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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov_p%C3%A5_min_arm
Sov på min arm
["1 Track listing","2 Release history","3 Charts","4 References"]
This article is about the Carola album. For the Evert Taube song, see Nocturne (Taube song). 2001 studio album by CarolaSov på min armStudio album by CarolaReleased14 February 2001Recorded2007GenreGospelLabelKirkelig KulturverkstedProducerErik HillestadCarola chronology Jul i Betlehem(1999) Sov på min arm(2001) My Show(2001) Sov på min arm is an album by the Swedish singer Carola Häggkvist. It was released in November 2001 in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. Track listing Byssan lull Det gåtfulla folket B Brahm's vaggvisa (Nu i ro slumra in) Thula Sana Jag vill alltid älska Videvisan Sov på min arm (Nocturne by Evert Taube) Vi har en tulta med ögon blå Majas visa Ge mig handen, min vän Jag lyfter ögat Att komma hem (Som när ett barn) Tänk att få vakna Lyckeliten Käre Gud, jag har det gott Lasse litens medley Jag sjunger godnatt Gud som haver barnen kär Du omsluter mig Release history Country Date Denmark 14 February 2001 Finland Norway Sweden Charts Chart (2001) Peak position Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 18 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 1 References ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Carola – Sov på min arm - Sånger för stora och små". Hung Medien. Retrieved 20 May 2020. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Carola – Sov på min arm - Sånger för stora och små". Hung Medien. Retrieved 20 May 2020. vteCarola HäggkvistDiscographyStudio albums Främling Steg för steg På egna ben Runaway Much More Jul Jul i Betlehem Blott en dag Sov på min arm My Show Credo Störst av allt Från nu till evighet I denna natt blir världen ny – Jul i Betlehem II Christmas in Bethlehem Elvis, Barbra & jag Drömmen om julen Other albums Carola Hits 2 Det bästa av Carola Guld, platina & passion 18 bästa Främling 25 år EPs Julefrid med Carola Singles "Främling" "Love Isn't Love" "The Gospel Train" "You've Got a Friend" "Mitt i ett äventyr" "Fångad av en stormvind" "Blott en dag" "Sov på min arm" "När löven faller" "Walk a Mile in My Shoes" "Evighet" "Invincible" "Lucky Star" "One Love" "Säg mig var du står" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 2000s pop album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue_to_John
John 1:1
["1 Source text and translations","1.1 John 1:1 in English versions","1.2 Difficulties","1.3 The Greek Article","1.4 Colwell's Rule","2 The Word was divine","2.1 Tertullian","2.2 Origen","2.3 Translations","3 The Word as a god","4 In the Beginning","5 Debate on Article","6 Commentary from the Church Fathers","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]
Verse of the Bible "In the beginning was the Word" redirects here. For the part of Catholic liturgy, see Last Gospel. John 1:1← Luke 241:2 →First page of John's Gospel from the Coronation Gospels, c. 10th century.BookGospel of JohnChristian Bible partNew Testament John 1:1 is the first verse in the opening chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The traditional and majority translation of this verse reads: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. "The Word," a translation of the Greek λόγος (logos), is widely interpreted as referring to Jesus, as indicated in other verses later in the same chapter. For example, "the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us" (John 1:14; cf. 1:15, 17). John 1:1 from the Ostromir Gospel, with John's Evangelist portrait, 1056 or 1057. Source text and translations Language John 1:1 text Koine Greek Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. Greek transliteration En arkhêi ên ho lógos, kaì ho lógos ên pròs tòn theón, kaì theòs ên ho lógos. Syriac Peshitta ܒ݁ܪܺܫܺܝܬ݂ ܐܺܝܬ݂ܰܘܗ݈ܝ ܗ݈ܘܳܐ ܡܶܠܬ݂ܳܐ ܘܗܽܘ ܡܶܠܬ݂ܳܐ ܐܺܝܬ݂ܰܘܗ݈ܝ ܗ݈ܘܳܐ ܠܘܳܬ݂ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܘܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܐܺܝܬ݂ܰܘܗ݈ܝ ܗ݈ܘܳܐ ܗܽܘ ܡܶܠܬ݂ܳܐ ܀ Syriac transliteration brīšīṯ ʾiṯauhi hwā milṯā, whu milṯā ʾiṯauhi hwā luaṯ ʾalāhā; wʾalāhā iṯauhi hwā hu milṯā Sahidic Coptic ϨΝ ΤЄϨΟΥЄΙΤЄ ΝЄϤϢΟΟΠ ΝϬΙΠϢΑϪЄ, ΑΥШ ΠϢΑϪЄ ΝЄϤϢΟΟΠ ΝΝΑϨΡΜ ΠΝΟΥΤЄ. ΑΥШ ΝЄΥΝΟΥΤЄ ΠЄ ΠϢΑϪЄ Sahidic Coptic transliteration Hn teHoueite neFSoop nCi pSaJe auw pSaJe neFSoop nnaHrm pnoute auw neunoute pe pSaJe. Sahidic Coptic to English In the beginning existed the Word, and the Word existed with the God, and a God was the Word. Latin Vulgate In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum. Latin Vetus Latina example in principio erat uerbum et uerbu uel sermo erat ap(ud) dm et ds erat uerbu: man.27  Papyrus 75 (175–225), the end of Gospel of Luke and the beginning of Gospel of John (chapter 1:1–16*) Codex Vaticanus (300–325), The end of Gospel of Luke and the beginning of Gospel of John Codex Bezae (c. 400), John 1:1–16 Codex Alexandrinus (400-440), John 1:1–7. John 1:1 in English versions John 1:1 in the page showing the first chapter of John in the King James Bible. The traditional rendering in English is: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. Other variations of rendering, both in translation or paraphrase, John 1:1c also exist: 14th century: "and God was the word" – Wycliffe's Bible (translated from the 4th-century Latin Vulgate) 1808: "and the Word was a god" – Thomas Belsham The New Testament, in an Improved Version, Upon the Basis of Archbishop Newcome's New Translation: With a Corrected Text, London. 1822: "and the Word was a god" – The New Testament in Greek and English (A. Kneeland, 1822.) 1829: "and the Word was a god" – The Monotessaron; or, The Gospel History According to the Four Evangelists (J. S. Thompson, 1829) 1863: "and the Word was a god" – A Literal Translation of the New Testament (Herman Heinfetter , 1863) 1864: "the LOGOS was God" – A New Emphatic Version (right hand column) 1864: "and a god was the Word" – The Emphatic Diaglott by Benjamin Wilson, New York and London (left hand column interlinear reading) 1867: "and the Son was of God" – The Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible 1879: "and the Word was a god" – Das Evangelium nach Johannes (J. Becker, 1979) 1885: "and the Word was a god" – Concise Commentary on The Holy Bible (R. Young, 1885) 1911: "and God was the word" – The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Southern Dialect, by George William Horner. 1924: "the Logos was divine" – The Bible: James Moffatt Translation, by James Moffatt. 1935: "and the Word was divine" – The Bible: An American Translation, by John M. P. Smith and Edgar J. Goodspeed, Chicago. 1955: "so the Word was divine" – The Authentic New Testament, by Hugh J. Schonfield, Aberdeen. 1956: "And the Word was as to His essence absolute deity" – The Wuest Expanded Translation 1958: "and the Word was a god" – The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Anointed (J. L. Tomanec, 1958); 1962, 1979: "'the word was God.' Or, more literally, 'God was the word.'" – The Four Gospels and the Revelation (R. Lattimore, 1979) 1966, 2001: "and he was the same as God" – The Good News Bible. 1970, 1989: "and what God was, the Word was" – The New English Bible and The Revised English Bible. 1975 "and a god (or, of a divine kind) was the Word" – Das Evangelium nach Johnnes, by Siegfried Schulz, Göttingen, Germany 1975: "and the Word was a god" – Das Evangelium nach Johannes (S. Schulz, 1975); 1978: "and godlike sort was the Logos" – Das Evangelium nach Johannes, by Johannes Schneider, Berlin 1985: "So the Word was divine" - The Original New Testament, by Hugh J. Schonfield. 1993: "The Word was God, in readiness for God from day one." — The Message, by Eugene H. Peterson. 1998: "and what God was the Word also was" – This translation follows Professor Francis J. Moloney, The Gospel of John, ed. Daniel J. Harrington. 2017: "and the Logos was god" - The New Testament: A Translation, by David Bentley Hart. Difficulties The text of John 1:1 has a sordid past and a myriad of interpretations. With the Greek alone, we can create empathic, orthodox, creed-like statements, or we can commit pure and unadulterated heresy. From the point of view of early church history, heresy develops when a misunderstanding arises concerning Greek articles, the predicate nominative, and grammatical word order. The early church heresy of Sabellianism understood John 1:1c to read, "and the Word was the God." The early church heresy of Arianism understood it to read, "and the word was a God."— David A. Reed There are two issues affecting the translating of the verse, 1) theology and 2) proper application of grammatical rules. The commonly held theology that Jesus is God naturally leads one to believe that the proper way to render the verse is the one which is most popular. The opposing theology that Jesus is subordinate to God as his Chief agent leads to the conclusion that "... a god" or "... divine" is the proper rendering. The Greek Article The Greek article is often translated the, which is the English definite article, but it can have a range of meanings that can be quite different from those found in English, and require context to interpret. Ancient Greek does not have an indefinite article like the English word a, and nominatives without articles also have a range of meanings that require context to interpret. Colwell's Rule In interpreting this verse, Colwell's rule should be taken into consideration, which says that a definite predicate which is before the verb "to be" usually does not have the definite article. Ernest Cadman Colwell writes: The opening verse of John's Gospel contains one of the many passages where this rule suggests the translation of a predicate as a definite noun. Καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος looks much more like "And the Word was God" than "And the Word was divine" when viewed with reference to this rule. The absence of the article does not make the predicate indefinite or qualitative when it precedes the verb, it is indefinite in this position only when the context demands it. The context makes no such demand in the Gospel of John, for this statement cannot be regarded as strange in the prologue of the gospel which reaches its climax in the confession of Thomas ." Jason David BeDuhn (Professor of Religious Studies at Northern Arizona University) criticizes Colwell's Rule as methodologically unsound and "not a valid rule of Greek grammar." The Word was divine The main dispute with respect to this verse relates to John 1:1c ("the Word was God"). One minority translation is "the Word was divine." The following support this type of translation: Tertullian Tertullian in the early third century wrote:Now if this one is God according to John ("the Word was God"), then you have two: one who speaks that it may be, and another who carries it out. However, how you should accept this as "another" I have explained: as concerning person, not substance, and as distinction, not division. (Against Praxeus 12) In other words, the Persons are distinct but the substance is undivided. As Tertullian states in Against Praxeus 9 and 26, He is "so far God as He is of the same substance as God Himself ... and as a portion of the Whole ... as He Himself acknowledges: "My Father is greater than I." At the beginning of chapter 13 of against Praxeus, Tertullian uses various Scriptures to argue for "two Gods," including:"One God spoke and another created" (cf. John 1:3). "God, even Thy God, hath anointed Thee or made Thee His Christ" (cf. Psm 45). "'In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.' There was One 'who was,' and there was another 'with whom'". Origen In John 1:1c, logos has the article but theos does not. Literally, "god was the word". Origen of Alexandria, a teacher in Greek grammar of the third century, discusses the presence or absence of the article in Commentary on John, Book II, chap, 2. He states:He (John) uses the article, when the name of God refers to the uncreated cause of all things, and omits it when the Logos is named God. God on the one hand is Very God (Autotheos, God of Himself); and so the Saviour says in His prayer to the Father, "That they may know Thee the only true God;" (cf. John 17:3) but that all beyond the Very God is made God by participation in His divinity, and is not to be called simply God (with the article), but rather God (without article). Origen then continues to explain that the Son - the first-born of all creation – was the first to be "with God" (cf. John 1:1), attracted to Himself divinity from God, and gave that divinity to the other "gods:"And thus the first-born of all creation, who is the first to be with God, and to attract to Himself divinity, is a being of more exalted rank than the other gods beside Him, of whom God is the God It was by the offices of the first-born that they became gods, for He drew from God in generous measure that they should be made gods, and He communicated it to them according to His own bounty. As R.P.C. Hanson stated in discussing the Apologists, "There were many different types and grades of deity in popular thought and religion and even in philosophical thought." Origen concludes that "the Word of God" is not "God ... of Himself" but because of "His being with the Father" (cf. John 1:1):The true God, then, is "The God," and those who are formed after Him are gods, images, as it were, of Him the prototype.  But the archetypal image, again, of all these images is the Word of God, who was in the beginning, and who by being with God is at all times God, not possessing that of Himself, but by His being with the Father, and not continuing to be God, if we should think of this, except by remaining always in uninterrupted contemplation of the depths of the Father. Translations Translations by James Moffatt, Edgar J. Goodspeed and Hugh J. Schonfield render part of the verse as "...the Word was divine". Murray J. Harris writes, is clear that in the translation "the Word was God", the term God is being used to denote his nature or essence, and not his person. But in normal English usage "God" is a proper noun, referring to the person of the Father or corporately to the three persons of the Godhead. Moreover, "the Word was God" suggests that "the Word" and "God" are convertible terms, that the proposition is reciprocating. But the Word is neither the Father nor the Trinity ... The rendering cannot stand without explanation." An Eastern/Greek Orthodox Bible commentary notes: This second theos could also be translated 'divine' as the construction indicates "a qualitative sense for theos". The Word is not God in the sense that he is the same person as the theos mentioned in 1:1a; he is not God the Father (God absolutely as in common NT usage) or the Trinity. The point being made is that the Logos is of the same uncreated nature or essence as God the Father, with whom he eternally exists. This verse is echoed in the Nicene Creed: "God (qualitative or derivative) from God (personal, the Father), Light from Light, True God from True God... homoousion with the Father."Daniel B. Wallace (Professor of New Testament at Dallas Theological Seminary) argues that:The use of the anarthrous theos (the lack of the definite article before the second theos) is due to its use as a qualitative noun, describing the nature or essence of the Word, sharing the essence of the Father, though they differed in person: he stresses: "The construction the evangelist chose to express this idea was the most precise way he could have stated that the Word was God and yet was distinct from the Father". He questions whether Colwell's rule helps in interpreting John 1:1. It has been said that Colwell's rule has been misapplied as its converse, as though it implied definiteness.Murray J. Harris (Emeritus Professor of NT Exegesis and Theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School) discusses "grammatical, theological, historical, literary and other issues that affect the interpretation of θεὸς" and conclude that, among other uses, "is a christological title that is primarily ontological in nature" and adds that "the application of θεὸς to Jesus Christ asserts that Jesus is ... God-by-nature. John L. McKenzie (Catholic Biblical scholar) wrote that ho Theos is God the Father, and adds that John 1:1 should be translated "the word was with the God , and the word was a divine being." In a 1973 Journal of Biblical Literature article, Philip B. Harner, Professor Emeritus of Religion at Heidelberg College, claimed that the traditional translation of John 1:1c ("and the Word was God") is incorrect. He endorses the New English Bible translation of John 1:1c, "and what God was, the Word was." However, Harner's claim has been criticized. Philip B. Harner (Professor Emeritus of Religion at Heidelberg College) says:Perhaps the clause could be translated, 'the Word had the same nature as God." This would be one way of representing John's thought, which is, as I understand it, that ho logos, no less than ho theos, had the nature of theos.B. F. Westcott is quoted by C. F. D. Moule (Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge):The predicate (God) stands emphatically first, as in 4:24. 'It is necessarily without the article (theós not ho theós) inasmuch as it describes the nature of the Word and does not identify His Person. It would be pure Sabellianism to say "the Word was ho theós". No idea of inferiority of nature is suggested by the form of expression, which simply affirms the true deity of the Word. Compare the converse statement of the true humanity of Christ five 27 (hóti huiòs anthrópou estín . . . ).'James D. G. Dunn (Emeritus Lightfoot Professor at University of Durham) states:Philo demonstrates that a distinction between ho theos and theos such as we find in John 1.1b-c, would be deliberate by the author and significant for the Greek reader. Not only so, Philo shows that he could happily call the Logos 'God/god' without infringing his monotheism (or even 'the second God' – Qu.Gen. II.62). Bearing in mind our findings with regard to the Logos in Philo, this cannot but be significant: the Logos for Philo is 'God' not as a being independent of 'the God' but as 'the God' in his knowability – the Logos standing for that limited apprehension of the one God which is all that the rational man, even the mystic may attain to."In summary, scholars and grammarians indicate that the grammatical structure of the Greek does not identify the Word as the Person of God but indicates a qualitative sense. The point being made is that the Logos is of the same nature or essence as God the Father. In that case, "the Word was God" may be misleading because, in normal English, "God" is a proper noun, referring to the person of the Father or corporately to the three persons of the Godhead. The Word as a god Some scholars oppose the translation ...a god, while other scholars believe it is possible or even preferable. The rendering as "a god" is justified by some non-Trinitarians by comparing it with Acts 28:6 which has a similar grammatical construction' "The people expected him to swell up or suddenly fall dead; but after waiting a long time and seeing nothing unusual happen to him, they changed their minds and said he was a god.". "Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god (theón)." (KJV) "But they were expecting that he was going to swell up or suddenly drop dead. So after they had waited a long time and had seen nothing unusual happen to him, they changed their minds and said he was a god (theón)." (NET)However, it was noted that the Hebrew words El, HaElohim and Yahweh (all referring to God) were rendered as anarthrous theos in the Septuagint at Nahum 1:2, Isaiah 37:16, 41:4, Jeremiah 23:23 and Ezekiel 45:9 among many other locations. Moreover, in the New Testament anarthrous theos was used to refer to God in locations including John 1:18a, Romans 8:33, 2 Corinthians 5:19, 6:16 and Hebrews 11:16 (although the last two references do have an adjective aspect to them). Therefore, anarthrous or arthrous constructions by themselves, without context, cannot determine how to render it into a target language. In Deuteronomy 31:27 the septuagint text, "supported by all MSS... reads πρὸς τὸν θεόν for the Hebrew עִם־ יְהֹוָ֔ה", but the oldest Greek text in Papyrus Fouad 266 has written πρὸς יהוה τὸν θεόν. In the October 2011 Journal of Theological Studies, Brian J. Wright and Tim Ricchuiti reason that the indefinite article in the Coptic translation, of John 1:1, has a qualitative meaning. Many such occurrences for qualitative nouns are identified in the Coptic New Testament, including 1 John 1:5 and 1 John 4:8. Moreover, the indefinite article is used to refer to God in Deuteronomy 4:31 and Malachi 2:10. In the Beginning Main article: In the beginning (phrase) "In the beginning (archē) was the Word (logos)" may be compared with: Genesis 1:1: "In the beginning God created heaven, and earth." The opening words of the Old Testament are also "In the beginning". Theologian Charles Ellicott wrote: "The reference to the opening words of the Old Testament is obvious, and is the more striking when we remember that a Jew would constantly speak of and quote from the book of Genesis as "Berēshîth" ("in the beginning"). It is quite in harmony with the Hebrew tone of this Gospel to do so, and it can hardly be that St. John wrote his Berēshîth without having that of Moses present to his mind, and without being guided by its meaning. Mark 1:1: "The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God." Luke 1:2: "According as they have delivered them unto us, who from the beginning (archē) were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word (logos). 1 John 1:1: "That which was from the beginning (archē), which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, of the word (logos) of life". Debate on Article The verse has been a source of much debate among Bible scholars and translators. This verse and other concepts in the Johannine literature set the stage for the Logos-Christology in which the Apologists of the second and third centuries connected the divine Word of John 1:1-5 to the Hebrew Wisdom literature and to the divine Logos of contemporary Greek philosophy. On the basis of John 1:1, Tertullian, early in the third century, argued for two Persons that are distinct but the substance is undivided, of the same substance. In John 1:1c, logos has the article but theos does not. Origen of Alexandria, a teacher in Greek grammar of the third century, argued that John uses the article when theos refers to "the uncreated cause of all things." But the Logos is named theos without the article because He participates in the divinity of the Father because of "His being with the Father." Robert J. Wilkinson informs that Origen also "mentions the name Ιαω in his commentary on John 1:1, where in discussing divine names, he glosses ieremias as meteorismos Ιαω (exultation of Ιαω). This appears to be an entry from a list giving the meaning of Hebrew names in LXX". The main dispute with respect to this verse relates to John 1:1c ("the Word was God"). One minority translation is "the Word was divine." This is based on the argument that the grammatical structure of the Greek does not identify the Word as the Person of God but indicates a qualitative sense. The point being made is that the Logos is of the same uncreated nature or essence as God the Father. In that case, "the Word was God" may be misleading because, in normal English, "God" is a proper noun, referring to the person of the Father or corporately to the three persons of the Godhead. With respect to John 1:1, Ernest Cadman Colwell writes:The absence of the article does not make the predicate indefinite or qualitative when it precedes the verb, it is indefinite in this position only when the context demands it. So, whether the predicate (theos) is definite, indefinite or qualitative depends on the context. Consequently, this article raises the concern that uncertainty with respect to the grammar may result in translations based on the theology of the translator. The commonly held theology that Jesus is God naturally leads to a corresponding translation. But a theology in which Jesus is subordinate to God leads to the conclusion that "... a god" or "... divine" is the proper rendering. Commentary from the Church Fathers Chrysostom: "While all the other Evangelists begin with the Incarnation, John, passing over the Conception, Nativity, education, and growth, speaks immediately of the Eternal Generation, saying, In the beginning was the Word." Augustine: "The Greek word "logos" signifies both Word and Reason. But in this passage it is better to interpret it Word; as referring not only to the Father, but to the creation of things by the operative power of the Word; whereas Reason, though it produce nothing, is still rightly called Reason." Augustine: "Words by their daily use, sound, and passage out of us, have become common things. But there is a word which remaineth inward, in the very man himself; distinct from the sound which proceedeth out of the mouth. There is a word, which is truly and spiritually that, which you understand by the sound, not being the actual sound. Now whoever can conceive the notion of word, as existing not only before its sound, but even before the idea of its sound is formed, may see enigmatically, and as it were in a glass, some similitude of that Word of Which it is said, In the beginning was the Word. For when we give expression to something which we know, the word used is necessarily derived from the knowledge thus retained in the memory, and must be of the same quality with that knowledge. For a word is a thought formed from a thing which we know; which word is spoken in the heart, being neither Greek nor Latin, nor of any language, though, when we want to communicate it to others, some sign is assumed by which to express it. Wherefore the word which sounds externally, is a sign of the word which lies hid within, to which the name of word more truly appertains. For that which is uttered by the mouth of our flesh, is the voice of the word; and is in fact called word, with reference to that from which it is taken, when it is developed externally." Basil of Caesarea: "This Word is not a human word. For how was there a human word in the beginning, when man received his being last of all? There was not then any word of man in the beginning, nor yet of Angels; for every creature is within the limits of time, having its beginning of existence from the Creator. But what says the Gospel? It calls the Only-Begotten Himself the Word." Chrysostom: "But why omitting the Father, does he proceed at once to speak of the Son? Because the Father was known to all; though not as the Father, yet as God; whereas the Only-Begotten was not known. As was meet then, he endeavours first of all to inculcate the knowledge of the Son on those who knew Him not; though neither in discoursing on Him, is he altogether silent on the Father. And inasmuch as he was about to teach that the Word was the Only-Begotten Son of God, that no one might think this a passible (παθητὴν) generation, he makes mention of the Word in the first place, in order to destroy the dangerous suspicion, and show that the Son was from God impassibly. And a second reason is, that He was to declare unto us the things of the Father. (John. 15:15) But he does not speak of the Word simply, but with the addition of the article, in order to distinguish It from other words. For Scripture calls God's laws and commandments words; but this Word is a certain Substance, or Person, an Essence, coming forth impassibly from the Father Himself." Basil of Caesarea: "Wherefore then Word? Because born impassibly, the Image of Him that begat, manifesting all the Father in Himself; abstracting from Him nothing, but existing perfect in Himself." Basil of Caesarea: "Yet has our outward word some similarity to the Divine Word. For our word declares the whole conception of the mind; since what we conceive in the mind we bring out in word. Indeed our heart is as it were the source, and the uttered word the stream which flows therefrom." Chrysostom: "Observe the spiritual wisdom of the Evangelist. He knew that men honoured most what was most ancient, and that honouring what is before everything else, they conceived of it as God. On this account he mentions first the beginning, saying, In the beginning was the Word." Augustine: "Or, In the beginning, as if it were said, before all things." Basil of Caesarea: "The Holy Ghost foresaw that men would arise, who should envy the glory of the Only-Begotten, subverting their hearers by sophistry; as if because He were begotten, He was not; and before He was begotten, He was not. That none might presume then to babble such things, the Holy Ghost saith, In the beginning was the Word." Hilary of Poitiers: "Years, centuries, ages, are passed over, place what beginning thou wilt in thy imagining, thou graspest it not in time, for He, from Whom it is derived, still was." Chrysostom: "As then when our ship is near shore, cities and port pass in survey before us, which on the open sea vanish, and leave nothing whereon to fix the eye; so the Evangelist here, taking us with him in his flight above the created world, leaves the eye to gaze in vacancy on an illimitable expanse. For the words, was in the beginning, are significative of eternal and infinite essence." Council of Ephesus: "Wherefore in one place divine Scripture calls Him the Son, in another the Word, in another the Brightness of the Father; names severally meant to guard against blasphemy. For, forasmuch as thy son is of the same nature with thyself, the Scripture wishing to show that the Substance of the Father and the Son is one, sets forth the Son of the Father, born of the Father, the Only-Begotten. Next, since the terms birth and son, convey the idea of passibleness, therefore it calls the Son the Word, declaring by that name the impassibility of His Nativity. But inasmuch as a father with us is necessarily older than his son, lest thou shouldest think that this applied to the Divine nature as well, it calls the Only-Begotten the Brightness of the Father; for brightness, though arising from the sun, is not posterior to it. Understand then that Brightness, as revealing the coeternity of the Son with the Father; Word as proving the impassibility of His birth, and Son as conveying His consubstantiality." Chrysostom: "But they say that In the beginning does not absolutely express eternity: for that the same is said of the heaven and the earth: In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth. (Gen. 1:1) But are not made and was, altogether different? For in like manner as the word is, when spoken of man, signifies the present only, but when applied to God, that which always and eternally is; so too was, predicated of our nature, signifies the past, but predicated of God, eternity." Origen: "The verb to be, has a double signification, sometimes expressing the motions which take place in time, as other verbs do; sometimes the substance of that one thing of which it is predicated, without reference to time. Hence it is also called a substantive verb." Hilary of Poitiers: "Consider then the world, understand what is written of it. In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth. Whatever therefore is created is made in the beginning, and thou wouldest contain in time, what, as being to be made, is contained in the beginning. But, lo, for me, an illiterate unlearned fisherman is independent of time, unconfined by ages, advanceth beyond all beginnings. For the Word was, what it is, and is not bounded by any time, nor commenced therein, seeing It was not made in the beginning, but was." Alcuin: " To refute those who inferred from Christ's Birth in time, that He had not been from everlasting, the Evangelist begins with the eternity of the Word, saying, In the beginning was the Word." Chrysostom: "Because it is an especial attribute of God, to be eternal and without a beginning, he laid this down first: then, lest any one on hearing in the beginning was the Word, should suppose the Word Unbegotten, he instantly guarded against this; saying, And the Word was with God." Hilary of Poitiers: "From the beginning, He is with God: and though independent of time, is not independent of an Author." Basil of Caesarea: "Again he repeats this, was, because of men blasphemously saying, that there was a time when He was not. Where then was the Word? Illimitable things are not contained in space. Where was He then? With God. For neither is the Father bounded by place, nor the Son by aught circumscribing." Origen: "It is worth while noting, that, whereas the Word is said to come to some, as to Hosea, Isaiah, Jeremiah, with God it is not made, as though it were not with Him before. But, the Word having been always with Him, it is said, and the Word was with God: for from the beginning it was not separate from the Father." Chrysostom: "He has not said, was in God, but was with God: exhibiting to us that eternity which He had in accordance with His Person." Theophylact of Ohrid: "Sabellius is overthrown by this text. For he asserts that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are one Person, Who sometimes appeared as the Father, sometimes as the Son, sometimes as the Holy Ghost. But he is manifestly confounded by this text, and the Word was with God; for here the Evangelist declares that the Son is one Person, God the Father another." Hilary of Poitiers: "But the title is absolute, and free from the offence of an extraneous subject. To Moses it is said, I have given thee for a god to Pharaoh: (Exod. 7:1) but is not the reason for the name added, when it is said, to Pharaoh? Moses is given for a god to Pharaoh, when he is feared, when he is entreated, when he punishes, when he heals. And it is one thing to be given for a God, another thing to be God. I remember too another application of the name in the Psalms, I have said, ye are gods. But there too it is implied that the title was but bestowed; and the introduction of, I said, makes it rather the phrase of the Speaker, than the name of the thing. But when I hear the Word was God, I not only hear the Word said to be, but perceive It proved to be, God." Basil of Caesarea: "Thus cutting off the cavils of blasphemers, and those who ask what the Word is, he replies, and the Word was God." Theophylact of Ohrid: " Or combine it thus. From the Word being with God, it follows plainly that there are two Persons. But these two are of one Nature; and therefore it proceeds, In the Word was God: to show that Father and Son are of One Nature, being of One Godhead." Origen: "We must add too, that the Word illuminates the Prophets with Divine wisdom, in that He cometh to them; but that with God He ever is, because He is God. For which reason he placed and the Word was with God, before and the Word was God." Chrysostom: "Not asserting, as Plato does, one to be intelligence, the other soul; for the Divine Nature is very different from this. But you say, the Father is called God with the addition of the article, the Son without it. What say you then, when the Apostle. writes, The great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; (Tit. 2:13) and again, Who is over all, God; (Rom. 9:5) and Grace be unto you and peace from God our Father; (Rom. 1:7) without the article? Besides, too, it were superfluous here, to affix what had been affixed just before. So that it does not follow, though the article is not affixed to the Son, that He is therefore an inferior God. References ^ John 1:1, Douay-Rheims ^ John 1:1, KJV ^ John 1:1, RSV ^ John 1:1, NIV ^ See verses 14-17: "And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth. (John bore witness about him, and cried out, "This was he of whom I said, 'He who comes after me ranks before me, because he was before me.'")... For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ." ^ The Greek English New Testament. Christianity Today. 1975 ^ Nestle Aland Novum Testamentum Graece Read NA28 online ^ Sahidica 2.01. J. Warren Wells. 2007.January.28 http://www.biblical-data.org/coptic/Sahidic_NT.pdf ^ The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin/CBL Cpt 813, ff. 147v-148r/www.cbl.ie. "Sahidic Coptic Translation of John 1:1". Republished by Watchtower. Retrieved 20 October 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ The Coptic version of the New Testament in the southern dialect : otherwise called Sahidic and Thebaic ; with critical apparatus, literal English translation, register of fragments and estimate of the version. 3, The gospel of S. John, register of fragments, etc., facsimiles. Vol. 3. Horner, George, 1849-1930. : . 2014. ISBN 9780557302406. OCLC 881290216.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ "Translating Sahidic Coptic John 1:1 | Gospel Of John | Translations". Scribd. Retrieved 2018-10-21. ^ "Vetus Latina Iohannes Synopsis". itseeweb.cal.bham.ac.uk. ^ Horner, George William (1911). The Coptic version of the New Testament in the Southern dialect : otherwise called Sahidic and Thebaic ; with critical apparatus, literal English translation, register of fragments and estimate of the version. Robarts - University of Toronto. Oxford : The Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0557302406. ^ The Bible : James Moffatt translation : with concordance. Moffatt, James, 1870-1944. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Classics. 1994. ISBN 9780825432286. OCLC 149166602.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ "John 1 In the beginning the Word existed. The Word was with God, and the Word was divine". studybible.info. Retrieved 2018-10-21. ^ Schonfield, Hugh J. (1958). The Authentic New Testament. UK (1955), USA (1958): Panther, Signet. ISBN 9780451602152.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ S. Wuest, Kenneth (1956). New Testament: An Expanded Translation. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 209. ISBN 0-8028-1229-5. ^ Zulfiqar Ali Shah (2012). Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian and Islamic Traditions : Representing the Unrepresentable. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). p. 300. ISBN 9781565645752. ^ For a complete list of 70 non traditional translations of John 1:1, see http://simplebibletruths.net/70-John-1-1-Truths.htm ^ Mary L. Coloe, ed. (2013). Creation is Groaning: Biblical and Theological Perspectives (Reprinted ed.). Liturgical Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780814680650. ^ Hart, David (2017). The New Testament: A Translation. ^ David A. Reed. "How Semitic Was John? Rethinking the Hellenistic Background to John 1:1." Anglican Theological Review, Fall 2003, Vol. 85 Issue 4, p709 ^ William Arnold III, Colwell's Rule and John 1:1 Archived 2007-04-04 at the Wayback Machine at apostolic.net: "You could only derive a Trinitarian interpretation from John 1:1 if you come to this passage with an already developed Trinitarian theology. If you approached it with a strict Monotheism (which is what I believe John held to) then this passage would definitely support such a view." ^ Beduhn in Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament chapter 11 states: "Translators of the KJV, NRSV, NIV, NAB, New American Standard Bible, AB, Good News Bible and LB all approached the text at John 1:1 already believing certain things about the Word...and made sure that the translations came out in accordance with their beliefs.... Ironically, some of these same scholars are quick to charge the NW translation with "doctrinal bias" for translating the verse literally, free of KJV influence, following the sense of the Greek. It may very well be that the NW translators came to the task of translating John 1:1 with as much bias as the other translators did. It just so happens that their bias corresponds in this case to a more accurate translation of the Greek." ^ "The Article". A section heading in Robert W. Funk, A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic Greek. Volume I. Second Corrected Edition. Scholars Press. ^ Ernest Cadman Colwell (1933). "A definite rule for the use of the article in the Greek New Testament" (PDF). Journal of Biblical Literature. 52 (1): 12–21. doi:10.2307/3259477. JSTOR 3259477. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2016. ^ Jason BeDuhn (2003). Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament. University Press of America. pp. 117–120. ISBN 9780761825562. ^ a b c "Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. III : Against Praxeas". www.tertullian.org. Retrieved 2022-01-29. ^ "John 1:1 Interlinear: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God;". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2022-01-29. ^ "Philip Schaff: ANF09. The Gospel of Peter, The Diatessaron of Tatian, The Apocalypse of Peter, the Vision of Paul, The Apocalypse of the Virgin and Sedrach, The Testament of Abraham, The Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena, The Narrative of Zosimus, The Apology of Aristid - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". ccel.org. Retrieved 2022-01-29. ^ "RPC Hanson - A lecture on the Arian Controversy". From Daniel to Revelation. 2021-11-26. Retrieved 2022-01-29. ^ Harris, Murray J., Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus, 1992, Baker Books, pub. SBN 0801021952, p. 69 ^ Eastern / Greek Orthodox Bible, New Testament, 2009, p231. ^ Daniel B. Wallace (1997). Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics. Harper Collins. p. 269. ISBN 9780310218951. ^ Wallace, ibid., p. 257 ^ Panayotis Coutsoumpos. Book Reviews Murray J. Harris. Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books House, 1992. Berrier Springs. MI 49103 ^ Murray J. Harris. (1992). Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books House. ^ Murray J. Harris (2008). Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus (Reprinted ed.). Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781606081082. ^ McKenzie, John L. (1965). Dictionary of the Bible. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce. ^ John L. Mckenzie (1995). The Dictionary Of The Bible (reprinted ed.). Touchstone, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 317. ISBN 9780684819136. ^ Philip B. Harner, "Qualitative Anarthrous Predicate Nouns: Mark 15:39 and John 1:1," Journal of Biblical Literature 92, 1 (March 1973), ^ Hartley, Donald. "Revisiting the Colwell Construction in Light of Mass/Count Nouns". bible.org. Retrieved November 1, 2022. ^ Philip B. Harner (March 1973). "Qualitative Anarthrous Predicate Nouns: Mark 15:39 and John 1:1". Journal of Biblical Literature. 92 (1). The Society of Biblical Literature: 75–87. doi:10.2307/3262756. JSTOR 3262756. ^ C. F. D. Moule (1953). An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek. Cambridge: University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780521057745. ^ James D. G. Dunn (1989). Christology in the Making: A New Testament Inquiry Into the Origins of the Doctrine of the Incarnation (Second ed.). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ^ Dr. J. R. Mantey: "It is neither scholarly nor reasonable to translate John 1:1 'The Word was a god.'" ^ Dr. Bruce M. Metzger of Princeton (Professor of New Testament Language and Literature): "As a matter of solid fact, however, such a rendering is a frightful mistranslation. It overlooks entirely an established rule of Greek grammar which necessitates the rendering "...and the Word was God." http://www.bible-researcher.com/metzger.jw.html—see chapter IV point 1. ^ Dr. Samuel J. Mikolaski of Zurich, Switzerland: "It is monstrous to translate the phrase 'the Word was a god.'" ^ Witherington, Ben (2007). The Living Word of God: Rethinking the Theology of the Bible. Baylor University Press. pp. 211–213. ISBN 978-1-60258-017-6. ^ Dr. Jason BeDuhn (of Northern Arizona University) in regard to the Kingdom Interlinear's appendix that gives the reason why the NWT favoured a translation of John 1:1 as saying the Word was not "God" but "a god" said: "In fact the KIT explanation is perfectly correct according to the best scholarship done on this subject.." ^ Murray J. Harris has written: "Accordingly, from the point of view of grammar alone, could be rendered "the Word was a god,...." -Jesus As God, 1992, p. 60. ^ C. H. Dodd says: "If a translation were a matter of substituting words, a possible translation of ; would be, "The Word was a god". As a word-for-word translation it cannot be faulted." ^ David Barron (an anti-Trinitarian Seventh-day Adventist) (2011). John 1:1 Non-Trinitarian - The Nature and Deity of Christ. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2011-10-05. ^ Ac. 28:6 NIV ^ Acts 28:6 ^ Acts 28:6 ^ a b Albert Pietersma (1984). Albert Pietersma and Claude Cox (ed.). KYRIOS OR TETRAGRAM: A RENEWED QUEST FOR THE ORIGINAL LXX (PDF). Mississauga: Benben Publications. p. 90. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Wright, B. J.; Ricchuiti, T. (2011-10-01). "From 'God' (θεός) to 'God' (Noute): A New Discussion and Proposal Regarding John 1:1C and the Sahidic Coptic Version of the New Testament". The Journal of Theological Studies. 62 (2): 494–512. doi:10.1093/jts/flr080. ISSN 0022-5185. ^ Genesis 1:1 ^ Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers on John 1, accessed 22 January 2016 ^ Mark 1:1 ^ Luke 1:2 ^ David L. Jeffrey A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature 1992 Page 460 "...in his reference to 'eyewitnesses, and ministers of the word' (Luke 1:2) he is certainly speaking of the person as well as the words and actions of Jesus" ^ 1 John 1:1 ^ Dwight Moody Smith First, Second, and Third John 1991 Page 48 "Of course, were it not for the Gospel, it would not be so obvious to us that "the word of life" in 1 John 1:1 is Jesus Christ. Strikingly, only in the prologue of each is the logos to be identified with Jesus." ^ Kennerson, Robert (2012-03-12). "Logos Christology - Philosophical Theology". Wilmington For Christ. Retrieved 2022-01-29. ^ Wilkinson 2015, pp. 65. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas". 1874. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Sources Wilkinson, Robert J. (4 February 2015). Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 179. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004288171. ISBN 978-90-04-28817-1. S2CID 161026434. External links Another God in the Gospel of John? A Linguistic Analysis of John 1:1 and 1:18 vteGospel of John chapter 1Verse John 1:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Places Bethabara Bethsaida Galilee Jerusalem Jordan Nazareth People Andrew Elijah Isaiah Jesus Christ John (unnamed disciple) John the Baptist Moses Nathanael Philip Simon Peter Groups Jews Levites Pharisees Priests Phrases Jacob's Ladder King of Israel Lamb of God Logos Light of the World Messiah Rabbi Son of God Son of Man ← Luke 24 Gospel of John chapter 2 → vteGospel of JohnBible(New Testament)Chapters John 1 Book of Signs 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Book of Glory 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Epilogue: 21 Verses John 1:1–20; 23; 25–33; 35–42 3:16 14:6 18:38 20:1–31 Events(chronological) Wedding at Cana Bread of Life Discourse Feeding the 5000 Healing a blind man Healing a paralytic Healing a sick son Jesus and the woman taken in adultery Walking on water Raising of Lazarus Anointing Foot washing Passion of Jesus Last Supper Farewell Discourse Crucifixion Burial Empty tomb Resurrection of Jesus Restoration of Peter Phrases In the beginning Logos Disciple whom Jesus loved Doubting Thomas Ecce homo Feast of Dedication "Love one another" Jesus wept Noli me tangere Quod scripsi, scripsi That they all may be one Via et veritas et vita The truth will set you free People Andrew Annas Caiaphas Herod Antipas Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Mother of Jesus Lazarus Malchus Martha Mary Magdalene Mary, sister of Martha Nathanael Nicodemus Philip Pontius Pilate Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Places Ænon Bethabara Bethany Bethsaida Cana Capernaum Galilee Jacob's Well Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Kidron Samaria Sea of Galilee Solomon's Porch Sychar "I AM" sayings I am (biblical term) Bread of Life Light of the World Gate for the Sheep Good Shepherd Resurrectio et Vita Via et veritas et vita True Vine Related Authorship Johannine community John the Apostle John the Evangelist Johannine literature Holy Spirit Textual variants Apocryphon of John Second Apocalypse of John Pillar New Testament Commentary Adaptations St John Passion (J. S. Bach, 1724) Structure Discography Passio (Pärt, 1982) The Gospel of John (2003 film) The Gospel of John (2014 film) Manuscripts Papyrus 2 5 6 22 28 36 39 44 45 52 55 59 60 63 66 75 76 80 84 90 93 95 106 107 108 109 119 120 121 122 128 Ohrid Glagolitic fragments Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Luke (chapter 24) Bible portal Christianity portal Acts of the Apostles (chapter 1) →
