=oak","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Slusser, Susan (2005-03-20). \"Meyer, hopeful as starter, shows progress in victory\". sfgate.com. Retrieved 2007-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Slusser","url_text":"Slusser, Susan"},{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/archive/2005/03/20/SPGVHBSAC11.DTL","url_text":"\"Meyer, hopeful as starter, shows progress in victory\""}]},{"reference":"Slusser, Susan (2007-07-05). \"Kennedy walks 4, retires 2, takes loss\". sfgate.com. Retrieved 2007-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/07/05/SPG7JQQB421.DTL","url_text":"\"Kennedy walks 4, retires 2, takes loss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Landon Powell 2009 Batting Gamelogs - Baseball-Reference.com\". Archived from the original on 2010-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100203171604/http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?n1=powella01&t=b&year=2009","url_text":"\"Landon Powell 2009 Batting Gamelogs - Baseball-Reference.com\""},{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?n1=powella01&t=b&year=2009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seattle Mariners at Oakland Athletics Box Score, April 11, 2009\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/OAK/OAK200904110.shtml","url_text":"\"Seattle Mariners at Oakland Athletics Box Score, April 11, 2009\""}]},{"reference":"Shea, John (March 9, 2012). \"Landon Powell on release by A;s: 'It's something I knew was coming'\". San Francisco Gate.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.sfgate.com/athletics/2012/03/09/landon-powell-on-release-by-as-its-something-i-knew-was-coming/","url_text":"\"Landon Powell on release by A;s: 'It's something I knew was coming'\""}]},{"reference":"Nicholson-Smith, Ben (March 14, 2012). \"Astros Sign Landon Powell\". MLB Trade Rumors.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2011_06_21_sosaax_sonaax_1","url_text":"\"Astros Sign Landon Powell\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Steve (April 3, 2012). \"Astros unveil minor league rosters\". Ultimate Astros.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.chron.com/ultimateastros/2012/04/03/astros-unveil-minor-league-rosters","url_text":"\"Astros unveil minor league rosters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mets Sign Landon Powell To Minor League Deal\". amazinavenue.com. amazinavenue. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amazinavenue.com/2013/1/18/3891042/new-york-mets-sign-landon-powell-catcher","url_text":"\"Mets Sign Landon Powell To Minor League Deal\""}]},{"reference":"Burns, Michael. \"Former Gamecock star Landon Powell to coach North Greenville baseball\". The Greenville News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/sports/2014/05/09/former-gamecock-star-coach-north-greenville-baseball/8895317/","url_text":"\"Former Gamecock star Landon Powell to coach North Greenville baseball\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Champions: NGU Wins NCAA DII Baseball\". 14 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ngu.edu/news/national-champions-north-greenville-wins-ncaa-division-ii-baseball-tournament/","url_text":"\"National Champions: NGU Wins NCAA DII Baseball\""}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Adam (January 26, 2013). \"Landon Powell's infant daughter dies\".","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/new-york/mlb/story/_/id/8884620/new-new-york-mets-catcher-landon-powell-infant-daughter-dies","url_text":"\"Landon Powell's infant daughter dies\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100410142708/http://gamecocksonline.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/mtt/powell_landon00.html","external_links_name":"\"Player Bio: Landon Powell - SOUTH CAROLINA GAMECOCKS\""},{"Link":"http://gamecocksonline.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/mtt/powell_landon00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050305024048/http://www.baseballamerica.com/today/highschool/050302hsnotes.html","external_links_name":"\"Baseball America - Alan Matthews' High School Notebook\""},{"Link":"http://www.baseballamerica.com/today/highschool/050302hsnotes.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nguathletics.com/sports/baseball/roster/coaches/landon-powell/410","external_links_name":"\"Landon Powell\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318031222/http://oakland.athletics.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20100506&content_id=9843706&vkey=pr_oak&fext=.jsp&c_id=oak","external_links_name":"\"Landon Powell named to NCAA College World Series Legends Team | oaklandathletics.com: Official Info\""},{"Link":"http://oakland.athletics.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20100506&content_id=9843706&vkey=pr_oak&fext=.jsp&c_id=oak","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/archive/2005/03/20/SPGVHBSAC11.DTL","external_links_name":"\"Meyer, hopeful as starter, shows progress in victory\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/07/05/SPG7JQQB421.DTL","external_links_name":"\"Kennedy walks 4, retires 2, takes loss\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100203171604/http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?n1=powella01&t=b&year=2009","external_links_name":"\"Landon Powell 2009 Batting Gamelogs - Baseball-Reference.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?n1=powella01&t=b&year=2009","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/OAK/OAK200904110.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Seattle Mariners at Oakland Athletics Box Score, April 11, 2009\""},{"Link":"http://blog.sfgate.com/athletics/2012/03/09/landon-powell-on-release-by-as-its-something-i-knew-was-coming/","external_links_name":"\"Landon Powell on release by A;s: 'It's something I knew was coming'\""},{"Link":"http://www.milb.com/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2011_06_21_sosaax_sonaax_1","external_links_name":"\"Astros Sign Landon Powell\""},{"Link":"http://blog.chron.com/ultimateastros/2012/04/03/astros-unveil-minor-league-rosters","external_links_name":"\"Astros unveil minor league rosters\""},{"Link":"http://www.amazinavenue.com/2013/1/18/3891042/new-york-mets-sign-landon-powell-catcher","external_links_name":"\"Mets Sign Landon Powell To Minor League Deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/sports/2014/05/09/former-gamecock-star-coach-north-greenville-baseball/8895317/","external_links_name":"\"Former Gamecock star Landon Powell to coach North Greenville baseball\""},{"Link":"https://ngu.edu/news/national-champions-north-greenville-wins-ncaa-division-ii-baseball-tournament/","external_links_name":"\"National Champions: NGU Wins NCAA DII Baseball\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/new-york/mlb/story/_/id/8884620/new-new-york-mets-catcher-landon-powell-infant-daughter-dies","external_links_name":"\"Landon Powell's infant daughter dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/445169","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/29944","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/p/powella01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=8361","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=powell001lan","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"http://www.nguathletics.com/athletics/staff-directory/485/landon-powell/","external_links_name":"North Greenville Crusader coach bio"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraumur_Awards
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Kraumur Awards
|
["1 Kraumur Awards 2008","2 Kraumur Awards 2009","3 Kraumur Awards 2010","4 Kraumur Awards 2011","5 Kraumur Awards 2012","6 Kraumur Awards 2013","7 The panel","8 References","9 External links"]
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Kraumur AwardsAwarded forBest Icelandic AlbumsCountryIcelandPresented byKraumur Music FundFirst awarded2008Last awarded2016Websitehttp://www.kraumur.is/
Kraumur Awards is a music prize, organized by the Kraumur Music Fund, awarded for the best albums being released in Iceland.
The nominations for the first Kraumur Awards were announced in November 2008. Nominations and the award-winning albums are chosen by a selected panel of Icelandic music journalist and radio show hosts, with years of experience in playing and writing about Icelandic music.
The Kraumur Award usually goes to six albums, while 20 albums are nominated. The panel can add albums to the award category, which led to six albums in the first year and seven albums receiving the Kraumur award in 2013.
The Kraumur Awards an annual event with six best albums presented in alphabetical order.
Kraumur Awards 2008
The 2008 Kraumur Awards went to:
Agent Fresco for Lightbulb Universe
FM Belfast for How to Make Friends
Hugi Guðmundsson for Apocrypha
Ísafold for All Sounds to Silence Come
Mammút for Karkari
Retro Stefson for Montaña
Nominations (20 albums):
Agent Fresco - Lightbulb Universe
Celestine - At the Borders of Arcadia
Dísa - Dísa
Dr. Spock - Falcon Christ
Emilíana Torrini - Me and Armini
FM Belfast - How to Make Friends
Hugi Guðmundsson - Apocrypha
Introbeats - Tívólí chillout
Ísafold - All Sounds to Silence Come
Klive - Sweaty Psalms
Lay Low - Farewell Good Night’s Sleep
Mammút - Karkari
Morðingjarnir - Áfram Ísland
Múgsefjun - Skiptar skoðanir
Ólafur Arnalds - Variations of Static
Retro Stefson - Montaña
Reykjavík! - The Blood
Sigur Rós - Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust
Sin Fang Bous - Clangour
Skakkamanage - All Over the Face
Kraumur Awards 2009
The 2009 Kraumur Awards went to:
Anna Guðný Guðmundsdóttir for Vingt regards sur l’enfant-Jésus
Bloodgroup for Dry Land
Helgi Hrafn Jónsson for For the Rest of my Childhood
Hildur Guðnadóttir for Without Sinking
Hjaltalin for Terminal
Morðingjarnir for Flóttinn mikli
Nominations (20 albums):
Anna Guðný Guðmundsdóttir - Vingt regards sur l’enfant-Jésus
Árni Heiðar Karlsson - Mæri
Bloodgroup - Dry Land
Bróðir Svartúlfs - Bróðir Svartúlfs EP
Dikta - Get it together
Egill Sæbjörnsson - Egill S
Feldberg - Don’t Be A Stranger
Helga Rós Indriðadóttir og Guðrún Dalía - Jórunn Viðar, Sönglög
Helgi Hrafn Jónsson - For the Rest of my Childhood
Hildur Guðnadóttir - Without Sinking
Hjaltalin - Terminal
Kimono - Easy Music for Difficult People
Lights on the highway - Amanita Muscaria
Morðingjarnir - Flóttinn mikli
múm - Singa Along to Songs that You Don’t Know
Pascal Pinon - Pascal Pinon
Ruxpin - Where Do We Float From Here
Sudden Weather Change - Stop! Handgrenade In The Name Of Crib Death’understand?
The Deathmetal Supersquad - Dead Zeppelin
Víkingur Heiðar - Debut
Kraumur Awards 2010
The 2010 Kraumur Awards went to:
Apparat Organ Quartet - Pólyfónía
Daníel Bjarnason - Processions
Ég - Lúxus upplifun
Jónas Sigurðsson - Allt er eitthvað
Nolo - No-Lo-Fi
Ólöf Arnalds - Innundir skinni
Nominations (20 albums):
Agent Fresco - A Long Time Listening
Amiina - Puzzle
Apparat Organ Quartet - Pólyfónía
Daníel Bjarnason - Processions
Ég - Lúxus upplifun
Jónas Sigurðsson - Allt er eitthvað
Kammerkór Suðurlands - Iepo Oneipo
Miri - Okkar
Momentum - Fixation, At Rest
Moses Hightower - Búum til börn
Nolo - No-Lo-Fi
Ólöf Arnalds - Innundir skinni
Prinspóló - Jukk
Retro Stefson - Kimbabwe
Samúel Jón Samúelsson Big Band - Helvítis Fokking Funk
Seabear - We Built a Fire
Sóley - Theater Island
Stafrænn Hákon - Sanitas
Valdimar - Undraland
Quadruplos - Quadroplos
Kraumur Awards 2011
The 2011 Kraumur Awards went to:
ADHD - ADHD2
Lay Low - Brostinn Strengur
Reykjavík! - Locust Sounds
Samaris - Hljóma Þú (ep)
Sin Fang - Summer Echoes
Sóley - We Sink
Nominations (20 albums):
ADHD - ADHD2
Anna Þorvalds - Rhízoma
Ben Frost og Daníel Bjarnason - SÓLARIS
Dead Skeletons - Dead Magick
FM Belfast - Don’t want to sleep
For a Minor Reflection - EP
Helgi Hrafn Jónsson - Big Spring
Hljómsveitin Ég - Ímynd Fíflsins
Lay Low - Brostinn Strengur
Nolo - Nology
Of Monsters and Men - My Head is an Animal
Ofvitarnir - Stephen Hawking/Steven Tyler
Ragga Gröndal - Astrocat Lullaby
Reykjavík! - Locust Sounds
Samaris - Hljóma Þú (ep)
Sin Fang - Summer Echoes
Skurken - Gilsbakki
Snorri Helga - Winter Sun
Sóley - We Sink
Sólstafir - Svartir Sandar
Kraumur Awards 2012
The 2012 Kraumur Awards went to:
Ásgeir Trausti - Dýrð í dauðaþögn
Hjaltalín - Enter 4
Moses Hightower - Önnur Mósebók
Ojba Rasta - Ojba Rasta
Pétur Ben - God’s Lonely Man
Retro Stefson – Retro Stefson
Nominations (20 albums):
adhd - adhd4
Ásgeir Trausti - Dýrð í dauðaþögn
Borko - Born To Be Free
Davíð Þór Jónsson - Improvised Piano Works 1
Duo Harpverk - Greenhouse Sessions
Futuregrapher - LP
Ghostigital - Division of Culture & Tourism
Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson & Steindór Andersen - Stafnbúi
Hjaltalín - Enter 4
Moses Hightower - Önnur Mósebók
Muck - Slaves
Nóra - Himinbrim
Ojba Rasta - Ojba Rasta
Pascal Pinon - Twosomeness
Pétur Ben - God's Lonely Man
Retro Stefson – Retro Stefson
Sin Fang - Half Dreams EP
The Heavy Experience - Slowscope
Tilbury - Exorcise
Þórir Georg - I Will Die and You Will Die and it Will be Alright
Kraumur Awards 2013
The 2013 Kraumur Awards went to:
Cell7 – Cellf
Dj. flugvél og geimskip - Glamúr í geimnum
Grísalappalísa - Ali
Gunnar Andreas Kristinsson – Patterns
Just Another Snake Cult - Cupid Makes A Fool of Me
Mammút - Komdu til mín svarta systir
Sin Fang - Flowers
Nominations (20 albums):
Benni Hemm Hemm - Eliminate Evil, Revive Good Times
Cell7 – Cellf
Daníel Bjarnason - Over Light Earth
Dj. flugvél og geimskip - Glamúr í geimnum
Futuregrapher, Gallery Six & Veronique – Crystal Lagoon (EP)
Grísalappalísa - Ali
Gunnar Andreas Kristinsson - Patterns
Jóhann Kristinsson - Headphones
Just Another Snake Cult - Cupid Makes A Fool of Me
Lay Low - Talking About The Weather
Mammút - Komdu til mín svarta systir
Múm - Smilewound
Per:Segulsvið - Tónlist fyrir Hana
Ruxpin - This Time We Go Together
Samúel J. Samúelsson Big Band - 4 hliðar
Sin Fang - Flowers
Strigaskór nr. 42 - Armadillo
Tilbury - Northern Comfort
Úlfur - White Mountain
Þórir Georg - Ælulykt
The panel
The panel selecting the Kraumur Awards nominees and award albums for the years 2008-2010:
Árni Matthíasson - head of panel, journalist with Morgunblaðið
Alexandra Kjeld - journalist with Rjominn.is/Morgunblaðið
Andrea Jónsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2
Arnar Eggert Thoroddsen - journalist with Morgunblaðið
Halldór Laxness (Dóri DNA) - journalist with DV
Hildur Maral Hamíðsdóttir - journalist with Rjominn.is
Ólafur Páll Gunnarsson - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2
Trausti Júlíusson - journalist with Fréttablaðið
Þorkell Máni Pétursson - radio show host at Radio X
Ragnheiður Eiríksdóttir - journalist with Fréttablaðið
Arndís Björk Ásgeirsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1
Halla Steinunn Stefánsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1
Matthías Már Magnússon - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2
In the panel for 2008 Kraumur Awards only
Sigvaldi Kaldalóns - radio show host at radio FM 957
Sveinn Birkir Björnsson journalist with Reykjavik Grapevine
In the panel for 2009 Kraumur Awards only
Haukur S. Magnússon - editor of Reykjavik Grapevine
Skarphéðinn Guðmundsson - 365 media
Benedikt Reynisson - Benson is Fantastic music blog
In the panel for 2011 Kraumur Awards:
Alexandra Kjeld - music journalist
Andrea Jónsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2
Anna Andersen - editor of Reykjavik Grapevine
Arnar Eggert Thoroddsen - journalist with Morgunblaðið
Arndís Björk Ásgeirsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1
Árni Matthíasson - head of panel, journalist with Morgunblaðið
Benedikt Reynisson - Benson is Fantastic music blog
Berglind María Tómasdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1
Egill Harðarson - web designer / editor of Rjominn.is
Eldar Ástþórsson - marketing at CCP Games
Elísabet Indra Ragnarsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1
Helena Þrastardóttir - librarian / music lover
Helga Vala Helgadóttir - lawyer at Valva / music lover
Hildur Maral Hamíðsdóttir - journalist with Rjominn.is / PR and management
Höskuldur Daði Magnússon - journalist with Fréttablaðið
Kamilla Ingibergsdóttir - pr and marketing at Iceland Airwaves Music Festival
Ólafur Páll Gunnarsson - program manager and host at Iceland National Radio 2
Ómar Eyþórsson - radio show host at Radio X-ið 977
Trausti Júlíusson - journalist with Fréttablaðið
Þorkell Máni Pétursson - radio show host at Radio X-ið 977
In the panel for 2012 Kraumur Awards:
Alexandra Kjeld - music journalist
Andrea Jónsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2
Anna Andersen - editor of Reykjavik Grapevine
Arnar Eggert Thoroddsen - journalist with Morgunblaðið and independent music writer
Arndís Björk Ásgeirsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1
Árni Matthíasson - head of panel, journalist with Morgunblaðið
Ása Dýradóttir - musician / Mammút
Benedikt Reynisson - Benson is Fantastic music blog and music journalist for Kjarninn
Egill Harðarson - web designer / editor of Rjominn.is
Elísabet Indra Ragnarsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1
Guðni Tómasson- music lover, historian and chairman of the board of directors, The Iceland Symphony Orchestra
Haukur S. Magnússon - philosopher, musician and editor for Grapevine
Helena Þrastardóttir, Helga Vala Helgadóttir
Hildur Maral Hamíðsdóttir - journalist with minn.is / PR and management
Höskuldur Daði Magnússon - journalist/editor with Fréttatíminn
Kamilla Ingibergsdóttir - pr and marketing at Iceland Airwaves Music Festival
Ólafur Halldór Ólafsson Óli Dóri)- radio show host at Radio X-ið 977 and music blogger for
Ólafur Páll Gunnarsson - program manager and host at Iceland National Radio 2
Sólrún Sumarliðadóttir - musician / amiina
Trausti Júlíusson - enthusiastic music specialist and journalist
In the panel for 2013 Kraumur Awards:
Andrea Jónsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2
Anna Andersen - editor of Reykjavik Grapevine
Arnar Eggert Thoroddsen - journalist with Morgunblaðið and independent music writer
Árni Matthíasson - head of panel, journalist with Morgunblaðið
Benedikt Reynisson - Benson is Fantastic music blog and music journalist for Kjarninn
Bob Cluness - reporter for Grapevine and music blogger
Egill Harðarson - web designer / editor of Rjominn.is
Elísabet Indra Ragnarsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1
Guðni Tómasson - music lover, historian and chairman of the board of directors, The Iceland Symphony Orchestra
Haukur Viðar Alfreðsson - journalist for Fréttablaðið and punk-rocker, Morðingjarnir
Helena Þrastardóttir - librarian / music lover
Helga Vala Helgadóttir - lawyer at Valva / music lover
Helga Þórey Jónsdóttir - enthusiastic music lover and film buff
Höskuldur Daði Magnússon - journalist/editor with Fréttatíminn
María Lilja Þrastardóttir - reporter
Ólafur Halldór Ólafsson (Óli Dóri)- radio show host at Radio X-ið 977 and music blogger for
Ragnheiður Eiríksdóttir - musician Hellvar, philosopher and radio host at Rás 2
Trausti Júlíusson - enthusiastic music specialist and journalist
Valdís Thor - photographer and music lover
Þórunn Edda Magnúsdóttir - shop manager for 12 Tónar Harpa
References
^ a b "Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumsverðlaunin 2008 tilkynnt". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
^ a b "Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2009". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
^ a b "Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2010". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
^ a b "Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2011". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
^ a b "Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2012". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
^ a b "Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2013". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
External links
Kraumur official site (in Icelandic)
Kraumur official site - English
Trade Council of Iceland, Kraumur Award Winners 2008
Iceland's Kraumur Awards 2008 Documentary - SPIN Magazine; SPIN Earth
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kraumur Music Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraumur"}],"text":"Kraumur Awards is a music prize, organized by the Kraumur Music Fund, awarded for the best albums being released in Iceland.The nominations for the first Kraumur Awards were announced in November 2008. Nominations and the award-winning albums are chosen by a selected panel of Icelandic music journalist and radio show hosts, with years of experience in playing and writing about Icelandic music.The Kraumur Award usually goes to six albums, while 20 albums are nominated. The panel can add albums to the award category, which led to six albums in the first year and seven albums receiving the Kraumur award in 2013.The Kraumur Awards an annual event with six best albums presented in alphabetical order.","title":"Kraumur Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2008-1"},{"link_name":"Agent Fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Fresco"},{"link_name":"FM Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_Belfast"},{"link_name":"Mammút","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamm%C3%BAt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2008-1"},{"link_name":"Agent Fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Fresco"},{"link_name":"Emilíana Torrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%C3%ADana_Torrini"},{"link_name":"Me and Armini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_Armini"},{"link_name":"Sigur Rós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigur_R%C3%B3s"},{"link_name":"Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%B0_su%C3%B0_%C3%AD_eyrum_vi%C3%B0_spilum_endalaust"},{"link_name":"Skakkamanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skakkamanage"}],"text":"The 2008 Kraumur Awards went to:[1]Agent Fresco for Lightbulb Universe\nFM Belfast for How to Make Friends\nHugi Guðmundsson for Apocrypha\nÍsafold for All Sounds to Silence Come\nMammút for Karkari\nRetro Stefson for MontañaNominations (20 albums):[1]Agent Fresco - Lightbulb Universe\nCelestine - At the Borders of Arcadia\nDísa - Dísa\nDr. Spock - Falcon Christ\nEmilíana Torrini - Me and Armini\nFM Belfast - How to Make Friends\nHugi Guðmundsson - Apocrypha\nIntrobeats - Tívólí chillout\nÍsafold - All Sounds to Silence Come\nKlive - Sweaty Psalms\nLay Low - Farewell Good Night’s Sleep\nMammút - Karkari\nMorðingjarnir - Áfram Ísland\nMúgsefjun - Skiptar skoðanir\nÓlafur Arnalds - Variations of Static\nRetro Stefson - Montaña\nReykjavík! - The Blood\nSigur Rós - Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust\nSin Fang Bous - Clangour\nSkakkamanage - All Over the Face","title":"Kraumur Awards 2008"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2009-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2009-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//arniheidar.is"}],"text":"The 2009 Kraumur Awards went to:[2]Anna Guðný Guðmundsdóttir for Vingt regards sur l’enfant-Jésus\nBloodgroup for Dry Land\nHelgi Hrafn Jónsson for For the Rest of my Childhood\nHildur Guðnadóttir for Without Sinking\nHjaltalin for Terminal\nMorðingjarnir for Flóttinn mikliNominations (20 albums):[2]Anna Guðný Guðmundsdóttir - Vingt regards sur l’enfant-Jésus\nÁrni Heiðar Karlsson [1] - Mæri\nBloodgroup - Dry Land\nBróðir Svartúlfs - Bróðir Svartúlfs EP\nDikta - Get it together\nEgill Sæbjörnsson - Egill S\nFeldberg - Don’t Be A Stranger\nHelga Rós Indriðadóttir og Guðrún Dalía - Jórunn Viðar, Sönglög\nHelgi Hrafn Jónsson - For the Rest of my Childhood\nHildur Guðnadóttir - Without Sinking\nHjaltalin - Terminal\nKimono - Easy Music for Difficult People\nLights on the highway - Amanita Muscaria\nMorðingjarnir - Flóttinn mikli\nmúm - Singa Along to Songs that You Don’t Know\nPascal Pinon - Pascal Pinon\nRuxpin - Where Do We Float From Here\nSudden Weather Change - Stop! Handgrenade In The Name Of Crib Death’understand?\nThe Deathmetal Supersquad - Dead Zeppelin\nVíkingur Heiðar - Debut","title":"Kraumur Awards 2009"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2010-3"},{"link_name":"Apparat Organ Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparat_Organ_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Daníel Bjarnason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%C3%ADel_Bjarnason"},{"link_name":"Ólöf Arnalds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%B6f_Arnalds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2010-3"},{"link_name":"Amiina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiina"},{"link_name":"Retro Stefson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Stefson"},{"link_name":"Seabear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabear"},{"link_name":"Sóley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ley"}],"text":"The 2010 Kraumur Awards went to:[3]Apparat Organ Quartet - Pólyfónía\nDaníel Bjarnason - Processions\nÉg - Lúxus upplifun\nJónas Sigurðsson - Allt er eitthvað\nNolo - No-Lo-Fi\nÓlöf Arnalds - Innundir skinniNominations (20 albums):[3]Agent Fresco - A Long Time Listening\nAmiina - Puzzle\nApparat Organ Quartet - Pólyfónía\nDaníel Bjarnason - Processions\nÉg - Lúxus upplifun\nJónas Sigurðsson - Allt er eitthvað\nKammerkór Suðurlands - Iepo Oneipo\nMiri - Okkar\nMomentum - Fixation, At Rest\nMoses Hightower - Búum til börn\nNolo - No-Lo-Fi\nÓlöf Arnalds - Innundir skinni\nPrinspóló - Jukk\nRetro Stefson - Kimbabwe\nSamúel Jón Samúelsson Big Band - Helvítis Fokking Funk\nSeabear - We Built a Fire\nSóley - Theater Island\nStafrænn Hákon - Sanitas\nValdimar - Undraland\nQuadruplos - Quadroplos","title":"Kraumur Awards 2010"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2011-4"},{"link_name":"Samaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaris_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2011-4"},{"link_name":"Of Monsters and Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Monsters_and_Men"}],"text":"The 2011 Kraumur Awards went to:[4]ADHD - ADHD2\nLay Low - Brostinn Strengur\nReykjavík! - Locust Sounds\nSamaris - Hljóma Þú (ep)\nSin Fang - Summer Echoes\nSóley - We SinkNominations (20 albums):[4]ADHD - ADHD2\nAnna Þorvalds - Rhízoma\nBen Frost og Daníel Bjarnason - SÓLARIS\nDead Skeletons - Dead Magick\nFM Belfast - Don’t want to sleep\nFor a Minor Reflection - EP\nHelgi Hrafn Jónsson - Big Spring\nHljómsveitin Ég - Ímynd Fíflsins\nLay Low - Brostinn Strengur\nNolo - Nology\nOf Monsters and Men - My Head is an Animal\nOfvitarnir - Stephen Hawking/Steven Tyler\nRagga Gröndal - Astrocat Lullaby\nReykjavík! - Locust Sounds\nSamaris - Hljóma Þú (ep)\nSin Fang - Summer Echoes\nSkurken - Gilsbakki\nSnorri Helga - Winter Sun\nSóley - We Sink\nSólstafir - Svartir Sandar","title":"Kraumur Awards 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2012-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2012-5"}],"text":"The 2012 Kraumur Awards went to:[5]Ásgeir Trausti - Dýrð í dauðaþögn\nHjaltalín - Enter 4\nMoses Hightower - Önnur Mósebók\nOjba Rasta - Ojba Rasta\nPétur Ben - God’s Lonely Man\nRetro Stefson – Retro StefsonNominations (20 albums):[5]adhd - adhd4\nÁsgeir Trausti - Dýrð í dauðaþögn\nBorko - Born To Be Free\nDavíð Þór Jónsson - Improvised Piano Works 1\nDuo Harpverk - Greenhouse Sessions\nFuturegrapher - LP\nGhostigital - Division of Culture & Tourism\nHilmar Örn Hilmarsson & Steindór Andersen - Stafnbúi\nHjaltalín - Enter 4\nMoses Hightower - Önnur Mósebók\nMuck - Slaves\nNóra - Himinbrim\nOjba Rasta - Ojba Rasta\nPascal Pinon - Twosomeness\nPétur Ben - God's Lonely Man\nRetro Stefson – Retro Stefson\nSin Fang - Half Dreams EP\nThe Heavy Experience - Slowscope\nTilbury - Exorcise\nÞórir Georg - I Will Die and You Will Die and it Will be Alright","title":"Kraumur Awards 2012"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2013-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards2013-6"}],"text":"The 2013 Kraumur Awards went to:[6]Cell7 – Cellf\nDj. flugvél og geimskip - Glamúr í geimnum\nGrísalappalísa - Ali\nGunnar Andreas Kristinsson – Patterns\nJust Another Snake Cult - Cupid Makes A Fool of Me\nMammút - Komdu til mín svarta systir\nSin Fang - FlowersNominations (20 albums):[6]Benni Hemm Hemm - Eliminate Evil, Revive Good Times\nCell7 – Cellf\nDaníel Bjarnason - Over Light Earth\nDj. flugvél og geimskip - Glamúr í geimnum\nFuturegrapher, Gallery Six & Veronique – Crystal Lagoon (EP)\nGrísalappalísa - Ali\nGunnar Andreas Kristinsson - Patterns\nJóhann Kristinsson - Headphones\nJust Another Snake Cult - Cupid Makes A Fool of Me\nLay Low - Talking About The Weather\nMammút - Komdu til mín svarta systir\nMúm - Smilewound\nPer:Segulsvið - Tónlist fyrir Hana\nRuxpin - This Time We Go Together\nSamúel J. Samúelsson Big Band - 4 hliðar\nSin Fang - Flowers\nStrigaskór nr. 42 - Armadillo\nTilbury - Northern Comfort\nÚlfur - White Mountain\nÞórir Georg - Ælulykt","title":"Kraumur Awards 2013"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgunblaðið","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"Morgunblaðið","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"Iceland National Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%9AV"},{"link_name":"Morgunblaðið","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"DV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Iceland National Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%9AV"},{"link_name":"Fréttablaðið","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9ttabla%C3%B0i%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"Fréttablaðið","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9ttabla%C3%B0i%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"Iceland National Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%9AV"},{"link_name":"Iceland National Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%9AV"},{"link_name":"Iceland National Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%9AV"},{"link_name":"Reykjavik Grapevine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.grapevine.is/Home/"},{"link_name":"Reykjavik Grapevine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.grapevine.is/Home/"},{"link_name":"Benson is Fantastic music blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bensonisfantastic.wordpress.com/"},{"link_name":"Iceland National Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%9AV"},{"link_name":"Reykjavik Grapevine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.grapevine.is/Home/"},{"link_name":"Morgunblaðið","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"Iceland National Radio 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Morgunblaðið\nAlexandra Kjeld - journalist with Rjominn.is/Morgunblaðið\nAndrea Jónsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2\nArnar Eggert Thoroddsen - journalist with Morgunblaðið\nHalldór Laxness (Dóri DNA) - journalist with DV\nHildur Maral Hamíðsdóttir - journalist with Rjominn.is\nÓlafur Páll Gunnarsson - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2\nTrausti Júlíusson - journalist with Fréttablaðið\nÞorkell Máni Pétursson - radio show host at Radio X\nRagnheiður Eiríksdóttir - journalist with Fréttablaðið\nArndís Björk Ásgeirsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1\nHalla Steinunn Stefánsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1\nMatthías Már Magnússon - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2In the panel for 2008 Kraumur Awards onlySigvaldi Kaldalóns - radio show host at radio FM 957\nSveinn Birkir Björnsson journalist with Reykjavik GrapevineIn the panel for 2009 Kraumur Awards onlyHaukur S. Magnússon - editor of Reykjavik Grapevine\nSkarphéðinn Guðmundsson - 365 media\nBenedikt Reynisson - Benson is Fantastic music blogIn the panel for 2011 Kraumur Awards:Alexandra Kjeld - music journalist\nAndrea Jónsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2\nAnna Andersen - editor of Reykjavik Grapevine\nArnar Eggert Thoroddsen - journalist with Morgunblaðið\nArndís Björk Ásgeirsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1\nÁrni Matthíasson - head of panel, journalist with Morgunblaðið\nBenedikt Reynisson - Benson is Fantastic music blog\nBerglind María Tómasdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1\nEgill Harðarson - web designer / editor of Rjominn.is\nEldar Ástþórsson - marketing at CCP Games\nElísabet Indra Ragnarsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1\nHelena Þrastardóttir - librarian / music lover\nHelga Vala Helgadóttir - lawyer at Valva / music lover\nHildur Maral Hamíðsdóttir - journalist with Rjominn.is / PR and management\nHöskuldur Daði Magnússon - journalist with Fréttablaðið\nKamilla Ingibergsdóttir - pr and marketing at Iceland Airwaves Music Festival\nÓlafur Páll Gunnarsson - program manager and host at Iceland National Radio 2\nÓmar Eyþórsson - radio show host at Radio X-ið 977\nTrausti Júlíusson - journalist with Fréttablaðið\nÞorkell Máni Pétursson - radio show host at Radio X-ið 977In the panel for 2012 Kraumur Awards:Alexandra Kjeld - music journalist\nAndrea Jónsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2\nAnna Andersen - editor of Reykjavik Grapevine\nArnar Eggert Thoroddsen - journalist with Morgunblaðið and independent music writer\nArndís Björk Ásgeirsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1\nÁrni Matthíasson - head of panel, journalist with Morgunblaðið\nÁsa Dýradóttir - musician / Mammút\nBenedikt Reynisson - Benson is Fantastic music blog and music journalist for Kjarninn\nEgill Harðarson - web designer / editor of Rjominn.is\nElísabet Indra Ragnarsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1\nGuðni Tómasson- music lover, historian and chairman of the board of directors, The Iceland Symphony Orchestra\nHaukur S. Magnússon - philosopher, musician and editor for Grapevine\nHelena Þrastardóttir, Helga Vala Helgadóttir\nHildur Maral Hamíðsdóttir - journalist with [Rjo]minn.is / PR and management [Projecta]\nHöskuldur Daði Magnússon - journalist/editor with Fréttatíminn\nKamilla Ingibergsdóttir - pr and marketing at Iceland Airwaves Music Festival\nÓlafur Halldór Ólafsson Óli Dóri)- radio show host at Radio X-ið 977 and music blogger for [Straum.is]\nÓlafur Páll Gunnarsson - program manager and host at Iceland National Radio 2\nSólrún Sumarliðadóttir - musician / amiina\nTrausti Júlíusson - enthusiastic music specialist and journalistIn the panel for 2013 Kraumur Awards:Andrea Jónsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 2\nAnna Andersen - editor of Reykjavik Grapevine\nArnar Eggert Thoroddsen - journalist with Morgunblaðið and independent music writer\nÁrni Matthíasson - head of panel, journalist with Morgunblaðið\nBenedikt Reynisson - Benson is Fantastic music blog and music journalist for Kjarninn\nBob Cluness - reporter for Grapevine and music blogger\nEgill Harðarson - web designer / editor of Rjominn.is\nElísabet Indra Ragnarsdóttir - radio show host at Iceland National Radio 1\nGuðni Tómasson - music lover, historian and chairman of the board of directors, The Iceland Symphony Orchestra\nHaukur Viðar Alfreðsson - journalist for Fréttablaðið and punk-rocker, Morðingjarnir\nHelena Þrastardóttir - librarian / music lover\nHelga Vala Helgadóttir - lawyer at Valva / music lover\nHelga Þórey Jónsdóttir - enthusiastic music lover and film buff\nHöskuldur Daði Magnússon - journalist/editor with Fréttatíminn\nMaría Lilja Þrastardóttir - reporter\nÓlafur Halldór Ólafsson (Óli Dóri)- radio show host at Radio X-ið 977 and music blogger for [Straum.is]\nRagnheiður Eiríksdóttir - musician Hellvar, philosopher and radio host at Rás 2\nTrausti Júlíusson - enthusiastic music specialist and journalist\nValdís Thor - photographer and music lover\nÞórunn Edda Magnúsdóttir - shop manager for 12 Tónar Harpa","title":"The panel"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumsverðlaunin 2008 tilkynnt\". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2008-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://kraumur.is/?p=739","url_text":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumsverðlaunin 2008 tilkynnt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2009\". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2009-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://kraumur.is/kraumslistinn/kraumslistinn-2009/","url_text":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2010\". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2010-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://kraumur.is/2010/12/16/kraumslistinn-2010-tiilnefningar-kynntar/","url_text":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2011\". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2011-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://kraumur.is/2011/12/06/kraumslistinn-%E2%80%93-urvalslisti-2011/","url_text":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2012\". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2012-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://kraumur.is/2012/12/19/kraumslistinn-2012/","url_text":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2013\". kraumur.is. Retrieved 2012-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://kraumur.is/2013/12/18/kraumslistinn-2013/","url_text":"\"Kraumur» Blog Archive » Kraumslistinn 2013\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.41_Swiss
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.41 Swiss
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["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Notes","5 External links"]
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Swiss rifle cartridge
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: ".41 Swiss" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
.41 Swiss10.4x38mmR cartridgeTypeRiflePlace of originSwitzerlandService historyUsed bySwiss ArmyProduction historyProduced1869–1889SpecificationsCase typeRimmed, bottleneckBullet diameter.415 in (10.5 mm)Neck diameter.437 in (11.1 mm)Shoulder diameter.518 in (13.2 mm)Base diameter.540 in (13.7 mm)Rim diameter.630 in (16.0 mm)Case length1.60 in (41 mm)Overall length2.20 in (56 mm)Primer typeRimfireBallistic performance
Bullet mass/type
Velocity
Energy
334 gr (22 g)
1,345 ft/s (410 m/s)
1,330 ft⋅lbf (1,800 J)
Source(s): Barnes & Amber 1972
The .41 Swiss (officially the 10.4x38mmR Swiss cartridge used in the Swiss Vetterli M69/81 rifle) is a .415 in (10.5 mm) Swiss military rimfire bottlenecked intermediate rifle cartridge.
History
Schematic of the .41 Swiss Rimfire round
In 1867, the Swiss military adopted the 10.4×38mmR cartridge. As one of the few rimfire cartridges to see military service, the 313 gr (20.3 g) bullet and 1,400 ft/s (430 m/s) was respectable compared to its contemporaries. The most popular arms chambered for this round were the Vetterli series of rifles. This type of round was also used in the 1867 Peabody.
Adopted in 1869 along with the Vetterli turn-bolt rifle, it was discontinued, along with the rifle, in 1889. With a 334 gr (21.6 g) bullet, it is adequate for deer, and only at short range.
The original round's case was made from copper which held a round nosed lead bullet. In 1871 and 1878, the paper patch was improved, but ballistic performance was only marginally improved.
The round continued to be commercially available in the U.S. until sometime after 1946 with 310 gr (20 g) bullets loaded by Winchester (K4154R) and 300 gr (19 g) lead bullets loaded by Remington (R326).
See also
List of cartridges by caliber
List of handgun cartridges
List of rimfire cartridges
10 mm caliber
References
^ a b c Barnes, p.196, "10.4x38R Swiss Vetterli M69/81".
^ "Swiss Handguns 1882". www.swissrifles.com. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
Notes
Barnes, Frank C., ed. by John T. Amber. ".25 Short", in Cartridges of the World, pp. 196 & 205. Northfield, IL: DBI Books, 1972. ISBN 0-695-80326-3.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 10.4 x 38 mm Swiss Rimfire.
This ammunition-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Schematic of the .41 Swiss Rimfire round","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Munition_10.4mm_Vetterli_1878.jpg/250px-Munition_10.4mm_Vetterli_1878.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of cartridges by caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cartridges_by_caliber"},{"title":"List of handgun cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_handgun_cartridges"},{"title":"List of rimfire cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rimfire_cartridges"},{"title":"10 mm caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_mm_caliber"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Steenwyck
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Cornelius Steenwyk
|
["1 Nominal governor of Acadia","2 Inventory of his estate","3 Legacy","4 References"]
|
American politician
Cornelius Van Steenwyk4th and 14th Mayor of New York CityIn office1668–1671Preceded byThomas WillettSucceeded byThomas DelavallIn office1682–1684Preceded byWilliam DyreSucceeded byGabriel Minvielle
Personal detailsBorn(1626-03-16)March 16, 1626Haarlem, Dutch RepublicDiedNovember 21, 1684(1684-11-21) (aged 58)New York City
Coat of Arms of Cornelius Steenwyk
Cornelius Steenwyck (born Cornelis Jacobsz Steenwijck; March 16, 1626 – November 21, 1684) served two terms as Mayor of New York City, the first from 1668 to 1672 (or 1670,) and the second from 1682 to 1684 (or 1683).
Other spellings of his name include Cornelis Steenwijck, Cornelius Steenwyk, and Van Steenwyk.
Nominal governor of Acadia
He also briefly served as governor of the Dutch West India Company's paper claim over New Holland (Acadia) in 1676, although his only attempt to actually assert Dutch control over the territory was rebuffed at Fort Pentagouet by three war ships from Boston. The Dutch colonial claim over Acadia was surrendered in 1678 by the Treaties of Nijmegen.
Inventory of his estate
An inventory of his estate ordered July 20, 1686 ran 14 pages and totaled £4,382 (New York pounds), while a list of his debts ran 16 pages, and totaled £1,588, showing that Cornelis Steenwyck was one of the richest men in New York of his time.
Legacy
Steenwick Avenue in The Bronx is named after him.
References
^ Descendants of Meijndert Jacobsz at ancestry.com, created 27 Feb 2008
^ a b c Inventory of estate of CORNELIUS STEENWYCK Long Island Wills and Death Notes, 1708-1728.
^ a b Mayors of U.S. Cities M-W
^ New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-century America page 186
^ Annals of Albany Convention on the State of the Province, page 175
^ Bentley's Miscellany page 148
^ Capt. Francis Champernowne "The Dutch Conquest of Acadia" pg. 153
vteMayors of New York City from inception to consolidation (June 12, 1665 – December 31, 1897)
T. Willett
Delavall
T. Willett
Van Steenwyk
Delavall
Nicoll
J. Lawrence
Dervall
De Mayer
S. Van Cortlandt
Delavall
Rombouts
Dyre
Van Steenwyk
Minvielle
N. Bayard
S. Van Cortlandt
Delanoy
J. Lawrence
A. de Peyster
Lodwik
Merritt
J. de Peyster
Provost
De Reimer
Noell
French
Peartree
Wilson
J. Van Cortlandt
Heathcote
Johnstone
J. Van Cortlandt
Walters
Jansen
Lurting
Richard
Cruger
S. Bayard
Holland
Cruger Jr
Hicks
Mathews
Duane
Varick
Livingston
Clinton
M. Willett
Clinton
Radcliff
Clinton
Ferguson
Radcliff
Colden
Allen
Paulding
Hone
Paulding
Bowne
Lee
C. Lawrence
Clark
Varian
Morris
Harper
Havemeyer
Mickle
Brady
Havemeyer
Woodhull
Kingsland
Westervelt
Wood
Tiemann
Wood
Opdyke
Gunther
Hoffman
Coman
Hall
Havemeyer
Vance
Wickham
Ely
Cooper
Grace
Edson
Grace
Hewitt
Grant
Gilroy
Strong
vte Governors of AcadiaFrench Governors of Acadia (1603-1623)
de Mons
Pont-Gravé
Poutrincourt
Lescarbot
Poutrincourt
Biencourt
Biencourt
Scottish Governors of Nova Scotia (1621-1632)
Alexander, Earl of Stirling
Alexander the Younger
French Governors of Acadia (1631-1654)
Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour
Isaac de Razilly
Charles de Menou d'Aulnay
Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour
English Governors of Nova Scotia (1654-1670)
John Leverett
William Crowne
Thomas Temple
French Governors of Acadia (1654-1677)
Nicolas Denys
Emmanuel Le Borgne
Alexandre Le Borgne de Belle-Isle
Hector d'Andigné de Grandfontaine
Jacques de Chambly
Dutch Governors of New Holland (Acadia) (1674-1676)
John Rhoades
Cornelius Van Steenwyk
French Governors of Acadia (1677-1690)
Pierre de Joybert de Soulanges et de Marson
Michel Leneuf de la Vallière de Beaubassin
François-Marie Perrot
Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Menneval
English Governors of Nova Scotia (1690-1691)
Charles La Tourasse
Edward Tyng
French Governors of Acadia (1691-1710)
Joseph Robineau de Villebon
Claude-Sébastien de Villieu
Jacques-François de Monbeton de Brouillan
Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure
Daniel d'Auger de Subercase
French Governors of Île Royale (1714-1745)
Costebelle
Brouillan
Forant
Quesnel
Vergor
Châteauguay
British Governors of Cape Breton (1745-1748)
Knowles
Hopson
French Governors of Île Royale (1748-1758)
La Ralière
Raymond
Drucour
Related articles
New France (1627–1760)
Acadia (1603-1710)
Newfoundland (1610–1949)
Île-Royale (1714-1758)
Nova Scotia (1710-present)
Lieutenant-governors who served in the absence of governors are listed in parentheses. Acting administrators are listed in italics.
Category:Governors of Acadia
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This article about a mayor in New York is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
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| null |
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordog
|
Ördög
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["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Creature in Hungarian mythology
For a surname, see Ördög (surname).
Illustration of the devil from a 14th-century Arabic manuscript, the Book of Wonders.
Ördög (Ürdüng in Old Hungarian) is a shape-shifting, demonic creature from Hungarian mythology and early Hungarian paganism who controls the dark and evil forces of the world.
After Christianization, it was identified with the devil. It is often said in Hungarian mythology that God (Isten in Hungarian) had help from Ördög when creating the world.
Ördög is often thought to look somewhat like a satyr or faun, a humanoid with the upper torso of a human male and lower portions of a goat; usually pitch-black, with cloven hooves, ram-like horns, a long tail ending in a blade; and he carries a pitchfork. He can also be distinguished by his overly large phallus.
He dwells in the underworld or hell (Pokol in Hungarian), constantly stirring a huge cauldron filled with souls of those who lived in sin (however, it is uncertain whether the underworld was regarded as place of punishment or not in pre-Christian Hungarian mythology, since the naming of it as Pokol developed after Christianization). When he does come to earth, according to some legends, he hides in the walls of victims and makes subtle noises that sound high pitched and even squeaky. In other legends, when he comes to earth, he takes the form of a fox, a dark flame or a Hungarian shepherd with dark, sparkling eyes. It is his habit to make bets with humans to see if they become corrupted. His long-term goal is to collect more human souls (lelkek in Hungarian).
References
^ Klaniczay, Gábor. 2006. Christian Demonology and Popular Mythology. Central European University Press.
^ Lurker, Manfred (2004). The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 0-415-34018-7.
^ "Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon". Mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
^ Klaniczay, Gábor. 2006. Christian Demonology and Popular Mythology. Central European University Press.
^ Johann Grafen Mailáth: Geschichte der Magyaren, vol. 1, Vienna 1828, p. 26-27.
External links
Ördög MEK, Magyar néprajz, Mitikus lények
This article about a legendary creature is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article relating to a European folklore is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Hungary-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
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| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_map
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Combinatorial map
|
["1 History","2 Motivation","3 Definition","4 Higher-dimensional generalization","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
A combinatorial map is a combinatorial representation of a graph on an orientable surface. A combinatorial map may also be called a combinatorial embedding, a rotation system, an orientable ribbon graph, a fat graph, or a cyclic graph. More generally, an
n
{\displaystyle n}
-dimensional combinatorial map
is a combinatorial representation of a graph on an
n
{\displaystyle n}
-dimensional orientable manifold.
Combinatorial maps are used as efficient data structures in image representation and processing, in geometrical modeling. This model is related to simplicial complexes and to combinatorial topology. A combinatorial map is a boundary representation model; it represents object by its boundaries.
History
The concept of a combinatorial map was introduced informally by J. Edmonds for polyhedral surfaces which are planar graphs. It was given its first definite formal expression under the name "Constellations" by A. Jacques but the concept was already extensively used under the name "rotation" by Gerhard Ringel and J.W.T. Youngs in their famous solution of the Heawood map-coloring problem. The term "constellation" was not retained and instead "combinatorial map" was favored.
Combinatorial maps were later generalized to represent higher-dimensional orientable subdivided objects.
Motivation
Several applications require a data structure to represent the subdivision of an object. For example, a 2D object can be decomposed into vertices (0-cells), edges (1-cells), and faces (2-cells). More generally, an n-dimensional object is composed with cells of dimension 0 to n. Moreover, it is also often necessary to represent neighboring relations between these cells.
Thus, we want to describe all the cells of the subdivision, plus all the incidence and adjacency relations between these cells. When all the represented cells are simplexes, a simplicial complex may be used, but when we want to represent any type of cells, we need to use cellular topological models like combinatorial maps or generalized maps.
Definition
A combinatorial map is a triplet M = (D, σ, α) such that:
D is a finite set of darts;
σ is a permutation on D;
α is an involution on D with no fixed point.
Intuitively, a combinatorial map corresponds to a graph where each edge is subdivided into two darts (sometimes also called half-edges). The permutation σ gives, for each dart, the next dart by turning around the vertex in the positive orientation; the other permutation α gives, for each dart, the other dart of the same edge.
α allows one to retrieve edges (alpha for arête in French), and σ allows one to retrieve vertices (sigma for sommet in French). We define φ = σ ∘ α which gives, for each dart, the next dart of the same face (phi for face also in French).
So, there are two ways to represent a combinatorial map depending if the permutation is σ or φ (see example below). These two representations are dual to each other: vertices and faces are exchanged.
Combinatorial maps example: a plane graph and the two combinatorial maps depending if we use the notation (D, σ, α) or (D, φ, α).
A plane graph
Corresponding combinatorial map (D, σ, α). Darts are represented by numbered segments, σ by gray arrows (example σ(1) = 7), two darts linked by α are drawn consecutively and separated by a small bar (example α(1) = 2).
Corresponding combinatorial map (D, φ, α). Darts are represented by numbered arrows, two darts linked by φ are drawn consecutively (example φ(1) = 3) and two darts linked by α are drawn parallel and in reverse orientation (example α(1) = 2).
Higher-dimensional generalization
An n-dimensional combinatorial map (or n-map) is a (n + 1)-tuple M = (D, β1, ..., βn) such that:
D is a finite set of darts;
β1 is a permutation on D;
β2, ..., βn are involutions on D;
βi ∘ βj is an involution if i + 2 ≤ j (i, j ∈ { 1, ,..., n }).
An n-dimensional combinatorial map represents the subdivision of a closed orientable n-dimensional space. The constraint on βi ∘ βj guarantees the topological validity of the map as a quasi-manifold subdivision. Two-dimensional combinatorial maps can be retrieved by fixing n = 2 and renaming σ by β1 and α by β2.
Spaces that are not necessarily closed or orientable may be represented using (n-dimensional) generalized maps.
See also
Bollobás–Riordan polynomial
Boundary representation
Generalized maps
Doubly connected edge list
Quad-edge data structure
Rotation system
Simplicial complex
Winged edge
References
^ Bollobás, Béla; Riordan, Oliver (2001). "A Polynomial Invariant of Graphs On Orientable Surfaces". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. 83 (3). Wiley: 513–531. doi:10.1112/plms/83.3.513. ISSN 0024-6115. S2CID 15895860.
^ Edmonds, J. (1960). "A Combinatorial Representation for Polyhedral Surfaces". Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 7. hdl:1903/24820.
^ Jacques, A. (1969). Constellations et propriétés algébriques des graphes topologiques (PhD). University of Paris.
^ Jacques, A. (1970). "Constellations et Graphes Topologiques". Colloque Math. Soc. János Bolyai: 657–672.
^ Ringel, G. (2012) . Map Color Theorem. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-65759-7.
^ Cori, R. (1975). "Un code pour les graphes planaires et ses applications". Astérisque. 27. MR 0404045. Zbl 0313.05115.
^ Lienhardt, P. (1991). "Topological models for Boundary Representation : a comparison with n-dimensional generalized maps". Computer-Aided Design. 23 (1): 59–82. doi:10.1016/0010-4485(91)90082-8.
^ Lienhardt, P. (1994). "N-dimensional generalized combinatorial maps and cellular quasi-manifolds". International Journal of Computational Geometry and Applications. 4 (3): 275–324. doi:10.1142/S0218195994000173.
External links
Combinatorial maps in CGAL, the Computational Geometry Algorithms Library:
Damiand, Guillaume. "Combinatorial maps". Retrieved February 6, 2021.
Combinatorial maps in CGoGN, Combinatorial and Geometric modeling with Generic N-dimensional Maps
Combinatorial map at the nLab
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing"},{"link_name":"simplicial complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_complex"},{"link_name":"combinatorial topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_topology"},{"link_name":"boundary representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_representation"}],"text":"Combinatorial maps are used as efficient data structures in image representation and processing, in geometrical modeling. This model is related to simplicial complexes and to combinatorial topology. A combinatorial map is a boundary representation model; it represents object by its boundaries.","title":"Combinatorial map"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Edmonds"},{"link_name":"polyhedral surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedral_surface"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"planar graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_graph"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Ringel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Ringel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The concept of a combinatorial map was introduced informally by J. Edmonds for polyhedral surfaces[2] which are planar graphs. It was given its first definite formal expression under the name \"Constellations\" by A. Jacques[3][4] but the concept was already extensively used under the name \"rotation\" by Gerhard Ringel[5] and J.W.T. Youngs in their famous solution of the Heawood map-coloring problem. The term \"constellation\" was not retained and instead \"combinatorial map\" was favored.[6]Combinatorial maps were later generalized to represent higher-dimensional orientable subdivided objects.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplicial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_complex"}],"text":"Several applications require a data structure to represent the subdivision of an object. For example, a 2D object can be decomposed into vertices (0-cells), edges (1-cells), and faces (2-cells). More generally, an n-dimensional object is composed with cells of dimension 0 to n. Moreover, it is also often necessary to represent neighboring relations between these cells.Thus, we want to describe all the cells of the subdivision, plus all the incidence and adjacency relations between these cells. When all the represented cells are simplexes, a simplicial complex may be used, but when we want to represent any type of cells, we need to use cellular topological models like combinatorial maps or generalized maps.","title":"Motivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"permutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation#Permutations_in_group_theory"},{"link_name":"involution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(mathematics)"}],"text":"A combinatorial map is a triplet M = (D, σ, α) such that:D is a finite set of darts;\nσ is a permutation on D;\nα is an involution on D with no fixed point.Intuitively, a combinatorial map corresponds to a graph where each edge is subdivided into two darts (sometimes also called half-edges). The permutation σ gives, for each dart, the next dart by turning around the vertex in the positive orientation; the other permutation α gives, for each dart, the other dart of the same edge.α allows one to retrieve edges (alpha for arête in French), and σ allows one to retrieve vertices (sigma for sommet in French). We define φ = σ ∘ α which gives, for each dart, the next dart of the same face (phi for face also in French).So, there are two ways to represent a combinatorial map depending if the permutation is σ or φ (see example below). These two representations are dual to each other: vertices and faces are exchanged.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"permutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation#Permutations_in_group_theory"},{"link_name":"involutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"orientable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientable"},{"link_name":"generalized maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_maps"}],"text":"An n-dimensional combinatorial map (or n-map) is a (n + 1)-tuple M = (D, β1, ..., βn) such that:[7][8]D is a finite set of darts;\nβ1 is a permutation on D;\nβ2, ..., βn are involutions on D;\nβi ∘ βj is an involution if i + 2 ≤ j (i, j ∈ { 1, ,..., n }).An n-dimensional combinatorial map represents the subdivision of a closed orientable n-dimensional space. The constraint on βi ∘ βj guarantees the topological validity of the map as a quasi-manifold subdivision. Two-dimensional combinatorial maps can be retrieved by fixing n = 2 and renaming σ by β1 and α by β2.Spaces that are not necessarily closed or orientable may be represented using (n-dimensional) generalized maps.","title":"Higher-dimensional generalization"}]
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[{"image_text":"A plane graph","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Combinatorial_map_planar_graph_example.svg/200px-Combinatorial_map_planar_graph_example.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Corresponding combinatorial map (D, σ, α). Darts are represented by numbered segments, σ by gray arrows (example σ(1) = 7), two darts linked by α are drawn consecutively and separated by a small bar (example α(1) = 2).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Combinatorial_map_example.svg/200px-Combinatorial_map_example.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Corresponding combinatorial map (D, φ, α). Darts are represented by numbered arrows, two darts linked by φ are drawn consecutively (example φ(1) = 3) and two darts linked by α are drawn parallel and in reverse orientation (example α(1) = 2).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Combinatorial_map_dual_example.svg/200px-Combinatorial_map_dual_example.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Bollobás–Riordan polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollob%C3%A1s%E2%80%93Riordan_polynomial"},{"title":"Boundary representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_representation"},{"title":"Generalized maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_maps"},{"title":"Doubly connected edge list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly_connected_edge_list"},{"title":"Quad-edge data structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-edge_data_structure"},{"title":"Rotation system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_system"},{"title":"Simplicial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_complex"},{"title":"Winged edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_edge"}]
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[{"reference":"Bollobás, Béla; Riordan, Oliver (2001). \"A Polynomial Invariant of Graphs On Orientable Surfaces\". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. 83 (3). Wiley: 513–531. doi:10.1112/plms/83.3.513. ISSN 0024-6115. S2CID 15895860.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2F83.3.513","url_text":"10.1112/plms/83.3.513"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-6115","url_text":"0024-6115"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15895860","url_text":"15895860"}]},{"reference":"Edmonds, J. (1960). \"A Combinatorial Representation for Polyhedral Surfaces\". Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 7. hdl:1903/24820.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1903%2F24820","url_text":"1903/24820"}]},{"reference":"Jacques, A. (1969). Constellations et propriétés algébriques des graphes topologiques (PhD). University of Paris.","urls":[{"url":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01591126/","url_text":"Constellations et propriétés algébriques des graphes topologiques"}]},{"reference":"Jacques, A. (1970). \"Constellations et Graphes Topologiques\". Colloque Math. Soc. János Bolyai: 657–672.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ringel, G. (2012) [1974]. Map Color Theorem. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-65759-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-65759-7","url_text":"978-3-642-65759-7"}]},{"reference":"Cori, R. (1975). \"Un code pour les graphes planaires et ses applications\". Astérisque. 27. MR 0404045. Zbl 0313.05115.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.numdam.org/item/AST_1975__27__1_0/","url_text":"\"Un code pour les graphes planaires et ses applications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0404045","url_text":"0404045"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0313.05115","url_text":"0313.05115"}]},{"reference":"Lienhardt, P. (1991). \"Topological models for Boundary Representation : a comparison with n-dimensional generalized maps\". Computer-Aided Design. 23 (1): 59–82. doi:10.1016/0010-4485(91)90082-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-4485%2891%2990082-8","url_text":"10.1016/0010-4485(91)90082-8"}]},{"reference":"Lienhardt, P. (1994). \"N-dimensional generalized combinatorial maps and cellular quasi-manifolds\". International Journal of Computational Geometry and Applications. 4 (3): 275–324. doi:10.1142/S0218195994000173.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0218195994000173","url_text":"10.1142/S0218195994000173"}]},{"reference":"Damiand, Guillaume. \"Combinatorial maps\". Retrieved February 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://doc.cgal.org/latest/Combinatorial_map","url_text":"\"Combinatorial maps\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2F83.3.513","external_links_name":"10.1112/plms/83.3.513"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-6115","external_links_name":"0024-6115"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15895860","external_links_name":"15895860"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1903%2F24820","external_links_name":"1903/24820"},{"Link":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01591126/","external_links_name":"Constellations et propriétés algébriques des graphes topologiques"},{"Link":"http://www.numdam.org/item/AST_1975__27__1_0/","external_links_name":"\"Un code pour les graphes planaires et ses applications\""},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0404045","external_links_name":"0404045"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0313.05115","external_links_name":"0313.05115"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-4485%2891%2990082-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0010-4485(91)90082-8"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0218195994000173","external_links_name":"10.1142/S0218195994000173"},{"Link":"https://doc.cgal.org/latest/Combinatorial_map","external_links_name":"\"Combinatorial maps\""},{"Link":"https://cgogn.github.io/","external_links_name":"CGoGN"},{"Link":"https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/combinatorial+map","external_links_name":"Combinatorial map"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science
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United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
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["1 History","2 Members, 118th Congress","3 Subcommittees","4 Committee chairs, 1959–present","5 Historical membership rosters","5.1 117th Congress","5.2 116th Congress","5.3 115th Congress","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Standing committee of the United States House of Representatives
House Science, Space, and Technology CommitteeStanding committeeActiveUnited States House of Representatives118th CongressHistoryFormedJanuary 3, 1959LeadershipChairFrank Lucas (R) Since January 9, 2023Ranking memberZoe Lofgren (D) Since January 3, 2023Vice chairVacantStructureSeats40Political partiesMajority (22)
Republican (22)
Minority (18)
Democratic (18)
JurisdictionOversight authorityNASA, NSF, NIST, White House Office of Science and Technology PolicyWebsitescience.house.gov
This article is part of a series on theUnited States Houseof RepresentativesGreat Seal of the United States House of Representatives
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The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology is a committee of the United States House of Representatives. It has jurisdiction over non-defense federal scientific research and development. More specifically, the committee has complete jurisdiction over the following federal agencies: NASA, NSF, NIST, and the OSTP. The committee also has authority over R&D activities at the Department of Energy, the EPA, FAA, NOAA, the DOT, the NWS, the DHS and the U.S. Fire Administration.
History
In the wake of the Soviet Sputnik program in the late 1950s, Congress created the Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration on 05 March 1958, chaired by majority leader John William McCormack. This select committee drafted the National Aeronautics and Space Act that created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). A staff report of the committee, the Space Handbook: Astronautics and its Applications, provided non-technical information about spaceflight to U.S. policy makers.
The committee also chartered the permanent House Committee on Science and Astronautics, which officially began on January 3, 1959, and was the first new standing committee established in the House since 1946. The name was changed in 1974 to the House Committee on Science and Technology. The name was changed again in 1987 to the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. After the Republican Party gained a majority in Congress in 1994, the name of the committee was changed to the House Committee on Science. With the return of control to the Democrats in 2007, the committee's name was changed back to the House Committee on Science and Technology.
During the 112th Congress, which was in session from 2011-2013, Committee Chairman Ralph Hall added "Space" back into the committee's name: "The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology" – a nod to the committee's history, broad jurisdiction, and the importance of space exploration in maintaining American innovation and competitiveness.
Members, 118th Congress
Majority
Minority
Frank Lucas, Oklahoma, Chair
Bill Posey, Florida
Randy Weber, Texas
Brian Babin, Texas
Jim Baird, Indiana
Daniel Webster, Florida
Mike Garcia, California
Stephanie Bice, Oklahoma
Jay Obernolte, California
Chuck Fleischmann, Tennessee
Darrell Issa, California
Rick Crawford, Arkansas
Claudia Tenney, New York
Ryan Zinke, Montana
Scott Franklin, Florida
Dale Strong, Alabama
Max Miller, Ohio
Rich McCormick, Georgia
Mike Collins, Georgia
Brandon Williams, New York
Thomas Kean Jr., New Jersey
Zoe Lofgren, California, Ranking Member
Suzanne Bonamici, Oregon
Haley Stevens, Michigan
Jamaal Bowman, New York
Deborah K. Ross, North Carolina
Eric Sorensen, Illinois
Andrea Salinas, Oregon
Valerie Foushee, North Carolina
Kevin Mullin, California
Jeff Jackson, North Carolina
Emilia Sykes, Ohio
Maxwell Frost, Florida
Yadira Caraveo, Colorado
Summer Lee, Pennsylvania
Jennifer McClellan, Virginia
Gabe Amo, Rhode Island (from December 13, 2023)
Ted Lieu, California
Sean Casten, Illinois
Paul Tonko, New York
Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 14 (Chair), H.Res. 15 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 80 (R), H.Res. 87 (D), H.Res. 164 (D), H.Res. 179 (R), H.Res. 205 (D), H.Res. 931 (D)
Subcommittees
Subcommittee
Chair
Ranking Member
Energy
Brandon Williams (R-NY)
Jamaal Bowman (D-NY)
Environment
Max Miller (R-OH)
Deborah Ross (D-NC)
Investigations and Oversight
Mike Collins (R-GA)
Valerie Foushee (D-NC)
Research and Technology
Jay Obernolte (R-CA)
Haley Stevens (D-MI)
Space and Aeronautics
Brian Babin (R-TX)
Eric Sorensen (D-IL)
Committee chairs, 1959–present
Chairmen since 1959
Overton Brooks (LA), 1959–1961
George P. Miller (CA), 1961–1973
Olin E. Teague (TX), 1973–1978
Don Fuqua (FL), 1979–1987
Robert A. Roe (NJ), 1987–1991
George Brown, Jr. (CA), 1991–1995
Robert Smith Walker (PA), 1995–1997
Jim Sensenbrenner (WI), 1997–2001
Sherwood Boehlert (NY), 2001–2007
Bart Gordon (TN), 2007–2011
Ralph Hall (TX), 2011–2013
Lamar S. Smith (TX), 2013–2019
Eddie Bernice Johnson (TX), 2019–2023
Frank Lucas (OK), 2023–present
Historical membership rosters
117th Congress
Majority
Minority
Eddie Bernice Johnson, Texas, Chair
Zoe Lofgren, California
Suzanne Bonamici, Oregon
Ami Bera, California
Haley Stevens, Michigan, Vice Chair
Mikie Sherrill, New Jersey
Jamaal Bowman, New York
Melanie Stansbury, New Mexico (since June 15, 2021)
Brad Sherman, California
Ed Perlmutter, Colorado
Jerry McNerney, California
Paul Tonko, New York
Bill Foster, Illinois
Donald Norcross, New Jersey
Don Beyer, Virginia
Charlie Crist, Florida
Sean Casten, Illinois
Conor Lamb, Pennsylvania
Deborah K. Ross, North Carolina
Gwen Moore, Wisconsin
Dan Kildee, Michigan
Susan Wild, Pennsylvania
Lizzie Fletcher, Texas
Frank Lucas, Oklahoma, Ranking Member
Mo Brooks, Alabama
Bill Posey, Florida
Randy Weber, Texas
Brian Babin, Texas
Anthony Gonzalez, Ohio
Michael Waltz, Florida
Jim Baird, Indiana
Pete Sessions, Texas
Daniel Webster, Florida
Mike Garcia, California
Stephanie Bice, Oklahoma
Young Kim, California
Randy Feenstra, Iowa
Jake LaTurner, Kansas
Carlos Giménez, Florida
Jay Obernolte, California
Peter Meijer, Michigan
Jake Ellzey, Texas (since August 24, 2021)
Mike Carey, Ohio (since December 1, 2021)
Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 9 (Chair), H.Res. 10 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 62 (D), H.Res. 63 (R), H.Res. 111 (D), H.Res. 475 (D), H.Res. 602 (R), H.Res. 826 (R)
Subcommittees
Subcommittee
Chair
Ranking Member
Energy
Jamaal Bowman (D-NY)
Randy Weber (R-TX)
Environment
Mikie Sherrill (D-NJ)
Stephanie Bice (R-OK)
Investigations and Oversight
Bill Foster (D-IL)
Jay Obernolte (R-CA)
Research and Technology
Haley Stevens (D-MI)
Michael Waltz (R-FL)
Space and Aeronautics
Don Beyer (D-VA)
Brian Babin (R-TX)
116th Congress
Majority
Minority
Eddie Bernice Johnson, Texas, Chair
Zoe Lofgren, California
Dan Lipinski, Illinois
Suzanne Bonamici, Oregon
Ami Bera, California, Vice Chair
Lizzie Pannill Fletcher, Texas
Haley Stevens, Michigan
Kendra Horn, Oklahoma
Mikie Sherrill, New Jersey
Brad Sherman, California
Steve Cohen, Tennessee
Jerry McNerney, California
Ed Perlmutter, Colorado
Paul Tonko, New York
Bill Foster, Illinois
Don Beyer, Virginia
Charlie Crist, Florida
Sean Casten, Illinois
Katie Hill, California (until October 27, 2019)
Ben McAdams, Utah
Jennifer Wexton, Virginia
Conor Lamb, Pennsylvania (since November 19, 2019)
Frank Lucas, Oklahoma, Ranking Member
Mo Brooks, Alabama
Bill Posey, Florida
Randy Weber, Texas
Brian Babin, Texas
Andy Biggs, Arizona
Roger Marshall, Kansas
Neal Dunn, Florida
Ralph Norman, South Carolina
Michael Cloud, Texas
Troy Balderson, Ohio
Pete Olson, Texas
Anthony Gonzalez, Ohio
Michael Waltz, Florida
Jim Baird, Indiana
Jaime Herrera Beutler, Washington
Jenniffer González, Puerto Rico
Francis Rooney, Florida (since July 24, 2019)
Greg Murphy, North Carolina (since September 26, 2019)
Mike Garcia, California (since July 1, 2020)
Tom Tiffany, Wisconsin (since July 1, 2020)
Sources: H.Res. 24 (Chair), H.Res. 25 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 67 (D), H.Res. 68 (R), H.Res. 73 (D), H.Res. 264 (R), H.Res. 516 (R), H.Res. 596 (R), H.Res. 712 (D), H.Res. 1037 (R)
Subcommittees
There were five subcommittees in the 116th Congress.
Subcommittee
Chair
Ranking Member
Energy
Jamaal Bowman (D-NY)
Randy Weber (R-TX)
Environment
Mikie Sherrill (D-NJ)
Roger Marshall (R-KS)
Investigations and Oversight
Bill Foster (D-IL)
Ralph Norman (R-SC)
Research and Technology
Haley Stevens (D-MI)
Jim Baird (R-IN)
Space and Aeronautics
Don Beyer (D-VA)
Brian Babin (R-TX)
115th Congress
Majority
Minority
Lamar Smith, Texas, Chair
Dana Rohrabacher, California
Frank Lucas, Oklahoma, Vice Chair
Mo Brooks, Alabama
Randy Hultgren, Illinois
Bill Posey, Florida
Thomas Massie, Kentucky
Jim Bridenstine, Oklahoma
Randy Weber, Texas
Steve Knight, California
Brian Babin, Texas
Barbara Comstock, Virginia
Gary Palmer, Alabama
Barry Loudermilk, Georgia
Ralph Abraham, Louisiana
Darin LaHood, Illinois
Daniel Webster, Florida
Jim Banks, Indiana
Andy Biggs, Arizona
Roger Marshall, Kansas
Neal Dunn, Florida
Clay Higgins, Louisiana
Ralph Norman, South Carolina
Eddie Bernice Johnson, Texas, Ranking Member
Zoe Lofgren, California
Dan Lipinski, Illinois
Suzanne Bonamici, Oregon
Ami Bera, California
Elizabeth Esty, Connecticut
Marc Veasey, Texas
Don Beyer, Virginia, Vice Ranking Member
Jacky Rosen, Nevada
Conor Lamb, Pennsylvania (from April 17, 2018)
Jerry McNerney, California
Ed Perlmutter, Colorado
Paul Tonko, New York
Bill Foster, Illinois
Mark Takano, California
Colleen Hanabusa, Hawaii
Charlie Crist, Florida
See also
List of current United States House of Representatives committees
References
^ "History and Jurisdiction". House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
^ "Space Handbook: Astronautics and its Applications". NASA.
^ a b "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY" (PDF). United States Government. November 7, 2007.
^ "Lucas Announces Subcommittee Rosters and Leadership". House Committee on Science Space & Tech - Republicans. 2023-02-09. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
^ "Ranking Member Lofgren Announces Organization of Science Committee Democrats | House Committee on Science, Space and Technology". democrats-science.house.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
^ a b "House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Subcommittees". House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
^ HOUSE SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE DEMOCRATIC CAUCUS ORGANIZES FOR THE 117TH CONGRESS
^ Lucas Announces Republican Science Committee Leaders
^ H.Res. 6, H.Res. 51
^ H.Res. 7, H.Res. 45, H.Res. 52, H.Res. 95
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology.
Official web site (Archive)
House Science, Space, and Technology Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov.
Republican Science Committee website
Works by United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology at Internet Archive
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Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)
Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC)
Naval Warfare Centers
Air (NAWC)
Surface (NSWC)
Undersea (NUWC)
Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance (NCCOSC)
Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake (NAWS)
Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)
Operational Test and Evaluation Force (OPTEVFOR)
Air Force
Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)
Air Armament Center (AAC)
Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)
Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (AFLCMC)
Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center (NWC)
Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT)
Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center (AFOTEC)
Space Force
Space Systems Command (SSC)
Other
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU)
Education
Institute of Education Sciences (IES)
National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR)
Energy
Office of Science (DOE SC)
Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E)
National Laboratories
Health andHuman Services
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Food and Drug Administration science and research programs
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI)
Homeland Security
Science and Technology Directorate (S&T)
Coast Guard Research and Development Center (CG RDC)
Interior
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Justice
National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
FBI Science and Technology Branch
Transportation
Research and Innovative Technology Administration
Federal Aviation Administration Research, Engineering, and Development
Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Treasury
Office of Financial Research (OFR)
Veterans Affairs
Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development (ORD)
Executive Officeof the President
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP)
Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program (NITRD)
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)
Legislative branch
House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) (defunct)
Judicial branch
Federal Judicial Center
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Australia
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_committee"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"NSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"NIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"OSTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy"},{"link_name":"Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"EPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"DOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"NWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service"},{"link_name":"DHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"U.S. Fire Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fire_Administration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology is a committee of the United States House of Representatives. It has jurisdiction over non-defense federal scientific research and development. More specifically, the committee has complete jurisdiction over the following federal agencies: NASA, NSF, NIST, and the OSTP. The committee also has authority over R&D activities at the Department of Energy, the EPA, FAA, NOAA, the DOT, the NWS, the DHS and the U.S. Fire Administration.[1]","title":"United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Sputnik program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_program"},{"link_name":"John William McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_McCormack"},{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act"},{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-2"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"}],"text":"In the wake of the Soviet Sputnik program in the late 1950s, Congress created the Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration on 05 March 1958, chaired by majority leader John William McCormack. This select committee drafted the National Aeronautics and Space Act that created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). A staff report of the committee, the Space Handbook: Astronautics and its Applications, provided non-technical information about spaceflight to U.S. policy makers.[2]The committee also chartered the permanent House Committee on Science and Astronautics, which officially began on January 3, 1959, and was the first new standing committee established in the House since 1946. The name was changed in 1974 to the House Committee on Science and Technology. The name was changed again in 1987 to the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. After the Republican Party gained a majority in Congress in 1994, the name of the committee was changed to the House Committee on Science. With the return of control to the Democrats in 2007, the committee's name was changed back to the House Committee on Science and Technology.During the 112th Congress, which was in session from 2011-2013, Committee Chairman Ralph Hall added \"Space\" back into the committee's name: \"The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology\" – a nod to the committee's history, broad jurisdiction, and the importance of space exploration in maintaining American innovation and competitiveness.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/14"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/15"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/80"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/87"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/164"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/179"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/205"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/931"}],"text":"Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 14 (Chair), H.Res. 15 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 80 (R), H.Res. 87 (D), H.Res. 164 (D), H.Res. 179 (R), H.Res. 205 (D), H.Res. 931 (D)","title":"Members, 118th Congress"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Subcommittees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"Overton Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overton_Brooks"},{"link_name":"George P. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Miller"},{"link_name":"Olin E. Teague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_E._Teague"},{"link_name":"Don Fuqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Fuqua"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Roe"},{"link_name":"George Brown, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brown,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Robert Smith Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smith_Walker"},{"link_name":"Jim Sensenbrenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Boehlert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert"},{"link_name":"Bart Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Ralph Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hall"},{"link_name":"Lamar S. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_S._Smith"},{"link_name":"Eddie Bernice Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Bernice_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Frank Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lucas_(Oklahoma_politician)"}],"text":"Chairmen since 1959[3]Overton Brooks (LA), 1959–1961\nGeorge P. Miller (CA), 1961–1973\nOlin E. Teague (TX), 1973–1978\nDon Fuqua (FL), 1979–1987\nRobert A. Roe (NJ), 1987–1991\nGeorge Brown, Jr. (CA), 1991–1995\nRobert Smith Walker (PA), 1995–1997\nJim Sensenbrenner (WI), 1997–2001\nSherwood Boehlert (NY), 2001–2007\nBart Gordon (TN), 2007–2011\nRalph Hall (TX), 2011–2013\nLamar S. Smith (TX), 2013–2019\nEddie Bernice Johnson (TX), 2019–2023\nFrank Lucas (OK), 2023–present","title":"Committee chairs, 1959–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical membership rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/9"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/10"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/62"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/63"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/111"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/475"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/602"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 826","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/826"}],"sub_title":"117th Congress","text":"Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 9 (Chair), H.Res. 10 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 62 (D), H.Res. 63 (R), H.Res. 111 (D), H.Res. 475 (D), H.Res. 602 (R), H.Res. 826 (R)Subcommittees","title":"Historical membership rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/24"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/25"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/67"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/68"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/73"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/264"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/516"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/596"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/712"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 1037","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/1037"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subcommittees-6"}],"sub_title":"116th Congress","text":"Sources: H.Res. 24 (Chair), H.Res. 25 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 67 (D), H.Res. 68 (R), H.Res. 73 (D), H.Res. 264 (R), H.Res. 516 (R), H.Res. 596 (R), H.Res. 712 (D), H.Res. 1037 (R)SubcommitteesThere were five subcommittees in the 116th Congress.[6]","title":"Historical membership rosters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"115th Congress","title":"Historical membership rosters"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"List of current United States House of Representatives committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees"}]
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[{"reference":"\"History and Jurisdiction\". House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. Retrieved January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://science.house.gov/about/history-and-jurisdiction","url_text":"\"History and Jurisdiction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Space Handbook: Astronautics and its Applications\". NASA.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/conghand/default.htm","url_text":"\"Space Handbook: Astronautics and its Applications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"\"A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY\" (PDF). United States Government. November 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://science.house.gov/history","url_text":"\"A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucas Announces Subcommittee Rosters and Leadership\". House Committee on Science Space & Tech - Republicans. 2023-02-09. Retrieved 2023-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://science.house.gov/2023/2/lucas-announces-subcommittee-rosters-and-leadership","url_text":"\"Lucas Announces Subcommittee Rosters and Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking Member Lofgren Announces Organization of Science Committee Democrats | House Committee on Science, Space and Technology\". democrats-science.house.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://democrats-science.house.gov/news/press-releases/ranking-member-lofgren-announces-organization-of-science-committee-democrats","url_text":"\"Ranking Member Lofgren Announces Organization of Science Committee Democrats | House Committee on Science, Space and Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Subcommittees\". House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. Retrieved January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://science.house.gov/subcommittees","url_text":"\"House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Subcommittees\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://science.house.gov/","external_links_name":"science.house.gov"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/14","external_links_name":"H.Res. 14"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/15","external_links_name":"H.Res. 15"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/80","external_links_name":"H.Res. 80"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/87","external_links_name":"H.Res. 87"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/164","external_links_name":"H.Res. 164"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/179","external_links_name":"H.Res. 179"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/205","external_links_name":"H.Res. 205"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/931","external_links_name":"H.Res. 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24"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/25","external_links_name":"H.Res. 25"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/67","external_links_name":"H.Res. 67"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/68","external_links_name":"H.Res. 68"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/73","external_links_name":"H.Res. 73"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/264","external_links_name":"H.Res. 264"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/516","external_links_name":"H.Res. 516"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/596","external_links_name":"H.Res. 596"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/712","external_links_name":"H.Res. 712"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/1037","external_links_name":"H.Res. 1037"},{"Link":"https://science.house.gov/about/history-and-jurisdiction","external_links_name":"\"History and Jurisdiction\""},{"Link":"http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/conghand/default.htm","external_links_name":"\"Space Handbook: Astronautics and its Applications\""},{"Link":"http://science.house.gov/history","external_links_name":"\"A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY\""},{"Link":"https://science.house.gov/2023/2/lucas-announces-subcommittee-rosters-and-leadership","external_links_name":"\"Lucas Announces Subcommittee Rosters and Leadership\""},{"Link":"https://democrats-science.house.gov/news/press-releases/ranking-member-lofgren-announces-organization-of-science-committee-democrats","external_links_name":"\"Ranking Member Lofgren Announces Organization of Science Committee Democrats | House Committee on Science, Space and Technology\""},{"Link":"https://science.house.gov/subcommittees","external_links_name":"\"House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Subcommittees\""},{"Link":"https://science.house.gov/news/press-releases/house-science-space-and-technology-committee-democratic-caucus-organizes-for-the-117th-congress","external_links_name":"HOUSE SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE DEMOCRATIC CAUCUS ORGANIZES FOR THE 117TH CONGRESS"},{"Link":"https://republicans-science.house.gov/news/press-releases/lucas-announces-republican-science-committee-leaders","external_links_name":"Lucas Announces Republican Science Committee Leaders"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/6","external_links_name":"H.Res. 6"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/51","external_links_name":"H.Res. 51"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/7","external_links_name":"H.Res. 7"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/45","external_links_name":"H.Res. 45"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/52","external_links_name":"H.Res. 52"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/95","external_links_name":"H.Res. 95"},{"Link":"https://science.house.gov/","external_links_name":"Official web site"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwa00hssy00/","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/committee/house-science-space-and-technology/hssy00","external_links_name":"House Science, Space, and Technology Committee"},{"Link":"https://republicans-science.house.gov/","external_links_name":"Republican Science Committee website"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8960","external_links_name":"Works by United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Committee+on+Science+and+Astronautics%22+OR+%22Committee+on+Astronautics+and+Space+Exploration%22+OR+%22Committee+on+Science+and+Technology%22+OR+%22Committee+on+Science%2C+Space+and+Technology%22%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107398750","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126015136","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/16140067-X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269262705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79029813","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35565233","external_links_name":"Australia"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.27
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Friedrichshafen FF.27
|
["1 Design and development","2 Specifications","3 References","4 Bibliography"]
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This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)German WWI floatplane
FF.27
Role
Two-seat coastal patrol floatplaneType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen
First flight
July 1914
Primary user
German Imperial Navy
Number built
1
The Friedrichshafen FF.27 was a reconnaissance floatplane built in Germany during World War I.
Design and development
The FF.27 was a two-seat floatplane of mixed construction which had a single NAG 6-cyl 135hp piston engine mounted in the center nacelle. The tail empennage extended out from the fuselage via twin metal booms and the FF.27 had of pair of floats mounted under the center wing section.
The first flight of the FF.27 took place in 1914, occurring in response to the Baltic Ostsee-Wettbewerb 1914 aviation contest. After the outbreak of WWI, the FF.27 was delivered to the Imperial German Navy and given the serial 62, being used for reconnaissance duties.
Specifications
General characteristics
Crew: 2
Wingspan: 14.40 m (47 ft 3 in)
Wing area: 45 m2 (480 sq ft)
Empty weight: 900 kg (1,984 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 1,100 kg (2,425 lb)
Powerplant: 1 × NAG 6-cyl 135hp 6-cylinder inline engine, 101 kW (135 hp)
Performance
Maximum speed: 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kn)
Cruise speed: 95 km/h (59 mph, 51 kn)
References
Bibliography
Borzutzki, Siegfried (1993). Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen GmbH: Diplom-Ingenieur Theodor Kober (in German). Berlin: Burbach. ISBN 3-927513-60-1.
Herris, Jack (2016). Friedrichshafen Aircraft of WWI: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes. Great War Aviation Centennial Series. Vol. 21. Charleston, South Carolina: Aeronaut Books. ISBN 978-1-935881-35-3.
Kroschel, Günter & Stützer, Helmut (1977). Die deutschen Militärflugzeuge 1910–1918: in 127 Vierseitenrissen im Massstab 1:144 (in German). Wilhelmshaven, West Germany: Lohse-Eissing. ISBN 3-920602-18-8.
vteFriedrichshafen aircraftManufacturerdesignations
FF.1
FF.2
FF.4
FF.8
FF.9
FF.11
FF.15
FF.17
FF.19
FF.21
FF.27
FF.29
FF.31
FF.33
FF.34
FF.35
FF.36
FF.37
FF.38
FF.39
FF.40
FF.41
FF.43
FF.44
FF.45
FF.46
FF.48
FF.49
FF.53
FF.54
FF.55
FF.59
FF.60
FF.61
FF.62
FF.63
FF.64
FF.66
FF.67
FF.71
Idflieg designationsReconnaissance
C.I
Fighters
D.I
Bombers
G.I
G.II
G.III
G.IV
G.V
G.VI
Night Bombers
N.I
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft"},{"link_name":"floatplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"German WWI floatplaneThe Friedrichshafen FF.27 was a reconnaissance floatplane built in Germany during World War I.","title":"Friedrichshafen FF.27"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NAG 6-cyl 135hp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAG_6-cyl_135hp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"empennage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empennage"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"}],"text":"The FF.27 was a two-seat floatplane of mixed construction which had a single NAG 6-cyl 135hp piston engine mounted in the center nacelle. The tail empennage extended out from the fuselage via twin metal booms and the FF.27 had of pair of floats mounted under the center wing section.The first flight of the FF.27 took place in 1914, occurring in response to the Baltic Ostsee-Wettbewerb 1914 aviation contest. After the outbreak of WWI, the FF.27 was delivered to the Imperial German Navy and given the serial 62, being used for reconnaissance duties.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NAG 6-cyl 135hp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAG_6-cyl_135hp&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"General characteristicsCrew: 2\nWingspan: 14.40 m (47 ft 3 in)\nWing area: 45 m2 (480 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 900 kg (1,984 lb)\nMax takeoff weight: 1,100 kg (2,425 lb)\nPowerplant: 1 × NAG 6-cyl 135hp 6-cylinder inline engine, 101 kW (135 hp)PerformanceMaximum speed: 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kn)\nCruise speed: 95 km/h (59 mph, 51 kn)","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-927513-60-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-927513-60-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-935881-35-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935881-35-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-920602-18-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-920602-18-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Friedrichshafen_aircraft"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Friedrichshafen_aircraft"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Friedrichshafen_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Friedrichshafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugzeugbau_Friedrichshafen"},{"link_name":"FF.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.1"},{"link_name":"FF.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.2"},{"link_name":"FF.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.4"},{"link_name":"FF.8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.8"},{"link_name":"FF.9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrichshafen_FF.9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FF.11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.11"},{"link_name":"FF.15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrichshafen_FF.15&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FF.17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.17"},{"link_name":"FF.19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.19"},{"link_name":"FF.21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.21"},{"link_name":"FF.27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"FF.29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.29"},{"link_name":"FF.31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.31"},{"link_name":"FF.33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.33"},{"link_name":"FF.34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.34"},{"link_name":"FF.35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.35"},{"link_name":"FF.36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_G.I"},{"link_name":"FF.37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.37"},{"link_name":"FF.38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_G.II"},{"link_name":"FF.39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.39"},{"link_name":"FF.40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.40"},{"link_name":"FF.41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.41"},{"link_name":"FF.43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.43"},{"link_name":"FF.44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.44"},{"link_name":"FF.45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_G.III"},{"link_name":"FF.46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_D.I"},{"link_name":"FF.48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.48"},{"link_name":"FF.49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.49"},{"link_name":"FF.53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.53"},{"link_name":"FF.54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.54"},{"link_name":"FF.55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_G.IV"},{"link_name":"FF.59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.59"},{"link_name":"FF.60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.60"},{"link_name":"FF.61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_G.IV"},{"link_name":"FF.62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_G.IV"},{"link_name":"FF.63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.63"},{"link_name":"FF.64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.64"},{"link_name":"FF.66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrichshafen_FF.66&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FF.67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.67"},{"link_name":"FF.71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.71"},{"link_name":"Idflieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idflieg"},{"link_name":"C.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.33"},{"link_name":"D.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_D.I"},{"link_name":"G.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_G.I"},{"link_name":"G.II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_G.II"},{"link_name":"G.III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_G.III"},{"link_name":"G.IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_G.IV"},{"link_name":"G.V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_G.IV"},{"link_name":"G.VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrichshafen_G.VI&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"N.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen_N.I"}],"text":"Borzutzki, Siegfried (1993). Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen GmbH: Diplom-Ingenieur Theodor Kober [Friedrichshafen Aircraft Company: Diploma-Engineer Theodore Kober] (in German). Berlin: Burbach. ISBN 3-927513-60-1.\nHerris, Jack (2016). Friedrichshafen Aircraft of WWI: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes. Great War Aviation Centennial Series. Vol. 21. Charleston, South Carolina: Aeronaut Books. ISBN 978-1-935881-35-3.\nKroschel, Günter & Stützer, Helmut (1977). Die deutschen Militärflugzeuge 1910–1918: in 127 Vierseitenrissen im Massstab 1:144 [German Military Aircraft 1910-1918: In 127 Four-page Drawings to 1:144 Scale] (in German). Wilhelmshaven, West Germany: Lohse-Eissing. ISBN 3-920602-18-8.vteFriedrichshafen aircraftManufacturerdesignations\nFF.1\nFF.2\nFF.4\nFF.8\nFF.9\nFF.11\nFF.15\nFF.17\nFF.19\nFF.21\nFF.27\nFF.29\nFF.31\nFF.33\nFF.34\nFF.35\nFF.36\nFF.37\nFF.38\nFF.39\nFF.40\nFF.41\nFF.43\nFF.44\nFF.45\nFF.46\nFF.48\nFF.49\nFF.53\nFF.54\nFF.55\nFF.59\nFF.60\nFF.61\nFF.62\nFF.63\nFF.64\nFF.66\nFF.67\nFF.71\nIdflieg designationsReconnaissance\nC.I\nFighters\nD.I\nBombers\nG.I\nG.II\nG.III\nG.IV\nG.V\nG.VI\nNight Bombers\nN.I","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Borzutzki, Siegfried (1993). Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen GmbH: Diplom-Ingenieur Theodor Kober [Friedrichshafen Aircraft Company: Diploma-Engineer Theodore Kober] (in German). Berlin: Burbach. ISBN 3-927513-60-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-927513-60-1","url_text":"3-927513-60-1"}]},{"reference":"Herris, Jack (2016). Friedrichshafen Aircraft of WWI: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes. Great War Aviation Centennial Series. Vol. 21. Charleston, South Carolina: Aeronaut Books. ISBN 978-1-935881-35-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935881-35-3","url_text":"978-1-935881-35-3"}]},{"reference":"Kroschel, Günter & Stützer, Helmut (1977). Die deutschen Militärflugzeuge 1910–1918: in 127 Vierseitenrissen im Massstab 1:144 [German Military Aircraft 1910-1918: In 127 Four-page Drawings to 1:144 Scale] (in German). Wilhelmshaven, West Germany: Lohse-Eissing. ISBN 3-920602-18-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-920602-18-8","url_text":"3-920602-18-8"}]}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughmilleriidae
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Hughmilleriidae
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["1 Description","2 History of research","3 Classification","4 Paleoecology","5 See also","6 References"]
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Extinct family of eurypterids
HughmilleriidaeTemporal range: Silurian, 442–418.7 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Fossils of Hughmilleria socialis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Chelicerata
Order:
†Eurypterida
Infraorder:
†Diploperculata
Superfamily:
†Pterygotioidea
Family:
†HughmilleriidaeKjellesvig-Waering, 1951
Type species
†Hughmilleria socialisSarle, 1903
Genera
†Herefordopterus
†Hughmilleria
Hughmilleriidae (the name deriving from the type genus Hughmilleria, which is named in honor of Scottish geologist Hugh Miller) is a family of eurypterids, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. The hughmilleriids were the most basal members of the superfamily Pterygotioidea, in contrast with the more derived (more "advanced") families Pterygotidae and Slimonidae. Despite their classification as pterygotioids, the hughmilleriids possessed several characteristics shared with other eurypterid groups, such as the lanceolate telson (the most posterior segment of the body).
Hughmilleriids are defined as pterygotioid eurypterids with swimming legs similar to those of the type genus, Hughmilleria (that is, 7th and 8th leg segments narrow and 9th segment very small), and whose second to fifth pair of appendages were spiniferous. Some further diagnostic characters unite the group, such as the slightly enlarged chelicerae (frontal appendages) and the streamlined shape of their bodies. The family contains only two genera, Hughmilleria and Herefordopterus, though other genera have been referred to the family in the past, such as genera now considered part of families such as the Mycteroptidae and the Waeringopteridae.
The hughmilleriids were the most basal group of pterygotioid eurypterids, lacking the derived features that would come to evolve in the Slimonidae and Pterygotidae, such as flattened and expanded telsons (the posteriormost segment of the body, this feature is shared by both derived families) and enlarged cheliceral claws (exclusive to the pterygotids). In spite of the great similarity of both genera, Herefordopterus had derived characteristics that suggest a close relationship with Slimonidae and Pterygotidae, such as the marginal ornamentation of the telson. On the other hand, Hughmilleria had certain resemblance to the basal adelophthalmid Eysyslopterus, sharing a triangular anterior carapace margin, possibly a plesiomorphic (of a common ancestor) trait.
Description
Size comparison of the biggest species of both hughmilleriid genera
Hughmilleriid eurypterids ranged in size from 6 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 inches), representing a group of relatively small eurypterids. Hughmilleriids would be dwarfed by some of their more derived (more "advanced") relatives within their superfamily, especially the pterygotids which would surpass lengths of 2 metres and become the largest known arthropods to ever live.
Like all other chelicerates, and other arthropods in general, the hughmilleriid eurypterids possessed segmented bodies and jointed appendages (limbs) covered in a cuticle composed of proteins and chitin. The chelicerate body is divided into two tagmata (sections); the frontal prosoma (head) and posterior opisthosoma (abdomen). The appendages were attached to the prosoma, and were characterized in hughmilleriids as being spiniferous (possessing spines), a feature that distinguishes the group from the pterygotids and the slimonids, both groups possessing non-spiniferous appendages. The telson (the posteriormost segment of the body), which was lanceolate and styliform, is a feature shared with other eurypterid groups, such as the closely related Adelophthalmoidea. Although these telsons were not flattened and expanded as in both derived families, Herefordopterus had a keel and marginal ornamentation, characteristics also noted within Pterygotidae. The lanceolate shape of their telsons suggests they did not use it as a rudder to swim.
The family is characterized by the presence of spines in the second to fifth pair of appendages, swimming legs with the 7th and 8th leg segments narrow, both twice as long as wide, and the 9th segment small, small and streamlined bodies, slightly enlarged chelicerae (frontal appendages) and a marginal rim in the carapace much broader anteriorly than posteriorly.
History of research
Restoration of Hughmilleria socialis
The genus Hughmilleria was erected by Clifton J. Sarle in 1903 to contain the species H. socialis, which was recovered for the first time in the Pittsford Shale Member of the Vernon Formation. The generic name derives from Hugh Miller, a Scottish geologist and writer that found fossils of several Silurian eurypterids, such as Hughmilleria itself. Sarle considered Hughmilleria as an intermediate form between Eurypterus and Pterygotus. However, he did not assigned Hughmilleria to any family.
Hughmilleria was first considered as a genus in the Pterygotidae, being one of the initial members of that family alongside Pterygotus, Slimonia and Hastimima upon its creation by John Mason Clarke and Rudolf Ruedemann in 1912. The family Hughmilleriidae was created by Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in 1951, who considered the genera Hastimima, Slimonia and Hughmilleria and the new genus Grossopterus sufficiently distinct from Pterygotus to be in a family of their own. Slimonia was considered too distinct from Hughmilleria in 1962, placed by Nestor Ivanovich Novojilov in its own family, the Slimonidae. The other hughmilleriids would also be reclassified, Hastimima representing a mycteroptidae and Grossopterus a waeringopterid.
This left Hughmilleria as the only genus in the family, rendering it monotypic (including only one subordinate taxon). Hughmilleriidae remained monotypic until a species of Hughmilleria, H. banksii, was raised to the level of a separate genus, Herefordopterus, by O. Erik Tetlie in 2006. With two genera of hughmilleriids known, several diagnostic traits of the family could properly be established, such as the presence of spiniferous appendages.
Classification
Restoration of Herefordopterus banksii
The Hughmilleriidae are classified as part of the Pterygotioidea superfamily, within the Diploperculata infraorder and Eurypterina suborder. The Hughmilleriidae has sometimes been interpreted as the sister-taxon of the Pterygotidae. Sarle interpreted Hughmilleria in 1903 as an intermediate form between Eurypterus and Pterygotus, being closer to the latter. For this to happen, the loss of spines in Slimonia and the pterygotids would be convergent. The discovery of Ciurcopterus, the most primitive known pterygotid, and studies revealing that Ciurcopterus combines features of Slimonia (the appendages are particularly similar) and of more derived pterygotids, revealed that the Slimonidae was more closely related to the Pterygotidae than the Hughmilleriidae was, establishing Hughmilleriidae as the most basal group of pterygotioid eurypterids. The family has been recovered as paraphyletic in a number of phylogenetic analyses and does thus not form an actually valid scientific grouping. Nevertheless, the family is retained and routinely used by eurypterid researchers.
Within the family, both genera shared several characteristics such as the carapace being much broader anteriorly than posteriorly, appendages II-V being spiniferous (possessing spines), swimming legs similar to those of Hughmilleria itself, the slight enlargement of their chelicerae and their small and streamlined bodies. However, the marginal ornamentation of the telson and the possession of 12-13 gnathobasic (of the gnathobase, a lower appendage used in feeding) teeth in the appendage VI suggests that Herefordopterus was a derived hughmilleriid. In turn, Hughmilleria lacked the marginal ornamentation of the telson and its appendage VI had 18-20 gnathobasic teeth, so it is considered the most basal genus of Pterygotioidea. The triangular anterior carapace margin present in Hughmilleria is shared by the adelophthalmid eurypterid Eysyslopterus, indicating that it might be a plesiomorphic trait (a trait present in a common ancestor).
The cladogram presented below, derived from a 2007 study by researcher O. Erik Tetlie, showcases the interrelationships between the pterygotioid eurypterids.
Pterygotioidea
Hughmilleria wangi
Hughmilleria socialis
Hughmilleria shawangunk
Herefordopterus banksii
Slimonia acuminata
Pterygotidae
Ciurcopterus ventricosus
Pterygotus anglicus
Jaekelopterus rhenaniae
Acutiramus macrophthalmus
Acutiramus bohemicus
Erettopterus bilobus
Erettopterus serricaudatus
Erettopterus osiliensis
Erettopterus waylandsmithi
Paleoecology
Painting painted in 1912 by Charles R. Knight depicting various eurypterids discovered in New York. The painting includes Dolichopterus, Eusarcana, Stylonurus, Eurypterus and Pterygotus. Hughmilleria can be seen in the bottom of the right corner.
The fossils of the hughmilleriids have been found in Silurian deposits ranging from the Llandovery to Ludlow epochs in the United States, China and England. While Hughmilleria lived in brackish and fresh water communities, Herefordopterus was present in a benthic (at the lowest level of water) environment near an intertidal sandy shore and intertidal sandy mudflat environments.
The Silurian deposits of the Pittsford Shale Member in which fossils of Hughmilleria socialis have been found shelter various faunas of eurypterids, including Mixopterus multispinosus, Erettoperus osiliensis, Eurypterus pittsfordensis and Carcinosoma spiniferus, among others. In the other hand, the Late Silurian of Herefordshire, where most of the fossils of Herefordopterus have been discovered, was home to a wide array of different eurypterids, like Erettopterus gigas, Eurypterus cephalaspis, Nanahughmilleria pygmaea, Marsupipterus sculpturatus, Salteropterus abbreviatus and potentially Slimonia (depending on the identity of S. stylops).
See also
List of eurypterid genera
Timeline of eurypterid research
Pterygotidae
Slimonidae
References
^ a b Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009). "Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates". Biology Letters. 6 (2): 265–269. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 2865068. PMID 19828493. Supplemental material.
^ a b c Tollerton, V. P. (1989). "Morphology, taxonomy, and classification of the order Eurypterida Burmeister, 1843". Journal of Paleontology. 63 (5): 642–657. Bibcode:1989JPal...63..642T. doi:10.1017/S0022336000041275. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 46953627.
^ Erik Tetlie; Paul A Selden; Dong Ren (2007). "A new Silurian eurypterid (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) from China". Palaeontology. 50 (3): 619–625. Bibcode:2007Palgy..50..619T. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00651.x. hdl:1808/8354. S2CID 56066870.
^ a b c d e f Tetlie, O. Erik (2006). "Eurypterida (Chelicerata) from the Welsh Borderlands, England". Geological Magazine. 143 (5): 723–735. Bibcode:2006GeoM..143..723T. doi:10.1017/S0016756806002536. ISSN 1469-5081. S2CID 83835591.
^ Plotnick, Roy E.; Baumiller, Tomasz K. (1988-01-01). "The pterygotid telson as a biological rudder". Lethaia. 21 (1): 13–27. Bibcode:1988Letha..21...13P. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb01746.x. ISSN 1502-3931.
^ a b Paul A. Selden. "Autecology of Silurian eurypterids". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 32.
^ a b Sarle, Clifton J. (1902). "A new eurypterid fauna from the base of the Salina of western New York". 69. New York State Museum Bulletin: 1080–1108. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Clarke, J. K., Ruedemann R. (1912) "The Eurypterida of New York"
^ Charles Blinderman (1 January 1990). Biolexicon: A Guide to the Language of Biology. Charles C Thomas Publisher. ISBN 978-0-398-08227-7.
^ Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964). "A Synopsis of the Family Pterygotidae Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912 (Eurypterida)". Journal of Paleontology. 38 (2): 331–361. JSTOR 1301554.
^ a b c d Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, version 18.5 http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/resources/fossils/Fossils18.5.pdf (PDF).
^ a b c d Tetlie, O. Erik; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2009-09-01). "The origin of pterygotid eurypterids (Chelicerata: Eurypterida)". Palaeontology. 52 (5): 1141–1148. Bibcode:2009Palgy..52.1141T. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00907.x. ISSN 1475-4983.
^ a b Tetlie, O. Erik (2007). "Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 252 (3–4): 557–574. Bibcode:2007PPP...252..557T. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18.
^ Ciurca, Samuel J.; Tetlie, O. Erik (2007). "Pterygotids (Chelicerata; Eurypterida) from the Silurian Vernon Formation of New York". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (4): 725–736. doi:10.1666/pleo0022-3360(2007)0812.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 140668235.
^ Michael J. Benton & David A. T. Harper (2009). "Ecdysozoa: arthropods". Introduction to paleobiology and the fossil record. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 361–388. ISBN 978-1-4051-4157-4.
^ Burkert, C. (2018). "Environment preference of eurypterids–indications for freshwater adaptation?". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Eurypterid-Associated Biota of the Pittsford Shale, Pittsford, New York: Ludlow, New York". The Paleobiology Database.
^ "Fossilworks - Eurypterid-Associated Biota of the Temeside Shale, Ludlow and Perton, England (Silurian of the United Kingdom)". fossilworks.org.
vteEurypterids
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Clade: Euchelicerata
Clade: Prosomapoda
Clade: Planaterga
Clade: Dekatriata
Clade: Sclerophorata
TaxonomyGenera
List of eurypterid genera
SuborderStylonurinaRhenopteroidea
Rhenopteridae
Stylonuroidea
Parastylonuridae
Stylonuridae
Kokomopteroidea
Kokomopteridae
Hardieopteridae
Mycteropoidea
Drepanopteridae
Hibbertopteridae
Mycteroptidae
SuborderEurypterinaOnychopterelloidea
Onychopterellidae
Moselopteroidea
Moselopteridae
Eurypteroidea
Dolichopteridae
Eurypteridae
Strobilopteridae
InfraorderDiploperculataCarcinosomatoidea
Carcinosomatidae
Megalograptidae
Mixopteridae
Waeringopteroidea
Waeringopteridae
Adelophthalmoidea
Adelophthalmidae
Pterygotioidea
Hughmilleriidae
Slimonidae
Pterygotidae
Geochronology
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Geography
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Notable genera
Adelophthalmus
Brachyopterus
Campylocephalus
Carcinosoma
Drepanopterus
Eurypterus
Hibbertopterus
Hughmilleria
Jaekelopterus
Megalograptus
Megarachne
Mixopterus
Onychopterella
Pentecopterus
Pterygotus
Slimonia
Stylonurus
Ichnogenera
Arcuites
Merostomichnites
Palmichnium
Related groups
Arachnida
Chasmataspidida
Xiphosura
Related articles
Metastoma
Timeline of eurypterid research
Category
Taxon identifiersHughmilleriidae
Wikidata: Q48849047
EoL: 4305713
GBIF: 4650059
IRMNG: 104464
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hughmilleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughmilleria"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people"},{"link_name":"geologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"Hugh Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Miller"},{"link_name":"eurypterids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurypterid"},{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"Pterygotioidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygotioidea"},{"link_name":"Pterygotidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygotidae"},{"link_name":"Slimonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimonidae"},{"link_name":"telson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telson"},{"link_name":"chelicerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelicerae"},{"link_name":"Herefordopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordopterus"},{"link_name":"Mycteroptidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycteroptidae"},{"link_name":"Waeringopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waeringopteridae"},{"link_name":"telsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telson"},{"link_name":"adelophthalmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelophthalmid"},{"link_name":"Eysyslopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysyslopterus"},{"link_name":"plesiomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorphy"}],"text":"Extinct family of eurypteridsHughmilleriidae (the name deriving from the type genus Hughmilleria, which is named in honor of Scottish geologist Hugh Miller) is a family of eurypterids, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. The hughmilleriids were the most basal members of the superfamily Pterygotioidea, in contrast with the more derived (more \"advanced\") families Pterygotidae and Slimonidae. Despite their classification as pterygotioids, the hughmilleriids possessed several characteristics shared with other eurypterid groups, such as the lanceolate telson (the most posterior segment of the body).Hughmilleriids are defined as pterygotioid eurypterids with swimming legs similar to those of the type genus, Hughmilleria (that is, 7th and 8th leg segments narrow and 9th segment very small), and whose second to fifth pair of appendages were spiniferous. Some further diagnostic characters unite the group, such as the slightly enlarged chelicerae (frontal appendages) and the streamlined shape of their bodies. The family contains only two genera, Hughmilleria and Herefordopterus, though other genera have been referred to the family in the past, such as genera now considered part of families such as the Mycteroptidae and the Waeringopteridae.The hughmilleriids were the most basal group of pterygotioid eurypterids, lacking the derived features that would come to evolve in the Slimonidae and Pterygotidae, such as flattened and expanded telsons (the posteriormost segment of the body, this feature is shared by both derived families) and enlarged cheliceral claws (exclusive to the pterygotids). In spite of the great similarity of both genera, Herefordopterus had derived characteristics that suggest a close relationship with Slimonidae and Pterygotidae, such as the marginal ornamentation of the telson. On the other hand, Hughmilleria had certain resemblance to the basal adelophthalmid Eysyslopterus, sharing a triangular anterior carapace margin, possibly a plesiomorphic (of a common ancestor) trait.","title":"Hughmilleriidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hughmilleriidae_Size.svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-1"},{"link_name":"pterygotids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygotidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-1"},{"link_name":"chelicerates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelicerata"},{"link_name":"segmented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cuticle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuticle"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"chitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin"},{"link_name":"tagmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagmata_(arthropod_anatomy)"},{"link_name":"prosoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosoma"},{"link_name":"opisthosoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthosoma"},{"link_name":"slimonids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimonid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"telson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telson"},{"link_name":"Adelophthalmoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelophthalmoidea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsp-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telson-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-selden-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-4"}],"text":"Size comparison of the biggest species of both hughmilleriid generaHughmilleriid eurypterids ranged in size from 6 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 inches),[1] representing a group of relatively small eurypterids. Hughmilleriids would be dwarfed by some of their more derived (more \"advanced\") relatives within their superfamily, especially the pterygotids which would surpass lengths of 2 metres and become the largest known arthropods to ever live.[1]Like all other chelicerates, and other arthropods in general, the hughmilleriid eurypterids possessed segmented bodies and jointed appendages (limbs) covered in a cuticle composed of proteins and chitin. The chelicerate body is divided into two tagmata (sections); the frontal prosoma (head) and posterior opisthosoma (abdomen). The appendages were attached to the prosoma, and were characterized in hughmilleriids as being spiniferous (possessing spines), a feature that distinguishes the group from the pterygotids and the slimonids, both groups possessing non-spiniferous appendages.[2] The telson (the posteriormost segment of the body), which was lanceolate and styliform, is a feature shared with other eurypterid groups, such as the closely related Adelophthalmoidea.[3] Although these telsons were not flattened and expanded as in both derived families, Herefordopterus had a keel and marginal ornamentation, characteristics also noted within Pterygotidae.[4] The lanceolate shape of their telsons suggests they did not use it as a rudder to swim.[5]The family is characterized by the presence of spines in the second to fifth pair of appendages, swimming legs with the 7th and 8th leg segments narrow, both twice as long as wide, and the 9th segment small,[2] small and streamlined bodies, slightly enlarged chelicerae (frontal appendages) and a marginal rim in the carapace much broader anteriorly than posteriorly.[6][4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_plate_59.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hughmilleria socialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughmilleria"},{"link_name":"Vernon Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Formation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi-8"},{"link_name":"Hugh Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Miller"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l-7"},{"link_name":"Pterygotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygotus"},{"link_name":"Slimonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimonia"},{"link_name":"Hastimima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastimima"},{"link_name":"John Mason Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mason_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Ruedemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Ruedemann"},{"link_name":"Grossopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossopterus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-10"},{"link_name":"Nestor Ivanovich Novojilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Ivanovich_Novojilov"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-4"},{"link_name":"mycteroptidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycteroptidae"},{"link_name":"waeringopterid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waeringopteridae"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"Herefordopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordopterus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-12"}],"text":"Restoration of Hughmilleria socialisThe genus Hughmilleria was erected by Clifton J. Sarle in 1903 to contain the species H. socialis, which was recovered for the first time in the Pittsford Shale Member of the Vernon Formation.[7][8] The generic name derives from Hugh Miller, a Scottish geologist and writer that found fossils of several Silurian eurypterids, such as Hughmilleria itself.[9] Sarle considered Hughmilleria as an intermediate form between Eurypterus and Pterygotus. However, he did not assigned Hughmilleria to any family.[7]Hughmilleria was first considered as a genus in the Pterygotidae, being one of the initial members of that family alongside Pterygotus, Slimonia and Hastimima upon its creation by John Mason Clarke and Rudolf Ruedemann in 1912. The family Hughmilleriidae was created by Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in 1951, who considered the genera Hastimima, Slimonia and Hughmilleria and the new genus Grossopterus sufficiently distinct from Pterygotus to be in a family of their own.[10] Slimonia was considered too distinct from Hughmilleria in 1962, placed by Nestor Ivanovich Novojilov in its own family, the Slimonidae.[4] The other hughmilleriids would also be reclassified, Hastimima representing a mycteroptidae and Grossopterus a waeringopterid.[11]This left Hughmilleria as the only genus in the family, rendering it monotypic (including only one subordinate taxon). Hughmilleriidae remained monotypic until a species of Hughmilleria, H. banksii, was raised to the level of a separate genus, Herefordopterus, by O. Erik Tetlie in 2006. With two genera of hughmilleriids known, several diagnostic traits of the family could properly be established, such as the presence of spiniferous appendages.[12]","title":"History of research"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herefordopterus_banksii_restoration.png"},{"link_name":"Herefordopterus banksii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordopterus"},{"link_name":"Diploperculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploperculata"},{"link_name":"Eurypterina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurypterina"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-12"},{"link_name":"Ciurcopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciurcopterus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-12"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic analyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_analyses"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tetlie2007-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"anteriorly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior"},{"link_name":"posteriorly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomic_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-selden-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-4"},{"link_name":"anterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior"},{"link_name":"Eysyslopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysyslopterus"},{"link_name":"plesiomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorphy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tetlie2007-13"},{"link_name":"Pterygotioidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygotioidea"},{"link_name":"Hughmilleria wangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughmilleria"},{"link_name":"Hughmilleria socialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughmilleria"},{"link_name":"Hughmilleria shawangunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughmilleria"},{"link_name":"Herefordopterus banksii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordopterus"},{"link_name":"Slimonia acuminata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimonia_acuminata"},{"link_name":"Pterygotidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygotidae"},{"link_name":"Ciurcopterus ventricosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciurcopterus"},{"link_name":"Pterygotus anglicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygotus_anglicus"},{"link_name":"Jaekelopterus rhenaniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaekelopterus_rhenaniae"},{"link_name":"Acutiramus macrophthalmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acutiramus"},{"link_name":"Acutiramus bohemicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acutiramus"},{"link_name":"Erettopterus bilobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erettopterus"},{"link_name":"Erettopterus serricaudatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erettopterus"},{"link_name":"Erettopterus osiliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erettopterus"},{"link_name":"Erettopterus waylandsmithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erettopterus"}],"text":"Restoration of Herefordopterus banksiiThe Hughmilleriidae are classified as part of the Pterygotioidea superfamily, within the Diploperculata infraorder and Eurypterina suborder.[11] The Hughmilleriidae has sometimes been interpreted as the sister-taxon of the Pterygotidae. Sarle interpreted Hughmilleria in 1903 as an intermediate form between Eurypterus and Pterygotus, being closer to the latter. For this to happen, the loss of spines in Slimonia and the pterygotids would be convergent.[12] The discovery of Ciurcopterus, the most primitive known pterygotid, and studies revealing that Ciurcopterus combines features of Slimonia (the appendages are particularly similar) and of more derived pterygotids, revealed that the Slimonidae was more closely related to the Pterygotidae than the Hughmilleriidae was, establishing Hughmilleriidae as the most basal group of pterygotioid eurypterids.[12] The family has been recovered as paraphyletic in a number of phylogenetic analyses and does thus not form an actually valid scientific grouping.[13][12][4] Nevertheless, the family is retained and routinely used by eurypterid researchers.[11]Within the family, both genera shared several characteristics such as the carapace being much broader anteriorly than posteriorly, appendages II-V being spiniferous (possessing spines),[4] swimming legs similar to those of Hughmilleria itself, the slight enlargement of their chelicerae and their small and streamlined bodies.[2][6] However, the marginal ornamentation of the telson and the possession of 12-13 gnathobasic (of the gnathobase, a lower appendage used in feeding) teeth in the appendage VI suggests that Herefordopterus was a derived hughmilleriid. In turn, Hughmilleria lacked the marginal ornamentation of the telson and its appendage VI had 18-20 gnathobasic teeth, so it is considered the most basal genus of Pterygotioidea.[4] The triangular anterior carapace margin present in Hughmilleria is shared by the adelophthalmid eurypterid Eysyslopterus, indicating that it might be a plesiomorphic trait (a trait present in a common ancestor).[14]The cladogram presented below, derived from a 2007 study by researcher O. Erik Tetlie, showcases the interrelationships between the pterygotioid eurypterids.[13]Pterygotioidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHughmilleria wangi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHughmilleria socialis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHughmilleria shawangunk\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHerefordopterus banksii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSlimonia acuminata\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPterygotidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCiurcopterus ventricosus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPterygotus anglicus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJaekelopterus rhenaniae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAcutiramus macrophthalmus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAcutiramus bohemicus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nErettopterus bilobus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nErettopterus serricaudatus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nErettopterus osiliensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nErettopterus waylandsmithi","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_figure_np_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Knight"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Dolichopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichopterus"},{"link_name":"Eusarcana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusarcana"},{"link_name":"Stylonurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylonurus"},{"link_name":"Eurypterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurypterus"},{"link_name":"Pterygotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygotus"},{"link_name":"Llandovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandovery_epoch"},{"link_name":"Ludlow epochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_epoch"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"brackish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish"},{"link_name":"fresh water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"benthic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mixopterus multispinosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixopterus"},{"link_name":"Erettoperus osiliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erettopterus"},{"link_name":"Eurypterus pittsfordensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurypterus"},{"link_name":"Carcinosoma spiniferus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinosoma"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"Erettopterus gigas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erettopterus"},{"link_name":"Eurypterus cephalaspis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurypterus"},{"link_name":"Nanahughmilleria pygmaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanahughmilleria"},{"link_name":"Marsupipterus sculpturatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupipterus"},{"link_name":"Salteropterus abbreviatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salteropterus"},{"link_name":"Slimonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimonia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-y-18"}],"text":"Painting painted in 1912 by Charles R. Knight depicting various eurypterids discovered in New York. The painting includes Dolichopterus, Eusarcana, Stylonurus, Eurypterus and Pterygotus. Hughmilleria can be seen in the bottom of the right corner.The fossils of the hughmilleriids have been found in Silurian deposits ranging from the Llandovery to Ludlow epochs in the United States, China and England.[11] While Hughmilleria lived in brackish and fresh water communities,[15] Herefordopterus was present in a benthic (at the lowest level of water) environment near an intertidal sandy shore and intertidal sandy mudflat environments.[16]The Silurian deposits of the Pittsford Shale Member in which fossils of Hughmilleria socialis have been found shelter various faunas of eurypterids, including Mixopterus multispinosus, Erettoperus osiliensis, Eurypterus pittsfordensis and Carcinosoma spiniferus, among others.[17] In the other hand, the Late Silurian of Herefordshire, where most of the fossils of Herefordopterus have been discovered, was home to a wide array of different eurypterids, like Erettopterus gigas, Eurypterus cephalaspis, Nanahughmilleria pygmaea, Marsupipterus sculpturatus, Salteropterus abbreviatus and potentially Slimonia (depending on the identity of S. stylops).[18]","title":"Paleoecology"}]
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[{"image_text":"Size comparison of the biggest species of both hughmilleriid genera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hughmilleriidae_Size.svg/220px-Hughmilleriidae_Size.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Restoration of Hughmilleria socialis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_plate_59.jpg/220px-The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_plate_59.jpg"},{"image_text":"Restoration of Herefordopterus banksii","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Herefordopterus_banksii_restoration.png/220px-Herefordopterus_banksii_restoration.png"},{"image_text":"Painting painted in 1912 by Charles R. Knight depicting various eurypterids discovered in New York. The painting includes Dolichopterus, Eusarcana, Stylonurus, Eurypterus and Pterygotus. Hughmilleria can be seen in the bottom of the right corner.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_figure_np_1.jpg/220px-The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_figure_np_1.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of eurypterid genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eurypterid_genera"},{"title":"Timeline of eurypterid research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_eurypterid_research"},{"title":"Pterygotidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygotidae"},{"title":"Slimonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimonidae"}]
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[{"reference":"Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009). \"Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates\". Biology Letters. 6 (2): 265–269. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 2865068. PMID 19828493. Supplemental material.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38010972","url_text":"\"Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_Letters","url_text":"Biology Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0700","url_text":"10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9561","url_text":"1744-9561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865068","url_text":"2865068"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19828493","url_text":"19828493"},{"url":"http://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/suppl/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700","url_text":"Supplemental material"}]},{"reference":"Tollerton, V. P. (1989). \"Morphology, taxonomy, and classification of the order Eurypterida Burmeister, 1843\". Journal of Paleontology. 63 (5): 642–657. Bibcode:1989JPal...63..642T. doi:10.1017/S0022336000041275. ISSN 0022-3360. 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S2CID 56066870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Palgy..50..619T","url_text":"2007Palgy..50..619T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2007.00651.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00651.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F8354","url_text":"1808/8354"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56066870","url_text":"56066870"}]},{"reference":"Tetlie, O. Erik (2006). \"Eurypterida (Chelicerata) from the Welsh Borderlands, England\". Geological Magazine. 143 (5): 723–735. Bibcode:2006GeoM..143..723T. doi:10.1017/S0016756806002536. ISSN 1469-5081. S2CID 83835591.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoM..143..723T","url_text":"2006GeoM..143..723T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016756806002536","url_text":"10.1017/S0016756806002536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-5081","url_text":"1469-5081"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83835591","url_text":"83835591"}]},{"reference":"Plotnick, Roy E.; Baumiller, Tomasz K. (1988-01-01). \"The pterygotid telson as a biological rudder\". Lethaia. 21 (1): 13–27. Bibcode:1988Letha..21...13P. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb01746.x. ISSN 1502-3931.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Letha..21...13P","url_text":"1988Letha..21...13P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1988.tb01746.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb01746.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1502-3931","url_text":"1502-3931"}]},{"reference":"Paul A. Selden. \"Autecology of Silurian eurypterids\". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237424930","url_text":"\"Autecology of Silurian eurypterids\""}]},{"reference":"Sarle, Clifton J. (1902). \"A new eurypterid fauna from the base of the Salina of western New York\". 69. New York State Museum Bulletin: 1080–1108.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43853136","url_text":"\"A new eurypterid fauna from the base of the Salina of western New York\""}]},{"reference":"Charles Blinderman (1 January 1990). Biolexicon: A Guide to the Language of Biology. Charles C Thomas Publisher. ISBN 978-0-398-08227-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t1XYCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Biolexicon: A Guide to the Language of Biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-08227-7","url_text":"978-0-398-08227-7"}]},{"reference":"Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964). \"A Synopsis of the Family Pterygotidae Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912 (Eurypterida)\". Journal of Paleontology. 38 (2): 331–361. JSTOR 1301554.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1301554","url_text":"1301554"}]},{"reference":"Tetlie, O. Erik; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2009-09-01). \"The origin of pterygotid eurypterids (Chelicerata: Eurypterida)\". Palaeontology. 52 (5): 1141–1148. Bibcode:2009Palgy..52.1141T. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00907.x. ISSN 1475-4983.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2009.00907.x","url_text":"\"The origin of pterygotid eurypterids (Chelicerata: Eurypterida)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Palgy..52.1141T","url_text":"2009Palgy..52.1141T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2009.00907.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00907.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-4983","url_text":"1475-4983"}]},{"reference":"Tetlie, O. Erik (2007). \"Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)\" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 252 (3–4): 557–574. Bibcode:2007PPP...252..557T. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202232/http://fossilinsects.net/pdfs/tetlie_2007_PX3_DistribDispersalEurypterida.pdf","url_text":"\"Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology","url_text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PPP...252..557T","url_text":"2007PPP...252..557T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2007.05.011","url_text":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011"},{"url":"http://fossilinsects.net/pdfs/tetlie_2007_PX3_DistribDispersalEurypterida.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ciurca, Samuel J.; Tetlie, O. Erik (2007). \"Pterygotids (Chelicerata; Eurypterida) from the Silurian Vernon Formation of New York\". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (4): 725–736. doi:10.1666/pleo0022-3360(2007)081[0725:PEFTSV]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 140668235.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/pterygotids-chelicerata-eurypterida-from-the-silurian-vernon-formation-of-new-york/29DEF0F1F8EDAB40F13AA20BE16D5BCF","url_text":"\"Pterygotids (Chelicerata; Eurypterida) from the Silurian Vernon Formation of New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1666%2Fpleo0022-3360%282007%29081%5B0725%3APEFTSV%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1666/pleo0022-3360(2007)081[0725:PEFTSV]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3360","url_text":"0022-3360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140668235","url_text":"140668235"}]},{"reference":"Michael J. Benton & David A. T. Harper (2009). \"Ecdysozoa: arthropods\". Introduction to paleobiology and the fossil record. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 361–388. ISBN 978-1-4051-4157-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F_tYJ6wlYmYC&pg=PA378","url_text":"\"Ecdysozoa: arthropods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell","url_text":"Wiley-Blackwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4157-4","url_text":"978-1-4051-4157-4"}]},{"reference":"Burkert, C. (2018). \"Environment preference of eurypterids–indications for freshwater adaptation?\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/213769708","url_text":"\"Environment preference of eurypterids–indications for freshwater adaptation?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurypterid-Associated Biota of the Pittsford Shale, Pittsford, New York: Ludlow, New York\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocet_Line
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Avocet Line
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["1 History","1.1 A series of false starts","1.2 A viable proposal at last","1.3 Train services in the nineteenth century","1.4 Topsham Quay","1.5 Exmouth Harbour connection","1.6 Budleigh Salterton Railway","1.7 Exmouth and Salterton Railway","1.8 Operation after 1903","2 Route","3 Services","4 Infrastructure","5 Passenger volume","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 50°40′46″N 3°27′08″W / 50.6795°N 3.4521°W / 50.6795; -3.4521This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Avocet Line" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Avocet LineAlongside the River Exe near LympstoneOverviewStatusOpenOwnerNetwork RailLocaleDevonTerminiExeter St Davids50°43′44″N 3°32′37″W / 50.7290°N 3.5436°W / 50.7290; -3.5436 (Exeter St Davids station)Exmouth50°37′18″N 3°24′54″W / 50.6216°N 3.4150°W / 50.6216; -3.4150 (Exmouth station)Stations11Websitehttp://www.avocetline.org.uk/ServiceTypeHeavy railSystemNational RailOperator(s)Great Western RailwayDepot(s)ExeterRolling stockClasses 166 and 150HistoryOpened1861TechnicalLine length11+1⁄4 miles (18 km)Number of tracks1 or 2CharacterCommuterTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeLoading gaugeRA6 / W6AOperating speed70 mph (110 km/h)
Route map
(Click to expand)
The Avocet Line is the railway line in Devon, England connecting Exeter with Exmouth. It was originally built by the London and South Western Railway, and was historically known as the Exmouth branch railway. The line follows the Exe Estuary for about half of its route, from just outside Topsham (on the Exmouth end) to Exmouth, giving views of the estuary. The line is named after the pied avocet, which lives in the estuary.