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For the part of Catholic liturgy, see Last Gospel.John 1:1 is the first verse in the opening chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The traditional and majority translation of this verse reads:In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.[1][2][3][4]\"The Word,\" a translation of the Greek λόγος (logos), is widely interpreted as referring to Jesus, as indicated in other verses later in the same chapter.[5] For example, \"the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us\" (John 1:14; cf. 1:15, 17).John 1:1 from the Ostromir Gospel, with John's Evangelist portrait, 1056 or 1057.","title":"John 1:1"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papyrus_75a.gif"},{"link_name":"Papyrus 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_75"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"Gospel of John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codex_Vaticanus_end_or_Luke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Codex Vaticanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codex_Bezae_0202a.JPG"},{"link_name":"Codex Bezae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Bezae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codex_Alexandrinus_J_1,1-7.PNG"},{"link_name":"Codex Alexandrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus"}],"text":"Papyrus 75 (175–225), the end of Gospel of Luke and the beginning of Gospel of John (chapter 1:1–16*)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCodex Vaticanus (300–325), The end of Gospel of Luke and the beginning of Gospel of John\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCodex Bezae (c. 400), John 1:1–16\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCodex Alexandrinus (400-440), John 1:1–7.","title":"Source text and translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"},{"link_name":"King James Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Wycliffe's Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible"},{"link_name":"Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate"},{"link_name":"Thomas Belsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Belsham"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Newcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Newcome"},{"link_name":"Emphatic Diaglott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphatic_Diaglott"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Wilson_(Biblical_scholar)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"R. Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Young_(Biblical_scholar)"},{"link_name":"George William Horner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William_Horner"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"James Moffatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moffatt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"John M. P. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._P._Smith"},{"link_name":"Edgar J. Goodspeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_J._Goodspeed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hugh J. Schonfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Wuest Expanded Translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuest_Expanded_Translation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Good News Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_News_Bible"},{"link_name":"New English Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_English_Bible"},{"link_name":"Revised English Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_English_Bible"},{"link_name":"Hugh J. Schonfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Message","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Message_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Eugene H. Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_H._Peterson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Daniel J. Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"David Bentley Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"John 1:1 in English versions","text":"John 1:1 in the page showing the first chapter of John in the King James Bible.The traditional rendering in English is:In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.Other variations of rendering, both in translation or paraphrase, John 1:1c also exist:14th century: \"and God was the word\" – Wycliffe's Bible (translated from the 4th-century Latin Vulgate)\n1808: \"and the Word was a god\" – Thomas Belsham The New Testament, in an Improved Version, Upon the Basis of Archbishop Newcome's New Translation: With a Corrected Text, London.\n1822: \"and the Word was a god\" – The New Testament in Greek and English (A. Kneeland, 1822.)\n1829: \"and the Word was a god\" – The Monotessaron; or, The Gospel History According to the Four Evangelists (J. S. Thompson, 1829)\n1863: \"and the Word was a god\" – A Literal Translation of the New Testament (Herman Heinfetter [Pseudonym of Frederick Parker], 1863)\n1864: \"the LOGOS was God\" – A New Emphatic Version (right hand column)\n1864: \"and a god was the Word\" – The Emphatic Diaglott by Benjamin Wilson, New York and London (left hand column interlinear reading)\n1867: \"and the Son was of God\" – The Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible\n1879: \"and the Word was a god\" – Das Evangelium nach Johannes (J. Becker, 1979)\n1885: \"and the Word was a god\" – Concise Commentary on The Holy Bible (R. Young, 1885)\n1911: \"and [a] God was the word\" – The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Southern Dialect, by George William Horner.[13]\n1924: \"the Logos was divine\" – The Bible: James Moffatt Translation, by James Moffatt.[14]\n1935: \"and the Word was divine\" – The Bible: An American Translation, by John M. P. Smith and Edgar J. Goodspeed, Chicago.[15]\n1955: \"so the Word was divine\" – The Authentic New Testament, by Hugh J. Schonfield, Aberdeen.[16]\n1956: \"And the Word was as to His essence absolute deity\" – The Wuest Expanded Translation[17]\n1958: \"and the Word was a god\" – The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Anointed (J. L. Tomanec, 1958);\n1962, 1979: \"'the word was God.' Or, more literally, 'God was the word.'\" – The Four Gospels and the Revelation (R. Lattimore, 1979)\n1966, 2001: \"and he was the same as God\" – The Good News Bible.\n1970, 1989: \"and what God was, the Word was\" – The New English Bible and The Revised English Bible.\n1975 \"and a god (or, of a divine kind) was the Word\" – Das Evangelium nach Johnnes, by Siegfried Schulz, Göttingen, Germany\n1975: \"and the Word was a god\" – Das Evangelium nach Johannes (S. Schulz, 1975);\n1978: \"and godlike sort was the Logos\" – Das Evangelium nach Johannes, by Johannes Schneider, Berlin\n1985: \"So the Word was divine\" - The Original New Testament, by Hugh J. Schonfield.[18]\n1993: \"The Word was God, in readiness for God from day one.\" — The Message, by Eugene H. Peterson.[19]\n1998: \"and what God was the Word also was\" – This translation follows Professor Francis J. Moloney, The Gospel of John, ed. Daniel J. Harrington.[20]\n2017: \"and the Logos was god\" - The New Testament: A Translation, by David Bentley Hart.[21]","title":"Source text and translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabellianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabellianism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Difficulties","text":"The text of John 1:1 has a sordid past and a myriad of interpretations. With the Greek alone, we can create empathic, orthodox, creed-like statements, or we can commit pure and unadulterated heresy. From the point of view of early church history, heresy develops when a misunderstanding arises concerning Greek articles, the predicate nominative, and grammatical word order. The early church heresy of Sabellianism understood John 1:1c to read, \"and the Word was the God.\" The early church heresy of Arianism understood it to read, \"and the word was a God.\"— David A. Reed[22]There are two issues affecting the translating of the verse, 1) theology and 2) proper application of grammatical rules. The commonly held theology that Jesus is God naturally leads one to believe that the proper way to render the verse is the one which is most popular.[23] The opposing theology that Jesus is subordinate to God as his Chief agent leads to the conclusion that \"... a god\" or \"... divine\" is the proper rendering.[24]","title":"Source text and translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"The Greek Article","text":"The Greek article is often translated the, which is the English definite article, but it can have a range of meanings that can be quite different from those found in English, and require context to interpret.[25] Ancient Greek does not have an indefinite article like the English word a, and nominatives without articles also have a range of meanings that require context to interpret.","title":"Source text and translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colwell's rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colwell%27s_rule"},{"link_name":"Ernest Cadman Colwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Cadman_Colwell"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Jason David BeDuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_David_BeDuhn"},{"link_name":"Northern Arizona University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Arizona_University"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Colwell's Rule","text":"In interpreting this verse, Colwell's rule should be taken into consideration, which says that a definite predicate which is before the verb \"to be\" usually does not have the definite article. Ernest Cadman Colwell writes:The opening verse of John's Gospel contains one of the many passages where this rule suggests the translation of a predicate as a definite noun. Καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος [Kaì theòs ên ho lógos] looks much more like \"And the Word was God\" than \"And the Word was divine\" when viewed with reference to this rule. The absence of the article does not make the predicate indefinite or qualitative when it precedes the verb, it is indefinite in this position only when the context demands it. The context makes no such demand in the Gospel of John, for this statement cannot be regarded as strange in the prologue of the gospel which reaches its climax in the confession of Thomas [Footnote: John 20,28].\"[26]Jason David BeDuhn (Professor of Religious Studies at Northern Arizona University) criticizes Colwell's Rule as methodologically unsound and \"not a valid rule of Greek grammar.\"[27]","title":"Source text and translations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The main dispute with respect to this verse relates to John 1:1c (\"the Word was God\"). One minority translation is \"the Word was divine.\" The following support this type of translation:","title":"The Word was divine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tertullian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tertullian.org-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tertullian.org-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tertullian.org-28"}],"sub_title":"Tertullian","text":"Tertullian in the early third century wrote:Now if this one [the Word] is God according to John (\"the Word was God\"), then you have two: one who speaks that it may be, and another who carries it out. However, how you should accept this as \"another\" I have explained: as concerning person, not substance, and as distinction, not division. (Against Praxeus 12)[28]In other words, the Persons are distinct but the substance is undivided. As Tertullian states in Against Praxeus 9 and 26, He is \"so far God as He is of the same substance as God Himself ... and as a portion of the Whole ... as He Himself acknowledges: \"My Father is greater than I.\"[28]At the beginning of chapter 13 of against Praxeus, Tertullian uses various Scriptures to argue for \"two Gods,\" including:[28]\"One God spoke and another created\" (cf. John 1:3).\n\"God, even Thy God, hath anointed Thee or made Thee His Christ\" (cf. Psm 45).\n\n\"'In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.' There was One 'who was,' and there was another 'with whom'\".","title":"The Word was divine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Origen","text":"In John 1:1c, logos has the article but theos does not. Literally, \"god was the word\".[29] Origen of Alexandria, a teacher in Greek grammar of the third century, discusses the presence or absence of the article in Commentary on John, Book II, chap, 2.[30] He states:He (John) uses the article, when the name of God refers to the uncreated cause of all things, and omits it when the Logos is named God. [...]\nGod on the one hand is Very God (Autotheos, God of Himself); and so the Saviour says in His prayer to the Father, \"That they may know Thee the only true God;\" (cf. John 17:3) but that all beyond the Very God is made God by participation in His divinity, and is not to be called simply God (with the article), but rather God (without article).Origen then continues to explain that the Son - the first-born of all creation – was the first to be \"with God\" (cf. John 1:1), attracted to Himself divinity from God, and gave that divinity to the other \"gods:\"And thus the first-born of all creation, who is the first to be with God, and to attract to Himself divinity, is a being of more exalted rank than the other gods beside Him, of whom God is the God [...] It was by the offices of the first-born that they became gods, for He drew from God in generous measure that they should be made gods, and He communicated it to them according to His own bounty.As R.P.C. Hanson stated in discussing the Apologists, \"There were many different types and grades of deity in popular thought and religion and even in philosophical thought.\"[31] Origen concludes that \"the Word of God\" is not \"God ... of Himself\" but because of \"His being with the Father\" (cf. John 1:1):The true God, then, is \"The God,\" and those who are formed after Him are gods, images, as it were, of Him the prototype.  But the archetypal image, again, of all these images is the Word of God, who was in the beginning, and who by being with God is at all times God, not possessing that of Himself, but by His being with the Father, and not continuing to be God, if we should think of this, except by remaining always in uninterrupted contemplation of the depths of the Father.","title":"The Word was divine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Moffatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moffatt"},{"link_name":"Edgar J. Goodspeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_J._Goodspeed"},{"link_name":"Hugh J. Schonfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield"},{"link_name":"Murray J. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_J._Harris"},{"link_name":"person of the Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father"},{"link_name":"Godhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"God the Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father"},{"link_name":"NT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"Logos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_the_Logos"},{"link_name":"God the Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father"},{"link_name":"Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Son"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father"},{"link_name":"Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father"},{"link_name":"homoousion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoousian"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Daniel B. Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace"},{"link_name":"Dallas Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Murray J. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_J._Harris"},{"link_name":"Trinity Evangelical Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Evangelical_Divinity_School"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"John L. McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._McKenzie"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Journal of Biblical Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature"},{"link_name":"Professor Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Emeritus"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_College"},{"link_name":"New English Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_English_Bible"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_College"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"B. F. Westcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Westcott"},{"link_name":"C. F. D. Moule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._D._Moule"},{"link_name":"Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Margaret%27s_Professor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Sabellianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabellianism"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"James D. G. Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"University of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"Philo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Translations","text":"Translations by James Moffatt, Edgar J. Goodspeed and Hugh J. Schonfield render part of the verse as \"...the Word [Logos] was divine\".Murray J. Harris writes,[It] is clear that in the translation \"the Word was God\", the term God is being used to denote his nature or essence, and not his person. But in normal English usage \"God\" is a proper noun, referring to the person of the Father or corporately to the three persons of the Godhead. Moreover, \"the Word was God\" suggests that \"the Word\" and \"God\" are convertible terms, that the proposition is reciprocating. But the Word is neither the Father nor the Trinity ... The rendering cannot stand without explanation.\"[32]An Eastern/Greek Orthodox Bible commentary notes:This second theos could also be translated 'divine' as the construction indicates \"a qualitative sense for theos\". The Word is not God in the sense that he is the same person as the theos mentioned in 1:1a; he is not God the Father (God absolutely as in common NT usage) or the Trinity. The point being made is that the Logos is of the same uncreated nature or essence as God the Father, with whom he eternally exists. This verse is echoed in the Nicene Creed: \"God (qualitative or derivative) from God (personal, the Father), Light from Light, True God from True God... homoousion with the Father.\"[33]Daniel B. Wallace (Professor of New Testament at Dallas Theological Seminary) argues that:The use of the anarthrous theos (the lack of the definite article before the second theos) is due to its use as a qualitative noun, describing the nature or essence of the Word, sharing the essence of the Father, though they differed in person: he stresses: \"The construction the evangelist chose to express this idea was the most precise way he could have stated that the Word was God and yet was distinct from the Father\".[34] He questions whether Colwell's rule helps in interpreting John 1:1. It has been said that Colwell's rule has been misapplied as its converse, as though it implied definiteness.[35]Murray J. Harris (Emeritus Professor of NT Exegesis and Theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School) discusses \"grammatical, theological, historical, literary and other issues that affect the interpretation of θεὸς\" and conclude that, among other uses, \"is a christological title that is primarily ontological in nature\" and adds that \"the application of θεὸς to Jesus Christ asserts that Jesus is ... God-by-nature.[36][37][38]John L. McKenzie (Catholic Biblical scholar) wrote that ho Theos is God the Father, and adds that John 1:1 should be translated \"the word was with the God [=the Father], and the word was a divine being.\"[39][40]In a 1973 Journal of Biblical Literature article, Philip B. Harner, Professor Emeritus of Religion at Heidelberg College, claimed that the traditional translation of John 1:1c (\"and the Word was God\") is incorrect. He endorses the New English Bible translation of John 1:1c, \"and what God was, the Word was.\"[41] However, Harner's claim has been criticized.[42]Philip B. Harner (Professor Emeritus of Religion at Heidelberg College) says:Perhaps the clause could be translated, 'the Word had the same nature as God.\" This would be one way of representing John's thought, which is, as I understand it, that ho logos, no less than ho theos, had the nature of theos.[43]B. F. Westcott is quoted by C. F. D. Moule (Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge):The predicate (God) stands emphatically first, as in 4:24. 'It is necessarily without the article (theós not ho theós) inasmuch as it describes the nature of the Word and does not identify His Person. It would be pure Sabellianism to say \"the Word was ho theós\". No idea of inferiority of nature is suggested by the form of expression, which simply affirms the true deity of the Word. Compare the converse statement of the true humanity of Christ five 27 (hóti huiòs anthrópou estín . . . ).'[44]James D. G. Dunn (Emeritus Lightfoot Professor at University of Durham) states:Philo demonstrates that a distinction between ho theos and theos such as we find in John 1.1b-c, would be deliberate by the author and significant for the Greek reader. Not only so, Philo shows that he could happily call the Logos 'God/god' without infringing his monotheism (or even 'the second God' – Qu.Gen. II.62). Bearing in mind our findings with regard to the Logos in Philo, this cannot but be significant: the Logos for Philo is 'God' not as a being independent of 'the God' but as 'the God' in his knowability – the Logos standing for that limited apprehension of the one God which is all that the rational man, even the mystic may attain to.\"[45]In summary, scholars and grammarians indicate that the grammatical structure of the Greek does not identify the Word as the Person of God but indicates a qualitative sense. The point being made is that the Logos is of the same nature or essence as God the Father. In that case, \"the Word was God\" may be misleading because, in normal English, \"God\" is a proper noun, referring to the person of the Father or corporately to the three persons of the Godhead.","title":"The Word was divine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Nahum 1:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1901.htm#2"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 37:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1037.htm#16"},{"link_name":"41:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1041.htm#4"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 23:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1123.htm#23"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel 45:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1245.htm#9"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"John 1:18a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:18&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Romans 8:33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%208:33&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"2 Corinthians 5:19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%205:19&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"6:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%206:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Hebrews 11:16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2011:16&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy 31:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2031:27&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCorYHWH-57"},{"link_name":"Papyrus Fouad 266","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_Fouad_266"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCorYHWH-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"1 John 1:5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%201:5&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"1 John 4:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%204:8&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy 4:31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0504.htm#31"},{"link_name":"Malachi 2:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2402.htm#10"}],"text":"Some scholars oppose the translation ...a god,[46][47][48][49] while other scholars believe it is possible or even preferable.[50][51][52]The rendering as \"a god\" is justified by some non-Trinitarians by comparing it with Acts 28:6 which has a similar grammatical construction'[53]\"The people expected him to swell up or suddenly fall dead; but after waiting a long time and seeing nothing unusual happen to him, they changed their minds and said he was a god.\".[54]\n\"Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god (theón).\" (KJV)[55]\n\n\"But they were expecting that he was going to swell up or suddenly drop dead. So after they had waited a long time and had seen nothing unusual happen to him, they changed their minds and said he was a god (theón).\" (NET)[56]However, it was noted that the Hebrew words El, HaElohim and Yahweh (all referring to God) were rendered as anarthrous theos in the Septuagint at Nahum 1:2, Isaiah 37:16, 41:4, Jeremiah 23:23 and Ezekiel 45:9 among many other locations. Moreover, in the New Testament anarthrous theos was used to refer to God in locations including John 1:18a, Romans 8:33, 2 Corinthians 5:19, 6:16 and Hebrews 11:16 (although the last two references do have an adjective aspect to them). Therefore, anarthrous or arthrous constructions by themselves, without context, cannot determine how to render it into a target language. In Deuteronomy 31:27 the septuagint text, \"supported by all MSS... reads πρὸς τὸν θεόν for the Hebrew עִם־ יְהֹוָ֔ה\",[57] but the oldest Greek text in Papyrus Fouad 266 has written πρὸς יהוה τὸν θεόν.[57]In the October 2011 Journal of Theological Studies, Brian J. Wright and Tim Ricchuiti[58] reason that the indefinite article in the Coptic translation, of John 1:1, has a qualitative meaning. Many such occurrences for qualitative nouns are identified in the Coptic New Testament, including 1 John 1:5 and 1 John 4:8. Moreover, the indefinite article is used to refer to God in Deuteronomy 4:31 and Malachi 2:10.","title":"The Word as a god"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_1:1"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"Charles Ellicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ellicott"},{"link_name":"Berēshîth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereishit_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Mark 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_1:1"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Luke 1:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_1:2"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"1 John 1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_John_1:1"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"\"In the beginning (archē) was the Word (logos)\" may be compared with:Genesis 1:1: \"In the beginning God created heaven, and earth.\"[59] The opening words of the Old Testament are also \"In the beginning\". Theologian Charles Ellicott wrote:\"The reference to the opening words of the Old Testament is obvious, and is the more striking when we remember that a Jew would constantly speak of and quote from the book of Genesis as \"Berēshîth\" (\"in the beginning\"). It is quite in harmony with the Hebrew tone of this Gospel to do so, and it can hardly be that St. John wrote his Berēshîth without having that of Moses present to his mind, and without being guided by its meaning.[60]Mark 1:1: \"The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.\"[61]\nLuke 1:2: \"According as they have delivered them unto us, who from the beginning (archē) were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word (logos).[62][63]\n1 John 1:1: \"That which was from the beginning (archē), which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, of the word (logos) of life\".[64][65]","title":"In the Beginning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannine literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannine_literature"},{"link_name":"Wisdom literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_literature"},{"link_name":"Logos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201565-67"},{"link_name":"Ernest Cadman Colwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Cadman_Colwell"}],"text":"The verse has been a source of much debate among Bible scholars and translators.This verse and other concepts in the Johannine literature set the stage for the Logos-Christology in which the Apologists of the second and third centuries connected the divine Word of John 1:1-5 to the Hebrew Wisdom literature and to the divine Logos of contemporary Greek philosophy.[66]On the basis of John 1:1, Tertullian, early in the third century, argued for two Persons that are distinct but the substance is undivided, of the same substance.In John 1:1c, logos has the article but theos does not. Origen of Alexandria, a teacher in Greek grammar of the third century, argued that John uses the article when theos refers to \"the uncreated cause of all things.\" But the Logos is named theos without the article because He participates in the divinity of the Father because of \"His being with the Father.\" Robert J. Wilkinson informs that Origen also \"mentions the name Ιαω in his commentary on John 1:1, where in discussing divine names, he glosses ieremias as meteorismos Ιαω (exultation of Ιαω). This appears to be an entry from a list giving the meaning of Hebrew names in LXX\".[67]The main dispute with respect to this verse relates to John 1:1c (\"the Word was God\"). One minority translation is \"the Word was divine.\" This is based on the argument that the grammatical structure of the Greek does not identify the Word as the Person of God but indicates a qualitative sense. The point being made is that the Logos is of the same uncreated nature or essence as God the Father. In that case, \"the Word was God\" may be misleading because, in normal English, \"God\" is a proper noun, referring to the person of the Father or corporately to the three persons of the Godhead.With respect to John 1:1, Ernest Cadman Colwell writes:The absence of the article does not make the predicate indefinite or qualitative when it precedes the verb, it is indefinite in this position only when the context demands it.So, whether the predicate (theos) is definite, indefinite or qualitative depends on the context. Consequently, this article raises the concern that uncertainty with respect to the grammar may result in translations based on the theology of the translator. The commonly held theology that Jesus is God naturally leads to a corresponding translation. But a theology in which Jesus is subordinate to God leads to the conclusion that \"... a god\" or \"... divine\" is the proper rendering.","title":"Debate on Article"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"Evangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Evangelists"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Basil of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Basil of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Basil of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Basil of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Hilary of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Council of Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Hilary of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Alcuin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Hilary of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Basil of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Theophylact of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylact_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Hilary of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Basil of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Theophylact of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylact_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"},{"link_name":"Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-68"}],"text":"Chrysostom: \"While all the other Evangelists begin with the Incarnation, John, passing over the Conception, Nativity, education, and growth, speaks immediately of the Eternal Generation, saying, In the beginning was the Word.\"[68]\nAugustine: \"The Greek word \"logos\" signifies both Word and Reason. But in this passage it is better to interpret it [as] Word; as referring not only to the Father, but to the creation of things by the operative power of the Word; whereas Reason, though it produce nothing, is still rightly called Reason.\"[68]\nAugustine: \"Words by their daily use, sound, and passage out of us, have become common things. But there is a word which remaineth inward, in the very man himself; distinct from the sound which proceedeth out of the mouth. There is a word, which is truly and spiritually that, which you understand by the sound, not being the actual sound. Now whoever can conceive the notion of word, as existing not only before its sound, but even before the idea of its sound is formed, may see enigmatically, and as it were in a glass, some similitude of that Word of Which it is said, In the beginning was the Word. For when we give expression to something which we know, the word used is necessarily derived from the knowledge thus retained in the memory, and must be of the same quality with that knowledge. For a word is a thought formed from a thing which we know; which word is spoken in the heart, being neither Greek nor Latin, nor of any language, though, when we want to communicate it to others, some sign is assumed by which to express it. [...] Wherefore the word which sounds externally, is a sign of the word which lies hid within, to which the name of word more truly appertains. For that which is uttered by the mouth of our flesh, is the voice of the word; and is in fact called word, with reference to that from which it is taken, when it is developed externally.\"[68]\nBasil of Caesarea: \"This Word is not a human word. For how was there a human word in the beginning, when man received his being last of all? There was not then any word of man in the beginning, nor yet of Angels; for every creature is within the limits of time, having its beginning of existence from the Creator. But what says the Gospel? It calls the Only-Begotten Himself the Word.\"[68]\nChrysostom: \"But why omitting the Father, does he proceed at once to speak of the Son? Because the Father was known to all; though not as the Father, yet as God; whereas the Only-Begotten was not known. As was meet then, he endeavours first of all to inculcate the knowledge of the Son on those who knew Him not; though neither in discoursing on Him, is he altogether silent on the Father. And inasmuch as he was about to teach that the Word was the Only-Begotten Son of God, that no one might think this a passible (παθητὴν) generation, he makes mention of the Word in the first place, in order to destroy the dangerous suspicion, and show that the Son was from God impassibly. And a second reason is, that He was to declare unto us the things of the Father. (John. 15:15) But he does not speak of the Word simply, but with the addition of the article, in order to distinguish It from other words. For Scripture calls God's laws and commandments words; but this Word is a certain Substance, or Person, an Essence, coming forth impassibly from the Father Himself.\"[68]\nBasil of Caesarea: \"Wherefore then Word? Because born impassibly, the Image of Him that begat, manifesting all the Father in Himself; abstracting from Him nothing, but existing perfect in Himself.\"[68]\nBasil of Caesarea: \"Yet has our outward word some similarity to the Divine Word. For our word declares the whole conception of the mind; since what we conceive in the mind we bring out in word. Indeed our heart is as it were the source, and the uttered word the stream which flows therefrom.\"[68]\nChrysostom: \"Observe the spiritual wisdom of the Evangelist. He knew that men honoured most what was most ancient, and that honouring what is before everything else, they conceived of it as God. On this account he mentions first the beginning, saying, In the beginning was the Word.\"[68]\nAugustine: \"Or, In the beginning, as if it were said, before all things.\"[68]\nBasil of Caesarea: \"The Holy Ghost foresaw that men would arise, who should envy the glory of the Only-Begotten, subverting their hearers by sophistry; as if because He were begotten, He was not; and before He was begotten, He was not. That none might presume then to babble such things, the Holy Ghost saith, In the beginning was the Word.\"[68]\nHilary of Poitiers: \"Years, centuries, ages, are passed over, place what beginning thou wilt in thy imagining, thou graspest it not in time, for He, from Whom it is derived, still was.\"[68]\nChrysostom: \"As then when our ship is near shore, cities and port pass in survey before us, which on the open sea vanish, and leave nothing whereon to fix the eye; so the Evangelist here, taking us with him in his flight above the created world, leaves the eye to gaze in vacancy on an illimitable expanse. For the words, was in the beginning, are significative of eternal and infinite essence.\"[68]\nCouncil of Ephesus: \"Wherefore in one place divine Scripture calls Him the Son, in another the Word, in another the Brightness of the Father; names severally meant to guard against blasphemy. For, forasmuch as thy son is of the same nature with thyself, the Scripture wishing to show that the Substance of the Father and the Son is one, sets forth the Son of the Father, born of the Father, the Only-Begotten. Next, since the terms birth and son, convey the idea of passibleness, therefore it calls the Son the Word, declaring by that name the impassibility of His Nativity. But inasmuch as a father with us is necessarily older than his son, lest thou shouldest think that this applied to the Divine nature as well, it calls the Only-Begotten the Brightness of the Father; for brightness, though arising from the sun, is not posterior to it. Understand then that Brightness, as revealing the coeternity of the Son with the Father; Word as proving the impassibility of His birth, and Son as conveying His consubstantiality.\"[68]\nChrysostom: \"But they say that In the beginning does not absolutely express eternity: for that the same is said of the heaven and the earth: In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth. (Gen. 1:1) But are not made and was, altogether different? For in like manner as the word is, when spoken of man, signifies the present only, but when applied to God, that which always and eternally is; so too was, predicated of our nature, signifies the past, but predicated of God, eternity.\"[68]\nOrigen: \"The verb to be, has a double signification, sometimes expressing the motions which take place in time, as other verbs do; sometimes the substance of that one thing of which it is predicated, without reference to time. Hence it is also called a substantive verb.\"[68]\nHilary of Poitiers: \"Consider then the world, understand what is written of it. In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth. Whatever therefore is created is made in the beginning, and thou wouldest contain in time, what, as being to be made, is contained in the beginning. But, lo, for me, an illiterate unlearned fisherman is independent of time, unconfined by ages, advanceth beyond all beginnings. For the Word was, what it is, and is not bounded by any time, nor commenced therein, seeing It was not made in the beginning, but was.\"[68]\nAlcuin: \" To refute those who inferred from Christ's Birth in time, that He had not been from everlasting, the Evangelist begins with the eternity of the Word, saying, In the beginning was the Word.\"[68]\nChrysostom: \"Because it is an especial attribute of God, to be eternal and without a beginning, he laid this down first: then, lest any one on hearing in the beginning was the Word, should suppose the Word Unbegotten, he instantly guarded against this; saying, And the Word was with God.\"[68]\nHilary of Poitiers: \"From the beginning, He is with God: and though independent of time, is not independent of an Author.\"[68]\nBasil of Caesarea: \"Again he repeats this, was, because of men blasphemously saying, that there was a time when He was not. Where then was the Word? Illimitable things are not contained in space. Where was He then? With God. For neither is the Father bounded by place, nor the Son by aught circumscribing.\"[68]\nOrigen: \"It is worth while noting, that, whereas the Word is said to come [be made] to some, as to Hosea, Isaiah, Jeremiah, with God it is not made, as though it were not with Him before. But, the Word having been always with Him, it is said, and the Word was with God: for from the beginning it was not separate from the Father.\"[68]\nChrysostom: \"He has not said, was in God, but was with God: exhibiting to us that eternity which He had in accordance with His Person.\"[68]\nTheophylact of Ohrid: \"Sabellius is overthrown by this text. For he asserts that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are one Person, Who sometimes appeared as the Father, sometimes as the Son, sometimes as the Holy Ghost. But he is manifestly confounded by this text, and the Word was with God; for here the Evangelist declares that the Son is one Person, God the Father another.\"[68]\nHilary of Poitiers: \"But the title is absolute, and free from the offence of an extraneous subject. To Moses it is said, I have given thee for a god to Pharaoh: (Exod. 7:1) but is not the reason for the name added, when it is said, to Pharaoh? Moses is given for a god to Pharaoh, when he is feared, when he is entreated, when he punishes, when he heals. And it is one thing to be given for a God, another thing to be God. I remember too another application of the name in the Psalms, I have said, ye are gods. But there too it is implied that the title was but bestowed; and the introduction of, I said, makes it rather the phrase of the Speaker, than the name of the thing. But when I hear the Word was God, I not only hear the Word said to be, but perceive It proved to be, God.\"[68]\nBasil of Caesarea: \"Thus cutting off the cavils of blasphemers, and those who ask what the Word is, he replies, and the Word was God.\"[68]\nTheophylact of Ohrid: \" Or combine it thus. From the Word being with God, it follows plainly that there are two Persons. But these two are of one Nature; and therefore it proceeds, In the Word was God: to show that Father and Son are of One Nature, being of One Godhead.\"[68]\nOrigen: \"We must add too, that the Word illuminates the Prophets with Divine wisdom, in that He cometh to them; but that with God He ever is, because He is God. For which reason he placed and the Word was with God, before and the Word was God.\"[68]\nChrysostom: \"Not asserting, as Plato does, one to be intelligence, the other soul; for the Divine Nature is very different from this. [...] But you say, the Father is called God with the addition of the article, the Son without it. What say you then, when the Apostle. writes, The great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; (Tit. 2:13) and again, Who is over all, God; (Rom. 9:5) and Grace be unto you and peace from God our Father; (Rom. 1:7) without the article? Besides, too, it were superfluous here, to affix what had been affixed just before. So that it does not follow, though the article is not affixed to the Son, that He is therefore an inferior God.[68]","title":"Commentary from the Church Fathers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/9789004288171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004288171"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-28817-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28817-1"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"161026434","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161026434"}],"text":"Wilkinson, Robert J. (4 February 2015). Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 179. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004288171. ISBN 978-90-04-28817-1. S2CID 161026434.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"John 1:1 from the Ostromir Gospel, with John's Evangelist portrait, 1056 or 1057.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ostromirovo.jpg/200px-Ostromirovo.jpg"},{"image_text":"John 1:1 in the page showing the first chapter of John in the King James Bible.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_1.jpg/200px-John_1.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin/CBL Cpt 813, ff. 147v-148r/www.cbl.ie. \"Sahidic Coptic Translation of John 1:1\". Republished by Watchtower. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1001072114","url_text":"\"Sahidic Coptic Translation of John 1:1\""}]},{"reference":"The Coptic version of the New Testament in the southern dialect : otherwise called Sahidic and Thebaic ; with critical apparatus, literal English translation, register of fragments and estimate of the version. 3, The gospel of S. John, register of fragments, etc., facsimiles. Vol. 3. Horner, George, 1849-1930. [Raleigh, NC]: [Lulu Enterprises]. 2014. ISBN 9780557302406. OCLC 881290216.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557302406","url_text":"9780557302406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881290216","url_text":"881290216"}]},{"reference":"\"Translating Sahidic Coptic John 1:1 | Gospel Of John | Translations\". Scribd. Retrieved 2018-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/25496486/Translating-Sahidic-Coptic-John-1-1","url_text":"\"Translating Sahidic Coptic John 1:1 | Gospel Of John | Translations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vetus Latina Iohannes Synopsis\". itseeweb.cal.bham.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://itseeweb.cal.bham.ac.uk/iohannes/vetuslatina/edition/index.html","url_text":"\"Vetus Latina Iohannes Synopsis\""}]},{"reference":"Horner, George William (1911). The Coptic version of the New Testament in the Southern dialect : otherwise called Sahidic and Thebaic ; with critical apparatus, literal English translation, register of fragments and estimate of the version. Robarts - University of Toronto. Oxford : The Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0557302406.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/copticversionofn03hornuoft/page/n9","url_text":"The Coptic version of the New Testament in the Southern dialect : otherwise called Sahidic and Thebaic ; with critical apparatus, literal English translation, register of fragments and estimate of the version"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0557302406","url_text":"978-0557302406"}]},{"reference":"The Bible : James Moffatt translation : with concordance. Moffatt, James, 1870-1944. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Classics. 1994. ISBN 9780825432286. OCLC 149166602.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825432286","url_text":"9780825432286"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/149166602","url_text":"149166602"}]},{"reference":"\"John 1 In the beginning the Word existed. The Word was with God, and the Word was divine\". studybible.info. Retrieved 2018-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://studybible.info/Goodspeed/John%201","url_text":"\"John 1 In the beginning the Word existed. The Word was with God, and the Word was divine\""}]},{"reference":"Schonfield, Hugh J. (1958). The Authentic New Testament. UK (1955), USA (1958): Panther, Signet. ISBN 9780451602152.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780451602152","url_text":"9780451602152"}]},{"reference":"S. Wuest, Kenneth (1956). New Testament: An Expanded Translation. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 209. ISBN 0-8028-1229-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wuest","url_text":"S. Wuest, Kenneth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-1229-5","url_text":"0-8028-1229-5"}]},{"reference":"Zulfiqar Ali Shah (2012). Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian and Islamic Traditions : Representing the Unrepresentable. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). p. 300. ISBN 9781565645752.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0ySUUssvLdEC&pg=PA300","url_text":"Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian and Islamic Traditions : Representing the Unrepresentable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565645752","url_text":"9781565645752"}]},{"reference":"Mary L. Coloe, ed. (2013). Creation is Groaning: Biblical and Theological Perspectives (Reprinted ed.). Liturgical Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780814680650.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uCV-5gNltUAC&pg=PA92","url_text":"Creation is Groaning: Biblical and Theological Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814680650","url_text":"9780814680650"}]},{"reference":"Hart, David (2017). The New Testament: A Translation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart","url_text":"Hart, David"}]},{"reference":"Ernest Cadman Colwell (1933). \"A definite rule for the use of the article in the Greek New Testament\" (PDF). Journal of Biblical Literature. 52 (1): 12–21. doi:10.2307/3259477. JSTOR 3259477. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Cadman_Colwell","url_text":"Ernest Cadman Colwell"},{"url":"http://www.areopage.net/ColwellRule.pdf","url_text":"\"A definite rule for the use of the article in the Greek New Testament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3259477","url_text":"10.2307/3259477"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3259477","url_text":"3259477"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160221235141/http://www.areopage.net/ColwellRule.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jason BeDuhn (2003). Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament. University Press of America. pp. 117–120. ISBN 9780761825562.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EgnIp2Bzdi8C","url_text":"Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761825562","url_text":"9780761825562"}]},{"reference":"\"Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. III : Against Praxeas\". www.tertullian.org. Retrieved 2022-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tertullian.org/anf/anf03/anf03-43.htm#P10539_2956772","url_text":"\"Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. III : Against Praxeas\""}]},{"reference":"\"John 1:1 Interlinear: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God;\". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2022-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://biblehub.com/interlinear/john/1-1.htm","url_text":"\"John 1:1 Interlinear: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God;\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philip Schaff: ANF09. The Gospel of Peter, The Diatessaron of Tatian, The Apocalypse of Peter, the Vision of Paul, The Apocalypse of the Virgin and Sedrach, The Testament of Abraham, The Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena, The Narrative of Zosimus, The Apology of Aristid - Christian Classics Ethereal Library\". ccel.org. Retrieved 2022-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf09/anf09.xv.iii.ii.ii.html","url_text":"\"Philip Schaff: ANF09. The Gospel of Peter, The Diatessaron of Tatian, The Apocalypse of Peter, the Vision of Paul, The Apocalypse of the Virgin and Sedrach, The Testament of Abraham, The Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena, The Narrative of Zosimus, The Apology of Aristid - Christian Classics Ethereal Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPC Hanson - A lecture on the Arian Controversy\". From Daniel to Revelation. 2021-11-26. Retrieved 2022-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://revelationbyjesuschrist.com/hanson/","url_text":"\"RPC Hanson - A lecture on the Arian Controversy\""}]},{"reference":"Daniel B. Wallace (1997). Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics. Harper Collins. p. 269. ISBN 9780310218951.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace","url_text":"Daniel B. Wallace"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XlqoTVsk2wcC&pg=PA269","url_text":"Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310218951","url_text":"9780310218951"}]},{"reference":"Murray J. Harris (2008). Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus (Reprinted ed.). Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781606081082.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U9VLAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606081082","url_text":"9781606081082"}]},{"reference":"McKenzie, John L. (1965). Dictionary of the Bible. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce.","urls":[]},{"reference":"John L. Mckenzie (1995). The Dictionary Of The Bible (reprinted ed.). Touchstone, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 317. ISBN 9780684819136.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aE7EyQ_HQAMC&pg=PA317","url_text":"The Dictionary Of The Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684819136","url_text":"9780684819136"}]},{"reference":"Hartley, Donald. \"Revisiting the Colwell Construction in Light of Mass/Count Nouns\". bible.org. Retrieved November 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bible.org/article/revisiting-colwell-construction-light-masscount-nouns","url_text":"\"Revisiting the Colwell Construction in Light of Mass/Count Nouns\""}]},{"reference":"Philip B. Harner (March 1973). \"Qualitative Anarthrous Predicate Nouns: Mark 15:39 and John 1:1\". Journal of Biblical Literature. 92 (1). The Society of Biblical Literature: 75–87. doi:10.2307/3262756. JSTOR 3262756.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262756","url_text":"10.2307/3262756"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262756","url_text":"3262756"}]},{"reference":"C. F. D. Moule (1953). An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek. Cambridge: University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780521057745.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521057745","url_text":"9780521057745"}]},{"reference":"James D. G. Dunn (1989). Christology in the Making: A New Testament Inquiry Into the Origins of the Doctrine of the Incarnation (Second ed.). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Witherington, Ben (2007). The Living Word of God: Rethinking the Theology of the Bible. Baylor University Press. pp. 211–213. ISBN 978-1-60258-017-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xEvXKTG9Mf4C&q=new+world+translation&pg=PA211","url_text":"The Living Word of God: Rethinking the Theology of the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-017-6","url_text":"978-1-60258-017-6"}]},{"reference":"David Barron (an anti-Trinitarian Seventh-day Adventist) (2011). John 1:1 Non-Trinitarian - The Nature and Deity of Christ. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2011-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church","url_text":"Seventh-day Adventist"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501105745/http://www.thethirdangelsmessage.com/John_1-1.php","url_text":"John 1:1 Non-Trinitarian - The Nature and Deity of Christ"},{"url":"http://www.thethirdangelsmessage.com/John_1-1.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Albert Pietersma (1984). Albert Pietersma and Claude Cox (ed.). KYRIOS OR TETRAGRAM: A RENEWED QUEST FOR THE ORIGINAL LXX (PDF). Mississauga: Benben Publications. p. 90.","urls":[{"url":"http://digilander.libero.it/domingo7/Kyrios%20tetra.pdf","url_text":"KYRIOS OR TETRAGRAM: A RENEWED QUEST FOR THE ORIGINAL LXX"}]},{"reference":"Wright, B. J.; Ricchuiti, T. (2011-10-01). \"From 'God' (θεός) to 'God' (Noute): A New Discussion and Proposal Regarding John 1:1C and the Sahidic Coptic Version of the New Testament\". The Journal of Theological Studies. 62 (2): 494–512. doi:10.1093/jts/flr080. ISSN 0022-5185.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflr080","url_text":"10.1093/jts/flr080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5185","url_text":"0022-5185"}]},{"reference":"Kennerson, Robert (2012-03-12). \"Logos Christology - Philosophical Theology\". Wilmington For Christ. Retrieved 2022-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wilmingtonfavs.com/philosophical-theology/logos-christology.html","url_text":"\"Logos Christology - Philosophical Theology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas\". 1874.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/CatenaAureaNewEdV6/page/n9/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Robert J. (4 February 2015). Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 179. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004288171. ISBN 978-90-04-28817-1. S2CID 161026434.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65","url_text":"Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004288171","url_text":"10.1163/9789004288171"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28817-1","url_text":"978-90-04-28817-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161026434","url_text":"161026434"}]}]