History
The line was constructed in 1861, connecting the City of Exeter and the port town of Exmouth. Built in two portions by two railway companies, it worked as a single entity.
A series of false starts
Exmouth branch railways in 1861
The City of Exeter lies on the river Exe in Devon, but the river is not navigable as far as the city. Exmouth, eleven miles further south on the east bank of the river at its mouth, became important before the days of railways and reliable roads as the point of arrival for goods by coastal shipping, and the harbour there grew in importance. Topsham, also on the eastern bank of the river and only four miles from Exeter, also shared in growth.
The Exeter Ship Canal had been built in the sixteenth century to alleviate this problem, but use of the canal was inconvenient and limited to small vessels.
As early as 1825, Exeter merchants held a meeting to discuss the possibility of building a railway connection from Exmouth to the city. At this date there were no other railways nearby, and there was no thought of connecting the line to a network. However the proposal — estimated to cost £50,000 — was discontinued when the Corporation of the City of Exeter agreed to extend the canal southwards to Turf, opposite Topsham, enabling 400 ton vessels to reach the head of the canal by passing a difficult reach of the river channel.
In 1845 the Railway Mania was at its height, and two similar schemes for an "Exeter Topsham and Exmouth Railway" were publicised in August of that year. A few months later the Great Western Railway issued a prospectus for a "Great Western & Exeter, Topsham & Exmouth Junction Railway", and the South Devon Railway also issued a prospectus, proposing to run an atmospheric-powered broad gauge line from the Exminster pumping station, across the canal and crossing the River Exe on a 14-span viaduct to Topsham, and thence to Exmouth.
The financial frenzy subsided and the front-running proposal was to build a standard-gauge line from about the location of the present-day Exeter Central station, following the eastern bank of the river Exe and terminating at Exmouth. Joseph Locke was appointed engineer, and parliamentary authorisation was received on 3 July 1846 for the Exeter and Exmouth Railway. However the promoters had depended upon the standard-gauge London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) building a line reaching Exeter; their intention was to lease the line to the L&SWR. The larger company had been planning a line from Dorchester to Exeter, but at this stage they found that they could not finance the long route and cancelled the project, in effect killing the prospects of the E&E company as the powers expired.
The planned route of the Exeter and Exmouth scheme was revived in December 1853, and generated considerable support in Exmouth particularly, but the broad gauge interest countered with a revival of its scheme to make a branch from Exminster, crossing the river Exe by viaduct. By this time, broad gauge railways had been in Exeter since 1844, while in 1853 the standard gauge L&SWR was no closer than Salisbury, which it reached by a branch line from Bishopstoke (Eastleigh). Local people therefore considered the broad gauge railways a better partner, and an Exeter and Exmouth Railway Act was passed on 2 July 1855, for the broad gauge line from Exminster to Exmouth, crossing the Exe.
The first stages of constructing the line were proceeding and on 1 August 1857 the directors of the company announced that they had arranged with the Bristol and Exeter Railway and the South Devon Railway to lease their line for ten years at £3,000 per annum. However at the shareholder meeting, the shareholders appointed a committee to review the cost of the construction, (estimated at £94,435) and the committee reported back rejecting the lease to the broad gauge interest, and recommending altering the route of the line to join the anticipated route of the L&SWR into Exeter. The L&SWR had by now made real progress in constructing a direct line to Exeter, and its subsidiary, the Yeovil and Exeter Railway, undertook to make a branch line between Exeter and Topsham; the Exeter and Exmouth Company would confine its endeavours to the section between Topsham and Exmouth. The L&SWR would work the entire line for 50% of the gross receipts in proportion to the mileages respectively constructed. The costs of Topsham station and the quay line there would be shared,
A viable proposal at last
The first train arrives at Exmouth, in 1861Suddenly the Exeter and Exmouth Railway had the mileage they had to construct substantially reduced (to about 5+1⁄2 miles ) and avoided the river Exe bridge. Exmouth would get its railway.
A new Act of Parliament was needed to authorise the change of route and reduce the share capital, and this was obtained on 28 June 1858; the original capital had been £160,000 with authorisation for loans to £53,000 but this was now reduced to £50,000 share capital and £16,600 in loans. As the Exeter and Exmouth would now only build a line from Topsham to Exmouth, the L&SWR needed authority to build the part from Exmouth Junction to Topsham, and it obtained an Act for purpose on 12 July 1858. (The line joined the L&SWR Salisbury to Exeter main line at Exmouth Junction.) Just after opening the E&ER company raised an additional £30,000 in loans at 5% to cancel forfeited shares, and a further £25,000 was raised in June 1861.
The engineer of the line was W. R. Galbraith and the contractor for Topsham to Exmouth was James Taylor of Exeter, for the sum of £39,000. Not without setbacks, the line was completed and inspected by Col Yolland of the Railway Inspectorate on 27 April 1861, and the line opened on 1 May 1861. The first train was pulled by the 2-2-2 Beattie well tank no. 36 Comet.
Absorption of the Exeter and Exmouth Company by the L&SWR was authorised by Act of 5 July 1865, taking effect on 1 January 1865.
Train services in the nineteenth century
Exmouth station (left) at the time of opening
The branch line, operated as a single entity, was exceptionally successful, and 2,000 passengers a day used the line in the first week. Passenger trains in the early days were worked by Beattie 2-2-2 well tanks, with a varied collection of coaching stock transferred from elsewhere on the L&SWR system.
At first there were five trains each way seven days a week, increased to seven trains each way (but four on Sundays) from 1 July in the opening year.
Topsham Quay
The branch to Topsham quay was 700 yards (640 m) long, and was opened by the L&SWR on 23 September 1861; the purpose was to facilitate the transfer of goods, principally to Exeter, from ships too large to reach the city direct. Exmouth Dock did not exist at this time. In the early days the branch was only permitted to be worked during daylight.
The gradients were steeply falling to the quay, with sections at 1 in 38 and 1 in 44. Train movements were limited to eight wagons; there was a runaway in 1925 which ended up in the water. The main traffic in the 1930s was guano imported from South America, and destined for Odam's fertiliser factory, less than a mile away. The line closed in 1957.
Exmouth Harbour connection
The Exmouth Dock Railway was incorporated in 1864, a 40-chain (0.80 km) extension of the Exeter and Exmouth company. It opened in 1866 and was absorbed into the L&SWR along with the Exmouth branch line as a whole.
The dock at Exmouth could take vessels up to 750 tons; most traffic was inwards, but outwards traffic included herrings for London. Wagons for the dock were propelled as there was no run-round facility there. Formal termination of the use of the dock took place in December 1967; the dock itself continued in use until December 1990.
Budleigh Salterton Railway
The Exmouth branch and adjacent railways in 1903
Further information: Budleigh Salterton Railway
After a number of abortive attempts to get a railway to the town, the Budleigh Salterton Railway was incorporated on 20 July 1894, with powers to build a line from Tipton (later Tipton St Johns) on the Sidmouth Railway to Budleigh. The connection at Tipton gave access to the L&SWR's London to Exeter main line at Sidmouth Junction, and no direct connection towards Exmouth.
The line was worked by the L&SWR from its opening on 15 May 1897.
Exmouth and Salterton Railway
Promoters of a line to fill the gap between Budleigh Salterton and Exmouth formed the Exmouth and Salterton Railway. The L&SWR agreed to take over the scheme, and the line got parliamentary authority as part of an L&SWR Act on 25 July 1898. The contractors were Henry Lovatt & Sons and the engineer was J. W. Jacomb-Hood of the L&SWR, and the line was built as an integral part of the larger company. It opened on 1 June 1903, with an intermediate station at Littleham.
The L&SWR considered at this stage making the junction at Exmouth a triangle, enabling a through Exeter - Exmouth - Budleigh Salterton service, but this was dropped on grounds of cost. (On some Ordnance Survey maps a pathway is indicated on the alignment that the third leg of the triangle would take, but the pathway was on the bank of a stream and there is no evidence that such a line was seriously planned. Carter Avenue now occupies part of this alignment.)
Operation after 1903
The Exmouth and Sidmouth lines in 1908
By 1903 the network was complete, with a line from Exeter to Exmouth and a line from Sidmouth Junction to Exmouth.
From 1906 the L&SWR introduced steam railmotors in the Exeter area to Honiton on the main line, as a response to the competitive threat from street tramways. A new halt was opened at Lions Holt on 26 January 1906, between Exeter Central and Blackboy Tunnel, on the main line. (The halt was renamed St James' Park Halt on 6 October 1946 to emphasise the proximity to the local football ground.)
On 31 May 1908 the line between Exmouth Junction and Topsham was doubled. Two Drummond H13 class steam railcars, nos 5 and 6, had been operating local stopping services on the main line to Honiton, and from 1 June 1908 they (and presumably sister units) operated shuttle trains between Exeter Queen Street and Topsham also, with ten services each way (five on Sundays). Two additional halts were opened on the same day. Polsloe Bridge Halt was immediately on the Exmouth side of Exmouth Junction; it was extended in 1927. Clyst St Mary & Digby Halt was made of sleepers; the reference to Digby is to a hospital nearby. The halt was closed on 27 September 1948.
In 1916 the shuttle service to Topsham was discontinued and the railmotors withdrawn or transferred.
After 1923 the train service throughout to Exmouth increased to 20, and the peak was in 1963 with 31 each way, eighteen on Sundays.
The branch was significantly a commuter line for Exeter, as well as carrying holiday traffic, and during the steam era non-corridor stock for the majority although corridor stock was frequently used. Services mostly ran to and from Queen Street, later Central station at Exeter, using the bay platforms there.
Woodbury Road was renamed Exton on 15 September 1958.
Diesel multiple units were introduced on the branch from 15 July 1963.
In 1973 the double track section from Exmouth Junction to Topsham was singled (on 5 February), with Topsham having a crossing facility.
A new station was opened on 3 May 1976 called Lympstone Commando, adjacent to the Commando Training Centre of the Royal Marines. There was already a Lympstone station and it was renamed Lympstone Village on 13 May 1991. On 23 May 1995 Digby & Sowton station was opened near the site of the earlier Clyst St Mary & Digby halt; it was funded by Devon County Council and Tesco plc. Newcourt railway station opened on 4 June 2015.
Route
vteAvocet Line
Legend
Tarka Lineto Barnstaple
Bristol–Exeter lineto Bristol Temple Meads
Cowley Bridge Junction
Red Cow LC(MCB-CCTV)
Exeter St Davids
0 mi 0 ch0 km
Exeter St Davids Junction
Riviera Lineto Paignton & Exeter–Plymouth lineto Plymouth
St Davids Tunnel ( 184 yd168 m )
Exeter Central
0 mi 78 ch1.57 km
St James Park
1 mi 25 ch2.11 km
Blackboy Tunnel ( 262 yd240 m )
Mount Pleasant Road Halt
Exmouth Junction
1 mi 89 ch3.4 km
West of England lineto Salisbury
Polsloe Bridge
2 mi 31 ch3.84 km
Clyst St Mary and Digby Halt
Digby and Sowton
4 mi 14 ch6.72 km
A379
Newcourt
M5
Topsham LC(MCB-CCTV)
Topsham
6 mi 21 ch10.08 km
River Clyst ( 114 yd104 m )
Exton
7 mi 73 ch12.73 km
Lympstone Commando
8 mi 18 ch13.24 km
Lympstone Village
9 mi 24 ch14.97 km
River Exe
Budleigh Salterton Railwayto Sidmouth Junction
Exmouth
11 mi 29 ch18.29 km
The towns and cities served are:
Exeter (including the suburbs of Stoke Hill, Whipton, Digby, Sowton and Newcourt)
Topsham
Exton
Lympstone
Exmouth
The route follows the West of England Main Line in the suburbs of Exeter before diverging to the south.
There is a ferry service from Exmouth harbour to Starcross railway station on the opposite shore of the River Exe.
Services
The typical daytime frequency is a train every 30 minutes with most trains extended beyond Exeter to and from Paignton. Trains only stop once an hour at St James Park, Polsloe Bridge, Exton and Lympstone Commando, the latter two being request stops. It is operated by Great Western Railway. The section between Exeter St Davids and Exeter Central is shared with South Western Railway services on the West of England line to London Waterloo.
Between 2006 and 2020 it operated using Class 143, 150 or 153 diesel multiple units (DMUs) either singly or in multiple. Between December 2007 and December 2011 Class 142 DMUs were also used. Since 2020 it has been chiefly operated using 150 or 166 diesel multiple units as 3, or 4 car formations.
Infrastructure
The line is double track from Exeter St Davids to Exmouth Junction, but is single thereafter except for a passing loop at Topsham, where many trains are scheduled to cross each other. All movements on the line are under the control of the signal box at Exmouth Junction, which remotely operates the level crossing at Topsham as well as the loop there.
Passenger volume
The busiest station on the branch is Exmouth, which is the fifth busiest in Devon. The numbers of passengers using the line each year have shown an increase in particular Digby & Sowton and St James Park. Comparing all stations on the year beginning April 2002 to the Year beginning April 2010 there are a variety of trends. The biggest increases have been at Digby & Sowton by 157% and St James Park with 105%. The increases in descending order from there are Topsham by 89%, Polsloe Bridge by 82%, Exton by 60%, Lympstone Village by 31% and the smallest with Exmouth by 6%. Meanwhile, Lympstone Commando has declined by 33%.
Station usage
Station name
2002–03
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
St James Park
27,233
27,477
27,428
31,716
36,354
43,348
46,754
55,910
61,092
64,984
66,330
64,586
72,712
87,804
84,214
88,760
96,282
34,950
105,674
122,814
Polsloe Bridge
45,879
43,788
43,773
51,264
54,094
62,722
70,038
83,598
99,272
104,168
106,604
116,552
120,826
129,836
125,146
120,678
119,048
42,680
130,298
159,258
Digby & Sowton
120,505
134,804
155,822
201,954
247,452
275,978
271,316
310,216
374,488
742,622
772,878
571,510
561,188
588,944
630,560
666,324
624,496
299,226
570,460
890,980
Newcourt
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
59,410
99,394
114,036
129,380
120,460
38,944
108,924
145,908
Topsham
105,717
127,903
138,905
156,153
172,818
183,006
186,056
199,484
221,196
221,050
221,332
231,122
231,660
250,282
249,628
238,500
229,474
67,918
206,696
227,632
Exton
12,059
10,583
10,255
11,505
12,214
14,790
15,834
19,312
20,176
19,458
20,774
23,078
22,400
25,610
24,886
27,302
27,428
7,158
20,082
23,370
Lympstone Commando
70,940
55,875
62,141
64,024
57,766
65,156
60,558
47,660
38,590
39,038
55,910
54,972
54,026
64,690
61,450
64,294
69,846
19,050
76,134
83,160
Lympstone Village
64,361
63,325
66,739
70,890
67,583
80,338
77,700
84,206
87,478
95,084
93,978
99,052
105,738
115,526
107,810
101,022
97,510
27,330
71,054
83,042
Exmouth
735,674
623,832
611,451
677,036
697,339
731,866
722,922
779,130
825,740
872,396
892,744
927,182
924,112
960,370
962,008
946,880
896,248
327,720
807,310
898,376
The annual passenger usage is based on sales of tickets in stated financial years from Office of Rail and Road estimates of station usage. The statistics are for passengers arriving and departing from each station and cover twelve-month periods that start in April. Methodology may vary year on year. Usage from the periods 2019-20 and especially 2020-21 onwards have been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avocet Line.
^ Otter, R.A. (1994). Civil Engineering Heritage: Southern England. London: Thomas Telford Limited. ISBN 07277-1971-8.
^ a b c d e f g h i Phillips, Derek (2000). From Salisbury to Exeter: The Branch Lines. Shepperton: Oxford Publishing Company. ISBN 0-86093-546-9.
^ Williams, R.A. (1968). The London & South Western Railway: Volume 1: The Formative Years. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
^ a b Carter, E.F. (1959). An Historical Geography of the Railways of the British Isles. London: Cassell.
^ a b c d Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (1992). Branch Lines to Exmouth. Midhurst: Middleton Press. ISBN 1-873793-006.
^ "D1 train times" (PDF). Great Western Railway. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
^ "Exeter, Yeovil and Salisbury to London Waterloo - Timetable 20". South Western Railway. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
^ "Station Usage". Rail Statistics. Office of Rail Regulation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
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vteRailway lines in the South WestPrimary
Cross Country Route
Bristol
Cheltenham
Great Western Main Line
Bristol
Bath Spa
Chippenham
Swindon
(fast services principal stations only)
SecondaryTo London
South West Main Line (from Weymouth)
Reading–Taunton line (from Taunton)
West of England line (from Exeter)
Others
Atlantic Coast Line
Avocet Line
Bristol–Exeter line
Cornish Main Line
Cotswold Line
Dartmoor line
Exeter–Plymouth line
Gloucester–Newport line
Golden Valley line
Heart of Wessex Line
Henbury Loop
Looe Valley Line
Lostwithiel to Fowey
Maritime Line
Portishead branch
Riviera Line
St Ives Bay Line
Severn Beach line
Tamar Valley Line
Tarka Line
Wessex Main Line
Heritage
Avon Valley Railway
Bristol Harbour Railway
Bodmin and Wenford Railway
East Somerset Railway
Dartmouth Steam Railway
Dean Forest Railway
Helston Railway
Plym Valley Railway
South Devon Railway
Swanage Railway
Swindon & Cricklade Railway
West Somerset Railway
50°40′46″N 3°27′08″W / 50.6795°N 3.4521°W / 50.6795; -3.4521
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"Exmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth,_Devon"},{"link_name":"London and South Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Exe Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exe_Estuary"},{"link_name":"pied avocet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_avocet"}],"text":"The Avocet Line is the railway line in Devon, England connecting Exeter with Exmouth. It was originally built by the London and South Western Railway, and was historically known as the Exmouth branch railway. The line follows the Exe Estuary for about half of its route, from just outside Topsham (on the Exmouth end) to Exmouth, giving views of the estuary. The line is named after the pied avocet, which lives in the estuary.","title":"Avocet Line"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The line was constructed in 1861, connecting the City of Exeter and the port town of Exmouth. Built in two portions by two railway companies, it worked as a single entity.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exmouth_branch_1861.gif"},{"link_name":"Exeter Ship Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Ship_Canal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Otter-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Railway Mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Mania"},{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"South Devon Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Devon_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"atmospheric-powered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_railway"},{"link_name":"London and South Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Bristol and Exeter Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_and_Exeter_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillips-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams-3"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"A series of false starts","text":"Exmouth branch railways in 1861The City of Exeter lies on the river Exe in Devon, but the river is not navigable as far as the city. Exmouth, eleven miles further south on the east bank of the river at its mouth, became important before the days of railways and reliable roads as the point of arrival for goods by coastal shipping, and the harbour there grew in importance. Topsham, also on the eastern bank of the river and only four miles from Exeter, also shared in growth.The Exeter Ship Canal had been built in the sixteenth century to alleviate this problem, but use of the canal was inconvenient and limited to small vessels.As early as 1825, Exeter merchants held a meeting to discuss the possibility of building a railway connection from Exmouth to the city. At this date there were no other railways nearby, and there was no thought of connecting the line to a network. However the proposal — estimated to cost £50,000 — was discontinued when the Corporation of the City of Exeter agreed to extend the canal southwards to Turf, opposite Topsham, enabling 400 ton vessels to reach the head of the canal by passing a difficult reach of the river channel.[1][page needed]In 1845 the Railway Mania was at its height, and two similar schemes for an \"Exeter Topsham and Exmouth Railway\" were publicised in August of that year. A few months later the Great Western Railway issued a prospectus for a \"Great Western & Exeter, Topsham & Exmouth Junction Railway\", and the South Devon Railway also issued a prospectus, proposing to run an atmospheric-powered broad gauge line from the Exminster pumping station, across the canal and crossing the River Exe on a 14-span viaduct to Topsham, and thence to Exmouth.The financial frenzy subsided and the front-running proposal was to build a standard-gauge line from about the location of the present-day Exeter Central station, following the eastern bank of the river Exe and terminating at Exmouth. Joseph Locke was appointed engineer, and parliamentary authorisation was received on 3 July 1846 for the Exeter and Exmouth Railway. However the promoters had depended upon the standard-gauge London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) building a line reaching Exeter; their intention was to lease the line to the L&SWR. The larger company had been planning a line from Dorchester to Exeter, but at this stage they found that they could not finance the long route and cancelled the project, in effect killing the prospects of the E&E company as the powers expired.The planned route of the Exeter and Exmouth scheme was revived in December 1853, and generated considerable support in Exmouth particularly, but the broad gauge interest countered with a revival of its scheme to make a branch from Exminster, crossing the river Exe by viaduct. By this time, broad gauge railways had been in Exeter since 1844, while in 1853 the standard gauge L&SWR was no closer than Salisbury, which it reached by a branch line from Bishopstoke (Eastleigh). Local people therefore considered the broad gauge railways a better partner, and an Exeter and Exmouth Railway Act was passed on 2 July 1855, for the broad gauge line from Exminster to Exmouth, crossing the Exe.The first stages of constructing the line were proceeding and on 1 August 1857 the directors of the company announced that they had arranged with the Bristol and Exeter Railway and the South Devon Railway to lease their line for ten years at £3,000 per annum. However at the shareholder meeting, the shareholders appointed a committee to review the cost of the construction, (estimated at £94,435) and the committee reported back rejecting the lease to the broad gauge interest, and recommending altering the route of the line to join the anticipated route of the L&SWR into Exeter. The L&SWR had by now made real progress in constructing a direct line to Exeter, and its subsidiary, the Yeovil and Exeter Railway, undertook to make a branch line between Exeter and Topsham; the Exeter and Exmouth Company would confine its endeavours to the section between Topsham and Exmouth. The L&SWR would work the entire line for 50% of the gross receipts in proportion to the mileages respectively constructed. The costs of Topsham station and the quay line there would be shared,[2][page needed][3][page needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exmouth_first_train_1861.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillips-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"A viable proposal at last","text":"The first train arrives at Exmouth, in 1861Suddenly the Exeter and Exmouth Railway had the mileage they had to construct substantially reduced (to about 5+1⁄2 miles [9 km]) and avoided the river Exe bridge. Exmouth would get its railway.A new Act of Parliament was needed to authorise the change of route and reduce the share capital, and this was obtained on 28 June 1858; the original capital had been £160,000 with authorisation for loans to £53,000 but this was now reduced to £50,000 share capital and £16,600 in loans. As the Exeter and Exmouth would now only build a line from Topsham to Exmouth, the L&SWR needed authority to build the part from Exmouth Junction to Topsham, and it obtained an Act for purpose on 12 July 1858. (The line joined the L&SWR Salisbury to Exeter main line at Exmouth Junction.) Just after opening the E&ER company raised an additional £30,000 in loans at 5% to cancel forfeited shares, and a further £25,000 was raised in June 1861.[4][page needed]The engineer of the line was W. R. Galbraith and the contractor for Topsham to Exmouth was James Taylor of Exeter, for the sum of £39,000. Not without setbacks, the line was completed and inspected by Col Yolland of the Railway Inspectorate on 27 April 1861, and the line opened on 1 May 1861. The first train was pulled by the 2-2-2 Beattie well tank no. 36 Comet.Absorption of the Exeter and Exmouth Company by the L&SWR was authorised by Act of 5 July 1865, taking effect on 1 January 1865.[2][page needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exmouth_engraving.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillips-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Train services in the nineteenth century","text":"Exmouth station (left) at the time of openingThe branch line, operated as a single entity, was exceptionally successful, and 2,000 passengers a day used the line in the first week. Passenger trains in the early days were worked by Beattie 2-2-2 well tanks, with a varied collection of coaching stock transferred from elsewhere on the L&SWR system.At first there were five trains each way seven days a week, increased to seven trains each way (but four on Sundays) from 1 July in the opening year.[2][page needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillips-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-middleton-5"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Topsham Quay","text":"The branch to Topsham quay was 700 yards (640 m) long, and was opened by the L&SWR on 23 September 1861; the purpose was to facilitate the transfer of goods, principally to Exeter, from ships too large to reach the city direct. Exmouth Dock did not exist at this time. In the early days the branch was only permitted to be worked during daylight.The gradients were steeply falling to the quay, with sections at 1 in 38 and 1 in 44. Train movements were limited to eight wagons; there was a runaway in 1925 which ended up in the water. The main traffic in the 1930s was guano imported from South America, and destined for Odam's fertiliser factory, less than a mile away. The line closed in 1957.[2][page needed][5][page needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-middleton-5"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Exmouth Harbour connection","text":"The Exmouth Dock Railway was incorporated in 1864, a 40-chain (0.80 km) extension of the Exeter and Exmouth company. It opened in 1866 and was absorbed into the L&SWR along with the Exmouth branch line as a whole.[4][page needed]The dock at Exmouth could take vessels up to 750 tons; most traffic was inwards, but outwards traffic included herrings for London. Wagons for the dock were propelled as there was no run-round facility there. Formal termination of the use of the dock took place in December 1967; the dock itself continued in use until December 1990.[5][page needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exmouth_branch_1903.gif"},{"link_name":"Budleigh Salterton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budleigh_Salterton_Railway"},{"link_name":"Sidmouth Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidmouth_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillips-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Budleigh Salterton Railway","text":"The Exmouth branch and adjacent railways in 1903Further information: Budleigh Salterton RailwayAfter a number of abortive attempts to get a railway to the town, the Budleigh Salterton Railway was incorporated on 20 July 1894, with powers to build a line from Tipton (later Tipton St Johns) on the Sidmouth Railway to Budleigh. The connection at Tipton gave access to the L&SWR's London to Exeter main line at Sidmouth Junction, and no direct connection towards Exmouth.The line was worked by the L&SWR from its opening on 15 May 1897.[2][page needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillips-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Exmouth and Salterton Railway","text":"Promoters of a line to fill the gap between Budleigh Salterton and Exmouth formed the Exmouth and Salterton Railway. The L&SWR agreed to take over the scheme, and the line got parliamentary authority as part of an L&SWR Act on 25 July 1898. The contractors were Henry Lovatt & Sons and the engineer was J. W. Jacomb-Hood of the L&SWR, and the line was built as an integral part of the larger company. It opened on 1 June 1903, with an intermediate station at Littleham.The L&SWR considered at this stage making the junction at Exmouth a triangle, enabling a through Exeter - Exmouth - Budleigh Salterton service, but this was dropped on grounds of cost.[2][page needed] (On some Ordnance Survey maps a pathway is indicated on the alignment that the third leg of the triangle would take, but the pathway was on the bank of a stream and there is no evidence that such a line was seriously planned. Carter Avenue now occupies part of this alignment.)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exmouth_1908_mod.gif"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-middleton-5"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillips-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-middleton-5"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillips-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillips-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Newcourt railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcourt_railway_station_(England)"}],"sub_title":"Operation after 1903","text":"The Exmouth and Sidmouth lines in 1908By 1903 the network was complete, with a line from Exeter to Exmouth and a line from Sidmouth Junction to Exmouth.From 1906 the L&SWR introduced steam railmotors in the Exeter area to Honiton on the main line, as a response to the competitive threat from street tramways. A new halt was opened at Lions Holt on 26 January 1906, between Exeter Central and Blackboy Tunnel, on the main line.[5][page needed] (The halt was renamed St James' Park Halt on 6 October 1946 to emphasise the proximity to the local football ground.)On 31 May 1908 the line between Exmouth Junction and Topsham was doubled. Two Drummond H13 class steam railcars, nos 5 and 6, had been operating local stopping services on the main line to Honiton, and from 1 June 1908 they (and presumably sister units) operated shuttle trains between Exeter Queen Street and Topsham also, with ten services each way (five on Sundays). Two additional halts were opened on the same day. Polsloe Bridge Halt was immediately on the Exmouth side of Exmouth Junction; it was extended in 1927. Clyst St Mary & Digby Halt was made of sleepers; the reference to Digby is to a hospital nearby. The halt was closed on 27 September 1948.In 1916 the shuttle service to Topsham was discontinued and the railmotors withdrawn or transferred.[2][page needed]After 1923 the train service throughout to Exmouth increased to 20, and the peak was in 1963 with 31 each way, eighteen on Sundays.The branch was significantly a commuter line for Exeter, as well as carrying holiday traffic, and during the steam era non-corridor stock for the majority although corridor stock was frequently used. Services mostly ran to and from Queen Street, later Central station at Exeter, using the bay platforms there.Woodbury Road was renamed Exton on 15 September 1958.[5][page needed]Diesel multiple units were introduced on the branch from 15 July 1963.In 1973 the double track section from Exmouth Junction to Topsham was singled (on 5 February), with Topsham having a crossing facility.[2][page needed]A new station was opened on 3 May 1976 called Lympstone Commando, adjacent to the Commando Training Centre of the Royal Marines. There was already a Lympstone station and it was renamed Lympstone Village on 13 May 1991. On 23 May 1995 Digby & Sowton station was opened near the site of the earlier Clyst St Mary & Digby halt; it was funded by Devon County Council and Tesco plc.[2][page needed] Newcourt railway station opened on 4 June 2015.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"Digby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Sowton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowton"},{"link_name":"Newcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcourt,_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Topsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsham,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Exton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Lympstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lympstone"},{"link_name":"Exmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth,_Devon"},{"link_name":"West of England Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_England_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"Starcross railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starcross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"River Exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Exe"}],"text":"The towns and cities served are:Exeter (including the suburbs of Stoke Hill, Whipton, Digby, Sowton and Newcourt)\nTopsham\nExton\nLympstone\nExmouthThe route follows the West of England Main Line in the suburbs of Exeter before diverging to the south.There is a ferry service from Exmouth harbour to Starcross railway station on the opposite shore of the River Exe.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paignton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paignton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"request stops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_stop"},{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"South Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)"},{"link_name":"West of England line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_England_line"},{"link_name":"London Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Class 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_143"},{"link_name":"150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_150"},{"link_name":"153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_153"},{"link_name":"diesel multiple units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Class 142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_142"},{"link_name":"150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_150"},{"link_name":"166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_166"},{"link_name":"diesel multiple units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The typical daytime frequency is a train every 30 minutes with most trains extended beyond Exeter to and from Paignton. Trains only stop once an hour at St James Park, Polsloe Bridge, Exton and Lympstone Commando, the latter two being request stops. It is operated by Great Western Railway.[6] The section between Exeter St Davids and Exeter Central is shared with South Western Railway services on the West of England line to London Waterloo.[7]Between 2006 and 2020 it operated using Class 143, 150 or 153 diesel multiple units (DMUs) either singly or in multiple. Between December 2007 and December 2011 Class 142 DMUs were also used. Since 2020 it has been chiefly operated using 150 or 166 diesel multiple units as 3, or 4 car formations.[citation needed]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exmouth Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth_Junction"},{"link_name":"passing loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_loop"},{"link_name":"signal box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_box"},{"link_name":"level crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossing"}],"text":"The line is double track from Exeter St Davids to Exmouth Junction, but is single thereafter except for a passing loop at Topsham, where many trains are scheduled to cross each other. All movements on the line are under the control of the signal box at Exmouth Junction, which remotely operates the level crossing at Topsham as well as the loop there.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The busiest station on the branch is Exmouth, which is the fifth busiest in Devon. The numbers of passengers using the line each year have shown an increase in particular Digby & Sowton and St James Park. Comparing all stations on the year beginning April 2002 to the Year beginning April 2010 there are a variety of trends. The biggest increases have been at Digby & Sowton by 157% and St James Park with 105%. The increases in descending order from there are Topsham by 89%, Polsloe Bridge by 82%, Exton by 60%, Lympstone Village by 31% and the smallest with Exmouth by 6%. Meanwhile, Lympstone Commando has declined by 33%.[8]","title":"Passenger volume"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Exmouth branch railways in 1861","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Exmouth_branch_1861.gif/220px-Exmouth_branch_1861.gif"},{"image_text":"The first train arrives at Exmouth, in 1861","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Exmouth_first_train_1861.jpg/220px-Exmouth_first_train_1861.jpg"},{"image_text":"Exmouth station (left) at the time of opening","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Exmouth_engraving.jpg/220px-Exmouth_engraving.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Exmouth branch and adjacent railways in 1903","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Exmouth_branch_1903.gif/220px-Exmouth_branch_1903.gif"},{"image_text":"The Exmouth and Sidmouth lines in 1908","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Exmouth_1908_mod.gif/220px-Exmouth_1908_mod.gif"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Otter, R.A. (1994). Civil Engineering Heritage: Southern England. London: Thomas Telford Limited. ISBN 07277-1971-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/07277-1971-8","url_text":"07277-1971-8"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Derek (2000). From Salisbury to Exeter: The Branch Lines. Shepperton: Oxford Publishing Company. ISBN 0-86093-546-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86093-546-9","url_text":"0-86093-546-9"}]},{"reference":"Williams, R.A. (1968). The London & South Western Railway: Volume 1: The Formative Years. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carter, E.F. (1959). An Historical Geography of the Railways of the British Isles. London: Cassell.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (1992). Branch Lines to Exmouth. Midhurst: Middleton Press. ISBN 1-873793-006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873793-006","url_text":"1-873793-006"}]},{"reference":"\"D1 train times\" (PDF). Great Western Railway. Retrieved 29 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gwr.com/-/media/gwr-sc-website/files/plan-journey/timetables/2023/Train-times-21-May-to-9-December-v3/D1-train-times-21-May-to-9-December-2023-v3.pdf","url_text":"\"D1 train times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exeter, Yeovil and Salisbury to London Waterloo - Timetable 20\". South Western Railway. Retrieved 29 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southwesternrailway.com/plan-my-journey/-/media/0108ad22a3d74baf8c5e720b8d52639e.ashx","url_text":"\"Exeter, Yeovil and Salisbury to London Waterloo - Timetable 20\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage\". Rail Statistics. Office of Rail Regulation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529","url_text":"\"Station Usage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090306185211/http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakalei_language
|
Idalaka language
|
["1 Relation to other languages","2 Geographic distribution","2.1 Official status","3 Dialects","4 Vocabulary","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
|
Language of East Timor
IdalakaRegionEast TimorNative speakers17,000 (2010 census)Language familyAustronesian
Malayo-PolynesianCentral–EasternTimor–BabarRamelaicIdalakaDialects
Idaté
Isní
Lakalei
Lolein
Official statusRecognised minoritylanguage inEast TimorLanguage codesISO 639-3Either:idt – Idatélka – LakaleiGlottologeast2733Distribution of Idaté mother-tongue speakers in East TimorDistribution of LakalaiDistribution of IsníDistribution of LoleinDistribution of Idalaka
Idalaka (Portuguese: Idalaca) is a Malayo-Polynesian dialect chain spoken in East Timor. The name is a portmanteau of Idaté and Lakalai.
Relation to other languages
The Idalaka dialects are closely related to Tetum and Habun, while they exhibit many similarities with Galoli. Idalaka also resembles the Kemak language in that there are archaic features such as personal prefixes in verbs, which are lost in Mambai and Tokodede.
Geographic distribution
The dialects are spoken in the Ramelau mountains with the exception of endangered Lolein, which is spoken in Dili. The 2015 census recorded 19,913 people in East Timor as native speakers of Idalaka dialects.
Official status
Idalaka is one of 15 recognized national languages of East Timor.
Dialects
Idaté (Idate) is the vernacular in Laclubar (Manatuto Municipality) and the bordering area in adjacent Manufahi. It has a total of 14,178 native speakers.
Lakalei is spoken in the area of Fahinehan (Manufahi). It has a total of 3,669 native speakers.
Isní is spoken east of Turiscai (Manufahi), with a total of 1,855 native speakers.
Lolein is spoken in Talitu (Aileu Municipality), Becora Leten and Hera (Dili Municipality). Lolein developed from the Isní of 19th century immigrants from Turiscai. In Dili municipality, 568 people speak Lolein, another 533 speakers live in the adjacent Alieu Municipality. A total of 1,155 people are native in the dialect across East Timor.
Vocabulary
The basic numbers in the Idalaka dialects
Number
Lakalei
Isní
Lolein
Idaté
1
isa
is
isa
isa
2
rua
rua
rua
rua
3
telu
tel
telu
telu
4
aat
aat
aat
aat
5
lima
lim
lima
lima
6
neen
neen
neen
neen
7
hitu
hitu
hitu
hitu
8
ualu
ualu
ualu
ualu
9
sia
sia
sia
sia
10
sakulu
sakúl
sakulu
sanulu
References
^ Idaté at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Lakalei at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ a b c d e Lopes, Silvino (2016). "Population Distribution by Administrative Area - Volume 2 (Language)" (XLS). Direcção-Geral de Estatística. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
^ a b Hull, Geoffrey (24 August 2004). "The Languages of East Timor: Some Basic facts". Instituto Nacional de Linguística. Archived from the original on 16 July 2006.
Bibliography
Alcantara, Maressa Xavier (2014). Descrição fonética e fonológica da língua idaté do Timor Leste (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). University of São Paulo. doi:10.11606/d.8.2014.tde-11052015-171431.
vteCentral Malayo–PolynesianBima
Bima
Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu
Hawu
Dhao
Sumba
Kambera
Mamboru
Anakalangu
Wanukaka
Pondok
Baliledo
Wejewa
Lamboya
Kodi
Gaura
Western Flores
Komodo
Manggarai
Riung
Rembong
Rajong
Kepo'
Wae Rana
Palu'e
Ende
Lio
Nage
Ke'o
Ngad'a
Rongga
So'a
Flores–Lembata
Sika
Kedang
Lamaholot
Lamaholot
Alorese
Lamatuka
Lewo Eleng
Levuka
South Lembata
Lamalera
Lewotobi
Adonara
Ile Ape
Mingar
Selaru
Selaru
Seluwasan
Kei–Tanimbar ?
Kei
Fordata
Yamdena
Onin
Sekar
Uruangnirin
Aru
Barakai
Batuley
Dobel
Karey
Koba
Kola
Lola
Lorang
Manombai
Mariri
Tarangan
Ujir
Timoric *
Habu
Helong
Idalaka
Tetum
Central Timor *
Kemak
Tukudede
Mambai
Bekais
Wetar–Galoli ?
Wetar
Galoli
Atauran
Kawaimina
Kairui
Waimoa
Midiki
Naueti
Luangic–Kisaric
Romang
Kisar
Leti
Luang
Makuva ?
Rote–Meto *
Bilba
Dengka
Lole
Ringgou
Dela-Oenale
Termanu
Tii
Uab Meto (Amarasi)
Babar
West Damar
Dawera-Daweloor
North Babar
Dai
Masela
Serili
Southeast Babar
Emplawas
Imroing
Tela'a
TNS
East Damar
Teun †
Nila †
Serua †
Kowiai ?
Kowiai
Central Maluku *
Teor-Kur
West
Ambelau
Buru
Lisela
Hukumina †
Moksela †
Sula
Mangole
Taliabo
East
Banda
Bati
Geser
Watubela
Bobot
Masiwang
Hoti †
Benggoi
Salas
Liana
Nunusaku
Kayeli †
Nuaulu
Huaulu
Manusela
Wemale
Yalahatan
Piru Bay ?
Asilulu
Luhu
Manipa
Wakasihu
Boano (Moluccas)
Sepa–Teluti
Paulohi
Kaibobo
Hitu
Tulehu
Laha
Seit-Kaitetu
Kamarian †
Haruku
Amahai
Nusa Laut
Saparua
Latu
* indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status
vteLanguages of East TimorOfficial languages
Portuguese
Tetum
National languages
Atauru
Baikeno
Bekais
Bunak
Fataluku
Galoli
Habun
Idalaka
Kawaimina
Kemak
Makalero
Makasae
Makuva
Mambai
Tokodede
Hakka
Working languages
English
Indonesian
This East Timor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Austronesian languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Malayo-Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"dialect chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_chain"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"}],"text":"Idalaka (Portuguese: Idalaca) is a Malayo-Polynesian dialect chain spoken in East Timor. The name is a portmanteau of Idaté and Lakalai.","title":"Idalaka language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"Habun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habun"},{"link_name":"Galoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galoli_language"},{"link_name":"Kemak language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemak_language"},{"link_name":"Mambai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambai_language_(Timor)"},{"link_name":"Tokodede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokodede_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Idalaka dialects are closely related to Tetum and Habun, while they exhibit many similarities with Galoli. Idalaka also resembles the Kemak language in that there are archaic features such as personal prefixes in verbs, which are lost in Mambai and Tokodede.[citation needed]","title":"Relation to other languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramelau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cen2015-2"}],"text":"The dialects are spoken in the Ramelau mountains with the exception of endangered Lolein, which is spoken in Dili. The 2015 census recorded 19,913 people in East Timor as native speakers of Idalaka dialects.[2]","title":"Geographic distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hull-3"}],"sub_title":"Official status","text":"Idalaka is one of 15 recognized national languages of East Timor.[3]","title":"Geographic distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laclubar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laclubar_Administrative_Post"},{"link_name":"Manatuto Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatuto_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cen2015-2"},{"link_name":"Fahinehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fahinehan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cen2015-2"},{"link_name":"Turiscai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turiscai"},{"link_name":"Manufahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufahi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cen2015-2"},{"link_name":"Talitu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talitu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aileu Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileu_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Becora Leten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Becora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hera_(Cristo_Rei)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dili Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Turiscai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turiscai_Administrative_Post"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cen2015-2"}],"text":"Idaté (Idate) is the vernacular in Laclubar (Manatuto Municipality) and the bordering area in adjacent Manufahi. It has a total of 14,178 native speakers.[2]Lakalei is spoken in the area of Fahinehan (Manufahi). It has a total of 3,669 native speakers.[2]Isní is spoken east of Turiscai (Manufahi), with a total of 1,855 native speakers.[2]Lolein is spoken in Talitu (Aileu Municipality), Becora Leten and Hera (Dili Municipality). Lolein developed from the Isní of 19th century immigrants from Turiscai. In Dili municipality, 568 people speak Lolein, another 533 speakers live in the adjacent Alieu Municipality. A total of 1,155 people are native in the dialect across East Timor.[2]","title":"Dialects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vocabulary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.11606/d.8.2014.tde-11052015-171431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.11606%2Fd.8.2014.tde-11052015-171431"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Central Malayo–Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Bima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bima_language"},{"link_name":"Sumba–Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages"},{"link_name":"Sumba–Hawu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Hawu_languages"},{"link_name":"Savu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savu_languages"},{"link_name":"Hawu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawu_language"},{"link_name":"Dhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhao_language"},{"link_name":"Sumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba_languages"},{"link_name":"Kambera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambera_language"},{"link_name":"Mamboru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamboru_language"},{"link_name":"Anakalangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anakalangu_language"},{"link_name":"Wanukaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanukaka_language"},{"link_name":"Pondok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondok_language"},{"link_name":"Baliledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliledo_language"},{"link_name":"Wejewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wejewa_language"},{"link_name":"Lamboya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamboya_language"},{"link_name":"Kodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodi_language"},{"link_name":"Gaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaura_language"},{"link_name":"Komodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_language"},{"link_name":"Manggarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggarai_language"},{"link_name":"Riung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riung_language"},{"link_name":"Rembong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembong_language"},{"link_name":"Rajong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajong_language"},{"link_name":"Kepo'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepo%27_language"},{"link_name":"Wae Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wae_Rana_language"},{"link_name":"Palu'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palu%27e_language"},{"link_name":"Ende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Lio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lio_language"},{"link_name":"Nage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nage_language"},{"link_name":"Ke'o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%27o_language"},{"link_name":"Ngad'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngad%27a_language"},{"link_name":"Rongga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongga_language"},{"link_name":"So'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%27a_language"},{"link_name":"Flores–Lembata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores-Lembata_languages"},{"link_name":"Sika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sika_language"},{"link_name":"Kedang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedang_language"},{"link_name":"Lamaholot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamaholot_language"},{"link_name":"Alorese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alorese_language"},{"link_name":"Lamatuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamatuka_language"},{"link_name":"Lewo Eleng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language"},{"link_name":"Levuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levuka_language"},{"link_name":"South Lembata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lembata_language"},{"link_name":"Lamalera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamalera_language"},{"link_name":"Lewotobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewotobi_language"},{"link_name":"Adonara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonara_language"},{"link_name":"Ile Ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile_Ape_language"},{"link_name":"Mingar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingar_language"},{"link_name":"Selaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaru_languages"},{"link_name":"Selaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaru_language"},{"link_name":"Seluwasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seluwasan_language"},{"link_name":"Kei–Tanimbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei-Tanimbar_languages"},{"link_name":"Kei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_language"},{"link_name":"Fordata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordata_language"},{"link_name":"Yamdena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamdena_language"},{"link_name":"Onin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onin_language"},{"link_name":"Sekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekar_language"},{"link_name":"Uruangnirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruangnirin_language"},{"link_name":"Aru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru_languages"},{"link_name":"Barakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakai_language"},{"link_name":"Batuley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuley_language"},{"link_name":"Dobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobel_language"},{"link_name":"Karey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karey_language"},{"link_name":"Koba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koba_language"},{"link_name":"Kola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_language"},{"link_name":"Lola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_language"},{"link_name":"Lorang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorang_language"},{"link_name":"Manombai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manombai_language"},{"link_name":"Mariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariri_language"},{"link_name":"Tarangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarangan_language"},{"link_name":"Ujir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujir_language"},{"link_name":"Timoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoric_languages"},{"link_name":"Habu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habu_language"},{"link_name":"Helong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helong_language"},{"link_name":"Idalaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"Kemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemak_language"},{"link_name":"Tukudede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukudede_language"},{"link_name":"Mambai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambai_language_(Timor)"},{"link_name":"Bekais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekais_language"},{"link_name":"Wetar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetar_language"},{"link_name":"Galoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galoli_language"},{"link_name":"Atauran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atauran_language"},{"link_name":"Kawaimina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaimina_languages"},{"link_name":"Kairui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairui_language"},{"link_name":"Waimoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waimoa_language"},{"link_name":"Midiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midiki_language"},{"link_name":"Naueti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naueti_language"},{"link_name":"Romang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romang_language"},{"link_name":"Kisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisar_language"},{"link_name":"Leti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti_language"},{"link_name":"Luang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_language"},{"link_name":"Makuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuva_language"},{"link_name":"Bilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilba_language"},{"link_name":"Dengka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengka_language"},{"link_name":"Lole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lole_language"},{"link_name":"Ringgou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringgou_language"},{"link_name":"Dela-Oenale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language"},{"link_name":"Termanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termanu_language"},{"link_name":"Tii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tii_language"},{"link_name":"Uab Meto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uab_Meto_language"},{"link_name":"Amarasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarasi_language"},{"link_name":"Babar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_languages"},{"link_name":"West Damar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Damar_language"},{"link_name":"Dawera-Daweloor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language"},{"link_name":"North Babar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Babar_language"},{"link_name":"Dai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)"},{"link_name":"Masela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masela_language"},{"link_name":"Serili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serili_language"},{"link_name":"Southeast Babar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language"},{"link_name":"Emplawas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emplawas_language"},{"link_name":"Imroing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imroing_language"},{"link_name":"Tela'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tela%27a_language"},{"link_name":"East Damar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Damar_language"},{"link_name":"Teun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teun_language"},{"link_name":"Nila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila_language"},{"link_name":"Serua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serua_language"},{"link_name":"Kowiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowiai_language"},{"link_name":"Central Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages"},{"link_name":"Teor-Kur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor-Kur_language"},{"link_name":"Ambelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambelau_language"},{"link_name":"Buru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruese_language"},{"link_name":"Lisela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisela_language"},{"link_name":"Hukumina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumina_language"},{"link_name":"Moksela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksela_language"},{"link_name":"Sula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sula_language"},{"link_name":"Mangole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangole_language"},{"link_name":"Taliabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliabo_language"},{"link_name":"Banda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_language_(Maluku)"},{"link_name":"Bati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bati_language_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Geser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geser_language"},{"link_name":"Watubela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watubela_language"},{"link_name":"Bobot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobot_language"},{"link_name":"Masiwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masiwang_language"},{"link_name":"Hoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoti_language"},{"link_name":"Benggoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggoi_language"},{"link_name":"Salas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salas_language"},{"link_name":"Liana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana_language"},{"link_name":"Nunusaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunusaku_languages"},{"link_name":"Kayeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayeli_language"},{"link_name":"Nuaulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuaulu_language"},{"link_name":"Huaulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaulu_language"},{"link_name":"Manusela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusela_language"},{"link_name":"Wemale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wemale_language"},{"link_name":"Yalahatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalahatan_language"},{"link_name":"Piru Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piru_Bay_languages"},{"link_name":"Asilulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilulu_language"},{"link_name":"Luhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhu_language"},{"link_name":"Manipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipa_language"},{"link_name":"Wakasihu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakasihu_language"},{"link_name":"Boano (Moluccas)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boano_language_(Maluku)"},{"link_name":"Sepa–Teluti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepa_language_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Paulohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulohi_language"},{"link_name":"Kaibobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaibobo_language"},{"link_name":"Hitu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitu_language"},{"link_name":"Tulehu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulehu_language"},{"link_name":"Laha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laha_language_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Seit-Kaitetu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seit-Kaitetu_language"},{"link_name":"Kamarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarian_language"},{"link_name":"Haruku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruku_language"},{"link_name":"Amahai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amahai_language"},{"link_name":"Nusa Laut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Laut_language"},{"link_name":"Saparua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saparua_language"},{"link_name":"Latu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latu_language"},{"link_name":"extinct status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Languages_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Languages of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese"},{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"Atauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atauran_language"},{"link_name":"Baikeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uab_Meto_language"},{"link_name":"Bekais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekais_language"},{"link_name":"Bunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunak_language"},{"link_name":"Fataluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fataluku_language"},{"link_name":"Galoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galoli_language"},{"link_name":"Habun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habun_language"},{"link_name":"Idalaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kawaimina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaimina_languages"},{"link_name":"Kemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemak_language"},{"link_name":"Makalero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalero_dialect"},{"link_name":"Makasae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makasae_language"},{"link_name":"Makuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuva_language"},{"link_name":"Mambai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambai_language_(Timor)"},{"link_name":"Tokodede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokodede_language"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_East_Timor.svg"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idalaka_language&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:EastTimor-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:EastTimor-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EastTimor-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parao_postcard_from_the_Philippines_(1940).jpg"},{"link_name":"Austronesian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idalaka_language&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Austronesian-lang-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian-lang-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian-lang-stub"}],"text":"Alcantara, Maressa Xavier (2014). Descrição fonética e fonológica da língua idaté do Timor Leste [Phonetic description and phonology of the idaté language of East Timor] (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). University of São Paulo. doi:10.11606/d.8.2014.tde-11052015-171431.vteCentral Malayo–PolynesianBima\nBima\nSumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu\nHawu\nDhao\nSumba\nKambera\nMamboru\nAnakalangu\nWanukaka\nPondok\nBaliledo\nWejewa\nLamboya\nKodi\nGaura\nWestern Flores\nKomodo\nManggarai\nRiung\nRembong\nRajong\nKepo'\nWae Rana\nPalu'e\nEnde\nLio\nNage\nKe'o\nNgad'a\nRongga\nSo'a\nFlores–Lembata\nSika\nKedang\nLamaholot\nLamaholot\nAlorese\nLamatuka\nLewo Eleng\nLevuka\nSouth Lembata\nLamalera\nLewotobi\nAdonara\nIle Ape\nMingar\nSelaru\nSelaru\nSeluwasan\nKei–Tanimbar ?\nKei\nFordata\nYamdena\nOnin\nSekar\nUruangnirin\nAru\nBarakai\nBatuley\nDobel\nKarey\nKoba\nKola\nLola\nLorang\nManombai\nMariri\nTarangan\nUjir\nTimoric *\nHabu\nHelong\nIdalaka\nTetum\nCentral Timor *\nKemak\nTukudede\nMambai\nBekais\nWetar–Galoli ?\nWetar\nGaloli\nAtauran\nKawaimina\nKairui\nWaimoa\nMidiki\nNaueti\nLuangic–Kisaric\nRomang\nKisar\nLeti\nLuang\nMakuva ?\nRote–Meto *\nBilba\nDengka\nLole\nRinggou\nDela-Oenale\nTermanu\nTii\nUab Meto (Amarasi)\nBabar\nWest Damar\nDawera-Daweloor\nNorth Babar\nDai\nMasela\nSerili\nSoutheast Babar\nEmplawas\nImroing\nTela'a\nTNS\nEast Damar\nTeun †\nNila †\nSerua †\nKowiai ?\nKowiai\nCentral Maluku *\nTeor-Kur\nWest\nAmbelau\nBuru\nLisela\nHukumina †\nMoksela †\nSula\nMangole\nTaliabo\nEast\nBanda\nBati\nGeser\nWatubela\nBobot\nMasiwang\nHoti †\nBenggoi\nSalas\nLiana\nNunusaku\nKayeli †\nNuaulu\nHuaulu\nManusela\nWemale\nYalahatan\nPiru Bay ?\nAsilulu\nLuhu\nManipa\nWakasihu\nBoano (Moluccas)\nSepa–Teluti\nPaulohi\nKaibobo\nHitu\nTulehu\nLaha\nSeit-Kaitetu\nKamarian †\nHaruku\nAmahai\nNusa Laut\nSaparua\nLatu\n* indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct statusvteLanguages of East TimorOfficial languages\nPortuguese\nTetum\nNational languages\nAtauru\nBaikeno\nBekais\nBunak\nFataluku\nGaloli\nHabun\nIdalaka\nKawaimina\nKemak\nMakalero\nMakasae\nMakuva\nMambai\nTokodede\nHakka\nWorking languages\nEnglish\nIndonesianThis East Timor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Austronesian languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Isn%C3%AD.png/300px-Isn%C3%AD.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lolein.png/300px-Lolein.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Idalaka.png/300px-Idalaka.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lopes, Silvino (2016). \"Population Distribution by Administrative Area - Volume 2 (Language)\" (XLS). Direcção-Geral de Estatística. Retrieved 23 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/4_2015-V2-Language.xls","url_text":"\"Population Distribution by Administrative Area - Volume 2 (Language)\""}]},{"reference":"Hull, Geoffrey (24 August 2004). \"The Languages of East Timor: Some Basic facts\". Instituto Nacional de Linguística. Archived from the original on 16 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060716034822/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/langs.html","url_text":"\"The Languages of East Timor: Some Basic facts\""},{"url":"http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/langs.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alcantara, Maressa Xavier (2014). Descrição fonética e fonológica da língua idaté do Timor Leste [Phonetic description and phonology of the idaté language of East Timor] (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). University of São Paulo. doi:10.11606/d.8.2014.tde-11052015-171431.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11606%2Fd.8.2014.tde-11052015-171431","url_text":"10.11606/d.8.2014.tde-11052015-171431"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2733","external_links_name":"east2733"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/idt/","external_links_name":"Idaté"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lka/","external_links_name":"Lakalei"},{"Link":"https://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/4_2015-V2-Language.xls","external_links_name":"\"Population Distribution by Administrative Area - Volume 2 (Language)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060716034822/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/langs.html","external_links_name":"\"The Languages of East Timor: Some Basic facts\""},{"Link":"http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/langs.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11606%2Fd.8.2014.tde-11052015-171431","external_links_name":"10.11606/d.8.2014.tde-11052015-171431"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idalaka_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idalaka_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_History_Society
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The Gardens Trust
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["1 Garden History Society","1.1 Statutory role","2 Editors of Garden History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "The Gardens Trust" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Gardens TrustFormation24 July 2015Legal statusRegistered CharityPurpose"To promote the study of garden history and protection and conservation of historic gardens"HeadquartersLondon, EnglandLocationUnited KingdomRegion served EnglandMembership 1,215 (2022)LeaderPresident: Dominic ColeMain organBoard of trusteesWebsitethegardenstrust.orgFormerly calledGarden History Society
The Gardens Trust (formerly the Garden History Society) is a national membership organisation in the United Kingdom established to study the history of gardening and to protect historic gardens.
It is a registered charity with headquarters in London.
The Trust, previously the Society, has published a quarterly journal, Garden History since 1970.
Garden History Society
It was founded in 1966 as the Garden History Society and in 2015 it was renamed The Gardens Trust, after a merger with the Association of Gardens Trusts.
Membership was around 1,500 prior to its merger in 2015.
Presidents included Mavis Batey and Sir Roy Strong. The final Chairman was landscape architect Dominic Cole.
Statutory role
From 1995 the Garden History Society was a statutory consultee in relation to planning proposals which affect historic designed landscapes identified by English Heritage as being of national significance, and which are included on the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England. Thus when a planning authority received a planning application which affected a site on the Register, or the setting of such a site, the planning authority had to consult the Society.
Editors of Garden History
As of 2022 the editor of Garden History was Dr Barbara Simms. Before Barbara Simms, previous editors of Garden History were:
Christopher Thacker (1970–80)
John Anthony (1980)
W.A Brogden (1981–3)
Brent Elliott (1984–8 and 1989)
Robert Oresko (1988)
Jane Crawley and Elisabeth Whittle (1989–97)
Jan Woudstra (1998–2004)
Andrew Eburne (2004–06)
See also
Gardens portal
Australian Garden History Society
Garden Museum
National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens
Royal Horticultural Society
Historic garden conservation
References
^ Wainwright, Oliver (2020-08-20). "Let's hear it for the Jammie Dodgers ponds! Everyday marvels win protection". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
^ "THE GARDENS TRUST, registered charity no. 1053446". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
^ Garden History ISSN 0307-1243
^ The Gardens Trust
^ "Garden History Officers". Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
^ "Statutory consultations". Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
^ "Journal", The Gardens Trust website]
^ "Journal", The Gardens Trust website]
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Catalonia
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
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[]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg"},{"title":"Gardens portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gardens"},{"title":"Australian Garden History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Garden_History_Society"},{"title":"Garden Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Museum"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Parks_and_Gardens"},{"title":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"title":"Historic garden conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_garden_conservation"}]
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[{"reference":"Wainwright, Oliver (2020-08-20). \"Let's hear it for the Jammie Dodgers ponds! Everyday marvels win protection\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/aug/21/jammie-dodgers-ponds-everyday-marvels-win-protection-historic-england-gardens-trust","url_text":"\"Let's hear it for the Jammie Dodgers ponds! Everyday marvels win protection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"THE GARDENS TRUST, registered charity no. 1053446\". Charity Commission for England and Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=1053446&subId=0","url_text":"\"THE GARDENS TRUST, registered charity no. 1053446\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales","url_text":"Charity Commission for England and Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Garden History Officers\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131113071329/http://www.gardenhistorysociety.org/aboutus/ghs-officers/","url_text":"\"Garden History Officers\""},{"url":"http://www.gardenhistorysociety.org/aboutus/ghs-officers/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statutory consultations\". Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120518012219/http://www.gardenhistorysociety.org/conservation/our-work-in-england/","url_text":"\"Statutory consultations\""},{"url":"http://www.gardenhistorysociety.org/conservation/our-work-in-england/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_disinformation
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Soviet disinformation
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["1 Development","2 Defections reveal covert operations","3 See also","4 References"]
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Former Romanian secret police senior official Ion Mihai Pacepa exposed disinformation history in his book Disinformation (2013).
Use of disinformation as a Soviet tactical weapon started in 1923, when it became a tactic used in the Soviet political warfare called active measures.
Development
Use of disinformation as a Soviet tactical weapon started in 1923, when the deputy chairman of the KGB-precursor the State Political Directorate (GPU), Józef Unszlicht, called for the foundation of "a special disinformation office to conduct active intelligence operations". The GPU was the first organization in the Soviet Union to use the term disinformation for their intelligence tactics. William Safire wrote in his 1993 book, Quoth the Maven, that disinformation was used by the KGB predecessor to indicate: "manipulation of a nation's intelligence system through the injection of credible, but misleading data". Defector Ion Mihai Pacepa claimed Joseph Stalin coined the term, giving it a French-sounding name to claim it had a Western origin. Russian use began with a "special disinformation office" in 1923. Disinformation was defined in Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1952) as "false information with the intention to deceive public opinion".
From this point on, disinformation became a tactic used in the Soviet political warfare called active measures. Active measures were a crucial part of Soviet intelligence strategy involving forgery as covert operation, subversion, and media manipulation. The 2003 encyclopedia Propaganda and Mass Persuasion states that disinformation came from dezinformatsia, a term used by the Russian black propaganda unit known as Service A that referred to active measures. The term was used in 1939, related to a "German Disinformation Service". The 1991 edition of The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories defines disinformation as a probable translation of the Russian dezinformatsiya. This dictionary notes that it was possible the English version of the word and the Russian-language version developed independently in parallel to each other—out of ongoing frustration related to the spread of propaganda before World War II.
Ion Mihai Pacepa, former senior official from the Romanian secret police, said the word was coined by Joseph Stalin and used during World War II. The Stalinist government then used disinformation tactics in both World War II and the Cold War. Soviet intelligence used the term maskirovka (Russian military deception) to refer to a combination of tactics including disinformation, simulation, camouflage, and concealment. Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak authored a book entitled Disinformation, in which Pacepa wrote that Stalin gave the tactic a French-sounding title in order to put forth the ruse that it was a technique used by the Western world. Pacepa recounted reading Soviet instruction manuals while working as an intelligence officer, that characterized disinformation as a strategy used by the Russian government that had early origins in Russian history. Pacepa recalled that the Soviet manuals said the origins of disinformation stemmed from phony towns constructed by Grigory Potyomkin in Crimea to wow Catherine the Great during her 1783 journey to the region—subsequently referred to as Potemkin villages.
In their book Propaganda and Persuasion, authors Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell characterized disinformation as a cognate from dezinformatsia, and was developed from the same name given to a KGB black propaganda department. The black propaganda division was reported to have formed in 1955 and was referred to as the Dezinformatsiya agency. Former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director William Colby explained how the Dezinformatsiya agency operated, saying that it would place a false article in a left-leaning newspaper. The fraudulent tale would make its way to a communist periodical, before eventually being published by a Soviet newspaper, which would say its sources were undisclosed individuals. By this process a falsehood was globally proliferated as a legitimate piece of reporting.
The term disinformation began to see wider use as a form of Soviet tradecraft, defined in the 1952 official Great Soviet Encyclopedia as "the dissemination (in the press, radio, etc.) of false information with the intention to deceive public opinion." During the most-active period of the Cold War, from 1945 to 1989, the tactic was used by multiple intelligence agencies including the Soviet KGB, British Secret Intelligence Service, and the American CIA.
The word disinformation saw increased usage in the 1960s and wider purveyance by the 1980s. Operation INFEKTION was a Soviet disinformation campaign to influence opinion that the U.S. invented AIDS. The U.S. did not actively counter disinformation until 1980, when a fake document reported that the U.S. supported apartheid. A major disinformation effort in 1964, Operation Neptune, was designed by the Czechoslovak secret service, the StB, to defame West European politicians as former Nazi collaborators. Former Soviet bloc intelligence officer Ladislav Bittman, the first disinformation practitioner to publicly defect to the West, described the official definition as different from the practice: "The interpretation is slightly distorted because public opinion is only one of the potential targets. Many disinformation games are designed only to manipulate the decision-making elite, and receive no publicity." Bittman was deputy chief of the Disinformation Department of the Czechoslovak Intelligence Service, and testified before the United States Congress on his knowledge of disinformation in 1980.
Defections reveal covert operations
Chief of Russian foreign intelligence Yevgeny Primakov confirmed in 1992 that Operation INFEKTION was a disinformation campaign to make the world believe that the United States had invented AIDS.
The extent of Soviet disinformation covert operation campaigns came to light through the defections of KGB officers and officers of allied Soviet bloc services from the late 1960s to the 1980s. Stanislav Levchenko and Ilya Dzerkvilov were among the Soviet defectors. By 1990, both men had written books recounting their work on disinformation operations for the KGB. Archival documentation revealed in the disorder of the fall of the Soviet Union later confirmed their testimonials.
An early example of successful Soviet disinformation was the 1961 pamphlet, A Study of a Master Spy (Allen Dulles). It was published in the United Kingdom and was highly critical of U.S. CIA director Allen Dulles. The purported authors were given as Independent Labour Party Member of Parliament Bob Edwards and the reporter Kenneth Dunne, but the real author was senior disinformation officer KGB Colonel Vassily Sitnikov. in 1968, the fake Who's Who in the CIA was published, which was quoted as authoritative in the West until the early 1990s.
According to American journalist Max Holland, Soviet archives, particularly those released by Vasili Mitrokhin, "prove that the KGB played a central, pernicious role in fomenting the belief that the CIA was involved in Kennedy's assassination." Among other incidents, Holland stated that the KGB planted a false story in the Italian newspaper Paese Sera alleging that Clay Shaw, whom New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison indicted in connection with the assassination, was a high-level "CIA operative". The KGB disinformation influenced Garrison's subsequent arguments during the trial of Clay Shaw and was later referenced in Oliver Stone's 1991 film JFK, notwithstanding Shaw's acquittal. Holland writes that "Arguably, is the only American feature film made during the Cold War to have, as its very axis, a lie concocted in the KGB's disinformation factories."
According to senior SVR officer Sergei Tretyakov, the KGB had been responsible for creating the entire nuclear winter story as an attempt to stop the deployment of Pershing II missiles. Tretyakov said that in 1979, the KGB started work to prevent the United States from deploying the missiles in Western Europe and that they had been directed by Yuri Andropov to distribute disinformation, based on a faked "doomsday report" by the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The report contained false information on the effect of nuclear war on climate, and was distributed to peace groups, environmentalists, and the journal Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment.
Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications, cover illustrating propaganda from Operation INFEKTION
During the 1970s, the U.S. intelligence apparatus made little effort to counter Soviet disinformation campaigns. That posture changed during the Carter administration, however, after the White House had been made the subject of a propaganda operation by Soviet intelligence to affect international relations between the U.S. and South Africa. On 17 September 1980, White House Press Secretary Jody Powell acknowledged that a falsified Presidential Review Memorandum on Africa falsely stated that the U.S. had endorsed the apartheid government in South Africa and was actively committed to discrimination against African Americans. Prior to the revelation by Powell, an advance copy of the 18 September 1980 issue of San Francisco-based publication the Sun Reporter had been disseminated, which carried the fake claims. Sun Reporter was published by Carlton Benjamin Goodlett, a Presidential Committee member of a Soviet front group, the World Peace Council. U.S. President Jimmy Carter was appalled at the lies, and his administration then displayed increased interest in the CIA's efforts to counter Soviet disinformation.
In 1982, the CIA issued a report on active measures used by Soviet intelligence. The report documented numerous instances of disinformation campaigns against the U.S., including planting a notion that it had organized the 1979 Grand Mosque seizure, as well as forgery of documents purporting to show the U.S. would use nuclear bombs on its NATO allies.
In 1985, the Soviets launched an elaborate disinformation campaign called Operation INFEKTION to influence global opinion that the U.S. had invented AIDS. The campaign included allegations that the disease had been created as an "ethnic weapon" to destroy non-whites. The head of Russian foreign intelligence, Yevgeny Primakov, admitted the existence of the Operation INFEKTION in 1992.
In 1985, Aldrich Ames gave the KGB a significant amount of information on CIA informants, and the Soviet government swiftly moved to arrest those individuals. Soviet intelligence feared that the rapid action would alert the CIA that Ames was a spy, however. To conceal Ames's duplicity from the CIA, the KGB manufactured disinformation as to the reasoning behind the arrests of the intelligence agents. In the summer of 1985, a KGB officer who was a double agent working for the CIA on a mission in Africa traveled to a dead drop in Moscow on his way home, but never reported in. The CIA heard from a European KGB source that its agent had been arrested. Simultaneously, the FBI and CIA learned from a second KGB source of its agent's arrest. Only after Ames had been outed as a spy for the KGB would it become apparent that the KGB had known all along that both men had been working for the U.S. government, and that Soviet disinformation had been successful in confounding the American intelligence agency.
See also
Russian disinformation
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Taylor, Adam (26 November 2016), "Before 'fake news,' there was Soviet 'disinformation'", The Washington Post, retrieved 3 December 2016
^ a b c d Martin J. Manning; Herbert Romerstein (2004), "Disinformation", Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda, Greenwood, pp. 82–83, ISBN 978-0-313-29605-5
^ a b c d Nicholas John Cull; David Holbrook Culbert; David Welch (2003), "Disinformation", Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present, ABC-CLIO, p. 104, ISBN 978-1610690713
^ a b Senn, Ann (1995), Open Systems for Better Business: Something Ventured, Something Gained, Van Nostrand Reinhold, p. 25, ISBN 978-0-442-01911-2
^ a b c d e f g Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak (2013), Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism, WND Books, pp. 4–6, 34–39, 75, ISBN 978-1-936488-60-5
^ a b c Bittman, Ladislav (1985), The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View, Pergamon-Brassey's, pp. 49–50, ISBN 978-0-08-031572-0
^ Ostrovsky, Arkady (5 August 2016), "For Putin, Disinformation Is Power", The New York Times, retrieved 9 December 2016
^ a b Henry Watson Fowler; Jeremy Butterfield (2015), Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Oxford University Press, p. 223, ISBN 978-0-19-966135-0
^ a b c d e f g "disinformation", The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Inc, 1991, pp. 143–144, ISBN 978-0-87779-603-9
^ Mendell, Ronald L. (2013), "Disinformation", Investigating Information-based Crimes, Charles C Thomas Publisher Ltd, p. 45, ISBN 978-0-398-08871-2
^ Hy Rothstein; Barton Whaley (2013), "Catching NATO Unawares: Soviet Army Surprise and Deception Techniques", The Art and Science of Military Deception, Artech House Intelligence and Information Operations, Artech House Publishers, pp. 189–192, ISBN 978-1-60807-551-5
^ Garth Jowett; Victoria O'Donnell (2005), "What Is Propaganda, and How Does It Differ From Persuasion?", Propaganda and Persuasion, Sage Publications, pp. 21–23, ISBN 978-1-4129-0898-6, In fact, the word disinformation is a cognate for the Russian dezinformatsia, taken from the name of a division of the KGB devoted to black propaganda.
^ a b c d e United States Department of State (1987), Soviet Influence Activities: A Report on Active Measures and Propaganda, 1986–87, Washington D.C.: Bureau of Public Affairs, pp. 34–35, 39, 42
^ a b c d e f g h i Waller, J. Michael (2009), Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, Institute of World Politics Press, pp. 159–161, ISBN 978-0-9792236-4-8
^ Bittman, Ladislav (1972), The Deception Game: Czechoslovak Intelligence in Soviet Political Warfare, Syracuse University Research Corporation, pp. 39–78, ISBN 978-0-8156-8078-9
^ a b Holland, Max (2006), "The Propagation and Power of Communist Security Services Dezinformatsiya", International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 19 (1): 1–31, doi:10.1080/08850600500332342, S2CID 153652552
^ a b Martin, David (1990), The Web of Disinformation: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. xx, ISBN 978-0-15-180704-8
^ United States Information Agency (1992), "Crude, Anti-American Disinformation: 'Geheim' and 'Top Secret' Magazines: Purveyors of Crude, Defamatory Disinformation", Soviet Active Measures in the 'Post-Cold War' Era 1988–1991 – A Report Prepared at the Request of the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations by the United States Information Agency, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office
^ Holland, Max (March 30, 2007). "How Moscow Undermined the Warren Commission". Washington Decoded. Retrieved March 22, 2022. Originally published in The Washington Post on November 22, 2003.
^ a b Earley, Pete (2007), Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War, Penguin Books, pp. 167–177, ISBN 978-0-399-15439-3
^ a b Goulden, Joseph (2012), "Disinformation (dezinformatsiya)", The Dictionary of Espionage: Spyspeak into English, Dover Military History, Weapons, Armor, Dover Publications, p. 64, ISBN 978-0-486-48348-1
^ a b c d e f g Johnson, Loch K., ed. (2012), "Counterintelligence as Disinformation Operations", The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence, Oxford Handbooks, Oxford University Press, pp. 548–550, ISBN 978-0-19-992947-4
vteDisinformation and misinformationTypes
Algorithmic radicalization
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List
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Doublespeak
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Transfer
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vteMilitary deceptionTechniques
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OperationsWorld War II:
Bertram
BodyguardTextsThe Art of War
|
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to use the term disinformation for their intelligence tactics.[4] William Safire wrote in his 1993 book, Quoth the Maven, that disinformation was used by the KGB predecessor to indicate: \"manipulation of a nation's intelligence system through the injection of credible, but misleading data\".[4] Defector Ion Mihai Pacepa claimed Joseph Stalin coined the term, giving it a French-sounding name to claim it had a Western origin.[5] Russian use began with a \"special disinformation office\" in 1923.[2] Disinformation was defined in Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1952) as \"false information with the intention to deceive public opinion\".[5][6][1]From this point on, disinformation became a tactic used in the Soviet political warfare called active measures.[3][2] Active measures were a crucial part of Soviet intelligence strategy involving forgery as covert operation, subversion, and media manipulation.[7] The 2003 encyclopedia Propaganda and Mass Persuasion states that disinformation came from dezinformatsia, a term used by the Russian black propaganda unit known as Service A that referred to active measures.[3] The term was used in 1939, related to a \"German Disinformation Service\".[8][9] The 1991 edition of The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories defines disinformation as a probable translation of the Russian dezinformatsiya.[9] This dictionary notes that it was possible the English version of the word and the Russian-language version developed independently in parallel to each other—out of ongoing frustration related to the spread of propaganda before World War II.[9]Ion Mihai Pacepa, former senior official from the Romanian secret police, said the word was coined by Joseph Stalin and used during World War II.[1][5] The Stalinist government then used disinformation tactics in both World War II and the Cold War.[10] Soviet intelligence used the term maskirovka (Russian military deception) to refer to a combination of tactics including disinformation, simulation, camouflage, and concealment.[11] Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak authored a book entitled Disinformation, in which Pacepa wrote that Stalin gave the tactic a French-sounding title in order to put forth the ruse that it was a technique used by the Western world.[5] Pacepa recounted reading Soviet instruction manuals while working as an intelligence officer, that characterized disinformation as a strategy used by the Russian government that had early origins in Russian history.[1][5] Pacepa recalled that the Soviet manuals said the origins of disinformation stemmed from phony towns constructed by Grigory Potyomkin in Crimea to wow Catherine the Great during her 1783 journey to the region—subsequently referred to as Potemkin villages.[1][5]In their book Propaganda and Persuasion, authors Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell characterized disinformation as a cognate from dezinformatsia, and was developed from the same name given to a KGB black propaganda department.[12] The black propaganda division was reported to have formed in 1955 and was referred to as the Dezinformatsiya agency.[9] Former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director William Colby explained how the Dezinformatsiya agency operated, saying that it would place a false article in a left-leaning newspaper.[9] The fraudulent tale would make its way to a communist periodical, before eventually being published by a Soviet newspaper, which would say its sources were undisclosed individuals.[9] By this process a falsehood was globally proliferated as a legitimate piece of reporting.[9]The term disinformation began to see wider use as a form of Soviet tradecraft, defined in the 1952 official Great Soviet Encyclopedia as \"the dissemination (in the press, radio, etc.) of false information with the intention to deceive public opinion.\"[6][1] During the most-active period of the Cold War, from 1945 to 1989, the tactic was used by multiple intelligence agencies including the Soviet KGB, British Secret Intelligence Service, and the American CIA.[8]The word disinformation saw increased usage in the 1960s and wider purveyance by the 1980s.[1] Operation INFEKTION was a Soviet disinformation campaign to influence opinion that the U.S. invented AIDS.[5][1][13] The U.S. did not actively counter disinformation until 1980, when a fake document reported that the U.S. supported apartheid.[14] A major disinformation effort in 1964, Operation Neptune, was designed by the Czechoslovak secret service, the StB, to defame West European politicians as former Nazi collaborators.[15] Former Soviet bloc intelligence officer Ladislav Bittman, the first disinformation practitioner to publicly defect to the West, described the official definition as different from the practice: \"The interpretation is slightly distorted because public opinion is only one of the potential targets. Many disinformation games are designed only to manipulate the decision-making elite, and receive no publicity.\"[6] Bittman was deputy chief of the Disinformation Department of the Czechoslovak Intelligence Service, and testified before the United States Congress on his knowledge of disinformation in 1980.[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E_Primakov_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chief of Russian foreign intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_SVR"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Primakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov"},{"link_name":"Operation INFEKTION","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adamtaylor-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usstate-13"},{"link_name":"covert operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_operation"},{"link_name":"defections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defection"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holland2012-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidmartin-17"},{"link_name":"Stanislav Levchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Levchenko"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidmartin-17"},{"link_name":"fall of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holland2012-16"},{"link_name":"Allen Dulles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Dulles"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmichaelwaller-14"},{"link_name":"Independent Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bob Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Edwards_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmichaelwaller-14"},{"link_name":"Who's Who in the CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_the_CIA"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usia1992-18"},{"link_name":"Max Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holland"},{"link_name":"Vasili Mitrokhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin"},{"link_name":"CIA was involved in Kennedy's assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Paese Sera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paese_Sera"},{"link_name":"Clay Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Shaw"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"district attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_attorney"},{"link_name":"Jim Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Garrison"},{"link_name":"trial of Clay Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Clay_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Oliver Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone"},{"link_name":"JFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK_(film)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"SVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Sergei Tretyakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Tretyakov_(intelligence_officer)"},{"link_name":"nuclear winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_winter"},{"link_name":"Pershing II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing_II"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comrade_J-20"},{"link_name":"Yuri Andropov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Andropov"},{"link_name":"Soviet Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambio"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comrade_J-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deception,_Disinformation,_and_Strategic_Communications.pdf"},{"link_name":"Operation INFEKTION","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmichaelwaller-14"},{"link_name":"Carter administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_administration"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmichaelwaller-14"},{"link_name":"Jody Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Powell"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmichaelwaller-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmichaelwaller-14"},{"link_name":"Carlton Benjamin Goodlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Benjamin_Goodlett"},{"link_name":"front group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_group"},{"link_name":"World Peace Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Peace_Council"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmichaelwaller-14"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmichaelwaller-14"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-josephgoulden-21"},{"link_name":"Grand Mosque seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure"},{"link_name":"nuclear bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_bombs"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-josephgoulden-21"},{"link_name":"Operation INFEKTION","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adamtaylor-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usstate-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usstate-13"},{"link_name":"head of Russian foreign intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_SVR"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Primakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adamtaylor-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usstate-13"},{"link_name":"Aldrich Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldrich_Ames"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lochkjohnson-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lochkjohnson-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lochkjohnson-22"},{"link_name":"double agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_agent"},{"link_name":"dead drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_drop"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lochkjohnson-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lochkjohnson-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lochkjohnson-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lochkjohnson-22"}],"text":"Chief of Russian foreign intelligence Yevgeny Primakov confirmed in 1992 that Operation INFEKTION was a disinformation campaign to make the world believe that the United States had invented AIDS.[1][13]The extent of Soviet disinformation covert operation campaigns came to light through the defections of KGB officers and officers of allied Soviet bloc services from the late 1960s to the 1980s.[16][17] Stanislav Levchenko and Ilya Dzerkvilov were among the Soviet defectors. By 1990, both men had written books recounting their work on disinformation operations for the KGB.[17] Archival documentation revealed in the disorder of the fall of the Soviet Union later confirmed their testimonials.[16]An early example of successful Soviet disinformation was the 1961 pamphlet, A Study of a Master Spy (Allen Dulles). It was published in the United Kingdom and was highly critical of U.S. CIA director Allen Dulles.[14] The purported authors were given as Independent Labour Party Member of Parliament Bob Edwards and the reporter Kenneth Dunne, but the real author was senior disinformation officer KGB Colonel Vassily Sitnikov.[14] in 1968, the fake Who's Who in the CIA was published, which was quoted as authoritative in the West until the early 1990s.[18]According to American journalist Max Holland, Soviet archives, particularly those released by Vasili Mitrokhin, \"prove that the KGB played a central, pernicious role in fomenting the belief that the CIA was involved in Kennedy's assassination.\" Among other incidents, Holland stated that the KGB planted a false story in the Italian newspaper Paese Sera alleging that Clay Shaw, whom New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison indicted in connection with the assassination, was a high-level \"CIA operative\". The KGB disinformation influenced Garrison's subsequent arguments during the trial of Clay Shaw and was later referenced in Oliver Stone's 1991 film JFK, notwithstanding Shaw's acquittal. Holland writes that \"Arguably, [JFK] is the only American feature film made during the Cold War to have, as its very axis, a lie concocted in the KGB's disinformation factories.\"[19]According to senior SVR officer Sergei Tretyakov, the KGB had been responsible for creating the entire nuclear winter story as an attempt to stop the deployment of Pershing II missiles.[20] Tretyakov said that in 1979, the KGB started work to prevent the United States from deploying the missiles in Western Europe and that they had been directed by Yuri Andropov to distribute disinformation, based on a faked \"doomsday report\" by the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The report contained false information on the effect of nuclear war on climate, and was distributed to peace groups, environmentalists, and the journal Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment.[20]Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications, cover illustrating propaganda from Operation INFEKTIONDuring the 1970s, the U.S. intelligence apparatus made little effort to counter Soviet disinformation campaigns.[14] That posture changed during the Carter administration, however, after the White House had been made the subject of a propaganda operation by Soviet intelligence to affect international relations between the U.S. and South Africa.[14] On 17 September 1980, White House Press Secretary Jody Powell acknowledged that a falsified Presidential Review Memorandum on Africa falsely stated that the U.S. had endorsed the apartheid government in South Africa and was actively committed to discrimination against African Americans.[14] Prior to the revelation by Powell, an advance copy of the 18 September 1980 issue of San Francisco-based publication the Sun Reporter had been disseminated, which carried the fake claims.[14] Sun Reporter was published by Carlton Benjamin Goodlett, a Presidential Committee member of a Soviet front group, the World Peace Council.[14] U.S. President Jimmy Carter was appalled at the lies, and his administration then displayed increased interest in the CIA's efforts to counter Soviet disinformation.[14]In 1982, the CIA issued a report on active measures used by Soviet intelligence.[21] The report documented numerous instances of disinformation campaigns against the U.S., including planting a notion that it had organized the 1979 Grand Mosque seizure, as well as forgery of documents purporting to show the U.S. would use nuclear bombs on its NATO allies.[21]In 1985, the Soviets launched an elaborate disinformation campaign called Operation INFEKTION to influence global opinion that the U.S. had invented AIDS.[1][13] The campaign included allegations that the disease had been created as an \"ethnic weapon\" to destroy non-whites.[13] The head of Russian foreign intelligence, Yevgeny Primakov, admitted the existence of the Operation INFEKTION in 1992.[1][13]In 1985, Aldrich Ames gave the KGB a significant amount of information on CIA informants, and the Soviet government swiftly moved to arrest those individuals.[22] Soviet intelligence feared that the rapid action would alert the CIA that Ames was a spy, however.[22] To conceal Ames's duplicity from the CIA, the KGB manufactured disinformation as to the reasoning behind the arrests of the intelligence agents.[22] In the summer of 1985, a KGB officer who was a double agent working for the CIA on a mission in Africa traveled to a dead drop in Moscow on his way home, but never reported in.[22] The CIA heard from a European KGB source that its agent had been arrested.[22] Simultaneously, the FBI and CIA learned from a second KGB source of its agent's arrest.[22] Only after Ames had been outed as a spy for the KGB would it become apparent that the KGB had known all along that both men had been working for the U.S. government, and that Soviet disinformation had been successful in confounding the American intelligence agency.[22]","title":"Defections reveal covert operations"}]
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[{"image_text":"Former Romanian secret police senior official Ion Mihai Pacepa exposed disinformation history in his book Disinformation (2013).[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ion_Mihai_Pacepa_1975cr.jpg/220px-Ion_Mihai_Pacepa_1975cr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chief of Russian foreign intelligence Yevgeny Primakov confirmed in 1992 that Operation INFEKTION was a disinformation campaign to make the world believe that the United States had invented AIDS.[1][13]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/E_Primakov_03.jpg/170px-E_Primakov_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications, cover illustrating propaganda from Operation INFEKTION","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Deception%2C_Disinformation%2C_and_Strategic_Communications.pdf/page1-220px-Deception%2C_Disinformation%2C_and_Strategic_Communications.pdf.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Russian disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_disinformation"}]
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[{"reference":"Taylor, Adam (26 November 2016), \"Before 'fake news,' there was Soviet 'disinformation'\", The Washington Post, retrieved 3 December 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/11/26/before-fake-news-there-was-soviet-disinformation","url_text":"\"Before 'fake news,' there was Soviet 'disinformation'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Martin J. Manning; Herbert Romerstein (2004), \"Disinformation\", Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda, Greenwood, pp. 82–83, ISBN 978-0-313-29605-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29605-5","url_text":"978-0-313-29605-5"}]},{"reference":"Nicholas John Cull; David Holbrook Culbert; David Welch (2003), \"Disinformation\", Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present, ABC-CLIO, p. 104, ISBN 978-1610690713","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610690713","url_text":"978-1610690713"}]},{"reference":"Senn, Ann (1995), Open Systems for Better Business: Something Ventured, Something Gained, Van Nostrand Reinhold, p. 25, ISBN 978-0-442-01911-2","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/opensystemsforbe00senn/page/25","url_text":"Open Systems for Better Business: Something Ventured, Something Gained"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/opensystemsforbe00senn/page/25","url_text":"25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-01911-2","url_text":"978-0-442-01911-2"}]},{"reference":"Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak (2013), Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism, WND Books, pp. 4–6, 34–39, 75, ISBN 978-1-936488-60-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Mihai_Pacepa","url_text":"Ion Mihai Pacepa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_J._Rychlak","url_text":"Ronald J. Rychlak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation_(book)","url_text":"Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936488-60-5","url_text":"978-1-936488-60-5"}]},{"reference":"Bittman, Ladislav (1985), The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View, Pergamon-Brassey's, pp. 49–50, ISBN 978-0-08-031572-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Martin-Bittman","url_text":"Bittman, Ladislav"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_KGB_and_Soviet_Disinformation","url_text":"The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-031572-0","url_text":"978-0-08-031572-0"}]},{"reference":"Ostrovsky, Arkady (5 August 2016), \"For Putin, Disinformation Is Power\", The New York Times, retrieved 9 December 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/06/opinion/for-putin-disinformation-is-power.html","url_text":"\"For Putin, Disinformation Is Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Henry Watson Fowler; Jeremy Butterfield (2015), Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Oxford University Press, p. 223, ISBN 978-0-19-966135-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966135-0","url_text":"978-0-19-966135-0"}]},{"reference":"\"disinformation\", The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Inc, 1991, pp. 143–144, ISBN 978-0-87779-603-9","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/143","url_text":"\"disinformation\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/143","url_text":"143–144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-603-9","url_text":"978-0-87779-603-9"}]},{"reference":"Mendell, Ronald L. (2013), \"Disinformation\", Investigating Information-based Crimes, Charles C Thomas Publisher Ltd, p. 45, ISBN 978-0-398-08871-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-08871-2","url_text":"978-0-398-08871-2"}]},{"reference":"Hy Rothstein; Barton Whaley (2013), \"Catching NATO Unawares: Soviet Army Surprise and Deception Techniques\", The Art and Science of Military Deception, Artech House Intelligence and Information Operations, Artech House Publishers, pp. 189–192, ISBN 978-1-60807-551-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60807-551-5","url_text":"978-1-60807-551-5"}]},{"reference":"Garth Jowett; Victoria O'Donnell (2005), \"What Is Propaganda, and How Does It Differ From Persuasion?\", Propaganda and Persuasion, Sage Publications, pp. 21–23, ISBN 978-1-4129-0898-6, In fact, the word disinformation is a cognate for the Russian dezinformatsia, taken from the name of a division of the KGB devoted to black propaganda.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0898-6","url_text":"978-1-4129-0898-6"}]},{"reference":"United States Department of State (1987), Soviet Influence Activities: A Report on Active Measures and Propaganda, 1986–87, Washington D.C.: Bureau of Public Affairs, pp. 34–35, 39, 42","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State","url_text":"United States Department of State"}]},{"reference":"Waller, J. Michael (2009), Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, Institute of World Politics Press, pp. 159–161, ISBN 978-0-9792236-4-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9792236-4-8","url_text":"978-0-9792236-4-8"}]},{"reference":"Bittman, Ladislav (1972), The Deception Game: Czechoslovak Intelligence in Soviet Political Warfare, Syracuse University Research Corporation, pp. 39–78, ISBN 978-0-8156-8078-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Martin-Bittman","url_text":"Bittman, Ladislav"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/deceptiongame00ladi/page/39","url_text":"The Deception Game: Czechoslovak Intelligence in Soviet Political Warfare"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/deceptiongame00ladi/page/39","url_text":"39–78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-8078-9","url_text":"978-0-8156-8078-9"}]},{"reference":"Holland, Max (2006), \"The Propagation and Power of Communist Security Services Dezinformatsiya\", International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 19 (1): 1–31, doi:10.1080/08850600500332342, S2CID 153652552","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Intelligence_and_CounterIntelligence","url_text":"International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08850600500332342","url_text":"10.1080/08850600500332342"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153652552","url_text":"153652552"}]},{"reference":"Martin, David (1990), The Web of Disinformation: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. xx, ISBN 978-0-15-180704-8","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/webofdisinformat0000mart/page/","url_text":"The Web of Disinformation: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/webofdisinformat0000mart/page/","url_text":"xx"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-180704-8","url_text":"978-0-15-180704-8"}]},{"reference":"United States Information Agency (1992), \"Crude, Anti-American Disinformation: 'Geheim' and 'Top Secret' Magazines: Purveyors of Crude, Defamatory Disinformation\", Soviet Active Measures in the 'Post-Cold War' Era 1988–1991 – A Report Prepared at the Request of the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations by the United States Information Agency, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency","url_text":"United States Information Agency"},{"url":"http://intellit.muskingum.edu/russia_folder/pcw_era/sect_09b.htm","url_text":"\"Crude, Anti-American Disinformation: 'Geheim' and 'Top Secret' Magazines: Purveyors of Crude, Defamatory Disinformation\""}]},{"reference":"Holland, Max (March 30, 2007). \"How Moscow Undermined the Warren Commission\". Washington Decoded. Retrieved March 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holland","url_text":"Holland, Max"},{"url":"https://www.washingtondecoded.com/site/2007/03/how_moscow_unde_1.html","url_text":"\"How Moscow Undermined the Warren Commission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Decoded","url_text":"Washington Decoded"}]},{"reference":"Earley, Pete (2007), Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War, Penguin Books, pp. 167–177, ISBN 978-0-399-15439-3","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/comradejuntoldse00earl_0/page/167","url_text":"Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/comradejuntoldse00earl_0/page/167","url_text":"167–177"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15439-3","url_text":"978-0-399-15439-3"}]},{"reference":"Goulden, Joseph (2012), \"Disinformation (dezinformatsiya)\", The Dictionary of Espionage: Spyspeak into English, Dover Military History, Weapons, Armor, Dover Publications, p. 64, ISBN 978-0-486-48348-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-48348-1","url_text":"978-0-486-48348-1"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Loch K., ed. (2012), \"Counterintelligence as Disinformation Operations\", The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence, Oxford Handbooks, Oxford University Press, pp. 548–550, ISBN 978-0-19-992947-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992947-4","url_text":"978-0-19-992947-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Foster
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Robert D. Foster
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["1 Early life","2 Latter Day Saint movement","3 Nauvoo Expositor and death of Joseph Smith","4 Later life","5 References","6 External links"]
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American physician and early Latter Day Saint
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Robert D. Foster (14 March 1811 – 1 February 1878) was a 19th-century physician and an early member of the Latter Day Saint movement, being baptized into the Church of Christ (later renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) sometime before October 1839.
Early life
Foster was born in Braunston, England on March 14, 1811. He was the son of John Foster and Jane Knibb. He was the brother of Charles A. Foster. Foster married Sarah Phinney on July 18, 1837 at Medina County, Ohio. He and Phinney had two children: a son and a daughter. Foster was baptized into the Church of Christ, and, in October 1839, he was ordained to be an elder of the church while living in Nauvoo, Illinois.
Latter Day Saint movement
After joining the church, Foster accompanied Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, to Washington, D.C. in March 1840 to help "draft Senate Committee reports" on the Missouri redress issue. Foster was then mentioned by name in a revelation dated January 19, 1841, in which Joseph Smith states that Foster should build Smith a house in Nauvoo:
And again, verily I say unto you, if my servant Robert D. Foster will obey my voice, let him build a house for my servant Joseph, according to the contract which he has made with him, as the door shall be open to him from time to time.
And let him repent of all his folly, and clothe himself with charity; and cease to do evil, and lay aside all his hard speeches;
And pay stock also into the hands of the quorum of the Nauvoo House, for himself and for his generation after him, from generation to generation;
And hearken unto the counsel of my servants Joseph, and Hyrum, and William Law, and unto the authorities which I have called to lay the foundation of Zion;
Foster helped build and purchased stock in the resulting Mansion House.
Foster was appointed surgeon general in the Nauvoo Legion in March 1841 and he was a Regent of the University of Nauvoo from 1841 to 1844. He was also involved in the Nauvoo Masonic Lodge and the Nauvoo Agricultural and Manufacturing Association. Foster also served as Hancock County Magistrate.
In April 1843, Foster traveled to Tioga County, New York to serve a mission. However, after his return, he began to gamble and speak out against the church. Foster was excommunicated from the church on 18 April 1844, in Nauvoo for "immorality and apostacy" after Joseph Smith charged Foster with character defamation, lying, and endangering his life in the Nauvoo High Council. He was subsequently released from his position in the Nauvoo Legion.
Nauvoo Expositor and death of Joseph Smith
See also: Nauvoo Expositor and Death of Joseph Smith
After his excommunication, Foster became a publisher of the Nauvoo Expositor, which was critical of the church and Smith. Foster helped write the June 7, 1844 issue of the newspaper that led Smith to order the destruction of the press, leading to Smith's arrest and ultimately to his death. Foster had previously joined discussions in which the murder of Joseph Smith was planned, but never saw these efforts through himself. After Joseph and Hyrum Smith were shot and killed at Carthage Jail, Foster was "charged and acquitted of their murder." In a conversation with Abraham Hodge, Foster expressed regret at having played a hand in Joseph's and Hyrum's deaths.
Additionally, there is evidence that Smith may have propositioned Foster's wife to become one of Smith's plural wives, but was turned down. Foster's wife denied this claim multiple times, and only admitted it when he held a gun to her head.
Foster was an apostle in the church formed by First Presidency member William Law.
Later life
In 1850, Foster moved to Canandaigua, New York and worked there as a physician. In 1860, he moved to Loda, Illinois, where he died on February 1, 1878. He was 67 years old.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Foster, Robert D. – Biography". The Joseph Smith Papers. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
^ a b Church History Department of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. "Robert D. Foster". www.churchhistorianspress.org. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
^ "Uncle Dale's Old Mormon Articles: Sangamo Journal (1844)". www.sidneyrigdon.com.
^ a b c d e f g McCune, George M. (1991). Personalities in the Doctrine and Covenants and Joseph Smith–History. Salt Lake City, Utah: Hawkes Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 9780890365182.
^ a b c "BYU Studies - Biographical Registers". Byustudies.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
^ Doctrine and Covenants 124:115.
^ a b c d e Black, Susan Easton. "Robert D. Foster". Doctrine and Covenants Central. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
^ a b "Polygamy, Persecution And Power" Archived 12 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Salt Lake Tribune, June 16, 1996, paragraph 16, 17
^ Ostlings, 14.
^ On the legal issues, see Edwin Brown Firmage and Richard Collin Mangrum, Zion in the Courts: A Legal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1830–1900 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988) pp. 106–13.
External links
Robert D. Foster legal documents, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Robert D. Foster affidavit, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Hancock County (Ill.) court summons (signed by Robert D. Foster acting as Justice of the Peace), L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latter Day Saint movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement"},{"link_name":"Church of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSpapers-1"}],"text":"Robert D. Foster (14 March 1811 – 1 February 1878) was a 19th-century physician and an early member of the Latter Day Saint movement, being baptized into the Church of Christ (later renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) sometime before October 1839.[1]","title":"Robert D. Foster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Braunston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSpapers-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Foster_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Medina County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSpapers-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Church of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"Nauvoo, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSpapers-1"}],"text":"Foster was born in Braunston, England on March 14, 1811.[1] He was the son of John Foster and Jane Knibb.[2] He was the brother of Charles A. Foster.[3] Foster married Sarah Phinney on July 18, 1837 at Medina County, Ohio.[1] He and Phinney had two children: a son and a daughter.[4] Foster was baptized into the Church of Christ, and, in October 1839, he was ordained to be an elder of the church while living in Nauvoo, Illinois.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith"},{"link_name":"Latter Day Saint movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSpapers-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mansion House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Mansion_House"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Nauvoo Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion"},{"link_name":"University of Nauvoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nauvoo"},{"link_name":"Masonic Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_lodge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSpapers-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Hancock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Tioga County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"excommunicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicated"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSpapers-1"},{"link_name":"apostacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"High Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_council_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"After joining the church, Foster accompanied Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, to Washington, D.C. in March 1840 to help \"draft Senate Committee reports\"[4] on the Missouri redress issue.[5] Foster was then mentioned by name in a revelation dated January 19, 1841, in which Joseph Smith states that Foster should build Smith a house in Nauvoo:[1][6]And again, verily I say unto you, if my servant Robert D. Foster will obey my voice, let him build a house for my servant Joseph, according to the contract which he has made with him, as the door shall be open to him from time to time.\nAnd let him repent of all his folly, and clothe himself with charity; and cease to do evil, and lay aside all his hard speeches;\nAnd pay stock also into the hands of the quorum of the Nauvoo House, for himself and for his generation after him, from generation to generation;\n\nAnd hearken unto the counsel of my servants Joseph, and Hyrum, and William Law, and unto the authorities which I have called to lay the foundation of Zion;Foster helped build and purchased stock in the resulting Mansion House.[7]Foster was appointed surgeon general in the Nauvoo Legion in March 1841 and he was a Regent of the University of Nauvoo from 1841 to 1844. He was also involved in the Nauvoo Masonic Lodge[1] and the Nauvoo Agricultural and Manufacturing Association.[5] Foster also served as Hancock County Magistrate.[4]In April 1843, Foster traveled to Tioga County, New York to serve a mission. However, after his return, he began to gamble and speak out against the church.[4] Foster was excommunicated from the church on 18 April 1844, in Nauvoo[1] for \"immorality and apostacy\"[4] after Joseph Smith charged Foster with character defamation, lying, and endangering his life in the Nauvoo High Council.[7] He was subsequently released from his position in the Nauvoo Legion.[4]","title":"Latter Day Saint movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nauvoo Expositor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauvoo_Expositor"},{"link_name":"Death of Joseph Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith"},{"link_name":"Nauvoo Expositor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauvoo_Expositor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSpapers-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96Trib-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"his death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96Trib-8"},{"link_name":"Carthage Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage_Jail"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"plural wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_marriage"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints"},{"link_name":"First Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Presidency"},{"link_name":"William Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Law_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSpapers-1"}],"text":"See also: Nauvoo Expositor and Death of Joseph SmithAfter his excommunication, Foster became a publisher of the Nauvoo Expositor,[1] which was critical of the church and Smith.[8] Foster helped write the June 7, 1844 issue of the newspaper[4] that led Smith to order the destruction of the press, leading to Smith's arrest and ultimately to his death.[8] Foster had previously joined discussions in which the murder of Joseph Smith was planned, but never saw these efforts through himself. After Joseph and Hyrum Smith were shot and killed at Carthage Jail, Foster was \"charged and acquitted of their murder.\"[7] In a conversation with Abraham Hodge, Foster expressed regret at having played a hand in Joseph's and Hyrum's deaths.[7]Additionally, there is evidence that Smith may have propositioned Foster's wife to become one of Smith's plural wives, but was turned down. Foster's wife denied this claim multiple times, and only admitted it when he[who?] held a gun to her head.[9][10]Foster was an apostle in the church formed by First Presidency member William Law.[1]","title":"Nauvoo Expositor and death of Joseph Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canandaigua, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canandaigua,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Loda, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loda,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSpapers-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"}],"text":"In 1850, Foster moved to Canandaigua, New York and worked there as a physician.[5] In 1860, he moved to Loda, Illinois,[1] where he died on February 1, 1878.[2] He was 67 years old.[7]","title":"Later life"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Foster, Robert D. – Biography\". The Joseph Smith Papers. Retrieved 5 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://josephsmithpapers.org/person/robert-d-foster","url_text":"\"Foster, Robert D. – Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joseph_Smith_Papers","url_text":"The Joseph Smith Papers"}]},{"reference":"Church History Department of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. \"Robert D. Foster\". www.churchhistorianspress.org. Retrieved 8 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchhistorianspress.org/the-first-fifty-years-of-relief-society/people/robert-d-foster?letter=F&lang=eng","url_text":"\"Robert D. Foster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uncle Dale's Old Mormon Articles: Sangamo Journal (1844)\". www.sidneyrigdon.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/sang1844.htm","url_text":"\"Uncle Dale's Old Mormon Articles: Sangamo Journal (1844)\""}]},{"reference":"McCune, George M. (1991). Personalities in the Doctrine and Covenants and Joseph Smith–History. Salt Lake City, Utah: Hawkes Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 9780890365182.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8wvlAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Personalities in the Doctrine and Covenants and Joseph Smith–History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780890365182","url_text":"9780890365182"}]},{"reference":"\"BYU Studies - Biographical Registers\". Byustudies.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131003044629/https://byustudies.byu.edu/Resources/BioAlpha/MBRegisterF.aspx","url_text":"\"BYU Studies - Biographical Registers\""},{"url":"https://byustudies.byu.edu/Resources/BioAlpha/MBRegisterF.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Black, Susan Easton. \"Robert D. Foster\". Doctrine and Covenants Central. Retrieved 8 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://doctrineandcovenantscentral.org/people-of-the-dc/robert-d-foster/#f1","url_text":"\"Robert D. Foster\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Entertainment
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Entertainment (2014 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Cameo appearance","3 Production","4 Music","5 Marketing","6 Release","7 Reception","7.1 Critical response","7.2 Box office","8 References","9 External links"]
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2014 Hindi film directed by Sajid-Farhad
EntertainmentDirected bySajid-FarhadWritten bySajid-FarhadStory byK. SubhashProduced byRamesh S. TauraniStarring
Akshay Kumar
Tamannaah Bhatia
Mithun Chakraborty
Sonu Sood
Krushna Abhishek
Johnny Lever
Prakash Raj
CinematographyManoj SoniEdited bySteven H. BernardMusic by
Sachin–Jigar (songs, background score)
White Noise Productions (background score)
ProductioncompanyTips IndustriesDistributed byPen StudiosRelease date
8 August 2014 (2014-08-08)
Running time145 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageHindiBudget₹88 croreBox office₹115.93 crore
Entertainment is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film written and directed by screenwriter duo Sajid-Farhad and produced by Ramesh S. Taurani under Tips Industries Limited banner. Based on an original story by K. Subash, the film stars Junior – The wonder dog as the titular protagonist and Akshay Kumar, along with Tamannaah Bhatia, Mithun Chakraborty, Sonu Sood, Krushna Abhishek, Johnny Lever and Prakash Raj.The film's music was composed by Sachin–Jigar, with cinematography by Manoj Soni and editing by Steven H. Bernard.
Entertainment was released theatrically worldwide on 8 August 2014. The film received mixed reviews and grossed ₹115.93 crore at the box office against a budget of ₹88 crore, falling short of breaking even.
Plot
The film starts with Akhil Lokhande getting paid for doing an ad, where he gets into a fight, as he wasn't paid the full amount of money that they had promised. This continues with a few other assignments, where Akhil constantly gets underpaid, resulting in a fight, ends the fight when he gets a phone call, and says he has to go somewhere. He then arrives on a shoot where Saakshi is shooting for her television series. After her shoot lets out, they go for a walk around the park, observing other couples. At the end of their walk, Akhil proposes to Saakshi. Akhil and Saakshi go to her father's house, where they are told that until Akhil becomes rich, he can't marry Saakshi.
Akhil goes to his film-obsessed friend, Jugnu's shop. He tells him that he is going to visit his father at the hospital because he has chest pain. However, his father Mr. Lokhande, is actually acting and is dancing around with the nurse, only staying in the hospital because it has service like a 5-star hotel. Akhil arrives just in time to hear and see this, and goes to beat up Mr. Lokhande when he reveals that Akhil is adopted and his real father wasn't ready for a child so his mother left, but was killed in a train crash. Luckily Akhil survived, and when the railway officers were giving one lakh rupees for the families who are even one member dies, he adopted Akhil to claim the compensation. Akhil, in a fit of rage, beats him up. He goes back to his house, and opens the chest that he never had before, which contains love letters from his real father, to his mother, and a locket with his father and mother's pictures. He discovers that his father is Pannalal Johri who is a billionaire in Bangkok. Right as he finds this, on the television comes news that Pannalal Johri is dead and his 30 billion's($480,000,000 in 2014) will go to anyone who can prove that they are related to Pannalal Johri.
After arriving at his father's house at Bangkok, Pannalal Johri's lawyer tells Akhil that a dog named 'Entertainment' is the owner of Johri's property, and is actually Johri's pet dog. He relays this to Jugnu, and they try to kill Entertainment, by having Akhil become Entertainment's caretaker, but fail. Saakshi and her father surprise Akhil at the mansion, and discover that Entertainment is the heir, causing the father to declare that Saakshi will never marry Akhil. At this time 2 brothers, Karan Johri and Arjun Johri, the 2nd cousins of Johri, escape jail. Karan and Arjun want to kill Akhil, because they figure that the dog will die in a couple of years anyway, and thus while Akhil is attempting to kill Entertainment, they do the same to Akhil by drowning him under a thinly iced lake. Karan and Arjun hit the ground at the same time as Akhil causing him to nearly fall in, but Entertainment saves the former, and falls into the lake instead. After a lot of efforts, Akhil fails to save Entertainment but he comes out of the water and survives. Akhil realizes his mistake and learns that Entertainment is a good hearted dog so he becomes his friend and leaves the mansion. Karan and Arjun, citing their legal connections very well, inappropriately acquire the property from Entertainment.
Akhil learns this news and returns. He vows that he'll get the property back for Entertainment. Akhil's strategy is to divide the two brothers and conquer. He manages to get a job as a servant at the mansion, now owned by Karan and Arjun. Akhil attempts to split the two brothers, first by introducing Saakshi who pretends to love the two brothers separately. However, the scheme fails. Akhil again attempts trying to split the two brothers, this time by introducing a false impression of a ghost of Entertainment the dog. The two brothers quarrel and accuse each other of illegally disguising as Entertainment and having tricked the other. Akhil's friends tape this conversation in a CD slyly, however, the CD drops accidentally and Karan and Arjun realize that all this was planned by Akhil.
Entertainment runs with the CD. Karan, Arjun and their gang chase the dog, Akhil, and his friends. Akhil manages to beat them all. Later, Karan shoots Akhil, but Entertainment takes the bullet by jumping in front of Akhil. Akhil gets angry and beats up Karan and Arjun black and blue.
Entertainment is taken to the hospital but is unable to come back to life. Akhil, in a fit of anger, punches him but at this process, he had saved him. Karan and Arjun come to apologize to Entertainment, who forgives them. Saakshi's father gets Akhil and Saakshi married while Entertainment also marries a female dog in the same ceremony. The film concludes by showing Mr and Mrs Johri living happily with Mr and Mrs Entertainment, along with their children. At the end, the film delivers a social message: Love your pets, and they will entertain you all your life.
Cast
Akshay Kumar as Akhil Lokhande / Akhil Johari, Pannalal's biological son and Mr. Lokhande's adoptive son
Tamannaah Bhatia as Saakshi
Mithun Chakraborty as Saakshi's father
Sonu Sood as Arjun Singh Johari, Pannalal's nephew
Krushna Abhishek as Jugnu
Johnny Lever as Habbibullah, Pannalal's lawyer
Prakash Raj as Karan Singh Johari, Pannalal's nephew
Cameo appearance
Dalip Tahil as Pannalal Johari, Akhil's biological father
Riteish Deshmukh as TV host
Shreyas Talpade as cricketer
Remo D'Souza as a choreographer
Vrajesh Hirjee as wannabe groom
Darshan Jariwala as Mr. Lokhande, Akhil's adoptive father
Hiten Tejwani as the show actor
Sajid-Farhad as commentators
Yo Yo Honey Singh as Akhil's sidekick
Kashmera Shah as Jugnu's bride
Production
In February 2013, Ramesh S. Taurani announced a film starring Akshay Kumar and directed by Sajid-Farhad. Tamannaah Bhatia was confirmed as female lead in the following month. In April, Taurani confirmed that Sonu Sood and Prakash Raj will be playing the antagonists, with Johnny Lever in key role. The film was tentatively titled Entertainment. In an interview, Sajid-Farhad said that Kumar had motivated them to start their directing career and they had prepared the script for their directorial venture a long time ago. Shooting started on 3 June 2013 in Mumbai, where the mahurat shot was filmed. Television actor Hiten Tejwani also made a special appearance as a TV presenter. An audition was conducted in Bangkok for the role of the dog, Entertainment. A Golden Retriever named Wonder Dog was chosen from a total of 50 dogs to play the role. In June 2013, the producers, directors and Kumar discussed about shooting locations. Kumar expressed his wish to shoot the film in Bangkok, where he had worked as a waiter and trained in martial arts. The finalised locations included Baanpradhana Bungalow in Ongkuruk, Asiatique Mall, Ancient City, Bangkok University and Ongkuruk Railway Station.