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The Gospel of Peter, The Diatessaron of Tatian, The Apocalypse of Peter, the Vision of Paul, The Apocalypse of the Virgin and Sedrach, The Testament of Abraham, The Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena, The Narrative of Zosimus, The Apology of Aristid - Christian Classics Ethereal Library\""},{"Link":"https://revelationbyjesuschrist.com/hanson/","external_links_name":"\"RPC Hanson - A lecture on the Arian Controversy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206004221/http://www.orthodox-church.info/eob/download/nt6x9.pdf","external_links_name":"New Testament"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XlqoTVsk2wcC&pg=PA269","external_links_name":"Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XlqoTVsk2wcC&pg=PA269&lpg=PA257","external_links_name":"Wallace, ibid., p. 257"},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2174&context=auss","external_links_name":"Book Reviews Murray J. Harris. Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books House, 1992"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U9VLAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aE7EyQ_HQAMC&pg=PA317","external_links_name":"The Dictionary Of The Bible"},{"Link":"https://bible.org/article/revisiting-colwell-construction-light-masscount-nouns","external_links_name":"\"Revisiting the Colwell Construction in Light of Mass/Count Nouns\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262756","external_links_name":"10.2307/3262756"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262756","external_links_name":"3262756"},{"Link":"http://www.bible-researcher.com/metzger.jw.html%E2%80%94see","external_links_name":"http://www.bible-researcher.com/metzger.jw.html—see"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xEvXKTG9Mf4C&q=new+world+translation&pg=PA211","external_links_name":"The Living Word of God: Rethinking the Theology of the Bible"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501105745/http://www.thethirdangelsmessage.com/John_1-1.php","external_links_name":"John 1:1 Non-Trinitarian - The Nature and Deity of Christ"},{"Link":"http://www.thethirdangelsmessage.com/John_1-1.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2028:6","external_links_name":"Ac. 28:6 NIV"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+28:6&version=net","external_links_name":"Acts 28:6"},{"Link":"http://digilander.libero.it/domingo7/Kyrios%20tetra.pdf","external_links_name":"KYRIOS OR TETRAGRAM: A RENEWED QUEST FOR THE ORIGINAL LXX"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflr080","external_links_name":"10.1093/jts/flr080"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5185","external_links_name":"0022-5185"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+1:1&version=dra","external_links_name":"Genesis 1:1"},{"Link":"http://biblehub.com/commentaries/ellicott/john/1.htm","external_links_name":"Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+1:1&version=dra","external_links_name":"Mark 1:1"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+1:2&version=dra","external_links_name":"Luke 1:2"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+John+1:1&version=dra","external_links_name":"1 John 1:1"},{"Link":"https://www.wilmingtonfavs.com/philosophical-theology/logos-christology.html","external_links_name":"\"Logos Christology - Philosophical Theology\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/CatenaAureaNewEdV6/page/n9/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65","external_links_name":"Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004288171","external_links_name":"10.1163/9789004288171"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161026434","external_links_name":"161026434"},{"Link":"https://brill.com/view/journals/hbth/44/2/article-p141_2.xml","external_links_name":"Another God in the Gospel of John? A Linguistic Analysis of John 1:1 and 1:18"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmostoma_novacula
Novacula razorbelly minnow
["1 References"]
Species of fish Novacula razorbelly minnow Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Subfamily: Danioninae Genus: Salmostoma Species: S. novacula Binomial name Salmostoma novacula(Valenciennes, 1840) Synonyms Cyprinus novacula Valenciennes, 1840 Leuciscus novacula (Valenciennes, 1840) Salmophasia novacula (Valenciennes, 1840) Salmostoma longicauda Srithar & Jayaram, 1990 The Novacula razorbelly minnow (Salmostoma novacula) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Salmostoma. References ^ Raghavan, R. & Ali, A. (2011). "Salmostoma novacula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T172503A6905103. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T172503A6905103.en. Retrieved 29 September 2017. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Salmostoma novacula" in FishBase. April 2006 version. Taxon identifiersSalmostoma novacula Wikidata: Q46637553 Wikispecies: Salmostoma novacula CoL: 6XF6L FishBase: 24279 GBIF: 2362598 iNaturalist: 623808 IRMNG: 10156256 ITIS: 639669 IUCN: 172503 NCBI: 1249055 Open Tree of Life: 580113 WoRMS: 1011443 Salmophasia novacula Wikidata: Q3759152 BOLD: 490303 CoL: 6XF67 EoL: 225820 GBIF: 2362593 iNaturalist: 111964 Cyprinus novacula Wikidata: Q116166905 GBIF: 2362595 This Cyprininae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Raghavan, R. & Ali, A. (2011). \"Salmostoma novacula\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T172503A6905103. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T172503A6905103.en. Retrieved 29 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/172503/6905103","url_text":"\"Salmostoma novacula\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T172503A6905103.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T172503A6905103.en"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gordon_(Scottish_footballer)
Alan Gordon (Scottish footballer)
["1 Life and career","1.1 School and youth level","1.2 Hearts","1.3 Dundee United","1.4 Hibernian","1.5 Dundee","1.6 After football","2 References","3 External links"]
Scottish footballer Alan GordonPersonal informationFull name Alan Fordyce GordonDate of birth (1944-05-14)14 May 1944Place of birth Edinburgh, ScotlandDate of death 18 February 2010(2010-02-18) (aged 65)Height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Position(s) StrikerYouth career1959–1961 Edinburgh AthleticSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1961–1967 Heart of Midlothian 112 (49)1967–1968 Durban United 19 (10)1968–1969 Heart of Midlothian 15 (6)1969–1972 Dundee United 77 (34)1972–1974 Hibernian 84 (51)1974–1976 Dundee 36 (8)Total 324 (128) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Alan Gordon (14 May 1944 – 18 February 2010) was a Scottish football player who is notable for playing for the two senior sides of both Edinburgh and Dundee, and is thought to be the only player to do so. Life and career School and youth level Though Edinburgh born, the earliest account of young Alan's precocious footballing talent recalls a blonde eight-year-old scoring freely for Sunnybank Primary School in Aberdeen. The family sojourn in the North East was brief, however, and back home in Edinburgh, he thrived as part of the Murrayburn Primary School which had won The School Board Cup in 1954, 1955 and 1956 and four other trophies in those three seasons. He was selected to play for Edinburgh Primary Schools and would go on to captain the team that beat Bellshill Primary Schools 3–0 in the second leg of the Scottish Cup Final for the Wilson Trophy at Tynecastle, winning 4–2 on aggregate. Gordon scored once in a match which was played on 14 May 1956, his twelfth birthday. Naturally left footed, he was by now confirmed in the inside left position. Despite winning a scholarship to the rugby union-playing George Heriot's School, and trying rugby for one season, Gordon continued to nurture his footballing prowess. Initially, for two seasons, he turned out for his local Boys Brigade 43rd Company team and then, for a single season, for Sighthill Thistle who finished second in the Lothian Amateur Under 18 League. The following season, Alan was playing for the Scottish Juvenile (Under 18) side, Edinburgh Athletic. With his awareness in the box, lethal left foot and uncanny heading ability he proved a perfect foil for the mesmeric wing play and crossing of teammate, Willie Henderson and he scored 120 goals in 80 games over two seasons. In the 1959/60 season Edinburgh Athletic won the prestigious Lord Weir Cup at New Meadowbank, beating league rivals Edina Hearts 4–1 in the final with both Gordon and Henderson on target. By the time Henderson had completed his final appearance before moving to Rangers, Gordon had scored twice and Athletic had trounced Edina Hearts again, this time 9–1 in the Insurance Cup final at Saughton Enclosure. The consolation goal for Edina near the end of the game that day was scored by John Greig, who also signed for Rangers that summer. Gordon had already signed a provisional contract with Hearts in early September 1959 at the age of 15 and, henceforth, would train twice a week at Tynecastle. Hearts Having scored 13 goals in eight games for the reserves, Alan made his first team debut at Hearts, whilst still a pupil at Heriots, in a 1st Division match on 21 October 1961 against reigning League champions Celtic at Tynecastle . He was now 17 and his opposite man that day was the redoubtable Scotland international "right half", Pat Crerand. In only his second match, he played in the 1961 Scottish League Cup Final against Rangers at Hampden in front of 88,000 fans . He was fouled for the penalty from which John Cumming equalised for Hearts but the game finished a draw and he did not play in the replay, which Hearts lost. Gordon scored his first goal in senior football on his fourth appearance in an away league match against Raith Rovers and it proved the winner. He scored again in the next game at home against Motherwell but Hearts lost 6–2. In that maiden season he made 22 league appearances scoring 5 goals, including a double in a 4–1 victory against Hibs at Easter Road, with a further hat-trick coming in a Scottish Cup tie against Vale of Leithen. The highlight for the schoolboy may have been turning out on several occasions alongside Hearts' idolised forward, Willie Bauld and the friendships he struck up with other teammates such as Danny Ferguson and Billy Higgins. Gordon continued his studies after leaving Heriot's and gained a Master of Arts degree in economics from the University of Edinburgh, where he also studied Moral Philosophy and Spanish Literature. By the 1964–65 season he had developed into a first team regular, scoring 23 times as the Maroons narrowly missed out on the League title. Dundee United Following a spell in South Africa in 1967 and 1968, where he played for Durban United and worked as a company representative for Beare Brothers, Gordon left Tynecastle permanently in 1969 when Jerry Kerr paid £8,000 to take him to Dundee United. While with the Tannadice club he remained Edinburgh-based as he was now studying towards his professional Chartered Accountancy qualification, training twice a week with the Terrors. When Jim McLean was appointed manager a policy requiring all United players to live in Tayside was instigated, however, Gordon refused. Hibernian Eddie Turnbull paid £12,000 to take Gordon back to Edinburgh, but this time with Hibernian. It was with the Easter Road side that he enjoyed his career highlights. In 1972–73 he helped Hibs to victory in the League Cup and Drybrough Cup, while the following season they retained the Drybrough Cup. He also featured in one of the most celebrated matches in Hibs' history, the 7–0 victory over rivals Hearts in the 1 January 1973 derby, a match in which he scored the second and seventh goals. Dundee Despite this success, Gordon was sold to Dundee for £13,000 in 1974, earning the unique distinction of having represented both of Dundee and Edinburgh's senior sides. His spell with the Dark Blues was less successful, however. Following their last-day relegation in 1976, due to a goal difference inferior to his former side United, Gordon retired from football aged 32. After football After ending his playing career, Gordon continued to work in the accountancy profession, with his clients including Irvine Welsh. During the 1980s, he co-presented the "Sportsbeat" programme on Radio Forth. He also appeared regularly on Scotsport with Arthur Montford and continued to work as a football reporter on both radio and television. In addition, following the election of Archie McPherson as Rector, by dint of being a graduate of that establishment, he was asked to undertake a three-year period of office as Rector's Assessor at the University of Edinburgh. Gordon died on 18 February 2010, from a brain tumour, having suffered a recurrence of the cancer which had initially prompted the removal of part of his tongue eight years earlier and which curtailed his media involvement. References ^ a b c d e Bathgate, Stuart (20 February 2010). "Alan Gordon, the thinking man's striker, passes away at age of 65". The Scotsman. Retrieved 18 February 2010. ^ a b c Hoggan, Andrew (1995). Hearts in Art. Mainstream. p. 77. ISBN 1-85158-736-5. ^ a b "Hibs hero of 73 toasts new breed". The Scotsman. 1 January 2005. Archived from the original on 13 September 2005. ^ Watson, Mike (1985). Regs to Riches:The Official History of Dundee United. Winter & Sons. p. 159. ISBN 0-902804-18-9. External links Appearances Archived 1 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine at londonhearts.com Alan Gordon at Post War English & Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Transfer Database vteScottish league football top division top scorersLeague 1891: Bell 1892: Bell 1893: Campbell / McMahon Division One 1894: McMahon 1895: J. Miller 1896: Martin 1897: Taylor 1898: Hamilton 1899: Hamilton 1900: Hamilton / Michael 1901: Hamilton 1902: Maxwell 1903: D. Reid 1904: Hamilton 1905: Hamilton / Quinn 1906: Quinn 1907: Quinn 1908: Simpson 1909: Hunter 1910: Quinn 1911: W. Reid 1912: W. Reid 1913: J. Reid 1914: J. Reid 1915: Gracie / Richardson 1916: McColl 1917: Yarnall 1918: H. Ferguson 1919: McLean 1920: H. Ferguson 1921: H. Ferguson 1922: Walker 1923: White 1924: Halliday 1925: Devlin 1926: Devlin 1927: McGrory 1928: McGrory 1929: Morrison 1930: Yorston 1931: Battles 1932: MacFadyen 1933: MacFadyen 1934: Smith 1935: Smith 1936: McGrory 1937: Wilson 1938: Black 1939: Venters Division A 1947: Mitchell 1948: Aikman 1949: Stott 1950: Bauld 1951: Reilly 1952: Reilly 1953: Fleming / Reilly 1954: Wardhaugh 1955: Bauld 1956: Wardhaugh Division One 1957: Baird 1958: Bauld / Murray 1959: Baker 1960: Baker 1961: Harley 1962: Gilzean 1963: Millar 1964: Gilzean 1965: Forrest 1966: A. Ferguson / McBride 1967: Chalmers 1968: Lennox 1969: Cameron 1970: Stein 1971: Hood 1972: Harper 1973: Gordon 1974: Deans 1975: Gray / Pettigrew Premier Division 1976: Dalglish 1977: Pettigrew 1978: Johnstone 1979: Ritchie 1980: Somner 1981: McGarvey 1982: McCluskey 1983: Nicholas 1984: McClair 1985: McDougall 1986: McCoist 1987: McClair 1988: Coyne 1989: McGhee / Nicholas 1990: Robertson 1991: Coyne 1992: McCoist 1993: McCoist 1994: Hateley 1995: Coyne 1996: Van Hooijdonk 1997: Cadete 1998: Negri SPL 1999: Larsson 2000: Viduka 2001: Larsson 2002: Larsson 2003: Larsson 2004: Larsson 2005: Hartson 2006: Boyd 2007: Boyd 2008: McDonald 2009: Boyd 2010: Boyd 2011: K. Miller 2012: Hooper 2013: Higdon Premiership 2014: Commons 2015: Rooney 2016: Griffiths 2017: Boyce 2018: Boyd 2019: Morelos 2020: Édouard 2021: Édouard 2022: Charles-Cook / Giakoumakis 2023: Furuhashi 2024: Shankland Authority control databases VIAF
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The family sojourn in the North East was brief, however, and back home in Edinburgh, he thrived as part of the Murrayburn Primary School which had won The School Board Cup in 1954, 1955 and 1956 and four other trophies in those three seasons. He was selected to play for Edinburgh Primary Schools and would go on to captain the team that beat Bellshill Primary Schools 3–0 in the second leg of the Scottish Cup Final for the Wilson Trophy at Tynecastle, winning 4–2 on aggregate. Gordon scored once in a match which was played on 14 May 1956, his twelfth birthday. Naturally left footed, he was by now confirmed in the inside left position.Despite winning a scholarship to the rugby union-playing George Heriot's School,[2] and trying rugby for one season, Gordon continued to nurture his footballing prowess. Initially, for two seasons, he turned out for his local Boys Brigade 43rd Company team and then, for a single season, for Sighthill Thistle who finished second in the Lothian Amateur Under 18 League. The following season, Alan was playing for the Scottish Juvenile (Under 18) side, Edinburgh Athletic. With his awareness in the box, lethal left foot and uncanny heading ability he proved a perfect foil for the mesmeric wing play and crossing of teammate, Willie Henderson and he scored 120 goals in 80 games over two seasons. In the 1959/60 season Edinburgh Athletic won the prestigious Lord Weir Cup at New Meadowbank, beating league rivals Edina Hearts 4–1 in the final with both Gordon and Henderson on target. By the time Henderson had completed his final appearance before moving to Rangers, Gordon had scored twice and Athletic had trounced Edina Hearts again, this time 9–1 in the Insurance Cup final at Saughton Enclosure. The consolation goal for Edina near the end of the game that day was scored by John Greig, who also signed for Rangers that summer. Gordon had already signed a provisional contract with Hearts in early September 1959 at the age of 15 and, henceforth, would train twice a week at Tynecastle.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"1961 Scottish League Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Scottish_League_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoggan-2"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"1964–65 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_in_Scottish_football"}],"sub_title":"Hearts","text":"Having scored 13 goals in eight games for the reserves, Alan made his first team debut at Hearts, whilst still a pupil at Heriots, in a 1st Division match on 21 October 1961 against reigning League champions Celtic at Tynecastle . He was now 17 and his opposite man that day was the redoubtable Scotland international \"right half\", Pat Crerand. In only his second match, he played in the 1961 Scottish League Cup Final[2] against Rangers at Hampden in front of 88,000 fans . He was fouled for the penalty from which John Cumming equalised for Hearts but the game finished a draw and he did not play in the replay, which Hearts lost. Gordon scored his first goal in senior football on his fourth appearance in an away league match against Raith Rovers and it proved the winner. He scored again in the next game at home against Motherwell but Hearts lost 6–2. In that maiden season he made 22 league appearances scoring 5 goals, including a double in a 4–1 victory against Hibs at Easter Road, with a further hat-trick coming in a Scottish Cup tie against Vale of Leithen. The highlight for the schoolboy may have been turning out on several occasions alongside Hearts' idolised forward, Willie Bauld and the friendships he struck up with other teammates such as Danny Ferguson and Billy Higgins.Gordon continued his studies after leaving Heriot's and gained a Master of Arts degree in economics from the University of Edinburgh, where he also studied Moral Philosophy and Spanish Literature. By the 1964–65 season he had developed into a first team regular, scoring 23 times as the Maroons narrowly missed out on the League title.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoggan-2"},{"link_name":"Tynecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Jerry Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Kerr"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A3"},{"link_name":"Dundee United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tannadice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannadice_Park"},{"link_name":"Chartered Accountancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jim McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McLean"},{"link_name":"Tayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayside"}],"sub_title":"Dundee United","text":"Following a spell in South Africa in 1967 and 1968,[2] where he played for Durban United and worked as a company representative for Beare Brothers, Gordon left Tynecastle permanently in 1969 when Jerry Kerr paid £8,000 to take him to Dundee United. While with the Tannadice club he remained Edinburgh-based as he was now studying towards his professional Chartered Accountancy qualification, training twice a week with the Terrors. When Jim McLean was appointed manager a policy requiring all United players to live in Tayside was instigated, however, Gordon refused.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eddie Turnbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Turnbull"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-1"},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road_Stadium"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Drybrough Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drybrough_Cup"},{"link_name":"derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_derby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotsman-3"}],"sub_title":"Hibernian","text":"Eddie Turnbull paid £12,000 to take Gordon back to Edinburgh, but this time with Hibernian.[1] It was with the Easter Road side that he enjoyed his career highlights. In 1972–73 he helped Hibs to victory in the League Cup and Drybrough Cup, while the following season they retained the Drybrough Cup. He also featured in one of the most celebrated matches in Hibs' history, the 7–0 victory over rivals Hearts in the 1 January 1973 derby, a match in which he scored the second and seventh goals.[3]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-4"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"goal difference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_difference"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-1"}],"sub_title":"Dundee","text":"Despite this success, Gordon was sold to Dundee for £13,000 in 1974,[1] earning the unique distinction of having represented both of Dundee and Edinburgh's senior sides.[4] His spell with the Dark Blues was less successful, however. Following their last-day relegation in 1976, due to a goal difference inferior to his former side United, Gordon retired from football aged 32.[1]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irvine Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Welsh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotsman-3"},{"link_name":"Radio Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Forth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-1"}],"sub_title":"After football","text":"After ending his playing career, Gordon continued to work in the accountancy profession, with his clients including Irvine Welsh.[3] During the 1980s, he co-presented the \"Sportsbeat\" programme on Radio Forth. He also appeared regularly on Scotsport with Arthur Montford and continued to work as a football reporter on both radio and television. In addition, following the election of Archie McPherson as Rector, by dint of being a graduate of that establishment, he was asked to undertake a three-year period of office as Rector's Assessor at the University of Edinburgh. Gordon died on 18 February 2010, from a brain tumour, having suffered a recurrence of the cancer[1] which had initially prompted the removal of part of his tongue eight years earlier and which curtailed his media involvement.","title":"Life and career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Bathgate, Stuart (20 February 2010). \"Alan Gordon, the thinking man's striker, passes away at age of 65\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 18 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://sport.scotsman.com/football/Alan-Gordon-the-thinking-mans.6090056.jp","url_text":"\"Alan Gordon, the thinking man's striker, passes away at age of 65\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Hoggan, Andrew (1995). Hearts in Art. Mainstream. p. 77. ISBN 1-85158-736-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85158-736-5","url_text":"1-85158-736-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Hibs hero of 73 toasts new breed\". The Scotsman. 1 January 2005. Archived from the original on 13 September 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050913101124/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/sport.cfm?id=1292005","url_text":"\"Hibs hero of 73 toasts new breed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"},{"url":"http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/sport.cfm?id=1292005","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Mike (1985). Regs to Riches:The Official History of Dundee United. Winter & Sons. p. 159. ISBN 0-902804-18-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902804-18-9","url_text":"0-902804-18-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Guys_Wear_Black
Good Guys Wear Black
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","4.1 Rating","4.2 Distribution","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical response","6 Other media","6.1 In popular culture","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
1978 film by Ted Post Good Guys Wear BlackTheatrical release posterDirected byTed PostScreenplay byBruce CohnMark MedoffStory byJoseph FraleyProduced byAllan F. BodohStarringChuck NorrisAnne ArcherLloyd HaynesDana AndrewsJim BackusJames FranciscusCinematographyRobert SteadmanEdited byMillie MooreWilliam MooreMusic byCraig SafanProductioncompaniesAction One Film Partners, LTDMar Vista ProductionsWestern Film ProductionsDistributed byAmerican Cinema ReleasingRelease date June 2, 1978 (1978-06-02) Running time96 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1 millionBox office$18.3 million (United States) Good Guys Wear Black is a 1978 American martial arts action film starring Chuck Norris and directed by Ted Post. This was the second film to feature Norris as the star, following Breaker! Breaker! (1977). However, this is the one that Norris considers his "breakthrough". Following years of kung fu film imports from Hong Kong action cinema during the 1970s, most notably Bruce Lee films followed by Bruceploitation flicks, Good Guys Wear Black launched Chuck Norris as the first successful homegrown American martial arts star, having previously been best known for his film debut as a villain in Bruce Lee's Way of the Dragon (1972). Good Guys Wear Black distinguished itself from earlier martial arts films with its distinctly American setting, characters, themes, and politics, a formula which Norris continued with the similarly successful Force of One (1979). The film featured a first screen appearance by Norris' brother Aaron Norris and the final appearance of Lloyd Haynes. Plot In 1973, United States Senator Conrad Morgan (James Franciscus), the chief delegate diplomat in negotiating the terms of the end of the Vietnam War, made a deal in Paris, France with Kuong Yen; a North Vietnamese negotiator. The deal called for Yen to release certain key CIA POWs in exchange for Morgan setting up a death-trap for an elite group of CIA assassins, known as the Black Tigers. The treaty was signed and the Black Tigers were sent into the Vietnam jungle to their unwitting demise, having incorrectly been told that they were on a mission to liberate American POWs. However, the negotiators failed to account for one thing: the commandos' team leader was Major John T. Booker (Chuck Norris). Despite all odds, Booker survives, as do the four men wise enough to have remained in his general vicinity. Five years after returning from Vietnam, Booker, now living in Los Angeles, is working as a political science professor at UCLA, and with a hobby of race-car driving. At UCLA, Booker lectures on how the war should not have happened, and that the U.S. should not have been involved. Sitting in on one of his lectures is a bright female reporter named Margaret (Anne Archer) who has some very specific questions about the botched rescue mission. To their shock, someone is slowly killing all the surviving members of the special forces team. Booker is suddenly thrown back into his past when Morgan's appointment as Secretary of State spurs Yen to blackmail his ex-negotiations buddy into making good on his unfinished deal: the extermination of the Black Tigers. Cast Chuck Norris as Major John T. Booker, The Black Tigers Anne Archer as Margaret James Franciscus as Senator Conrad Morgan Lloyd Haynes as Murray Saunders Dana Andrews as Edgar Harolds Jim Backus as Albert, The Apartment Doorman Lawrence P. Casey as Mike Potter, The Black Tigers Anthony Mannino as Gordie Jones, The Black Tigers Soon-Tek Oh as Major Mhin Van Thieu, The Black Tigers Joe Bennett as Lou Goldberg, The Black Tigers Jerry Douglas as Joe Walker, The Black Tigers Stack Pierce as Holly Washington, The Black Tigers Michael Payne as Mitch, The Black Tigers David Starwalt as Steagle, The Black Tigers Aaron Norris as Al, The Black Tigers Don Pike as Hank, The Black Tigers Benjamin J. Perry as Finney, The Black Tigers Kathy McCullen as Kelly Michael Stark as Pitman James Bacon as Senator Hatsuo Uda as Shoeshine Man Virginia Wing as Mrs. Mhin Van Thieu Viola Harris as Airline Ticket Agent Jacki Robins as Fat Lady Pat E. Johnson as CIA Agent Warren Smith as James, Morgan's Chauffeur Dick Shoemaker as Newscaster Production Norris had been offered a number of karate films but turned them down because he did not want to be limited. "Bruce Lee movies were all karate with a little story thrown in. I want to have a story with some karate scenes." Norris said a friend wrote the script from a storyline he devised with one of his students. "My country wasn't built on sacrificing people to expedite principles", said Norris. Norris said he "peddled" the script "all over Hollywood. The night before I was to meet this producer – I'd gone through everyone; he was the last – I thought, 'What can I say to this guy that I haven't said to everyone that's turned me down?' I went to bed, and about 2 o'clock in the morning, the answer popped into my head. And when I met the producer, he asked me the same question the others asked, 'Chuck, why will this movie make money?' And I said, 'First of all, there's four million karate people in America. They all know who I am. And if only half of them go to the movie, that's a $6 million gross on a $1 million budget.' And he said, 'Sounds good to me'." The film was produced by Allan Bodoh, Mitchell Cannold and Michael Leone. Bodoh ran Mar Vista Productions, who in a two-year period made Dirt, Acapulco Gold, Dogs and The Great Smokey Roadblock. Norris said during filming that he compared "Breaker! Breaker! with Clint Eastwood's A Fistful of Dollars and Good Guys Wear Black with Dirty Harry." Filming started in May 1977. There was an excellent support cast including Dana Andrews. "I do one film a year just to keep my hand in", said Andrews. "I want to be as big in the movie industry as I've been in the karate industry", said Norris. ""I know I can do it because I've got the faith to do it." Norris said his character of Booker "had more feeling than the Clint Eastwood characters. Booker's sensitive, caring about people, but if pushed he can take care of the situation. That's like me. I'm an easy going guy but in the ring I have a fanatical desire to win. I want Booker to be someone people can relate to, a hero to worship. Take Bruce Lee, who was an Oriental but able to pull Caucasians. I'm taking a little from Eastwood, a little from Lee, and a little special effects from James Bond. John T Booker is someone moviegoers can emulate, to be that kind of person, a guy who doesn't push his weight around, an easygoing person who can be dangerous." Chuck Norris had a long dialogue scene with James Franciscus about the Vietnam War. Steve McQueen, who Norris knew, saw it and advised Norris to let support characters take care of the exposition, "then when there's something important to say, you say it." "Let the co-stars do the b.s. dialogue", Norris says McQueen told him. "I do it. Eastwood does it. Bronson does it." Norris later stated: The film was having trouble getting distribution, so the producers decided to distribute it themselves, renting theaters in individual cities around the country for a flat fee and pocketing the box-office receipts I traveled with them, opening from cities to hamlets, talking with folks and promoting the film any way I could. Many critics panned that film, but the public embraced it. They filled those theaters and launched my movie career. Release Rating The film was originally rated R but Norris lobbied successfully to have it changed to PG. "My argument was the strong, positive image I project on the screen", he said. "The word karate, unfortunately, connotes violence to many people. Actually, it's a means of avoiding violent situations, and a form of defense if you have no choice and you're backed into a corner." Distribution The film was distributed by American Cinema Releasing. Reception Box office After opening on five screens in Denver on June 2, 1978, the movie would go on to gross $18 million at the US box office, due in part to a year-long publicity tour Norris did. (The actor estimated he did over 2,000 interviews in a year and says he had to go to hospital for laryngitis.) It earned rentals of $8.3 million. Critical response Linda Gross of the Los Angeles Times called it "cynical, reasonably entertaining... the slick, efficient murders are less gory to watch than disturbing to contemplate." The Washington Post said "the little plot it does have goes a long way." Tom Buckley of The New York Times said the film was "short on everything." The 1996 movie guide "Seen That, Now What?", the film was given the rating of "C-", stating that "the serious-minded plot is poorly matched with the karate-chopping action sequences, and Norris' fancy footwork only occasionally takes fire." "The first time I saw myself, I didn't feel embarrassed yet thought I could be better", said Norris. "But, by the fourth viewing, I wanted to hide behind a chair." According to Norris, the critics said that "I was the worst thing in 50 years. Well, I wasn't good, but my feelings were hurt. I said, 'I'm not trying to be Dustin Hoffman; I just want to project a strong positive hero image on the screen.' I went to Steve , and he said, 'In Good Guys you talk too much. Too much dialogue. Let the character actors lay out the plot. Then, when there's something important to say, you say it, and people will listen. Anyway, you'll get better as an actor. You should have seen me in The Blob." The producers went on to make Go Tell the Spartans with Ted Post. The film was meant to be the first in a series. However no further Booker movies resulted. Other media In popular culture Chuck Norris' character in The Expendables 2 is named Booker "The Lone Wolf", in homage to John T. Booker in Good Guys Wear Black. (It also references his movie Lone Wolf McQuade) See also Chuck Norris filmography References ^ Goldman, Stuart (June 29, 1980). "Movies: Martial-Arts Films: Alive and Kicking". Los Angeles Times. p. y28. ^ "Good Guys Wear Black – Box Office Data". The Numbers. Retrieved 28 July 2011. ^ a b c d Drooz, A. (Mar 12, 1981). "Chuck Norris aims for stardom". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 152733428. ^ Maslin, Janet (1984-12-02). "Film View; Short On Talk, Big at the Box Office". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ a b Cook, David A. (2002). Lost Illusions: American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam, 1970–1979. University of California Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-520-23265-5. ^ "Good Guys Wear Black". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2011-01-02. ^ Cook, Bruce (Jan 29, 1988). "In 'Braddock,' Norris Kicks Out Over War's Lost Children". Chicago Tribune (Sports Final, CN ed.). p. K. ^ "Good Guys Wear Black". Monthly Film Bulletin. Vol. 47, no. 552. London. Jan 1, 1980. p. 22. ^ a b c d e Lee, Grant (May 25, 1977). "Film Clips: Trek From TV to Movie to TV". Los Angeles Times. p. g9. ^ a b Groen, Rick (16 June 1979). "Karate champion now has 2 films under his black belt". The Globe and Mail. p. 35. ^ a b Chase, Chris (15 Apr 1983). "AT THE MOVIES; Chuck Norris wins appeal on rating". The New York Times. p. C.10. ^ Lees, David; Berkowitz, Stan (Sep 24, 1978). "The Big Lure: Movies As an Investment: Taking a Flyer at Films Movies Movies". Los Angeles Times. p. 11. ^ "Article 5 -- No Title". Los Angeles Times. 31 July 1977. p. o42. ^ Lee, Grant (Mar 16, 1977). "Farrah, Lee in Majors Production?". Los Angeles Times. p. f11. ^ "Star of Stage And Savings". The Washington Post. June 9, 1977. p. B2. ^ Broeske, P. H. (May 19, 1985). "Chuck Norris--An All-American Hit". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 154169712. ^ "Chuck Norris: Shuttered movie theaters scene of unfolding cliffhanger". 21 August 2020. ^ Ryan, Desmond (21 Apr 1983). "The Loner – Despite Critics, This Actor's Proud of His Films". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. D.6. ^ Donahue, Suzanne Mary (1987). American film distribution : the changing marketplace. UMI Research Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780835717762. Please note figures are for rentals in US and Canada ^ Gross, Linda (Mar 23, 1979). "Action, Adventure in 'Good Guys Wear Black'". Los Angeles Times. p. g19. ^ K.C. Summers (Apr 27, 1979). "Au Courant 'Good Guys'". The Washington Post. p. W25. ^ Tom Buckley (June 30, 1979). "Film: 'Good Guys' Opens: The Cast". The New York Times. p. 11. ^ Shaw, Andrea (1996). Seen That, Now What?: The Ultimate Guide to Finding the Video You Really Want to Watch. Simon and Schuster. p. 41. ISBN 9780684800110. ^ Lee, Grant (Sep 11, 1978). "Film Clips: Vietnam Movie Made on Spartan Budget". Los Angeles Times. p. e9. External links Good Guys Wear Black at IMDb Good Guys Wear Black at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Ted Post The Peacemaker (1956) The Legend of Tom Dooley (1959) Hang 'Em High (1968) Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970) Night Slaves (1970) Dr. Cook's Garden (1971) Yuma (1971) Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate (1971) Five Desperate Women (1971) The Bravos (1972) The Baby (1973) The Harrad Experiment (1973) Magnum Force (1973) Whiffs (1975) Go Tell the Spartans (1978) Good Guys Wear Black (1978) The Girls in the Office (1979) Nightkill (1980) Stagecoach (1986) The Human Shield (1991)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts_film"},{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Chuck Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Norris"},{"link_name":"Ted Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Post"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook-5"},{"link_name":"Breaker! Breaker!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaker!_Breaker!"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"kung fu film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_fu_film"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong action cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"Bruceploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruceploitation"},{"link_name":"Way of the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Force of One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_of_One"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook-5"},{"link_name":"Aaron Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Norris"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Haynes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Good Guys Wear Black is a 1978 American martial arts action film starring Chuck Norris and directed by Ted Post.[4][5] This was the second film to feature Norris as the star, following Breaker! Breaker! (1977).[6] However, this is the one that Norris considers his \"breakthrough\".[7]Following years of kung fu film imports from Hong Kong action cinema during the 1970s, most notably Bruce Lee films followed by Bruceploitation flicks, Good Guys Wear Black launched Chuck Norris as the first successful homegrown American martial arts star, having previously been best known for his film debut as a villain in Bruce Lee's Way of the Dragon (1972). Good Guys Wear Black distinguished itself from earlier martial arts films with its distinctly American setting, characters, themes, and politics, a formula which Norris continued with the similarly successful Force of One (1979).[5] The film featured a first screen appearance by Norris' brother Aaron Norris and the final appearance of Lloyd Haynes.[8]","title":"Good Guys Wear Black"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator"},{"link_name":"James Franciscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franciscus"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWs"},{"link_name":"elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite"},{"link_name":"assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"Chuck Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Norris"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"should not have been involved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Anne Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Archer"},{"link_name":"special forces team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Activities_Division"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"}],"text":"In 1973, United States Senator Conrad Morgan (James Franciscus), the chief delegate diplomat in negotiating the terms of the end of the Vietnam War, made a deal in Paris, France with Kuong Yen; a North Vietnamese negotiator. The deal called for Yen to release certain key CIA POWs in exchange for Morgan setting up a death-trap for an elite group of CIA assassins, known as the Black Tigers. The treaty was signed and the Black Tigers were sent into the Vietnam jungle to their unwitting demise, having incorrectly been told that they were on a mission to liberate American POWs. However, the negotiators failed to account for one thing: the commandos' team leader was Major John T. Booker (Chuck Norris). Despite all odds, Booker survives, as do the four men wise enough to have remained in his general vicinity.Five years after returning from Vietnam, Booker, now living in Los Angeles, is working as a political science professor at UCLA, and with a hobby of race-car driving. At UCLA, Booker lectures on how the war should not have happened, and that the U.S. should not have been involved. Sitting in on one of his lectures is a bright female reporter named Margaret (Anne Archer) who has some very specific questions about the botched rescue mission. To their shock, someone is slowly killing all the surviving members of the special forces team.Booker is suddenly thrown back into his past when Morgan's appointment as Secretary of State spurs Yen to blackmail his ex-negotiations buddy into making good on his unfinished deal: the extermination of the Black Tigers.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chuck Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Norris"},{"link_name":"Anne Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Archer"},{"link_name":"James Franciscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franciscus"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Dana Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Jim Backus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Backus"},{"link_name":"Lawrence P. Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_P._Casey"},{"link_name":"Soon-Tek Oh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soon-Tek_Oh"},{"link_name":"Jerry Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Stack Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Aaron Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Norris"},{"link_name":"James Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bacon_(author)"},{"link_name":"Viola Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Harris"},{"link_name":"Pat E. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_E._Johnson"}],"text":"Chuck Norris as Major John T. Booker, The Black Tigers\nAnne Archer as Margaret\nJames Franciscus as Senator Conrad Morgan\nLloyd Haynes as Murray Saunders\nDana Andrews as Edgar Harolds\nJim Backus as Albert, The Apartment Doorman\nLawrence P. Casey as Mike Potter, The Black Tigers\nAnthony Mannino as Gordie Jones, The Black Tigers\nSoon-Tek Oh as Major Mhin Van Thieu, The Black Tigers\nJoe Bennett as Lou Goldberg, The Black Tigers\nJerry Douglas as Joe Walker, The Black Tigers\nStack Pierce as Holly Washington, The Black Tigers\nMichael Payne as Mitch, The Black Tigers\nDavid Starwalt as Steagle, The Black Tigers\nAaron Norris as Al, The Black Tigers\nDon Pike as Hank, The Black Tigers\nBenjamin J. Perry as Finney, The Black Tigers\nKathy McCullen as Kelly\nMichael Stark as Pitman\nJames Bacon as Senator\nHatsuo Uda as Shoeshine Man\nVirginia Wing as Mrs. Mhin Van Thieu\nViola Harris as Airline Ticket Agent\nJacki Robins as Fat Lady\nPat E. Johnson as CIA Agent\nWarren Smith as James, Morgan's Chauffeur\nDick Shoemaker as Newscaster","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-it-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chuck-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chase-11"},{"link_name":"Acapulco Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco_Gold_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogs_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"The Great Smokey Roadblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Smokey_Roadblock"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"A Fistful of Dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fistful_of_Dollars"},{"link_name":"Dirty Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Harry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-it-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-it-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-it-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-los-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chuck-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Norris had been offered a number of karate films but turned them down because he did not want to be limited. \"Bruce Lee movies were all karate with a little story thrown in. I want to have a story with some karate scenes.\"[9]Norris said a friend wrote the script from a storyline he devised with one of his students.[3] \"My country wasn't built on sacrificing people to expedite principles\", said Norris.[10]Norris said he \"peddled\" the script \"all over Hollywood. The night before I was to meet this producer – I'd gone through everyone; he was the last – I thought, 'What can I say to this guy that I haven't said to everyone that's turned me down?' I went to bed, and about 2 o'clock in the morning, the answer popped into my head. And when I met the producer, he asked me the same question the others asked, 'Chuck, why will this movie make money?' And I said, 'First of all, there's four million karate people in America. They all know who I am. And if only half of them go to the movie, that's a $6 million gross on a $1 million budget.' And he said, 'Sounds good to me'.\"[11]The film was produced by Allan Bodoh, Mitchell Cannold and Michael Leone. Bodoh ran Mar Vista Productions, who in a two-year period made Dirt, Acapulco Gold, Dogs and The Great Smokey Roadblock.[12][13]Norris said during filming that he compared \"Breaker! Breaker! with Clint Eastwood's A Fistful of Dollars and Good Guys Wear Black with Dirty Harry.\"[9]Filming started in May 1977.[14] There was an excellent support cast including Dana Andrews. \"I do one film a year just to keep my hand in\", said Andrews.[15]\"I want to be as big in the movie industry as I've been in the karate industry\", said Norris. \"\"I know I can do it because I've got the faith to do it.\"[9]Norris said his character of Booker \"had more feeling than the Clint Eastwood characters. Booker's sensitive, caring about people, but if pushed he can take care of the situation. That's like me. I'm an easy going guy but in the ring I have a fanatical desire to win. I want Booker to be someone people can relate to, a hero to worship. Take Bruce Lee, who was an Oriental but able to pull Caucasians. I'm taking a little from Eastwood, a little from Lee, and a little special effects from James Bond. John T Booker is someone moviegoers can emulate, to be that kind of person, a guy who doesn't push his weight around, an easygoing person who can be dangerous.\"[9]\nChuck Norris had a long dialogue scene with James Franciscus about the Vietnam War. Steve McQueen, who Norris knew, saw it and advised Norris to let support characters take care of the exposition, \"then when there's something important to say, you say it.\"[16] \"Let the co-stars do the b.s. dialogue\", Norris says McQueen told him. \"I do it. Eastwood does it. Bronson does it.\"[3]Norris later stated:The film was having trouble getting distribution, so the producers decided to distribute it themselves, renting theaters in individual cities around the country for a flat fee and pocketing the box-office receipts I traveled with them, opening from cities to hamlets, talking with folks and promoting the film any way I could. Many critics panned that film, but the public embraced it. They filled those theaters and launched my movie career.[17]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Rating","text":"The film was originally rated R but Norris lobbied successfully to have it changed to PG. \"My argument was the strong, positive image I project on the screen\", he said. \"The word karate, unfortunately, connotes violence to many people. Actually, it's a means of avoiding violent situations, and a form of defense if you have no choice and you're backed into a corner.\"[18]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Cinema Releasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cinema_Productions"}],"sub_title":"Distribution","text":"The film was distributed by American Cinema Releasing.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chuck-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"After opening on five screens in Denver on June 2, 1978, the movie would go on to gross $18 million at the US box office, due in part to a year-long publicity tour Norris did. (The actor estimated he did over 2,000 interviews in a year and says he had to go to hospital for laryngitis.)[3] It earned rentals of $8.3 million.[19]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chase-11"},{"link_name":"Go Tell the Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Tell_the_Spartans"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-it-9"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Linda Gross of the Los Angeles Times called it \"cynical, reasonably entertaining... the slick, efficient murders are less gory to watch than disturbing to contemplate.\"[20] The Washington Post said \"the little plot it [the film] does have goes a long way.\"[21] Tom Buckley of The New York Times said the film was \"short on everything.\"[22]The 1996 movie guide \"Seen That, Now What?\", the film was given the rating of \"C-\", stating that \"the serious-minded plot is poorly matched with the karate-chopping action sequences, and Norris' fancy footwork only occasionally takes fire.\"[23]\"The first time I saw myself, I didn't feel embarrassed yet thought I could be better\", said Norris. \"But, by the fourth viewing, I wanted to hide behind a chair.\"[10]According to Norris, the critics said that \"I was the worst thing in 50 years. Well, I wasn't good, but my feelings were hurt. I said, 'I'm not trying to be Dustin Hoffman; I just want to project a strong positive hero image on the screen.' I went to Steve [McQueen], and he said, 'In Good Guys you talk too much. Too much dialogue. Let the character actors lay out the plot. Then, when there's something important to say, you say it, and people will listen. Anyway, you'll get better as an actor. You should have seen me in The Blob.\"[11]The producers went on to make Go Tell the Spartans with Ted Post.[24]The film was meant to be the first in a series.[9] However no further Booker movies resulted.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Expendables 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Expendables_2"},{"link_name":"Lone Wolf McQuade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Wolf_McQuade"}],"sub_title":"In popular culture","text":"Chuck Norris' character in The Expendables 2 is named Booker \"The Lone Wolf\", in homage to John T. Booker in Good Guys Wear Black. (It also references his movie Lone Wolf McQuade)","title":"Other media"}]
[]
[{"title":"Chuck Norris filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Norris_filmography"}]
[{"reference":"Goldman, Stuart (June 29, 1980). \"Movies: Martial-Arts Films: Alive and Kicking\". Los Angeles Times. p. y28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Good Guys Wear Black – Box Office Data\". The Numbers. Retrieved 28 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1978/0GGWB.php","url_text":"\"Good Guys Wear Black – Box Office Data\""}]},{"reference":"Drooz, A. (Mar 12, 1981). \"Chuck Norris aims for stardom\". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 152733428.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/152733428","url_text":"152733428"}]},{"reference":"Maslin, Janet (1984-12-02). \"Film View; Short On Talk, Big at the Box Office\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/02/arts/film-view-short-on-talk-big-at-the-box-office.html","url_text":"\"Film View; Short On Talk, Big at the Box Office\""}]},{"reference":"Cook, David A. (2002). Lost Illusions: American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam, 1970–1979. University of California Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-520-23265-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HVygqYMVP2wC&pg=PA270","url_text":"Lost Illusions: American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam, 1970–1979"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23265-5","url_text":"978-0-520-23265-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Good Guys Wear Black\". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2011-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/3334/good-guys-wear-black/","url_text":"\"Good Guys Wear Black\""}]},{"reference":"Cook, Bruce (Jan 29, 1988). \"In 'Braddock,' Norris Kicks Out Over War's Lost Children\". Chicago Tribune (Sports Final, CN ed.). p. K.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Good Guys Wear Black\". Monthly Film Bulletin. Vol. 47, no. 552. London. Jan 1, 1980. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lee, Grant (May 25, 1977). \"Film Clips: Trek From TV to Movie to TV\". Los Angeles Times. p. g9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Groen, Rick (16 June 1979). \"Karate champion now has 2 films under his black belt\". The Globe and Mail. p. 35.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chase, Chris (15 Apr 1983). \"AT THE MOVIES; Chuck Norris wins appeal on rating\". The New York Times. p. C.10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lees, David; Berkowitz, Stan (Sep 24, 1978). \"The Big Lure: Movies As an Investment: Taking a Flyer at Films Movies Movies\". Los Angeles Times. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Article 5 -- No Title\". Los Angeles Times. 31 July 1977. p. o42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lee, Grant (Mar 16, 1977). \"Farrah, Lee in Majors Production?\". Los Angeles Times. p. f11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Star of Stage And Savings\". The Washington Post. June 9, 1977. p. B2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Broeske, P. H. (May 19, 1985). \"Chuck Norris--An All-American Hit\". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 154169712.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/154169712","url_text":"154169712"}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Norris: Shuttered movie theaters scene of unfolding cliffhanger\". 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizpacreview.com/2020/08/21/chuck-norris-shuttered-movie-theaters-scene-of-unfolding-cliffhanger-962818","url_text":"\"Chuck Norris: Shuttered movie theaters scene of unfolding cliffhanger\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Desmond (21 Apr 1983). \"The Loner – Despite Critics, This Actor's Proud of His Films\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. D.6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Donahue, Suzanne Mary (1987). American film distribution : the changing marketplace. UMI Research Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780835717762.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanfilmdist0000dona/page/301/mode/1up","url_text":"American film distribution : the changing marketplace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780835717762","url_text":"9780835717762"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Linda (Mar 23, 1979). \"Action, Adventure in 'Good Guys Wear Black'\". Los Angeles Times. p. g19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"K.C. Summers (Apr 27, 1979). \"Au Courant 'Good Guys'\". The Washington Post. p. W25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tom Buckley (June 30, 1979). \"Film: 'Good Guys' Opens: The Cast\". The New York Times. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shaw, Andrea (1996). Seen That, Now What?: The Ultimate Guide to Finding the Video You Really Want to Watch. Simon and Schuster. p. 41. ISBN 9780684800110.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vgVStU_SWRcC","url_text":"Seen That, Now What?: The Ultimate Guide to Finding the Video You Really Want to Watch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684800110","url_text":"9780684800110"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Grant (Sep 11, 1978). \"Film Clips: Vietnam Movie Made on Spartan Budget\". Los Angeles Times. p. e9.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Totten_station
Fort Totten station
["1 History","1.1 2009 Red Line collision","2 Station layout","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°57′06″N 77°00′08″W / 38.951777°N 77.002174°W / 38.951777; -77.002174 Washington Metro station Fort Totten The upper level of Fort Totten station in April 2019 that serves Red Line trainsGeneral informationLocation550 Galloway Street NEWashington, D.C.Coordinates38°57′06″N 77°00′08″W / 38.951777°N 77.002174°W / 38.951777; -77.002174Owned byWashington Metropolitan Area Transit AuthorityPlatforms2 island platforms (1 per level)Tracks4 (2 per level)Connections Metrobus: 60, 64, 80, E2, E4, F6, K2, K6, K9, R1, R2ConstructionStructure typeRed Line: ElevatedGreen Line: Below gradePlatform levels2Parking408 spacesBicycle facilitiesCapital Bikeshare, 10 racks and 6 lockersAccessibleYesOther informationStation codeB06 (upper level)E06 (lower level)HistoryOpenedFebruary 4, 1978; 46 years ago (February 4, 1978)Passengers20235,215 dailyRank15 out of 98 Services Preceding station Washington Metro Following station Georgia Avenue–Petworthtoward Branch Avenue Green Line West Hyattsvilletoward Greenbelt Brookland–CUAtoward Shady Grove Red Line Takomatoward Glenmont Former services Preceding station Washington Metro Following station Georgia Avenue–Petworthtoward Huntington Yellow Line West Hyattsvilletoward Greenbelt Location Fort Totten station is a Washington Metro station in northeastern Washington, D.C. It is one of the four major transfer points on the Metrorail system. It acts as a transfer point between the Green and Red Lines. It is the last station on the Green Line in the District of Columbia before heading into Maryland and the second to last for the Red Line. It is one of two stations (the other being Arlington Cemetery station) with three levels (the entrance and exit are on the second floor between the three lines), and is doubly unique in being the only multi-level transfer station built above ground and being the only such station to have island platforms on both levels, as opposed to just the lower level. The station's name comes from a Civil War-era fortification which itself was named after General Joseph Gilbert Totten, the Chief Engineer of the antebellum US Army. The station is located in the middle of Fort Totten Park in Northeast, serving the neighborhoods of Fort Totten to the west and Queens Chapel to the east. The station also serves the adjacent neighborhoods of Riggs Park, North Michigan Park, and Michigan Park in Northeast D.C., the Manor Park neighborhood of Northwest, and the Maryland neighborhood of Chillum. History Lower level in September 2017, looking southbound with northbound Green Line train servicing the platform Station's lower level platform in September 2016 with Branch Avenue-bound Green Line train arriving Service began on the Red Line (upper) platform on February 6, 1978, and on the Green Line (lower) platform on December 11, 1993. The initial, southern section of the Green Line, between the Anacostia and U Street stations, opened roughly two years earlier, in December 1991. The northern portion, between the Greenbelt and Fort Totten stations, was completed on December 11, 1993. Between December 1993 and September 1999, the Green Line operated as two separate, unconnected segments because the line between Fort Totten and U Street had not been completed. The underground platform at Fort Totten served as the northern and southern terminus until the mid-city Georgia Avenue–Petworth and Columbia Heights stations opened. Passengers traveling between the two Green Line sections had to transfer to Red Line trains at Fort Totten's upper level to continue their journey to Downtown Washington, D.C. However, to eliminate this transfer, during weekday rush hour peak commuter times between January 1997 and September 1999, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) operated the Green Line Commuter Shortcut that bypassed Fort Totten station and used an underground connection to the Red Line and served all stations up to Farragut North in Downtown. The Commuter Shortcut was discontinued in September 1999 when the northern and southern portions of the Green Line were connected, and the Georgia Avenue–Petworth and Columbia Heights stations opened. On December 31, 2006, as part of an 18-month trial, WMATA decided to extend the Yellow Line north of its original terminus at the Mount Vernon Square to Fort Totten at all other times other than during weekday rush hour/peak period commuter times. Signage was replaced at all Green Line Stations between Mount Vernon Square and Fort Totten to reflect this change between December 4, 2006, and January 1, 2007. On June 26, 2008, due to the success of the 18-month trial of the Yellow Line Extension to Fort Totten, WMATA decided to permanently extend the Yellow Line to operate up to Fort Totten at all other times, except weekday rush hour/peak period commuter times. Eventually, in June 2012, as part of the Metro Rush Plus program trial, the Yellow Line trains were extended further north of Fort Totten to operate up to Greenbelt during all other times, except for weekday rush hour/peak period commuter times. On May 25, 2019, the Yellow Line was extended to operate to Greenbelt at all times instead of terminating at Fort Totten during off-peak hours. On May 7, 2023, the Yellow Line was truncated back from Greenbelt to Mount Vernon Square, following its reopening after a nearly eight-month-long major rehabilitation project on its bridge over the Potomac River and its tunnel leading into L'Enfant Plaza. Thus, it no longer services this station. 2009 Red Line collision Main article: June 2009 Washington Metro train collision On June 22, 2009, two southbound Metro trains on the Red Line collided between the Takoma and Fort Totten stations, killing nine and injuring 80, the deadliest accident in the system's history. A plaque in the station's mezzanine commemorates the victims of the crash. A plan to create a memorial outside the station has been proposed, as the current sign was felt to be insensitive by the victims' families. Station layout The lower-level platform for the Green Line is unique in that it is built into a hillside, part underground in a rock tunnel, and part at ground level in an open cut. A single-track connection east of the station allows trains to be moved between the Red and Green Lines and was once used for the Green Line Commuter Shortcut service to Farragut North via the Red Line tracks before the mid-city segment of the Green Line was completed in September 1999. Like Brookland-CUA, Takoma, and Silver Spring, the Red Line tracks at Fort Totten are located in the middle of the CSX Metropolitan Subdivision rail line. There are two tracks to either side of the island platform, with Metro trains using the inner tracks and all freight, Amtrak and MARC Trains using the outer tracks, though neither one makes stops. Access to the station is provided from Galloway Street NE, which connects to South Dakota Avenue NE to the east and Riggs Road NE to the north. A plaque that commemorates the victims of the collision References ^ Johnson, Janis (February 4, 1978). "Exuberant Crowd Celebrates Metro's Arrival in Maryland". The Washington Post. p. B1. ^ "Metrorail Ridership Summary". Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. Retrieved February 8, 2024. ^ "Station Vicinity Map: Fort Totten" (PDF). WMATA. Retrieved April 1, 2018. ^ "Sequence of Metrorail openings" (PDF). WMATA. 2017. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018. ^ "Metro unveils new system map in preparation for Rush Plus" (Press release). WMATA. March 19, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2018. ^ "The Yellow Line is Going up to Greenbelt, and Sooner Than Initially Planned | DCist". Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019. ^ "Metro's Yellow Line reopens Sunday with controversial turnback". WJLA-TV. Sinclair Broadcast Group. May 7, 2023. Retrieved May 7, 2023. ^ Sun, Lena H.; Glod, Maria (June 23, 2009). "At Least 6 Killed in Red Line Crash; THE IMPACT: Train Strikes Another, Injuring Scores, Stalling Commute". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2009. ^ Weir, Kyjta (June 22, 2012). "Gray to unveil Fort Totten Metro crash memorial plaque but no park decision". The Washington Examiner. Retrieved July 17, 2012. External links Media related to Fort Totten (WMATA station) at Wikimedia Commons WMATA Fort Totten station page The Schumin Web Transit Center: Fort Totten Station (Upper Level) The Schumin Web Transit Center: Fort Totten Station (Lower Level) Galloway Street entrance from Google Maps Street View vteWashington Metro stations Red Line Shady Grove Rockville Twinbrook North Bethesda Grosvenor Medical Center Bethesda Friendship Heights Tenleytown Van Ness Cleveland Park Woodley Park Dupont Circle Farragut North Metro Center Gallery Place Judiciary Square Union Station NoMa Rhode Island Ave Brookland Fort Totten Takoma Silver Spring Forest Glen Wheaton Glenmont Orange Line Vienna Dunn Loring West Falls Church East Falls Church Ballston Virginia Square Clarendon Court House Rosslyn Foggy Bottom Farragut West McPherson Sq Metro Center Federal Triangle Smithsonian L'Enfant Plaza Federal Center SW Capitol South Eastern Market Potomac Ave Stadium–Armory Minnesota Ave Deanwood Cheverly Landover New Carrollton Blue Line Franconia–Springfield Van Dorn St King St–Old Town Braddock Rd Potomac Yard National Airport Crystal City Pentagon City Pentagon Arlington Cemetery Rosslyn Foggy Bottom Farragut West McPherson Sq Metro Center Federal Triangle Smithsonian L'Enfant Plaza Federal Center SW Capitol South Eastern Market Potomac Ave Stadium–Armory Benning Rd Capitol Heights Addison Rd Morgan Blvd Downtown Largo Green Line Branch Ave Suitland Naylor Rd Southern Ave Congress Heights Anacostia Navy Yard Waterfront L'Enfant Plaza Archives Gallery Place Mount Vernon Sq Shaw U St Columbia Heights Georgia Ave Fort Totten West Hyattsville Hyattsville Crossing College Park Greenbelt Yellow Line Huntington Eisenhower Ave King St–Old Town Braddock Rd Potomac Yard National Airport Crystal City Pentagon City Pentagon L'Enfant Plaza Archives Gallery Place Mount Vernon Sq Silver Line Ashburn Loudoun Gateway Dulles Airport Innovation Center Herndon Reston Town Center Wiehle–Reston East Spring Hill Greensboro Tysons McLean East Falls Church Ballston Virginia Sq Clarendon Court House Rosslyn Foggy Bottom Farragut West McPherson Sq Metro Center Federal Triangle Smithsonian L'Enfant Plaza Federal Center SW Capitol South Eastern Market Potomac Ave Stadium–Armory Benning Rd Capitol Heights Addison Rd Morgan Blvd Downtown Largo Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Washington_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(Washington_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Arlington Cemetery station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Cemetery_station"},{"link_name":"island platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"fortification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gilbert Totten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gilbert_Totten"},{"link_name":"Fort Totten Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Totten_Park"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Fort Totten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Totten,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Queens Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Chapel,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Riggs Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riggs_Park,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"North Michigan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Michigan_Park,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Michigan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Park,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Manor Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_Park,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Chillum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillum,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Washington Metro stationFort Totten station is a Washington Metro station in northeastern Washington, D.C. It is one of the four major transfer points on the Metrorail system. It acts as a transfer point between the Green and Red Lines. It is the last station on the Green Line in the District of Columbia before heading into Maryland and the second to last for the Red Line. It is one of two stations (the other being Arlington Cemetery station) with three levels (the entrance and exit are on the second floor between the three lines), and is doubly unique in being the only multi-level transfer station built above ground and being the only such station to have island platforms on both levels, as opposed to just the lower level. The station's name comes from a Civil War-era fortification which itself was named after General Joseph Gilbert Totten, the Chief Engineer of the antebellum US Army.The station is located in the middle of Fort Totten Park in Northeast, serving the neighborhoods of Fort Totten to the west and Queens Chapel to the east. The station also serves the adjacent neighborhoods of Riggs Park, North Michigan Park, and Michigan Park in Northeast D.C., the Manor Park neighborhood of Northwest, and the Maryland neighborhood of Chillum.[3]","title":"Fort Totten station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Totten_Station_Lower_Level_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Totten_-_platform_and_train_-_sept_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Branch Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_Avenue_station"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(Washington_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Green Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Washington_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Anacostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacostia_station"},{"link_name":"U Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Street_station"},{"link_name":"Greenbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbelt_station"},{"link_name":"Georgia Avenue–Petworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Avenue%E2%80%93Petworth_station"},{"link_name":"Columbia Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Heights_station"},{"link_name":"Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Area_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"Farragut North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farragut_North_station"},{"link_name":"Yellow Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Washington_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Square_station"},{"link_name":"Rush Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro#Rush_Plus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Greenbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbelt_station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"its bridge over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Street_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"L'Enfant Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plaza_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yellowreopen-7"}],"text":"Lower level in September 2017, looking southbound with northbound Green Line train servicing the platformStation's lower level platform in September 2016 with Branch Avenue-bound Green Line train arrivingService began on the Red Line (upper) platform on February 6, 1978, and on the Green Line (lower) platform on December 11, 1993.[4]The initial, southern section of the Green Line, between the Anacostia and U Street stations, opened roughly two years earlier, in December 1991. The northern portion, between the Greenbelt and Fort Totten stations, was completed on December 11, 1993. Between December 1993 and September 1999, the Green Line operated as two separate, unconnected segments because the line between Fort Totten and U Street had not been completed. The underground platform at Fort Totten served as the northern and southern terminus until the mid-city Georgia Avenue–Petworth and Columbia Heights stations opened.\nPassengers traveling between the two Green Line sections had to transfer to Red Line trains at Fort Totten's upper level to continue their journey to Downtown Washington, D.C. However, to eliminate this transfer, during weekday rush hour peak commuter times between January 1997 and September 1999, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) operated the Green Line Commuter Shortcut that bypassed Fort Totten station and used an underground connection to the Red Line and served all stations up to Farragut North in Downtown. The Commuter Shortcut was discontinued in September 1999 when the northern and southern portions of the Green Line were connected, and the Georgia Avenue–Petworth and Columbia Heights stations opened.On December 31, 2006, as part of an 18-month trial, WMATA decided to extend the Yellow Line north of its original terminus at the Mount Vernon Square to Fort Totten at all other times other than during weekday rush hour/peak period commuter times. Signage was replaced at all Green Line Stations between Mount Vernon Square and Fort Totten to reflect this change between December 4, 2006, and January 1, 2007. On June 26, 2008, due to the success of the 18-month trial of the Yellow Line Extension to Fort Totten, WMATA decided to permanently extend the Yellow Line to operate up to Fort Totten at all other times, except weekday rush hour/peak period commuter times. Eventually, in June 2012, as part of the Metro Rush Plus program trial, the Yellow Line trains were extended further north of Fort Totten to operate up to Greenbelt during all other times, except for weekday rush hour/peak period commuter times.[5] On May 25, 2019, the Yellow Line was extended to operate to Greenbelt at all times instead of terminating at Fort Totten during off-peak hours.[6] On May 7, 2023, the Yellow Line was truncated back from Greenbelt to Mount Vernon Square, following its reopening after a nearly eight-month-long major rehabilitation project on its bridge over the Potomac River and its tunnel leading into L'Enfant Plaza. Thus, it no longer services this station.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accident in the system's history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidents_on_the_Washington_Metro"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"2009 Red Line collision","text":"On June 22, 2009, two southbound Metro trains on the Red Line collided between the Takoma and Fort Totten stations, killing nine and injuring 80, the deadliest accident in the system's history.[8] A plaque in the station's mezzanine commemorates the victims of the crash. A plan to create a memorial outside the station has been proposed, as the current sign was felt to be insensitive by the victims' families.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brookland-CUA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookland-CUA_station"},{"link_name":"Takoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoma_station"},{"link_name":"Silver Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Spring_station"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"MARC Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARC_Train"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Totten_Plaque.jpg"}],"text":"The lower-level platform for the Green Line is unique in that it is built into a hillside, part underground in a rock tunnel, and part at ground level in an open cut. A single-track connection east of the station allows trains to be moved between the Red and Green Lines and was once used for the Green Line Commuter Shortcut service to Farragut North via the Red Line tracks before the mid-city segment of the Green Line was completed in September 1999.Like Brookland-CUA, Takoma, and Silver Spring, the Red Line tracks at Fort Totten are located in the middle of the CSX Metropolitan Subdivision rail line. There are two tracks to either side of the island platform, with Metro trains using the inner tracks and all freight, Amtrak and MARC Trains using the outer tracks, though neither one makes stops.Access to the station is provided from Galloway Street NE, which connects to South Dakota Avenue NE to the east and Riggs Road NE to the north.A plaque that commemorates the victims of the collision","title":"Station layout"}]
[{"image_text":"Lower level in September 2017, looking southbound with northbound Green Line train servicing the platform","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fort_Totten_Station_Lower_Level_04.jpg/250px-Fort_Totten_Station_Lower_Level_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Station's lower level platform in September 2016 with Branch Avenue-bound Green Line train arriving","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fort_Totten_-_platform_and_train_-_sept_2016.jpg/220px-Fort_Totten_-_platform_and_train_-_sept_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"A plaque that commemorates the victims of the collision","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fort_Totten_Plaque.jpg/250px-Fort_Totten_Plaque.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Johnson, Janis (February 4, 1978). \"Exuberant Crowd Celebrates Metro's Arrival in Maryland\". The Washington Post. p. B1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Metrorail Ridership Summary\". Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. Retrieved February 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmata.com/initiatives/ridership-portal/Metrorail-Ridership-Summary.cfm","url_text":"\"Metrorail Ridership Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station Vicinity Map: Fort Totten\" (PDF). WMATA. Retrieved April 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmata.com/rider-guide/stations/upload/evacuation/02.028A.pdf","url_text":"\"Station Vicinity Map: Fort Totten\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sequence of Metrorail openings\" (PDF). WMATA. 2017. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180702201723/https://www.wmata.com/about/upload/Metro-Facts-2017-FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"Sequence of Metrorail openings\""},{"url":"https://www.wmata.com/about/upload/Metro-Facts-2017-FINAL.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Metro unveils new system map in preparation for Rush Plus\" (Press release). WMATA. March 19, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmata.com/about/news/pressreleasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=5186","url_text":"\"Metro unveils new system map in preparation for Rush Plus\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Yellow Line is Going up to Greenbelt, and Sooner Than Initially Planned | DCist\". Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dcist.com/story/19/05/21/the-yellow-line-is-going-up-to-greenbelt-and-sooner-than-initially-planned/","url_text":"\"The Yellow Line is Going up to Greenbelt, and Sooner Than Initially Planned | DCist\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190705082802/https://dcist.com/story/19/05/21/the-yellow-line-is-going-up-to-greenbelt-and-sooner-than-initially-planned/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Metro's Yellow Line reopens Sunday with controversial turnback\". WJLA-TV. Sinclair Broadcast Group. May 7, 2023. Retrieved May 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wjla.com/news/local/dc-metro-yellow-line-reopens-sunday-schedule-times-trains-stations-change-huntington-fairfax-county-greenbelt-maryland-mount-vernon-square-washington-dc-turnback-wmata-gm-randy-clarke-riders-upset-potomac-river-lenfant-plaza","url_text":"\"Metro's Yellow Line reopens Sunday with controversial turnback\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJLA-TV","url_text":"WJLA-TV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group","url_text":"Sinclair Broadcast Group"}]},{"reference":"Sun, Lena H.; Glod, Maria (June 23, 2009). \"At Least 6 Killed in Red Line Crash; THE IMPACT: Train Strikes Another, Injuring Scores, Stalling Commute\". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/doc/410286064.html","url_text":"\"At Least 6 Killed in Red Line Crash; THE IMPACT: Train Strikes Another, Injuring Scores, Stalling Commute\""}]},{"reference":"Weir, Kyjta (June 22, 2012). \"Gray to unveil Fort Totten Metro crash memorial plaque but no park decision\". The Washington Examiner. Retrieved July 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://washingtonexaminer.com/gray-to-unveil-fort-totten-metro-crash-memorial-plaque-but-no-park-decision/article/2500388","url_text":"\"Gray to unveil Fort Totten Metro crash memorial plaque but no park decision\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewai
Bongoville
["1 History"]
Coordinates: 1°38′50″S 13°51′48″E / 1.6472°S 13.8633°E / -1.6472; 13.8633This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bongoville" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in Haut-Ogooué Province, GabonBongovilleBongoville shown within GabonCountry GabonProvinceHaut-Ogooué ProvinceDepartmentDjououri-Aguilli Department Bongoville is a town in southeastern Gabon, east of Franceville. It was known as Lewai until it was renamed for President Omar Bongo, who was born in what was then a village but was greatly enlarged under his presidency. It is just west of the Bateke Plateau and is home to Stade de Bongoville, a 2,500-capacity stadium where the city's AC Bongoville football club plays its home games. History Bongoville was created in 1965 by grouping several villages together. In order to create Bongoville, the villages of Léwaye, Obia 2, Assiami, Ekala as well as those located along the Lekeï rivers namely Lekeï 1, Lekeï 2 and Lekeï 3 were grouped together. The pace of development of the village accelerated with the launch of the construction site of the R16 road to connect Franceville in Lékoni. 1°38′50″S 13°51′48″E / 1.6472°S 13.8633°E / -1.6472; 13.8633 This Gabon location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Franceville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceville"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Gabon"},{"link_name":"Omar Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bongo"},{"link_name":"Bateke Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateke_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Stade de Bongoville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stade_de_Bongoville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AC Bongoville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Bongoville"}],"text":"Place in Haut-Ogooué Province, GabonBongoville is a town in southeastern Gabon, east of Franceville. It was known as Lewai until it was renamed for President Omar Bongo, who was born in what was then a village but was greatly enlarged under his presidency. It is just west of the Bateke Plateau and is home to Stade de Bongoville, a 2,500-capacity stadium where the city's AC Bongoville football club plays its home games.","title":"Bongoville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franceville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceville"},{"link_name":"1°38′50″S 13°51′48″E / 1.6472°S 13.8633°E / -1.6472; 13.8633","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bongoville&params=1.6472_S_13.8633_E_source:frwiki_region:GA_type:city"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_Gabon.svg"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bongoville&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gabon-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gabon-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gabon-geo-stub"}],"text":"Bongoville was created in 1965 by grouping several villages together. In order to create Bongoville, the villages of Léwaye, Obia 2, Assiami, Ekala as well as those located along the Lekeï rivers namely Lekeï 1, Lekeï 2 and Lekeï 3 were grouped together. The pace of development of the village accelerated with the launch of the construction site of the R16 road to connect Franceville in Lékoni.1°38′50″S 13°51′48″E / 1.6472°S 13.8633°E / -1.6472; 13.8633This Gabon location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"History"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(disambiguation)
Township (disambiguation)
["1 Other uses","2 See also"]
Look up township in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Township is a unit of local government. The term may also refer to: Township (Canada) Townships of the People's Republic of China Township (Taiwan) Township (England) Township (South Africa) refers to the urban living areas that, under Apartheid, were reserved for non-whites Survey township, or Congressional township, used by the United States Public Land Survey System Civil township, unit of local government in the United States Township (United States) Alberta Township System, Canada Township Roads in Saskatchewan Township, as defined by the Canadian Dominion Land Survey Other uses Township (unit), a unit in US surveyors' measures Township (video game), a 2013 freemium city-building game See also Town (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Township.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/township"},{"link_name":"Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township"},{"link_name":"Township (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Townships of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Township (Taiwan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"Township (England)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"Township (South Africa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Survey township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_township"},{"link_name":"Civil township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Township (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Alberta Township System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Township_System"},{"link_name":"Township Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Saskatchewan#Township_roads_and_range_roads"},{"link_name":"Dominion Land Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Land_Survey"}],"text":"Look up township in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Township is a unit of local government. The term may also refer to:Township (Canada)\nTownships of the People's Republic of China\nTownship (Taiwan)\nTownship (England)\nTownship (South Africa) refers to the urban living areas that, under Apartheid, were reserved for non-whites\nSurvey township, or Congressional township, used by the United States Public Land Survey System\nCivil township, unit of local government in the United States\nTownship (United States)\nAlberta Township System, Canada\nTownship Roads in Saskatchewan\nTownship, as defined by the Canadian Dominion Land Survey","title":"Township (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Township (unit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Township (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(video_game)"}],"text":"Township (unit), a unit in US surveyors' measures\nTownship (video game), a 2013 freemium city-building game","title":"Other uses"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_broadcast
Unlicensed broadcasting
["1 See also","2 References"]
Term for type of broadcasting "Pirate signal" redirects here. For the hip-hop group, see The Pirate Signal. Unlicensed broadcasting, also called pirate broadcasting is a term used for any type of broadcasting without a broadcast license. Some unlicensed broadcasting, such as certain low-power broadcasting, may be legal. For example, in the United States, Title 47 CFR Part 15 (or "part 15"), is a regulation that allows unlicensed broadcasting within a range of just a few meters. Legal broadcast methods may include ISM bands, used legally at low power to broadcast for personal use, a video sender, used to distribute video (sometimes wireless security cameras) within a home or small business, or FM transmitters, used to transmit satellite radio or digital media players to stereo systems which have no wired input (i.e. car radios). The term "pirate broadcasting," by contrast, is almost always used to indicate broadcasting that is illegal, particularly as applied to pirate radio and pirate television. The justifications usually given for legal prohibitions on broadcasting include the need to keep certain broadcast frequencies open for emergency communications, the need to control the broadcasting of material that is obscene or violates copyrights, and the preservation of government revenue derived from licensing airwaves. See also Broadcast signal intrusion Media regulation Offshore radio References ^ Jones, Steve (1994). "Unlicensed Broadcasting: Content and Conformity". Journalism Quarterly. 71 (2): 395–402. doi:10.1177/107769909407100212. ISSN 0022-5533. ^ "Low Power FM (LPFM) Broadcast Radio Stations". Federal Communications Commission. October 18, 2023. This law-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This broadcasting-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Pirate Signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirate_Signal"},{"link_name":"broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"broadcast license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_license"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"low-power broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Title 47 CFR Part 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ISM bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISM_band"},{"link_name":"video sender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_sender"},{"link_name":"pirate radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_radio"},{"link_name":"pirate television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_television"},{"link_name":"obscene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscenity"},{"link_name":"copyrights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"}],"text":"\"Pirate signal\" redirects here. For the hip-hop group, see The Pirate Signal.Unlicensed broadcasting, also called pirate broadcasting is a term used for any type of broadcasting without a broadcast license.[1]Some unlicensed broadcasting, such as certain low-power broadcasting, may be legal. For example, in the United States, Title 47 CFR Part 15 (or \"part 15\"), is a regulation that allows unlicensed broadcasting within a range of just a few meters.[2] Legal broadcast methods may include ISM bands, used legally at low power to broadcast for personal use, a video sender, used to distribute video (sometimes wireless security cameras) within a home or small business, or FM transmitters, used to transmit satellite radio or digital media players to stereo systems which have no wired input (i.e. car radios).The term \"pirate broadcasting,\" by contrast, is almost always used to indicate broadcasting that is illegal, particularly as applied to pirate radio and pirate television. The justifications usually given for legal prohibitions on broadcasting include the need to keep certain broadcast frequencies open for emergency communications, the need to control the broadcasting of material that is obscene or violates copyrights, and the preservation of government revenue derived from licensing airwaves.","title":"Unlicensed broadcasting"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_H._Politan
Nicholas H. Politan
["1 Education and career","2 Federal judicial service","3 Death","4 References","5 Sources"]
American judge Nicholas H. PolitanJudge of the United States District Court for the District of New JerseyIn officeNovember 9, 1987 – January 4, 2002Appointed byRonald ReaganPreceded byHerbert Jay SternSucceeded byFreda L. Wolfson Personal detailsBornNicholas H. Politan(1935-11-13)November 13, 1935Newark, New JerseyDiedFebruary 20, 2012(2012-02-20) (aged 76)Atlantis, FloridaEducationRutgers University (A.B.)Rutgers School of Law – Newark (LL.B.) Nicholas H. Politan (November 13, 1935 – February 20, 2012) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. Education and career Born in Newark, New Jersey, Politan attended Newark Arts High School. He received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Rutgers University–Newark in 1957 and a Bachelor of Laws from Rutgers School of Law – Newark in 1960. He was a law clerk for Judge Gerald McLaughlin of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit from 1960 to 1961. He was in private practice in Lyndhurst, New Jersey from 1961 to 1964, then in Jersey City, New Jersey until 1972, and then in Lyndhurst until 1987. He was a director and chairman of the executive committee of the County Trust Company in Lyndhurst from 1980 to 1987. Federal judicial service On August 7, 1987, Politan was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by Judge Herbert Jay Stern. Politan was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 6, 1987, and received his commission on November 9, 1987. Politan served in that capacity until his retirement on January 4, 2002. Death A longtime resident of West Orange, New Jersey, Politan died on February 20, 2012, in Atlantis, Florida. References ^ a b "Tribute To Judge Nicholas H. Politan by Hon. Bill Pascrell, Jr.", Congressional Record, p. 2884, Volume 146 (2000), Part 2, March 15, 2000. Accessed April 16, 2021. "Mr. Speaker, I would like to call to your attention the deeds of an important member of my district, Nicholas Politan of West Orange, New Jersey.... Judge Politan, a life-long resident of Essex County, is a graduate of Arts High School and Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey." ^ a b "Politan, Nicholas H. - Federal Judicial Center". www.fjc.gov. ^ "Known for his one-liners, former N.J. judge Nicholas H. Politan dead at 76". Sources Nicholas H. Politan at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Legal offices Preceded byHerbert Jay Stern Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey 1987–2002 Succeeded byFreda L. Wolfson Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States district judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"}],"text":"Nicholas H. Politan (November 13, 1935 – February 20, 2012) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.","title":"Nicholas H. Politan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Newark Arts High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Arts_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CR2000-1"},{"link_name":"Artium Baccalaureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University–Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93Newark"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Rutgers School of Law – Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_School_of_Law_%E2%80%93_Newark"},{"link_name":"law clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_clerk"},{"link_name":"Gerald McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndhurst,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Jersey City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjc.gov-2"}],"text":"Born in Newark, New Jersey, Politan attended Newark Arts High School.[1] He received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Rutgers University–Newark in 1957 and a Bachelor of Laws from Rutgers School of Law – Newark in 1960. He was a law clerk for Judge Gerald McLaughlin of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit from 1960 to 1961. He was in private practice in Lyndhurst, New Jersey from 1961 to 1964, then in Jersey City, New Jersey until 1972, and then in Lyndhurst until 1987. He was a director and chairman of the executive committee of the County Trust Company in Lyndhurst from 1980 to 1987.[2]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Herbert Jay Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Jay_Stern"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjc.gov-2"}],"text":"On August 7, 1987, Politan was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by Judge Herbert Jay Stern. Politan was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 6, 1987, and received his commission on November 9, 1987. Politan served in that capacity until his retirement on January 4, 2002.[2]","title":"Federal judicial service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Orange, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CR2000-1"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A longtime resident of West Orange, New Jersey,[1] Politan died on February 20, 2012, in Atlantis, Florida.[3]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas H. Politan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fjc.gov/node/1386406"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges"},{"link_name":"Federal Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15451753#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000108438961"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/160954105"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvxmKH49wd474Vvb8VjYP"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010203958"}],"text":"Nicholas H. Politan at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Neville
Arthur C. Neville
["1 Education and career","2 Personal life, family, and legacy","3 Electoral history","4 References","5 External links"]
25th Mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin. Arthur C. Neville25th Mayor of Green Bay, WisconsinIn officeApril 1888 – April 1890Preceded byCharles HartungSucceeded byJames H. Elmore Personal detailsBornArthur Courtenay Neville(1850-10-13)October 13, 1850Pottsville, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedMay 20, 1929(1929-05-20) (aged 78)Green Bay, Wisconsin, U.S.Cause of deathHeart attackResting placeWoodlawn Cemetery, Green Bay, WisconsinPolitical partyDemocraticSpouses Harriet Augusta Reynolds ​ ​(m. 1874; died 1874)​ Ella Peak ​(m. 1881⁠–⁠1929)​ChildrenMarion Van Buren (Mason) (stepdaughter)(b. 1874; died 1929)ParentJohn C. Neville (father)Educationread lawProfessionlawyer Arthur Courtenay Neville (October 13, 1850 – May 20, 1929) was an American lawyer and historian, and was the 25th Mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin. He is the namesake of Neville Public Museum of Brown County in Green Bay. Education and career Neville was born in 1850 at Pottsville, Pennsylvania, and moved as a young child with his parents to Green Bay, Wisconsin, in 1856. He received his early education from a governess and later attended the public schools at Green Bay until age 17. He went to work as a clerk and messenger for the firm of Dousman & Elmore, and was then employed as a bookkeeper for the Chicago lumber firm Carter & Jones until 1869. He worked from 1869 to 1871 as an assistant bookkeeper for the wholesale grocer Sprague, Warner & Company. In 1871, he returned to Green Bay as bookkeeper for the Commercial National Bank. The next year, he went to work in his father's law offices of Neville & Tracy, reading law there for the next three years until his admission to the State Bar of Wisconsin at the Wisconsin circuit court in 1874. Neville worked for several years as a practicing attorney, and became a prominent member of the Democratic Party in Green Bay. In 1888 he was elected Mayor of Green Bay on the Democratic "Peoples'" ticket, defeating incumbent mayor Charles Hartung. He was reelected in an 1889 rematch with Hartung, but by a smaller margin. After his terms as mayor, he focused on his interest in history and was one of the founders of the Green Bay Historical Society and the Brown County Historical Society. He was also a curator of the Wisconsin Historical Society. Later, he was one of the organizers of the Green Bay Water Company, and was a co-founder and president of the Kendall Manufacturing Company, later known as the Green Bay Planing Mill. Personal life, family, and legacy Neville was one of six children born to John C. Neville and his wife Catherine Neville (née Lawton). John Neville was an Irish American immigrant and lawyer and became the 20th mayor of Green Bay, district attorney of Brown County, Wisconsin, and a one-time member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Catherine was a descendant of a 17th century English settler at Massachusetts Bay Colony. Arthur Neville married twice. His first wife, Harriet Reynolds, died only a few months after they married in 1874. He later married Ella Peak (née Hoes), a great niece of former U.S. President Martin Van Buren. Neville had no children of his own, but Ella had one daughter from her previous marriage. Neville was a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Episcopal church. He died at his home in Green Bay after a heart attack in 1929. He had suffered several heart attacks over the last few months of his life. In 1923, Neville's step-daughter and her husband, George Grant Mason, made a $60,000 donation to Green Bay to build a museum named for Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Neville, to honor their "work towards civic betterment in Green Bay." The museum opened in 1927 and is still known as the Neville Public Museum of Brown County, although it is no longer housed in the original building. Electoral history Green Bay Mayoral Election, 1888 Party Candidate Votes % ±% General Election, April 3, 1888 Democratic Arthur C. Neville 805 62.61% Republican Charles Hartung (incumbent) 422 34.39% Plurality 383 31.21% Total votes 1,227 100.0% +30.53% Democratic gain from Republican Green Bay Mayoral Election, 1889 Party Candidate Votes % ±% General Election, April 2, 1889 Democratic Arthur C. Neville (incumbent) 683 54.55% -11.05% Republican Charles Hartung 569 45.45% Plurality 114 9.11% -22.11% Total votes 1,252 100.0% +2.04% Democratic hold References ^ a b c "Neville, Arthur Courtenay 1850 - 1929". Wisconsin Historical Society. 8 August 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2021. ^ "Arthur C. Neville (1856-1929)". City of Green Bay. Archived from the original on January 16, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2011 – via Wayback Machine. ^ a b c "Heart Attack Proves Fatal to Ex-Mayor". Green Bay Press-Gazette. May 20, 1929. p. 1. Retrieved January 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f g h Martin, Deborah Beaumont (1913). History of Brown County, Wisconsin, Past and Present. Vol. 2. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. pp. 512–516. Retrieved January 16, 2021. ^ a b "The Ballot". Green Bay Press-Gazette. April 4, 1888. p. 3. Retrieved January 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "The Spring Election". Green Bay Press-Gazette. April 3, 1889. p. 3. Retrieved January 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Arthur C. Neville Passes Away Today". Green Bay Press-Gazette. May 20, 1929. p. 23. Retrieved January 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "History". Neville Public Museum of Brown County. Retrieved January 16, 2021. External links Neville Public Museum Brown County Historical Society Neville, Arthur Courtenay 1850 - 1929 at Wisconsin Historical Society Political offices Preceded byCharles Hartung Mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin April 1888 – April 1890 Succeeded byJames H. Elmore