On 1 July, shooting started in Bangkok for a three-month-long schedule, during which 80% of the film was shot. The remaining 10% of the film was shot in Mumbai, with one song in Goa during late 2013. The shooting was wrapped up in April 2014. A few songs and an item number were shot in Mumbai. During the film's censoring process, the Indian Censor Board objected to the name Abdullah for Johnny Lever's character, citing its sacred nature and frequent mispronunciations in the film, which could offend religious sentiments. Consequently, Sajid-Farhad changed the character's name to Habibullah a week before the film's release. The Board also objected to a joke involving the word HIV, leading to its removal from the film. Additionally, Kumar's character using a trident was objected to, resulting in the removal of the scene.
Music
EntertainmentSoundtrack album by Sachin–JigarReleased2014Length19:13LabelTips Industries LimitedProducerRamesh S. TauraniSachin–Jigar chronology
Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania(2014)
Entertainment(2014)
Bey Yaar(2014)
The soundtrack is composed by Sachin–Jigar, with their new A&R platform White Noise Productions, including only the duo at that point, composing the background score. This marked the first time the duo worked with Kumar. The song "Teri Mahima Aprampar" was taken from the Telugu film D for Dopidi. Kumar also sang one of the tracks of the film. The YouTube link of the making of the song was uploaded on Twitter.
The party single "Johnny Johnny" was released first. Based on a nursery rhyme, the song featured Kumar lip-synching to a female voice. The directors said about the song "...in a small subtle way, we are showing our support for women empowerment". Sunitra Pacheco of The Indian Express said that it had "all the ingredients to become a new party anthem". In a review for Rediff.com Joginder Tuteja said that the film's music "is entertaining, providing good fun at a frantic pace." He called "Veerey Di Wedding" "an infectious number" and praised Mika's voice. About the song "Johnny Johnny", he said, "it has addictive beats that get you hooked at the first listening" and praised the lyrics and singers. He added that the song "will be played for many months, till the next New Year party at least."
Track ListingNo.TitleLyricsArtist(s)Length1."Johnny Johnny"Mayur PuriJigar Saraiya, Priya Panchal & Madhav Krishna3:382."Tera Naam Doon"Priya SaraiyaAtif Aslam & Shalmali Kholgade4:443."Veerey Di Wedding"Mayur PuriMika Singh3:344."Teri Mahima Aprampar"Ashish PanditUdit Narayan, Sachin–Jigar & Anushka Manchanda3:455."Nahi Woh Saamne"Priya SaraiyaAtif Aslam1:486."Veerey Di Wedding (Remix)"Mayur PuriMika Singh3:377."Johnny Johnny (Remix)"Mayur PuriMika Singh3:38
Marketing
Previously titled It's Entertainment, the teaser trailer for the film was unveiled on 14 May 2014, with the theatrical trailer following on 19 May. Politician and animal rights activist Maneka Gandhi was the chief guest at the trailer launch ceremony. Initially, the producers intended to title the film Entertainment, but this was already registered for another upcoming film by Amole Gupte. However, in July 2014, Gupte donated the title to Sajid-Farhad as a friendly gesture. Akshay Kumar decided that the credit for the dog Junior should appear before his own. Some fraudsters released a poster of the film and falsely invited people to attend the music launch at Birla Matoshree. Producer Taurani issued a warning about these fraudulent posters. The film's satellite rights were sold to Zee TV for approximately ₹100 crore.
Release
Entertainment was theatrically released worldwide on 2850 screens on 8 August 2014.
Reception
Critical response
The film received mixed reviews from critics.
Meena Iyer of The Times of India praised the film's humour, Kumar's performance and his chemistry with Junior, especially in comic scenes. She stated that though the dog was not a good actor yet "his eyes can melt your heart." She said that the directors could have kept the film "tight". Mihir Fadnavis of Firstpost called it a "sheer genius" and said that it was Kumar's funniest film since Hera Pheri. He wrote that the film satirised all of the Sajid-Farhad films and took "potshots at everything that is wrong with desi cinema and television." He also appreciated the scene transitions and called it "technically great." Hindustan Times's Sweta Kaushal criticised the screenplay, Kumar and Prakash Raj's acting. She said that Bhatia " have much to do" and Chakraborty did not have much screenspace. However, she praised Abhishek's comedy and said that it was the " bright spark in the film." She concluded her review by saying that the film was neither a "great piece of art" nor entertaining.
Prior to the film's release, Hindustan Times published an article titled Four reasons why you shouldn't waste your time on Entertainment and criticised the film's story, songs and dialogues. Shubha Shetty-Saha of Mid-Day wrote "Entertainment pleasantly surprises with its delightful absurdity and sure gets you roaring with laughter at several points." She called it a child friendly film and appreciated the dialogues and the performance given by the actors. However, Saha stated that the pace of the film's second half was slowed down by the excessive melodrama. Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express wrote, " is the film which misses the point entirely : it is dull and loud, with a brow so lowered that it reaches the floor." She also criticised the film's story and dialogues. Rohit Khilnani of India Today appreciated Kumar, Bhatia and Lever's performance and wrote that the rest of the cast was wasted. He criticised the plot and called it "senseless and full of loopholes."
Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com wrote "Entertainment is unapologetically filmi in its trappings, treatment, thought." She further wrote that the film was "mostly a garrulous, occasionally comical farce that intermittently serves as reminder that in the search of "entertainment, entertainment, entertainment" one can always rely on the delightfully loony Johnny Lever." Gayatri Sankar of Zee News called Kumar's acting one of the best comic performances he had given so far. She also appreciated the film's screenplay, cinematography, dialogues and the actor's portrayal of their respective characters. She wrote that a few of the songs could have been removed and the directors had succeeded in giving the message of treating "animals with respect and love". Writing for CNN-IBN, Rajeev Masand termed the film's humour repetitive and lazy. He criticised the film's story but appreciated Lever's performance by calling him "the single saving grace in this overcooked, misguided comedy". In his review for Bollywood Hungama, critic Taran Adarsh praised the humorous writing and the comedic acting talents of the actors. He called the film "a joy ride that lives up to its title." However, Daily News and Analysis called it a commercial failure and Tamannaah Bhatia's third disaster in a row.
Box office
Entertainment earned approximately ₹11 crore on its first day at the box office and grossed ₹56.50 crore in its first week. The film collected a total of ₹115.93 crore during its theatrical run.
References
^ a b c "Entertainment – Movie – Box Office India". Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ a b Hungama, Bollywood (5 January 2024). "Entertainment Box Office Collection". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
^ Sehgal, Geety (22 August 2014). "Tamannaah, a television serial actress, in It's Entertainment and a VJ in Humshakals". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
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^ Bollywood Hungama News Network (23 April 2013). "Akshay Kumar to battle Sonu Sood and Prakash Raj in Ramesh Taurani's next". The Indian Express. New Delhi: Indian Express Limited. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
^ Sahgal, Geety (5 May 2013). "Akshay Kumar's next tentatively titled 'Entertainment'". The Indian Express. Mumbai: Indian Express Limited. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
^ Indo-Asian News Service (17 June 2013). "Akshay Kumar is our godfather, says Sajid-Farhad". Mumbai: CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
^ Bollywood Hungama News Network (17 April 2013). "Akshay Kumar, Tamannaah Bhatia start shooting for Sajid-Farhan's film from July 1". The Indian Express. Mumbai: Indian Express Limited. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
^ KBR, Upala (5 June 2013). "All the best: Rohit Shetty". Daily News and Analysis. Diligent Media Corporation. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
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^ "'Entertainment' box office collections hit Rs 60 cr, Akshay Kumar continues to cruise". The Financial Express. Mumbai: Indian Express Limited. 16 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
External links
Entertainment at IMDb
Entertainment at Bollywood Hungama
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"action comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Sajid-Farhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid-Farhad"},{"link_name":"Tips Industries Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tips_Industries_Limited"},{"link_name":"K. Subash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Subash"},{"link_name":"Akshay Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Tamannaah Bhatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamannaah_Bhatia"},{"link_name":"Mithun Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Sonu Sood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonu_Sood"},{"link_name":"Krushna Abhishek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krushna_Abhishek"},{"link_name":"Johnny Lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Lever"},{"link_name":"Prakash Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Raj"},{"link_name":"Sachin–Jigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin%E2%80%93Jigar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-budget-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Entertainment is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film written and directed by screenwriter duo Sajid-Farhad and produced by Ramesh S. Taurani under Tips Industries Limited banner. Based on an original story by K. Subash, the film stars Junior – The wonder dog as the titular protagonist and Akshay Kumar, along with Tamannaah Bhatia, Mithun Chakraborty, Sonu Sood, Krushna Abhishek, Johnny Lever and Prakash Raj.The film's music was composed by Sachin–Jigar, with cinematography by Manoj Soni and editing by Steven H. Bernard.[1]Entertainment was released theatrically worldwide on 8 August 2014. The film received mixed reviews and grossed ₹115.93 crore at the box office against a budget of ₹88 crore, falling short of breaking even.[3]","title":"Entertainment (2014 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The film starts with Akhil Lokhande getting paid for doing an ad, where he gets into a fight, as he wasn't paid the full amount of money that they had promised. This continues with a few other assignments, where Akhil constantly gets underpaid, resulting in a fight, ends the fight when he gets a phone call, and says he has to go somewhere. He then arrives on a shoot where Saakshi is shooting for her television series. After her shoot lets out, they go for a walk around the park, observing other couples. At the end of their walk, Akhil proposes to Saakshi. Akhil and Saakshi go to her father's house, where they are told that until Akhil becomes rich, he can't marry Saakshi.Akhil goes to his film-obsessed friend, Jugnu's shop. He tells him that he is going to visit his father at the hospital because he has chest pain. However, his father Mr. Lokhande, is actually acting and is dancing around with the nurse, only staying in the hospital because it has service like a 5-star hotel. Akhil arrives just in time to hear and see this, and goes to beat up Mr. Lokhande when he reveals that Akhil is adopted and his real father wasn't ready for a child so his mother left, but was killed in a train crash. Luckily Akhil survived, and when the railway officers were giving one lakh rupees for the families who are even one member dies, he adopted Akhil to claim the compensation. Akhil, in a fit of rage, beats him up. He goes back to his house, and opens the chest that he never had before, which contains love letters from his real father, to his mother, and a locket with his father and mother's pictures. He discovers that his father is Pannalal Johri who is a billionaire in Bangkok. Right as he finds this, on the television comes news that Pannalal Johri is dead and his 30 billion's($480,000,000 in 2014) will go to anyone who can prove that they are related to Pannalal Johri.After arriving at his father's house at Bangkok, Pannalal Johri's lawyer tells Akhil that a dog named 'Entertainment' is the owner of Johri's property, and is actually Johri's pet dog. He relays this to Jugnu, and they try to kill Entertainment, by having Akhil become Entertainment's caretaker, but fail. Saakshi and her father surprise Akhil at the mansion, and discover that Entertainment is the heir, causing the father to declare that Saakshi will never marry Akhil. At this time 2 brothers, Karan Johri and Arjun Johri, the 2nd cousins of Johri, escape jail. Karan and Arjun want to kill Akhil, because they figure that the dog will die in a couple of years anyway, and thus while Akhil is attempting to kill Entertainment, they do the same to Akhil by drowning him under a thinly iced lake. Karan and Arjun hit the ground at the same time as Akhil causing him to nearly fall in, but Entertainment saves the former, and falls into the lake instead. After a lot of efforts, Akhil fails to save Entertainment but he comes out of the water and survives. Akhil realizes his mistake and learns that Entertainment is a good hearted dog so he becomes his friend and leaves the mansion. Karan and Arjun, citing their legal connections very well, inappropriately acquire the property from Entertainment.Akhil learns this news and returns. He vows that he'll get the property back for Entertainment. Akhil's strategy is to divide the two brothers and conquer. He manages to get a job as a servant at the mansion, now owned by Karan and Arjun. Akhil attempts to split the two brothers, first by introducing Saakshi who pretends to love the two brothers separately. However, the scheme fails. Akhil again attempts trying to split the two brothers, this time by introducing a false impression of a ghost of Entertainment the dog. The two brothers quarrel and accuse each other of illegally disguising as Entertainment and having tricked the other. Akhil's friends tape this conversation in a CD slyly, however, the CD drops accidentally and Karan and Arjun realize that all this was planned by Akhil.Entertainment runs with the CD. Karan, Arjun and their gang chase the dog, Akhil, and his friends. Akhil manages to beat them all. Later, Karan shoots Akhil, but Entertainment takes the bullet by jumping in front of Akhil. Akhil gets angry and beats up Karan and Arjun black and blue.Entertainment is taken to the hospital but is unable to come back to life. Akhil, in a fit of anger, punches him but at this process, he had saved him. Karan and Arjun come to apologize to Entertainment, who forgives them. Saakshi's father gets Akhil and Saakshi married while Entertainment also marries a female dog in the same ceremony. The film concludes by showing Mr and Mrs Johri living happily with Mr and Mrs Entertainment, along with their children. At the end, the film delivers a social message: Love your pets, and they will entertain you all your life.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akshay Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Tamannaah Bhatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamannaah_Bhatia"},{"link_name":"Mithun Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithun_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Sonu Sood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonu_Sood"},{"link_name":"Krushna Abhishek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krushna_Abhishek"},{"link_name":"Johnny Lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Lever"},{"link_name":"Prakash Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Raj"}],"text":"Akshay Kumar as Akhil Lokhande / Akhil Johari, Pannalal's biological son and Mr. Lokhande's adoptive son\nTamannaah Bhatia as Saakshi\nMithun Chakraborty as Saakshi's father\nSonu Sood as Arjun Singh Johari, Pannalal's nephew\nKrushna Abhishek as Jugnu\nJohnny Lever as Habbibullah, Pannalal's lawyer\nPrakash Raj as Karan Singh Johari, Pannalal's nephew","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalip Tahil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalip_Tahil"},{"link_name":"Riteish Deshmukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riteish_Deshmukh"},{"link_name":"Shreyas Talpade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreyas_Talpade"},{"link_name":"Remo D'Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remo_D%27Souza"},{"link_name":"Vrajesh Hirjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrajesh_Hirjee"},{"link_name":"Darshan Jariwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darshan_Jariwala"},{"link_name":"Hiten Tejwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiten_Tejwani"},{"link_name":"Sajid-Farhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid-Farhad"},{"link_name":"Yo Yo Honey Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_Yo_Honey_Singh"},{"link_name":"Kashmera Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmera_Shah"}],"sub_title":"Cameo appearance","text":"Dalip Tahil as Pannalal Johari, Akhil's biological father\nRiteish Deshmukh as TV host\nShreyas Talpade as cricketer\nRemo D'Souza as a choreographer\nVrajesh Hirjee as wannabe groom\nDarshan Jariwala as Mr. Lokhande, Akhil's adoptive father\nHiten Tejwani as the show actor\nSajid-Farhad as commentators\nYo Yo Honey Singh as Akhil's sidekick\nKashmera Shah as Jugnu's bride","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akshay Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Sajid-Farhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid-Farhad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tamannaah Bhatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamannaah_Bhatia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sonu Sood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonu_Sood"},{"link_name":"Prakash Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Raj"},{"link_name":"Johnny Lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Lever"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hiten Tejwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiten_Tejwani"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Golden Retriever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Retriever"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"item number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_number"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In February 2013, Ramesh S. Taurani announced a film starring Akshay Kumar and directed by Sajid-Farhad.[4] Tamannaah Bhatia was confirmed as female lead in the following month.[5] In April, Taurani confirmed that Sonu Sood and Prakash Raj will be playing the antagonists, with Johnny Lever in key role.[6] The film was tentatively titled Entertainment.[7] In an interview, Sajid-Farhad said that Kumar had motivated them to start their directing career and they had prepared the script for their directorial venture a long time ago.[8][9] Shooting started on 3 June 2013 in Mumbai, where the mahurat shot was filmed.[10] Television actor Hiten Tejwani also made a special appearance as a TV presenter.[11] An audition was conducted in Bangkok for the role of the dog, Entertainment. A Golden Retriever named Wonder Dog was chosen from a total of 50 dogs to play the role.[12][13] In June 2013, the producers, directors and Kumar discussed about shooting locations. Kumar expressed his wish to shoot the film in Bangkok, where he had worked as a waiter and trained in martial arts. The finalised locations included Baanpradhana Bungalow in Ongkuruk, Asiatique Mall, Ancient City, Bangkok University and Ongkuruk Railway Station.[14][15]On 1 July, shooting started in Bangkok for a three-month-long schedule, during which 80% of the film was shot.[16] The remaining 10% of the film was shot in Mumbai, with one song in Goa during late 2013. The shooting was wrapped up in April 2014.[17][18] A few songs and an item number were shot in Mumbai.[19] During the film's censoring process, the Indian Censor Board objected to the name Abdullah for Johnny Lever's character, citing its sacred nature and frequent mispronunciations in the film, which could offend religious sentiments. Consequently, Sajid-Farhad changed the character's name to Habibullah a week before the film's release. The Board also objected to a joke involving the word HIV, leading to its removal from the film. Additionally, Kumar's character using a trident was objected to, resulting in the removal of the scene.[20]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sachin–Jigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin%E2%80%93Jigar"},{"link_name":"D for Dopidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_for_Dopidi"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Rediff.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mayur Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayur_Puri"},{"link_name":"Jigar Saraiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigar_Saraiya"},{"link_name":"Priya Panchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priya_Saraiya"},{"link_name":"Priya Saraiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priya_Saraiya"},{"link_name":"Atif Aslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atif_Aslam"},{"link_name":"Shalmali Kholgade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmali_Kholgade"},{"link_name":"Mika Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Singh"},{"link_name":"Udit Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udit_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Sachin–Jigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin%E2%80%93Jigar"},{"link_name":"Anushka Manchanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushka_Manchanda"},{"link_name":"Priya Saraiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priya_Saraiya"}],"text":"The soundtrack is composed by Sachin–Jigar, with their new A&R platform White Noise Productions, including only the duo at that point, composing the background score. This marked the first time the duo worked with Kumar. The song \"Teri Mahima Aprampar\" was taken from the Telugu film D for Dopidi. Kumar also sang one of the tracks of the film. The YouTube link of the making of the song was uploaded on Twitter.[21]The party single \"Johnny Johnny\" was released first. Based on a nursery rhyme, the song featured Kumar lip-synching to a female voice. The directors said about the song \"...in a small subtle way, we are showing our support for women empowerment\".[22] Sunitra Pacheco of The Indian Express said that it had \"all the ingredients to become a new party anthem\".[23] In a review for Rediff.com Joginder Tuteja said that the film's music \"is entertaining, providing good fun at a frantic pace.\" He called \"Veerey Di Wedding\" \"an infectious number\" and praised Mika's voice. About the song \"Johnny Johnny\", he said, \"it has addictive beats that get you hooked at the first listening\" and praised the lyrics and singers. He added that the song \"will be played for many months, till the next New Year party at least.\"[24]Track ListingNo.TitleLyricsArtist(s)Length1.\"Johnny Johnny\"Mayur PuriJigar Saraiya, Priya Panchal & Madhav Krishna3:382.\"Tera Naam Doon\"Priya SaraiyaAtif Aslam & Shalmali Kholgade4:443.\"Veerey Di Wedding\"Mayur PuriMika Singh3:344.\"Teri Mahima Aprampar\"Ashish PanditUdit Narayan, Sachin–Jigar & Anushka Manchanda3:455.\"Nahi Woh Saamne\"Priya SaraiyaAtif Aslam1:486.\"Veerey Di Wedding (Remix)\"Mayur PuriMika Singh3:377.\"Johnny Johnny (Remix)\"Mayur PuriMika Singh3:38","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Maneka Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneka_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Amole Gupte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amole_Gupte"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Zee TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_TV"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Previously titled It's Entertainment, the teaser trailer for the film was unveiled on 14 May 2014, with the theatrical trailer following on 19 May.[25][26] Politician and animal rights activist Maneka Gandhi was the chief guest at the trailer launch ceremony.[27] Initially, the producers intended to title the film Entertainment, but this was already registered for another upcoming film by Amole Gupte. However, in July 2014, Gupte donated the title to Sajid-Farhad as a friendly gesture.[28] Akshay Kumar decided that the credit for the dog Junior should appear before his own.[29] Some fraudsters released a poster of the film and falsely invited people to attend the music launch at Birla Matoshree. Producer Taurani issued a warning about these fraudulent posters.[30] The film's satellite rights were sold to Zee TV for approximately ₹100 crore.[31]","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-budget-1"}],"text":"Entertainment was theatrically released worldwide on 2850 screens on 8 August 2014.[1]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Firstpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firstpost"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Mid-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Day"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"India Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Rediff.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Zee News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_News"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"CNN-IBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN-IBN"},{"link_name":"Rajeev Masand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Masand"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Bollywood Hungama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama"},{"link_name":"Taran Adarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taran_Adarsh"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Daily News and Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"The film received mixed reviews from critics.Meena Iyer of The Times of India praised the film's humour, Kumar's performance and his chemistry with Junior, especially in comic scenes. She stated that though the dog was not a good actor yet \"his eyes can melt your heart.\" She said that the directors could have kept the film \"tight\".[32] Mihir Fadnavis of Firstpost called it a \"sheer genius\" and said that it was Kumar's funniest film since Hera Pheri. He wrote that the film satirised all of the Sajid-Farhad films and took \"potshots at everything that is wrong with desi cinema and television.\" He also appreciated the scene transitions and called it \"technically great.\"[33] Hindustan Times's Sweta Kaushal criticised the screenplay, Kumar and Prakash Raj's acting. She said that Bhatia \"[did not] have much to do\" and Chakraborty did not have much screenspace. However, she praised Abhishek's comedy and said that it was the \"[only] bright spark in the film.\" She concluded her review by saying that the film was neither a \"great piece of art\" nor entertaining.[34]Prior to the film's release, Hindustan Times published an article titled Four reasons why you shouldn't waste your time on Entertainment and criticised the film's story, songs and dialogues.[35] Shubha Shetty-Saha of Mid-Day wrote \"Entertainment pleasantly surprises with its delightful absurdity and sure gets you roaring with laughter at several points.\" She called it a child friendly film and appreciated the dialogues and the performance given by the actors. However, Saha stated that the pace of the film's second half was slowed down by the excessive melodrama.[36] Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express wrote, \"[Entertainment] is the film which misses the point entirely : it is dull and loud, with a brow so lowered that it reaches the floor.\" She also criticised the film's story and dialogues.[37] Rohit Khilnani of India Today appreciated Kumar, Bhatia and Lever's performance and wrote that the rest of the cast was wasted. He criticised the plot and called it \"senseless and full of loopholes.\"[38]Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com wrote \"Entertainment is unapologetically filmi in its trappings, treatment, thought.\" She further wrote that the film was \"mostly a garrulous, occasionally comical farce that intermittently serves as reminder that in the search of \"entertainment, entertainment, entertainment\" one can always rely on the delightfully loony Johnny Lever.\"[39] Gayatri Sankar of Zee News called Kumar's acting one of the best comic performances he had given so far. She also appreciated the film's screenplay, cinematography, dialogues and the actor's portrayal of their respective characters. She wrote that a few of the songs could have been removed and the directors had succeeded in giving the message of treating \"animals with respect and love\".[40] Writing for CNN-IBN, Rajeev Masand termed the film's humour repetitive and lazy. He criticised the film's story but appreciated Lever's performance by calling him \"the single saving grace in this overcooked, misguided comedy\".[41] In his review for Bollywood Hungama, critic Taran Adarsh praised the humorous writing and the comedic acting talents of the actors. He called the film \"a joy ride that lives up to its title.\"[42] However, Daily News and Analysis called it a commercial failure and Tamannaah Bhatia's third disaster in a row.[43]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boc-2"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Entertainment earned approximately ₹11 crore on its first day at the box office and grossed ₹56.50 crore in its first week.[44][45] The film collected a total of ₹115.93 crore during its theatrical run.[2]","title":"Reception"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Entertainment – Movie – Box Office India\". Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2288","url_text":"\"Entertainment – Movie – Box Office India\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161119094407/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2288","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hungama, Bollywood (5 January 2024). \"Entertainment Box Office Collection\". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/entertainment/box-office/","url_text":"\"Entertainment Box Office Collection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160803053256/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/600589","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sehgal, Geety (22 August 2014). \"Tamannaah, a television serial actress, in It's Entertainment and a VJ in Humshakals\". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150516022000/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/tamannaah-a-television-serial-actress-in-its-entertainment-and-a-vj-in-humshakals/","url_text":"\"Tamannaah, a television serial actress, in It's Entertainment and a VJ in Humshakals\""},{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/tamannaah-a-television-serial-actress-in-its-entertainment-and-a-vj-in-humshakals/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bollywood Hungama News Network (8 February 2013). \"Akshay's next to be directed by Sajid-Farhad\". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141231215359/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1711235/Akshays-next-to-be-directed-by-Sajid-Farhad","url_text":"\"Akshay's next to be directed by Sajid-Farhad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"},{"url":"http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1711235/Akshays-next-to-be-directed-by-Sajid-Farhad","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Press Trust of India (6 March 2013). \"Tamannaah to do a 'masala' entertainer with Akshay Kumar\". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. 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Pheri\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150106082536/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/entertainment-review-it-is-akshay-kumars-funniest-film-since-hera-pheri-1655673.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228114415/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-entertainment-fails-to-entertain/article1-1249700.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Movie review: Akshay Kumar's Entertainment is a film you can totally miss\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-entertainment-fails-to-entertain/article1-1249700.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228114407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/four-reasons-why-you-shouldn-t-waste-your-time-on-entertainment/article1-1249231.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Four reasons why you shouldn't waste your time on Entertainment\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/four-reasons-why-you-shouldn-t-waste-your-time-on-entertainment/article1-1249231.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-entertainment/15515188","external_links_name":"\"Movie Review: 'Entertainment'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228112957/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-entertainment/15515188","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/entertainment-movie-review-akshay-kumars-film-is-dull-and-loud/","external_links_name":"\"'Entertainment' movie review: Akshay Kumar's film is dull and loud\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209034756/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/entertainment-movie-review-akshay-kumars-film-is-dull-and-loud/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-entertainment-akshay-kuamr-tamannash-bhatia--sajid-farhad/1/376078.html","external_links_name":"\"Movie review: It's called Entertainment but only if that was enough!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228122327/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-entertainment-akshay-kuamr-tamannash-bhatia--sajid-farhad/1/376078.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-entertainment-is-a-comical-farce/20140808.htm","external_links_name":"\"Review: Entertainment is a comical farce\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228103446/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-entertainment-is-a-comical-farce/20140808.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/entertainment-review-simple-lighthearted-comedy-total-paisa-vasool_159736.html","external_links_name":"\"'Entertainment' review: Simple lighthearted comedy, total paisa vasool\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140809094303/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/entertainment-review-simple-lighthearted-comedy-total-paisa-vasool_159736.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140811171938/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/entertainment-review-the-humour-isnt-just-slapstick--its-also-repetitive-and-lazy/491077-47-84.html","external_links_name":"\"'Entertainment' review: The humour isn't just slapstick , it's also repetitive and lazy\""},{"Link":"http://ibnlive.in.com/news/entertainment-review-the-humour-isnt-just-slapstick--its-also-repetitive-and-lazy/491077-47-84.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131015020248/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/600589","external_links_name":"\"Entertainment (2014) : Hindi movie critic review by Taran Adarsh\""},{"Link":"http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/600589","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-akshay-kumar-s-entertainment-fails-to-weave-magic-at-the-box-office-2011191","external_links_name":"\"Akshay Kumar's 'Entertainment' fails to weave magic at the box 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Grist_(comics)
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Paul Grist (comics)
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["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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British comic creator
This biography of a living person includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Paul GristBorn (1960-09-09) 9 September 1960 (age 63)Sheffield, EnglandArea(s)Writer, ArtistNotable worksKane Jack Staff
Paul Grist (born 9 September 1960) is a British comic book creator, noted for his hard-boiled police series Kane and his unorthodox superhero series Jack Staff.
Biography
Grist was born in Sheffield. His first work was published in the 1980s by DC Thomson and Fleetway. His early work also includes St. Swithin's Day (written by Grant Morrison and published by Trident Comics), Grendel: Devil in Our Midst (written by Steven T. Seagle and published by Dark Horse Comics), and a Judge Dredd adventure, Kinky Boots, authored by Robbie Morrison.
He later founded his own publishing company, Dancing Elephant Press, under which Kane and Jack Staff were first published, but both titles later moved to Image Comics. He also published Burglar Bill under the Dancing Elephant umbrella (May–Nov. 2003, though it had partly appeared in an earlier form published by Trident Comics).
Grist's art is notable for its spare — sometimes stiff — style, heavy use of shadow, and inventive layouts. His writing is marked by a penchant for sudden cuts between events occurring in different time periods, without the gradual transitions common to the comic book medium. Following the structure of Grist's stories can be a challenge, but he provides subtle visual clues to aid the alert reader.
Bibliography
Comics work includes:
St. Swithin's Day (with Grant Morrison, Trident Comics, 1990) — originally appeared in black and white in Trident (Trident Comics' anthology title) issues #1-4. Trident collected and reprinted it in 1990 in colour. This edition quickly went out of print and for many years it remained out of print as Trident Comics had gone out of business in 1991. Later reprinted by Oni Press in 1998.
Insiders (with Mark Millar, in Crisis #55-59, 1991)
Judge Dredd: "Kinky Boots" (with Robbie Morrison, Judge Dredd Mega Special, 1993)
Kane (Dancing Elephant Press, 1993–present) collected as:
New Eden
Rabbit Hunt
Histories
Thirty Ninth
The Untouchable Rico Costas & Other Short Stories
Partners
Jack Staff (Image Comics, 2000–2011) collected as:
Everything Used to Be Black & White (352 pages, February 2004, ISBN 1-58240-335-X)
Soldiers (160 pages, November 2004, ISBN 1-58240-392-9)
Echoes Of Tomorrow (200 pages, January 2007, ISBN 1-58240-719-3)
Rocky Realities (224 pages, March 2010, ISBN 1-60706-148-1)
Rift War! (collected Rift War, 128 pages, June 2009, Titan Books, ISBN 1-84856-238-1):
"Part One"/"Part Two" (with Simon Furman, in Torchwood Magazine #3-4, 2008)
"Dark Times"/"Circles" (script and art, in Torchwood Magazine #7-8, 2008)
"The Calm Before"/"The Storm" (script and art, in Torchwood Magazine #11-12, 2008)
Mudman (Image Comics, 2011–2013)
Demon Nic (serialized in Judge Dredd Megazine #361-368, 2015-2016)
The Visitor: How & Why He Stayed (Dark Horse Comics, 2017)
The Union (script, art by Andrea Di Vito, Marvel Comics, 2020)
See also
British comics
Notes
^ Kamen, Matt. "Marvel's The Union is a grim metaphor for post-Brexit Britain". Wired UK.
^ Lambiek. "Paul Grist".
^ "Burglar Bill (Trident, 1990 Series)". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
^ Cereno, Benito (9 September 2016). "Celebrating the Ingenuity and Innovation of Paul Grist". ComicsAlliance.
References
Paul Grist at the Grand Comics Database
Paul Grist at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Paul Grist publications readyourselfraw
2000 AD profile
External links
The Paul Grist Comics Index
In-depth interview with Paul Grist at the Forbidden Planet International blog
Paul Grist interviewed by Sandman Magazine
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Other
SNAC
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic book creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_creator"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jack Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Staff"}],"text":"Paul Grist (born 9 September 1960) is a British comic book creator, noted for his hard-boiled police series Kane and his unorthodox superhero series Jack Staff.","title":"Paul Grist (comics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"DC Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._C._Thomson_%26_Co._Ltd"},{"link_name":"Fleetway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetway"},{"link_name":"St. Swithin's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Swithin%27s_Day_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Grant Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Trident Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_Comics"},{"link_name":"Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendel_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Steven T. Seagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_T._Seagle"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics"},{"link_name":"Judge Dredd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd"},{"link_name":"Robbie Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Dancing Elephant Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Elephant_Press"},{"link_name":"Image Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Comics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambiek-2"},{"link_name":"Burglar Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burglar_Bill_(comics)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trident Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_Comics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Grist was born in Sheffield.[1] His first work was published in the 1980s by DC Thomson and Fleetway. His early work also includes St. Swithin's Day (written by Grant Morrison and published by Trident Comics), Grendel: Devil in Our Midst (written by Steven T. Seagle and published by Dark Horse Comics), and a Judge Dredd adventure, Kinky Boots, authored by Robbie Morrison.He later founded his own publishing company, Dancing Elephant Press, under which Kane and Jack Staff were first published, but both titles later moved to Image Comics.[2] He also published Burglar Bill under the Dancing Elephant umbrella (May–Nov. 2003, though it had partly appeared in an earlier form published by Trident Comics).[3]Grist's art is notable for its spare — sometimes stiff — style, heavy use of shadow, and inventive layouts. His writing is marked by a penchant for sudden cuts between events occurring in different time periods, without the gradual transitions common to the comic book medium. Following the structure of Grist's stories can be a challenge, but he provides subtle visual clues to aid the alert reader.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Swithin's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Swithin%27s_Day_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Grant Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Trident Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_Comics"},{"link_name":"Trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_(UK_comics)"},{"link_name":"Oni Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni_Press"},{"link_name":"Insiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insiders_(Crisis)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mark Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Millar"},{"link_name":"Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_(Fleetway)"},{"link_name":"Judge Dredd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Dredd"},{"link_name":"Robbie Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Dancing Elephant Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Elephant_Press"},{"link_name":"Jack Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Staff"},{"link_name":"Image Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Comics"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58240-335-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58240-335-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58240-392-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58240-392-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58240-719-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58240-719-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-60706-148-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60706-148-1"},{"link_name":"Rift War!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_War"},{"link_name":"Titan Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84856-238-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84856-238-1"},{"link_name":"Simon Furman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Furman"},{"link_name":"Torchwood Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchwood_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Torchwood Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchwood_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Torchwood Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchwood_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Mudman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mudman_(comic)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Image Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Comics"},{"link_name":"Demon Nic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demon_Nic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Visitor: How & Why He Stayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Visitor:_How_%26_Why_He_Stayed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics"},{"link_name":"The Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Union_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Andrea Di Vito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Di_Vito"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"}],"text":"Comics work includes:St. Swithin's Day (with Grant Morrison, Trident Comics, 1990) — originally appeared in black and white in Trident (Trident Comics' anthology title) issues #1-4. Trident collected and reprinted it in 1990 in colour. This edition quickly went out of print and for many years it remained out of print as Trident Comics had gone out of business in 1991. Later reprinted by Oni Press in 1998.\nInsiders (with Mark Millar, in Crisis #55-59, 1991)\nJudge Dredd: \"Kinky Boots\" (with Robbie Morrison, Judge Dredd Mega Special, 1993)\nKane (Dancing Elephant Press, 1993–present) collected as:New Eden\nRabbit Hunt\nHistories\nThirty Ninth\nThe Untouchable Rico Costas & Other Short Stories\nPartnersJack Staff (Image Comics, 2000–2011) collected as:Everything Used to Be Black & White (352 pages, February 2004, ISBN 1-58240-335-X)\nSoldiers (160 pages, November 2004, ISBN 1-58240-392-9)\nEchoes Of Tomorrow (200 pages, January 2007, ISBN 1-58240-719-3)\nRocky Realities (224 pages, March 2010, ISBN 1-60706-148-1)Rift War! (collected Rift War, 128 pages, June 2009, Titan Books, ISBN 1-84856-238-1):\n\"Part One\"/\"Part Two\" (with Simon Furman, in Torchwood Magazine #3-4, 2008)\n\"Dark Times\"/\"Circles\" (script and art, in Torchwood Magazine #7-8, 2008)\n\"The Calm Before\"/\"The Storm\" (script and art, in Torchwood Magazine #11-12, 2008)\nMudman (Image Comics, 2011–2013)\nDemon Nic (serialized in Judge Dredd Megazine #361-368, 2015-2016)\nThe Visitor: How & Why He Stayed (Dark Horse Comics, 2017)\nThe Union (script, art by Andrea Di Vito, Marvel Comics, 2020)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Marvel's The Union is a grim metaphor for post-Brexit Britain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wired.co.uk/article/marvel-captain-britain-the-union"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lambiek_2-0"},{"link_name":"Lambiek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambiek"},{"link_name":"\"Paul Grist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lambiek.net/artists/g/grist_paul.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Burglar Bill (Trident, 1990 Series)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.comics.org/series/36071/"},{"link_name":"Grand Comics Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Celebrating the Ingenuity and Innovation of Paul Grist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//comicsalliance.com/tribute-paul-grist/"},{"link_name":"ComicsAlliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComicsAlliance"}],"text":"^ Kamen, Matt. \"Marvel's The Union is a grim metaphor for post-Brexit Britain\". Wired UK.\n\n^ Lambiek. \"Paul Grist\".\n\n^ \"Burglar Bill (Trident, 1990 Series)\". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved 8 September 2023.\n\n^ Cereno, Benito (9 September 2016). \"Celebrating the Ingenuity and Innovation of Paul Grist\". ComicsAlliance.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"British comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_comics"}]
|
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Shakir
|
Anthony Shakir
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Anthony Shakir" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Anthony "Shake" Shakir, who also uses the aliases Sequence 10 and Da Sampla, is an American techno producer, best known for his contributions to Detroit techno.
Shakir began producing in 1981, and worked with Detroit musicians such as Derrick May and Carl Craig for many of their early Metroplex releases. Shakir appeared under the name Sequence 10 on the Virgin Records compilation Techno: The New Dance Sound of Detroit.
While many of his peers on the Detroit scene have worked to increase their profile in Europe, Shakir never gravitated toward this scene, working more closely with the second wave of Detroit techno musicians such as Mike Banks and Claude Young. He formed the labels Frictional in 1995 and Puzzlebox in 1996, the latter with Keith Tucker.
Among Shakir's credits are remixes for Telex and Inner City, as well as co-production of the Urban Tribe's 1998 album for Mo Wax, The Collapse of Modern Culture.
References
^ a b Sean Cooper, Anthony "Shake" Shakir at Allmusic
^ Night Drive: A Bluffer's Guide to Detroit Techno Archived 2016-04-19 at the Wayback Machine. Stylus Magazine, March 7, 2006.
^ Tim Barr, Techno: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides, 2000.
External links
discography at Discogs
Anthony 'Shake' Shakir: Mr. Gone Is Back Again Interview at Resident Advisor
Detroit History: Anthony Shake Shakir A brief history of Anthony Shake Shakir at Detroit Techno Militia
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
2
Artists
MusicBrainz
2
3
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno"},{"link_name":"Detroit techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_techno"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Derrick May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_May_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Carl Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Craig"},{"link_name":"Metroplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroplex_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-1"},{"link_name":"Virgin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"Mike Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Banks_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Claude Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Young"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-1"},{"link_name":"Frictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frictional_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puzzlebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puzzlebox_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Telex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex_(band)"},{"link_name":"Inner City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_City_(band)"},{"link_name":"Urban Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Mo Wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Wax"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Anthony \"Shake\" Shakir, who also uses the aliases Sequence 10 and Da Sampla, is an American techno producer, best known for his contributions to Detroit techno.Shakir began producing in 1981, and worked with Detroit musicians such as Derrick May and Carl Craig for many of their early Metroplex releases.[1] Shakir appeared under the name Sequence 10 on the Virgin Records compilation Techno: The New Dance Sound of Detroit.While many of his peers on the Detroit scene have worked to increase their profile in Europe, Shakir never gravitated toward this scene, working more closely with the second wave of Detroit techno musicians such as Mike Banks and Claude Young.[1] He formed the labels Frictional in 1995 and Puzzlebox in 1996, the latter with Keith Tucker.[2]Among Shakir's credits are remixes for Telex and Inner City, as well as co-production of the Urban Tribe's 1998 album for Mo Wax, The Collapse of Modern Culture.[3]","title":"Anthony Shakir"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Bredesen
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Per Bredesen
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["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Personal life and death","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","4.2 International","5 References"]
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Norwegian footballer (1930–2022)
Per Bredesen
Bredesen in 1951Personal informationDate of birth
(1930-12-22)22 December 1930Place of birth
Horten, NorwayDate of death
3 October 2022(2022-10-03) (aged 91)Height
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s)
Inside rightYouth career
Ørn HortenSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1947–1952
Ørn Horten
49
(16)1952–1955
Lazio
93
(19)1955–1956
Udinese
34
(15)1956–1958
AC Milan
27
(6)1958–1959
Bari
21
(5)1959–1961
Messina
39
(5)1961–1962
Ørn Horten
13
(9)Total
276
(75)International career1949–1951
Norway
18
(7)Managerial career1963
Ørn Horten (player-manager)1969
Ørn Horten1970
Falk (player-manager)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Per Bredesen (22 December 1930 – 3 October 2022) was a Norwegian footballer. He played as an inside forward for a number of Italian clubs, and was one of the first Norwegian footballers to achieve success in a foreign league.
Club career
Bredesen began his career at his hometown team Ørn Horten in 1947 – only 16 years old, and quickly established himself as one of the league's most talented players.
In 1952, Bredesen became a professional when he was signed by Italian side Lazio. Because the Norwegian FA at the time allowed only amateur players to play for the national team, this move also ended Bredesen's international career.
Bredesen played three years at Lazio, and later played for Udinese, AC Milan, Bari and Messina. In 1957, as a member of Milan, he became the first – and to this date, the only – Norwegian to win the Scudetto. Overall, Bredesen played 214 matches in Italian football and scored 50 goals. In 1961 he left Italy and moved back to Norway, where he rejoined Ørn Horten. He played his last match for Ørn-Horten in 1969.
International career
Bredesen made his international debut against Yugoslavia as an 18-year-old in 1949, and marked the event by scoring a fine goal. Overall, Bredesen won 18 caps and scored seven goals for Norway. He was not selected for Norway after moving abroad, since the Norwegian FA had a strict rule of only using amateur footballers.
Personal life and death
Bredesen died on 3 October 2022, at the age of 91.
Career statistics
Club
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
Cup
Continental
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Ørn Horten
1947–48
Norgesserien
—
1948–49
Hovedserien
14
2
—
14
2
1949–50
14
2
—
14
2
1950–51
14
9
—
14
9
1951–52
7
3
—
7
3
Lazio
1952–53
Serie A
32
6
—
—
32
6
1953–54
32
6
—
—
32
6
1954–55
29
7
—
—
29
7
Total
93
19
0
0
0
0
39
19
Udinese
1955–56
Serie B
34
15
—
—
34
15
Milan
1956–57
Serie A
27
6
—
2
1
29
7
1957–58
0
0
4
1
2
0
6
1
Total
27
6
4
1
4
1
35
8
Bari
1958–59
Serie A
21
5
—
21
5
Messina
1959–60
Serie B
14
2
—
14
2
1960–61
25
3
—
25
3
Total
39
5
0
0
39
5
Ørn-Horten
1961–62
Hovedserien
13
9
—
13
9
Career total
276
75
4
1
4
1
284
77
^ Includes Norwegian Cup, Coppa Italia
^ Includes 1957 Latin Cup and 1957–58 European Cup
International
Appearances and goals by national team and year
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
Norway
1949
4
3
1950
6
2
1951
8
2
Total
18
7
Scores and results list Norway's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bredesen goal.
List of international goals scored by Per Bredesen
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
19 June 1949
Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway
Yugoslavia
1–0
1–3
Friendly
2
2 October 1949
Råsunda Stadium, Solna, Sweden
Sweden
1–0
3–3
1948–51 Nordic Football Championship
3
3–3
4
10 September 1950
Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway
Finland
1–0
4–1
1948–51 Nordic Football Championship
5
26 November 1950
Dalymount Park, Dublin, Ireland
Republic of Ireland
1–0
2–2
Friendly
6
16 August 1951
Helsinki Olympic Stadium, Helsinki, Finland
Finland
1–1
1–1
1948–51 Nordic Football Championship
7
30 September 1951
Gamla Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sweden
3–3
4–3
1948–51 Nordic Football Championship
References
^ a b c "Per Bredesen" (in Italian). Magliarossonera.it. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
^ a b Per Bredesen (in Norwegian). FK Ørn Horten. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
^ a b "Den glemte legenden" . Josimar (in Norwegian). 3 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
^ Thomas Søfting. Per Bredesen. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
^ "Per Bredesen er død". NRK. 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ a b Per Bredesen. EU-Football.info. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Amos
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Hart Amos
|
["1 Biography","2 Later in life","3 References","4 External links"]
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Australian cartoonist
Hart AmosBornHartley Vincent Amos(1916-12-02)2 December 1916Lindfield, New South Wales, AustraliaDied8 June 2000(2000-06-08) (aged 83)OccupationCartoonist, illustratorNationalityAustralianPeriod1945–1977
Hart Amos (2 December 1916 – 8 June 2000), was an Australian comic strip writer and artist.
Biography
Hartley Vincent Amos was born in Lindfield, New South Wales on 2 December 1916, the eldest son of an insurance company manager.
Amos attended Artarmon Public School and North Sydney Boys High School before joining the brewing firm of Tooth and Co. as a clerk in the firm's advertising department. In 1933 he enrolled at East Sydney Technical College where he studied life drawing and oil painting until the end of 1937. He was close friends with his cousin, Paul Brickhill (the best-selling author of The Great Escape, The Dam Busters, and Reach for the Sky) and Peter Finch (Academy Award winning actor).
Later in life
Due to the shortage of work Amos joined the army in 1938, enlisting as a signaller in the 7th Field Artillery but eventually becoming the unit’s camouflager, serving in New Guinea and Borneo, and obtaining the rank of Lieutenant, before he was discharged on 21 December 1945. Still wanting a career in the art world he sold cartoons to Rydges and Quiz before worked freelance for K.G. Murray Publishing Company. Amos' first assignment for K.G. Murray was to draw a full comic book, The Lost Patrol. The strip dealt with Australian soldiers fighting in New Guinea against the Japanese, for which he was able to call upon his own first-hand experience. Amos went on to produce a further series of comics, including The Moon Mirror, Stark, The Stoneage Man, Kidnap Cavern, Queen of the Green Men and Hurricane Hardy, at which time he was offered the job of illustrating the Devil Doone comic strip, written by Ron Carson-Gold, which appeared in the Man Junior Magazine. Devil Doone was a soldier of fortune strip that had previously been handled for a brief period by June Mendoza and Carl Lyon. Amos took over the strip in April 1946 and continued to draw the monthly strip for 44 issues until the middle of 1969. Devil Doone was also reprinted in comic book form. Writing in Cartoonists in Australia (View Productions, 1983), Amos recalled: "During all this time...I had not taken a holiday and was slipping into the trap of work overload. And one morning the trap snapped shut...I hit a psychological block and found I couldn't draw a damn thing! Frightened stiff, I had to quit Murray magazines and ease off from the pressure of publishing deadlines."
After leaving K.G. Murray, Amos was persuaded to take on the illustration work for John Dixon's comic strip, Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors. His first pages for Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors appeared in March 1970 with his last one published in June 1977, when he decided to retire from comic strip illustrations.
References
^ "AMOS, HARTLEY VINCENT : Service Number - NX116625". Army Service Records – World War II: 1939–45. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
^ John Ryan (1979). Panel By Panel: an Illustrated History of Australian Comics. Cassell. p. 210. ISBN 0-7269-7376-9.
^ "Metropolitan". The Sydney Morning Herald. NSW: National Library of Australia. 29 January 1936. p. 10. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ A Climax All Australian Comic. K.G. Murray Publishing Co. 1947. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ "Kidnap Cavern" plus "Swords in Spain". K.G. Murray. 1947. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ Gold, Ronald Carson; Amos, Hart (Illustrator) (1900). The Adventures of Devil Doone. Murray Publishing Co. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
^ Shiell, Annette, ed. (1998). Bonzer; Australian Comics 1900s - 1990s. Redhill, South Australia: Elgua Media. ISBN 1-876308-12-5.
External links
Unger, Ingrid; Shiell, Annette; Monash University. National Centre for Australian Studies (1994). ACE biographical portraits : the artists behind the comic book characters : the Australian comic book exhibition, Australian comics 1930s-1990s, touring Australia during 1995/96. National Centre for Australian Studies, Monash University. ISBN 978-0-7326-0829-3.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
Australian Artists
People
Trove
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hart Amos (2 December 1916 – 8 June 2000), was an Australian comic strip writer and artist.","title":"Hart Amos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lindfield, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindfield,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryan-2"},{"link_name":"North Sydney Boys High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sydney_Boys_High_School"},{"link_name":"Tooth and Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_and_Co."},{"link_name":"clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk"},{"link_name":"East Sydney Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Art_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paul Brickhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brickhill"},{"link_name":"The Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(book)"},{"link_name":"The Dam Busters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dam_Busters_(book)"},{"link_name":"Peter Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Finch"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"}],"text":"Hartley Vincent Amos was born in Lindfield, New South Wales on 2 December 1916,[1] the eldest son of an insurance company manager.[2]Amos attended Artarmon Public School and North Sydney Boys High School before joining the brewing firm of Tooth and Co. as a clerk in the firm's advertising department. In 1933 he enrolled at East Sydney Technical College where he studied life drawing and oil painting until the end of 1937.[3] He was close friends with his cousin, Paul Brickhill (the best-selling author of The Great Escape, The Dam Busters, and Reach for the Sky) and Peter Finch (Academy Award winning actor).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K.G. Murray Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.G._Murray_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"June Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dixon_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Hawk_and_the_Flying_Doctors"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonzer-7"}],"text":"Due to the shortage of work Amos joined the army in 1938, enlisting as a signaller in the 7th Field Artillery but eventually becoming the unit’s camouflager, serving in New Guinea and Borneo, and obtaining the rank of Lieutenant, before he was discharged on 21 December 1945. Still wanting a career in the art world he sold cartoons to Rydges and Quiz before worked freelance for K.G. Murray Publishing Company. Amos' first assignment for K.G. Murray was to draw a full comic book, The Lost Patrol. The strip dealt with Australian soldiers fighting in New Guinea against the Japanese, for which he was able to call upon his own first-hand experience. Amos went on to produce a further series of comics, including The Moon Mirror,[4] Stark, The Stoneage Man, Kidnap Cavern,[5] Queen of the Green Men and Hurricane Hardy, at which time he was offered the job of illustrating the Devil Doone comic strip, written by Ron Carson-Gold, which appeared in the Man Junior Magazine. Devil Doone was a soldier of fortune strip that had previously been handled for a brief period by June Mendoza and Carl Lyon. Amos took over the strip in April 1946 and continued to draw the monthly strip for 44 issues until the middle of 1969. Devil Doone was also reprinted in comic book form.[6] Writing in Cartoonists in Australia (View Productions, 1983), Amos recalled: \"During all this time...I had not taken a holiday and was slipping into the trap of work overload. And one morning the trap snapped shut...I hit a psychological block and found I couldn't draw a damn thing! Frightened stiff, I had to quit Murray magazines and ease off from the pressure of publishing deadlines.\"After leaving K.G. Murray, Amos was persuaded to take on the illustration work for John Dixon's comic strip, Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors. His first pages for Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors appeared in March 1970 with his last one published in June 1977,[7] when he decided to retire from comic strip illustrations.","title":"Later in life"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"AMOS, HARTLEY VINCENT : Service Number - NX116625\". Army Service Records – World War II: 1939–45. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 9 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/DetailsReports/ItemDetail.aspx?Barcode=5646503","url_text":"\"AMOS, HARTLEY VINCENT : Service Number - NX116625\""}]},{"reference":"John Ryan (1979). Panel By Panel: an Illustrated History of Australian Comics. Cassell. p. 210. ISBN 0-7269-7376-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7269-7376-9","url_text":"0-7269-7376-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Metropolitan\". The Sydney Morning Herald. NSW: National Library of Australia. 29 January 1936. p. 10. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17217727","url_text":"\"Metropolitan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"A Climax All Australian Comic. K.G. Murray Publishing Co. 1947. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/35925114","url_text":"A Climax All Australian Comic"}]},{"reference":"\"Kidnap Cavern\" plus \"Swords in Spain\". K.G. Murray. 1947. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/35930533","url_text":"\"Kidnap Cavern\" plus \"Swords in Spain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.G._Murray_Publishing_Company","url_text":"K.G. Murray"}]},{"reference":"Gold, Ronald Carson; Amos, Hart (Illustrator) (1900). The Adventures of Devil Doone. Murray Publishing Co. Retrieved 8 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8460994","url_text":"The Adventures of Devil Doone"}]},{"reference":"Shiell, Annette, ed. (1998). Bonzer; Australian Comics 1900s - 1990s. Redhill, South Australia: Elgua Media. ISBN 1-876308-12-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhill,_South_Australia","url_text":"Redhill, South Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876308-12-5","url_text":"1-876308-12-5"}]},{"reference":"Unger, Ingrid; Shiell, Annette; Monash University. National Centre for Australian Studies (1994). ACE biographical portraits : the artists behind the comic book characters : the Australian comic book exhibition, Australian comics 1930s-1990s, touring Australia during 1995/96. National Centre for Australian Studies, Monash University. ISBN 978-0-7326-0829-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7326-0829-3","url_text":"978-0-7326-0829-3"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/DetailsReports/ItemDetail.aspx?Barcode=5646503","external_links_name":"\"AMOS, HARTLEY VINCENT : Service Number - NX116625\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17217727","external_links_name":"\"Metropolitan\""},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/35925114","external_links_name":"A Climax All Australian Comic"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/35930533","external_links_name":"\"Kidnap Cavern\" plus \"Swords in Spain\""},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8460994","external_links_name":"The Adventures of Devil Doone"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7861153954881805680004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.daao.org.au/bio/hart-amos","external_links_name":"Australian Artists"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1487654","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-140_(UT)
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Utah State Route 140
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["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 References","5 External links"]
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Route map: Highway in Utah, USA
For the former highway, see Utah State Route 140 (1933-1969).
State Route 14014600 SouthRoute informationMaintained by UDOTLength0.936 mi (1,506 m)Existed1984–presentMajor junctionsWest end800 West in BluffdaleEast end I-15 / US 89 east of Bluffdale
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateUtah
Highway system
Utah State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Minor
Scenic
← SR-139→ SR-141
State Route 140 (SR-140) is a 0.936-mile (1.506 km) long state highway in the U.S. state of Utah. It runs from 800 West in Bluffdale to Interstate 15 (I-15).
Route description
SR-140 begins at an intersection with 800 West and 14600 South in Bluffdale, proceeding east on 14600 South. Following a crossing of the East Jordan Canal, there is an intersection with SR-131 at Porter Rockwell Boulevard. SR-140 then turns southeast to meet SR-287 (known as Pony Express Road), which serves the Utah State Prison. Shortly thereafter, there is a single-point urban interchange with I-15, where SR-140 ends. The road continues east as Highland Drive toward Draper. Just beyond the end of the state route, Highland Drive passes under a disused railroad viaduct, previously used by the Union Pacific Railroad, that is proposed for use by phase 2 of the TRAX Blue Line's Draper extension.
The highway is maintained by the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT), who is responsible for maintaining highways in Utah. As part of this role, they regularly survey traffic on their highways. These surveys are mostly presented in the form of annual average daily traffic, which is the number of vehicles that travel a road during an average day during the year. In 2009, UDOT calculated that approximately 3,920 vehicles used SR 140 daily. No part of the highway has been listed in the National Highway System, a system of roads important to the nation's economy, mobility, and defense.
The former western terminus of SR-140, as seen from SR-68 northbound
History
State Route 140, otherwise known as Bluffdale Road, was first designated as State Route 160 in 1933, renamed to State Route 161 in 1935, and deleted from the state highway system in 1953. In 1984, the route was once again added to the state highway system, this time as SR-140 (and in the process co-opted 0.18 miles (0.29 km) from the south end of SR-287).
In 2016, the segment of SR-140 west of 800 West was turned over to the city of Bluffdale. This was done in exchange for UDOT taking over the already-built segment of Porter Rockwell Boulevard as SR-131, with plans to build a bridge over the Jordan River to connect to SR-68 (Redwood Road).
Former eastbound SR-140 in Bluffdale
Prior to 2016, SR-140 began at an intersection with SR-68 in Bluffdale. It crossed the South Jordan Canal before turning south for about 0.3 miles (0.48 km). It then turned east again and crossed the Jordan River. After an intersection with Spring View Parkway within a residential area, it bumped slightly northward to cross over the Union Pacific Railroad and the FrontRunner commuter rail line. An area near this crossing was considered as a possible location for a FrontRunner station, but the Draper Station was built much further north. It passed a Sherwin-Williams building before entering a more commercial area.
Major intersections
The entire route is in Salt Lake County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Bluffdale0.0000.000800 WestWestern terminus
0.4570.735 SR-131 (Porter Rockwell Boulevard)
Bluffdale–Draper line0.7501.207 SR-287 (Pony Express Road)
Draper0.827–0.9361.331–1.506 I-15 (US-89)Eastern terminus, interchange
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
References
^ "State Route 140 highway reference". Utah Department of Transportation. October 20, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
^ a b c d "State Route 140 highway resolutions" (PDF). Utah Department of Transportation. September 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
^ Federal Highway Administration. "NBI Structure Number 0E2475". National Bridge Inventory. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
^ Federal Highway Administration. "NBI Structure Number 3F 207". National Bridge Inventory. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
^ Federal Highway Administration. "NBI Structure Number 1F 207". National Bridge Inventory. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
^ Google (April 11, 2011). "SR 140" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
^ Utah Department of Transportation (2009). "Traffic on Utah Highways" (PDF). p. 24. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
^ National Highway System: Salt Lake City, Utah (PDF) (Map). Federal Highway Administration. May 2005. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
^ Utah State Legislature (1933). "Chapter 30". Session Laws of Utah. (160) From Bluffdale on route 68 easterly to junction with route 1.
^ Utah State Legislature (1935). "Chapter 37: Designation of State Roads". Session Laws of Utah. Route 161. From Bluffdale on route 68 easterly to junction with route 1.