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"25th Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Green Bay, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Neville Public Museum of Brown County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Public_Museum_of_Brown_County"}],"text":"Arthur Courtenay Neville (October 13, 1850 – May 20, 1929) was an American lawyer and historian, and was the 25th Mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin. He is the namesake of Neville Public Museum of Brown County in Green Bay.","title":"Arthur C. Neville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pottsville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottsville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wihist-1"},{"link_name":"Green Bay, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbmay-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-4"},{"link_name":"governess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governess"},{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-4"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Sprague, Warner & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Lee_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-4"},{"link_name":"reading law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_law"},{"link_name":"State Bar of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bar_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin circuit court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_circuit_courts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-4"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Charles Hartung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hartung"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1888elex-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1889elex-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit2-7"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wihist-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit2-7"}],"text":"Neville was born in 1850 at Pottsville, Pennsylvania,[1] and moved as a young child with his parents to Green Bay, Wisconsin, in 1856.[2][3][4] He received his early education from a governess and later attended the public schools at Green Bay until age 17.[4] He went to work as a clerk and messenger for the firm of Dousman & Elmore, and was then employed as a bookkeeper for the Chicago lumber firm Carter & Jones until 1869. He worked from 1869 to 1871 as an assistant bookkeeper for the wholesale grocer Sprague, Warner & Company.[4]In 1871, he returned to Green Bay as bookkeeper for the Commercial National Bank. The next year, he went to work in his father's law offices of Neville & Tracy, reading law there for the next three years until his admission to the State Bar of Wisconsin at the Wisconsin circuit court in 1874.[4]Neville worked for several years as a practicing attorney, and became a prominent member of the Democratic Party in Green Bay. In 1888 he was elected Mayor of Green Bay on the Democratic \"Peoples'\" ticket, defeating incumbent mayor Charles Hartung.[5] He was reelected in an 1889 rematch with Hartung, but by a smaller margin.[6]After his terms as mayor, he focused on his interest in history and was one of the founders of the Green Bay Historical Society and the Brown County Historical Society.[7] He was also a curator of the Wisconsin Historical Society.[1]Later, he was one of the organizers of the Green Bay Water Company, and was a co-founder and president of the Kendall Manufacturing Company, later known as the Green Bay Planing Mill.[7]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John C. Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Neville"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-4"},{"link_name":"Irish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"district attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_attorney"},{"link_name":"Brown County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-4"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Martin Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-4"},{"link_name":"Knights of Pythias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Pythias"},{"link_name":"Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks"},{"link_name":"Episcopal church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-4"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-3"},{"link_name":"Neville Public Museum of Brown County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Public_Museum_of_Brown_County"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wihist-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Neville was one of six children born to John C. Neville and his wife Catherine Neville (née Lawton).[4] John Neville was an Irish American immigrant and lawyer and became the 20th mayor of Green Bay, district attorney of Brown County, Wisconsin, and a one-time member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Catherine was a descendant of a 17th century English settler at Massachusetts Bay Colony.[3]Arthur Neville married twice. His first wife, Harriet Reynolds, died only a few months after they married in 1874.[4] He later married Ella Peak (née Hoes), a great niece of former U.S. President Martin Van Buren. Neville had no children of his own, but Ella had one daughter from her previous marriage.[4]Neville was a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Episcopal church.[4] He died at his home in Green Bay after a heart attack in 1929. He had suffered several heart attacks over the last few months of his life.[3]In 1923, Neville's step-daughter and her husband, George Grant Mason, made a $60,000 donation to Green Bay to build a museum named for Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Neville, to honor their \"work towards civic betterment in Green Bay.\" The museum opened in 1927 and is still known as the Neville Public Museum of Brown County, although it is no longer housed in the original building.[1][8]","title":"Personal life, family, and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Neville, Arthur Courtenay 1850 - 1929\". Wisconsin Historical Society. 8 August 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS11038","url_text":"\"Neville, Arthur Courtenay 1850 - 1929\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society","url_text":"Wisconsin Historical Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Arthur C. Neville (1856-1929)\". City of Green Bay. Archived from the original on January 16, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2011 – via Wayback Machine.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120116075613/http://www.ci.green-bay.wi.us/mayors_past/mayor_neville_ac.html","url_text":"\"Arthur C. Neville (1856-1929)\""},{"url":"http://www.ci.green-bay.wi.us/mayors_past/mayor_neville_ac.html","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine","url_text":"Wayback Machine"}]},{"reference":"\"Heart Attack Proves Fatal to Ex-Mayor\". Green Bay Press-Gazette. May 20, 1929. p. 1. Retrieved January 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67778015/arthur-neville-dies/","url_text":"\"Heart Attack Proves Fatal to Ex-Mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Press-Gazette","url_text":"Green Bay Press-Gazette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Deborah Beaumont (1913). History of Brown County, Wisconsin, Past and Present. Vol. 2. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. pp. 512–516. Retrieved January 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofbrownco02mart/","url_text":"History of Brown County, Wisconsin, Past and Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago","url_text":"Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._J._Clarke_Publishing_Company","url_text":"S. J. Clarke Publishing Company"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ballot\". Green Bay Press-Gazette. April 4, 1888. p. 3. Retrieved January 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67785925/green-bay-election-1888/","url_text":"\"The Ballot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Press-Gazette","url_text":"Green Bay Press-Gazette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Spring Election\". Green Bay Press-Gazette. April 3, 1889. p. 3. Retrieved January 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67788004/green-bay-spring-election-1889/","url_text":"\"The Spring Election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Press-Gazette","url_text":"Green Bay Press-Gazette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Arthur C. Neville Passes Away Today\". Green Bay Press-Gazette. May 20, 1929. p. 23. Retrieved January 16, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67784195/ac-neville-obit-p2/","url_text":"\"Arthur C. Neville Passes Away Today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Press-Gazette","url_text":"Green Bay Press-Gazette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Neville Public Museum of Brown County. Retrieved January 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nevillepublicmuseum.org/about/history/","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Public_Museum_of_Brown_County","url_text":"Neville Public Museum of Brown County"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Carl_Holman
M. Carl Holman
["1 Personal","2 References"]
American poet M. Carl Holman (June 27, 1919, Minter City, Mississippi — August 9, 1988, Washington, D.C.) was an American author, poet, playwright, and civil rights advocate. One of his noted works is The Baptizin‘ (1971). In 1968, Ebony listed him as one of the 100 most influential Black Americans. Holman grew up in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated magna cum laude from Lincoln University in 1942 and earned a master's degree from the University of Chicago in 1944. He then earned another master's degree from Yale University in 1954, which he attended on a creative writing scholarship. He taught English at Clark College for 14 years and also taught at Hampton University and Lincoln University. At one time, he edited the Atlanta Inquirer, a weekly black journal at Clark College that reported on civil rights issues in the South. In 1962, he moved to Washington, D.C. to work as an information officer at the Civil Rights Commission. Holman became special assistant to the staff director in 1965 and then deputy director in 1966. He served on the Washington, D.C. Board of Higher Education, which governed the school then known as Federal City College. He also served as a housing consultant to the mayor of Washington, D.C. From 1971 to 1988, he served as president of the National Urban Coalition, an organization formed after the riots of 1967, where he advocated for programs in housing, education, employment, and economic development. At the time, the organization maintained chapters in 48 cities. Personal He was married to Mariella Ukina Ama Holman after they met at college. They had three children, a daughter, Kinshasha Holman Conwill, and two sons, Kwame Holman and Kwasi Holman. References ^ Thompson, Julius Eric (2001). Black Life in Mississippi: Essays on Political, Social, and Cultural Studies in a Deep South State. University Press of America. ISBN 9780761819226. ^ a b "M. Carl Holman | Civil Rights Activist & Biography | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-10. ^ a b Bart Barnes (1988-08-11). "M. CARL HOLMAN DIES AT 69". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. ^ New York Times. "Jack Vaughn is Named Urban Coalition Head". October 8, 1970 ^ 1988 obituary of M. Carl Holman in the Washington Post ^ Library of Congress Remembering Our Father: The Story of M. Carl Holman, control number 2021688186, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 2009-02-10, https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/gdcwebcasts.090210lib1200 Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minter City, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minter_City,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ebony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"magna cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors"},{"link_name":"Lincoln University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Clark College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University"},{"link_name":"Hampton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_University"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Commission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Federal City College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"National Urban Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Urban_Coalition&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"riots of 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Newark_riots"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"M. Carl Holman (June 27, 1919, Minter City, Mississippi — August 9, 1988, Washington, D.C.) was an American author, poet, playwright, and civil rights advocate.[1] One of his noted works is The Baptizin‘ (1971). In 1968, Ebony listed him as one of the 100 most influential Black Americans.Holman grew up in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated magna cum laude from Lincoln University in 1942 and earned a master's degree from the University of Chicago in 1944.[2] He then earned another master's degree from Yale University in 1954, which he attended on a creative writing scholarship.[2]He taught English at Clark College for 14 years and also taught at Hampton University and Lincoln University.At one time, he edited the Atlanta Inquirer, a weekly black journal at Clark College that reported on civil rights issues in the South. In 1962, he moved to Washington, D.C. to work as an information officer at the Civil Rights Commission. Holman became special assistant to the staff director in 1965 and then deputy director in 1966.[3] He served on the Washington, D.C. Board of Higher Education, which governed the school then known as Federal City College. He also served as a housing consultant to the mayor of Washington, D.C.From 1971 to 1988, he served as president of the National Urban Coalition, an organization formed after the riots of 1967, where he advocated for programs in housing, education, employment, and economic development.[3] At the time, the organization maintained chapters in 48 cities.[4]","title":"M. Carl Holman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinshasha Holman Conwill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasha_Holman_Conwill"},{"link_name":"Kwame Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Holman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He was married to Mariella Ukina Ama Holman after they met at college. They had three children, a daughter, Kinshasha Holman Conwill, and two sons, Kwame Holman and Kwasi Holman.[5] [6]","title":"Personal"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Thompson, Julius Eric (2001). Black Life in Mississippi: Essays on Political, Social, and Cultural Studies in a Deep South State. University Press of America. ISBN 9780761819226.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IUIkiTh2l3YC&pg=PP1","url_text":"Black Life in Mississippi: Essays on Political, Social, and Cultural Studies in a Deep South State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761819226","url_text":"9780761819226"}]},{"reference":"\"M. Carl Holman | Civil Rights Activist & Biography | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/M-Carl-Holman","url_text":"\"M. Carl Holman | Civil Rights Activist & Biography | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Bart Barnes (1988-08-11). \"M. CARL HOLMAN DIES AT 69\". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/08/11/m-carl-holman-dies-at-69/d7fb8c4a-f816-4df4-af1c-fe9aafa5a1df","url_text":"\"M. CARL HOLMAN DIES AT 69\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1330888409","url_text":"1330888409"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repin_culture
Repin culture
["1 Origins and classification","2 Sites","2.1 Repin Khutor","2.2 Kyzyl Khak","2.3 Turganik","3 Pottery","4 Funerary rites","5 Economy","6 Expansion","7 Language","8 References","9 Sources"]
4th millennium BC Eneolithic archaeological culture in Eastern Europe Repin cultureMaterials of the Repin type.Geographical rangeEast European forest steppe and Pontic–Caspian steppePeriodEneolithicDates3900–3300 BCType siteRepinMajor sitesRepin, Kyzyl Khak, TurganikPreceded byKhvalynsk culture, Sredny Stog cultureFollowed byYamnaya culture, Afanasievo culture The Repin culture (sometimes wrongly Repino culture) is a 4th millennium BC Eneolithic archaeological culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe and East European forest steppe. It developed from preceding local Neolithic cultures, and later developed into the Yamnaya culture. The economy was based on pastoralism, supplemented by hunting. This culture is sometimes classified as an earlier phase of the Yamnaya culture. Origins and classification The Repin culture is dated, based on radiocarbon dating of pottery shards, to 3900–3300 calibrated ВС. According to David Anthony, it probably originated in the lower Don region. The Repin culture was bordered by the Deriivka and Kvityana cultures to the west and the Konstantinovka culture to the south. Some scholars consider Repin to be an early stage of the Yamnaya culture (known as the Repin stage (of the Yamnaya culture)), while others have more recently preferred to classify Repin as a distinct Eneolithic culture. According to A.T. Sinyuk, the Repin culture developed from the preceding local Neolithic cultures. Sinyuk states that the (pre-Corded Ware) Sredny Stog I and Neolithic lower Don cultures are fundamental components in the formation of the Repin culture. Sinyuk and Yuri Rassamakin suggest that the origins of the Repin culture are not connected with the Khvalynsk culture. In contrast, Nina Morgunova and Mikhail Turetskij argue that Cultural continuity between the Yamnaya, Repin, Khvalynsk, and Sredny Stog cultures is demonstrated by the funerary rites and pottery styles. Rassamakin argues that "there is no longer good support for the simple and attractive idea of a direct evolution of Eneolithic cultures beginning with the Samara and ending with the formation of the Yamnaya culture in the Volga-Ural interfluve. It is no longer accepted by the majority of researchers." Sites Repin Khutor The type site is called Repin Khutor (in Russian: Репин хутор, or Репих Xутор). The coordinates of Repin Khutor are (according to Kuznetsov-Mochalov 2017): 49°11′29.13″ N, 43°48′05.25″ E. It is located near the location of a former hamlet (khutor) called Repin (in Russian: Репин, or хутор Репин), on the right bank of the middle Don River a few kilometers upstream from its confluence with the Ilovlya River, to the west of another archaelogical site, the former village of Zadono-Avilovskiy. Repin Khutor is located at the edge of the steppe grass. It was excavated in the 1950s. At the site, 55% of the osseous material was horse bones, 18% cattle, 9% sheep or goat, 9% pigs, and 9% red deer. This suggests that horse meat was the most important part of the diet here. Kyzyl Khak A Repin antelope hunters' camp, occupied between c. 3700–3600 BC, situated on the lower Volga. The osseous material here comprises 62% saiga antelope, 13% cattle, 9% sheep, 7% horses, and 7% onagers. Turganik From the Repin horizon at Turganik, Tashlinsky District, 2,000 pottery fragments from over 50 vessels have been excavated. Pottery styles and technology indicate cultural links with contemporary North Caspian and Don cultures. Evidence for metallurgy includes copper ore finds, stone molds for casting copper, tools, and an ornament. Copper was sourced from local copper deposits. Animal bones are mainly domestic animals, including cattle, dogs, and horse, with occasional wild animal bones such as moose, beaver, wild goat, bear, and fox. Fish bones are very rare at this site. The horse finds are considered significant as the region is one of the first places where horse domestication is thought to have occurred. Pottery The pottery of the Repin culture is characterised by tall vessels with profiled necks and rounded or flat bottoms, made with silt or a mixture of clay and silt, with some addition of crushed shells and organic material. The surfaces are smoothed and decorated with comb impressions. Vessels are made using molds. The pottery style combines features from nearby regional Eneolithic styles and exhibits technological continuity with other Eneolithic steppe cultures, suggesting cultural integration and mixing that preceded the development of the Yamnaya culture proper. The ceramic technology of the Repin culture is argued to be evidence of continuity with the earlier Khvalynsk culture. The repin pottery type is sometimes found in the cultural layer below Yamnaya pottery, and some early Yamnaya pottery is said to be indistinguishable from the repin type. Repin pottery has also been described as very similar to that of Sredny Stog II, while sharing almost no features with that of the Dereivka culture. Funerary rites Skeletons are buried in a crouched supine position with bent legs to the left or to the right, with the head in the east, sprinkled with ochre, with multiple burials in flat graves. As the Repin period progresses and expands from the original middle Don region, individual burials under a tumulus, sometimes with cromlechs, become more widespread. Economy Livelihood was probably based on a combination of pastoralism and hunting. Evidence from repin sites suggests that animal breeding was the main form of subsistence, with domestic animal bones comprising 80% of the osseous material. The proportion of domesticated species was typical of nomadic pastoralist societies. David Anthony suggests that the Repin culture may have specialized in horse breeding for export to the north Caucasus region. Finds demonstrate a relatively advanced regional tradition of metallurgy, based on extracting copper from local Kargala sandstone, which remained the main source of copper in the later Yamnaya culture. Rassamakin states that the people of this culture lived a more settled life in the forest-steppe ecotone region, and a more nomadic lifestyle in the steppe zone. Settlements in the Repin period were of limited number and temporary. Cattle herding gradually became more nomadic over time. Rassamakin states that the economy of the Repin culture probably resembled that of the Deriivka culture. Expansion Anthony suggests that the Afanasievo culture was formed by a migration of people with a material culture of the same type as Repin, probably from the middle Volga-Ural area c. 3700–3500 BC. During its second phase the Repin culture had expanded to occupy the Volga, Dnieper and lower Don regions. Yuri Rassamakin suggests that the dispersal of the Repin culture to the south, south east, and south west at the end of the Eneolithic contributed to the formation of the Yamnaya culture. Trifonov considers this dispersal to be a colonization. According to Anthony, elements of Repin culture are found over a wide area at sites that precede early Yamnaya settlements. The Repin culture is regarded by many archaeologists as an early stage of the Yamnaya culture. Viktor Trifonov, for example, states that the development of the Yamnaya culture is simply the expansion of the Repin culture to the steppe. Rassamakin however argues that Repin was only involved in the formation of the Gorodtsov culture, a late local subgroup of Yamnaya. Language David Anthony speculates that people of the Repin culture may have spoken a dialect of early Proto-Indo-European. He also proposes that the Afanasievo separation from the Repin culture represents the separation of pre-Tocharian from early Proto-Indo-European. References ^ a b c d Morgunova 2015. ^ Shishlina, N. et al. RESERVOIR EFFECT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SAMPLES FROM STEPPE BRONZE AGE CULTURES IN SOUTHERN RUSSIA. Radiocarbon, Vol 56, Nr 2, 2014, p 767–778 DOI: 10.2458/56.16942 ^ Archeologija i geoinformatika: tret'ja meždunarodnaja konferencija: tezisy dokladov, Moskva, 24-26 maja 2017 g = Archaeology and geoinformatics: third international conference: book of abstracts, Moscow, May 24th-26th, 2017. Moskva: IA RAN. 2017. p. 36, 37. ISBN 978-5-94375-219-3. ^ a b c d e f g Morgunova 2016. ^ a b c d Anthony 2007, p. 274. ^ a b c d Levine 1999, p. 117. ^ Heyd 2013, p. 117. ^ a b c Levine 1999, p. 67. ^ Levine 1999, p. 68. ^ Levine 1999, p. 69. ^ Kuznetsov, P., & Mochalov, О. (2017). Radiocarbon Dating of Pottery from Bronze Age Sites in eastern European steppes (Russia). Radiocarbon, 59(01). 1-8 ^ Каргин, Ю.Ю. ПОЛЕВЫЕ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И.В. СИНИЦЫНА (К 110-ЛЕТИЮ СО ДНЯ РОЖДЕНИЯ) . In: Археология Восточно-Европейской степи: Межвуз. сб. науч. тр. / Под ред. доц. В.А. Лопатина – Саратов.: ИЦ «Наука», 2010. Вып. 8. – 344 с. ISBN 978–5–9999–0380–8, p. 23-24 ^ РЕПИН ХУТОР . In: ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИЯ Волгоградской области - Администрация Волгоградской области - Волгоградский государственный университет ^ 2.55. Сиротинский . In: История административно – территориального деления Волгоградской (Сталинградской) области. 1936 - 2007 гг. Справочник. – Волгоград: Перемена, 2009. – В 3 тт. ^ Малов, Н.М. Задоно-Авиловский энеолитический могильник (по материалам раскопок И.В. Синицына) . Археологическое наследие Саратовского края. 8. 2008. . ^ Levine 1999, p. 150. ^ a b c d Anthony 2007, p. 275. ^ Morgunova 2020. ^ a b c Levine 1999, p. 125. ^ Levine 1999, p. 151. ^ Peterson 2006, p. 452. ^ Levine 1999, pp. 149, 151. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 307. ^ Gerling 2015, pp. 9–10. ^ Trifonov 1996. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 277. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 305. Sources Anthony, David W. (2007). The horse, the wheel, and language : how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton, N.J. ISBN 978-1-4008-3110-4. OCLC 496275617.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Gerling, Claudia (2015). Prehistoric mobility and diet in the west Eurasian steppes 3500 to 300 BC : an isotopic approach. Berlin . ISBN 978-3-11-031121-1. OCLC 940511491.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Levine, Marsha (1999). Late prehistoric exploitation of the Eurasian steppe. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ISBN 1-902937-03-1. OCLC 43563544. Morgunova, Nina L. (2015). "Pottery from the Volga area in the Samara and South Urals region from Eneolithic to Early Bronze Age". Documenta Praehistorica. 42. doi:10.4312/dp.42.22. ISSN 1854-2492. Morgunova, Nina L (2016). "Archaeological and Natural Scientific Studies of Pit-Grave Culture Barrows in the Volga-Ural Interfluve". Estonian Journal of Archaeology. 20 (2): 128. doi:10.3176/arch.2016.2.02. ISSN 1406-2933. Morgunova, N. L. (2020). "Development of ancient cultures and paleoenvironment during the Eneolithic Period and the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Cis-Urals steppe (Russia)". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 12 (10): 241. Bibcode:2020ArAnS..12..241M. doi:10.1007/s12520-020-01197-w. ISSN 1866-9557. S2CID 221885294. Heyd, Volker (2013). Transitions to the Bronze Age : interregional interaction and socio-cultural change in the third millennium B.C. Carpathian Basin and neighbouring regions. Budapest. ISBN 978-963-9911-48-2. OCLC 878854403.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Peterson, D. L. (2006). Beyond the steppe and the sown : proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-0821-5. OCLC 235333195. Trifonov, Viktor (1996). "The repin culture and the origin of the yamnaya (pitgrave) culture (abstracts, in Russian)".
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Eneolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneolithic"},{"link_name":"archaeological culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_culture"},{"link_name":"Pontic–Caspian steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe"},{"link_name":"East European forest steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_European_forest_steppe"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Yamnaya culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture"},{"link_name":"pastoralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism"},{"link_name":"hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"}],"text":"The Repin culture (sometimes wrongly Repino culture[2][3]) is a 4th millennium BC Eneolithic archaeological culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe and East European forest steppe. It developed from preceding local Neolithic cultures, and later developed into the Yamnaya culture. The economy was based on pastoralism, supplemented by hunting. This culture is sometimes classified as an earlier phase of the Yamnaya culture.","title":"Repin culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radiocarbon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"calibrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_calibration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgunova2016-4"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(river)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007274-5"},{"link_name":"Deriivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deriivka"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999117-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyd2013117-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199967-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgunova2016-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199967-8"},{"link_name":"Corded Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_Ware"},{"link_name":"Sredny Stog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredny_Stog"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(river)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999117-6"},{"link_name":"Khvalynsk culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199968-9"},{"link_name":"Khvalynsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgunova2016-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199969-10"}],"text":"The Repin culture is dated, based on radiocarbon dating of pottery shards, to 3900–3300 calibrated ВС.[4] According to David Anthony, it probably originated in the lower Don region.[5] The Repin culture was bordered by the Deriivka and Kvityana cultures to the west and the Konstantinovka culture to the south.[6]Some scholars consider Repin to be an early stage of the Yamnaya culture (known as the Repin stage (of the Yamnaya culture)), while others have more recently preferred to classify Repin as a distinct Eneolithic culture.[7][8][4]According to A.T. Sinyuk, the Repin culture developed from the preceding local Neolithic cultures.[8] Sinyuk states that the (pre-Corded Ware) Sredny Stog I and Neolithic lower Don cultures are fundamental components in the formation of the Repin culture.[6] Sinyuk and Yuri Rassamakin suggest that the origins of the Repin culture are not connected with the Khvalynsk culture.[9] In contrast, Nina Morgunova and Mikhail Turetskij argue that\nCultural continuity between the Yamnaya, Repin, Khvalynsk, and Sredny Stog cultures is demonstrated by the funerary rites and pottery styles.[4]Rassamakin argues that \"there is no longer good support for the simple and attractive idea of a direct evolution of Eneolithic cultures beginning with the Samara and ending with the formation of the Yamnaya culture in the Volga-Ural interfluve. It is no longer accepted by the majority of researchers.\"[10]","title":"Origins and classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"type site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_site"},{"link_name":"Repin Khutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repin_Khutor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"khutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khutor"},{"link_name":"Don River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_River"},{"link_name":"Ilovlya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilovlya_(river)"},{"link_name":"Zadono-Avilovskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zadono-Avilovskiy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007274-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999150-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007274-5"}],"sub_title":"Repin Khutor","text":"The type site is called Repin Khutor (in Russian: Репин хутор, or Репих Xутор). The coordinates of Repin Khutor are (according to Kuznetsov-Mochalov 2017): 49°11′29.13″ N, 43°48′05.25″ E. It is located near the location of a former hamlet (khutor) called Repin (in Russian: Репин, or хутор Репин), on the right bank of the middle Don River a few kilometers upstream from its confluence with the Ilovlya River, to the west of another archaelogical site, the former village of Zadono-Avilovskiy.[11][12][13][14][15]Repin Khutor is located at the edge of the steppe grass. It was excavated in the 1950s. At the site, 55% of the osseous material was horse bones, 18% cattle, 9% sheep or goat, 9% pigs, and 9% red deer.[5][16] This suggests that horse meat was the most important part of the diet here.[5]","title":"Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"saiga antelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiga_antelope"},{"link_name":"onagers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onager"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007275-17"}],"sub_title":"Kyzyl Khak","text":"A Repin antelope hunters' camp, occupied between c. 3700–3600 BC, situated on the lower Volga. The osseous material here comprises 62% saiga antelope, 13% cattle, 9% sheep, 7% horses, and 7% onagers.[17]","title":"Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tashlinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashlinsky_District"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgunova2020-18"}],"sub_title":"Turganik","text":"From the Repin horizon at Turganik, Tashlinsky District, 2,000 pottery fragments from over 50 vessels have been excavated. Pottery styles and technology indicate cultural links with contemporary North Caspian and Don cultures. Evidence for metallurgy includes copper ore finds, stone molds for casting copper, tools, and an ornament. Copper was sourced from local copper deposits. Animal bones are mainly domestic animals, including cattle, dogs, and horse, with occasional wild animal bones such as moose, beaver, wild goat, bear, and fox. Fish bones are very rare at this site. The horse finds are considered significant as the region is one of the first places where horse domestication is thought to have occurred.[18]","title":"Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgunova2015-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgunova2016-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007275-17"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999117-6"}],"text":"The pottery of the Repin culture is characterised by tall vessels with profiled necks and rounded or flat bottoms, made with silt or a mixture of clay and silt, with some addition of crushed shells and organic material. The surfaces are smoothed and decorated with comb impressions. Vessels are made using molds. The pottery style combines features from nearby regional Eneolithic styles and exhibits technological continuity with other Eneolithic steppe cultures, suggesting cultural integration and mixing that preceded the development of the Yamnaya culture proper.[1]The ceramic technology of the Repin culture is argued to be evidence of continuity with the earlier Khvalynsk culture.[4]The repin pottery type is sometimes found in the cultural layer below Yamnaya pottery, and some early Yamnaya pottery is said to be indistinguishable from the repin type.[17] Repin pottery has also been described as very similar to that of Sredny Stog II, while sharing almost no features with that of the Dereivka culture.[6]","title":"Pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supine_position"},{"link_name":"ochre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre"},{"link_name":"flat graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_grave"},{"link_name":"tumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"},{"link_name":"cromlechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromlech"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgunova2015-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgunova2016-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999125-19"}],"text":"Skeletons are buried in a crouched supine position with bent legs to the left or to the right, with the head in the east, sprinkled with ochre, with multiple burials in flat graves. As the Repin period progresses and expands from the original middle Don region, individual burials under a tumulus, sometimes with cromlechs, become more widespread.[1][4][19]","title":"Funerary rites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999151-20"},{"link_name":"nomadic pastoralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgunova2016-4"},{"link_name":"horse breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breeding"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007274-5"},{"link_name":"metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"Kargala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargala"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgunova2016-4"},{"link_name":"ecotone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotone"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2006452-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgunova2015-1"},{"link_name":"Deriivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deriivka"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999149,_151-22"}],"text":"Livelihood was probably based on a combination of pastoralism and hunting.[20] Evidence from repin sites suggests that animal breeding was the main form of subsistence, with domestic animal bones comprising 80% of the osseous material. The proportion of domesticated species was typical of nomadic pastoralist societies.[4]David Anthony suggests that the Repin culture may have specialized in horse breeding for export to the north Caucasus region.[5]Finds demonstrate a relatively advanced regional tradition of metallurgy, based on extracting copper from local Kargala sandstone, which remained the main source of copper in the later Yamnaya culture.[4]Rassamakin states that the people of this culture lived a more settled life in the forest-steppe ecotone region, and a more nomadic lifestyle in the steppe zone.[21]Settlements in the Repin period were of limited number and temporary. Cattle herding gradually became more nomadic over time.[1]Rassamakin states that the economy of the Repin culture probably resembled that of the Deriivka culture.[22]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afanasievo culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasievo_culture"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007275-17"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007307-23"},{"link_name":"Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga"},{"link_name":"Dnieper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199967-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999117-6"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerling20159%E2%80%9310-24"},{"link_name":"colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999125-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007275-17"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrifonov1996-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999125-19"}],"text":"Anthony suggests that the Afanasievo culture was formed by a migration of people with a material culture of the same type as Repin, probably from the middle Volga-Ural area c. 3700–3500 BC.[17][23]During its second phase the Repin culture had expanded to occupy the Volga, Dnieper and lower Don regions.[8][6] Yuri Rassamakin suggests that the dispersal of the Repin culture to the south, south east, and south west at the end of the Eneolithic contributed to the formation of the Yamnaya culture.[24] Trifonov considers this dispersal to be a colonization.[19] According to Anthony, elements of Repin culture are found over a wide area at sites that precede early Yamnaya settlements.[17]The Repin culture is regarded by many archaeologists as an early stage of the Yamnaya culture. Viktor Trifonov, for example, states that the development of the Yamnaya culture is simply the expansion of the Repin culture to the steppe.[25] Rassamakin however argues that Repin was only involved in the formation of the Gorodtsov culture, a late local subgroup of Yamnaya.[19]","title":"Expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007277-26"},{"link_name":"pre-Tocharian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007305-27"}],"text":"David Anthony speculates that people of the Repin culture may have spoken a dialect of early Proto-Indo-European.[26] He also proposes that the Afanasievo separation from the Repin culture represents the separation of pre-Tocharian from early Proto-Indo-European.[27]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The horse, the wheel, and language : how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/496275617"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4008-3110-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3110-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"496275617","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/496275617"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric mobility and diet in the west Eurasian steppes 3500 to 300 BC : an isotopic 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(Russia)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/10.1007/s12520-020-01197-w"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2020ArAnS..12..241M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ArAnS..12..241M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s12520-020-01197-w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12520-020-01197-w"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1866-9557","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1866-9557"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"221885294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221885294"},{"link_name":"Transitions to the Bronze Age : interregional interaction and socio-cultural change in the third millennium B.C. Carpathian Basin and neighbouring regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/878854403"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-963-9911-48-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9911-48-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"878854403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/878854403"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Beyond the steppe and the sown : proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/235333195"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-474-0821-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0821-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"235333195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/235333195"},{"link_name":"\"The repin culture and the origin of the yamnaya (pitgrave) culture (abstracts, in Russian)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/283070987"}],"text":"Anthony, David W. (2007). The horse, the wheel, and language : how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton, N.J. ISBN 978-1-4008-3110-4. OCLC 496275617.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Gerling, Claudia (2015). Prehistoric mobility and diet in the west Eurasian steppes 3500 to 300 BC : an isotopic approach. Berlin [Germany]. ISBN 978-3-11-031121-1. OCLC 940511491.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Levine, Marsha (1999). Late prehistoric exploitation of the Eurasian steppe. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ISBN 1-902937-03-1. OCLC 43563544.Morgunova, Nina L. (2015). \"Pottery from the Volga area in the Samara and South Urals region from Eneolithic to Early Bronze Age\". Documenta Praehistorica. 42. doi:10.4312/dp.42.22. ISSN 1854-2492.Morgunova, Nina L (2016). \"Archaeological and Natural Scientific Studies of Pit-Grave Culture Barrows in the Volga-Ural Interfluve\". Estonian Journal of Archaeology. 20 (2): 128. doi:10.3176/arch.2016.2.02. ISSN 1406-2933.Morgunova, N. L. (2020). \"Development of ancient cultures and paleoenvironment during the Eneolithic Period and the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Cis-Urals steppe (Russia)\". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 12 (10): 241. Bibcode:2020ArAnS..12..241M. doi:10.1007/s12520-020-01197-w. ISSN 1866-9557. S2CID 221885294.Heyd, Volker (2013). Transitions to the Bronze Age : interregional interaction and socio-cultural change in the third millennium B.C. Carpathian Basin and neighbouring regions. Budapest. ISBN 978-963-9911-48-2. OCLC 878854403.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Peterson, D. L. (2006). Beyond the steppe and the sown : proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-0821-5. OCLC 235333195.Trifonov, Viktor (1996). \"The repin culture and the origin of the yamnaya (pitgrave) culture (abstracts, in Russian)\".","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_period
Kangxi Emperor
["1 Early reign","2 Military achievements","2.1 Army","2.2 Revolt of the Three Feudatories","2.3 Taiwan","2.4 Russia","2.5 Mongolia","2.6 Manchu Hoifan and Ula rebellion against the Qing","2.7 Tibet","2.8 Muslims","2.9 Chinese nobility","3 Economic achievements","4 Cultural achievements","5 Christianity","6 Succession disputes","7 Death and succession","8 Personality and achievements","9 Family","10 Ancestry","11 In popular culture","11.1 Fiction","11.2 Film and television","11.3 Video games","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 Bibliography and further reading","16 External links"]