^ "State Route 161 highway resolutions" (PDF). Utah Department of Transportation. November 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Federal Highway Administration. "NBI Structure Number 0F 608". National Bridge Inventory. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
^ Federal Highway Administration. "NBI Structure Number 0C 779". National Bridge Inventory. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Utah State Route 140KML is not from Wikidata
Media related to Utah State Route 140 at Wikimedia Commons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utah State Route 140 (1933-1969)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Route_140_(1933-1969)"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Bluffdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluffdale,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_Utah"}],"text":"Highway in Utah, USAFor the former highway, see Utah State Route 140 (1933-1969).State Route 140 (SR-140) is a 0.936-mile (1.506 km) long state highway in the U.S. state of Utah. It runs from 800 West in Bluffdale to Interstate 15 (I-15).","title":"Utah State Route 140"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"SR-287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Route_287"},{"link_name":"Utah State Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Prison"},{"link_name":"single-point urban interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"TRAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAX_(light_rail)"},{"link_name":"Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(TRAX)"},{"link_name":"Utah Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"annual average daily traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_average_daily_traffic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northbound_SR-68_at_SR-140_in_Bluffdale.jpg"}],"text":"SR-140 begins at an intersection with 800 West and 14600 South in Bluffdale, proceeding east on 14600 South. Following a crossing of the East Jordan Canal,[3] there is an intersection with SR-131 at Porter Rockwell Boulevard. SR-140 then turns southeast to meet SR-287 (known as Pony Express Road), which serves the Utah State Prison. Shortly thereafter, there is a single-point urban interchange with I-15, where SR-140 ends.[4][5] The road continues east as Highland Drive toward Draper.[6] Just beyond the end of the state route, Highland Drive passes under a disused railroad viaduct, previously used by the Union Pacific Railroad, that is proposed for use by phase 2 of the TRAX Blue Line's Draper extension.The highway is maintained by the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT), who is responsible for maintaining highways in Utah. As part of this role, they regularly survey traffic on their highways. These surveys are mostly presented in the form of annual average daily traffic, which is the number of vehicles that travel a road during an average day during the year. In 2009, UDOT calculated that approximately 3,920 vehicles used SR 140 daily.[7] No part of the highway has been listed in the National Highway System, a system of roads important to the nation's economy, mobility, and defense.[8]The former western terminus of SR-140, as seen from SR-68 northbound","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resolutions-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160_resolution_1933-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161_resolution_1935-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161_resolutions-11"},{"link_name":"SR-287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-287_(UT)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resolutions-2"},{"link_name":"SR-131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Route_131"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River_(Utah)"},{"link_name":"SR-68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Route_68"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resolutions-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastbound_SR-140_in_Bluffdale.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"FrontRunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FrontRunner"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"Draper Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper_(UTA_station)"},{"link_name":"Sherwin-Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwin-Williams"}],"text":"State Route 140, otherwise known as Bluffdale Road,[2] was first designated as State Route 160 in 1933,[9] renamed to State Route 161 in 1935,[10] and deleted from the state highway system in 1953.[11] In 1984, the route was once again added to the state highway system, this time as SR-140 (and in the process co-opted 0.18 miles (0.29 km) from the south end of SR-287).[2]In 2016, the segment of SR-140 west of 800 West was turned over to the city of Bluffdale. This was done in exchange for UDOT taking over the already-built segment of Porter Rockwell Boulevard as SR-131, with plans to build a bridge over the Jordan River to connect to SR-68 (Redwood Road).[2]Former eastbound SR-140 in BluffdalePrior to 2016, SR-140 began at an intersection with SR-68 in Bluffdale. It crossed the South Jordan Canal before turning south for about 0.3 miles (0.48 km). It then turned east again and crossed the Jordan River.[12] After an intersection with Spring View Parkway within a residential area, it bumped slightly northward to cross over the Union Pacific Railroad[13] and the FrontRunner commuter rail line. An area near this crossing was considered as a possible location for a FrontRunner station, but the Draper Station was built much further north. It passed a Sherwin-Williams building before entering a more commercial area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salt Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_County,_Utah"}],"text":"The entire route is in Salt Lake County.","title":"Major intersections"}]
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[{"image_text":"The former western terminus of SR-140, as seen from SR-68 northbound","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Northbound_SR-68_at_SR-140_in_Bluffdale.jpg/220px-Northbound_SR-68_at_SR-140_in_Bluffdale.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former eastbound SR-140 in Bluffdale","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Eastbound_SR-140_in_Bluffdale.jpg/100px-Eastbound_SR-140_in_Bluffdale.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"State Route 140 highway reference\". Utah Department of Transportation. October 20, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=15524320144708652","url_text":"\"State Route 140 highway reference\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Utah Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"State Route 140 highway resolutions\" (PDF). Utah Department of Transportation. September 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=200609181646581","url_text":"\"State Route 140 highway resolutions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Utah Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Federal Highway Administration. \"NBI Structure Number 0E2475\". National Bridge Inventory. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://nationalbridges.com/","url_text":"\"NBI Structure Number 0E2475\""}]},{"reference":"Federal Highway Administration. \"NBI Structure Number 3F 207\". National Bridge Inventory. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://nationalbridges.com/","url_text":"\"NBI Structure Number 3F 207\""}]},{"reference":"Federal Highway Administration. \"NBI Structure Number 1F 207\". National Bridge Inventory. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://nationalbridges.com/","url_text":"\"NBI Structure Number 1F 207\""}]},{"reference":"Google (April 11, 2011). \"SR 140\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=W+14400+S&daddr=UT-140+E&hl=en&geocode=FYTSaQId-u5T-Q%3BFcG6aQIdWZFU-Q&mra=me&mrsp=1,0&sz=17&sll=40.484323,-111.896492&sspn=0.005761,0.009645&ie=UTF8&z=17","url_text":"\"SR 140\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Utah Department of Transportation (2009). \"Traffic on Utah Highways\" (PDF). p. 24. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=14052524249945136","url_text":"\"Traffic on Utah Highways\""}]},{"reference":"National Highway System: Salt Lake City, Utah (PDF) (Map). Federal Highway Administration. May 2005. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/nhs/maps/ut/saltlakecity_ut.pdf","url_text":"National Highway System: Salt Lake City, Utah"}]},{"reference":"Utah State Legislature (1933). \"Chapter 30\". Session Laws of Utah. (160) From Bluffdale on route 68 easterly to junction with route 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Legislature","url_text":"Utah State Legislature"}]},{"reference":"Utah State Legislature (1935). \"Chapter 37: Designation of State Roads\". Session Laws of Utah. Route 161. From Bluffdale on route 68 easterly to junction with route 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Legislature","url_text":"Utah State Legislature"}]},{"reference":"\"State Route 161 highway resolutions\" (PDF). Utah Department of Transportation. November 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=200609190933291","url_text":"\"State Route 161 highway resolutions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Utah Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Federal Highway Administration. \"NBI Structure Number 0F 608\". National Bridge Inventory. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"},{"url":"http://nationalbridges.com/","url_text":"\"NBI Structure Number 0F 608\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bridge_Inventory","url_text":"National Bridge Inventory"}]},{"reference":"Federal Highway Administration. \"NBI Structure Number 0C 779\". National Bridge Inventory. Retrieved April 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://nationalbridges.com/","url_text":"\"NBI Structure Number 0C 779\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Youth_Symphony
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New York Youth Symphony
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["1 Orchestra","2 Chamber music","3 Jazz Band","4 Composition","5 Alumni","6 Reviews","7 Controversy","8 References","9 External links"]
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American youth music organization
New York Youth SymphonyBackground informationOriginNew York, New York, United StatesGenresClassical, popular music, soundtrack, new-age, musical theatre, film scoreOccupationsSymphony orchestraYears active1963 – presentMembersExecutive DirectorShauna QuillMusic DirectorAndrew Jihong KimAssistant ConductorAdrian RogersConcertmasterAna Isabella EspañaOrchestra ManagerJennifer Ahn
Director of the Chamber Music ProgramLisa TiptonJazz Band DirectorMichael ThomasComposition DirectorKyle BlahaDirector of Artistic OperationsJeremiah AdrianoWebsitewww.nyys.orgNotable Alumni: Marin Alsop, Gerard Schwarz, Cho-Liang Lin
The New York Youth Symphony (NYYS), founded in 1963, is a music organization for the youth in New York City, widely reputed to be one of the best of its kind in the nation and world. Its programs include its flagship Orchestra, Chamber Music, Jazz, Apprentice Conducting, Composition, and Musical Theater Songwriting Programs. Its members range from 12 to 22 years of age. NYYS members are said to include the most talented young musicians in the New York metropolitan area. In 2023, the New York Youth Symphony won the Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards.
The NYYS is also a leader in classical music with its innovative commissioning program called First Music, established in 1984, in which young composers under the age of 30 are selected to write works for the programs. Commissions have included composers such as David Lang, Augusta Read Thomas, Julia Wolfe, and Aaron Jay Kernis.
Orchestra
The Orchestra Program, the flagship program of the NYYS, has had a tradition of seeking the best young orchestral talent in the New York area from ages 12 to 22. The New York Times wrote: "its players ... are sufficiently devoted to the music that when they perform at Carnegie Hall ... they produce a sound that would do an adult orchestra proud, in programs built largely of cornerstones of the standard canon."
The orchestra performs three concerts per year, each of which is performed at Carnegie Hall. The New York Times reported: "Its Carnegie Hall concerts are always ambitious and usually excellent". Each program usually includes, at least, a cornerstone of the orchestral repertoire and a premiere of a commissioned work. Usually a soloist or soloists perform, either an established artist, or a young artist as presented by the Roy and Shirley Durst Debut Series which was founded in 1997. The first Durst artist was Alisa Weilerstein.
The orchestra has not appointed established educators to fill its role as music director. Rather, it has had music directors who at the time were young; many of those conductors have become renowned. The music directors of the Orchestra have been:
David Epstein (1963–66)
Leonard Slatkin (1966–68)
Richard Holmes (1968–69)
Isaiah Jackson (1969–73)
David Stahl (1973–74)
Kenneth Jean (1974–76)
Myung-Whun Chung (1976–77)
Robert Hart Baker (1977–81)
Salvatore Scecchitano (1981–82)
David Alan Miller (1982–88)
Samuel Wong (1988–93)
Miguel Harth Bedoya (1993–97)
Mischa Santora (1997–2002)
Paul Haas (2002–07)
Ryan McAdams (2007–12)
Joshua Gersen (2012–2017)
Michael Repper (2017–2023)
Andrew Jihong Kim is the current music director with assistant conductor Adrian Rogers.
Chamber music
The Chamber Music Program (CMP) provides musicians aged 12 to 22 opportunity to participate in chamber ensembles of a variety of instrumentations. The current director is Dr. Lisa Tipton, of the Meridian Quartet.
The program uses established musicians teach master classes for the students. Past coaches have included:
Claude Frank, concert pianist
Kazuhide Isomura, viola, The Tokyo Quartet
Kathe Jarka, Alexander teacher
Gilbert Kalish, concert pianist
Ani Kavafian, violin/viola, Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center
Alan Kay, clarinet, Orpheus Program Coordinator
Joel Krosnick, cello, Juilliard String Quartet
Anne-Marie McDermott, piano
Frank Morelli, bassoon, Orpheus Chamber Orchestra
Charles Neidich, clarinet, faculty of the Juilliard School
Daniel Phillips, violin, The Orion Quartet
Shanghai Quartet members
Fred Sherry, cello, Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center
Carol Wincenc, flute, The New York Woodwind Quintet
Carmit Zori, violin
Jazz Band
The New York Youth Symphony Jazz Band is a 17-member big band dedicated to studying, rehearsing, and performing jazz music. Modeled on the bands of the 1930s and 1940s, Jazz Band preserves this heritage and, keeping with jazz traditions, incorporates it into the current and emerging styles that define the genre for the present generation. The Jazz Band performs at renowned venues all over New York City including Birdland and Jazz at Lincoln Center.
The Jazz Band has featured soloists and clinicians such as Joe Lovano, Maria Schneider, Conrad Herwig, Steve Turre, Warren Vaché, Victor Goines, Slide Hampton, Jimmy Heath, Joe Locke, Eric Reed, Lew Soloff, Gary Smulyan, and Frank Wess, giving students a chance to play alongside today's most exciting professional musicians.
Composition
The Composition Program is a series of workshops for young musicians to explore the world of composition and orchestration. The current director is Kyle Blaha, who succeeded Anna Clyne, four-time winner of ASCAP Plus award. The founding director was Derek Bermel.
Guest lecturers have included: Laurie Anderson, violinist,
Robert Beaser, composer,
Christopher Theofanidis, composer,
Jennifer Higdon, composer,
Paquito D'Rivera, jazz clarinet and saxophone,
ETHEL,
Nico Muhly,
Stephen Sondheim,
John Corigliano,
Aaron Jay Kernis, composer,
Steve Reich, composer, and
Kathleen Supové, pianist.
Alumni
Shlomo Mintz
Alumni include violinists Marin Alsop, Pamela Frank, Cho-Liang Lin, Shlomo Mintz, and Peter Oundjian; violist Lawrence Dutton; conductor and trumpeter Gerard Schwarz; flutist Ransom Wilson; and members of the Juilliard, Emerson, Tokyo, Shanghai, and Mendelssohn String Quartets, the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Gewandhaus Orchestra of Leipzig, the Israel Philharmonic, the London Symphony Orchestra, and other major ensembles throughout the world.
Reviews
New York's major arts reviews regularly critique the Symphony's concerts:
Because the New York Youth Symphony is a student ensemble that draws on musicians ranging in age from 12 to 22, it can be easy to forget, from season to season, just how good it is. But its Carnegie Hall concerts have often been startling. Its programs are built around repertory cornerstones, which these musicians appear not to find daunting, and each concert includes the premiere of a commissioned work as well. The performance level is almost always what you would expect from a full-time, professional adult orchestra, and this group outshines some of the adult ensembles that parade across New York stages night after night ... After the intermission, Mr. McAdams conducted a sharply articulated, thoughtfully shaped performance of Mussorgsky's 'Pictures at an Exhibition.' It was the kind of reading that made a listener prize the details of Ravel's orchestration more than ever, both as a textbook demonstration of orchestral color and for giving this already vivid piano score a measure of depth and shading that Mussorgsky could never have achieved. Mr. McAdams's contribution here was an emphasis on the music's extremes of clarity and mystery, delicacy and grandeur.— Allan Kozinn, December 2, 2008
The Youth Symphony is an accomplished, ambitious group of players ranging in age from 12 to 22. Mr. McAdams's tenure follows that of Paul Haas, a charismatic conductor whose adventurous programs drew attention to the orchestra ... A rousing account of Stravinsky's "Firebird" Suite (1919) offered further compelling evidence that the Youth Symphony is in good hands with Mr. McAdams.— Steve Smith, December 11, 2007
The New York Sun has called the orchestra "America's best youth symphony."
Controversy
Sturmführer Horst Wessel, composer of the Horst Wessel Song
The New York Youth Symphony abruptly canceled the Carnegie Hall performance of a piece it had commissioned after it was discovered to include a 45-second musical quote of the Horst Wessel Song, written by Sturmführer Horst Wessel, a district leader in Hitler's Sturmabteilung (SA). An anthem of the Nazi Party from 1930 to 1945, it is now banned in Germany and Austria.
The canceled performance was of "Marsh u Nebuttya" ("March to Oblivion," in Ukrainian), a commissioned 9-minute piece composed by Estonian-born Jonas Tarm, a 21-year-old junior at the New England Conservatory of Music. Shauna Quill, executive director of the Symphony, said the decision to pull the piece was informed by Tarm's refusal, when asked, to explain why the excerpt is included in the work. Tarm said: "I really do believe it can speak for itself." In a later statement, Tarm added that the piece is "devoted to the victims who have suffered from cruelty and hatred of war, totalitarianism, polarizing nationalism — in the past and today."
References
^ Vivien Schweitzer (May 28, 2013). "Still Young, Even at 50; New York Youth Symphony at Carnegie Hall". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ a b c "Opera & Classical Music Listings for March 6–12". The New York Times. March 5, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ Jennifer Smith (March 5, 2015). "Youth Symphony Drops Commissioned Work, Cites Nazi Element". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ Michael Cooper (March 4, 2015). "Youth Symphony Cancels Program That Quotes 'Horst Wessel' Song". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ a b Corinne Ramey (May 19, 2014). "New York's Cinderella Moment, Plus the Music of Youth". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ Allan Kozinn (December 7, 2010). "Showing the Adults How It's Done". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ New York Youth Symphony Membership Booklet, 2008–09
^ Michael Dolan, Michael Shohl (2011). The Nation's Stage: The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, 1971–2011. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781451629446.
^ a b c d "Young Players Raise Horns to the Hunt". The New York Times. May 28, 2012.
^ Lisa Wong (2012). Scales to Scalpels: Doctors Who Practice the Healing Arts of Music and Medicine: The Story of the Longwood Symphony Orchestra. ISBN 9781453218334.
^ "Joshua Gersen Named Assistant Conductor of New York Philharmonic for 2015–16 Season". Broadway World.
^ "Michael Repper". New York Youth Symphony. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
^ "New York Youth Symphony ernennt Andrew Jinhong Kim zum neuen Musikdirektor für die Saison 2023/2024". nyys.org. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
^ Chamber Music America magazine. 'The Chamber Music Program of the New York Youth Symphony has established itself as one of the most well-respected ensemble music training programs in the country ... provides a range of opportunities to study, perform, and rehearse in a context that balances structure with flexibility, guidance and independence, and discipline with inspiration.'
^ Watts, Andre. Pianist 'The Chamber Music Program' is truly a wonderful program for students of chamber music, exceptionally important to a student's growth as a musician as well as a human being.'
^ "Kyle Blaha". nyyouthsymphony.org. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
^ "About". nyyouthsymphony.org.
^ a b c d Jennifer Smith (March 5, 2015). "Youth Symphony Drops Commissioned Work, Cites Nazi Element". WSJ.
^ "Youth Symphony Cancels Program That Quotes ‘Horst Wessel’ Song", New York Times, March 4, 2015
^ Jonas Tarm (March 5, 2015). "Statement Regarding Cancellation of Carnegie Hall Debut". Retrieved September 6, 2017.
External links
"Thoughts On the New York Youth Symphony", December 6, 2010, Review of performance at Carnegie Hall by local pop culture blogger
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
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But its Carnegie Hall concerts have often been startling. Its programs are built around repertory cornerstones, which these musicians appear not to find daunting, and each concert includes the premiere of a commissioned work as well. The performance level is almost always what you would expect from a full-time, professional adult orchestra, and this group outshines some of the adult ensembles that parade across New York stages night after night ... After the intermission, Mr. McAdams conducted a sharply articulated, thoughtfully shaped performance of Mussorgsky's 'Pictures at an Exhibition.' It was the kind of reading that made a listener prize the details of Ravel's orchestration more than ever, both as a textbook demonstration of orchestral color and for giving this already vivid piano score a measure of depth and shading that Mussorgsky could never have achieved. Mr. McAdams's contribution here was an emphasis on the music's extremes of clarity and mystery, delicacy and grandeur.— Allan Kozinn, December 2, 2008The Youth Symphony is an accomplished, ambitious group of players ranging in age from 12 to 22. Mr. McAdams's tenure follows that of Paul Haas, a charismatic conductor whose adventurous programs drew attention to the orchestra ... A rousing account of Stravinsky's \"Firebird\" Suite (1919) offered further compelling evidence that the Youth Symphony is in good hands with Mr. McAdams.— Steve Smith, December 11, 2007The New York Sun has called the orchestra \"America's best youth symphony.\"","title":"Reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-043-14,_Horst_Wessel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sturmführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Horst Wessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Wessel"},{"link_name":"Horst Wessel Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Wessel_Song"},{"link_name":"Horst Wessel Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Wessel_Song"},{"link_name":"Sturmführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Horst Wessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Wessel"},{"link_name":"Sturmabteilung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"banned in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jennifersmith-18"},{"link_name":"New England Conservatory of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jennifersmith-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jennifersmith-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jennifersmith-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statement-20"}],"text":"Sturmführer Horst Wessel, composer of the Horst Wessel SongThe New York Youth Symphony abruptly canceled the Carnegie Hall performance of a piece it had commissioned after it was discovered to include a 45-second musical quote of the Horst Wessel Song, written by Sturmführer Horst Wessel, a district leader in Hitler's Sturmabteilung (SA). An anthem of the Nazi Party from 1930 to 1945, it is now banned in Germany and Austria.[18]The canceled performance was of \"Marsh u Nebuttya\" (\"March to Oblivion,\" in Ukrainian), a commissioned 9-minute piece composed by Estonian-born Jonas Tarm, a 21-year-old junior at the New England Conservatory of Music.[18][19] Shauna Quill, executive director of the Symphony, said the decision to pull the piece was informed by Tarm's refusal, when asked, to explain why the excerpt is included in the work.[18] Tarm said: \"I really do believe it can speak for itself.\"[18] In a later statement, Tarm added that the piece is \"devoted to the victims who have suffered from cruelty and hatred of war, totalitarianism, polarizing nationalism — in the past and today.\"[20]","title":"Controversy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Shlomo Mintz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shlomo-mintz-1336293774.jpg/180px-Shlomo-mintz-1336293774.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sturmführer Horst Wessel, composer of the Horst Wessel Song","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-043-14%2C_Horst_Wessel.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-043-14%2C_Horst_Wessel.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Vivien Schweitzer (May 28, 2013). \"Still Young, Even at 50; New York Youth Symphony at Carnegie Hall\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/arts/music/new-york-youth-symphony-at-carnegie-hall.html?gwh=6EA74AE450A93A8B08DDEC076D11430B&gwt=pay","url_text":"\"Still Young, Even at 50; New York Youth Symphony at Carnegie Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opera & Classical Music Listings for March 6–12\". The New York Times. March 5, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/06/arts/music/opera-classical-music-listings-for-march-6-12.html","url_text":"\"Opera & Classical Music Listings for March 6–12\""}]},{"reference":"Jennifer Smith (March 5, 2015). \"Youth Symphony Drops Commissioned Work, Cites Nazi Element\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/youth-symphony-drops-commissioned-work-cites-nazi-element-1425495712","url_text":"\"Youth Symphony Drops Commissioned Work, Cites Nazi Element\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Cooper (March 4, 2015). \"Youth Symphony Cancels Program That Quotes 'Horst Wessel' Song\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/05/arts/music/youth-symphony-cancels-program-that-quotes-horst-wessel-song.html?gwh=301B01EB118EEE5F729F4102586E1B7C&gwt=pay","url_text":"\"Youth Symphony Cancels Program That Quotes 'Horst Wessel' Song\""}]},{"reference":"Corinne Ramey (May 19, 2014). \"New York's Cinderella Moment, Plus the Music of Youth\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303409004579563800247099652","url_text":"\"New York's Cinderella Moment, Plus the Music of Youth\""}]},{"reference":"Allan Kozinn (December 7, 2010). \"Showing the Adults How It's Done\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/arts/music/08youth.html","url_text":"\"Showing the Adults How It's Done\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Dolan, Michael Shohl (2011). The Nation's Stage: The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, 1971–2011. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781451629446.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2NRJwxGv2oC&dq=%22New+York+Youth+Symphony%22+-%22new+york+magazine%22&pg=PA97","url_text":"The Nation's Stage: The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, 1971–2011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451629446","url_text":"9781451629446"}]},{"reference":"\"Young Players Raise Horns to the Hunt\". The New York Times. May 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/arts/music/new-york-youth-symphony-at-carnegie-hall.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Young Players Raise Horns to the Hunt\""}]},{"reference":"Lisa Wong (2012). Scales to Scalpels: Doctors Who Practice the Healing Arts of Music and Medicine: The Story of the Longwood Symphony Orchestra. ISBN 9781453218334.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5FvTaP6tUHYC&dq=%22New+York+Youth+Symphony%22+-%22new+york+magazine%22&pg=PT128","url_text":"Scales to Scalpels: Doctors Who Practice the Healing Arts of Music and Medicine: The Story of the Longwood Symphony Orchestra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781453218334","url_text":"9781453218334"}]},{"reference":"\"Joshua Gersen Named Assistant Conductor of New York Philharmonic for 2015–16 Season\". Broadway World.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Joshua-Gersen-Named-Assistant-Conductor-of-New-York-Philharmonic-for-2015-16-Season-20150225","url_text":"\"Joshua Gersen Named Assistant Conductor of New York Philharmonic for 2015–16 Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Repper\". New York Youth Symphony. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111151648/http://www.nyys.org/staff/artistic/michael-repper-0","url_text":"\"Michael Repper\""},{"url":"http://www.nyys.org/staff/artistic/michael-repper-0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Youth Symphony ernennt Andrew Jinhong Kim zum neuen Musikdirektor für die Saison 2023/2024\". nyys.org. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nyys.org/new-york-youth-symphony-appoints-andrew-jinhong-kim-as-its-new-music-director","url_text":"\"New York Youth Symphony ernennt Andrew Jinhong Kim zum neuen Musikdirektor für die Saison 2023/2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kyle Blaha\". nyyouthsymphony.org. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180102065727/http://www.nyyouthsymphony.org/staff/artistic/kyle-blaha","url_text":"\"Kyle Blaha\""},{"url":"http://www.nyyouthsymphony.org/staff/artistic/kyle-blaha","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About\". nyyouthsymphony.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nyyouthsymphony.org/about","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"Jennifer Smith (March 5, 2015). \"Youth Symphony Drops Commissioned Work, Cites Nazi Element\". WSJ.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/youth-symphony-drops-commissioned-work-cites-nazi-element-1425495712","url_text":"\"Youth Symphony Drops Commissioned Work, Cites Nazi Element\""}]},{"reference":"Jonas Tarm (March 5, 2015). \"Statement Regarding Cancellation of Carnegie Hall Debut\". Retrieved September 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://jonastarm.com/carnegie-hall-statement/","url_text":"\"Statement Regarding Cancellation of Carnegie Hall Debut\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.nyys.org/","external_links_name":"www.nyys.org"},{"Link":"http://miguelharth-bedoya.com/","external_links_name":"Miguel Harth Bedoya"},{"Link":"http://www.paulhaas.com/","external_links_name":"Paul Haas"},{"Link":"http://www.joshuagersen.com/","external_links_name":"Joshua Gersen"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/arts/music/new-york-youth-symphony-at-carnegie-hall.html?gwh=6EA74AE450A93A8B08DDEC076D11430B&gwt=pay","external_links_name":"\"Still Young, Even at 50; New York Youth Symphony at Carnegie Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/06/arts/music/opera-classical-music-listings-for-march-6-12.html","external_links_name":"\"Opera & Classical Music Listings for March 6–12\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/youth-symphony-drops-commissioned-work-cites-nazi-element-1425495712","external_links_name":"\"Youth Symphony Drops Commissioned Work, Cites Nazi Element\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/05/arts/music/youth-symphony-cancels-program-that-quotes-horst-wessel-song.html?gwh=301B01EB118EEE5F729F4102586E1B7C&gwt=pay","external_links_name":"\"Youth Symphony Cancels Program That Quotes 'Horst Wessel' Song\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303409004579563800247099652","external_links_name":"\"New York's Cinderella Moment, Plus the Music of Youth\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/arts/music/08youth.html","external_links_name":"\"Showing the Adults How It's Done\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2NRJwxGv2oC&dq=%22New+York+Youth+Symphony%22+-%22new+york+magazine%22&pg=PA97","external_links_name":"The Nation's Stage: The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, 1971–2011"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/arts/music/new-york-youth-symphony-at-carnegie-hall.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Young Players Raise Horns to the Hunt\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5FvTaP6tUHYC&dq=%22New+York+Youth+Symphony%22+-%22new+york+magazine%22&pg=PT128","external_links_name":"Scales to Scalpels: Doctors Who Practice the Healing Arts of Music and Medicine: The Story of the Longwood Symphony Orchestra"},{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Joshua-Gersen-Named-Assistant-Conductor-of-New-York-Philharmonic-for-2015-16-Season-20150225","external_links_name":"\"Joshua Gersen Named Assistant Conductor of New York Philharmonic for 2015–16 Season\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171111151648/http://www.nyys.org/staff/artistic/michael-repper-0","external_links_name":"\"Michael Repper\""},{"Link":"http://www.nyys.org/staff/artistic/michael-repper-0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nyys.org/new-york-youth-symphony-appoints-andrew-jinhong-kim-as-its-new-music-director","external_links_name":"\"New York Youth Symphony ernennt Andrew Jinhong Kim zum neuen Musikdirektor für die Saison 2023/2024\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180102065727/http://www.nyyouthsymphony.org/staff/artistic/kyle-blaha","external_links_name":"\"Kyle Blaha\""},{"Link":"http://www.nyyouthsymphony.org/staff/artistic/kyle-blaha","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nyyouthsymphony.org/about","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/youth-symphony-drops-commissioned-work-cites-nazi-element-1425495712","external_links_name":"\"Youth Symphony Drops Commissioned Work, Cites Nazi Element\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/05/arts/music/youth-symphony-cancels-program-that-quotes-horst-wessel-song.html","external_links_name":"\"Youth Symphony Cancels Program That Quotes ‘Horst Wessel’ Song\""},{"Link":"http://jonastarm.com/carnegie-hall-statement/","external_links_name":"\"Statement Regarding Cancellation of Carnegie Hall Debut\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040033/http://www.theheej.com/2010/12/06/new-york-youth-symphony/","external_links_name":"\"Thoughts On the New York Youth Symphony\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/144718776","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2006027906","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c65eff51-6de6-415e-90d6-c0ceb6c38d52","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Zaria
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Zaria
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["1 History","2 Special churches","3 Leadership","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Latin Catholic diocese in Nigeria
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Roman Catholic Diocese of Zaria" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Diocese of ZariaDioecesis ZariensisLocationCountry NigeriaTerritoryportion of Kaduna StateEcclesiastical provinceKadunaCoordinates11°06′47″N 7°43′30″E / 11.11306°N 7.72500°E / 11.11306; 7.72500StatisticsArea18,000 km2 (6,900 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2004)1,839,92768,950 (3.7%)InformationDenominationCatholic ChurchSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteCathedralCathedral of Christ the King in ZariaCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopRev. Habila DabohMapThe Diocese of Zaria is located in the northern portion of Kaduna State which is shown here in red.Websitewww.cathdiza-ng.org Official website of the diocese
The Diocese of Zaria (Latin: Zarien(sis)) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory of diocese of the Catholic Church in Nigeria. The diocese's episcopal see is Zaria, Kaduna State. The Diocese of Zaria is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Kaduna in Nigeria.
History
On 5 December 2000, the Diocese of Zaria was established from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kaduna.
Bishop George Jonathan Dodo was installed as the first Bishop of Zaria Diocese by Most Reverend Osbaldo Padila, the Papal Nuncio to Nigeria
Special churches
The Cathedral is Cathedral of Christ the King in Zaria.
Leadership
On September 21 2023, Pope Francis appointed Rev Fr Habila Daboh, current Rector of the Good Shepherd Major Seminary Kaduna as the new Bishop of the Diocese of Zaria, Nigeria.
See also
Catholic Church in Nigeria
References
External links
Official website of the Diocese of Zaria Archived 30 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
GCatholic.org Information page
Catholic Hierarchy
Scribd.com information from 2010 Directory
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"episcopal see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Zaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaria"},{"link_name":"Kaduna State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province"},{"link_name":"metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Kaduna"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"}],"text":"The Diocese of Zaria (Latin: Zarien(sis)) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory of diocese of the Catholic Church in Nigeria. The diocese's episcopal see is Zaria, Kaduna State. The Diocese of Zaria is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Kaduna in Nigeria.","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Zaria"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On 5 December 2000, the Diocese of Zaria was established from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kaduna.\nBishop George Jonathan Dodo was installed as the first Bishop of Zaria Diocese by Most Reverend Osbaldo Padila, the Papal Nuncio to Nigeria","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"}],"text":"The Cathedral is Cathedral of Christ the King in Zaria.","title":"Special churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On September 21 2023, Pope Francis appointed Rev Fr Habila Daboh, current Rector of the Good Shepherd Major Seminary Kaduna as the new Bishop of the Diocese of Zaria, Nigeria.","title":"Leadership"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Catholic Church in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nigeria"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Zaria%22","external_links_name":"\"Roman Catholic Diocese of Zaria\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Zaria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Zaria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Zaria%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Zaria%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Zaria%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Zaria¶ms=11_06_47_N_7_43_30_E_","external_links_name":"11°06′47″N 7°43′30″E / 11.11306°N 7.72500°E / 11.11306; 7.72500"},{"Link":"http://www.cathdiza-ng.org/","external_links_name":"www.cathdiza-ng.org Official website of the diocese"},{"Link":"http://www.cathdiza-ng.org/","external_links_name":"Official website of the Diocese of Zaria"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130530131903/http://cathdiza-ng.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/zari0.htm","external_links_name":"GCatholic.org Information page"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dzari.html","external_links_name":"Catholic Hierarchy"},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/45607923/Catholic-Diocese-of-Zaria-Nigeria-Information-of-Priests","external_links_name":"Scribd.com information from 2010 Directory"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_famiglia
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The Family (1987 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","3.1 Awards and nominations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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1987 Italian drama film
La famigliaThe FamilyFilm posterDirected byEttore ScolaWritten by
Ruggero Maccari
Ettore Scola
Furio Scarpelli
Produced byFranco CommitteriStarring
Vittorio Gassman
Stefania Sandrelli
Fanny Ardant
Sergio Castellitto
Athina Cenci
Jo Champa
Massimo Dapporto
Cecilia Dazzi
Hania Kochansky
Dagmar Lassander
Andrea Occhipinti
Alessandra Panelli
Memè Perlini
Ottavia Piccolo
Monica Scattini
Barbara Scoppa
Ricky Tognazzi
Massimo Venturiello
Philippe Noiret
Carlo Dapporto
Renzo Palmer
CinematographyRicardo AronovichEdited byFrancesco MalvestitoMusic byArmando TrovajoliRelease date
22 January 1987 (1987-01-22)
Running time137 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian
The Family (Italian: La famiglia) is a 1987 Italian drama film directed by Ettore Scola and starring Vittorio Gassman, Fanny Ardant, Philippe Noiret, and Stefania Sandrelli. It was entered into the 1987 Cannes Film Festival. The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film at the 60th Academy Awards.
The movie chronicles the intricate lives and relationships of Carlo and his family over decades, navigating through love, jealousy, political upheavals, and personal growth against the backdrop of historical events like World War I and II.
Plot
First part (1906)
Carlo's baptism serves as a backdrop to introduce the audience to the household and its initial characters. The patriarch of the family, Carlo's grandfather, a retired literature professor, has recently acquired an apartment. Residing with him and his wife are their son Aristide, Carlo's father, a civil servant and amateur painter; Susanna, Aristide's wife, flighty and passionate about opera; Aristide's sisters, Luisa, Margherita, and Millina, who are constantly bickering but inseparable, resigned to spinsterhood in their thirties; and the maid Nunzia along with her young niece Adelina. Also present at the baptism are Aristide's brother Michele, with his wife Ersilia and son Enrico; Nicola, Susanna's younger brother; and Dr. Giordani, a family friend and physician.
Second part (1916)
Against the background of World War I, Carlo, at the age of ten, along with his three-years-younger brother Giulio and their cousin Enrico, engage in lively play and decide to steal half a lira from Giordani's overcoat, as he rushes to attend to their gravely ill grandfather. Their game is abruptly halted by Susanna, who delivers the news of the grandfather's passing to the children. Subsequently, it is revealed that Giordani was arrested because, lacking that half lira, he couldn't afford tram fare. Aristide becomes incensed and pressures Giulio to confess, while Carlo admits his wrongdoing voluntarily, thus marking the first contrast between the brothers—Carlo being composed and contemplative, Giulio impulsive and restless. A subtle mutual sympathy is hinted at between Millina and Giordani, though it remains undeveloped.
Third part (1926)
Carlo is attending university and giving private lessons to a high school student named Beatrice, who openly harbors affection for him. However, Carlo finds himself drawn to Beatrice's sister Adriana, a conservatory student who coincidentally visits their home. Enrico, a staunch anti-fascist, departs Rome for Paris. Suddenly, Aristide dies. Adriana confides in Carlo her intention to pursue an advanced course in Milan, despite his wishes to the contrary, valuing her independence above all else.
Fourth part (1936)
Carlo, now a high school teacher, is married with two children, Paolino and Maddalena; his wife being Beatrice. They receive a visit from Uncle Nicola, a fascist who holds the position of municipal secretary in Macerata. Even Giulio sympathizes with the regime and prepares to depart for the Ethiopian War, despite Adelina's concerns; she has served in their household for years and is romantically involved with him. In contrast, Carlo holds opposing views and, while avoiding active involvement in politics, symbolically abstains from joining the fascist party. Adriana, now a successful concert pianist, calls from Paris, where she claims to have encountered Enrico married to a French woman with a child.
Fifth part (1946)
Giulio returns from the war physically unharmed but suffering from severe depression, while news arrives that Enrico died in combat in Spain. Adriana revisits the family, accompanied by her French fiancé, Jean-Luc. During dinner, Carlo, blinded by jealousy toward Adriana, engages in a confrontation with Jean-Luc, despite their shared ideologies; Beatrice's calming intervention diffuses the tension. Amidst the wartime hardships, Adelina resigns from her domestic position and turns to the black market with her brothers. One day, she returns to the household bearing various food items as gifts and expresses a desire to see Giulio again, moved by his condition.
Sixth part (1956)
As summer approaches, the family prepares for a trip to Santa Marinella. Aunt Millina has died, Giulio has wed Adelina, and they have adopted a girl named Marina. Giulio seeks his brother's opinion on an autobiographical novel he intends to publish, though Carlo dismisses its significance. Adriana, passing through Rome, spends a night in the vacant household but rebuffs Carlo's attempt to rekindle their past romance, refusing to be a mistress out of respect for her sister and acknowledging Carlo's reliance on Beatrice's steadfast presence. Meanwhile, Maddalena, just over twenty, falls in love with a union leader named Armando, insisting on marrying him despite her father's objections. During a winter night marked by an unusual heavy snowfall in Rome, Carlo confides his love and respect for Beatrice to her, while in the adjacent room, Armando and Maddalena, newlyweds, already exhibit signs of discord. The final scene bids farewell to Luisa, Margherita, and Susanna, who are all afflicted by dementia, spending their time in another room reciting opera librettos.
Seventh part (1966)
Amid preparations for his son Carletto's eighth birthday celebration, Maddalena announces her intention to leave Armando for another man. At the party, Paolino meets Marika, a Hungarian woman separated with children who resides in the neighboring building. Juliette, Enrico's widow, along with her daughter Claudine and granddaughter, also named Juliette, make an appearance, as does Giulio and Adelina, grappling with financial woes; Uncle Nicola arrives as well. Giulio suspects that his uncle intends to ask him for the money he had previously lent him, leading to an unwarranted altercation.
Eighth part (1976)
Carlo, now a widower in retirement, resides alone with Carletto, who, despite his close bond with his grandfather, frequently spends time away. Paolino has married Marika, and the couple invites Carlo to dinner from their balcony across the street, though he politely declines. Adriana also checks in on Carlo, revealing that Beatrice was aware of their tumultuous history but chose to remain silent for the sake of the family.
Ninth part (1986)
Carlo gathers his relatives to celebrate his eightieth birthday. As each family member arrives—Giulio, Adelina, Marina (now a mother), Paolino, Marika and their children, Maddalena with her second family, Armando, Juliette, Claudine, the other Juliette, Adriana, and numerous others whose connections to the protagonists are unclear—they come together for a group photograph. Hints of a budding relationship between Carletto and his third cousin Juliette emerge. Despite final disagreements with Adriana and Giulio, the entire family joins in for the commemorative photo.
Cast
Vittorio Gassman as Carlo / Carlo's grandfather
Stefania Sandrelli as Beatrice
Andrea Occhipinti as young Carlo
Fanny Ardant as Adrian
Philippe Noiret as Jean Luc
Carlo Dapporto as Giulio
Massimo Dapporto as young Giulio
Sergio Castellitto as Carletto
Ricky Tognazzi as Paolino
Ottavia Piccolo as Adelina
Athina Cenci as Aunt Margherita
Emanuele Lamaro as child Carlo
Cecilia Dazzi as young Beatrice
Jo Champa as young Adriana
Joska Versari as child Giulio
Alberto Gimignani as young Giulio
Dagmar Lassander as Marika
Reception
The Family has an approval rating of 71% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on seven reviews, and an average rating of 7.5/10.
Awards and nominations
The film won five David di Donatello awards, six Nastro d'Argento awards, and it was an Academy Award nominee as Best Foreign Language film.
See also
List of submissions to the 60th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
^ "Festival de Cannes: La famiglia". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1007039-family
^ "The 60th Academy Awards (1988) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
External links
La famiglia at IMDb
The Family at Rotten Tomatoes
vteFilms directed by Ettore Scola
Let's Talk About Women
Hard Time for Princes
Thrilling
The Devil in Love
Will Our Heroes Be Able to Find Their Friend Who Has Mysteriously Disappeared in Africa?
Police Chief Pepe
The Pizza Triangle
My Name Is Rocco Papaleo
The Most Wonderful Evening of My Life
Trevico-Turin: Voyage in Fiatnam
We All Loved Each Other So Much
Down and Dirty
Goodnight, Ladies and Gentlemen
A Special Day
Viva l'Italia!
The Terrace
Passion of Love
That Night in Varennes
Le bal
Macaroni
The Family
Splendor
What Time Is It?
Captain Fracassa's Journey
Mario, Maria and Mario
The Story of a Poor Young Man
The Dinner
Unfair Competition
People of Rome
How Strange to Be Named Federico
vteItalian submissions for Academy Award for Best International Feature Film1947–1960
Shoeshine (1947)
Bicycle Thieves (1949)
The Walls of Malapaga (1950)
La Strada (1956)
Nights of Cabiria (1957)
Big Deal on Madonna Street (1958)
The Great War (1959)
Kapo (1960)
1961–1980
La Notte (1961)
The Four Days of Naples (1962)
8½ (1963)
Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (1964)
Marriage Italian Style (1965)
The Battle of Algiers (1966)
China Is Near (1967)
The Girl with the Pistol (1968)
Fellini Satyricon (1969)
Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970)
The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (1971)
Roma (1972)
Amarcord (1974)
Scent of a Woman (1975)
Seven Beauties (1976)
A Special Day (1977)
I nuovi mostri (1978)
To Forget Venice (1979)
A Leap in the Dark (1980)
1981–2000
Three Brothers (1981)
The Night of the Shooting Stars (1982)
And the Ship Sails On (1983)
Where's Picone? (1984)
Macaroni (1985)
Summer Night (1986)
The Family (1987)
The Legend of the Holy Drinker (1988)
Cinema Paradiso (1989)
Open Doors (1990)
Mediterraneo (1991)
The Stolen Children (1992)
The Great Pumpkin (1993)
Lamerica (1994)
The Star Maker (1995)
My Generation (1996)
The Best Man (1997)
Life Is Beautiful (1998)
Not of this World (1999)
One Hundred Steps (2000)
2001–2020
The Son's Room (2001)
Pinocchio (2002)
I'm Not Scared (2003)
The Keys to the House (2004)
Don't Tell (2005)
Golden Door (2006)
The Unknown Woman (2007)
Gomorrah (2008)
Baarìa (2009)
The First Beautiful Thing (2010)
Terraferma (2011)
Caesar Must Die (2012)
The Great Beauty (2013)
Human Capital (2014)
Don't Be Bad (2015)
Fire at Sea (2016)
A Ciambra (2017)
Dogman (2018)
The Traitor (2019)
Notturno (2020)
2021–present
The Hand of God (2021)
Nostalgia (2022)
Io capitano (2023)
This 1980s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to an Italian film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Ettore Scola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore_Scola"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Gassman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman"},{"link_name":"Fanny Ardant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Ardant"},{"link_name":"Philippe Noiret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Noiret"},{"link_name":"Stefania Sandrelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefania_Sandrelli"},{"link_name":"1987 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-1"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film"},{"link_name":"60th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The Family (Italian: La famiglia) is a 1987 Italian drama film directed by Ettore Scola and starring Vittorio Gassman, Fanny Ardant, Philippe Noiret, and Stefania Sandrelli. It was entered into the 1987 Cannes Film Festival.[1] The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film at the 60th Academy Awards.The movie chronicles the intricate lives and relationships of Carlo and his family over decades, navigating through love, jealousy, political upheavals, and personal growth against the backdrop of historical events like World War I and II.","title":"The Family (1987 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_lira"},{"link_name":"anti-fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism"},{"link_name":"Macerata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macerata"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War"},{"link_name":"black market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market"},{"link_name":"Santa Marinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marinella"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"librettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"}],"text":"First part (1906)Carlo's baptism serves as a backdrop to introduce the audience to the household and its initial characters. The patriarch of the family, Carlo's grandfather, a retired literature professor, has recently acquired an apartment. Residing with him and his wife are their son Aristide, Carlo's father, a civil servant and amateur painter; Susanna, Aristide's wife, flighty and passionate about opera; Aristide's sisters, Luisa, Margherita, and Millina, who are constantly bickering but inseparable, resigned to spinsterhood in their thirties; and the maid Nunzia along with her young niece Adelina. Also present at the baptism are Aristide's brother Michele, with his wife Ersilia and son Enrico; Nicola, Susanna's younger brother; and Dr. Giordani, a family friend and physician.Second part (1916)Against the background of World War I, Carlo, at the age of ten, along with his three-years-younger brother Giulio and their cousin Enrico, engage in lively play and decide to steal half a lira from Giordani's overcoat, as he rushes to attend to their gravely ill grandfather. Their game is abruptly halted by Susanna, who delivers the news of the grandfather's passing to the children. Subsequently, it is revealed that Giordani was arrested because, lacking that half lira, he couldn't afford tram fare. Aristide becomes incensed and pressures Giulio to confess, while Carlo admits his wrongdoing voluntarily, thus marking the first contrast between the brothers—Carlo being composed and contemplative, Giulio impulsive and restless. A subtle mutual sympathy is hinted at between Millina and Giordani, though it remains undeveloped.Third part (1926)Carlo is attending university and giving private lessons to a high school student named Beatrice, who openly harbors affection for him. However, Carlo finds himself drawn to Beatrice's sister Adriana, a conservatory student who coincidentally visits their home. Enrico, a staunch anti-fascist, departs Rome for Paris. Suddenly, Aristide dies. Adriana confides in Carlo her intention to pursue an advanced course in Milan, despite his wishes to the contrary, valuing her independence above all else.Fourth part (1936)Carlo, now a high school teacher, is married with two children, Paolino and Maddalena; his wife being Beatrice. They receive a visit from Uncle Nicola, a fascist who holds the position of municipal secretary in Macerata. Even Giulio sympathizes with the regime and prepares to depart for the Ethiopian War, despite Adelina's concerns; she has served in their household for years and is romantically involved with him. In contrast, Carlo holds opposing views and, while avoiding active involvement in politics, symbolically abstains from joining the fascist party. Adriana, now a successful concert pianist, calls from Paris, where she claims to have encountered Enrico married to a French woman with a child.Fifth part (1946)Giulio returns from the war physically unharmed but suffering from severe depression, while news arrives that Enrico died in combat in Spain. Adriana revisits the family, accompanied by her French fiancé, Jean-Luc. During dinner, Carlo, blinded by jealousy toward Adriana, engages in a confrontation with Jean-Luc, despite their shared ideologies; Beatrice's calming intervention diffuses the tension. Amidst the wartime hardships, Adelina resigns from her domestic position and turns to the black market with her brothers. One day, she returns to the household bearing various food items as gifts and expresses a desire to see Giulio again, moved by his condition.Sixth part (1956)As summer approaches, the family prepares for a trip to Santa Marinella. Aunt Millina has died, Giulio has wed Adelina, and they have adopted a girl named Marina. Giulio seeks his brother's opinion on an autobiographical novel he intends to publish, though Carlo dismisses its significance. Adriana, passing through Rome, spends a night in the vacant household but rebuffs Carlo's attempt to rekindle their past romance, refusing to be a mistress out of respect for her sister and acknowledging Carlo's reliance on Beatrice's steadfast presence. Meanwhile, Maddalena, just over twenty, falls in love with a union leader named Armando, insisting on marrying him despite her father's objections. During a winter night marked by an unusual heavy snowfall in Rome, Carlo confides his love and respect for Beatrice to her, while in the adjacent room, Armando and Maddalena, newlyweds, already exhibit signs of discord. The final scene bids farewell to Luisa, Margherita, and Susanna, who are all afflicted by dementia, spending their time in another room reciting opera librettos.Seventh part (1966)Amid preparations for his son Carletto's eighth birthday celebration, Maddalena announces her intention to leave Armando for another man. At the party, Paolino meets Marika, a Hungarian woman separated with children who resides in the neighboring building. Juliette, Enrico's widow, along with her daughter Claudine and granddaughter, also named Juliette, make an appearance, as does Giulio and Adelina, grappling with financial woes; Uncle Nicola arrives as well. Giulio suspects that his uncle intends to ask him for the money he had previously lent him, leading to an unwarranted altercation.Eighth part (1976)Carlo, now a widower in retirement, resides alone with Carletto, who, despite his close bond with his grandfather, frequently spends time away. Paolino has married Marika, and the couple invites Carlo to dinner from their balcony across the street, though he politely declines. Adriana also checks in on Carlo, revealing that Beatrice was aware of their tumultuous history but chose to remain silent for the sake of the family.Ninth part (1986)Carlo gathers his relatives to celebrate his eightieth birthday. As each family member arrives—Giulio, Adelina, Marina (now a mother), Paolino, Marika and their children, Maddalena with her second family, Armando, Juliette, Claudine, the other Juliette, Adriana, and numerous others whose connections to the protagonists are unclear—they come together for a group photograph. Hints of a budding relationship between Carletto and his third cousin Juliette emerge. Despite final disagreements with Adriana and Giulio, the entire family joins in for the commemorative photo.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vittorio Gassman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman"},{"link_name":"Stefania Sandrelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefania_Sandrelli"},{"link_name":"Andrea Occhipinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Occhipinti"},{"link_name":"Fanny Ardant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Ardant"},{"link_name":"Philippe Noiret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Noiret"},{"link_name":"Carlo Dapporto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Dapporto"},{"link_name":"Massimo Dapporto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Dapporto"},{"link_name":"Sergio Castellitto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Castellitto"},{"link_name":"Ricky Tognazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Tognazzi"},{"link_name":"Ottavia Piccolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavia_Piccolo"},{"link_name":"Athina Cenci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athina_Cenci"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Dazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Dazzi"},{"link_name":"Jo Champa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Champa"},{"link_name":"Dagmar Lassander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar_Lassander"}],"text":"Vittorio Gassman as Carlo / Carlo's grandfather\nStefania Sandrelli as Beatrice\nAndrea Occhipinti as young Carlo\nFanny Ardant as Adrian\nPhilippe Noiret as Jean Luc\nCarlo Dapporto as Giulio\nMassimo Dapporto as young Giulio\nSergio Castellitto as Carletto\nRicky Tognazzi as Paolino\nOttavia Piccolo as Adelina\nAthina Cenci as Aunt Margherita\nEmanuele Lamaro as child Carlo\nCecilia Dazzi as young Beatrice\nJo Champa as young Adriana\nJoska Versari as child Giulio\nAlberto Gimignani as young Giulio\nDagmar Lassander as Marika","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Family has an approval rating of 71% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on seven reviews, and an average rating of 7.5/10.[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David di Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_di_Donatello"},{"link_name":"Nastro d'Argento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastro_d%27Argento"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscars1988-3"}],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","text":"The film won five David di Donatello awards, six Nastro d'Argento awards, and it was an Academy Award nominee as Best Foreign Language film.[3]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"List of submissions to the 60th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_60th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"title":"List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_Diamond_Mine
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Jericho Diamond Mine
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["1 Operations","2 Production","3 See also","4 Notes and references","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 65°59′50″N 111°28′30″W / 65.99722°N 111.47500°W / 65.99722; -111.47500Diamond mine in Canada
Jericho Diamond MineJericho Diamond Mine from the airLocationJericho Diamond MineLocationShow map of NunavutJericho Diamond MineJericho Diamond Mine (Canada)Show map of CanadaTerritoryNunavutCountryCanadaCoordinates65°59′50″N 111°28′30″W / 65.99722°N 111.47500°W / 65.99722; -111.47500HistoryOpened2006 (2006)Closed2008OwnerCompanyShear Diamonds Ltd.Websitewww.sheardiamonds.com/jericho.htmlYear of acquisition2010
The Jericho Diamond Mine is a dormant diamond mine located in Canada's Nunavut territory. Jericho is Nunavut’s first and only diamond mine. It is located 420 km (260 mi) northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories and is accessible by air all year and by winter road from Yellowknife. The project was mined from 2006 to 2008, and produced 780,000 carats (156 kg; 344 lb) of diamonds from 1,200,000 tonnes (1,200,000 long tons; 1,300,000 short tons) of kimberlite mined from the open pit operation. Over $200 million was invested in the development of the Jericho operations including the construction of a 2,000 t (2,000 long tons; 2,200 short tons) per day diamond recovery plant, maintenance facility, fuel farm, and offices and accommodation for 225 personnel.
On July 19, 2010 Shear Diamonds (née Shear Minerals Ltd) (TSX-V: SRM), a diamond exploration company focused on the Nunavut region, announced its purchase of the Jericho Diamond Mine. In late 2010, Shear announced that it would take about a year to devise a plan to reopen the mine. Shear began processing the existing recovery reject pile in early 2012, selling the recovered stones to Belgian diamond firm Taché, which provided a revolving line of credit. However, operations were suspended in September, as Shear, citing "limited funds and significant operations", has sought to minimize expenditures. Taché has given notice of default on certain covenants of their investment agreement, but is working with Shear to find funding or a purchaser.
Operations
The mine was developed, opened and operated by Tahera Diamond Corporation. The company was provided with CAN $35 million loan by Tiffany & Co. to assist in construction of the site, as part of a marketing alliance. The mine produced diamonds from 2006 to February 2008, and was Tahera's only mining operation. The company reported financial losses in 2007 due to operational difficulties, the high value of the Canadian dollar, high oil prices, and the short operating season of the Tibbitt to Contwoyto ice road in 2006. Tahera filed for protection from creditors in January 2008, and the mine stopped recovering diamonds once existing ore stockpiles ran out, one month later.
There is no registered airport at the site, so all heavy equipment had to be brought in by the Tibbitt-to-Contwoyto winter road. Due to the remoteness of the site, the mine was part of the impetus for a proposal to build a port near the community of Bathurst Inlet with a road to both the Diavik Diamond Mine and the Ekati Diamond Mine.
Production
The mine was estimated to be able to produce 375,000 carats (75 kg; 165 lb) a year with a value of CAN $25 million. In the first half of 2006 the mine had processed 210,000 t (210,000 long tons; 230,000 short tons) for 126,918 carats (25 kg; 56 lb).
See also
Jericho pipe
Notes and references
^ Press release announcing sale
^ "Shear plans to reopen mine". Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
^ "Nunavut's 1st diamond mine could re-open". CBC.ca. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
^ jewelryne.ws. 23 October 2012 https://archive.today/20130421225438/http://www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links
Shear Diamonds
Tahera Diamond Corporation - Jericho exploration
Tahera Diamond Corporation - Jericho Diamond Mine
Government of Canada - backgrounder on "Mining in the North"
CBC report on construction of the mine
NNSL "Opportunities North" - deep water port at Bathurst Inlet
Tache Alliance - diamond and jewellery company
vteSubdivisions of NunavutRegions
Kitikmeot (Unorganized)
Kivalliq (Unorganized)
Qikiqtaaluk (Unorganized)
Electoral districtsFederal
Nunavut
Territorial
Aggu
Aivilik
Amittuq
Arviat North-Whale Cove
Arviat South
Baker Lake
Cambridge Bay
Gjoa Haven
Hudson Bay
Iqaluit-Manirajak
Iqaluit-Niaqunnguu
Iqaluit-Sinaa
Iqaluit-Tasiluk
Kugluktuk
Netsilik
Pangnirtung
Quttiktuq
Rankin Inlet North-Chesterfield Inlet
Rankin Inlet South
South Baffin
Tununiq
Uqqummiut
Communities
Arctic Bay
Arviat
Baker Lake
Bathurst Inlet
Cambridge Bay
Chesterfield Inlet
Clyde River
Coral Harbour
Gjoa Haven
Grise Fiord
Igloolik
Iqaluit Apex
Kimmirut
Kinngait
Kugaaruk
Kugluktuk
Naujaat
Pangnirtung
Pond Inlet
Qikiqtarjuaq
Rankin Inlet
Resolute
Sanikiluaq
Sanirajak
Taloyoak
Whale Cove
Weather stations andCanadian Armed Forces bases
Alert
CFS Alert
Ennadai
Eureka
Isachsen
Nanisivik Naval Facility
Mine sitesOperating
Baffinland Iron Mine
Doris North
Meadowbank Gold Mine
DefunctBent Horn Mine
Cullaton Lake/Shear Lake Mine
Jericho Diamond Mine
Lupin Mine
Nanisivik Mine
Polaris mine
Rankin Inlet MineDEW line and NWS sites
Bernard Harbour
Bray Island
Brevoort Island
Broughton Island
Byron Bay
Cambridge Bay
Cape Dyer
Cape Hooper
Cape Mcloughlin
Cape Mercy
Cape Peel West
Cape Young
Clifton Point
Clinton Point
Croker River
Dewar Lakes
Durban Island
Edinburgh Island
Ekalugad
Gjoa Haven
Gladman Point
Harding River
Hat Island
Kangok Fjord
Keats Point
Keith Bay
Kivitoo
Lady Franklin Point
Lailor River
Loks Land
Longstaff Bluff
Mackar Inlet
Matheson Point
Nudluardjuk Lake
Pelly Bay
Qikiqtaryuaq
Resolution Island
Ross Point
Rowley Island
Sanirajak
Scarpa Lake
Shepherd Bay
Simpson Lake
Sturt Point
Former
Amadjuak
Brooman Point Village
Craig Harbour
Dundas Harbour
Iglunga
Killiniq
Nanisivik
Native Point
Nuwata
Padlei
Port Leopold
Tavani
Hudson's Bay Companytrading posts
Amadjuak
Apex
Arctic Bay
Baker Lake
Bathurst Inlet
Bay Chimo
Belcher Islands
Blacklead Island
Cambridge Bay
Cape Dorset
Charlton Island Depot
Chesterfield Inlet
Clyde River
Coats Island
Dundas Harbour
Eskimo Point
Fort Hearne
Fort Ross
Frobisher Bay
Gjoa Haven
Igloolik
Kent Peninsula
King William Island
Kugaryuak
Lake Harbour
Mansel Island
Nueltin House
Padley
Pangnirtung
Pangnirtung Fox Farm
Perry River
Ponds Inlet
Port Burwell
Port Leopold
Repulse Bay
Southampton Island
Tavane
Tree River
Wager Inlet
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Yellowknife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowknife"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"winter road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_road"},{"link_name":"carats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(mass)"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"kimberlite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberlite"},{"link_name":"TSX-V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSX_Venture_Exchange"},{"link_name":"SRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//money.tmx.com/en/quote/SRM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Diamond mine in CanadaThe Jericho Diamond Mine is a dormant diamond mine located in Canada's Nunavut territory. Jericho is Nunavut’s first and only diamond mine. It is located 420 km (260 mi) northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories and is accessible by air all year and by winter road from Yellowknife. The project was mined from 2006 to 2008, and produced 780,000 carats (156 kg; 344 lb) of diamonds from 1,200,000 tonnes (1,200,000 long tons; 1,300,000 short tons) of kimberlite mined from the open pit operation. Over $200 million was invested in the development of the Jericho operations including the construction of a 2,000 t (2,000 long tons; 2,200 short tons) per day diamond recovery plant, maintenance facility, fuel farm, and offices and accommodation for 225 personnel.On July 19, 2010 Shear Diamonds (née Shear Minerals Ltd) (TSX-V: SRM), a diamond exploration company focused on the Nunavut region, announced its purchase of the Jericho Diamond Mine.[1] In late 2010, Shear announced that it would take about a year to devise a plan to reopen the mine.[2] Shear began processing the existing recovery reject pile in early 2012, selling the recovered stones to Belgian diamond firm Taché,[3] which provided a revolving line of credit. However, operations were suspended in September, as Shear, citing \"limited funds and significant operations\", has sought to minimize expenditures. Taché has given notice of default on certain covenants of their investment agreement, but is working with Shear to find funding or a purchaser.[4]","title":"Jericho Diamond Mine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tahera Diamond Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahera_(mining_company)"},{"link_name":"CAN $","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"Tiffany & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Tibbitt to Contwoyto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibbitt_to_Contwoyto_Winter_Road"},{"link_name":"ice road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_road"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"Bathurst Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathurst_Inlet,_Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Diavik Diamond Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diavik_Diamond_Mine"},{"link_name":"Ekati Diamond Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekati_Diamond_Mine"}],"text":"The mine was developed, opened and operated by Tahera Diamond Corporation. The company was provided with CAN $35 million loan by Tiffany & Co. to assist in construction of the site, as part of a marketing alliance. The mine produced diamonds from 2006 to February 2008, and was Tahera's only mining operation. The company reported financial losses in 2007 due to operational difficulties, the high value of the Canadian dollar, high oil prices, and the short operating season of the Tibbitt to Contwoyto ice road in 2006. Tahera filed for protection from creditors in January 2008, and the mine stopped recovering diamonds once existing ore stockpiles ran out, one month later.There is no registered airport at the site, so all heavy equipment had to be brought in by the Tibbitt-to-Contwoyto winter road. Due to the remoteness of the site, the mine was part of the impetus for a proposal to build a port near the community of Bathurst Inlet with a road to both the Diavik Diamond Mine and the Ekati Diamond Mine.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The mine was estimated to be able to produce 375,000 carats (75 kg; 165 lb) a year with a value of CAN $25 million. In the first half of 2006 the mine had processed 210,000 t (210,000 long tons; 230,000 short tons) for 126,918 carats (25 kg; 56 lb).","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Press release announcing sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marketwire.com/press-release/Shear-Minerals-Ltd-to-Acquire-Jericho-Diamond-Mine-Nunavut-TSX-VENTURE-SRM-1292163.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Shear plans to reopen mine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101229112456/http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/english/News.aspx?boneID=918&objID=8451"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.israelidiamond.co.il/english/News.aspx?boneID=918&objID=8451"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Nunavut's 1st diamond mine could re-open\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2012/01/04/north-jericho-mine-reopen.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"https://archive.today/20130421225438/http://www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130421225438/http://www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/"},{"link_name":"cite news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title"}],"text":"^ Press release announcing sale\n\n^ \"Shear plans to reopen mine\". Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2011-01-08.\n\n^ \"Nunavut's 1st diamond mine could re-open\". CBC.ca. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2012.\n\n^ jewelryne.ws. 23 October 2012 https://archive.today/20130421225438/http://www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)","title":"Notes and references"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Jericho pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_pipe"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Shear plans to reopen mine\". Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2011-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101229112456/http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/english/News.aspx?boneID=918&objID=8451","url_text":"\"Shear plans to reopen mine\""},{"url":"http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/english/News.aspx?boneID=918&objID=8451","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nunavut's 1st diamond mine could re-open\". CBC.ca. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2012/01/04/north-jericho-mine-reopen.html","url_text":"\"Nunavut's 1st diamond mine could re-open\""}]},{"reference":"jewelryne.ws. 23 October 2012 https://archive.today/20130421225438/http://www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130421225438/http://www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/","url_text":"https://archive.today/20130421225438/http://www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/"},{"url":"http://www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jericho_Diamond_Mine¶ms=65_59_50_N_111_28_30_W_region:CA-NU_type:landmark","external_links_name":"65°59′50″N 111°28′30″W / 65.99722°N 111.47500°W / 65.99722; -111.47500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jericho_Diamond_Mine¶ms=65_59_50_N_111_28_30_W_region:CA-NU_type:landmark","external_links_name":"65°59′50″N 111°28′30″W / 65.99722°N 111.47500°W / 65.99722; -111.47500"},{"Link":"http://www.sheardiamonds.com/jericho.html","external_links_name":"www.sheardiamonds.com/jericho.html"},{"Link":"https://money.tmx.com/en/quote/SRM","external_links_name":"SRM"},{"Link":"http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Shear-Minerals-Ltd-to-Acquire-Jericho-Diamond-Mine-Nunavut-TSX-VENTURE-SRM-1292163.htm","external_links_name":"Press release announcing sale"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101229112456/http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/english/News.aspx?boneID=918&objID=8451","external_links_name":"\"Shear plans to reopen mine\""},{"Link":"http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/english/News.aspx?boneID=918&objID=8451","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2012/01/04/north-jericho-mine-reopen.html","external_links_name":"\"Nunavut's 1st diamond mine could re-open\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130421225438/http://www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/","external_links_name":"https://archive.today/20130421225438/http://www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/"},{"Link":"http://www.jewelryne.ws/shear-diamonds-updates-financial-and-operational-status-continues-to-seek-transaction-to-allow-project-to-advance/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120621022937/http://www.sheardiamonds.com/","external_links_name":"Shear Diamonds"},{"Link":"http://www.tahera.com/Operations/Exploration/JerichoProperty/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Tahera Diamond Corporation - Jericho exploration"},{"Link":"http://www.tahera.com/Operations/Mining/JerichoDiamondMine/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Tahera Diamond Corporation - Jericho Diamond Mine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060614050238/http://ainc-inac.gc.ca/nr/prs/s-d2003/02378abk_e.html","external_links_name":"Government of Canada - backgrounder on \"Mining in the North\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/02/25/diamonds-nunavut0225.html","external_links_name":"CBC report on construction of the mine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060813142600/http://www.nnsl.com/opps2006/intro.html","external_links_name":"NNSL \"Opportunities North\" - deep water port at Bathurst Inlet"},{"Link":"http://www.tachediamonds.com/","external_links_name":"Tache Alliance - diamond and jewellery company"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKROP
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UKROP
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["1 History","2 Ideology and political positions","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Political party in Ukraine
For other uses, see Ukrop (disambiguation).
Ukrainian Association of Patriots Українське об'єднання патріотівAbbreviationUKROP (УКРОП)LeaderTaras BatenkoFounderHennadiy KorbanFounded18 June 2015 (2015-06-18)Registered25 September 2014 (2014-09-25)DissolvedJune 2020 (2020-06) (de facto)Merged intoFor the Future (de facto)HeadquartersKyivIdeologyUkrainian nationalismSocial market economyGreen politicsPolitical positionSyncreticFiscal: Centre-leftSocial: Right-wingColours Green9th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada3 / 450Websiteukrop.partyPolitics of UkrainePolitical partiesElections
UKROP (Ukrainian: УКРОП, lit. 'dill' in Russian), short for the Ukrainian Association of Patriots (Ukrainian: Українське об'єднання патріотів, romanized: Ukrainske ob'ednannya patriotiv), was a political party in Ukraine.
UKROP was established months after the Euromaidan Revolution of February 2014. The core of the party comprised civil society activists, participants of Euromaidan, volunteers and members of Ukrainian territorial defense battalions.
In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party won 3 seats in single-seat constituencies, but these were won by UKROP members as candidates for Servant of the People (the two parties had no formal allegiance). UKROP itself did not take part in the election.
The name "ukrop" was initially a derogatory Russian slang term used to refer to Ukrainians; however, in this case some Ukrainians reclaimed the term "ukrop" to refer to themselves.
History
On 2 December 2014, in the Ukrainian Parliament was established an inter-factional group called UKROP. It includes non-faction MPs Dmytro Yarosh, Andriy Biletsky, Boryslav Bereza, Borys Filatov and Volodymyr Parasiuk. Following the resignation of multibillionaire Ihor Kolomoyskyi from the post of governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, members of his team announced their intention to build a new political force.
The political party UKROP was founded on 18 June 2015, transformed from the party Patriotic Alliance ("Патриотический альянс") registered on September 25, 2014. The head of the party's political council became oligarch Hennadiy Korban.
The party logo was designed earlier by Ukrainian artist Andriy Yermolenko to serve as a sleeve badge for the participants of the war in Donbas. The author released it for the use by the party for a symbolic fee of ₴1. In its turn, the word "ukrop" ("укроп") used by Yermolenko was a repurposed Russian ethnic slur for Ukrainians. Korban was deputy governor of Kolomoyskyi when Kolomoyskyi was governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast from 2 March 2014 until 24 March 2015.
The party's first political activity was when Korban took part in the 26 July 2015 parliamentary by-election in constituency 205 located in Chernihiv (He lost these elections to Serhiy Berezenko of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc, who won with 35.90% of the vote). Korban took second place with 14.76%. During the run-up to these elections Korban was repeatedly accused of bribing voters, the use of black PR and other violations (of the electoral legislation). Berezenko was accused of employing these tactics as well.
The party took part in the 25 October 2015 Ukrainian local elections, with their best region being Dnipropetrovsk. In this city its candidate Borys Filatov was elected Mayor. Nationwide (in this election) the party won nationwide eight percent of the total vote. This did not lead to being one of the top seat gainers of the elections.
In 2015 the Ukrainian media reported that the party was allied to Ukrainian oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi. Korban was his deputy governor when Kolomoyskyi was governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast from 2 March 2014 until 24 March 2015.
On 31 October 2015, Korban was arrested and suspected to be head of organized crime group. The party claims offices of other party members and party offices were also searched by police.
During 17 July 2016 constituency mid-term elections the party won its first two seats in the Ukrainian parliament.
During its November 2016 party congress Kolomoyskyi was elected into the party leadership. By then Korban was not a member of UKROP anymore.
On 23 March 2018 UKROP member Oleksandr Savchenko was appointed Governor of Volyn Oblast.
In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party won 3 seats in single-seat constituencies, but these seats were won by UKROP members as candidates for Servant of the People (the two parties had no formal allegiance). UKROP itself did not take part in the election. Former prominent UKROP member Ihor Palytsia has stated that de facto since 2020 UKROP's is replaced by the party For the Future. Indeed, UKROP's social media pages were re-branded as "For the Future" social media pages.
In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections 1 person won a local seat on behalf of UKROP.
Ideology and political positions
Tom Burridge of BBC News has described UKROP as a centre-left party, while the European Centre for Tolerance, the European Centre for Democracy Development and the Institute for Ethnic Policy and Interethnic Relations Studies describe UKROP as right-wing. Deutsche Welle described the party as "right-wing nationalist".
The party claims it will create a "New Ukraine" with a social market economy including social welfare programs (including free internet access, environmental reimbursements for healthcare costs, and a public option for those who cannot afford healthcare), nationalization, environmentalism, public-private partnerships, and use of minimal regulation to guarantee "socially responsible business" in Ukraine. It claims that the Russian Federation is a Fascist regime comparable to Hitler's Germany and wants Ukrainian membership in NATO and the EU.
The party also claims it seeks center-right economic reforms. "We support middle class entrepreneurship, de-monopolization, lowering trade barriers and simplification of tax laws, but with an emphasis on patriotism."
The party aims the "complete destruction of the existing bureaucratic corruption system", "new faces in all branches of government and law enforcement agencies, the creation of a new Constitution and gradual "zeroing" of all laws, transparent funding of political parties, as well as the nationalization of strategically important enterprises."
Notes
^ In June 2020 Borys Filatov was one of the founders and joined the new party Proposition.
References
^ a b c Ukrop political party launched by oligarch Kolomoisky obtains registration, Ukrinform (18 June 2015)
^ "Local elections 2015". УКРОП. Українське об'єднання патріотів. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
^ a b (in Ukrainian) Party of Kolomoisky in the wrapper "People's servants", Deutsche Welle (24 July 2019)CEC counts 100 percent of vote in Ukraine's parliamentary elections, Ukrinform (26 July 2019)(in Russian) Results of the extraordinary elections of the People's Deputies of Ukraine 2019, Ukrayinska Pravda (21 July 2019)
^ a b "Електоральна пам'ять". ukr.vote.
^ "Пристрасті за "Укропом"". zaxid.net (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ a b "Як українці стають "Укропами" ("How Ukrainians become 'Ukrops'")". Radio Liberty (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-01-30.
^ a b c Justice Ministry registered the party Kolomoisky, Korrespondent.net (18 June 2015)
^ "Борис Филатов: В Днепропетровске сейчас не просто паника — там психоз - ФОКУС". ФОКУС. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
^ #БУКВЫ. "Геннадий Корбан без Коломойского. Интервью". bykvu.com. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
^ a b "Партия "Укроп" и автор логотипа Ермоленко урегулировали вопрос авторских прав на символ партии". interfax.com.ua.
^ "Forbes.ua | Бізнес, мільярдери, новини, фінанси, інвестиції, компанії". forbes.ua.
^ a b c UKROP party will run in local elections across Ukraine, Kyiv Post (July 27, 2015)
^ a b c With 100% of ballots counted in Rada by-election, Berezenko gets 35.90% of votes, Korban 14.76% – CEC, Interfax-Ukraine (28 July 2015)
^ a b Корбан: Я потерял моральное право возглавлять политсовет партии "Укроп" "Гордон", .07.2015This crazy Ukrainian election shows the country has a ways to go toward reform, Global Post (28 July 2015)
^ "Five lessons from the local elections in Ukraine | European Council on Foreign Relations". Ecfr.eu. 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ Borys Filatov becomes Dnipropetrovsk mayor – election commission, Ukrinform (18 November 2015)
^ "Party of mayors: 6 mayors presented "ProPosition"". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 19 June 2020.
^ "Archived copy". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Poroshenko Bloc, Batkivschyna, Nash Kray get largest number of seats in local councils – Ukrainian Voters Committee, Interfax-Ukraine (12 November 2015)
^ "Accusations of logo theft greet new party of Kolomoisky allies - Jun. 18, 2015". Kyiv Post. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ "Преступности.НЕТ". News.pn. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ Ukraine Turns to Its Oligarchs for Political Help, nytimes.com (2 March 2014)
^ Cullison, Alan (27 June 2014). "Ukraine's Secret Weapon: Feisty Oligarch Ihor Kolomoisky". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ "Gennadiy Korban: 'We will continue the fight for Ukraine with its patriots' - Mar. 28, 2015". KyivPost. 2015-03-28. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ None 13:39 31.10.2015 (2015-10-31). "Korban detained, could be head of organized crime group, now he is not a suspect – SBU, PGO". En.interfax.com.ua. Retrieved 2018-03-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "SBU suspects Korban of organized crime activity, confirms detention | UNIAN". Unian.info. 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ "SBU, PGO on a large-scale raid in Dnipropetrovsk, over 500 officers involved | UNIAN". Unian.info. 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ "UKROP party says its leader Korban detained in Dnipropetrovsk | UNIAN". Unian.info. 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ (in Ukrainian)Data on vote counting at percincts within single-mandate districts Extraordinary parliamentary election on 17.06.2016 Archived 2016-07-18 at the Wayback Machine, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
^ a b "Новини | Українська правда". Pda.pravda.com.ua. 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ a b "Austrian ski resort of Semmering losing faith in Ukrainian oligarch investors". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ "Ukraine's Volyn regional governor replaced". LB.ua. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ a b (in Ukrainian) Is Kolomoisky's party "For the Future" a new political project?, Civil movement "Chesno" (6 July 2020)
^ "Results of the 2020 Ukrainian local elections on the official web-server of the". Central Election Commission of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ "EU resists Russian overtures on Ukraine - BBC News". Bbc.com. 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ a b Xenophobia, radicalism and hate crime in Europe 2015 European Tolerance Center, European Center for Democracy, Institute for Ethnic Policy and Interethnic Relations Studies.
^ Democracy and Disorientation: Ukraine Votes in Local Elections by Balázs Jarábik, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (23 October 2015 )
^ a b Ideological platform. "Ideological platform / УКРОП. Українське об'єднання патріотів". Ukrop.com.ua. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
^ "У Житомирі нардеп Купрій розповів про ідеологію партії "УКРОП" та представив голову її обласного осередку". www.zhitomir.info.
^ "Kolomoisky promoted to senior position in UKROP Party". Retrieved 10 March 2018.
External links
Media related to UKROP at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
vtePolitical parties in Ukraine (list)Official factions
Servant of the People (240)
European Solidarity (27)
Batkivshchyna (24)
Holos (20)
For the Future (20)
Parliamentary groups
Platform for Life and Peace (25)
Smart Politics (25, inside SN)
Dovira (18)
Restoration of Ukraine (18)
Justice (11, inside Holos)
Parties withoutfaction status
Svoboda (1)
Self Reliance (1)
Andriy Baloha's Team (1)
Bila Tserkva Together (1)
Parties withregionalrepresentation
Servant of the People (305)
European Solidarity (283)
Opposition Platform — For Life (230)
Batkivshchyna (193)
For the Future (183)
Svoboda (50)
Kernes Bloc — Successful Kharkiv (46)
Our Land (43)
Ukrainian Strategy of Groysman (40)
Proposition (35)
UDAR (30)
Radical Party (27)
Dovira (22)
Native Home (19)
Cherkashchany (18)
Bloc Svitlychna Together! (17)
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Holos (16)
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Unity of Oleksandr Omelchenko (14)
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We Have to Live Here! (13)
Agrarian Party (12)
Native Zakarpattia (12)
Trust the Deeds (11)
Community Platform (10)
For Tangible Solutions (10)
Power of the People (9)
Volodymyr Buryak — United (9)
Self Reliance (9)
Native City (9)
United Alternative (9)
Party of Hungarians (8)
Opposition Bloc (8)
Andriy Baloha's Team (7)
Ukrainian Galician Party (7)
People's Movement of Ukraine (6)
Party of Shariy (6)
People's Control (6)
Volodymyr Saldo Bloc (5)
Other parties
5.10
Aktsent
Brotherhood
Christian Democratic Union
Civil Position
Conscience of Ukraine
Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists
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Democratic Axe
Democratic Party
DIYA
European Party
For Ukraine!
Hromada
Internet Party
Justice Party
Labour Ukraine
Liberal Democratic Party
Liberal Party of Ukraine
Liberty
Motherland Defenders Party
Movement of New Forces
National Corps
New Life
New Politics
One Rus
Our Ukraine
Party of Greens
Party of Free Democrats
Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs
Party of Pensioners
People Bloc
People's Democratic Party
People's Front
People's Party
Pirate Party
Political Party of Small and Medium-sized Businesses
Reasonable Force
Republican Christian Party
Republican Platform
Revival
Right Sector
Social-Christian Party
United Social Democratic Party
Solidarity of Women
Spade
Strong Ukraine
Third Ukrainian Republic
National-Democratic Association "Ukraine"
Ukraine – Forward!
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Ukraine United
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Ukrainian Republican Party
UKROP
Union of Communists
Volt Ukraine
Youth Party
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20 March 2022
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Party of Shariy
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Politics portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrop (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrop_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"dill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dill"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"political party in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukrinform.ua-1"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian territorial defense battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_defense_battalions_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Servant of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_of_the_People_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UkropSoPp-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-URK.VOTEPP59-4"},{"link_name":"ukrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrop"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"reclaimed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hubu-6"}],"text":"For other uses, see Ukrop (disambiguation).UKROP (Ukrainian: УКРОП, lit. 'dill' in Russian), short for the Ukrainian Association of Patriots (Ukrainian: Українське об'єднання патріотів, romanized: Ukrainske ob'ednannya patriotiv), was a political party in Ukraine.[1]UKROP was established months after the Euromaidan Revolution of February 2014. The core of the party comprised civil society activists, participants of Euromaidan, volunteers and members of Ukrainian territorial defense battalions.[2]In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party won 3 seats in single-seat constituencies, but these were won by UKROP members as candidates for Servant of the People (the two parties had no formal allegiance).[3] UKROP itself did not take part in the election.[4]The name \"ukrop\" was initially a derogatory Russian slang term used to refer to Ukrainians; however, in this case some Ukrainians reclaimed the term \"ukrop\" to refer to themselves.[5][6]","title":"UKROP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dillkor14-7"},{"link_name":"Dmytro Yarosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Yarosh"},{"link_name":"Andriy Biletsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Boryslav Bereza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boryslav_Bereza"},{"link_name":"Borys Filatov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borys_Filatov"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Parasiuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Parasiuk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dillkor14-7"},{"link_name":"Ihor Kolomoyskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihor_Kolomoyskyi"},{"link_name":"governor of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Dnipropetrovsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukrinform.ua-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logo-10"},{"link_name":"oligarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gennadiyhasmoney-11"},{"link_name":"Hennadiy Korban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennadiy_Korban"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyivpost.com-12"},{"link_name":"war in Donbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logo-10"},{"link_name":"ukrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrop"},{"link_name":"ethnic slur for Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment#Ethnic_slurs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hubu-6"},{"link_name":"Dnipropetrovsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"parliamentary by-election in constituency 205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election#26_July_2015_constituency_205_mid-term_election"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byud20528715-13"},{"link_name":"Serhiy Berezenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhiy_Berezenko"},{"link_name":"Petro Poroshenko Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko_Bloc"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byud20528715-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byud20528715-13"},{"link_name":"black PR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_PR"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%93-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%93-14"},{"link_name":"25 October 2015 Ukrainian local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Ukrainian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyivpost.com-12"},{"link_name":"Dnipropetrovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Borys Filatov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borys_Filatov"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian oligarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarch"},{"link_name":"Ihor Kolomoyskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihor_Kolomoyskyi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukrinform.ua-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyivpost.com-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dillkor14-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Dnipropetrovsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"17 July 2016 constituency mid-term elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election#17_July_2016_constituency_mid-term_elections"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk2seats-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda1-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda1-31"},{"link_name":"Oleksandr Savchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr_Savchenko"},{"link_name":"Governor of Volyn Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Volyn_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austrian_Volyn_resort_OSb-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Servant of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_of_the_People_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UkropSoPp-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-URK.VOTEPP59-4"},{"link_name":"Ihor Palytsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihor_Palytsia"},{"link_name":"For the Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Future_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chesno.org4089FKFUKROP-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chesno.org4089FKFUKROP-34"},{"link_name":"2020 Ukrainian local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Ukrainian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"On 2 December 2014, in the Ukrainian Parliament was established an inter-factional group called UKROP.[7] It includes non-faction MPs Dmytro Yarosh, Andriy Biletsky, Boryslav Bereza, Borys Filatov and Volodymyr Parasiuk.[7] Following the resignation of multibillionaire Ihor Kolomoyskyi from the post of governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, members of his team announced their intention to build a new political force.[8][9]The political party UKROP was founded on 18 June 2015,[1] transformed from the party Patriotic Alliance (\"Патриотический альянс\") registered on September 25, 2014.[10] The head of the party's political council became oligarch[11] Hennadiy Korban.[12]The party logo was designed earlier by Ukrainian artist Andriy Yermolenko to serve as a sleeve badge for the participants of the war in Donbas. The author released it for the use by the party for a symbolic fee of ₴1.[10] In its turn, the word \"ukrop\" (\"укроп\") used by Yermolenko was a repurposed Russian ethnic slur for Ukrainians.[6] Korban was deputy governor of Kolomoyskyi when Kolomoyskyi was governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast from 2 March 2014 until 24 March 2015.The party's first political activity was when Korban took part in the 26 July 2015 parliamentary by-election in constituency 205 located in Chernihiv[13] (He lost these elections to Serhiy Berezenko of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc, who won with 35.90% of the vote).[13] Korban took second place with 14.76%.[13] During the run-up to these elections Korban was repeatedly accused of bribing voters, the use of black PR and other violations (of the electoral legislation).[14] Berezenko was accused of employing these tactics as well.[14]The party took part in the 25 October 2015 Ukrainian local elections,[12] with their best region being Dnipropetrovsk.[15] In this city its candidate Borys Filatov was elected Mayor.[16][nb 1] Nationwide (in this election) the party won nationwide eight percent of the total vote.[18] This did not lead to being one of the top seat gainers of the elections.[19]In 2015 the Ukrainian media reported that the party was allied to Ukrainian oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi.[1][12][7][20][21] Korban was his deputy governor when Kolomoyskyi was governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast from 2 March 2014[22] until 24 March 2015.[23][24]On 31 October 2015, Korban was arrested and suspected to be head of organized crime group.[25][26][27] The party claims offices of other party members and party offices were also searched by police.[28]During 17 July 2016 constituency mid-term elections the party won its first two seats in the Ukrainian parliament.[29]During its November 2016 party congress Kolomoyskyi was elected into the party leadership.[30] By then Korban was not a member of UKROP anymore.[30]On 23 March 2018 UKROP member Oleksandr Savchenko was appointed Governor of Volyn Oblast.[31][32]In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party won 3 seats in single-seat constituencies, but these seats were won by UKROP members as candidates for Servant of the People (the two parties had no formal allegiance).[3] UKROP itself did not take part in the election.[4] Former prominent UKROP member Ihor Palytsia has stated that de facto since 2020 UKROP's is replaced by the party For the Future.[33] Indeed, UKROP's social media pages were re-branded as \"For the Future\" social media pages.[33]In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections 1 person won a local seat on behalf of UKROP.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Burridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Burridge"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBsUkropcl-36"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xenophobia2015-37"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Welle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austrian_Volyn_resort_OSb-32"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xenophobia2015-37"},{"link_name":"social market economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_market_economy"},{"link_name":"social welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"public option","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_option"},{"link_name":"nationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"environmentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"public-private partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-private_partnerships"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKROPValues-39"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKROPValues-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Tom Burridge of BBC News has described UKROP as a centre-left party,[35] while the European Centre for Tolerance, the European Centre for Democracy Development and the Institute for Ethnic Policy and Interethnic Relations Studies describe UKROP as right-wing.[36] Deutsche Welle described the party as \"right-wing nationalist\".[31][37][36]The party claims it will create a \"New Ukraine\" with a social market economy including social welfare programs (including free internet access, environmental reimbursements for healthcare costs, and a public option for those who cannot afford healthcare), nationalization, environmentalism, public-private partnerships, and use of minimal regulation to guarantee \"socially responsible business\" in Ukraine.[38] It claims that the Russian Federation is a Fascist regime comparable to Hitler's Germany and wants Ukrainian membership in NATO and the EU.[38]The party also claims it seeks center-right economic reforms. \"We support middle class entrepreneurship, de-monopolization, lowering trade barriers and simplification of tax laws, but with an emphasis on patriotism.\"[39]The party aims the \"complete destruction of the existing bureaucratic corruption system\", \"new faces in all branches of government and law enforcement agencies, the creation of a new Constitution and gradual \"zeroing\" of all laws, transparent funding of political parties, as well as the nationalization of strategically important enterprises.\"[40]","title":"Ideology and political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Borys Filatov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borys_Filatov"},{"link_name":"Proposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_(party)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PartyofmayorsnoUKROPBF-17"}],"text":"^ In June 2020 Borys Filatov was one of the founders and joined the new party Proposition.[17]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Local elections 2015\". УКРОП. Українське об'єднання патріотів. Retrieved 2016-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukrop.com.ua/en/election2015","url_text":"\"Local elections 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Електоральна пам'ять\". ukr.vote.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukr.vote/en/parties/59","url_text":"\"Електоральна пам'ять\""}]},{"reference":"\"Пристрасті за \"Укропом\"\". zaxid.net (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://zaxid.net/pristrasti_za_ukropom_n1357561","url_text":"\"Пристрасті за \"Укропом\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Як українці стають \"Укропами\" (\"How Ukrainians become 'Ukrops'\")\". Radio Liberty (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/26519406.html","url_text":"\"Як українці стають \"Укропами\" (\"How Ukrainians become 'Ukrops'\")\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Liberty","url_text":"Radio Liberty"}]},{"reference":"\"Борис Филатов: В Днепропетровске сейчас не просто паника — там психоз - ФОКУС\". ФОКУС. Retrieved 2016-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://focus.ua/country/327624/","url_text":"\"Борис Филатов: В Днепропетровске сейчас не просто паника — там психоз - ФОКУС\""}]},{"reference":"#БУКВЫ. \"Геннадий Корбан без Коломойского. Интервью\". bykvu.com. Retrieved 2016-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://bykvu.com/home/mysli/932.html","url_text":"\"Геннадий Корбан без Коломойского. Интервью\""}]},{"reference":"\"Партия \"Укроп\" и автор логотипа Ермоленко урегулировали вопрос авторских прав на символ партии\". interfax.com.ua.","urls":[{"url":"https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/274023.html","url_text":"\"Партия \"Укроп\" и автор логотипа Ермоленко урегулировали вопрос авторских прав на символ партии\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes.ua | Бізнес, мільярдери, новини, фінанси, інвестиції, компанії\". forbes.ua.","urls":[{"url":"https://forbes.ua/","url_text":"\"Forbes.ua | Бізнес, мільярдери, новини, фінанси, інвестиції, компанії\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five lessons from the local elections in Ukraine | European Council on Foreign Relations\". Ecfr.eu. 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2018-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_five_lessons_from_the_local_elections_in_ukraine4087","url_text":"\"Five lessons from the local elections in Ukraine | European Council on Foreign Relations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Party of mayors: 6 mayors presented \"ProPosition\"\". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2020/06/19/7256335/","url_text":"\"Party of mayors: 6 mayors presented \"ProPosition\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda","url_text":"Ukrayinska Pravda"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022817/http://m.dw.com/ukrainian/mobile.A-18823569-657.html?maca=ukr-VGUS-Link-YedynkaUpMobileManual-dwukr","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"},{"url":"http://m.dw.com/ukrainian/mobile.A-18823569-657.html?maca=ukr-VGUS-Link-YedynkaUpMobileManual-dwukr","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Accusations of logo theft greet new party of Kolomoisky allies - Jun. 18, 2015\". Kyiv Post. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/accusations-of-logo-theft-great-new-party-of-kolomoisky-allies-391409.html","url_text":"\"Accusations of logo theft greet new party of Kolomoisky allies - Jun. 18, 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Преступности.НЕТ\". News.pn. Retrieved 2018-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.pn/en/politics/137658","url_text":"\"Преступности.НЕТ\""}]},{"reference":"Cullison, Alan (27 June 2014). \"Ukraine's Secret Weapon: Feisty Oligarch Ihor Kolomoisky\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraines-secret-weapon-feisty-oligarch-ihor-kolomoisky-1403886665","url_text":"\"Ukraine's Secret Weapon: Feisty Oligarch Ihor Kolomoisky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gennadiy Korban: 'We will continue the fight for Ukraine with its patriots' - Mar. 28, 2015\". KyivPost. 2015-03-28. Retrieved 2018-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/we-will-continue-the-fight-for-ukraine-with-its-patriots-384565.html","url_text":"\"Gennadiy Korban: 'We will continue the fight for Ukraine with its patriots' - Mar. 28, 2015\""}]},{"reference":"None 13:39 31.10.2015 (2015-10-31). \"Korban detained, could be head of organized crime group, now he is not a suspect – SBU, PGO\". En.interfax.com.ua. Retrieved 2018-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/300626.html","url_text":"\"Korban detained, could be head of organized crime group, now he is not a suspect – SBU, PGO\""}]},{"reference":"\"SBU suspects Korban of organized crime activity, confirms detention | UNIAN\". Unian.info. 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2018-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unian.info/politics/1170105-sbu-suspects-korban-of-organized-crime-activity-confirms-detention.html","url_text":"\"SBU suspects Korban of organized crime activity, confirms detention | UNIAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"SBU, PGO on a large-scale raid in Dnipropetrovsk, over 500 officers involved | UNIAN\". Unian.info. 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2018-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unian.info/politics/1170018-sbu-pgo-on-a-large-scale-raid-in-dnipropetrovsk-over-500-officers-involved.html","url_text":"\"SBU, PGO on a large-scale raid in Dnipropetrovsk, over 500 officers involved | UNIAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"UKROP party says its leader Korban detained in Dnipropetrovsk | UNIAN\". Unian.info. 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2018-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unian.info/society/1169941-ukrop-party-says-its-leader-korban-detained-in-dnipropetrovsk.html","url_text":"\"UKROP party says its leader Korban detained in Dnipropetrovsk | UNIAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Новини | Українська правда\". Pda.pravda.com.ua. 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2018-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7127923/","url_text":"\"Новини | Українська правда\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian ski resort of Semmering losing faith in Ukrainian oligarch investors\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 22 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.dw.com/en/austrian-ski-resort-of-semmering-losing-faith-in-ukrainian-oligarch-investors/a-41881608","url_text":"\"Austrian ski resort of Semmering losing faith in Ukrainian oligarch investors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine's Volyn regional governor replaced\". LB.ua. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.lb.ua/news/2018/03/23/5764_ukraines_volyn_regional_governor.html","url_text":"\"Ukraine's Volyn regional governor replaced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LB.ua&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"LB.ua"}]},{"reference":"\"Results of the 2020 Ukrainian local elections on the official web-server of the\". Central Election Commission of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vm2020/pvm002pt001f01=695pt00_t001f01=695.html","url_text":"\"Results of the 2020 Ukrainian local elections on the official web-server of the\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Ukraine","url_text":"Central Election Commission of Ukraine"}]},{"reference":"\"EU resists Russian overtures on Ukraine - BBC News\". Bbc.com. 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2018-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35060398","url_text":"\"EU resists Russian overtures on Ukraine - BBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Ideological platform. \"Ideological platform / УКРОП. Українське об'єднання патріотів\". Ukrop.com.ua. Retrieved 2018-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukrop.com.ua/en/about/values","url_text":"\"Ideological platform / УКРОП. Українське об'єднання патріотів\""}]},{"reference":"\"У Житомирі нардеп Купрій розповів про ідеологію партії \"УКРОП\" та представив голову її обласного осередку\". www.zhitomir.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zhitomir.info/news_149270.html","url_text":"\"У Житомирі нардеп Купрій розповів про ідеологію партії \"УКРОП\" та представив голову її обласного осередку\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kolomoisky promoted to senior position in UKROP Party\". Retrieved 10 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unian.info/politics/1644497-kolomoisky-promoted-to-senior-position-in-ukrop-party.html","url_text":"\"Kolomoisky promoted to senior position in UKROP Party\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201031050409/https://ukrop.party/","external_links_name":"ukrop.party"},{"Link":"http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/ukrop_political_party_launched_by_oligarch_kolomoisky_obtains_registration_332407","external_links_name":"Ukrop political party launched by oligarch Kolomoisky obtains registration"},{"Link":"http://www.ukrop.com.ua/en/election2015","external_links_name":"\"Local elections 2015\""},{"Link":"https://m.dw.com/uk/%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%B2-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%86%D1%96-%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83/a-49718271","external_links_name":"Party of Kolomoisky in the wrapper \"People's servants\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-elections/2748306-cec-counts-100-percent-of-vote-in-ukraines-parliamentary-elections.html","external_links_name":"CEC counts 100 percent of vote in Ukraine's parliamentary elections"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/articles/2019/07/21/7221526/","external_links_name":"Results of the extraordinary elections of the People's Deputies of Ukraine 2019"},{"Link":"https://ukr.vote/en/parties/59","external_links_name":"\"Електоральна пам'ять\""},{"Link":"https://zaxid.net/pristrasti_za_ukropom_n1357561","external_links_name":"\"Пристрасті за \"Укропом\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/26519406.html","external_links_name":"\"Як українці стають \"Укропами\" (\"How Ukrainians become 'Ukrops'\")\""},{"Link":"http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/3529272-minuist-zareiestruvav-partiui-kolomoiskoho","external_links_name":"Justice Ministry registered the party Kolomoisky"},{"Link":"https://focus.ua/country/327624/","external_links_name":"\"Борис Филатов: В Днепропетровске сейчас не просто паника — там психоз - ФОКУС\""},{"Link":"http://bykvu.com/home/mysli/932.html","external_links_name":"\"Геннадий Корбан без Коломойского. Интервью\""},{"Link":"https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/274023.html","external_links_name":"\"Партия \"Укроп\" и автор логотипа Ермоленко урегулировали вопрос авторских прав на символ партии\""},{"Link":"https://forbes.ua/","external_links_name":"\"Forbes.ua | Бізнес, мільярдери, новини, фінанси, інвестиції, компанії\""},{"Link":"https://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrop-party-will-run-in-local-elections-across-ukraine-394382.html","external_links_name":"UKROP party will run in local elections across Ukraine"},{"Link":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/280526.html","external_links_name":"With 100% of ballots counted in Rada by-election, Berezenko gets 35.90% of votes, Korban 14.76% – CEC"},{"Link":"http://gordonua.com/news/politics/Korban-YA-poteryal-moralnye-pravo-vozglavlyat-politsovet-parii-Ukrop-91321.html","external_links_name":"Корбан: Я потерял моральное право возглавлять политсовет партии \"Укроп\""},{"Link":"http://www.globalpost.com/article/6622364/2015/07/27/ukraine-election-district-205","external_links_name":"This crazy Ukrainian election shows the country has a ways to go toward reform"},{"Link":"http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_five_lessons_from_the_local_elections_in_ukraine4087","external_links_name":"\"Five lessons from the local elections in Ukraine | European Council on Foreign Relations\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-politics/1915506-borys-filatov-becomes-dnipropetrovsk-mayor-election-commission.html","external_links_name":"Borys Filatov becomes Dnipropetrovsk mayor – election commission"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2020/06/19/7256335/","external_links_name":"\"Party of mayors: 6 mayors presented \"ProPosition\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022817/http://m.dw.com/ukrainian/mobile.A-18823569-657.html?maca=ukr-VGUS-Link-YedynkaUpMobileManual-dwukr","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://m.dw.com/ukrainian/mobile.A-18823569-657.html?maca=ukr-VGUS-Link-YedynkaUpMobileManual-dwukr","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/303411.html","external_links_name":"Poroshenko Bloc, Batkivschyna, Nash Kray get largest number of seats in local councils – Ukrainian Voters Committee"},{"Link":"http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/accusations-of-logo-theft-great-new-party-of-kolomoisky-allies-391409.html","external_links_name":"\"Accusations of logo theft greet new party of Kolomoisky allies - Jun. 18, 2015\""},{"Link":"https://news.pn/en/politics/137658","external_links_name":"\"Преступности.НЕТ\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html","external_links_name":"Ukraine Turns to Its Oligarchs for Political Help"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraines-secret-weapon-feisty-oligarch-ihor-kolomoisky-1403886665","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's Secret Weapon: Feisty Oligarch Ihor Kolomoisky\""},{"Link":"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/we-will-continue-the-fight-for-ukraine-with-its-patriots-384565.html","external_links_name":"\"Gennadiy Korban: 'We will continue the fight for Ukraine with its patriots' - Mar. 28, 2015\""},{"Link":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/300626.html","external_links_name":"\"Korban detained, could be head of organized crime group, now he is not a suspect – SBU, PGO\""},{"Link":"https://www.unian.info/politics/1170105-sbu-suspects-korban-of-organized-crime-activity-confirms-detention.html","external_links_name":"\"SBU suspects Korban of organized crime activity, confirms detention | UNIAN\""},{"Link":"https://www.unian.info/politics/1170018-sbu-pgo-on-a-large-scale-raid-in-dnipropetrovsk-over-500-officers-involved.html","external_links_name":"\"SBU, PGO on a large-scale raid in Dnipropetrovsk, over 500 officers involved | UNIAN\""},{"Link":"https://www.unian.info/society/1169941-ukrop-party-says-its-leader-korban-detained-in-dnipropetrovsk.html","external_links_name":"\"UKROP party says its leader Korban detained in Dnipropetrovsk | UNIAN\""},{"Link":"http://www.cvk.gov.ua/wvnd2014/wp039pt001f01=914.html","external_links_name":"Data on vote counting at percincts within single-mandate districts Extraordinary parliamentary election on 17.06.2016"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160718090152/http://www.cvk.gov.ua/wvnd2014/wp039pt001f01=914.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7127923/","external_links_name":"\"Новини | Українська правда\""},{"Link":"http://m.dw.com/en/austrian-ski-resort-of-semmering-losing-faith-in-ukrainian-oligarch-investors/a-41881608","external_links_name":"\"Austrian ski resort of Semmering losing faith in Ukrainian oligarch investors\""},{"Link":"https://en.lb.ua/news/2018/03/23/5764_ukraines_volyn_regional_governor.html","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's Volyn regional governor replaced\""},{"Link":"https://www.chesno.org/post/4089/","external_links_name":"Is Kolomoisky's party \"For the Future\" a new political project?"},{"Link":"https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vm2020/pvm002pt001f01=695pt00_t001f01=695.html","external_links_name":"\"Results of the 2020 Ukrainian local elections on the official web-server of the\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35060398","external_links_name":"\"EU resists Russian overtures on Ukraine - BBC News\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2KzIDQAAQBAJ&dq=UKROP+PARTY+RIGHT&pg=PT46","external_links_name":"Xenophobia, radicalism and hate crime in Europe 2015"},{"Link":"http://carnegieendowment.org/2015/10/23/democracy-and-disorientation-ukraine-votes-in-local-elections/ijlw","external_links_name":"Democracy and Disorientation: Ukraine Votes in Local Elections"},{"Link":"http://www.ukrop.com.ua/en/about/values","external_links_name":"\"Ideological platform / УКРОП. Українське об'єднання патріотів\""},{"Link":"https://www.zhitomir.info/news_149270.html","external_links_name":"\"У Житомирі нардеп Купрій розповів про ідеологію партії \"УКРОП\" та представив голову її обласного осередку\""},{"Link":"https://www.unian.info/politics/1644497-kolomoisky-promoted-to-senior-position-in-ukrop-party.html","external_links_name":"\"Kolomoisky promoted to senior position in UKROP Party\""},{"Link":"http://ukrop.com.ua/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastien_Dewaest
|
Sébastien Dewaest
|
["1 Club career","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Belgian footballer
Sébastien Dewaest
Dewaest with Genk in September 2019Personal informationDate of birth
(1991-05-27) 27 May 1991 (age 33)Place of birth
Poperinge, BelgiumHeight
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s)
Centre-backTeam informationCurrent team
AEL LimassolNumber
91Youth career–2011
LilleSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2010–2011
Lille II
2
(0)2011–2013
Roeselare
59
(4)2013–2015
Charleroi
74
(8)2015–2023
Genk
123
(9)2021
→ Toulouse (loan)
16
(0)2021–2022
→ OH Leuven (loan)
28
(0)2022–2023
Jong Genk
2
(0)2023–
AEL Limassol
26
(1)International career2007
Belgium U16
3
(0)2007–2008
Belgium U17
10
(2)2008
Belgium U18
1
(0)2009–2010
Belgium U19
4
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 21:38, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
Sébastien Dewaest (born 27 May 1991) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as centre-back for AEL Limassol. He has formerly played for Roeselare from 2011 until 2013 and for Charleroi from 2013 until 2015.
Club career
Dewaest comes from youth academy of Lille. In January 2011 he signed a professional contract with Roeselare. In his debut season he came in five games. In his second season, he played 22 league games in which he scored a goal. During 2012–13 season he scored four goals in 31 matches. In April 2013 Charleroi signed Dewaest. He signed a two-year contract with an option in two additional years.
Career statistics
As of 31 January 2023
Club
Season
League
National cup
League cup
Continental
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Roeselare
2010–11
Belgian First Division B
5
0
—
—
—
—
5
0
2011–12
23
0
1
0
—
—
—
24
0
2012–13
31
4
0
0
—
—
—
31
4
Total
59
4
1
0
—
—
—
60
4
Charleroi
2013–14
Belgian Pro League
31
5
1
0
—
—
—
32
5
2014–15
40
3
4
0
—
—
—
44
3
2015–16
3
0
—
—
4
0
—
7
0
Total
74
8
5
0
—
4
0
—
83
8
Genk
2015–16
Belgian Pro League
38
2
4
1
—
—
—
42
3
2016–17
Belgian First Division A
21
0
5
0
—
9
1
—
35
1
2017–18
6
0
1
0
—
—
—
7
0
2018–19
34
4
3
1
—
13
2
—
50
7
2019–20
24
3
2
0
—
4
0
1
2
31
5
2022–23
0
0
0
0
—
—
—
0
0
Total
123
9
15
2
—
26
3
1
2
165
16
Toulouse (loan)
2020–21
Ligue 1
16
0
1
0
0
0
—
—
17
0
OH Leuven (loan)
2021–22
Belgian First Division A
28
0
3
0
—
—
—
31
0
AEL Limassol
2022–23
Cypriot First Division
0
0
0
0
—
—
—
0
0
Career total
300
21
25
2
0
0
30
3
1
2
356
28
Honours
Genk
Belgian First Division A: 2018–19
Belgian Super Cup: 2019
References
^ Gaël Benazzi. "Dewaest: "Je ne suis pas un flambeur" - DH.be". Dhnet.be. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ "Landskampioen Genk opent seizoen met Supercup-winst tegen KV Mechelen". Sporza. 20 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
External links
Sébastien Dewaest at WorldFootball.net
Sébastien Dewaest at FootballDatabase.eu
Sébastien Dewaest at the Royal Belgian Football Association
vteAEL Limassol – current squad
2 Frantzis
6 Medojević
7 Andreou
8 Papafotis
14 Srnić
21 Marsh
22 Silvestros
29 Minchev
30 de Lucas
32 Kyriakou
33 Makris
34 Kolias
49 Neofytou
71 Gerolemou
73 Themistokleous
91 Dewaest
Zachariou
Mamas
Filiotis
Manager: Coleman
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"centre-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-back"},{"link_name":"AEL Limassol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEL_Limassol"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Charleroi_S.C."}],"text":"Sébastien Dewaest (born 27 May 1991) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as centre-back for AEL Limassol. He has formerly played for Roeselare from 2011 until 2013 and for Charleroi from 2013 until 2015.","title":"Sébastien Dewaest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_OSC"},{"link_name":"Roeselare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare"},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Charleroi_S.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Dewaest comes from youth academy of Lille. In January 2011 he signed a professional contract with Roeselare. In his debut season he came in five games. In his second season, he played 22 league games in which he scored a goal. During 2012–13 season he scored four goals in 31 matches. In April 2013 Charleroi signed Dewaest. He signed a two-year contract with an option in two additional years.[1]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 31 January 2023","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian First Division A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division_A"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Belgian_First_Division_A"},{"link_name":"Belgian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Belgian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genk_awards-2"}],"text":"GenkBelgian First Division A: 2018–19\nBelgian Super Cup: 2019[2]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Gaël Benazzi. \"Dewaest: \"Je ne suis pas un flambeur\" - DH.be\". Dhnet.be. Retrieved 5 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhnet.be/sports/football/division1/charleroi/dewaest-je-ne-suis-pas-un-flambeur-52fe274e3570c16bb1cced74","url_text":"\"Dewaest: \"Je ne suis pas un flambeur\" - DH.be\""}]},{"reference":"\"Landskampioen Genk opent seizoen met Supercup-winst tegen KV Mechelen\". Sporza. 20 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sporza.be/nl/matches/voetbal/belgische-super-cup/2019/finale/01/krc-genk-kv-mechelen","url_text":"\"Landskampioen Genk opent seizoen met Supercup-winst tegen KV Mechelen\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.dhnet.be/sports/football/division1/charleroi/dewaest-je-ne-suis-pas-un-flambeur-52fe274e3570c16bb1cced74","external_links_name":"\"Dewaest: \"Je ne suis pas un flambeur\" - DH.be\""},{"Link":"https://sporza.be/nl/matches/voetbal/belgische-super-cup/2019/finale/01/krc-genk-kv-mechelen","external_links_name":"\"Landskampioen Genk opent seizoen met Supercup-winst tegen KV Mechelen\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/sebastien-dewaest/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Sébastien Dewaest"},{"Link":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/122278","external_links_name":"Sébastien Dewaest"},{"Link":"https://www.rbfa.be/en/international/5456/career","external_links_name":"Sébastien Dewaest"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Civil_Defence_(New_Zealand)
|
National Emergency Management Agency (New Zealand)
|
["1 History","2 Activities","3 List of ministers for emergency management","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
New Zealand government department
National Emergency Management Agency Te Rākau WhakamarumaruAgency overviewFormed1 December 2019Preceding agencyMinistry of Civil Defence and Emergency ManagementJurisdictionNew ZealandHeadquartersTSB House, WellingtonMinister responsibleMark Mitchell, Minister for Emergency ManagementAgency executivesDavid Gawn, Chief ExecutiveGary Knowles, Deputy Chief Executive – Emergency Management and Director Civil DefenceAlan Cassidy, Deputy Chief Executive – Strategic EnablementJenna Rogers, Manager Analysis and PlanningRoger Ball, Manager National OperationsDavid Coetzee, Manager Regional PartnershipsGill Genet, Manager System CapabilityAdam Allington, Policy ManagerAnthony Frith, Communications ManagerParent agencyDepartment of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (New Zealand)Child agencyNational Crisis Management CentreWebsitehttp://www.civildefence.govt.nz
The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA; Māori: Te Rākau Whakamarumaru) is the public service department of New Zealand responsible for providing leadership and support around national, local and regional emergencies. It is an autonomous departmental agency hosted by the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. It replaced the Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management in December 2019.
The Minister for Emergency Management is currently Mark Mitchell.
History
No formal civil defence or emergency management structure existed in New Zealand until the 1930s, when the increasing threat of war prompted the formation of the Emergency Precautions Scheme, which was controlled by the Department of Internal Affairs. In addition to war, earthquake risk was another concern of the Scheme, prompted in part by the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake. During World War II, the name of the EPS was changed to Civil Defence. While EPS/Civil Defence did not need to respond to any invasion attempts, it was twice called upon to assist with earthquake recovery efforts in Wellington and the Wairarapa region in 1942.
Following the war, responsibility for civil defence was assumed by the Department of Internal Affairs. A Review of Defence white paper, issued by the Second Labour Government amid the fear of nuclear war, proposed the establishment of a separate Ministry of Civil Defence. The first Director of Civil Defence was J.V. Meech (also the Secretary of Internal Affairs), though in practice much of the work was delegated to Andrew Sharp; the first Minister of Civil Defence in the post-war period was Bill Anderton (also the Minister of Internal Affairs). The Civil Defence Act 1962 set out in legislation the responsibilities and duties of the Ministry. In 1964, the first full-time Director of Civil Defence was appointed: Brigadier R.C. Queree.
A new Ministry for Emergency Management was established under the National/New Zealand First Coalition Government by Civil Defence Minister Jack Elder on 1 July 1999, following the Review of Emergency Services. This replaced the existing Ministry of Civil Defence. Later, the department name changed again to become the Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management.
The Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management remained a business unit of the Department of Internal Affairs until 1 April 2014, when it was transferred to the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. This was intended to reflect DMPC's role as the government's lead agency in national security planning.
Beginning 1 December 2019, the Ministry's name was changed to the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA). Its structure was also changed, with it becoming a departmental agency and the appointment of NEMA's first interim chief executive (rather than reporting through to the chief executive of DPMC). A departmental agency is an operationally autonomous agency with its own chief executive, hosted by a department of the New Zealand public service.
Activities
The Agency administers the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002 and:
provides advice to government on civil defence emergency management matters
identifies hazards and risks
develops, maintains and evaluates the effectiveness of the civil defence emergency management strategic framework
ensures coordination at local, regional, and national levels
promotes civil defence emergency management and deliver public awareness about how to prepare for, and what to do in, an emergency
supports civil defence emergency management sector capability development, planning and operations, including developing guidelines and standards
monitors and evaluates the performance of the 16 regional Civil Defence Emergency Management Groups
maintains and operates the National Crisis Management Centre, including the maintenance of a duty team to staff the Centre, and issue warnings and public information
manages the central government response to, and recovery from, large scale emergencies resulting from geological (earthquakes, volcanic unrest, landslides, tsunami), meteorological (coastal hazards, floods, severe winds, snow) and infrastructure failure.
Since 2017, Civil Defence has utilised Emergency Mobile Alert technologies to deliver essential emergency information to mobile phones in New Zealand. They test it every year to make sure the system is working correctly. During the 2017 Mobile Alert test, Vodafone accidentally sent the test alert message at 1 AM.
List of ministers for emergency management
Key
National
Labour
NZ First
Mauri Pacific
No.
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Prime Minister
1
William Bodkin
30 June 1942
2 October 1942
Fraser(in the War Administration)
2
David Wilson
30 October 1942
12 April 1944
Fraser
1944–1959: See Minister of Internal Affairs
3
Bill Anderton
24 June 1959
12 December 1960
Nash
4
Leon Götz
12 December 1960
20 December 1963
Holyoake
5
David Seath
20 December 1963
9 February 1972
6
Allan Highet
9 February 1972
8 December 1972
Marshall
7
Tom McGuigan
8 December 1972
10 September 1974
Kirk
8
Henry May
10 September 1974
12 December 1975
Rowling
(6)
Allan Highet
12 December 1975
26 July 1984
Muldoon
9
Peter Tapsell
26 July 1984
24 July 1987
Lange
10
Michael Bassett
24 July 1987
9 February 1990
Palmer
11
Margaret Austin
9 February 1990
2 November 1990
Moore
12
Graeme Lee
2 November 1990
29 November 1993
Bolger
13
Warren Cooper
29 November 1993
1 March 1996
14
John Banks
1 March 1996
1 November 1996
15
Murray McCully
1 November 1996
16 December 1996
16
Jack Elder
16 December 1996
10 December 1999
Shipley
17
George Hawkins
16 December 1999
19 October 2005
Clark
18
Rick Barker
19 October 2005
19 November 2008
19
John Carter
19 November 2008
8 June 2011
Key
20
Craig Foss
8 June 2011
14 December 2011
21
Chris Tremain
14 December 2011
30 January 2013
22
Nikki Kaye
30 January 2013
20 December 2016
English
23
Gerry Brownlee
20 December 2016
2 May 2017
24
Nathan Guy
2 May 2017
26 October 2017
25
Kris Faafoi
26 October 2017
27 June 2019
Ardern
26
Peeni Henare
27 June 2019
6 November 2020
27
Kiri Allan
6 November 2020
14 June 2022
28
Kieran McAnulty
14 June 2022
27 November 2023
Hipkins
29
Mark Mitchell
27 November 2023
present
Luxon
See also
Lifeline utility
References
^ "Ministerial List". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^ Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management (1990). "Civil Defence in New Zealand: A Short History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2017.