Longest Ruling Chinese Emperor from 1661 to 1722 "Kangxi" redirects here. For other uses, see Kangxi (disambiguation). Kangxi Emperor康熙帝Emperor of the Qing dynastyReign5 February 1661 – 20 December 1722PredecessorShunzhi EmperorSuccessorYongzheng EmperorRegentSonin (1661–1667)Ebilun (1661–1667)Suksaha (1661–1667)Oboi (1661–1669)Born(1654-05-04)4 May 1654(順治十一年 三月 十八日)Jingren Palace, Forbidden City, BeijingDied20 December 1722(1722-12-20) (aged 68)(康熙六十一年 十一月 十三日)Changchun Garden, Imperial Gardens, BeijingBurialJing Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombsSpouses Empress Xiaochengren ​ ​(m. 1665; died 1674)​ Empress Xiaozhaoren ​ ​(m. 1665; died 1678)​ Empress Xiaoyiren ​(died 1689)​ Empress Xiaogongren ​(before 1722)​ Issue Yunzhi Yunreng, Prince Limi of the First Rank Yunzhi, Prince Chengyin of the Second Rank Yongzheng Emperor Yunki, Prince Hengwen of the First Rank Yunyou, Prince Chundu of the First Rank Yunsi Yuntang Yun'e Yuntao, Prince Lüyi of the First Rank Yinxiang, Prince Yixian of the First Rank Yunti, Prince Xunqin of the Second Rank Yunxu, Prince Yuke of the Second Rank Yunlu, Prince Zhuangke of the First Rank Yunli, Prince Guoyi of the First Rank Yunyi Yunxi, Prince Shenjing of the Second Rank Yunhu Yunqi Yunbi, Prince Xianke of the First Rank Princess Rongxian of the First Rank Princess Duanjing of the Second Rank Princess Kejing of the First Rank Princess Wenxian of the First Rank Princess Chunque of the First Rank Princess Wenke of the Second Rank Princess Quejing of the Second Rank Princess Dunke of the Second Rank NamesAisin-Gioro Xuanye (愛新覺羅·玄燁)Manchu: Hiowan yei (ᡥᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ ᠶᡝᡳ)Era datesKangxi (康熙): 18 February 1662 – 4 February 1723Manchu: Elhe taifin (ᡝᠯᡥᡝ ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ)Mongolian: Энх амгалан (ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠩ)Posthumous nameEmperor Hetian Hongyun Wenwu Ruizhe Gongjian Kuanyu Xiaojing Chengxin Zhonghe Gongde Dacheng Ren (合天弘運文武睿哲恭儉寬裕孝敬誠信中和功德大成仁皇帝)Manchu: Gosin hūwangdi (ᡤᠣᠰᡳᠨ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ)Temple nameShengzu (聖祖)Manchu: Šengdzu (ᡧᡝᠩᡯᡠ)HouseAisin-GioroDynastyQingFatherShunzhi EmperorMotherEmpress XiaokangzhangSeal Kangxi EmperorChinese nameChinese康熙帝Literal meaningEmperor of the Era of Health and GloryTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinKāngxīdìGwoyeu RomatzyhKangshi DihWade–GilesKʻang-hsi TiIPAYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationHōng-hēi DaiJyutpingHong1-hei1 Dai3Southern MinTâi-lôKhong-hi TèMongolian nameMongolian Cyrillicᠡᠩᠭᠡ ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠩ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨЭнх амгалан хаанTranscriptionsSASM/GNCEngke Amuɣulang KhaanManchu nameManchu scriptᡝᠯᡥᡝ ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳMöllendorffElhe Taifin Hūwangdi This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet. The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654 – 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, personal name Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history and one of the longest-reigning rulers in history. He is considered one of China's greatest emperors. The third son of the Shunzhi Emperor, Kangxi was enthroned at the age of seven while actual power was held for six more years by the Four Regents nominated by his father. After assuming personal rule, Kangxi's attempt to revoke the fiefdoms of feudal princes sparked the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, which he suppressed. He also forced the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan and Mongols in the north and northwest to submit to Qing rule, and launched an expedition that incorporated Tibet into the empire. Domestically, he initially welcomed the Jesuits and the propagation of Catholicism in China, but tolerance came to an end as a result of the Chinese Rites controversy. Later in his reign, Kangxi became embroiled in a prolonged succession dispute. He died in 1722 at the age of 68 and was succeeded by his fourth son, who assumed the throne as the Yongzheng Emperor. The Kangxi Emperor's reign brought about long-term stability and relative wealth after years of war and chaos. He initiated the period known as the High Qing era (or the "Prosperous Era of Kangxi and Qianlong"), which lasted for several generations after his death. His court also accomplished such literary feats as the compilation of the Kangxi Dictionary, the Complete Tang Poems poetry anthology, and the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China. Early reign Born on 4 May 1654 to the Shunzhi Emperor and Empress Xiaokangzhang in Jingren Palace, the Forbidden City, Beijing, the Kangxi Emperor was originally given the Chinese name Xuanye (Chinese: 玄燁; pinyin: Xuanye; Manchu transliteration: hiowan yei). He was enthroned at the age of seven (or eight by East Asian age reckoning), on 7 February 1661. However, his era name "Kangxi", only started to be used on 18 February 1662, the first day of the following lunar year. Sinologist Herbert Giles, drawing on contemporary sources, described the Kangxi Emperor as "fairly tall and well proportioned, he loved all manly exercises, and devoted three months annually to hunting. Large bright eyes lighted up his face, which was pitted with smallpox." Portrait of the young Kangxi Emperor in court dress Before the Kangxi Emperor came to the throne, Grand Empress Dowager Zhaosheng (in the name of Shunzhi Emperor) had appointed the powerful men Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi as regents. Sonin died after his granddaughter became Empress Xiaochengren, leaving Suksaha at odds with Oboi in politics. In a fierce power struggle, Oboi had Suksaha put to death and seized absolute power as sole regent. The Kangxi Emperor and the rest of the imperial court acquiesced to this arrangement. In the spring of 1662, the regents ordered a Great Clearance in southern China that evacuated the entire population from the seacoast to counter a resistance movement started by Ming loyalists under the leadership of Taiwan-based Ming general Zheng Chenggong, also titled Koxinga. In 1669, the Kangxi Emperor had Oboi arrested with the help of his grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Zhaosheng, who had raised him. and began taking personal control of the empire. He listed three issues of concern: flood control of the Yellow River; repair of the Grand Canal; the Revolt of the Three Feudatories in south China. The Grand Empress Dowager influenced him greatly and he took care of her himself in the months leading up to her death in 1688. Kangxi's relatives from the Han Chinese Banner Tong 佟 clan of Fushun in Liaoning falsely claimed to be related to the Jurchen Manchu Tunggiya 佟佳 clan of Jilin, using this false claim to get themselves transferred to a Manchu banner in the reign of Kangxi emperor. Military achievements See also: Qing dynasty in Inner Asia Army The Emperor mounted on his horse and guarded by his bodyguards Armoured Kangxi Emperor The Kangxi Emperor in ceremonial armor, armed with bow and arrows, and surrounded by bodyguards. The main army of the Qing Empire, the Eight Banners Army, was in decline under the Kangxi Emperor. It was smaller than it had been at its peak under Hong Taiji and in the early reign of the Shunzhi Emperor; however, it was larger than in the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors' reigns. In addition, the Green Standard Army was still powerful with generals such as Tuhai, Fei Yanggu, Zhang Yong, Zhou Peigong, Shi Lang, Mu Zhan, Shun Shike and Wang Jingbao. The main reason for this decline was a change in system between the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors' reigns. The Kangxi Emperor continued using the traditional military system implemented by his predecessors, which was more efficient and stricter. According to the system, a commander who returned from a battle alone (with all his men dead) would be put to death, and likewise for a foot soldier. This was meant to motivate both commanders and soldiers alike to fight valiantly in war because there was no benefit for the sole survivor in a battle. By the Qianlong Emperor's reign, military commanders had become lax and the training of the army was deemed less important as compared to during the previous emperors' reigns. Revolt of the Three Feudatories Main article: Revolt of the Three Feudatories After the Qing takeover of China in 1644, large parts of the south and west were given as fiefs to three Ming generals who aided the Qing; in 1673 the three feudatories were controlled by Wu Sangui, Geng Jingzhong, and Shang Zhixin. Going against the advice of most of his advisors, Kangxi attempted to force the feudal princes to give up their lands and retire to Manchuria, sparking a rebellion that lasted eight years. For years afterwards Kangxi ruminated on his mistakes and blamed himself in part for the loss of life during the revolt. Wu Sangui's forces overran most of southwest China and he tried to ally himself with local generals such as Wang Fuchen. The Kangxi Emperor employed generals including Zhou Peigong and Tuhai to suppress the rebellion, and also granted clemency to common people caught up in the war. He intended to personally lead the armies to crush the rebels but his subjects advised him against it. The Kangxi Emperor used mainly Han Chinese Green Standard Army soldiers to crush the rebels while the Manchu Banners took a backseat. The revolt ended with victory for Qing forces in 1681. Taiwan Main article: Qing conquest of Taiwan In 1683, the naval forces of the Ming loyalists on Taiwan—organized under the Zheng dynasty as the Kingdom of Tungning—were defeated off Penghu by 300-odd ships under the Qing admiral Shi Lang. Koxinga's grandson Zheng Keshuang surrendered Tungning a few days later and Taiwan became part of the Qing Empire. Zheng Keshuang moved to Beijing, joined the Qing nobility as the "Duke Haicheng" (海澄公), and was inducted into the Eight Banners as a member of the Han Plain Red Banner. His soldiers—including the rattan-shield troops (藤牌營, tengpaiying)—were similarly entered into the Eight Banners, notably serving against Russian Cossacks at Albazin. A score of Ming princes had joined the Zheng dynasty on Taiwan, including Prince Zhu Shugui of Ningjing and Prince Honghuan (朱弘桓), the son of Zhu Yihai. The Qing sent most of the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan back to mainland China, where they spent the rest of their lives. The Prince of Ningjing and his five concubines, however, committed suicide rather than submit to capture. Their palace was used as Shi Lang's headquarters in 1683, but he memorialized the emperor to convert it into a Mazu temple as a propaganda measure in quieting remaining resistance on Taiwan. The emperor approved its dedication as the Grand Matsu Temple the next year and, honoring the goddess Mazu for her supposed assistance during the Qing invasion, promoted her to "Empress of Heaven" (天后 Tianhou) from her previous status as a "heavenly consort" (天妃 Tianfei). Belief in Mazu remains so widespread on Taiwan that her annual celebrations can gather hundreds of thousands of people; she is sometimes even syncretized with Guanyin and the Virgin Mary. The end of the rebel stronghold and capture of the Ming princes allowed the Kangxi Emperor to relax the Sea Ban and permit resettlement of the Fujian and Guangdong coasts. The financial and other incentives to new settlers particularly drew the Hakka, who would have continuous low-level conflict with the returning Punti people for the next few centuries. Russia Main article: Sino-Russian border conflicts Kangxi Emperor at 32 (from le Comte's Nouveaux Memoires, 1696) In the 1650s, the Qing Empire engaged the Tsardom of Russia in a series of border conflicts along the Amur River region, which concluded with the Qing gaining control of the area after the Siege of Albazin. The Russians invaded the northern frontier again in the 1680s. A series of battles and negotiations culminated in the Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689, by which a border was agreed between Russia and China. Mongolia The Inner Mongolian Chahar leader Ligdan Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan, opposed and fought against the Qing until he died of smallpox in 1634. Thereafter, the Inner Mongols under his son Ejei Khan surrendered to the Qing and he was given the title of Prince (Qin Wang, 親王). The Inner Mongolian nobility now became closely tied to the Qing royal family and intermarried with them extensively. Ejei Khan died in 1661 and was succeeded by his brother Abunai. After Abunai showed disaffection with Manchu Qing rule, he was placed under house arrest in 1669 in Shenyang and the Kangxi Emperor gave his title to his son Borni. Abunai bided his time then, with his brother Lubuzung, revolted against the Qing in 1675 during the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, with 3,000 Chahar Mongol followers joining in on the revolt. The revolt was put down within two months, the Qing defeating the rebels in battle on 20 April 1675, killing Abunai and all his followers. Their title was abolished, all Chahar Mongol royal males were executed even if they were born to Manchu Qing princesses, and all Chahar Mongol royal females were sold into slavery except the Manchu Qing princesses. The Chahar Mongols were then put under the direct control of the Qing Emperor unlike the other Inner Mongol leagues which maintained their autonomy. Emperor Kangxi's camp on Kerulen during the campaign of 1696. The Outer Khalkha Mongols had preserved their independence, and only paid tribute to the Qing Empire. However, a conflict between the houses of Jasagtu Khan and Tösheetü Khan led to a dispute between the Khalkha and the Dzungars over the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1688, the Dzungar chief, Galdan Boshugtu Khan, attacked the Khalkha from the west and invaded their territory. The Khalkha royal families and the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu crossed the Gobi Desert and sought help from the Qing Empire in return for submission to Qing authority. In 1690, the Dzungars and Qing forces clashed at the Battle of Ulan Butung in Inner Mongolia, in which the Qing eventually emerged as the victor. In 1696 and 1697 the Kangxi Emperor personally led campaigns against the Dzungars in the early Dzungar–Qing War. The western section of the Qing army defeated Galdan's forces at the Battle of Jao Modo and Galdan died in the following year. Manchu Hoifan and Ula rebellion against the Qing The Kangxi Emperor at the age of 45, painted in 1699 In 1700, some 20,000 Qiqihar Xibe were resettled in Guisui, modern Inner Mongolia, and 36,000 Songyuan Xibe were resettled in Shenyang, Liaoning. The relocation of the Xibe from Qiqihar is believed by Liliya M. Gorelova to be linked to the Qing's annihilation of the Manchu clan Hoifan (Hoifa) in 1697 and the Manchu tribe Ula in 1703 after they rebelled against the Qing; both Hoifan and Ula were wiped out. Tibet In 1701, the Kangxi Emperor ordered the reconquest of Kangding and other border towns in western Sichuan that had been taken by the Tibetans. The Manchu forces stormed Dartsedo and secured the border with Tibet and the lucrative tea-horse trade. The Tibetan desi (regent) Sangye Gyatso concealed the death of the 5th Dalai Lama in 1682, and only informed the emperor in 1697. He moreover kept relations with Dzungar enemies of the Qing. All this evoked the great displeasure of the Kangxi Emperor. Eventually Sangye Gyatso was toppled and killed by the Khoshut ruler Lha-bzang Khan in 1705. As a reward for ridding him of his old enemy the Dalai Lama, the Kangxi Emperor appointed Lha-bzang Khan Regent of Tibet (翊法恭順汗; Yìfǎ Gōngshùn Hán; 'Buddhism Respecting', 'Deferential Khan'). The Dzungar Khanate, a confederation of Oirat tribes based in parts of what is now Xinjiang, continued to threaten the Qing Empire and invaded Tibet in 1717. They took control of Lhasa with a 6,000 strong army and killed Lha-bzang Khan. The Dzungars held on to the city for three years and at the Battle of the Salween River defeated a Qing army sent to the region in 1718. The Qing did not take control of Lhasa until 1720, when the Kangxi Emperor sent a larger expedition force there to defeat the Dzungars. Muslims The Kangxi Emperor incited anti-Muslim sentiment among the Mongols of Qinghai (Kokonor) in order to gain support against the Dzungar Oirat Mongol leader Galdan. Kangxi claimed that Chinese Muslims inside China such as Turkic Muslims in Qinghai were plotting with Galdan, who he falsely claimed converted to Islam. Kangxi falsely claimed that Galdan had spurned and turned his back on Buddhism and the Dalai Lama and that he was plotting to install a Muslim as ruler of China after invading it in a conspiracy with Chinese Muslims. Kangxi also distrusted Muslims of Turfan and Hami. Chinese nobility The Kangxi Emperor granted the title of Wujing Boshi (五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì) to the descendants of Shao Yong, Zhu Xi, Zhuansun Shi, Ran family (Ran Qiu, Ran Geng, Ran Yong), Bu Shang, Yan Yan (disciple of Confucius), and the Duke of Zhou's offspring. Economic achievements This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Kangxi Emperor returning to Beijing after a southern inspection tour in 1689. The contents of the national treasury during the Kangxi Emperor's reign were: 1668 (7th year of Kangxi): 14,930,000 taels 1692: 27,385,631 taels 1702–1709: approximately 50,000,000 taels with little variation during this period 1710: 45,880,000 taels 1718: 44,319,033 taels 1720: 39,317,103 taels 1721 (60th year of Kangxi, second last of his reign): 32,622,421 taels The Kangxi Emperor's Last Will and Testament The reasons for the declining trend in the later years of the Kangxi Emperor's reign were a huge expenditure on military campaigns and an increase in corruption. To fix the problem, the Kangxi Emperor gave Prince Yong (the future Yongzheng Emperor) advice on how to make the economy more efficient. Cultural achievements A vase from the early Kangxi period (Guimet Museum) During his reign, the Kangxi Emperor ordered the compilation of a dictionary of Chinese characters, which became known as the Kangxi Dictionary. This was seen as an attempt by the emperor to gain support from the Han Chinese scholar-bureaucrats, as many of them initially refused to serve him and remained loyal to the Ming dynasty. However, by persuading the scholars to work on the dictionary without asking them to formally serve the Qing imperial court, the Kangxi Emperor led them to gradually taking on greater responsibilities until they were assuming the duties of state officials. In 1700, on the Kangxi Emperor's order, the compilation of a vast encyclopedia known as the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China (completed during the reign of his successor Yongzheng), and a compilation of Tang poetry, the Complete Tang Poems. The Kangxi Emperor also was interested in Western technology and wanted to import them to China. This was done through Jesuit missionaries, such as Ferdinand Verbiest, whom the Kangxi Emperor frequently summoned for meetings, or Karel Slavíček, who made the first precise map of Beijing on the emperor's order. From 1711 to 1723, Matteo Ripa, an Italian priest sent to China by the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, worked as a painter and copper-engraver at the Qing court. In 1723, he returned to Naples from China with four young Chinese Christians, in order to groom them to become priests and send them back to China as missionaries. This marked the beginning of the Collegio dei Cinesi, sanctioned by Pope Clement XII to help the evangelization of Christianity in China. This Chinese Institute was the first school of Sinology in Europe, which would later develop to become the Istituto Orientale and the present day Naples Eastern University. The Kangxi Emperor was also the first Chinese emperor to play a western musical instrument. Thomas Pereira taught him how to play the harpsichord, and he employed Karel Slavíček as court musician. Slavíček was playing Spinet; later the emperor would play on it himself. China's famed blue and white porcelain probably reached its zenith during the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Christianity Main article: Chinese Rites controversy Jesuit astronomers of the Jesuit China missions, with the Kangxi Emperor (Beauvais, 1690–1705) In the early decades of the Kangxi Emperor's reign, Jesuits played a large role in the imperial court. With their knowledge of astronomy, they ran the imperial observatory. Jean-François Gerbillon and Thomas Pereira served as translators for the negotiations of the Treaty of Nerchinsk. The Kangxi Emperor was grateful to the Jesuits for their contributions, the many languages they could interpret, and the innovations they offered his military in gun manufacturing and artillery, the latter of which enabled the Qing Empire to conquer the Kingdom of Tungning. The Kangxi Emperor was also fond of the Jesuits' respectful and unobtrusive manner; they spoke the Chinese language well, and wore the silk robes of the elite. In 1692, when Pereira requested tolerance for Christianity, the Kangxi Emperor was willing to oblige, and issued the Edict of Toleration, which recognized Catholicism, barred attacks on their churches, and legalized their missions and the practice of Christianity by the Chinese people. However, controversy arose over whether Chinese Christians could still take part in traditional Confucian ceremonies and ancestor worship, with the Jesuits arguing for tolerance and the Dominicans taking a hard-line against foreign "idolatry". The Dominican position won the support of Pope Clement XI, who in 1705 sent Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon as his representative to the Kangxi Emperor, to communicate the ban on Chinese rites. Through de Tournon, the Pope insisted on sending his own representative to Beijing to oversee Jesuit missionaries in China. Kangxi refused, wanting to keep missionary activities in China under his final oversight, managed by one of the Jesuits who had been living in Beijing for years. On 19 March 1715, Pope Clement XI issued the papal bull Ex illa die, which officially condemned Chinese rites. In response, the Kangxi Emperor officially forbade Christian missions in China, as they were "causing trouble". Succession disputes This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kangxi Emperor" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Kangxi Emperor on a tour, seated prominently on the deck of a junk. Young Kangxi Middle-aged Kangxi A prolonged struggle between various princes emerged during the Kangxi Emperor's reign over who should inherit the throne – the Nine Lords' War (九子奪嫡). In 1674 the Kangxi Emperor's first spouse, Empress Xiaochengren, died while giving birth to his second surviving son Yinreng, who at the age of two was named crown prince – a Han Chinese custom, to ensure stability during a time of chaos in the south. Although the Kangxi Emperor left the education of several of his sons to others, he personally oversaw the upbringing of Yinreng, grooming him to be a perfect successor. Yinreng was tutored by the mandarin Wang Shan, who remained devoted to him, and spent the later years of his life trying to persuade the Kangxi Emperor to restore Yinreng as the crown prince. Yinreng proved to be unworthy of the succession despite his father showing favoritism towards him. He was said to have beaten and killed his subordinates, and was alleged to have had sexual relations with one of his father's concubines, which was deemed incest and a capital offence. Yinreng also purchased young children from Jiangsu to satisfy his pedophiliac pleasure. In addition, Yinreng's supporters, led by Songgotu, gradually formed a "Crown Prince Party" (太子黨), that aimed to help Yinreng get the throne as soon as possible, even if it meant using unlawful methods. Over the years, the Kangxi Emperor kept constant watch over Yinreng and became aware of his son's many flaws, while their relationship gradually deteriorated. In 1707, the emperor decided that he could no longer tolerate Yinreng's behavior, which he partially mentioned in the imperial edict as "never obeying ancestors' virtues, never obliged to my order, only doing inhumanity and devilry, only showing maliciousness and lust", and decided to strip Yinreng of his position as crown prince. The Kangxi Emperor placed his oldest surviving son, Yinzhi, in charge of overseeing Yinreng's house arrest. Yinzhi, an unfavored Shu son, knowing he had no chance of being selected, recommended the eighth prince, Yinsi, and requested his father to order Yinreng's execution. The Kangxi Emperor was enraged and stripped Yinzhi of his titles. The emperor then commanded his subjects to cease debating the succession issue, but despite this and attempts to reduce rumours and speculation as to who the new crown prince might be, the imperial court's daily activities were disrupted. Yinzhi's actions caused the Kangxi Emperor to suspect that Yinreng might have been framed, so he restored Yinreng as crown prince in 1709, with the support of the 4th and 13th princes, and on the excuse that Yinreng had previously acted under the influence of mental illness. A turtle-based stele with the Kangxi Emperor's inscription, erected in 1699 at the Nanjing mausoleum of the Hongwu Emperor, honouring the founder of the preceding Ming dynasty as surpassing the founders of the Tang and Song dynasties. In 1712, during the Kangxi Emperor's last inspection tour of the south, Yinreng, who was put in charge of state affairs during his father's absence, tried to vie for power again with his supporters. He allowed an attempt at forcing the Kangxi Emperor to abdicate when his father returned to Beijing. However, the emperor received news of the planned coup d'etat, and was so angry that he deposed Yinreng and placed him under house arrest again. After the incident, the emperor announced that he would not appoint any of his sons as crown prince for the remainder of his reign. He stated that he would place his Imperial Valedictory Will inside a box in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, which would only be opened after his death. Seeing that Yinreng was completely disavowed, Yinsi and some other princes turned to support the 14th prince, Yinti, while the 13th prince supported Yinzhen. They formed the so-called "Eighth Lord Party" (八爺黨) and "Fourth Lord Party" (四爺黨). Death and succession Following the deposition of the crown prince, the Kangxi Emperor implemented groundbreaking changes in the political landscape. The 13th prince, Yinxiang, was placed under house arrest as well for cooperating with Yinreng. The eighth prince Yinsi was stripped of all his titles and only had them restored years later. The 14th prince Yinti, whom many considered to be the most likely candidate to succeed the Kangxi Emperor, was sent on a military campaign during the political conflict. Yinsi, along with the ninth and tenth princes, Yintang and Yin'e, pledged their support to Yinti. In the evening of 20 December 1722, just before his death, the Kangxi Emperor called seven of his sons to assemble at his bedside. They were the third, fourth, eighth, ninth, tenth, sixteenth and seventeenth princes. After the Kangxi Emperor died, Longkodo announced that the emperor had selected the fourth prince, Yinzhen, as the new emperor. Yinzhen ascended to the throne and became known as the Yongzheng Emperor. The Kangxi Emperor was entombed at the Eastern Tombs in Zunhua, Hebei. A legend concerning the Kangxi Emperor's will states that he chose Yinti as his heir, but Yinzhen forged the will in his own favour. It has, however, long been refuted by serious historians. Yinzhen, later the Yongzheng Emperor, has attracted many rumours, and some novel-like private books claim he did not die of illness but was assassinated by a swordswoman, Lü Siniang (呂四娘), the granddaughter of Lü Liuliang, though this is never treated seriously by scholars. Personality and achievements Portrait of the old Kangxi Emperor in court dress The Kangxi Emperor was a great consolidator of the Qing dynasty. The transition from the Ming dynasty to the Qing was a cataclysm whose central event was the fall of the capital Beijing to the peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng, then to the Manchus in 1644, and the installation of the five-year-old Shunzhi Emperor on their throne. By 1661, when the Shunzhi Emperor died and was succeeded by the Kangxi Emperor, the Qing conquest of China proper was almost complete. Leading Manchus were already using Chinese institutions and mastering Confucian ideology, while maintaining Manchu culture among themselves. The Kangxi Emperor completed the conquest, suppressed all significant military threats and revived the central government system inherited from the Ming with important modifications. The Kangxi Emperor was a workaholic, rising early and retiring late, reading and responding to numerous memorials every day, conferring with his councilors and giving audiences – and this was in normal times; in wartime, he might be reading memorials from the warfront until after midnight or even, as with the Dzungar conflict, away on campaign in person. The Kangxi Emperor devised a system of communication that circumvented the scholar-bureaucrats, who had a tendency to usurp the power of the emperor. This Palace Memorial System involved the transfer of secret messages between him and trusted officials in the provinces, where the messages were contained in locked boxes that only he and the official had access to. This started as a system for receiving uncensored extreme-weather reports, which the emperor regarded as divine comments on his rule. However, it soon evolved into a general-purpose secret "news channel." Out of this emerged a Grand Council, which dealt with extraordinary, especially military, events. The council was chaired by the emperor and manned by his more elevated Han Chinese and Manchu household staff. From this council, the mandarin civil servants were excluded – they were left only with routine administration. The Kangxi Emperor managed to woo the Confucian intelligentsia into co-operating with the Qing government, despite their deep reservations about Manchu rule and loyalty to the Ming. He appealed to this very sense of Confucian values, for instance, by issuing the Sacred Edict in 1670. He encouraged Confucian learning and made sure that the civil service examinations were held every three years even during times of stress. When some scholars, out of loyalty to the Ming, refused to take the exams, he hit upon the expedient of a special exam to be taken by nomination. He personally sponsored the writing of the Ming Official History, the Kangxi Dictionary, a phrase-dictionary, a vast encyclopedia and an even vaster compilation of Chinese literature. To promote his image as a "sage ruler," he appointed Manchu and Chinese tutors with whom he studied the Confucian classics and worked intensively on Chinese calligraphy. In the one military campaign in which he actively participated, against the Dzungar Mongols, the Kangxi Emperor showed himself an effective military commander. According to Finer, the emperor's own written reflections allow one to experience "how intimate and caring was his communion with the rank-and-file, how discriminating and yet masterful his relationship with his generals". As a result of the scaling down of hostilities as peace returned to China after the Manchu conquest, and also as a result of the ensuing rapid increase of population, land cultivation and therefore tax revenues based on agriculture, the Kangxi Emperor was able first to make tax remissions, then in 1712 to freeze the land tax and corvée altogether, without embarrassing the state treasury (although the dynasty eventually suffered from this fiscal policy, as this preserved tax rates in perpetuity, preventing later emperors from adjusting the fiscal system and hindering attempts at modernisation). Family Empress Empress Xiaochengren (孝誠仁皇后) of the Hešeri clan (赫舍里氏; 3 February 1654 – 6 June 1674) Chenghu (承祜; 4 January 1670 – 3 March 1672), second son Yunreng (允礽), Prince Limi of the First Rank (理密親王; 6 June 1674 – 27 January 1725), seventh (second) son Empress Xiaozhaoren (孝昭仁皇后) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 1653 – 18 March 1678) Empress Xiaoyiren (孝懿仁皇后) of the Tunggiya clan (佟佳氏; ? – 24 August 1689) Eighth daughter (13 July 1683 – 6 August 1683) Miscarriage (August 1689) Empress Xiaogongren (孝恭仁皇后) of the Uya clan (烏雅氏; 28 April 1660 – 25 June 1723) Yinzhen (胤禛), the Yongzheng Emperor (雍正帝; 13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), 11th (fourth) son Yinzuo (胤祚; 5 March 1680 – 15 June 1685), 14th (sixth) son Seventh daughter (5 July 1682 – September 1682) Princess Wenxian of the First Rank (固倫溫憲公主; 10 November 1683 – August/September 1702), ninth daughter Married Shun'anyan (舜安顏; ? – 1724) of the Manchu Tunggiya clan in October/November 1700 12th daughter (14 June 1686 – February/March 1697) Yunti (允禵), Prince Xunqin of the Second Rank (恂勤郡王; 10 February 1688 – 16 February 1755), 23rd (14th) son Imperial Noble Consort Imperial Noble Consort Quehui (愨惠皇貴妃) of the Tunggiya clan (佟佳氏; September/October 1668 – 24 April 1743) Imperial Noble Consort Jingmin (敬敏皇貴妃) of the Janggiya clan (章佳氏; ? – 20 August 1699) Yinxiang (胤祥), Prince Yixian of the First Rank (怡賢親王; 16 November 1686 – 18 June 1730), 22nd (13th) son Princess Wenke of the Second Rank (和碩溫恪公主; 31 December 1687 – 27 July 1709), 13th daughter Married Cangjin (蒼津) of the Mongol Onnigud Borjigin clan in August/September 1706 Princess Dunke of the Second Rank (和碩敦恪公主; 3 February 1691 – 2 January 1710), 15th daughter Married Dorji (多爾濟; ? – 1720) of the Mongol Khorchin Borjigin clan in January/February 1709 and had issue (one daughter) Imperial Noble Consort Dunyi (惇怡皇貴妃) of the Gūwalgiya clan (瓜爾佳氏; 3 December 1683 – 30 April 1768) 18th daughter (17 November 1701 – November 1701) Noble Consort Noble Consort Wenxi (溫僖貴妃) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 14 February 1661 – 19 December 1694) Yun'e (允䄉), Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公; 28 November 1683 – 18 October 1741), 18th (10th) son 11th daughter (24 October 1685 – June/July 1686) Consort Consort Hui (慧妃) of the Khorchin Borjigin clan (博爾濟吉特氏; ? – 30 May 1670) Consort Hui (惠妃) of the Ula-Nara clan (葉赫那拉氏; ? – 1 May 1732) Chengqing (承慶; 21 March 1670 – 26 May 1671), third son Yunzhi (允禔), Prince of the Fourth Rank (貝子; 12 March 1672 – 7 January 1735), fifth (first) son Consort Yi (宜妃) of the Gorolo clan (郭絡羅氏; 1660 – 2 October 1733), personal name was Nalanzhu (納蘭珠) Yunki (允祺), Prince Hengwen of the First Rank (恆溫親王; 5 January 1680 – 10 July 1732), 13th (fifth) son Yuntang (允禟), Prince of the Fourth Rank (貝子; 17 October 1683 – 22 September 1726), 17th (ninth) son Yinzi (胤禌; 8 June 1685 – 22 August 1696), 20th (11th) son Consort Rong (榮妃) of the Magiya clan (馬佳氏; ? – 26 April 1727) Chengrui (承瑞; 5 November 1667 – 10 July 1670), first son Saiyinchahun (賽音察渾; 24 January 1672 – 6 March 1674), fourth son Princess Rongxian of the First Rank (固倫榮憲公主; 20 June 1673 – 29 May 1728), third daughter Married Örgen (烏爾袞; ? – 1721) of the Mongol Barin Borjigin clan in June/July 1691 and had issue (a son) Changhua (長華; 11 May 1674 – ?), sixth son Changsheng (長生; 10 September 1675 – 27 April 1677), eighth son Yunzhi (允祉), Prince Chengyin of the Second Rank (誠隱郡王; 23 March 1677 – 10 July 1732), 10th (third) son Consort Ping (平妃) of the Hešeri clan (赫舍里氏; ? – 18 July 1696) Yinji (胤禨; 23 February 1691 – 30 March 1691), 24th son Consort Liang (良妃) of the Wei clan (衛氏; 1662 – 29 December 1711) Yunsi (允禩), Prince Lian of the First Rank (廉親王; 29 March 1681 – 5 October 1726), 16th (eighth) son Consort Xuan (宣妃) of the Khorchin Borjigin clan (博爾濟吉特氏; ? – 12 September 1736), personal name Chenglian (成蓮) Consort Cheng (成妃) of the Daigiya clan (戴佳氏; ? – 18 December 1740) Yunyou (允佑), Prince Chundu of the First Rank (淳度親王; 19 August 1680 – 18 May 1730), 15th (seventh) son Consort Shunyimi (順懿密妃) of the Wang clan (王氏; ? – 19 November 1744) Yunxu (允禑), Prince Yuke of the Second Rank (愉恪郡王; 24 December 1693 – 8 March 1731), 25th (15th) son Yunlu (允祿), Prince Zhuangke of the First Rank (莊恪親王; 28 July 1695 – 20 March 1767), 26th (16th) son Yinxie (胤祄; 15 May 1701 – 17 October 1708), 28th (18th) son Consort Chunyuqin (純裕勤妃) of the Chen clan (陳氏; ? – 12 January 1754) Yunli (允禮), Prince Guoyi of the First Rank (果毅親王; 24 March 1697 – 21 March 1738), 27th (17th) son Consort Ding (定妃) of the Wanlioha clan (萬琉哈氏; January/February 1661 – 24 May 1757) Yuntao (允祹), Prince Lüyi of the First Rank (履懿親王; 18 January 1686 – 1 September 1763), 21st (12th) son Concubine Concubine An (安嬪) of the Li clan (李氏) Concubine Jing (敬嬪) of the Wanggiya clan (王佳氏) Concubine Duan (端嬪) of the Dong clan (董氏; ? – 1702) Second daughter (17 April 1671 – March/April 1673) Concubine Xi (僖嬪) of the Hešeri clan (赫舍里氏; ? – 31 October 1702) Concubine Tong (通嬪) of the Ula-Nara clan (那拉氏; 1664 – 1 August 1744) Princess Chunque of the First Rank (固倫純慤公主; 20 March 1685 – 22 April 1710), 10th daughter Married Ts'ering (策棱; ? – 1750) of the Mongol Khalkha Borjigin clan in June/July 1706 and had issue (one son) Concubine Xiang (襄嬪) of the Gao clan (高氏; ? – 14 August 1746), personal name Zaiyi (在儀) Yinji (胤禝; 25 October 1702 – 28 March 1704), 29th (19th) son 19th daughter (30 March 1703 – February/March 1705) Yunyi (允禕), Prince Jianjing of the Third Rank (簡靖貝勒; 1 September 1706 – 30 June 1755), 30th (20th) son Concubine Jin (謹嬪) of the Sehetu clan (色赫圖氏; 2 August 1682 – 23 April 1739) Yunhu (允祜), Prince Gongqin of the Third Rank (恭勤貝勒; 10 January 1712 – 12 February 1744), 32nd (22nd) son Concubine Jing (靜嬪) of the Shi clan (石氏; 13 December 1689 – 10 July 1758) Yunci (允祁), Prince Cheng of the Third Rank (誠貝勒; 14 January 1714 – 31 August 1785), 33rd (23rd) son Concubine Xi (熙嬪) of the Chen clan (陳氏; April/May 1690 – 1 February 1737) Yunxi (允禧), Prince Shenjing of the Second Rank (慎靖郡王; 27 February 1711 – 26 June 1758), 31st (21st) son Concubine Mu (穆嬪) of the Chen clan (陳氏; ? – 1727) Yunbi (允秘), Prince Xianke of the First Rank (𫍯恪親王; 5 July 1716 – 3 December 1773), 34th (24th) son Yinyuan (胤禐; 2 March 1718), 35th son Noble Lady Noble Lady Yi (伊貴人) of the Yi clan (易氏; ? – 1728) Noble Lady Bu (布貴人) of the Joogiya clan (兆佳氏; ? – 21 February 1717) Princess Duanjing of the Second Rank (和碩端靜公主; 9 June 1674 – March/April 1710), fifth daughter Married Ga'erzang (噶爾臧; 1675–1722) of the Mongol Kharchin Ulanghan clan in November/December 1692, and had issue (one daughter) Noble Lady (貴人) of the Nara clan (那拉氏) Wanfu (萬黼; 4 December 1675 – 11 March 1679), ninth son Yinzan (胤禶; 10 April 1679 – 30 April 1680), 12th son Noble Lady (貴人) of the Gorolo clan (郭絡羅氏), personal name was Buyinzhu (布音珠) Princess Kejing of the First Rank (固倫恪靖公主; 4 July 1679 – March/April 1735), sixth daughter Married Dondob Dorji (敦多布多爾濟; ? – 1743) of the Mongol Khalkha Borjigin clan in December 1697/January 1698 and had issue (three sons) Yinju (胤䄔; 13 September 1683 – 17 July 1684), 19th son Noble Lady (貴人) of the Yuan clan (袁氏; ? – 25 September 1719) Princess Quejing of the Second Rank (和碩愨靖公主; 16 January 1690 – 1736), 14th daughter Married Sun Chengyun (孫承運; ? – 1719) in 1706 Mistress Mistress (格格) of the Zhang clan (張氏) First daughter (23 December 1668 – November 1671) Fourth daughter (16 March 1674 – January/February 1679) Mistress (格格) of the Wang clan (王氏) 16th daughter (27 November 1695 – October/November 1707) Mistress (格格) of the Liu clan (劉氏) 17th daughter (12 January 1699 – December 1700 or January 1701) Mistress (格格) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏) 20th daughter (20 November 1708 – January/February 1709) Ancestry Nurhaci (1559–1626) Hong Taiji (1592–1643) Empress Xiaocigao (1575–1603) Shunzhi Emperor (1638–1661) Jaisang Empress Xiaozhuangwen (1613–1688) Boli (d. 1654) Kangxi Emperor (1654–1722) Yangzhen (d. 1621) Tulai (1606–1658) Empress Xiaokangzhang (1638–1663) Lady Gioro In popular culture Fiction The Great Kangxi Emperor (康熙大帝), a historical novel by Eryue He which romanticises the Kangxi Emperor's life. The Deer and the Cauldron, a wuxia novel by Jin Yong. In the novel, the Kangxi Emperor and the protagonist, Wei Xiaobao, become close friends in their childhood. Wei Xiaobao helps the emperor consolidate his rule over the Qing Empire and plays an important role in how significant historical events of the Kangxi era unfold. Seven Swords Descend from Mount Heaven, a wuxia novel by Liang Yusheng. In the novel, the Kangxi Emperor discovers that his father, the Shunzhi Emperor, has become a monk in a monastery on Mount Wutai. He orders a close aide to kill his father in order to consolidate power, and later attempts to erase evidence of the murder. Film and television The Kangxi Emperor in film and television Year Region Title Type Kangxi Emperor actor Notes 1984 Hong Kong The Deer and the Cauldron Television Andy Lau A Hong Kong television series adapted from The Deer and the Cauldron 1995 Hong Kong The Ching Emperor(天子屠龍) Television Julian Cheung TVB series 1998 Hong Kong The Deer and the Cauldron Television Steven Ma Hong Kong television series adapted from The Deer and the Cauldron 2000 Hong Kong/Taiwan The Duke of Mount Deer (小宝与康熙) Television Patrick Tam Adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Deer and the Cauldron. 2001 Mainland China Kangxi Dynasty Television Chen Daoming Adapted from Eryue He's novel The Great Kangxi Emperor 2006 Mainland China Secret History of Kangxi (康熙秘史) Television Xia Yu The fourth instalment in a four-part Chinese television series about the early history of the Qing dynasty 1998–2007 Mainland China Records of Kangxi's Travel Incognito Television Zhang Guoli A five-season Chinese television series about the Kangxi Emperor's inspection tours to southern China. During some of his tours, the emperor disguised himself as a commoner to conceal his identity so that he can blend into society and understand commoners' daily lives better. 2008 Mainland China The Deer and the Cauldron Television Wallace Chung Chinese television series adapted from The Deer and the Cauldron 2011 Mainland China Palace Television Kent Tong Chinese television series set in the Kangxi era of the Qing dynasty. A woman from the 21st century accidentally travels back in time to the 18th century. Hong Kong The Life and Times of a Sentinel Television Power Chan Hong Kong television series about Fuquan attempting to overthrow the Kangxi Emperor Mainland China Scarlet Heart Television Damian Lau Chinese television series set in the Kangxi era of the Qing dynasty. A woman from the 21st century accidentally travels back in time to the 18th century. 2013 Mainland China The Palace Film Winston Chao 2014 Mainland China The Deer and the Cauldron Television Wei Qianxiang Chinese television series adapted from The Deer and the Cauldron 2014 Hong Kong Gilded Chopsticks Television Elliot Ngok Hong Kong television series about a chef who befriends Yinzhen (the future Yongzheng Emperor) and aids him in the power struggle for the succession. 2016 Mainland China Chronicle of Life Television Hawick Lau Chinese television series about a romance between the Kangxi Emperor and his childhood love. 2017 Mainland China Legend of Dragon Pearl Television Qin Junjie Chinese television series about Kangxi at the beginning of his reign. 2019 Mainland China Dreaming Back to the Qing Dynasty Television Liu Jun 2022 Mainland China The Long River Television Luo Jin Chinese television series about Kangxi's efforts to recruit talented officials to manage the Yellow River. Video games Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties: The Kangxi Emperor is featured as the Chinese leader in this real-time strategy game. Call Me Emperor: Kangxi is featured as a minister in this Strategy Click-RPG game. See also Chinese emperors family tree (late) Kangxi Tongbao Notes ^ Chenhan (宸翰, Chénhàn) seal used for calligraphy and handwritten works. ^ Note that Xuanye was born in May 1654, and was therefore less than seven years old at the time. Both Spence 2002 and Oxnam 1975 (p. 1) nonetheless claim that he was "seven years old." Dennerline 2002 (p. 119) and Rawski 1998 (p. 99) indicate that he was "not yet seven years old." Following East Asian age reckoning, Chinese documents concerning the succession say that Xuanye was eight sui (Oxnam 1975, p. 62). ^ The Kangxi Emperor's second cousin and elder sister of Noble Consort Wenxi. ^ The Kangxi Emperor's first cousin and elder sister of Imperial Noble Consort Quehui. ^ The Kangxi Emperor's first cousin and younger sister of Empress Xiaoyiren. ^ The Kangxi Emperor's second cousin and younger sister of Empress Xiaozhaoren. ^ The Kangxi Emperor's first cousin-twice-removed. ^ The Kangxi Emperor's third cousin. References ^ "Emperor Kangxi - The Emperor Who Reigned for the Longest Period in Chinese History". Cultural China. Archived from the original on 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ Magill, Frank N.; Taylor, Larissa Juliet, eds. (2006). Great lives from history (First ed.). Pasadena, CA: Salem Press. ISBN 978-1-58765-222-6. ^ "NOVEMBER 9, 2018 BY - The Kangxi Emperor". Columbia University. 9 November 2018. ^ Rowe (2009), p. 63. ^ Giles 1912, p. 40. ^ a b Peterson, Bennet. Notable Women of China. p. 328. ^ Crossley, Pamela (June 1983). "restricted access The Tong in Two Worlds: Cultural Identities in Liaodong and Nurgan during the 13th-17th centuries". Ch'ing-shih Wen-t'i. 4 (9). Johns Hopkins University Press: 21–46. ^ Spence, Jonathan D. (1974). Emperor of China: Self-portrait of Kʻang-hsi (Vintage books ed.). New York. pp. xvi–xvii, 36–38. ISBN 0-679-72074-X. OCLC 18931977.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Manthorpe 2008, p. 108. ^ Bergman, Karl (2009), "Tainan Grand Matsu Temple", Tainan City Guide, Tainan: Word Press. ^ "Tainan Grand Matsu Temple", Chinatownology, 2015. ^ Spence 1974, p. xv. ^ Gorelova 2002, p. 36. ^ Cordier & Pelliot 1922, p. 33. ^ Perdue, Peter C (2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 191, 192. ISBN 978-0674042025. ^ 不詳 (21 August 2015). 新清史. 朔雪寒. GGKEY:ZFQWEX019E4. ^ H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (15 April 2013). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. pp. 493–494. ISBN 978-1-135-79795-9. ^ Spence 1974, p. 73. ^ a b c Mantienne, p. 180 ^ Les Missions Etrangeres, p. 83 ^ Manteigne, p. 178 ^ "In the Light and Shadow of an Emperor: Tomás Pereira, S.J. (1645–1708), the Kangxi Emperor and the Jesuit Mission in China", An International Symposium in Commemoration of the 3rd Centenary of the death of Tomás Pereira, S.J., Lisbon, Portugal and Macau, China, 2008, archived from the original on 22 August 2009{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Neill, S. (1964). A History of Christian Missions, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, pp. 189-190. ^ Aldridge, Alfred Owen, Masayuki Akiyama, Yiu-Nam Leung. Crosscurrents in the Literatures of Asia and the West, p. 54 ^ Spence 1974, pp. xviii-xix, 76-79. ^ Li, Dan J., trans. (1969). China in Transition, 1517–1911, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, p. 22 ^ Spence 1974, p. 120. ^ original words:不法祖德，不遵朕训，惟肆恶虐众，暴戾淫乱 ^ 明孝陵两大“碑石之谜”被破解 Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine (Solving the two great riddles of the Ming Xiaoling's stone tablets). People's Daily, 13 June 2003. Quote regarding the Kangxi Emperor's stele text and its meaning: "清朝皇帝躬祀明朝皇帝 ... 禦書“治隆唐宋”（意思是讚揚朱元璋的功績超過了唐太宗李世民、宋高祖趙匡胤）" ^ 吕四娘刺雍正 只是个传说 Archived 21 February 2014 at archive.today ^ Finer (1997), pp. 1134–5 ^ Spence, The Search for Modern China (2013), pp. 67-68 ^ Spence, The Search for Modern China (2013), pp. 56-58. ^ Finer (1997), p. 1142. ^ Finer (1997), pp. 1156–7. ^ Hammond, Kenneth J. (2004). From Yao to Mao: 5000 Years of Chinese History Part III (PDF). pp. 7–8. ^ Eryue He (2018). Kangxi Emperor (in Chinese). 长江文艺出版社. ISBN 978-7535468987. ^ Cha, Louis (2018). Minford, John (ed.). The Deer and the Cauldron: 3 Volume Set. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190836054. ^ Liang, Yusheng (1956). Qijian Xia Tianshan (in Chinese). China: Guangdong Travel and Tourism Press. ISBN 9787805216461. ^ 网易 (23 January 2019). "《梦回大清》主演阵容新鲜出炉 众主演颜值爆表". ent.163.com. Retrieved 1 March 2019. Bibliography and further reading Cordier, Henri; Pelliot, Paul, eds. (1922). T'oung Pao (通報) or Archives. Vol. XX1. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Dennerline, Jerry (2002), "The Shun-chih Reign", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–119, ISBN 0-521-24334-3. Finer, S. E. (1997). The History of Government from the Earliest Times. ISBN 0-19-822904-6 (three-volume set, hardback) Bennet Peterson, Barbara (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Giles, Herbert (1912), China and the Manchus, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar. Vol. Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 9004123075. Retrieved 6 May 2014. Oxnam, Robert B. (1975), Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-64244-5. Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998), The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-22837-5. Rowe, William T. (2009). China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674036123. Spence, Jonathan D. (2002), "The K'ang-hsi Reign", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–82, ISBN 0-521-24334-3. Kangxi and Jonathan D. Spence (1975). Emperor of China: Self Portrait of K'ang Hsi. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0394714113. Ch. 3, "Kangxi's Consolidation," in Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: Norton; 3rd, 2013), pp. 48–71. Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century". Modern China. 32 (1). Sage Publications: 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Hsüan-yeh" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office. External links Media related to Kangxi Emperor at Wikimedia Commons Kangxi Emperor House of Aisin-GioroBorn: 4 May 1654 Died: 20 December 1722 Regnal titles Preceded byShunzhi Emperor Emperor of the Qing dynastyEmperor of China 1661–1722 Succeeded byYongzheng Emperor vteReign of the Kangxi Emperor ____ ____ 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1879 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ vteEmperors of the Qing dynastyLater Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors Taizu Taizong Enthroned in 1626 as Khan, Hong Taiji changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.In 1644, the Shunzhi Emperor began to rule over China proper, replacing the Ming dynasty. Taizong Shunzhi Kangxi Yongzheng Qianlong Jiaqing Daoguang Xianfeng Tongzhi Guangxu XuantongXia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Taiwan Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii Artists KulturNav ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kangxi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_language"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Manchu"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"Manchu alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_alphabet"},{"link_name":"temple name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_name"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"China proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_proper"},{"link_name":"Chinese history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"link_name":"longest-reigning rulers in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-reigning_monarchs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Four Regents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Regents_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Revolt of the Three Feudatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Tungning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia"},{"link_name":"launched an expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Chinese Rites controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"High Qing era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Qing_era"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe200963-5"},{"link_name":"Kangxi Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Complete Tang Poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems"},{"link_name":"Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China"}],"text":"\"Kangxi\" redirects here. For other uses, see Kangxi (disambiguation).This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet.The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654 – 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, personal name Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history and one of the longest-reigning rulers in history.[1] He is considered one of China's greatest emperors.[2]The third son of the Shunzhi Emperor, Kangxi was enthroned at the age of seven while actual power was held for six more years by the Four Regents nominated by his father.[3] After assuming personal rule, Kangxi's attempt to revoke the fiefdoms of feudal princes sparked the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, which he suppressed. He also forced the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan and Mongols in the north and northwest to submit to Qing rule, and launched an expedition that incorporated Tibet into the empire. Domestically, he initially welcomed the Jesuits and the propagation of Catholicism in China, but tolerance came to an end as a result of the Chinese Rites controversy. Later in his reign, Kangxi became embroiled in a prolonged succession dispute. He died in 1722 at the age of 68 and was succeeded by his fourth son, who assumed the throne as the Yongzheng Emperor.The Kangxi Emperor's reign brought about long-term stability and relative wealth after years of war and chaos. He initiated the period known as the High Qing era (or the \"Prosperous Era of Kangxi and Qianlong\"),[4] which lasted for several generations after his death. His court also accomplished such literary feats as the compilation of the Kangxi Dictionary, the Complete Tang Poems poetry anthology, and the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China.","title":"Kangxi Emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaokangzhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaokangzhang"},{"link_name":"Forbidden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Manchu transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterations_of_Manchu"},{"link_name":"enthroned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthronement"},{"link_name":"East Asian age reckoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"era name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_era_name"},{"link_name":"Herbert Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Giles"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles191240-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Kangxi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Empress Dowager Zhaosheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaozhuangwen"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Sonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonin_(regent)"},{"link_name":"Suksaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suksaha"},{"link_name":"Ebilun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebilun"},{"link_name":"Oboi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboi"},{"link_name":"regents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaochengren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaochengren"},{"link_name":"Great Clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Clearance"},{"link_name":"Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zheng Chenggong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Chenggong"},{"link_name":"Koxinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga"},{"link_name":"Grand Empress Dowager Zhaosheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaozhuangwen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bennet_Peterson_328-8"},{"link_name":"Yellow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River"},{"link_name":"Grand Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)"},{"link_name":"Revolt of the Three Feudatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bennet_Peterson_328-8"},{"link_name":"Fushun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushun"},{"link_name":"Liaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning"},{"link_name":"Jurchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen_people"},{"link_name":"Tunggiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunggiya"},{"link_name":"Jilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Born on 4 May 1654 to the Shunzhi Emperor and Empress Xiaokangzhang in Jingren Palace, the Forbidden City, Beijing, the Kangxi Emperor was originally given the Chinese name Xuanye (Chinese: 玄燁; pinyin: Xuanye; Manchu transliteration: hiowan yei). He was enthroned at the age of seven (or eight by East Asian age reckoning), on 7 February 1661.[b] However, his era name \"Kangxi\", only started to be used on 18 February 1662, the first day of the following lunar year.Sinologist Herbert Giles, drawing on contemporary sources, described the Kangxi Emperor as \"fairly tall and well proportioned, he loved all manly exercises, and devoted three months annually to hunting. Large bright eyes lighted up his face, which was pitted with smallpox.\"[5]Portrait of the young Kangxi Emperor in court dressBefore the Kangxi Emperor came to the throne, Grand Empress Dowager Zhaosheng (in the name of Shunzhi Emperor) had appointed the powerful men Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi as regents. Sonin died after his granddaughter became Empress Xiaochengren, leaving Suksaha at odds with Oboi in politics. In a fierce power struggle, Oboi had Suksaha put to death and seized absolute power as sole regent. The Kangxi Emperor and the rest of the imperial court acquiesced to this arrangement.In the spring of 1662, the regents ordered a Great Clearance in southern China that evacuated the entire population from the seacoast to counter a resistance movement started by Ming loyalists under the leadership of Taiwan-based Ming general Zheng Chenggong, also titled Koxinga.In 1669, the Kangxi Emperor had Oboi arrested with the help of his grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Zhaosheng, who had raised him.[6] and began taking personal control of the empire. He listed three issues of concern: flood control of the Yellow River; repair of the Grand Canal; the Revolt of the Three Feudatories in south China. The Grand Empress Dowager influenced him greatly and he took care of her himself in the months leading up to her death in 1688.[6]Kangxi's relatives from the Han Chinese Banner Tong 佟 clan of Fushun in Liaoning falsely claimed to be related to the Jurchen Manchu Tunggiya 佟佳 clan of Jilin, using this false claim to get themselves transferred to a Manchu banner in the reign of Kangxi emperor.[7]","title":"Early reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qing dynasty in Inner Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia"}],"text":"See also: Qing dynasty in Inner Asia","title":"Military achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kangxiemperorib8.jpg"},{"link_name":"bodyguards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guards_Brigade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoured_Kangxi_Emperor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kangxi-Jagd.