^ Shirley Mattingly (2007). "Policy, Legal and Institutional Arrangements" (PDF). Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Jack Elder (5 August 1999). "New moves to protect communities". Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ "Vote Emergency Management" (PDF). 2003. p. 516. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ "Valedictory statement of Hon Jack Elder". 7 October 1999. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Nikki Kaye (31 March 2014). "Civil defence moves to Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet". Beehive.govt.nz. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Jonathan Coleman; Nikki Kaye (19 November 2013). "MCDEM shift will strengthen emergency management and resilience". Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ "About the Ministry". Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ "Emergency Mobile Alert". www.civildefence.govt.nz. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ "Good morning! It's your 1.32am Civil Defence alert test". 3 October 2017. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
External links
Official website
Get Ready Get Thru, the Ministry's multilingual public education campaign
vteNew Zealand public service departmentsPart of the public sector organisations in New ZealandDepartments
Crown Law Office
Department of Conservation
Department of Corrections
Department of Internal Affairs
Archives New Zealand
National Library of New Zealand
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
Education Review Office
Ministry for Ethnic Communities
Government Communications Security Bureau
Inland Revenue Department
Land Information New Zealand
Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Ministry for Pacific Peoples
Ministry for Primary Industries
New Zealand Food Safety
Ministry for the Environment
Ministry for Women
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
Immigration New Zealand
New Zealand Space Agency
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Defence
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Ministry of Health
Public Health Agency
Ministry of Housing and Urban Development
Ministry of Justice
Ministry of Māori Development–Te Puni Kōkiri
Ministry for Regulation
Ministry of Social Development
Ministry of Transport
New Zealand Customs Service
New Zealand Security Intelligence Service
Oranga Tamariki
Public Service Commission
Serious Fraud Office
Statistics New Zealand
The Treasury
Departmental agencies
Cancer Control Agency
Independent Children's Monitor
National Emergency Management Agency
Whaikaha - Ministry of Disabled People
Ministry for Ethnic Communities
Office for Māori Crown Relations–Te Arawhiti
Social Wellbeing Agency
Interdepartmental executive boards
Border Executive Board
Family Violence Executive Board
Strategic Planning Reform Board
See also: Ministers in the New Zealand Government
|
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It replaced the Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management in December 2019.The Minister for Emergency Management is currently Mark Mitchell.[1]","title":"National Emergency Management Agency (New Zealand)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Internal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Internal_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-short_history-2"},{"link_name":"1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Hawke%27s_Bay_earthquake"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Wairarapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairarapa"},{"link_name":"white paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_paper"},{"link_name":"Second Labour Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Labour_Government"},{"link_name":"Bill Anderton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Anderton"},{"link_name":"National/New Zealand First Coalition Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand#The_National-New_Zealand_First_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Jack Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Elder_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"No formal civil defence or emergency management structure existed in New Zealand until the 1930s, when the increasing threat of war prompted the formation of the Emergency Precautions Scheme, which was controlled by the Department of Internal Affairs.[2] In addition to war, earthquake risk was another concern of the Scheme, prompted in part by the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake. During World War II, the name of the EPS was changed to Civil Defence. While EPS/Civil Defence did not need to respond to any invasion attempts, it was twice called upon to assist with earthquake recovery efforts in Wellington and the Wairarapa region in 1942.Following the war, responsibility for civil defence was assumed by the Department of Internal Affairs. A Review of Defence white paper, issued by the Second Labour Government amid the fear of nuclear war, proposed the establishment of a separate Ministry of Civil Defence. The first Director of Civil Defence was J.V. Meech (also the Secretary of Internal Affairs), though in practice much of the work was delegated to Andrew Sharp; the first Minister of Civil Defence in the post-war period was Bill Anderton (also the Minister of Internal Affairs). The Civil Defence Act 1962 set out in legislation the responsibilities and duties of the Ministry. In 1964, the first full-time Director of Civil Defence was appointed: Brigadier R.C. Queree.A new Ministry for Emergency Management was established under the National/New Zealand First Coalition Government by Civil Defence Minister Jack Elder on 1 July 1999, following the Review of Emergency Services.[3][4][5] This replaced the existing Ministry of Civil Defence.[6] Later, the department name changed again to become the Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management.The Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management remained a business unit of the Department of Internal Affairs until 1 April 2014, when it was transferred to the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.[7] This was intended to reflect DMPC's role as the government's lead agency in national security planning.[8]Beginning 1 December 2019, the Ministry's name was changed to the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA). Its structure was also changed, with it becoming a departmental agency and the appointment of NEMA's first interim chief executive (rather than reporting through to the chief executive of DPMC). A departmental agency is an operationally autonomous agency with its own chief executive, hosted by a department of the New Zealand public service.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Defence_Emergency_Management_Act_2002"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Emergency Mobile Alert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Mobile_Alert"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Agency administers the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002 and:[9]provides advice to government on civil defence emergency management matters\nidentifies hazards and risks\ndevelops, maintains and evaluates the effectiveness of the civil defence emergency management strategic framework\nensures coordination at local, regional, and national levels\npromotes civil defence emergency management and deliver public awareness about how to prepare for, and what to do in, an emergency\nsupports civil defence emergency management sector capability development, planning and operations, including developing guidelines and standards\nmonitors and evaluates the performance of the 16 regional Civil Defence Emergency Management Groups\nmaintains and operates the National Crisis Management Centre, including the maintenance of a duty team to staff the Centre, and issue warnings and public information\nmanages the central government response to, and recovery from, large scale emergencies resulting from geological (earthquakes, volcanic unrest, landslides, tsunami), meteorological (coastal hazards, floods, severe winds, snow) and infrastructure failure.Since 2017, Civil Defence has utilised Emergency Mobile Alert technologies to deliver essential emergency information to mobile phones in New Zealand. They test it every year to make sure the system is working correctly.[10] During the 2017 Mobile Alert test, Vodafone accidentally sent the test alert message at 1 AM.[11]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"NZ First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_First"},{"link_name":"Mauri Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauri_Pacific"}],"text":"KeyNational\n Labour\n NZ First\n Mauri Pacific","title":"List of ministers for emergency management"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Lifeline utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeline_utility"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisbert_Combaz
|
Gisbert Combaz
|
["1 Life","2 Work","3 Publications","3.1 Selected publications","4 Notes","5 External links"]
|
Gisbert CombazBornGisbert Combaz(1869-09-23)23 September 1869Antwerp, BelgiumDied18 January 1941(1941-01-18) (aged 71)Saint-Gilles, BelgiumOther namesGhisbert CombazMovementArt Nouveau, Cloisonnism, PointillismSpouse
Marthe Verhas
(m. 1895)Children3, including Jean Combaz
Poster for the annual salon of La Libre Esthétique
Belgian artist (1869–1941)
Gisbert Combaz, or Ghisbert Combaz (23 September 1869 – 18 January 1941), was a Belgian painter, lithographer, illustrator, poster artist, furniture designer, sculptor, art educator, art historian and lawyer. He originally trained and practised as a lawyer, but gave up his legal career to dedicated himself to art education and art. He was one of the leading Belgian Art Nouveau artists. Despite his talents as a painter, he is now mainly known for his poster designs and postcards as well as his First World War drawings expressing his hatred for the German occupiers. His work showed a strong influence of his in-depth study of Japanese and Chinese art.
Life
Gisbert Combaz was born in Antwerp as the son of engineering major Paul Combaz and Marie-Amélie Vanden Eynde. His father was an active member of the Société royale d'archéologie de Bruxelles and after retiring as a major, a professor of construction at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Gisbert studied law at the Université libre de Bruxelles from which he graduated in 1891 with the title of doctor of laws. He practised for a while as a lawyer at the Brussels bar. He gave up his legal career in 1893 to devote himself to art. Before leaving Brussels to seek a teaching position to fund his new career as an artist, he studied briefly at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. He found his first teaching position at the Institute Agricole in Gembloux. Here he worked from 1895 to 1900 as a teacher of drawing for pupils who studied engineering, chemistry and agriculture.
Louvain
On 16 April 1895, Gisbert Combaz married Marthe Verhas, a daughter of the prominent Realist painter Jan Verhas. From this union were born three children, the architect Jean Combaz born in 1896, Suzanne in 1897 and Denise in 1903.
From 1898 to 1940, he taught decorative arts at the École des arts industriels et décoratifs (School of Industrial and Decorative Arts) of Ixelles. He was appointed professor of art history at the Université Nouvelle (New University, later renamed 'Institut des Hautes Études de Belgique' (Institute of High Studies of Belgium)) in 1905 where he replaced Paul Janson as member of the Steering Committee. On 1 October 1912 he was appointed professor of ornamental composition at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts of Brussels. One of his students was René Magritte.
Among the rocks
He was influenced by the work of the Belgian artistic and literary group known as Les XX, one of Europe's most prominent avant-garde circles and a catalyst for the development of Symbolism and Art Nouveau. Combaz exhibited with the group's successor, La Libre Esthétique starting from 1897 and designed many of the exhibition posters of the group. He also participated in group exhibitions of L'Estampe, an artists' association founded at the end of 1906 in Brussels. It brought together graphic artists with the intention of promoting the print medium through exhibitions. Its members included Fernand Khnopff, Auguste Danse, Richard Heinz, Auguste Oleffe, Henry De Groux, Marie Danse, Louise Danse, Georges Lemmen, Richard Baseleer, Willy Finch, Victor Mignot, Gustave-Max Stevens en Henri Meunier. Combaz never did a solo show during his career, and only one brief article about his work was published during his lifetime.
Orchids and an Emperor Moth
From the late 19th century he gradually developed an interest in the art of the Far East, of which he became an avid scholar. Combaz was first introduced to Oriental art by the Belgian Indologist and scholar of Buddhist Studies Louis de La Vallée-Poussin. Louis de La Vallée-Poussin introduced him to the members of the Société Artistique de Paris who formed the elite of French Orientalism such as Sylvain Lévi, Paul Pelliot, who were later joined by Hac-kin, Jeanine Auboyer and René Grousset. When in 1929 the Institut belge des hautes études chinoises ('Belgian Institute of Advanced Chinese Studies') was founded in Brussels, the founders asked Combaz for his collaboration. He published several of scholarly works in the Institute's publication Mélanges de l'Institut and gave lectures.
Poster for the 1895 Expositions Peinture, Sculpture, Architecture, Arts Appliqués at La Maison d’art, Brussels
In 1934 he founded in Brussels the Belgian Society of Oriental Studies, of which he was the president. The stated aim of the Society was to overcome the shortcomings of official education in Orientalism. He also built a significant collection or Oriental artifacts including Chinese and Japanese ceramics. This inspired him to experimenting himself with artisanal pottery at home.
The artist died in Brussels not long after the start of the Second World War.
Work
Gisbert Combaz was a versatile personality who combined a variety of artistic pursuits with scholarly studies and academic education. He is mainly known for poster design and postcards and was active as a lithographer, illustrator, furniture designers and potter. He was talented painter whose works show the inspiration of Maurice Denis who also directed him towards religious subjects. His paintings have a decorative character and a great tenderness of tone. He was one of the principal protagonists of the Art Nouveau movement in Belgium.
He was a prolific designer of posters. At the end of the 19th century, the poster was a successful new medium that reflected the aspirations of the bourgeoisie. Aside from encouraging consumption, it evoked moments of pleasure and lightness that were part of the leisure and entertainment of the affluent and influential population. He designed many posters for exhibitions of the artist circle La Libre Esthétique. He developed a personal style which remains very recognizable. It is inspired by calligraphy and Japanese prints. The iconographic repertoire of Japanese artists such as Hokusai and Hiroshige were an inspiration for his compositions. The reference work was clearly the Hokusai Manga, published in 1815 and composed of 15 volumes. From 1897 Combaz designs different posters for the annual exhibitions of the artistic group La Libre Esthétique. Characteristic of his posters is there use of a central theme, such as a boat, a tree, a peacock or an eagle. In addition, his posters are also characterized by a very bright color palette. Combaz mixes the Japanese print style with Art Nouveau elements such an arabesques. Through these posters Combaz gave the Art Nouveau a very powerful and modern form.
Postcard representing the Element Air
Combaz was very effective in transposing the Japanese wood block print style known as ukiyo-e to the medium of posters. In his Poster for the 1895 Expositions Peinture, Sculpture, Architecture, Arts Appliques at La Maison d’art, Brussels, Combaz succeeded like the Japanese masters to express the maximum with a minimum of resources. With the motif of the sailboat treated in a single flat color, his poster gains a great expressiveness equal to that of Japanese prints. Combaz wrote in the journal L'Art moderne that the quality of the Japanese landscapes is their chromatic unity: in each print there is a dominant palette which, by simplifying the impression, makes it strong and confers to these pictures a character of powerful homogeneity. These characteristics were clearly transposed by Combaz to his posters.
Combaz' work further shows the influence of contemporary movements such as cloisonnism and pointillism. His early lithographs are based on a few flat decorative shapes. He then developed towards a cloisonne style of patterned images - birds, figures, land and seascapes - enclosed by a thick dark line. After 1906 he blended cloisonnism and pointillism as shown in some gouaches of oversized flowers in particular of orchids.
Poster for the First International Congress of Lawyers in Brussels in August 1897
Combaz further designed book covers and postcards. Particularly well known are his postcards with designs of the four elements, scenes of the ocean and fishermen, expressions and proverbs. He further created a number of drawings that expressed the horror of the Belgians at the atrocities committed by the German occupiers during the First World War. One of his drawings called Louvain shows the terror of the citizens of Louvain at the burning down of their town by German soldiers on 25 August 1914. Combaz depicted in very graphic detail the horrified people fleeing the town with flames visible in the background of the drawing.
He also tried his hand at sculpture and exhibited sculptures of a lion and a peacock at the Triannual Salon of Brussels in 1919.
Publications
In the 1930s, along with René Grousset, Henri Maspero and Paul Pelliot, he published a number of publications on oriental art. He wrote among other things, several articles for the Annals of the Brussels Archeological Society.
Selected publications
Les Sépultures impériales de la Chine, Brussels, Vromant, 1907
Les Palais impériaux de la Chine, Brussels, Vro-mant, 1909
Les Temples impériaux de la Chine, Brussels, Vromant, 1912
Évolution du Stùpa en Asie, in: 'Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques', vol. II, Brussels, 1932-1933, pp. 163–305, vol. III, 1934-1935, pp. 93–144, vol. IV, 1935-1936, pp. 1–125
L'Inde et l'Orient classique, 2 vol., Documents d'Art et d'Archéologie, Musée Guimet, Paris, 1937
Masques et Dragons en Asie, dans: 'Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques', vol. VII, 1939-1945
La peinture chinoise vue par un peintre occidental, Introduction à l'histoire de la peinture chinoise, Extrait des Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques, publiés par L'Institut belge des Hautes Études Chinoises, vol. VI. Imprimerie sainte Catherine, Bruges, 1939
Notes
^ a b c d e f g Gisbert Combaz biography at Stephen Ongpin Fine Arts
^ Ghisbert Combaz at the Netherlands Institute for Art History (in Dutch)
^ Illustration 'Villain! This is your work!' at the British Library
^ a b Jane Block, Gisbert Combaz, Gisbert Combaz, 1869-1941: fin de siècle artist, Pandora, 1999
^ Gisbert Combaz biography at Widewalls
^ a b Paul Gough, Mayhem and Madness: the War Art of Gisbert Combaz
^ a b c d e f g h i j Henri Lavachery, "Combaz, Gisbert Corneille-Henri-Paul", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 33 (Brussels, 1878), 169–172 (in French)
^ Paul Lombotte, Jan Verhas in: Biographie Nationale de Belgique, Volume 26, Brussels, Établissements Emile Bruylant, 1936-1958 pp. 637–638 (in French)
^ a b Un esprit japonais. Gisbert Combaz, la céramique d'Edo et la création belge, 2016 Musée royal de Mariemont (in French)
^ Hadewych Hernalsteen, Brussel Bedrukt Affiches voor de tentoonstellingen van Brusselse kunstenaarsverenigingen 1880-1914, Masters thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Department of Art, Music and Theater Sciences of the University of Ghent to obtain the degree of Masters, Supervisor: prof. Dr. M. Sterckx. Universiteit Gent Academy Year 2011-2012 (in Dutch)
^ Julie Bawin, Le japonisme en Belgique. L’affiche Art nouveau et l’estampe ukiyo-e in: Bulletin de la Classe des Beaux-Arts, Académie Royale de Belgique, Volume XIV, 2003, pp 47-69 (in French)
^ Vivien Raynor, Art Nouveau: A Recurring Theme, in: the New York Times, 8 March 1981, p. 20
^ Gisbert Combaz, Masques et Dragons en Asie online version
External links
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gisbert_Combaz_-_Poster_for_the_Annual_Salon_of_La_Libre_Esth%C3%A9tique.jpeg"},{"link_name":"lithographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithographer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ong-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rkd-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jane-4"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wide-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ong-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goug1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnb-7"}],"text":"Poster for the annual salon of La Libre EsthétiqueBelgian artist (1869–1941)Gisbert Combaz, or Ghisbert Combaz (23 September 1869 – 18 January 1941), was a Belgian painter, lithographer, illustrator, poster artist, furniture designer, sculptor, art educator, art historian and lawyer.[1][2][3][4] He originally trained and practised as a lawyer, but gave up his legal career to dedicated himself to art education and art. He was one of the leading Belgian Art Nouveau artists.[5] Despite his talents as a painter, he is now mainly known for his poster designs and postcards as well as his First World War drawings expressing his hatred for the German occupiers.[1][6] His work showed a strong influence of his in-depth study of Japanese and Chinese art.[7]","title":"Gisbert Combaz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnb-7"},{"link_name":"Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"Université libre de Bruxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnb-7"},{"link_name":"Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"Gembloux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gembloux"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ong-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gisbert_Combaz_-_Louvain.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Jan Verhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Verhas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ixelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixelles"},{"link_name":"Paul Janson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Janson"},{"link_name":"Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"René Magritte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnb-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gisbert_Combaz_-_Among_the_rocks.Jpeg"},{"link_name":"Les XX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_XX"},{"link_name":"Symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cera-9"},{"link_name":"La Libre Esthétique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Libre_Esth%C3%A9tique"},{"link_name":"L'Estampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Estampe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernand Khnopff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Khnopff"},{"link_name":"Auguste Danse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Danse"},{"link_name":"Richard Heinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Heinz_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auguste Oleffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Oleffe"},{"link_name":"Henry De Groux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_De_Groux"},{"link_name":"Marie Danse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Danse"},{"link_name":"Louise Danse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Danse"},{"link_name":"Georges Lemmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lemmen"},{"link_name":"Richard Baseleer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Baseleer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Willy Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Finch"},{"link_name":"Victor Mignot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Mignot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gustave-Max Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave-Max_Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henri Meunier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Meunier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ong-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gisbert_Combaz_-_Orchids_and_an_Emperor_Moth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Studies"},{"link_name":"Louis de La Vallée-Poussin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_La_Vall%C3%A9e-Poussin"},{"link_name":"Sylvain Lévi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_L%C3%A9vi"},{"link_name":"Paul Pelliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pelliot"},{"link_name":"René Grousset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnb-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gisbert_Combaz_-_Poster_for_the_1895_Expositions_Peinture,_Sculpture,_Architecture,_Arts_Appliques_at_La_Maison_d%E2%80%99art,_Brussels.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnb-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnb-7"}],"text":"Gisbert Combaz was born in Antwerp as the son of engineering major Paul Combaz and Marie-Amélie Vanden Eynde.[7] His father was an active member of the Société royale d'archéologie de Bruxelles and after retiring as a major, a professor of construction at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Gisbert studied law at the Université libre de Bruxelles from which he graduated in 1891 with the title of doctor of laws.[7] He practised for a while as a lawyer at the Brussels bar. He gave up his legal career in 1893 to devote himself to art. Before leaving Brussels to seek a teaching position to fund his new career as an artist, he studied briefly at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. He found his first teaching position at the Institute Agricole in Gembloux. Here he worked from 1895 to 1900 as a teacher of drawing for pupils who studied engineering, chemistry and agriculture.[1]LouvainOn 16 April 1895, Gisbert Combaz married Marthe Verhas, a daughter of the prominent Realist painter Jan Verhas. From this union were born three children, the architect Jean Combaz born in 1896, Suzanne in 1897 and Denise in 1903.[8]From 1898 to 1940, he taught decorative arts at the École des arts industriels et décoratifs (School of Industrial and Decorative Arts) of Ixelles. He was appointed professor of art history at the Université Nouvelle (New University, later renamed 'Institut des Hautes Études de Belgique' (Institute of High Studies of Belgium)) in 1905 where he replaced Paul Janson as member of the Steering Committee. On 1 October 1912 he was appointed professor of ornamental composition at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts of Brussels. One of his students was René Magritte.[7]Among the rocksHe was influenced by the work of the Belgian artistic and literary group known as Les XX, one of Europe's most prominent avant-garde circles and a catalyst for the development of Symbolism and Art Nouveau.[9] Combaz exhibited with the group's successor, La Libre Esthétique starting from 1897 and designed many of the exhibition posters of the group. He also participated in group exhibitions of L'Estampe, an artists' association founded at the end of 1906 in Brussels. It brought together graphic artists with the intention of promoting the print medium through exhibitions. Its members included Fernand Khnopff, Auguste Danse, Richard Heinz, Auguste Oleffe, Henry De Groux, Marie Danse, Louise Danse, Georges Lemmen, Richard Baseleer, Willy Finch, Victor Mignot, Gustave-Max Stevens en Henri Meunier. Combaz never did a solo show during his career, and only one brief article about his work was published during his lifetime.[1]Orchids and an Emperor MothFrom the late 19th century he gradually developed an interest in the art of the Far East, of which he became an avid scholar. Combaz was first introduced to Oriental art by the Belgian Indologist and scholar of Buddhist Studies Louis de La Vallée-Poussin. Louis de La Vallée-Poussin introduced him to the members of the Société Artistique de Paris who formed the elite of French Orientalism such as Sylvain Lévi, Paul Pelliot, who were later joined by Hac-kin, Jeanine Auboyer and René Grousset. When in 1929 the Institut belge des hautes études chinoises ('Belgian Institute of Advanced Chinese Studies') was founded in Brussels, the founders asked Combaz for his collaboration. He published several of scholarly works in the Institute's publication Mélanges de l'Institut and gave lectures.[7]Poster for the 1895 Expositions Peinture, Sculpture, Architecture, Arts Appliqués at La Maison d’art, BrusselsIn 1934 he founded in Brussels the Belgian Society of Oriental Studies, of which he was the president. The stated aim of the Society was to overcome the shortcomings of official education in Orientalism. He also built a significant collection or Oriental artifacts including Chinese and Japanese ceramics. This inspired him to experimenting himself with artisanal pottery at home.[7]The artist died in Brussels not long after the start of the Second World War.[7]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ong-1"},{"link_name":"Maurice Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Denis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnb-7"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ong-1"},{"link_name":"calligraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy"},{"link_name":"Hokusai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokusai"},{"link_name":"Hiroshige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshige"},{"link_name":"Hokusai Manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokusai_Manga"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cera-9"},{"link_name":"arabesques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poster-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gisbert_Combaz_-_Postcard_representing_the_Element_Air2.jpg"},{"link_name":"ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e"},{"link_name":"Poster for the 1895 Expositions Peinture, Sculpture, Architecture, Arts Appliques at La Maison d’art, Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gisbert_Combaz_-_Poster_for_the_1895_Expositions_Peinture,_Sculpture,_Architecture,_Arts_Appliques_at_La_Maison_d%E2%80%99art,_Brussels.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kor-11"},{"link_name":"cloisonnism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisonnism"},{"link_name":"pointillism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointillism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ong-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gisbert_Combaz_-_1er_Congres_International_des_Avocats_Bruxelles_Aout_1897.jpg"},{"link_name":"called Louvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gisbert_Combaz_-_Louvain.jpeg"},{"link_name":"burning down of their town by German soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Louvain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goug1-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jane-4"}],"text":"Gisbert Combaz was a versatile personality who combined a variety of artistic pursuits with scholarly studies and academic education. He is mainly known for poster design and postcards and was active as a lithographer, illustrator, furniture designers and potter.[1] He was talented painter whose works show the inspiration of Maurice Denis who also directed him towards religious subjects. His paintings have a decorative character and a great tenderness of tone.[7] He was one of the principal protagonists of the Art Nouveau movement in Belgium.[1]He was a prolific designer of posters. At the end of the 19th century, the poster was a successful new medium that reflected the aspirations of the bourgeoisie. Aside from encouraging consumption, it evoked moments of pleasure and lightness that were part of the leisure and entertainment of the affluent and influential population. He designed many posters for exhibitions of the artist circle La Libre Esthétique. He developed a personal style which remains very recognizable. It is inspired by calligraphy and Japanese prints. The iconographic repertoire of Japanese artists such as Hokusai and Hiroshige were an inspiration for his compositions. The reference work was clearly the Hokusai Manga, published in 1815 and composed of 15 volumes.[9] From 1897 Combaz designs different posters for the annual exhibitions of the artistic group La Libre Esthétique. Characteristic of his posters is there use of a central theme, such as a boat, a tree, a peacock or an eagle. In addition, his posters are also characterized by a very bright color palette. Combaz mixes the Japanese print style with Art Nouveau elements such an arabesques. Through these posters Combaz gave the Art Nouveau a very powerful and modern form.[10]Postcard representing the Element AirCombaz was very effective in transposing the Japanese wood block print style known as ukiyo-e to the medium of posters. In his Poster for the 1895 Expositions Peinture, Sculpture, Architecture, Arts Appliques at La Maison d’art, Brussels, Combaz succeeded like the Japanese masters to express the maximum with a minimum of resources. With the motif of the sailboat treated in a single flat color, his poster gains a great expressiveness equal to that of Japanese prints. Combaz wrote in the journal L'Art moderne that the quality of the Japanese landscapes is their chromatic unity: in each print there is a dominant palette which, by simplifying the impression, makes it strong and confers to these pictures a character of powerful homogeneity. These characteristics were clearly transposed by Combaz to his posters.[11]Combaz' work further shows the influence of contemporary movements such as cloisonnism and pointillism.[1] His early lithographs are based on a few flat decorative shapes. He then developed towards a cloisonne style of patterned images - birds, figures, land and seascapes - enclosed by a thick dark line. After 1906 he blended cloisonnism and pointillism as shown in some gouaches of oversized flowers in particular of orchids.[12]Poster for the First International Congress of Lawyers in Brussels in August 1897Combaz further designed book covers and postcards. Particularly well known are his postcards with designs of the four elements, scenes of the ocean and fishermen, expressions and proverbs. He further created a number of drawings that expressed the horror of the Belgians at the atrocities committed by the German occupiers during the First World War. One of his drawings called Louvain shows the terror of the citizens of Louvain at the burning down of their town by German soldiers on 25 August 1914. Combaz depicted in very graphic detail the horrified people fleeing the town with flames visible in the background of the drawing.[6]He also tried his hand at sculpture and exhibited sculptures of a lion and a peacock at the Triannual Salon of Brussels in 1919.[4]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnb-7"}],"text":"In the 1930s, along with René Grousset, Henri Maspero and Paul Pelliot, he published a number of publications on oriental art. He wrote among other things, several articles for the Annals of the Brussels Archeological Society.[7]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnb-7"}],"sub_title":"Selected publications","text":"Les Sépultures impériales de la Chine, Brussels, Vromant, 1907\nLes Palais impériaux de la Chine, Brussels, Vro-mant, 1909\nLes Temples impériaux de la Chine, Brussels, Vromant, 1912\nÉvolution du Stùpa en Asie, in: 'Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques', vol. II, Brussels, 1932-1933, pp. 163–305, vol. III, 1934-1935, pp. 93–144, vol. IV, 1935-1936, pp. 1–125\nL'Inde et l'Orient classique, 2 vol., Documents d'Art et d'Archéologie, Musée Guimet, Paris, 1937\nMasques et Dragons en Asie, dans: 'Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques', vol. VII, 1939-1945[13]\nLa peinture chinoise vue par un peintre occidental, Introduction à l'histoire de la peinture chinoise, Extrait des Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques, publiés par L'Institut belge des Hautes Études Chinoises, vol. VI. Imprimerie sainte Catherine, Bruges, 1939[7]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ong_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ong_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ong_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ong_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ong_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ong_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ong_1-6"},{"link_name":"Gisbert Combaz biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stephenongpin.com/artist/237065/gisbert-combaz"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rkd_2-0"},{"link_name":"Ghisbert Combaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/explore/artists/17860"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Institute for Art History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bl_3-0"},{"link_name":"Illustration 'Villain! This is your work!'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bl.uk/collection-items/villain-your-work"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jane_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jane_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wide_5-0"},{"link_name":"Gisbert Combaz biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.widewalls.ch/artist/gisbert-combaz"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-goug1_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-goug1_6-1"},{"link_name":"Paul Gough, Mayhem and Madness: the War Art of Gisbert Combaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/8730701/Mayhem_and_Madness_the_War_Art_of_Gisbert_Combaz"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bnb_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bnb_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bnb_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bnb_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bnb_7-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bnb_7-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bnb_7-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bnb_7-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bnb_7-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bnb_7-9"},{"link_name":"Henri Lavachery, \"Combaz, Gisbert Corneille-Henri-Paul\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.academieroyale.be/academie/documents/FichierPDFBiographieNationaleTome2092.pdf"},{"link_name":"Biographie Nationale de Belgique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographie_Nationale_de_Belgique"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Paul Lombotte, Jan Verhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.academieroyale.be/Academie/documents/FichierPDFBiographieNationaleTome2074.pdf"},{"link_name":"Biographie Nationale de Belgique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographie_Nationale_de_Belgique"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cera_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cera_9-1"},{"link_name":"Un esprit japonais. Gisbert Combaz, la céramique d'Edo et la création belge, 2016 Musée royal de Mariemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/36176830/Un_esprit_japonais._Gisbert_Combaz_la_c%C3%A9ramique_dEdo_et_la_cr%C3%A9ation_belge_2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-poster_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kor_11-0"},{"link_name":"Julie Bawin, Le japonisme en Belgique. L’affiche Art nouveau et l’estampe ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.koregos.org/fr/julie-bawin-le-japonisme-en-belgique-l-affiche-d-art-nouveau-et-l-estampe-ukiyo-e"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Vivien Raynor, Art Nouveau: A Recurring Theme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/nyregion/art-nouveau-a-recurring-theme.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Gisbert Combaz, Masques et Dragons en Asie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.calameo.com/read/000215498788810d617bc"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g Gisbert Combaz biography at Stephen Ongpin Fine Arts\n\n^ Ghisbert Combaz at the Netherlands Institute for Art History (in Dutch)\n\n^ Illustration 'Villain! This is your work!' at the British Library\n\n^ a b Jane Block, Gisbert Combaz, Gisbert Combaz, 1869-1941: fin de siècle artist, Pandora, 1999\n\n^ Gisbert Combaz biography at Widewalls\n\n^ a b Paul Gough, Mayhem and Madness: the War Art of Gisbert Combaz\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Henri Lavachery, \"Combaz, Gisbert Corneille-Henri-Paul\", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 33 (Brussels, 1878), 169–172 (in French)\n\n^ Paul Lombotte, Jan Verhas in: Biographie Nationale de Belgique, Volume 26, Brussels, Établissements Emile Bruylant, 1936-1958 pp. 637–638 (in French)\n\n^ a b Un esprit japonais. Gisbert Combaz, la céramique d'Edo et la création belge, 2016 Musée royal de Mariemont (in French)\n\n^ Hadewych Hernalsteen, Brussel Bedrukt Affiches voor de tentoonstellingen van Brusselse kunstenaarsverenigingen 1880-1914, Masters thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Department of Art, Music and Theater Sciences of the University of Ghent to obtain the degree of Masters, Supervisor: prof. Dr. M. Sterckx. Universiteit Gent Academy Year 2011-2012 (in Dutch)\n\n^ Julie Bawin, Le japonisme en Belgique. L’affiche Art nouveau et l’estampe ukiyo-e in: Bulletin de la Classe des Beaux-Arts, Académie Royale de Belgique, Volume XIV, 2003, pp 47-69 (in French)\n\n^ Vivien Raynor, Art Nouveau: A Recurring Theme, in: the New York Times, 8 March 1981, p. 20\n\n^ Gisbert Combaz, Masques et Dragons en Asie online version","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Poster for the annual salon of La Libre Esthétique","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gisbert_Combaz_-_Poster_for_the_Annual_Salon_of_La_Libre_Esth%C3%A9tique.jpeg/220px-Gisbert_Combaz_-_Poster_for_the_Annual_Salon_of_La_Libre_Esth%C3%A9tique.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Louvain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gisbert_Combaz_-_Louvain.jpeg/220px-Gisbert_Combaz_-_Louvain.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Among the rocks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gisbert_Combaz_-_Among_the_rocks.Jpeg/290px-Gisbert_Combaz_-_Among_the_rocks.Jpeg"},{"image_text":"Orchids and an Emperor Moth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gisbert_Combaz_-_Orchids_and_an_Emperor_Moth.jpg/310px-Gisbert_Combaz_-_Orchids_and_an_Emperor_Moth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poster for the 1895 Expositions Peinture, Sculpture, Architecture, Arts Appliqués at La Maison d’art, Brussels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gisbert_Combaz_-_Poster_for_the_1895_Expositions_Peinture%2C_Sculpture%2C_Architecture%2C_Arts_Appliques_at_La_Maison_d%E2%80%99art%2C_Brussels.jpg/200px-Gisbert_Combaz_-_Poster_for_the_1895_Expositions_Peinture%2C_Sculpture%2C_Architecture%2C_Arts_Appliques_at_La_Maison_d%E2%80%99art%2C_Brussels.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postcard representing the Element Air","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gisbert_Combaz_-_Postcard_representing_the_Element_Air2.jpg/290px-Gisbert_Combaz_-_Postcard_representing_the_Element_Air2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poster for the First International Congress of Lawyers in Brussels in August 1897","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gisbert_Combaz_-_1er_Congres_International_des_Avocats_Bruxelles_Aout_1897.jpg/300px-Gisbert_Combaz_-_1er_Congres_International_des_Avocats_Bruxelles_Aout_1897.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physica-Verlag
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Springer Science+Business Media
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["1 History","2 Products","2.1 Open access","3 Controversies","3.1 Manipulation of bibliometrics","4 Selected imprints","5 Selected publications","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Global publishing company
This article is about the German academic publisher. For the American academic publisher, see Springer Publishing. For the German digital publishing house, see Axel Springer SE.
Springer Science+Business MediaFounded10 May 1842; 182 years ago (1842-05-10) (as Springer-Verlag)FounderJulius SpringerCountry of originGermanyHeadquarters locationBerlin/Heidelberg, GermanyNonfiction topicsScience, technology, medicine, business, transport and architectureOwner(s)Springer NatureOfficial websitewww.springer.com
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City.
History
Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second-largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872. In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, opening an office in New York City. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi soon followed.
In 1999, the academic publishing company BertelsmannSpringer was formed after the media and entertainment company Bertelsmann bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag. In 2003, the British investment groups Cinven and Candover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann. They merged the company in 2004 with the Dutch publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers (successor of D. Reidel, Dr. W. Junk, Plenum Publishers, most of Chapman & Hall), and Baltzer Science Publishers) which they bought from Wolters Kluwer in 2002, to form Springer Science+Business Media.
In 2006, Springer acquired Humana Press.
Springer acquired the open-access publisher BioMed Central in October 2008 for an undisclosed amount.
In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, EQT AB and Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, confirmed in February 2010 after the competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer.
In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from Wolters Kluwer.
In 2013, the London-based private equity firm BC Partners acquired a majority stake in Springer from EQT and GIC for $4.4 billion.
In January 2015, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group / Nature Publishing Group and Springer Science+Business Media announced a merger. in May 2015 they concluded the transaction and formed a new joint venture company, Springer Nature with Holtzbrinck in the majority 53% share and BC Partners retaining 47% interest in the company.
Products
In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.
SpringerImages was launched in 2008. In 2009, SpringerMaterials, a platform for accessing the Landolt-Börnstein database of research and information on materials and their properties, was launched.
AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate experts in several scientific/medical fields.
Springer Protocols contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in SpringerLink instead.
Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs and book series; more than 168,000 titles are available as e-books in 24 subject collections.
Open access
Springer is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association. For some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an open-access license or in the traditional restricted licence model. While open-access publishing typically requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open-access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds.
Controversies
In 1938, Springer-Verlag was pressed to apply Nazi principles on the journal Zentralblatt MATH. Tullio Levi-Civita, who was Jewish, was forced out from the editorial board, and Otto Neugebauer resigned in protest along with most of the rest of the board.
In 2014, it was revealed that 16 papers in conference proceedings published by Springer had been computer-generated using SCIgen. Springer subsequently retracted all papers from these proceedings. IEEE had removed more than 100 fake papers from its conference proceedings.
In 2015, Springer retracted 64 papers from 10 of its journals it had published after a fraudulent peer review process was uncovered.
Manipulation of bibliometrics
According to Goodhart's law and concerned academics like the signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment, commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of bibliometrics and scientometrics like the journal impact factor, which is often used as a proxy of prestige and can influence revenues, including public subsidies in the form of subscriptions and free work from academics.
Seven Springer Nature journals, which exhibited unusual levels of self-citation, had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended from Journal Citation Reports in 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.
Selected imprints
Adis International
Apress
BioMed Central
Chemistry Central (defunct)
PhysMath Central (defunct)
Birkhäuser Verlag
Current Medicine Group
Humana Press
Infochem
Kluwer Academic Publishers (defunct)
Baltzer Science Publishers
D. Reidel
Plenum Publishers
SpringerOpen
Springer Gabler
Springer Praxis Books
Springer Spektrum (formerly Spektrum Akademischer Verlag (SAV))
Springer Vieweg
Selected publications
Cellular Oncology
Encyclopaedia of Mathematics
Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (book series)
Graduate Texts in Mathematics (book series)
Grothendieck's Séminaire de géométrie algébrique
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics (book series)
Zentralblatt MATH
MRS Bulletin
See also
Category:Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
List of publishers
Media concentration
References
^ "648808Z Profile & Executives – Springer Science+Business Media GmbH". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on Nov 4, 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
^ a b "The Springer story (1842-2017)". Springer. Transition and restructuring (1999-2007). Archived from the original on Jun 14, 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
^ "Chronology Archived 2020-04-14 at the Wayback Machine". Springer Science+Business Media.
^ a b Poynder, Richard. "BertelsmannSpringer is Sold to Private Equity Firms". Information Today. May 27, 2003.
^ "Kluwer Academic Publishers Sold to Venture Capitalists". Infotoday.com. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
^ "Springer's Humana Press launches new Web site". Press releases. Springer-Verlag. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ "Springer to acquire BioMed Central Group". Press releases. Springer-Verlag. 7 October 2008. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ Howley, Victoria; Walsh, Tessa (December 11, 2009). "EQT, Singapore fund snap up Springer Media". Reuters.
^ "Springer Science: turning a page". The Financial Times. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
^ DiStefano, Joseph N. (September 17, 2013). "Medical publisher to close Ambler office, move workers". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. A14. Retrieved June 23, 2018 – via Newspapers.com (Publisher Extra).
^ Heiskanen, Ville (June 19, 2013). "BC Partners to Buy Springer Science for $4.4 Billion". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ "Holtzbrinck Publishing Group and BC Partners Announce Agreement to Merge Majority of MacMillan Science and Education with Springer Science+Business Media". macmillan.com. 15 January 2015.
^ Caroline Carpenter (May 6, 2015). "Completed merger forms 'Springer Nature'". The Bookseller. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
^ "Happy Birthday, SpringerLink!". Press releases. Springer. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ "SpringerMaterials Information". Springer Support. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
^ "Springer.com, Palgrave.com, and Apress.com are changing". Springer. Archived from the original on Jun 16, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
^ "SpringerProtocols.com platform deactivation". Springer Nature. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
^ "FEDLINK Services Directory: Springer Science & Business Media, Inc". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
^ "Springer Nature". Member Record. OASPA. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ "Springer Open Choice". Springer.com. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ "Springer Open Choice for Polish Institutions". Springer.com. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ "Otto Neugebauer - Biography". Maths History. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
^ Van Noorden, Richard (24 February 2014). "Publishers withdraw more than 120 gibberish papers". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14763. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
^ Kaplan, Sarah (August 18, 2015). "Major publisher retracts 64 scientific papers in fake peer review outbreak". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
^ McKiernan, Erin C.; Schimanski, Lesley A.; Muñoz Nieves, Carol; Matthias, Lisa; Niles, Meredith T.; Alperin, Juan P. (2019). "Use of the Journal Impact Factor in academic review, promotion, and tenure evaluations". eLife. 8. doi:10.7554/eLife.47338. PMC 6668985. PMID 31364991.
^ Oransky, Ivan (June 29, 2020). "Major indexing service sounds alarm on self-citations by nearly 50 journals". Retrieved July 1, 2020.
^ Brochu, Nicole (24 December 2012). "Injection shown to reverse stroke, brain injuries". Health. Albuquerque Journal. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Journal Publishing Company. p. C4. Retrieved 23 June 2018 – via Newspapers.com (Publisher Extra). ...an article produced by Adis' parent company, Springer Science+Business Media.
^ Springer Praxis Books. Springer Science+Business Media. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
External links
Official website
Mary H. Munroe (2004). "Springer Timeline". The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Archived from the original on 2014-10-20 – via Northern Illinois University.
vteHoltzbrinck Publishing GroupHoltzbrinckDIE ZEIT Verlagsgruppe
Die Zeit (50%)
Zeit Wissen
Spotlight Verlag
Digital & Services
Digital Science
Altmetric
Gutefrage.net
MacmillanUnitedStatesTrade
Farrar, Straus and Giroux
First Second
Henry Holt
Macmillan Audio
Picador
Quick and Dirty Tips
St. Martin's Press
Tor/Forge
Tor.com
Macmillan Learning
Bedford-St. Martin's
W. H. Freeman
Worth Publishers
i>clicker
Hayden-McNeil
Children's
FSG Books for Young Readers
Feiwel and Friends
Holt Books for Young Readers
Kingfisher
Roaring Brook
Priddy
Square Fish
UnitedKingdom
Macmillan
Pan
Picador
Tor
Macmillan Children's Books
Campbell
Young Picador
Sidgwick & Jackson
Mantle
Macmillan Audio Books
Macmillan New Writing
The Collector's Library
Germany
S. Fischer
Rowohlt
Kiepenheuer & Witsch (85%)
Droemer Knaur (50%)
Springer Nature (53%)
Apress
BioMed Central
Birkhäuser
Macmillan Education
Nature Research
Journals
Palgrave Macmillan
Journals
Scientific American
Springer
Journals
Springer Gabler
Springer Medizin
Ärzte-Zeitung
Springer Vieweg
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
2
United States
Czech Republic
2
Poland
Other
IdRef
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Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi soon[when?] followed.[citation needed]In 1999, the academic publishing company BertelsmannSpringer was formed after the media and entertainment company Bertelsmann bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag.[2][4] In 2003, the British investment groups Cinven and Candover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann.[4] They merged the company in 2004 with the Dutch publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers (successor of D. Reidel, Dr. W. Junk, Plenum Publishers, most of Chapman & Hall), and Baltzer Science Publishers) which they bought from Wolters Kluwer in 2002,[5] to form Springer Science+Business Media.In 2006, Springer acquired Humana Press.[6]Springer acquired the open-access publisher BioMed Central in October 2008 for an undisclosed amount.[7]In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, EQT AB and Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, confirmed in February 2010 after the competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer.[8][9]In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from Wolters Kluwer.[10]In 2013, the London-based private equity firm BC Partners acquired a majority stake in Springer from EQT and GIC for $4.4 billion.[11]In January 2015, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group / Nature Publishing Group and Springer Science+Business Media announced a merger.[12] in May 2015 they concluded the transaction and formed a new joint venture company, Springer Nature with Holtzbrinck in the majority 53% share and BC Partners retaining 47% interest in the company.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Landolt-Börnstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landolt-B%C3%B6rnstein"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Springer Protocols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Protocols"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.[14]SpringerImages was launched in 2008. In 2009, SpringerMaterials, a platform for accessing the Landolt-Börnstein database of research and information on materials and their properties, was launched.[15]AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate experts in several scientific/medical fields.[16]Springer Protocols contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in SpringerLink instead.[17]Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs and book series; more than 168,000 titles are available as e-books in 24 subject collections.[18]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishers_Association"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OASPA-SN-19"},{"link_name":"open-access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Open access","text":"Springer is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.[19] For some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an open-access license or in the traditional restricted licence model.[20] While open-access publishing typically requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open-access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds.[21]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Zentralblatt MATH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH"},{"link_name":"Tullio Levi-Civita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullio_Levi-Civita"},{"link_name":"Otto Neugebauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"SCIgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCIgen"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"retracted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retractions_in_academic_publishing"},{"link_name":"peer review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In 1938, Springer-Verlag was pressed to apply Nazi principles on the journal Zentralblatt MATH. Tullio Levi-Civita, who was Jewish, was forced out from the editorial board, and Otto Neugebauer resigned in protest along with most of the rest of the board.[22]In 2014, it was revealed that 16 papers in conference proceedings published by Springer had been computer-generated using SCIgen. Springer subsequently retracted all papers from these proceedings. IEEE had removed more than 100 fake papers from its conference proceedings.[23]In 2015, Springer retracted 64 papers from 10 of its journals it had published after a fraudulent peer review process was uncovered.[24]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goodhart's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodhart%27s_law"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment"},{"link_name":"bibliometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliometrics"},{"link_name":"scientometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics"},{"link_name":"journal impact factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_impact_factor"},{"link_name":"a proxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_prestige"},{"link_name":"public subsidies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"self-citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-citation"},{"link_name":"journal impact factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_impact_factor"},{"link_name":"Journal Citation Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Manipulation of bibliometrics","text":"According to Goodhart's law and concerned academics like the signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment, commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of bibliometrics and scientometrics like the journal impact factor, which is often used as a proxy of prestige and can influence revenues, including public subsidies in the form of subscriptions and free work from academics.[25]Seven Springer Nature journals, which exhibited unusual levels of self-citation, had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended from Journal Citation Reports in 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.[26]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Apress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apress"},{"link_name":"BioMed Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioMed_Central"},{"link_name":"Chemistry Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_Central"},{"link_name":"PhysMath Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhysMath_Central"},{"link_name":"Birkhäuser Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user_Verlag"},{"link_name":"Humana Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humana_Press"},{"link_name":"Baltzer Science Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltzer_Science_Publishers"},{"link_name":"D. Reidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Reidel"},{"link_name":"Springer Gabler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Gabler"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Springer Spektrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Spektrum"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Spektrum"},{"link_name":"Spektrum Akademischer Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_Akademischer_Verlag"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_Akademischer_Verlag"},{"link_name":"Springer Vieweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Vieweg_Verlag"}],"text":"Adis International[27]\nApress\nBioMed Central\nChemistry Central (defunct)\nPhysMath Central (defunct)\nBirkhäuser Verlag\nCurrent Medicine Group\nHumana Press\nInfochem\nKluwer Academic Publishers (defunct)\nBaltzer Science Publishers\nD. Reidel\nPlenum Publishers\nSpringerOpen\nSpringer Gabler\nSpringer Praxis Books[28]\nSpringer Spektrum [de] (formerly Spektrum Akademischer Verlag [de] (SAV))\nSpringer Vieweg","title":"Selected imprints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cellular Oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_Oncology"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergebnisse_der_Mathematik_und_ihrer_Grenzgebiete"},{"link_name":"Graduate Texts in Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Texts_in_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Grothendieck's Séminaire de géométrie algébrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck%27s_S%C3%A9minaire_de_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie_alg%C3%A9brique"},{"link_name":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Advanced_Manufacturing_Technology"},{"link_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science"},{"link_name":"Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_Texts_in_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Zentralblatt MATH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH"},{"link_name":"MRS Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRS_Bulletin"}],"text":"Cellular Oncology\nEncyclopaedia of Mathematics\nErgebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (book series)\nGraduate Texts in Mathematics (book series)\nGrothendieck's Séminaire de géométrie algébrique\nThe International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology\nLecture Notes in Computer Science\nUndergraduate Texts in Mathematics (book series)\nZentralblatt MATH\nMRS Bulletin","title":"Selected publications"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Category:Springer Science+Business Media academic journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media_academic_journals"},{"title":"List of publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publishers"},{"title":"Media concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_concentration"}]
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Springer Science+Business Media. Retrieved May 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.springer.com/series/4097","url_text":"Springer Praxis Books"}]},{"reference":"Mary H. Munroe (2004). \"Springer Timeline\". The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Archived from the original on 2014-10-20 – via Northern Illinois University.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141020152138/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/TaylorFrancis.htm","url_text":"\"Springer Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudhiya_Geethai
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Pudhiya Geethai
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Release and reception","6 References","7 External links"]
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2003 Indian filmPudhiya GeethaiRelease posterDirected byK. P. JaganWritten byK. P. JaganProduced byVishwas SundarStarringVijayMeera JasmineAmeesha PatelCinematographyRamesh KrishnaEdited byV. T. VijayanMusic bySongs: Yuvan Shankar Raja Score: Karthik RajaProductioncompanyViswaasRelease date
8 May 2003 (2003-05-08)
Running time157 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil
Pudhiya Geethai (transl. New Gita) is a 2003 Tamil-language drama film written and directed by newcomer K. P. Jagan. The film stars Vijay in the main lead role with Meera Jasmine and Ameesha Patel in the female lead roles. Kalabhavan Mani and Karunas play other supporting roles. Notably, this film is Patel's first and remains her only Tamil film till date. The film, which has music scored by brothers Yuvan Shankar Raja and Karthik Raja.
Pudhiya Geethai was released on 8 May 2003. The movie was dubbed in Hindi as Ek Dumdaar The Powerful. The film received mixed reviews in the box ofice.
Plot
The movie starts with a polydactylic baby boy born to Chinnaya from Nagapattinam, who works for Swamy, an astrologer. Swamy writes the horoscope of the baby and understands that the child will grow up to be an intelligent and responsible person but, he also predicts that the child's life will be only 27 years short. He suggests the baby to be named Sarathy but does not inform about the short life.
Back to the present in Chennai, Sarathy is an intelligent person and an optimist, who excels in studies and sports and is also liked by everyone around him. He takes care of his mother Thaiyalnayagi and sister, following his father's death. Suji is Sarathy's close friend and considers him as her well-wisher. Sarathy runs a restaurant with his friends as part-time and is also involved in real estate transactions earning brokerages. Jo is Suji's friend who teases her by being closer to Sarathy, revealing the love that she had for him.
Reddiyar is a rich but ingenuous businessman. He is into real estate business and cheats many people by allotting improper plots. Sarathy knows about Reddiyar's plans and fight against him supporting the poor people, which creates enmity between Reddiyar and Sarathy.
Lawrence is Sarathy's friend. He falls in love with Sarathy's sister but is scared whether Sarathy will accept their love. Sarathy happily accepts and also convinces his mother. Sarathy's sister's wedding is arranged. Now, Sarathy is 27 years old. Meanwhile, Suji feels jealous about Sarathy and Jo getting close to each other, but Jo realizes that Suji is in love with Sarathy. Finally, Suji proposes her love to Sarathy, which he accepts.
On the day of Sarathy's sister's marriage, Jo explains the love that Suji has for Sarathy and vice versa. Sarathy goes to meet Suji, but Reddiyar has planned to kill Sarathy on the way. Sarathy fights Reddiyar's men, and Reddiyar is left alone. However, Sarathy does not kill Reddiyar and instead makes him understand the value for life and the talks about the positive attitude that one should have. This makes Reddiyar realize his mistake.
Sarathy leaves the place to meet Suji but meets with an accident on the way and gets admitted to the hospital with severe injuries. The doctors say that the chances of his survival are minimal, and all his family and friends cry outside the hospital, but Reddiyar, who was Sarathy's former enemy, comes to the place and witnesses everyone crying and panicking. He tells everyone to stop crying and keeps calling Sarathy with a positive energy, which will make him get back to normal. Everyone starts calling Sarathy and his condition improves drastically. Sarathy is saved and recovers. Sarathy then lives 100 years of his wish which leads his life happily.
The movie ends with a message that positive attitude is essential for everyone to succeed, even death will revive them.
Cast
Vijay as Sarathy
Meera Jasmine as Suji
Ameesha Patel as Jo
Kalabhavan Mani as Reddiyar
Karunas as Ganesh
Kalairani as Thaiyalnayagi, Sarathy's mother
Sarath Babu as Annamalai
Sanjeev as Lawrence
Ilavarasu as Shekar
Sadhana as Suji's mother
Besant Ravi
Florent Pereira
"Sathi Leelavathi" Yogini as Sarathy's sister
Madhumitha
Srilekha Rajendran as Villager
Nassar as Chinnaya, Sarathy's father (cameo appearance)
K. Viswanath as Swamy, an astrologer (cameo appearance)
Inigo Prabhakaran as Sarathy's friend (uncredited)
Raghava Lawrence as a dancer in "Annamalai"
Production
Filming began in October 2002, when Vijay was simultaneously shooting for his upcoming action masala flicks such as Vaseegara (2003) and Thirumalai (2003), and he signed on to work in the film. The movie was initially titled Sarathy after the lead character's name. The project was then titled as Geethai with Esha Deol as heroine. However, the film eventually featured two lead actresses with Meera Jasmine being signed on to be a part of the project after the success of her 2002 film, Run. Amisha Patel also accepted to be a part of the film, replacing Deol, after getting the entire script translated in English for her to read. Before release, the film's title was changed to Pudhiya Geethai. Shooting got wrapped in March 2003.
Soundtrack
Pudhiya GeethaiSoundtrack album by Yuvan Shankar RajaReleased29 March 2003Recorded2002–2003GenreFeature film soundtrackLabelFive Star AudioProducerYuvan Shankar RajaYuvan Shankar Raja chronology
Aadanthe Ado Type(2003)
Pudhiya Geethai(2003)
Kadhal Kondein(2003)
The songs were composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, collaborating with Vijay for the first time, while his elder brother Karthik Raja composed the film's background score. The audio CD containing songs released on 29 March 2003 and features 6 tracks, the lyrics were penned by Vaali, Pa. Vijay, Yugabharathi and Vijay Sagar.
Track
Song
Singer(s)
Duration
Lyricist
Notes
1
"Naan Odum Ilaignan"
Mano, Tippu
4:56
Vaali
2
"Mercury Poove"
Nideesh Gopalan, Bhavatharini, Bonnie Chakraborty
4:36
Pa. Vijay
3
"Vasiyakaara - I"
Devan, Chitra Sivaraman
3:52
Yugabharathi
4
"Manase"
Bonnie Chakraborty, Tippu, Swarnalatha
5:05
Pa. Vijay
5
"Vasiyakaara - II"
Hariharan, Chitra Sivaraman
3:53
Yugabharathi
6
"Annamalai"
Tippu, Devan
4:52
Vijay Sagar
Release and reception
Pudhiya Geethai released on 8 May 2003.
The film earned mostly mixed reviews. The critic from The Hindu stated that "the end is predictable, but the conviction with which the climax drives home the message makes it interesting." Another reviewer stated the film had "nothing new", describing it as "real melodramatic soap-opera that moves hearts of viewers and at the same time gives a message for the audience." Ananda Vikatan rated the film 39 out of 100. Chennai Online wrote "The debutant director can be commended for etching such a beautiful character, albeit a too-good-to-be-true one. But the director's dilemma, whether to stand by the astrological predictions or to prove them wrong, is evident in the latter part of the narration. The inspiration seems to be the Telugu film 'Murari', which too had a similar knot and ending". Visual Dasan of Kalki wrote Kodambakkam lacks films that supports the title, in that way Pudhiya Geethai feels complete.
The film did not perform well at the box office.
References
^ "- YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
^ "Dinakaran". Archived from the original on 6 March 2005.
^ "Meera Jasmine interview". shyamaudios.com. 16 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009.
^ "The Hindu : Meera musings".
^ "The Hindu : And now it's southward ho!".
^ "Sacred Cows, Their Horns". Outlook. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
^ ""The Hindu : Pudhiya Geethai"". The Hindu. 16 May 2003. Archived from the original on 9 October 2003. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
^ ""BizHat.com - Puthiya Geethai Review. Vijay, Meera Jasmine, Amisha Patel, Kalabhavan Mani, Sharath Babu"". 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014.
^ சார்லஸ், தேவன் (22 June 2021). "பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast". Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
^ "Puthiya Geethai". Chennai Online. 15 May 2003. Archived from the original on 10 February 2005.
^ தாசன், விஷுவல் (1 June 2003). "புதிய கீதை". Kalki (in Tamil). p. 33. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
^ ""Kaaka Kakka shocks Gautam Menon!"". 11 August 2003. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014.
^ ""The Hindu : Big budget survivor"". The Hindu. 12 June 2003. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014.
External links
Pudhiya Geethai at IMDb
vteFilmography of K. P. JaganFilms directed
Pudhiya Geethai (2003)
Kodambakkam (2006)
Raman Thediya Seethai (2008)
En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom (2017)
Films written
Miga Miga Avasaram (2019)
|
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The movie was initially titled Sarathy after the lead character's name.[2] The project was then titled as Geethai with Esha Deol as heroine. However, the film eventually featured two lead actresses with Meera Jasmine being signed on to be a part of the project after the success of her 2002 film, Run.[3][4] Amisha Patel also accepted to be a part of the film, replacing Deol, after getting the entire script translated in English for her to read.[5] Before release, the film's title was changed to Pudhiya Geethai. Shooting got wrapped in March 2003.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuvan Shankar Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuvan_Shankar_Raja"},{"link_name":"Karthik Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthik_Raja"},{"link_name":"Vaali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaali_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Pa. Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa._Vijay"},{"link_name":"Yugabharathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugabharathi"}],"text":"The songs were composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, collaborating with Vijay for the first time, while his elder brother Karthik Raja composed the film's background score. The audio CD containing songs released on 29 March 2003 and features 6 tracks, the lyrics were penned by Vaali, Pa. Vijay, Yugabharathi and Vijay Sagar.","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ananda Vikatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Vikatan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Pudhiya Geethai released on 8 May 2003.The film earned mostly mixed reviews. The critic from The Hindu stated that \"the end is predictable, but the conviction with which the climax drives home the message makes it interesting.\"[7] Another reviewer stated the film had \"nothing new\", describing it as \"real melodramatic soap-opera that moves hearts of viewers and at the same time gives a message for the audience.\"[8] Ananda Vikatan rated the film 39 out of 100.[9] Chennai Online wrote \"The debutant director can be commended for etching such a beautiful character, albeit a too-good-to-be-true one. But the director's dilemma, whether to stand by the astrological predictions or to prove them wrong, is evident in the latter part of the narration. The inspiration seems to be the Telugu film 'Murari', which too had a similar knot and ending\".[10] Visual Dasan of Kalki wrote Kodambakkam lacks films that supports the title, in that way Pudhiya Geethai feels complete.[11]The film did not perform well at the box office.[12][13]","title":"Release and reception"}]
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[{"reference":"\"- YouTube\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBd-fsWntmk","url_text":"\"- YouTube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310112254/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBd-fsWntmk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dinakaran\". Archived from the original on 6 March 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050306230829/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2001/august/17-08-01.htm","url_text":"\"Dinakaran\""},{"url":"http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2001/august/17-08-01.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meera Jasmine interview\". shyamaudios.com. 16 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090816171235/http://www.shyamaudios.com/MeeraJasmine/Interview1.htm","url_text":"\"Meera Jasmine interview\""},{"url":"http://www.shyamaudios.com/MeeraJasmine/Interview1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sacred Cows, Their Horns\". Outlook. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171213203242/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/sacred-cows-their-horns/227562","url_text":"\"Sacred Cows, Their Horns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)","url_text":"Outlook"},{"url":"http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/sacred-cows-their-horns/227562","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Hindu : Pudhiya Geethai\"\". The Hindu. 16 May 2003. Archived from the original on 9 October 2003. Retrieved 23 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031009110153/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051601130200.htm","url_text":"\"\"The Hindu : Pudhiya Geethai\"\""},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051601130200.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"BizHat.com - Puthiya Geethai Review. Vijay, Meera Jasmine, Amisha Patel, Kalabhavan Mani, Sharath Babu\"\". 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140307200947/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_puthiya_geethai.php","url_text":"\"\"BizHat.com - Puthiya Geethai Review. Vijay, Meera Jasmine, Amisha Patel, Kalabhavan Mani, Sharath Babu\"\""},{"url":"http://movies.bizhat.com/review_puthiya_geethai.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"சார்லஸ், தேவன் (22 June 2021). \"பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast\". Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews","url_text":"\"பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Vikatan","url_text":"Ananda Vikatan"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Puthiya Geethai\". Chennai Online. 15 May 2003. Archived from the original on 10 February 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050210185457/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov271.asp","url_text":"\"Puthiya Geethai\""},{"url":"http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov271.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"தாசன், விஷுவல் (1 June 2003). \"புதிய கீதை\". Kalki (in Tamil). p. 33. Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-06-01/page/n33/mode/2up","url_text":"\"புதிய கீதை\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_(magazine)","url_text":"Kalki"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Kaaka Kakka shocks Gautam Menon!\"\". 11 August 2003. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140307200133/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/11south.htm","url_text":"\"\"Kaaka Kakka shocks Gautam Menon!\"\""},{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/11south.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Hindu : Big budget survivor\"\". The Hindu. 12 June 2003. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140307200752/http://hindu.com/mp/2003/06/12/stories/2003061200270201.htm","url_text":"\"\"The Hindu : Big budget survivor\"\""},{"url":"http://hindu.com/mp/2003/06/12/stories/2003061200270201.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
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