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eight Banners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Banners"},{"link_name":"Hong Taiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Qianlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Green Standard Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Standard_Army"},{"link_name":"Shi Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Lang"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Army","text":"The Emperor mounted on his horse and guarded by his bodyguardsArmoured Kangxi EmperorThe Kangxi Emperor in ceremonial armor, armed with bow and arrows, and surrounded by bodyguards.The main army of the Qing Empire, the Eight Banners Army, was in decline under the Kangxi Emperor. It was smaller than it had been at its peak under Hong Taiji and in the early reign of the Shunzhi Emperor; however, it was larger than in the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors' reigns. In addition, the Green Standard Army was still powerful with generals such as Tuhai, Fei Yanggu, Zhang Yong, Zhou Peigong, Shi Lang, Mu Zhan, Shun Shike and Wang Jingbao.[citation needed]The main reason for this decline was a change in system between the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors' reigns. The Kangxi Emperor continued using the traditional military system implemented by his predecessors, which was more efficient and stricter. According to the system, a commander who returned from a battle alone (with all his men dead) would be put to death, and likewise for a foot soldier. This was meant to motivate both commanders and soldiers alike to fight valiantly in war because there was no benefit for the sole survivor in a battle.[citation needed]By the Qianlong Emperor's reign, military commanders had become lax and the training of the army was deemed less important as compared to during the previous emperors' reigns.","title":"Military achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefs"},{"link_name":"Wu Sangui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Sangui"},{"link_name":"Geng Jingzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geng_Jingzhong"},{"link_name":"Shang Zhixin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Zhixin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wang Fuchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Fuchen"},{"link_name":"Zhou Peigong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Peigong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tuhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuhai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Green Standard Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Standard_Army"}],"sub_title":"Revolt of the Three Feudatories","text":"After the Qing takeover of China in 1644, large parts of the south and west were given as fiefs to three Ming generals who aided the Qing; in 1673 the three feudatories were controlled by Wu Sangui, Geng Jingzhong, and Shang Zhixin. Going against the advice of most of his advisors, Kangxi attempted to force the feudal princes to give up their lands and retire to Manchuria, sparking a rebellion that lasted eight years. For years afterwards Kangxi ruminated on his mistakes and blamed himself in part for the loss of life during the revolt.[8]Wu Sangui's forces overran most of southwest China and he tried to ally himself with local generals such as Wang Fuchen. The Kangxi Emperor employed generals including Zhou Peigong and Tuhai to suppress the rebellion, and also granted clemency to common people caught up in the war. He intended to personally lead the armies to crush the rebels but his subjects advised him against it. The Kangxi Emperor used mainly Han Chinese Green Standard Army soldiers to crush the rebels while the Manchu Banners took a backseat. The revolt ended with victory for Qing forces in 1681.","title":"Military achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Island"},{"link_name":"Zheng dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Tungning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning"},{"link_name":"defeated off Penghu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu"},{"link_name":"Qing admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Shi Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Lang"},{"link_name":"Koxinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga"},{"link_name":"Zheng Keshuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Keshuang"},{"link_name":"Qing nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_nobility"},{"link_name":"Eight Banners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Banners"},{"link_name":"Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Plain Red Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Red_Banner"},{"link_name":"against Russian Cossacks at Albazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Zhu Shugui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Shugui"},{"link_name":"朱弘桓","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%BC%98%E6%A1%93"},{"link_name":"Zhu Yihai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Yihai"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"memorialized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_to_the_throne"},{"link_name":"Mazu temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazu_temple"},{"link_name":"Grand Matsu Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Matsu_Temple"},{"link_name":"Mazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Moniang"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcg-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctown-13"},{"link_name":"Belief in Mazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazuism"},{"link_name":"syncretized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretization"},{"link_name":"Guanyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Sea Ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Ban"},{"link_name":"Fujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people"},{"link_name":"continuous low-level conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punti-Hakka_Clan_Wars#Background"},{"link_name":"Punti people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punti_people"}],"sub_title":"Taiwan","text":"In 1683, the naval forces of the Ming loyalists on Taiwan—organized under the Zheng dynasty as the Kingdom of Tungning—were defeated off Penghu by 300-odd ships under the Qing admiral Shi Lang. Koxinga's grandson Zheng Keshuang surrendered Tungning a few days later and Taiwan became part of the Qing Empire. Zheng Keshuang moved to Beijing, joined the Qing nobility as the \"Duke Haicheng\" (海澄公), and was inducted into the Eight Banners as a member of the Han Plain Red Banner. His soldiers—including the rattan-shield troops (藤牌營, tengpaiying)—were similarly entered into the Eight Banners, notably serving against Russian Cossacks at Albazin.A score of Ming princes had joined the Zheng dynasty on Taiwan, including Prince Zhu Shugui of Ningjing and Prince Honghuan (朱弘桓), the son of Zhu Yihai. The Qing sent most of the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan back to mainland China, where they spent the rest of their lives.[9] The Prince of Ningjing and his five concubines, however, committed suicide rather than submit to capture. Their palace was used as Shi Lang's headquarters in 1683, but he memorialized the emperor to convert it into a Mazu temple as a propaganda measure in quieting remaining resistance on Taiwan. The emperor approved its dedication as the Grand Matsu Temple the next year and, honoring the goddess Mazu for her supposed assistance during the Qing invasion, promoted her to \"Empress of Heaven\" (天后 Tianhou) from her previous status as a \"heavenly consort\" (天妃 Tianfei).[10][11] Belief in Mazu remains so widespread on Taiwan that her annual celebrations can gather hundreds of thousands of people; she is sometimes even syncretized with Guanyin and the Virgin Mary.The end of the rebel stronghold and capture of the Ming princes allowed the Kangxi Emperor to relax the Sea Ban and permit resettlement of the Fujian and Guangdong coasts. The financial and other incentives to new settlers particularly drew the Hakka, who would have continuous low-level conflict with the returning Punti people for the next few centuries.","title":"Military achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kangxi_Emperor_1686.jpg"},{"link_name":"le Comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_le_Comte"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"border conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Amur River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_River"},{"link_name":"Siege of Albazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albazino#The_History_of_Albazin"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Nerchinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk"}],"sub_title":"Russia","text":"Kangxi Emperor at 32 (from le Comte's Nouveaux Memoires, 1696)In the 1650s, the Qing Empire engaged the Tsardom of Russia in a series of border conflicts along the Amur River region, which concluded with the Qing gaining control of the area after the Siege of Albazin.The Russians invaded the northern frontier again in the 1680s. A series of battles and negotiations culminated in the Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689, by which a border was agreed between Russia and China.","title":"Military achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahars"},{"link_name":"Ligdan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligdan_Khan"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Ejei Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejei_Khan"},{"link_name":"Shenyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang"},{"link_name":"Revolt of the Three Feudatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kerulen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerulen"},{"link_name":"Khalkha Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols"},{"link_name":"Dzungars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Galdan Boshugtu Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan"},{"link_name":"Jebtsundamba Khutuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu"},{"link_name":"Gobi Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Desert"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ulan Butung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ulan_Butung"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Dzungar–Qing War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_War"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jao Modo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jao_Modo"}],"sub_title":"Mongolia","text":"The Inner Mongolian Chahar leader Ligdan Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan, opposed and fought against the Qing until he died of smallpox in 1634. Thereafter, the Inner Mongols under his son Ejei Khan surrendered to the Qing and he was given the title of Prince (Qin Wang, 親王). The Inner Mongolian nobility now became closely tied to the Qing royal family and intermarried with them extensively. Ejei Khan died in 1661 and was succeeded by his brother Abunai. After Abunai showed disaffection with Manchu Qing rule, he was placed under house arrest in 1669 in Shenyang and the Kangxi Emperor gave his title to his son Borni.Abunai bided his time then, with his brother Lubuzung, revolted against the Qing in 1675 during the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, with 3,000 Chahar Mongol followers joining in on the revolt. The revolt was put down within two months, the Qing defeating the rebels in battle on 20 April 1675, killing Abunai and all his followers. Their title was abolished, all Chahar Mongol royal males were executed even if they were born to Manchu Qing princesses, and all Chahar Mongol royal females were sold into slavery except the Manchu Qing princesses. The Chahar Mongols were then put under the direct control of the Qing Emperor unlike the other Inner Mongol leagues which maintained their autonomy.Emperor Kangxi's camp on Kerulen during the campaign of 1696.The Outer Khalkha Mongols had preserved their independence, and only paid tribute to the Qing Empire. However, a conflict between the houses of Jasagtu Khan and Tösheetü Khan led to a dispute between the Khalkha and the Dzungars over the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1688, the Dzungar chief, Galdan Boshugtu Khan, attacked the Khalkha from the west and invaded their territory. The Khalkha royal families and the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu crossed the Gobi Desert and sought help from the Qing Empire in return for submission to Qing authority. In 1690, the Dzungars and Qing forces clashed at the Battle of Ulan Butung in Inner Mongolia, in which the Qing eventually emerged as the victor.In 1696 and 1697 the Kangxi Emperor personally led campaigns against the Dzungars in the early Dzungar–Qing War.[12] The western section of the Qing army defeated Galdan's forces at the Battle of Jao Modo and Galdan died in the following year.","title":"Military achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kangxi_Emperor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xibe_people"},{"link_name":"Guisui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guisui"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Shenyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang"},{"link_name":"Liaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Manchu Hoifan and Ula rebellion against the Qing","text":"The Kangxi Emperor at the age of 45, painted in 1699In 1700, some 20,000 Qiqihar Xibe were resettled in Guisui, modern Inner Mongolia, and 36,000 Songyuan Xibe were resettled in Shenyang, Liaoning. The relocation of the Xibe from Qiqihar is believed by Liliya M. Gorelova to be linked to the Qing's annihilation of the Manchu clan Hoifan (Hoifa) in 1697 and the Manchu tribe Ula in 1703 after they rebelled against the Qing; both Hoifan and Ula were wiped out.[13]","title":"Military achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kangding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangding"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"stormed Dartsedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo"},{"link_name":"tea-horse trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Horse_Road"},{"link_name":"Sangye Gyatso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangye_Gyatso"},{"link_name":"5th Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"Khoshut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoshut"},{"link_name":"Lha-bzang Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan"},{"link_name":"Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordierPelliot192233-16"},{"link_name":"Dzungar Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Oirat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Lhasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Salween River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River"},{"link_name":"sent a larger expedition force there","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)"}],"sub_title":"Tibet","text":"In 1701, the Kangxi Emperor ordered the reconquest of Kangding and other border towns in western Sichuan that had been taken by the Tibetans. The Manchu forces stormed Dartsedo and secured the border with Tibet and the lucrative tea-horse trade.The Tibetan desi (regent) Sangye Gyatso concealed the death of the 5th Dalai Lama in 1682, and only informed the emperor in 1697. He moreover kept relations with Dzungar enemies of the Qing. All this evoked the great displeasure of the Kangxi Emperor. Eventually Sangye Gyatso was toppled and killed by the Khoshut ruler Lha-bzang Khan in 1705. As a reward for ridding him of his old enemy the Dalai Lama, the Kangxi Emperor appointed Lha-bzang Khan Regent of Tibet (翊法恭順汗; Yìfǎ Gōngshùn Hán; 'Buddhism Respecting', 'Deferential Khan').[14] The Dzungar Khanate, a confederation of Oirat tribes based in parts of what is now Xinjiang, continued to threaten the Qing Empire and invaded Tibet in 1717. They took control of Lhasa with a 6,000 strong army and killed Lha-bzang Khan. The Dzungars held on to the city for three years and at the Battle of the Salween River defeated a Qing army sent to the region in 1718. The Qing did not take control of Lhasa until 1720, when the Kangxi Emperor sent a larger expedition force there to defeat the Dzungars.","title":"Military achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qinghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai"},{"link_name":"Dzungar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_people"},{"link_name":"Oirat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats"},{"link_name":"Galdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdan"},{"link_name":"Turkic Muslims in Qinghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_people"},{"link_name":"Galdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Muslims","text":"The Kangxi Emperor incited anti-Muslim sentiment among the Mongols of Qinghai (Kokonor) in order to gain support against the Dzungar Oirat Mongol leader Galdan. Kangxi claimed that Chinese Muslims inside China such as Turkic Muslims in Qinghai were plotting with Galdan, who he falsely claimed converted to Islam. Kangxi falsely claimed that Galdan had spurned and turned his back on Buddhism and the Dalai Lama and that he was plotting to install a Muslim as ruler of China after invading it in a conspiracy with Chinese Muslims. Kangxi also distrusted Muslims of Turfan and Hami.[15]","title":"Military achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"五經博士","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB"},{"link_name":"Shao Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shao_Yong"},{"link_name":"Zhu Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi"},{"link_name":"Zhuansun Shi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuansun_Shi"},{"link_name":"Ran Qiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran_Qiu"},{"link_name":"Ran Geng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran_Geng"},{"link_name":"Ran Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran_Yong"},{"link_name":"Bu Shang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu_Shang"},{"link_name":"Yan Yan (disciple of Confucius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Yan_(disciple_of_Confucius)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrunnertHagelstrom2013-19"}],"sub_title":"Chinese nobility","text":"The Kangxi Emperor granted the title of Wujing Boshi (五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì) to the descendants of Shao Yong, Zhu Xi, Zhuansun Shi, Ran family (Ran Qiu, Ran Geng, Ran Yong), Bu Shang, Yan Yan (disciple of Confucius), and the Duke of Zhou's offspring.[16][17]","title":"Military achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kangxi_Emperor%27s_Southern_Tour_(detail).jpg"},{"link_name":"taels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Kangxi_Emperor%27s_Last_Will_and_Testament.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"}],"text":"The Kangxi Emperor returning to Beijing after a southern inspection tour in 1689.The contents of the national treasury during the Kangxi Emperor's reign were:1668 (7th year of Kangxi): 14,930,000 taels\n1692: 27,385,631 taels\n1702–1709: approximately 50,000,000 taels with little variation during this period\n1710: 45,880,000 taels\n1718: 44,319,033 taels\n1720: 39,317,103 taels\n1721 (60th year of Kangxi, second last of his reign): 32,622,421 taelsThe Kangxi Emperor's Last Will and TestamentThe reasons for the declining trend in the later years of the Kangxi Emperor's reign were a huge expenditure on military campaigns and an increase in corruption. To fix the problem, the Kangxi Emperor gave Prince Yong (the future Yongzheng Emperor) advice on how to make the economy more efficient.","title":"Economic achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_Kangxi_vase.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guimet Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimet_Museum"},{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character"},{"link_name":"Kangxi Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Han Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"scholar-bureaucrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar-bureaucrats"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Tang poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_poetry"},{"link_name":"Complete Tang Poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems"},{"link_name":"Jesuit missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Verbiest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiest"},{"link_name":"Karel Slavíček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Slav%C3%AD%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Matteo Ripa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Ripa"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Sinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Naples Eastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_Eastern_University"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pereira"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Karel Slavíček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Slav%C3%AD%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Spinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinet"}],"text":"A vase from the early Kangxi period (Guimet Museum)During his reign, the Kangxi Emperor ordered the compilation of a dictionary of Chinese characters, which became known as the Kangxi Dictionary. This was seen as an attempt by the emperor to gain support from the Han Chinese scholar-bureaucrats, as many of them initially refused to serve him and remained loyal to the Ming dynasty. However, by persuading the scholars to work on the dictionary without asking them to formally serve the Qing imperial court, the Kangxi Emperor led them to gradually taking on greater responsibilities until they were assuming the duties of state officials.In 1700, on the Kangxi Emperor's order, the compilation of a vast encyclopedia known as the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China (completed during the reign of his successor Yongzheng), and a compilation of Tang poetry, the Complete Tang Poems.The Kangxi Emperor also was interested in Western technology and wanted to import them to China. This was done through Jesuit missionaries, such as Ferdinand Verbiest, whom the Kangxi Emperor frequently summoned for meetings, or Karel Slavíček, who made the first precise map of Beijing on the emperor's order.From 1711 to 1723, Matteo Ripa, an Italian priest sent to China by the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, worked as a painter and copper-engraver at the Qing court. In 1723, he returned to Naples from China with four young Chinese Christians, in order to groom them to become priests and send them back to China as missionaries. This marked the beginning of the Collegio dei Cinesi, sanctioned by Pope Clement XII to help the evangelization of Christianity in China. This Chinese Institute was the first school of Sinology in Europe, which would later develop to become the Istituto Orientale and the present day Naples Eastern University.The Kangxi Emperor was also the first Chinese emperor to play a western musical instrument. Thomas Pereira taught him how to play the harpsichord,[18] and he employed Karel Slavíček as court musician. Slavíček was playing Spinet; later the emperor would play on it himself. China's famed blue and white porcelain probably reached its zenith during the Kangxi Emperor's reign.","title":"Cultural achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jesuit_astronomers_with_Kangxi_Emperor_1690-1705_Beauvais.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Jesuit China missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions"},{"link_name":"Beauvais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauvais"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Gerbillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Gerbillon"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pereira"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Nerchinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mantienne,_p._180-21"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Tungning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Les_Missions_Etrangeres,_p._83-22"},{"link_name":"Chinese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manteigne,_p._178-23"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Chinese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"ancestor worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China"},{"link_name":"Dominicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"idolatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI"},{"link_name":"Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Thomas_Maillard_de_Tournon"},{"link_name":"representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mantienne,_p._180-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mantienne,_p._180-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Jesuit astronomers of the Jesuit China missions, with the Kangxi Emperor (Beauvais, 1690–1705)In the early decades of the Kangxi Emperor's reign, Jesuits played a large role in the imperial court. With their knowledge of astronomy, they ran the imperial observatory. Jean-François Gerbillon and Thomas Pereira served as translators for the negotiations of the Treaty of Nerchinsk. The Kangxi Emperor was grateful to the Jesuits for their contributions, the many languages they could interpret, and the innovations they offered his military in gun manufacturing[19] and artillery, the latter of which enabled the Qing Empire to conquer the Kingdom of Tungning.[20]The Kangxi Emperor was also fond of the Jesuits' respectful and unobtrusive manner; they spoke the Chinese language well, and wore the silk robes of the elite.[21] In 1692, when Pereira requested tolerance for Christianity, the Kangxi Emperor was willing to oblige, and issued the Edict of Toleration,[22] which recognized Catholicism, barred attacks on their churches, and legalized their missions and the practice of Christianity by the Chinese people.[23]However, controversy arose over whether Chinese Christians could still take part in traditional Confucian ceremonies and ancestor worship, with the Jesuits arguing for tolerance and the Dominicans taking a hard-line against foreign \"idolatry\". The Dominican position won the support of Pope Clement XI, who in 1705 sent Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon as his representative to the Kangxi Emperor, to communicate the ban on Chinese rites.[19][24] Through de Tournon, the Pope insisted on sending his own representative to Beijing to oversee Jesuit missionaries in China. Kangxi refused, wanting to keep missionary activities in China under his final oversight, managed by one of the Jesuits who had been living in Beijing for years.[25]On 19 March 1715, Pope Clement XI issued the papal bull Ex illa die, which officially condemned Chinese rites.[19] In response, the Kangxi Emperor officially forbade Christian missions in China, as they were \"causing trouble\".[26]","title":"Christianity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kangxi-Reise.jpg"},{"link_name":"junk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_(ship)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%96%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Middle-aged_Kangxi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaochengren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaochengren"},{"link_name":"Yinreng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinreng"},{"link_name":"crown prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_prince"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Han Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)"},{"link_name":"incest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"pedophiliac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia"},{"link_name":"Songgotu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songgotu"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Yinzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinzhi,_Prince_Zhi"},{"link_name":"house arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest"},{"link_name":"Shu son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishu_system"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MingXiaoling_ZLTS01_rotated.jpg"},{"link_name":"turtle-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixi_(tortoise)"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"},{"link_name":"mausoleum of the Hongwu Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Xiaoling_Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"coup d'etat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27etat"},{"link_name":"Palace of Heavenly Purity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Heavenly_Purity"}],"text":"The Kangxi Emperor on a tour, seated prominently on the deck of a junk.Young KangxiMiddle-aged KangxiA prolonged struggle between various princes emerged during the Kangxi Emperor's reign over who should inherit the throne – the Nine Lords' War (九子奪嫡).In 1674 the Kangxi Emperor's first spouse, Empress Xiaochengren, died while giving birth to his second surviving son Yinreng, who at the age of two was named crown prince[27] – a Han Chinese custom, to ensure stability during a time of chaos in the south. Although the Kangxi Emperor left the education of several of his sons to others, he personally oversaw the upbringing of Yinreng, grooming him to be a perfect successor. Yinreng was tutored by the mandarin Wang Shan, who remained devoted to him, and spent the later years of his life trying to persuade the Kangxi Emperor to restore Yinreng as the crown prince.Yinreng proved to be unworthy of the succession despite his father showing favoritism towards him. He was said to have beaten and killed his subordinates, and was alleged to have had sexual relations with one of his father's concubines, which was deemed incest and a capital offence. Yinreng also purchased young children from Jiangsu to satisfy his pedophiliac pleasure. In addition, Yinreng's supporters, led by Songgotu, gradually formed a \"Crown Prince Party\" (太子黨), that aimed to help Yinreng get the throne as soon as possible, even if it meant using unlawful methods.Over the years, the Kangxi Emperor kept constant watch over Yinreng and became aware of his son's many flaws, while their relationship gradually deteriorated. In 1707, the emperor decided that he could no longer tolerate Yinreng's behavior, which he partially mentioned in the imperial edict as \"never obeying ancestors' virtues, never obliged to my order, only doing inhumanity and devilry, only showing maliciousness and lust\",[28] and decided to strip Yinreng of his position as crown prince. The Kangxi Emperor placed his oldest surviving son, Yinzhi, in charge of overseeing Yinreng's house arrest. Yinzhi, an unfavored Shu son, knowing he had no chance of being selected, recommended the eighth prince, Yinsi, and requested his father to order Yinreng's execution. The Kangxi Emperor was enraged and stripped Yinzhi of his titles. The emperor then commanded his subjects to cease debating the succession issue, but despite this and attempts to reduce rumours and speculation as to who the new crown prince might be, the imperial court's daily activities were disrupted. Yinzhi's actions caused the Kangxi Emperor to suspect that Yinreng might have been framed, so he restored Yinreng as crown prince in 1709, with the support of the 4th and 13th princes, and on the excuse that Yinreng had previously acted under the influence of mental illness.A turtle-based stele with the Kangxi Emperor's inscription, erected in 1699 at the Nanjing mausoleum of the Hongwu Emperor, honouring the founder of the preceding Ming dynasty as surpassing the founders of the Tang and Song dynasties.[29]In 1712, during the Kangxi Emperor's last inspection tour of the south, Yinreng, who was put in charge of state affairs during his father's absence, tried to vie for power again with his supporters. He allowed an attempt at forcing the Kangxi Emperor to abdicate when his father returned to Beijing. However, the emperor received news of the planned coup d'etat, and was so angry that he deposed Yinreng and placed him under house arrest again. After the incident, the emperor announced that he would not appoint any of his sons as crown prince for the remainder of his reign. He stated that he would place his Imperial Valedictory Will inside a box in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, which would only be opened after his death.Seeing that Yinreng was completely disavowed, Yinsi and some other princes turned to support the 14th prince, Yinti, while the 13th prince supported Yinzhen. They formed the so-called \"Eighth Lord Party\" (八爺黨) and \"Fourth Lord Party\" (四爺黨).","title":"Succession disputes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yinxiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxiang_(prince)"},{"link_name":"house arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest"},{"link_name":"Yinreng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinreng"},{"link_name":"Yinsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunsi"},{"link_name":"Yinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunti,_Prince_Xun"},{"link_name":"Yintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuntang"},{"link_name":"Longkodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longkodo"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Eastern Tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Qing_Tombs"},{"link_name":"Zunhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunhua"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Yinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunti,_Prince_Xun"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Lü Liuliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Liuliang"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Following the deposition of the crown prince, the Kangxi Emperor implemented groundbreaking changes in the political landscape. The 13th prince, Yinxiang, was placed under house arrest as well for cooperating with Yinreng. The eighth prince Yinsi was stripped of all his titles and only had them restored years later. The 14th prince Yinti, whom many considered to be the most likely candidate to succeed the Kangxi Emperor, was sent on a military campaign during the political conflict. Yinsi, along with the ninth and tenth princes, Yintang and Yin'e, pledged their support to Yinti.In the evening of 20 December 1722, just before his death, the Kangxi Emperor called seven of his sons to assemble at his bedside. They were the third, fourth, eighth, ninth, tenth, sixteenth and seventeenth princes. After the Kangxi Emperor died, Longkodo announced that the emperor had selected the fourth prince, Yinzhen, as the new emperor. Yinzhen ascended to the throne and became known as the Yongzheng Emperor. The Kangxi Emperor was entombed at the Eastern Tombs in Zunhua, Hebei.A legend concerning the Kangxi Emperor's will states that he chose Yinti as his heir, but Yinzhen forged the will in his own favour. It has, however, long been refuted by serious historians. Yinzhen, later the Yongzheng Emperor, has attracted many rumours, and some novel-like private books claim he did not die of illness but was assassinated by a swordswoman, Lü Siniang (呂四娘), the granddaughter of Lü Liuliang, though this is never treated seriously by scholars.[30]","title":"Death and succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kangxi7.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Li Zicheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zicheng"},{"link_name":"Manchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Communications_of_the_Chinese_Empire#Memorials"},{"link_name":"Dzungar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunghar_Khanate"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"scholar-bureaucrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar-bureaucrats"},{"link_name":"Palace Memorial System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Communications_of_the_Chinese_Empire#Memorials"},{"link_name":"Grand Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Han Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sacred Edict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Edict"},{"link_name":"civil service examinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examinations"},{"link_name":"Ming Official History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ming"},{"link_name":"Kangxi Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Chinese literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"land tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax"},{"link_name":"corvée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Portrait of the old Kangxi Emperor in court dressThe Kangxi Emperor was a great consolidator of the Qing dynasty. The transition from the Ming dynasty to the Qing was a cataclysm whose central event was the fall of the capital Beijing to the peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng, then to the Manchus in 1644, and the installation of the five-year-old Shunzhi Emperor on their throne. By 1661, when the Shunzhi Emperor died and was succeeded by the Kangxi Emperor, the Qing conquest of China proper was almost complete. Leading Manchus were already using Chinese institutions and mastering Confucian ideology, while maintaining Manchu culture among themselves. The Kangxi Emperor completed the conquest, suppressed all significant military threats and revived the central government system inherited from the Ming with important modifications.The Kangxi Emperor was a workaholic, rising early and retiring late, reading and responding to numerous memorials every day, conferring with his councilors and giving audiences – and this was in normal times; in wartime, he might be reading memorials from the warfront until after midnight or even, as with the Dzungar conflict, away on campaign in person.[31]The Kangxi Emperor devised a system of communication that circumvented the scholar-bureaucrats, who had a tendency to usurp the power of the emperor. This Palace Memorial System involved the transfer of secret messages between him and trusted officials in the provinces, where the messages were contained in locked boxes that only he and the official had access to. This started as a system for receiving uncensored extreme-weather reports, which the emperor regarded as divine comments on his rule. However, it soon evolved into a general-purpose secret \"news channel.\" Out of this emerged a Grand Council, which dealt with extraordinary, especially military, events. The council was chaired by the emperor and manned by his more elevated Han Chinese and Manchu household staff. From this council, the mandarin civil servants were excluded – they were left only with routine administration.[32]The Kangxi Emperor managed to woo the Confucian intelligentsia into co-operating with the Qing government, despite their deep reservations about Manchu rule and loyalty to the Ming. He appealed to this very sense of Confucian values, for instance, by issuing the Sacred Edict in 1670. He encouraged Confucian learning and made sure that the civil service examinations were held every three years even during times of stress. When some scholars, out of loyalty to the Ming, refused to take the exams, he hit upon the expedient of a special exam to be taken by nomination. He personally sponsored the writing of the Ming Official History, the Kangxi Dictionary, a phrase-dictionary, a vast encyclopedia and an even vaster compilation of Chinese literature. To promote his image as a \"sage ruler,\" he appointed Manchu and Chinese tutors with whom he studied the Confucian classics and worked intensively on Chinese calligraphy.[33]In the one military campaign in which he actively participated, against the Dzungar Mongols, the Kangxi Emperor showed himself an effective military commander. According to Finer, the emperor's own written reflections allow one to experience \"how intimate and caring was his communion with the rank-and-file, how discriminating and yet masterful his relationship with his generals\".[34]As a result of the scaling down of hostilities as peace returned to China after the Manchu conquest, and also as a result of the ensuing rapid increase of population, land cultivation and therefore tax revenues based on agriculture, the Kangxi Emperor was able first to make tax remissions, then in 1712 to freeze the land tax and corvée altogether, without embarrassing the state treasury (although the dynasty eventually suffered from this fiscal policy, as this preserved tax rates in perpetuity, preventing later emperors from adjusting the fiscal system and hindering attempts at modernisation).[35][36]","title":"Personality and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empress Xiaochengren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaochengren"},{"link_name":"Hešeri clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%C5%A1eri"},{"link_name":"Yunreng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunreng"},{"link_name":"Prince Limi of the First Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Li_(%E7%90%86)"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaozhaoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaozhaoren"},{"link_name":"Niohuru clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niohuru"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaoyiren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaoyiren"},{"link_name":"Tunggiya clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunggiya"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaogongren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaogongren"},{"link_name":"Uya clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uya"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Tunggiya clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunggiya"},{"link_name":"Yunti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunti,_Prince_Xun"},{"link_name":"Prince Xunqin of the Second Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Xun_(%E6%81%82)"},{"link_name":"Imperial Noble Consort Quehui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Noble_Consort_Quehui"},{"link_name":"Tunggiya clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunggiya"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Imperial Noble Consort Jingmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Noble_Consort_Jingmin"},{"link_name":"Yinxiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxiang,_Prince_Yi"},{"link_name":"Prince Yixian of the First Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Yi_(%E6%80%A1)"},{"link_name":"Borjigin clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjigin"},{"link_name":"Khorchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols"},{"link_name":"Borjigin clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjigin"},{"link_name":"Imperial Noble Consort Dunyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Noble_Consort_Dunyi"},{"link_name":"Gūwalgiya clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%ABwalgiya"},{"link_name":"Noble Consort Wenxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Consort_Wenxi"},{"link_name":"Niohuru clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niohuru"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Yun'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yun%27e"},{"link_name":"Khorchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols"},{"link_name":"Borjigin clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjigin"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ula-Nara clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_clan#Ula_Nara"},{"link_name":"Yunzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunzhi,_Prince_Zhi"},{"link_name":"Consort Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Yi_(Kangxi)"},{"link_name":"Gorolo clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorolo"},{"link_name":"Yunki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunki"},{"link_name":"Prince Hengwen of the First Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Heng"},{"link_name":"Yuntang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuntang"},{"link_name":"Consort Rong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Rong_(Kangxi)"},{"link_name":"Magiya clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiya"},{"link_name":"Borjigin clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjigin"},{"link_name":"Yunzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunzhi,_Prince_Cheng"},{"link_name":"Prince Chengyin of the Second Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Cheng_of_the_Second_Rank"},{"link_name":"Hešeri clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%C5%A1eri"},{"link_name":"Yunsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunsi"},{"link_name":"Khorchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols"},{"link_name":"Borjigin clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjigin"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Yunyou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunyou"},{"link_name":"Prince Chundu of the First Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Chun_(%E6%B7%B3)"},{"link_name":"Yunxu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunxu"},{"link_name":"Prince Yuke of the Second Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Yu_(%E6%84%89)"},{"link_name":"Yunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunlu"},{"link_name":"Prince Zhuangke of the First Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Zhuang"},{"link_name":"Yunli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunli"},{"link_name":"Prince Guoyi of the First Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Guo"},{"link_name":"Yuntao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuntao"},{"link_name":"Prince Lüyi of the First Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_L%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Wanggiya clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanyan"},{"link_name":"Hešeri clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%C5%A1eri"},{"link_name":"Ula-Nara clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_clan#Ula_Nara"},{"link_name":"Khalkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols"},{"link_name":"Borjigin clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjigin"},{"link_name":"Yunhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunhu"},{"link_name":"Yunci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunci"},{"link_name":"Yunxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunxi_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Prince Shenjing of the Second Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Shen"},{"link_name":"Yunbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunbi"},{"link_name":"Prince Xianke of the First Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Xian_(%E8%AB%B4)"},{"link_name":"Joogiya clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joogiya"},{"link_name":"Kharchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols"},{"link_name":"Nara clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_clan"},{"link_name":"Gorolo clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorolo"},{"link_name":"Khalkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols"},{"link_name":"Borjigin clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjigin"},{"link_name":"Niohuru clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niohuru"}],"text":"EmpressEmpress Xiaochengren (孝誠仁皇后) of the Hešeri clan (赫舍里氏; 3 February 1654 – 6 June 1674)\nChenghu (承祜; 4 January 1670 – 3 March 1672), second son\nYunreng (允礽), Prince Limi of the First Rank (理密親王; 6 June 1674 – 27 January 1725), seventh (second) sonEmpress Xiaozhaoren (孝昭仁皇后) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 1653 – 18 March 1678)[c]\nEmpress Xiaoyiren (孝懿仁皇后) of the Tunggiya clan (佟佳氏; ? – 24 August 1689)[d]\nEighth daughter (13 July 1683 – 6 August 1683)\nMiscarriage (August 1689)Empress Xiaogongren (孝恭仁皇后) of the Uya clan (烏雅氏; 28 April 1660 – 25 June 1723)\nYinzhen (胤禛), the Yongzheng Emperor (雍正帝; 13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), 11th (fourth) son\nYinzuo (胤祚; 5 March 1680 – 15 June 1685), 14th (sixth) son\nSeventh daughter (5 July 1682 – September 1682)\nPrincess Wenxian of the First Rank (固倫溫憲公主; 10 November 1683 – August/September 1702), ninth daughter\nMarried Shun'anyan (舜安顏; ? – 1724) of the Manchu Tunggiya clan in October/November 1700\n12th daughter (14 June 1686 – February/March 1697)\nYunti (允禵), Prince Xunqin of the Second Rank (恂勤郡王; 10 February 1688 – 16 February 1755), 23rd (14th) sonImperial Noble ConsortImperial Noble Consort Quehui (愨惠皇貴妃) of the Tunggiya clan (佟佳氏; September/October 1668 – 24 April 1743)[e]\nImperial Noble Consort Jingmin (敬敏皇貴妃) of the Janggiya clan (章佳氏; ? – 20 August 1699)\nYinxiang (胤祥), Prince Yixian of the First Rank (怡賢親王; 16 November 1686 – 18 June 1730), 22nd (13th) son\nPrincess Wenke of the Second Rank (和碩溫恪公主; 31 December 1687 – 27 July 1709), 13th daughter\nMarried Cangjin (蒼津) of the Mongol Onnigud Borjigin clan in August/September 1706\nPrincess Dunke of the Second Rank (和碩敦恪公主; 3 February 1691 – 2 January 1710), 15th daughter\nMarried Dorji (多爾濟; ? – 1720) of the Mongol Khorchin Borjigin clan in January/February 1709 and had issue (one daughter)Imperial Noble Consort Dunyi (惇怡皇貴妃) of the Gūwalgiya clan (瓜爾佳氏; 3 December 1683 – 30 April 1768)\n18th daughter (17 November 1701 – November 1701)Noble ConsortNoble Consort Wenxi (溫僖貴妃) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 14 February 1661 – 19 December 1694)[f]\nYun'e (允䄉), Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公; 28 November 1683 – 18 October 1741), 18th (10th) son\n11th daughter (24 October 1685 – June/July 1686)ConsortConsort Hui (慧妃) of the Khorchin Borjigin clan (博爾濟吉特氏; ? – 30 May 1670)[g]\nConsort Hui (惠妃) of the Ula-Nara clan (葉赫那拉氏; ? – 1 May 1732)\nChengqing (承慶; 21 March 1670 – 26 May 1671), third son\nYunzhi (允禔), Prince of the Fourth Rank (貝子; 12 March 1672 – 7 January 1735), fifth (first) sonConsort Yi (宜妃) of the Gorolo clan (郭絡羅氏; 1660 – 2 October 1733), personal name was Nalanzhu (納蘭珠)\nYunki (允祺), Prince Hengwen of the First Rank (恆溫親王; 5 January 1680 – 10 July 1732), 13th (fifth) son\nYuntang (允禟), Prince of the Fourth Rank (貝子; 17 October 1683 – 22 September 1726), 17th (ninth) son\nYinzi (胤禌; 8 June 1685 – 22 August 1696), 20th (11th) sonConsort Rong (榮妃) of the Magiya clan (馬佳氏; ? – 26 April 1727)\nChengrui (承瑞; 5 November 1667 – 10 July 1670), first son\nSaiyinchahun (賽音察渾; 24 January 1672 – 6 March 1674), fourth son\nPrincess Rongxian of the First Rank (固倫榮憲公主; 20 June 1673 – 29 May 1728), third daughter\nMarried Örgen (烏爾袞; ? – 1721) of the Mongol Barin Borjigin clan in June/July 1691 and had issue (a son)\nChanghua (長華; 11 May 1674 – ?), sixth son\nChangsheng (長生; 10 September 1675 – 27 April 1677), eighth son\nYunzhi (允祉), Prince Chengyin of the Second Rank (誠隱郡王; 23 March 1677 – 10 July 1732), 10th (third) sonConsort Ping (平妃) of the Hešeri clan (赫舍里氏; ? – 18 July 1696)\nYinji (胤禨; 23 February 1691 – 30 March 1691), 24th sonConsort Liang (良妃) of the Wei clan (衛氏; 1662 – 29 December 1711)\nYunsi (允禩), Prince Lian of the First Rank (廉親王; 29 March 1681 – 5 October 1726), 16th (eighth) sonConsort Xuan (宣妃) of the Khorchin Borjigin clan (博爾濟吉特氏; ? – 12 September 1736), personal name Chenglian (成蓮)[h]\nConsort Cheng (成妃) of the Daigiya clan (戴佳氏; ? – 18 December 1740)\nYunyou (允佑), Prince Chundu of the First Rank (淳度親王; 19 August 1680 – 18 May 1730), 15th (seventh) sonConsort Shunyimi (順懿密妃) of the Wang clan (王氏; ? – 19 November 1744)\nYunxu (允禑), Prince Yuke of the Second Rank (愉恪郡王; 24 December 1693 – 8 March 1731), 25th (15th) son\nYunlu (允祿), Prince Zhuangke of the First Rank (莊恪親王; 28 July 1695 – 20 March 1767), 26th (16th) son\nYinxie (胤祄; 15 May 1701 – 17 October 1708), 28th (18th) sonConsort Chunyuqin (純裕勤妃) of the Chen clan (陳氏; ? – 12 January 1754)\nYunli (允禮), Prince Guoyi of the First Rank (果毅親王; 24 March 1697 – 21 March 1738), 27th (17th) sonConsort Ding (定妃) of the Wanlioha clan (萬琉哈氏; January/February 1661 – 24 May 1757)\nYuntao (允祹), Prince Lüyi of the First Rank (履懿親王; 18 January 1686 – 1 September 1763), 21st (12th) sonConcubineConcubine An (安嬪) of the Li clan (李氏)\nConcubine Jing (敬嬪) of the Wanggiya clan (王佳氏)\nConcubine Duan (端嬪) of the Dong clan (董氏; ? – 1702)\nSecond daughter (17 April 1671 – March/April 1673)Concubine Xi (僖嬪) of the Hešeri clan (赫舍里氏; ? – 31 October 1702)\nConcubine Tong (通嬪) of the Ula-Nara clan (那拉氏; 1664 – 1 August 1744)\nPrincess Chunque of the First Rank (固倫純慤公主; 20 March 1685 – 22 April 1710), 10th daughter\nMarried Ts'ering (策棱; ? – 1750) of the Mongol Khalkha Borjigin clan in June/July 1706 and had issue (one son)Concubine Xiang (襄嬪) of the Gao clan (高氏; ? – 14 August 1746), personal name Zaiyi (在儀)\nYinji (胤禝; 25 October 1702 – 28 March 1704), 29th (19th) son\n19th daughter (30 March 1703 – February/March 1705)\nYunyi (允禕), Prince Jianjing of the Third Rank (簡靖貝勒; 1 September 1706 – 30 June 1755), 30th (20th) sonConcubine Jin (謹嬪) of the Sehetu clan (色赫圖氏; 2 August 1682 – 23 April 1739)\nYunhu (允祜), Prince Gongqin of the Third Rank (恭勤貝勒; 10 January 1712 – 12 February 1744), 32nd (22nd) sonConcubine Jing (靜嬪) of the Shi clan (石氏; 13 December 1689 – 10 July 1758)\nYunci (允祁), Prince Cheng of the Third Rank (誠貝勒; 14 January 1714 – 31 August 1785), 33rd (23rd) sonConcubine Xi (熙嬪) of the Chen clan (陳氏; April/May 1690 – 1 February 1737)\nYunxi (允禧), Prince Shenjing of the Second Rank (慎靖郡王; 27 February 1711 – 26 June 1758), 31st (21st) sonConcubine Mu (穆嬪) of the Chen clan (陳氏; ? – 1727)\nYunbi (允秘), Prince Xianke of the First Rank (𫍯恪親王; 5 July 1716 – 3 December 1773), 34th (24th) son\nYinyuan (胤禐; 2 March 1718), 35th sonNoble LadyNoble Lady Yi (伊貴人) of the Yi clan (易氏; ? – 1728)\nNoble Lady Bu (布貴人) of the Joogiya clan (兆佳氏; ? – 21 February 1717)\nPrincess Duanjing of the Second Rank (和碩端靜公主; 9 June 1674 – March/April 1710), fifth daughter\nMarried Ga'erzang (噶爾臧; 1675–1722) of the Mongol Kharchin Ulanghan clan in November/December 1692, and had issue (one daughter)Noble Lady (貴人) of the Nara clan (那拉氏)\nWanfu (萬黼; 4 December 1675 – 11 March 1679), ninth son\nYinzan (胤禶; 10 April 1679 – 30 April 1680), 12th sonNoble Lady (貴人) of the Gorolo clan (郭絡羅氏), personal name was Buyinzhu (布音珠)\nPrincess Kejing of the First Rank (固倫恪靖公主; 4 July 1679 – March/April 1735), sixth daughter\nMarried Dondob Dorji (敦多布多爾濟; ? – 1743) of the Mongol Khalkha Borjigin clan in December 1697/January 1698 and had issue (three sons)\nYinju (胤䄔; 13 September 1683 – 17 July 1684), 19th sonNoble Lady (貴人) of the Yuan clan (袁氏; ? – 25 September 1719)\nPrincess Quejing of the Second Rank (和碩愨靖公主; 16 January 1690 – 1736), 14th daughter\nMarried Sun Chengyun (孫承運; ? – 1719) in 1706MistressMistress (格格) of the Zhang clan (張氏)\nFirst daughter (23 December 1668 – November 1671)\nFourth daughter (16 March 1674 – January/February 1679)Mistress (格格) of the Wang clan (王氏)\n16th daughter (27 November 1695 – October/November 1707)Mistress (格格) of the Liu clan (劉氏)\n17th daughter (12 January 1699 – December 1700 or January 1701)Mistress (格格) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏)\n20th daughter (20 November 1708 – January/February 1709)","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nurhaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurhaci"},{"link_name":"Hong Taiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaocigao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaocigao_(Qing_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaozhuangwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaozhuangwen"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaokangzhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaokangzhang"}],"text":"Nurhaci (1559–1626) Hong Taiji (1592–1643) Empress Xiaocigao (1575–1603) Shunzhi Emperor (1638–1661) Jaisang Empress Xiaozhuangwen (1613–1688) Boli (d. 1654) Kangxi Emperor (1654–1722) Yangzhen (d. 1621) Tulai (1606–1658) Empress Xiaokangzhang (1638–1663) Lady Gioro","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction"},{"link_name":"Eryue He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryue_He"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"The Deer and the Cauldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deer_and_the_Cauldron"},{"link_name":"wuxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia"},{"link_name":"Jin Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Yong"},{"link_name":"Wei Xiaobao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Deer_and_the_Cauldron_characters#Main_characters"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Seven Swords Descend from Mount Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qijian_Xia_Tianshan"},{"link_name":"Liang Yusheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Yusheng"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Mount Wutai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wutai"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Fiction","text":"The Great Kangxi Emperor (康熙大帝), a historical novel by Eryue He which romanticises the Kangxi Emperor's life.[37]\nThe Deer and the Cauldron, a wuxia novel by Jin Yong. In the novel, the Kangxi Emperor and the protagonist, Wei Xiaobao, become close friends in their childhood. Wei Xiaobao helps the emperor consolidate his rule over the Qing Empire and plays an important role in how significant historical events of the Kangxi era unfold.[38]\nSeven Swords Descend from Mount Heaven, a wuxia novel by Liang Yusheng. In the novel, the Kangxi Emperor discovers that his father, the Shunzhi Emperor, has become a monk in a monastery on Mount Wutai. He orders a close aide to kill his father in order to consolidate power, and later attempts to erase evidence of the murder.[39]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film and television","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Empires_III:_The_Asian_Dynasties"},{"link_name":"real-time strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_strategy"},{"link_name":"Call Me Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_Me_Emperor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Strategy Click-RPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties: The Kangxi Emperor is featured as the Chinese leader in this real-time strategy game.\nCall Me Emperor: Kangxi is featured as a minister in this Strategy Click-RPG game.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"宸翰","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B8%E7%BF%B0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Spence 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpence2002"},{"link_name":"Oxnam 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOxnam1975"},{"link_name":"Dennerline 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDennerline2002"},{"link_name":"Rawski 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRawski1998"},{"link_name":"East Asian age reckoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning"},{"link_name":"sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning#Chinese"},{"link_name":"Oxnam 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOxnam1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Noble Consort Wenxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Consort_Wenxi"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"Imperial Noble Consort Quehui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Noble_Consort_Quehui"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaoyiren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaoyiren"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaozhaoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaozhaoren"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"}],"text":"^ Chenhan (宸翰, Chénhàn) seal used for calligraphy and handwritten works.\n\n^ Note that Xuanye was born in May 1654, and was therefore less than seven years old at the time. Both Spence 2002 and Oxnam 1975 (p. 1) nonetheless claim that he was \"seven years old.\" Dennerline 2002 (p. 119) and Rawski 1998 (p. 99) indicate that he was \"not yet seven years old.\" Following East Asian age reckoning, Chinese documents concerning the succession say that Xuanye was eight sui (Oxnam 1975, p. 62).\n\n^ The Kangxi Emperor's second cousin and elder sister of Noble Consort Wenxi.\n\n^ The Kangxi Emperor's first cousin and elder sister of Imperial Noble Consort Quehui.\n\n^ The Kangxi Emperor's first cousin and younger sister of Empress Xiaoyiren.\n\n^ The Kangxi Emperor's second cousin and younger sister of Empress Xiaozhaoren.\n\n^ The Kangxi Emperor's first cousin-twice-removed.\n\n^ The Kangxi Emperor's third cousin.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T'oung Pao (通報) or Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/s2tungpaotoungp11corduoft#page/38/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"The Shun-chih Reign\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hi2THl2FUZ4C&pg=PA73"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-24334-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24334-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-822904-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822904-6"},{"link_name":"Giles, Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Giles"},{"link_name":"China and the Manchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2156"},{"link_name":"Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9004123075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004123075"},{"link_name":"Oxnam, Robert B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oxnam"},{"link_name":"Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=O-ERAAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-64244-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-64244-5"},{"link_name":"The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5iN5J9G76h0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-22837-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22837-5"},{"link_name":"China's Last Empire: The Great Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&q=largest+political+entity"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780674036123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674036123"},{"link_name":"Spence, Jonathan D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Spence"},{"link_name":"\"The K'ang-hsi Reign\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hi2THl2FUZ4C&pg=PA120"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-24334-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24334-3"},{"link_name":"Emperor of China: Self Portrait of K'ang Hsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/emperorofchinase00kang"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0394714113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394714113"},{"link_name":"Jonathan D. Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_D._Spence"},{"link_name":"The Search for Modern China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/0097700405282349","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700405282349"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20062627","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20062627"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144587815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144587815"},{"link_name":"Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr."},{"link_name":"\"Hsüan-yeh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Hs%C3%BCan-yeh"},{"link_name":"Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period"},{"link_name":"United States Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office"}],"text":"Cordier, Henri; Pelliot, Paul, eds. (1922). T'oung Pao (通報) or Archives. Vol. XX1. Leiden: E.J. Brill.\nDennerline, Jerry (2002), \"The Shun-chih Reign\", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–119, ISBN 0-521-24334-3.\nFiner, S. E. (1997). The History of Government from the Earliest Times. ISBN 0-19-822904-6 (three-volume set, hardback)\nBennet Peterson, Barbara (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. M.E. Sharpe, Inc.\nGiles, Herbert (1912), China and the Manchus, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press\nGorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar. Vol. Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 9004123075. Retrieved 6 May 2014.\nOxnam, Robert B. (1975), Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-64244-5.\nRawski, Evelyn S. (1998), The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-22837-5.\nRowe, William T. (2009). China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674036123.\nSpence, Jonathan D. (2002), \"The K'ang-hsi Reign\", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–82, ISBN 0-521-24334-3.\nKangxi and Jonathan D. Spence (1975). Emperor of China: Self Portrait of K'ang Hsi. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0394714113.\nCh. 3, \"Kangxi's Consolidation,\" in Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: Norton; 3rd, 2013), pp. 48–71.\nZhao, Gang (January 2006). \"Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century\". Modern China. 32 (1). Sage Publications: 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815.\nHummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). \"Hsüan-yeh\" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.","title":"Bibliography and further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Portrait of the young Kangxi Emperor in court dress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Young_Kangxi.jpg/170px-Young_Kangxi.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Emperor mounted on his horse and guarded by his bodyguards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kangxiemperorib8.jpg/220px-Kangxiemperorib8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Armoured Kangxi Emperor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Armoured_Kangxi_Emperor.jpg/220px-Armoured_Kangxi_Emperor.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Kangxi Emperor in ceremonial armor, armed with bow and arrows, and surrounded by bodyguards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kangxi-Jagd.jpg/220px-Kangxi-Jagd.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kangxi Emperor at 32 (from le Comte's Nouveaux Memoires, 1696)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kangxi_Emperor_1686.jpg/170px-Kangxi_Emperor_1686.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emperor Kangxi's camp on Kerulen during the campaign of 1696.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg/220px-The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Kangxi Emperor at the age of 45, painted in 1699","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kangxi_Emperor.jpg/170px-Kangxi_Emperor.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Kangxi Emperor returning to Beijing after a southern inspection tour in 1689.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kangxi_Emperor%27s_Southern_Tour_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Kangxi_Emperor%27s_Southern_Tour_%28detail%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Kangxi Emperor's Last Will and Testament","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Kangxi_Emperor%27s_Last_Will_and_Testament.jpg/220px-The_Kangxi_Emperor%27s_Last_Will_and_Testament.jpg"},{"image_text":"A vase from the early Kangxi period (Guimet Museum)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Early_Kangxi_vase.jpg/170px-Early_Kangxi_vase.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jesuit astronomers of the Jesuit China missions, with the Kangxi Emperor (Beauvais, 1690–1705)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jesuit_astronomers_with_Kangxi_Emperor_1690-1705_Beauvais.jpg/170px-Jesuit_astronomers_with_Kangxi_Emperor_1690-1705_Beauvais.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Kangxi Emperor on a tour, seated prominently on the deck of a junk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kangxi-Reise.jpg/220px-Kangxi-Reise.jpg"},{"image_text":"Young Kangxi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%96%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F.jpg/220px-%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%96%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F.jpg"},{"image_text":"Middle-aged Kangxi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Middle-aged_Kangxi.jpg/220px-Middle-aged_Kangxi.jpg"},{"image_text":"A turtle-based stele with the Kangxi Emperor's inscription, erected in 1699 at the Nanjing mausoleum of the Hongwu Emperor, honouring the founder of the preceding Ming dynasty as surpassing the founders of the Tang and Song dynasties.[29]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/MingXiaoling_ZLTS01_rotated.jpg/170px-MingXiaoling_ZLTS01_rotated.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of the old Kangxi Emperor in court dress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kangxi7.jpeg/170px-Kangxi7.jpeg"}]
[{"title":"Chinese emperors family tree (late)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)"},{"title":"Kangxi Tongbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao"}]
[{"reference":"\"Emperor Kangxi - The Emperor Who Reigned for the Longest Period in Chinese History\". Cultural China. Archived from the original on 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130321061019/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/46History211.html","url_text":"\"Emperor Kangxi - The Emperor Who Reigned for the Longest Period in Chinese History\""},{"url":"http://history.cultural-china.com/en/46History211.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Magill, Frank N.; Taylor, Larissa Juliet, eds. (2006). Great lives from history (First ed.). Pasadena, CA: Salem Press. ISBN 978-1-58765-222-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58765-222-6","url_text":"978-1-58765-222-6"}]},{"reference":"\"NOVEMBER 9, 2018 BY - The Kangxi Emperor\". Columbia University. 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.cuit.columbia.edu/ajw2203/2018/11/09/the-kangxi-emperor/","url_text":"\"NOVEMBER 9, 2018 BY - The Kangxi Emperor\""}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Bennet. Notable Women of China. p. 328.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Crossley, Pamela (June 1983). \"restricted access The Tong in Two Worlds: Cultural Identities in Liaodong and Nurgan during the 13th-17th centuries\". Ch'ing-shih Wen-t'i. 4 (9). Johns Hopkins University Press: 21–46.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/398599/summary","url_text":"\"restricted access The Tong in Two Worlds: Cultural Identities in Liaodong and Nurgan during the 13th-17th centuries\""}]},{"reference":"Spence, Jonathan D. (1974). Emperor of China: Self-portrait of Kʻang-hsi (Vintage books ed.). New York. pp. xvi–xvii, 36–38. ISBN 0-679-72074-X. OCLC 18931977.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72074-X","url_text":"0-679-72074-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18931977","url_text":"18931977"}]},{"reference":"Bergman, Karl (2009), \"Tainan Grand Matsu Temple\", Tainan City Guide, Tainan: Word Press","urls":[{"url":"https://tainancity.wordpress.com/2009/12/28/tainan-grand-matsu-temple-da-tienhou-gong/","url_text":"\"Tainan Grand Matsu Temple\""},{"url":"https://tainancity.wordpress.com/","url_text":"Tainan City Guide"}]},{"reference":"\"Tainan Grand Matsu Temple\", Chinatownology, 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinatownology.com/Tainan_Grand_Matsu_temple.html","url_text":"\"Tainan Grand Matsu Temple\""},{"url":"http://www.chinatownology.com/","url_text":"Chinatownology"}]},{"reference":"Perdue, Peter C (2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 191, 192. ISBN 978-0674042025.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA191","url_text":"China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674042025","url_text":"978-0674042025"}]},{"reference":"不詳 (21 August 2015). 新清史. 朔雪寒. GGKEY:ZFQWEX019E4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eBVmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138","url_text":"新清史"}]},{"reference":"H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (15 April 2013). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. pp. 493–494. ISBN 978-1-135-79795-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s0wrdzMXPZ8C&pg=PA493","url_text":"Present Day Political Organization of China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79795-9","url_text":"978-1-135-79795-9"}]},{"reference":"\"In the Light and Shadow of an Emperor: Tomás Pereira, S.J. (1645–1708), the Kangxi Emperor and the Jesuit Mission in China\", An International Symposium in Commemoration of the 3rd Centenary of the death of Tomás Pereira, S.J., Lisbon, Portugal and Macau, China, 2008, archived from the original on 22 August 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20090822013856/http://www.viadeo.com/hub/affichefil/?hubId=0021blweg7pn3crr&forumId=002hj6ldao5cz20&threadId=00226fi31xx53g5d","url_text":"An International Symposium in Commemoration of the 3rd Centenary of the death of Tomás Pereira, S.J."},{"url":"http://www.viadeo.com/hub/affichefil/?hubId=0021blweg7pn3crr&forumId=002hj6ldao5cz20&threadId=00226fi31xx53g5d","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Kenneth J. (2004). From Yao to Mao: 5000 Years of Chinese History Part III (PDF). pp. 7–8.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/history/From%20Yao%20to%20Mao%205000%20Years%20of%20Chinese%20History%20-%20Part%20III.pdf","url_text":"From Yao to Mao: 5000 Years of Chinese History Part III"}]},{"reference":"Eryue He (2018). Kangxi Emperor (in Chinese). 长江文艺出版社. ISBN 978-7535468987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryue_He","url_text":"Eryue He"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7535468987","url_text":"978-7535468987"}]},{"reference":"Cha, Louis (2018). Minford, John (ed.). The Deer and the Cauldron: 3 Volume Set. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 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Retrieved 1 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ent.163.com/19/0123/12/E6744J2C00038793.html","url_text":"\"《梦回大清》主演阵容新鲜出炉 众主演颜值爆表\""}]},{"reference":"Cordier, Henri; Pelliot, Paul, eds. (1922). T'oung Pao (通報) or Archives. Vol. XX1. Leiden: E.J. Brill.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/s2tungpaotoungp11corduoft#page/38/mode/2up","url_text":"T'oung Pao (通報) or Archives"}]},{"reference":"Dennerline, Jerry (2002), \"The Shun-chih Reign\", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–119, ISBN 0-521-24334-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hi2THl2FUZ4C&pg=PA73","url_text":"\"The Shun-chih Reign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24334-3","url_text":"0-521-24334-3"}]},{"reference":"Bennet Peterson, Barbara (2000). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Boy_with_a_Flying_Squirrel
A Boy with a Flying Squirrel
["1 Background","2 Description","3 History","3.1 Transatlantic crossing","3.2 Reception","3.3 Provenance and exhibition","4 Commentary","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Painting by John Singleton Copley A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham)ArtistJohn Singleton CopleyYear1765Mediumoil on canvasDimensions77.15 cm × 63.82 cm (30.375 in × 25.125 in)LocationMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham), or Henry Pelham (Boy with a Squirrel), is a 1765 painting by the American-born painter John Singleton Copley. It depicts Copley's teenaged half-brother Henry Pelham with a pet flying squirrel, a creature commonly found in colonial American portraits as a symbol of the sitter's refinement. Painted while Copley was a Boston-based portraitist aspiring to be recognized by his European contemporaries, the work was brought to London for a 1766 exhibition. There, it was met with overall praise from artists like Joshua Reynolds, who nonetheless criticized Copley's minuteness. Later historians and critics assessed the painting as a pivotal work in both Copley's career and the history of American art. The work was featured in exhibitions at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the National Gallery of Art. As of 2023, it is held by the former. Background Daniel Crommelin Verplanck by John Singleton Copley, 1771 By 1765, John Singleton Copley established himself as the foremost portrait painter of Boston's mercantile elite. Though he was familiar with European art, Copley had not yet ventured outside New England and was largely self-taught. He was at the time primarily a portraitist, but he desired to become a European-style history painter. To test whether his art met English standards, Copley completed A Boy with a Flying Squirrel by early fall 1765, which was to be viewed by a London audience. Chained squirrels held by women and children were common in colonial American portraits. In these works, the successful domestication of a squirrel indicated the owner's refinement and education, as the training process was meant to "civilize" both the squirrel and the owner. Besides A Boy with a Flying Squirrel, Copley produced two other squirrel paintings in 1765: Mrs. Theodore Atkinson and Boy with a Squirrel, John Bee Holmes. Copley's 1771 portrait of Daniel Crommelin Verplanck also featured a squirrel. According to the American critic Henry Theodore Tuckerman, Copley reportedly was "intimately acquainted" with the flying squirrel's natural history and had several pet flying squirrels of his own. A Boy with a Flying Squirrel's subject, Henry Pelham, was Copley's half-brother. Pelham was born in 1749, the son of Copley's widowed mother, who married Peter Pelham in 1748. Under Copley's tutelage, Pelham became a painter and engraver, as well as Copley's official business manager and assistant. Copley and Pelham held a close and affectionate relationship, as evidenced by a volume of correspondence between the two published in 1914. Description The painting is a profile portrait of Henry Pelham seated at a table, and the work's title has been referred to as A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham), Henry Pelham (Boy with a Squirrel), and The Boy and the Squirrel. Pelham wears a dark blue coat with a red collar, a yellow waistcoat, and a white collar while his right hand holds onto a gold chain attached to his pet flying squirrel. Copley rendered a variety of colors and textures, including the red drapery in the background, the highly polished mahogany table, the boy's skin, the squirrel's fur, and the reflections in the glass of water. Special attention was given to the squirrel, as seen in the meticulous portrayal of its eyes and gliding membrane. The squirrel is shown cracking a nut, which in colonial American art, is a symbol for patience and perseverance. History Transatlantic crossing A Boy with a Flying Squirrel was completed while Copley was still based in Boston, but it needed to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean for a spring 1766 exhibition in London at the Society of Artists of Great Britain. Copley was aware of the risks of sea passage to artwork; he had previously lost pastels in a shipwreck in the spring of 1765. In his letters concerning A Boy with a Flying Squirrel, Copley worried about a "changing of the colours" while the painting was at sea. Thus, he assembled a professional team to facilitate the safe transport of his painting to London. The painting crossed the Atlantic as part of a Mr. Roger Hale's baggage. Hale then delivered the painting to Captain R. G. Bruce, a friend of Copley's who was living in London. Bruce in turn gave the work to a Lord Cardross who took it to the studio of Britain's leading painter Sir Joshua Reynolds. The American-born painter Benjamin West was in London at the time and examined the painting prior to its exhibition. On first viewing the work, West was said to have exclaimed, "What delicious coloring! worthy of Titian himself!" Though the painting's attribution was lost by the time it arrived at Reynolds's studio, West deduced that the painter was American because the canvas was stretched over American pine. A letter from Copley eventually reached West confirming Copley as the work's artist, though the painting was still mislabeled as a work by "Mr. William Copley, of Boston, New England" during the subsequent Society of Artists exhibition. Reception Following A Boy with a Flying Squirrel's 1766 London exhibition, the Society of Artists encouraged Copley to come to London for artistic training and elected him a fellow in recognition of his talent. Bruce eavesdropped on conversations between viewers during the exhibition and interviewed Reynolds on his opinion of the painting—all of which Bruce reported back to Copley. According to Bruce, Reynolds commended the work as a "very wonderfull Performance". Nevertheless, Reynolds and his colleagues noted Copley's overzealous attention to detail, with Reynolds himself commenting that the composition had "a little Hardness in the Drawing, Coldness in the Shades, An over minuteness". Reynolds further tempered his enthusiasm for the painting by adding that Copley needed to receive proper training before his "Manner and Taste were corrupted or fixed by working in little way at Boston". A Boy with a Flying Squirrel also garnered the attention of Benjamin West, who in a letter to Copley recognized "the great Honour the Picture has gaind you" but found the painting "to liney". The painting's success in England encouraged Copley to make more disciplined portraits in his late American career and strengthened his conviction to move to London, which he finally did in 1774. Provenance and exhibition The painting was inherited by Copley's son John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst when Copley died in 1815. Following the death of Baron Lyndhurst in 1863, an 1864 Christie's auction in London sold the painting to James Sullivan Amory, husband of Copley's granddaughter Mary Copley Greene Amory. The painting was inherited in 1891 by their son Frederic Amory, and in 1928 by Copley's great-granddaughter. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, celebrated Copley's bicentennial with a February 1 to March 15, 1938 exhibition that included A Boy with a Flying Squirrel. From September 19 to October 31, 1965, the painting was part of a Copley exhibition in Washington, D.C., at the National Gallery of Art. The painting was gifted by Copley's great-granddaughter to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1978. The museum's annual report for that year described the work as "the most important single gift to the collection in many years". As of 2023, the painting is in the museum's Saunders Gallery among other works by Copley. Commentary Le Faiseur de Châteaux de Cartes (Boy Building a House of Cards) by Jean Siméon Chardin, 1735 Many 19th-century art critics considered A Boy with a Flying Squirrel to be one of Copley's most important works. According to the art historian William Dunlap, the Scottish writer Allan Cunningham judged that "of all that ever painted, nothing surpasses his Boy and Squirrel for fine depth and beauty of colour". H. T. Tuckerman claimed in 1867 that the painting shaped Copley's "whole future career". More recently in 1976, the American art scholar John Wilmerding wrote that the work was an "early masterpiece and a significant milestone in colonial American art". Some reviewers observed Copley's painting to be more than just a portrait. In 1880, the American artist and journalist S. G. W. Benjamin considered A Boy with a Flying Squirrel to be one of the artist's most important history paintings. In 1983, the art historian Trevor Fairbrother drew parallels between the painting and "European devotional pictures" as well as the French painter Jean Siméon Chardin's scenes of boys playing with cards. The art historian Jennifer Roberts believed A Boy with a Flying Squirrel to be "the most consequential painting Copley had yet produced in America". It was Copley's first major noncommissioned work and first exhibition painting. Furthermore, it was Copley's first work for a European audience, and he wanted the painting to be presentable to "the first artists in the World". In doing so, his artistic style departed from his previous work. For example, Roberts judged Copley's inclusion of a highly detailed glass of water—an element found nowhere else in Copley's other works—to be a "curiously object". overdetermined Roberts also noted Copley's "unprecedented" and "unusual" use of a profile format, with A Boy with a Flying Squirrel being Copley's sole single-sitter profile painting produced in America. In a broader sense, Roberts viewed the "triumph" of the painting's critical success as an "originary episode" in the history of American art. She further saw the London exhibition's "direct juxtaposition" of Copley's painting against European works as a key indication of the "emerging distinctions" between American and European art. References ^ a b Roberts 2014, p. 14. ^ a b Roberts 2007, p. 21. ^ a b c d e Rebora et al. 1995, p. 215. ^ a b c Roberts 2007, p. 25. ^ Rebora et al. 1995, p. 64. ^ Rebora et al. 1995, pp. 292–293. ^ a b c d e Rebora et al. 1995, p. 218. ^ a b Bayley 1915, p. 192. ^ Roberts 2014, p. 26. ^ a b c d Davis et al. 2003, p. 39. ^ a b Bayley 1915, p. 193. ^ Roberts 2014, p. 21. ^ Parker & Wheeler 1938, p. 12. ^ Roberts 2014, p. 22. ^ Roberts 2007, pp. 21, 27–28. ^ a b c d Roberts 2014, p. 23. ^ a b Martin 1883, p. 1. ^ Martin 1883, p. 2. ^ Roberts 2007, p. 28. ^ a b Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1978, p. 27. ^ Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Catalog entry). ^ Parker & Wheeler 1938, pp. 10, 12. ^ Gerdts 1966, p. 278. ^ National Gallery of Art. ^ Rebora et al. 1995, p. 214. ^ Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Saunders Gallery). ^ Rebora et al. 1995, pp. 215, 219. ^ Rebora et al. 1995, pp. 215, 218. ^ Roberts 2014, p. 17. ^ Roberts 2007, p. 29. Bibliography Bayley, Frank William (1915). The Life and Works of John Singleton Copley. Taylor Press. Davis, Elliot Bostwick; Hirshler, Erica E.; Troyen, Carol; Quinn, Karen E.; Comey, Janet L.; Roberts, Ellen E. (2003). American Painting. MFA Publications. ISBN 978-0-8784-6660-3. Gerdts, William H. (1966). "Copley in Washington, New York and Boston". The Burlington Magazine. 108 (758). Burlington Magazine Publications: 278, 280–281. JSTOR 874945. Martin, Theodore (1883). A Life of Lord Lyndhurst: From Letters and Papers in Possession of his Family. John Murray. Parker, Barbara N.; Wheeler, Anne B. (1938). "The Copley Exhibition in Boston". Parnassus. 10 (2). College Art Association: 10–12. doi:10.2307/771817. JSTOR 771817. S2CID 192308121. Rebora, Carrie; Staiti, Paul; Hirshler, Erica E.; Stebbins, Theodore E.; Troyen, Carol; Comey, Janet L.; Quinn, Karen E. (1995). "Catalogue". John Singleton Copley in America. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-8709-9745-7. Roberts, Jennifer L. (2007). "Copley's Cargo: Boy with a Squirrel and the Dilemma of Transit". American Art. 21 (2). University of Chicago Press: 20–41. doi:10.1086/521888. JSTOR 10.1086/521888. S2CID 190114780. Roberts, Jennifer L. (2014). Transporting Visions: The Movement of Images in Early America. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5202-5184-7. "A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham)". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021. "Gallery 128 (Saunders Gallery)". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021. "John Singleton Copley: A Retrospective Exhibition". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021. "Paintings". The Museum Year: Annual Report of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 103. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: 26–29. 1978–79. JSTOR 43481828. Further reading Prown, Jules David (2001). Art as Evidence: Writings on Art and Material Culture. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300084313. Letters and Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham. Massachusetts Historical Society. 1914. External links A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham) on Google Arts & Culture vteJohn Singleton CopleyPaintings Portrait of Mrs. Theodore Atkinson Jr. (c. 1765) A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (1765) Mrs. Thomas Gage (1771) Mrs Humphrey Devereux (1771) Dr. Silvester Gardiner (1772) Watson and the Shark (1778, 1782) The Death of the Earl of Chatham (1781) The Death of Major Peirson, 6 January 1781 (1783) The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, September 1782 (1791) Legacy Copley Square statue Copley Square Hotel Mercury crater Related John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst (son) Henry Pelham (half-brother) Peter Pelham (stepfather)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Singleton Copley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley"},{"link_name":"Henry Pelham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham_(engraver)"},{"link_name":"flying squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_squirrel"},{"link_name":"portraits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Museum of Fine Arts, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"}],"text":"Painting by John Singleton CopleyA Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham), or Henry Pelham (Boy with a Squirrel), is a 1765 painting by the American-born painter John Singleton Copley. It depicts Copley's teenaged half-brother Henry Pelham with a pet flying squirrel, a creature commonly found in colonial American portraits as a symbol of the sitter's refinement. Painted while Copley was a Boston-based portraitist aspiring to be recognized by his European contemporaries, the work was brought to London for a 1766 exhibition. There, it was met with overall praise from artists like Joshua Reynolds, who nonetheless criticized Copley's minuteness. Later historians and critics assessed the painting as a pivotal work in both Copley's career and the history of American art. The work was featured in exhibitions at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the National Gallery of Art. As of 2023, it is held by the former.","title":"A Boy with a Flying Squirrel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Crommelin_Verplanck.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Singleton Copley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"portraitist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_painting"},{"link_name":"history painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_painting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200721-2"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA215_215]-3"},{"link_name":"squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel"},{"link_name":"colonial American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200725-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200725-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA64_64]-5"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Theodore Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Mrs._Theodore_Atkinson_Jr."},{"link_name":"John Bee Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bee_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200725-4"},{"link_name":"Daniel Crommelin Verplanck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Verplanck"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA292_292%E2%80%93293]-6"},{"link_name":"Henry Theodore Tuckerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Theodore_Tuckerman"},{"link_name":"flying squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_squirrel"},{"link_name":"natural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA218_218]-7"},{"link_name":"Henry Pelham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham_(engraver)"},{"link_name":"Peter Pelham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pelham"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA218_218]-7"}],"text":"Daniel Crommelin Verplanck by John Singleton Copley, 1771By 1765, John Singleton Copley established himself as the foremost portrait painter of Boston's mercantile elite. Though he was familiar with European art, Copley had not yet ventured outside New England and was largely self-taught. He was at the time primarily a portraitist, but he desired to become a European-style history painter.[2] To test whether his art met English standards, Copley completed A Boy with a Flying Squirrel by early fall 1765, which was to be viewed by a London audience.[3]Chained squirrels held by women and children were common in colonial American portraits.[4] In these works, the successful domestication of a squirrel indicated the owner's refinement and education,[4] as the training process was meant to \"civilize\" both the squirrel and the owner.[5] Besides A Boy with a Flying Squirrel, Copley produced two other squirrel paintings in 1765: Mrs. Theodore Atkinson and Boy with a Squirrel, John Bee Holmes.[4] Copley's 1771 portrait of Daniel Crommelin Verplanck also featured a squirrel.[6] According to the American critic Henry Theodore Tuckerman, Copley reportedly was \"intimately acquainted\" with the flying squirrel's natural history and had several pet flying squirrels of his own.[7]A Boy with a Flying Squirrel's subject, Henry Pelham, was Copley's half-brother. Pelham was born in 1749, the son of Copley's widowed mother, who married Peter Pelham in 1748. Under Copley's tutelage, Pelham became a painter and engraver, as well as Copley's official business manager and assistant. Copley and Pelham held a close and affectionate relationship, as evidenced by a volume of correspondence between the two published in 1914.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"profile portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette#Profile_portraits"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley1915[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeworksofjohns00baylpage192_192]-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiHElDQAAQBAJpgPA26_26]-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiHElDQAAQBAJpgPA14_14]-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanpainting0000unse_e2r9page39_39]-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley1915[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeworksofjohns00baylpage192_192]-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley1915[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeworksofjohns00baylpage193mode2up_193]-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA218_218]-7"},{"link_name":"mahogany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanpainting0000unse_e2r9page39_39]-10"},{"link_name":"gliding membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA218_218]-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayley1915[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeworksofjohns00baylpage193mode2up_193]-11"},{"link_name":"colonial American art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States#Eighteenth_century"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA218_218]-7"}],"text":"The painting is a profile portrait of Henry Pelham seated at a table,[8][9] and the work's title has been referred to as A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham),[1] Henry Pelham (Boy with a Squirrel),[10] and The Boy and the Squirrel.[8] Pelham wears a dark blue coat with a red collar, a yellow waistcoat, and a white collar[11] while his right hand holds onto a gold chain attached to his pet flying squirrel.[7] Copley rendered a variety of colors and textures, including the red drapery in the background, the highly polished mahogany table, the boy's skin, the squirrel's fur, and the reflections in the glass of water.[10] Special attention was given to the squirrel, as seen in the meticulous portrayal of its eyes and gliding membrane.[7] The squirrel is shown cracking a nut,[11] which in colonial American art, is a symbol for patience and perseverance.[7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiHElDQAAQBAJpgPA21_21]-12"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Society of Artists of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Artists_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA215_215]-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker_&_Wheeler193812-13"},{"link_name":"pastels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiHElDQAAQBAJpgPA22_22]-14"},{"link_name":"Lord Cardross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Cardross"},{"link_name":"Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200721,_27%E2%80%9328-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiHElDQAAQBAJpgPA23_23]-16"},{"link_name":"Benjamin West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_West"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924026422844pagen22_1]-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiHElDQAAQBAJpgPA23_23]-16"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924026422844pagen22_1]-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiHElDQAAQBAJpgPA23_23]-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1883[httpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924026422844pagen23_2]-18"}],"sub_title":"Transatlantic crossing","text":"A Boy with a Flying Squirrel was completed while Copley was still based in Boston,[12] but it needed to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean for a spring 1766 exhibition in London at the Society of Artists of Great Britain.[3][13] Copley was aware of the risks of sea passage to artwork; he had previously lost pastels in a shipwreck in the spring of 1765. In his letters concerning A Boy with a Flying Squirrel, Copley worried about a \"changing of the colours\" while the painting was at sea. Thus, he assembled a professional team to facilitate the safe transport of his painting to London.[14] The painting crossed the Atlantic as part of a Mr. Roger Hale's baggage. Hale then delivered the painting to Captain R. G. Bruce, a friend of Copley's who was living in London. Bruce in turn gave the work to a Lord Cardross who took it to the studio of Britain's leading painter Sir Joshua Reynolds.[15][16]The American-born painter Benjamin West was in London at the time and examined the painting prior to its exhibition. On first viewing the work, West was said to have exclaimed, \"What delicious coloring! worthy of Titian himself!\"[17] Though the painting's attribution was lost by the time it arrived at Reynolds's studio,[16] West deduced that the painter was American because the canvas was stretched over American pine.[17] A letter from Copley eventually reached West confirming Copley as the work's artist, though the painting was still mislabeled as a work by \"Mr. William Copley, of Boston, New England\" during the subsequent Society of Artists exhibition.[16][18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA215_215]-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiHElDQAAQBAJpgPA23_23]-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200728-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA215_215]-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanpainting0000unse_e2r9page39_39]-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA215_215]-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanpainting0000unse_e2r9page39_39]-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston197827-20"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Following A Boy with a Flying Squirrel's 1766 London exhibition, the Society of Artists encouraged Copley to come to London for artistic training and elected him a fellow in recognition of his talent.[3] Bruce eavesdropped on conversations between viewers during the exhibition and interviewed Reynolds on his opinion of the painting—all of which Bruce reported back to Copley.[16][19] According to Bruce, Reynolds commended the work as a \"very wonderfull [sic] Performance\". Nevertheless, Reynolds and his colleagues noted Copley's overzealous attention to detail, with Reynolds himself commenting that the composition had \"a little Hardness in the Drawing, Coldness in the Shades, An over minuteness\".[3] Reynolds further tempered his enthusiasm for the painting by adding that Copley needed to receive proper training before his \"Manner and Taste were corrupted or fixed by working in [his] little way at Boston\".[10] A Boy with a Flying Squirrel also garnered the attention of Benjamin West, who in a letter to Copley recognized \"the great Honour the Picture has gaind you\" but found the painting \"to [sic] liney\".[3] The painting's success in England encouraged Copley to make more disciplined portraits in his late American career and strengthened his conviction to move to London, which he finally did in 1774.[10][20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Copley,_1st_Baron_Lyndhurst"},{"link_name":"Christie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston_(Catalog_entry)-21"},{"link_name":"Museum of Fine Arts, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker_&_Wheeler193810,_12-22"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerdts1966278-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Gallery_of_Art-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA214_214]-25"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston197827-20"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston_(Saunders_Gallery)-26"}],"sub_title":"Provenance and exhibition","text":"The painting was inherited by Copley's son John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst when Copley died in 1815. Following the death of Baron Lyndhurst in 1863, an 1864 Christie's auction in London sold the painting to James Sullivan Amory, husband of Copley's granddaughter Mary Copley Greene Amory. The painting was inherited in 1891 by their son Frederic Amory, and in 1928 by Copley's great-granddaughter.[21]The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, celebrated Copley's bicentennial with a February 1 to March 15, 1938 exhibition that included A Boy with a Flying Squirrel.[22] From September 19 to October 31, 1965, the painting was part of a Copley exhibition in Washington, D.C., at the National Gallery of Art.[23][24] The painting was gifted by Copley's great-granddaughter to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1978.[25] The museum's annual report for that year described the work as \"the most important single gift to the collection in many years\".[20] As of 2023, the painting is in the museum's Saunders Gallery among other works by Copley.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin,_Boy_Building_a_House_of_Cards,_1735_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Dunlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dunlap"},{"link_name":"Allan Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Cunningham_(author)"},{"link_name":"John Wilmerding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilmerding"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA215_215],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA219_219]-27"},{"link_name":"S. G. W. Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Greene_Wheeler_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"devotional pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_art"},{"link_name":"Jean Siméon Chardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebora_et_al.1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA215_215],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidp9Nf9viK2kgCpgPA218_218]-28"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Roberts_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiHElDQAAQBAJpgPA17_17]-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200729-30"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200721-2"}],"text":"Le Faiseur de Châteaux de Cartes (Boy Building a House of Cards) by Jean Siméon Chardin, 1735Many 19th-century art critics considered A Boy with a Flying Squirrel to be one of Copley's most important works. According to the art historian William Dunlap, the Scottish writer Allan Cunningham judged that \"of all that [Copley] ever painted, nothing surpasses his Boy and Squirrel for fine depth and beauty of colour\". H. T. Tuckerman claimed in 1867 that the painting shaped Copley's \"whole future career\". More recently in 1976, the American art scholar John Wilmerding wrote that the work was an \"early masterpiece and a significant milestone in colonial American art\".[27] Some reviewers observed Copley's painting to be more than just a portrait. In 1880, the American artist and journalist S. G. W. Benjamin considered A Boy with a Flying Squirrel to be one of the artist's most important history paintings. In 1983, the art historian Trevor Fairbrother drew parallels between the painting and \"European devotional pictures\" as well as the French painter Jean Siméon Chardin's scenes of boys playing with cards.[28]The art historian Jennifer Roberts believed A Boy with a Flying Squirrel to be \"the most consequential painting Copley had yet produced in America\". It was Copley's first major noncommissioned work and first exhibition painting. Furthermore, it was Copley's first work for a European audience, and he wanted the painting to be presentable to \"the first artists in the World\". In doing so, his artistic style departed from his previous work. For example, Roberts judged Copley's inclusion of a highly detailed glass of water—an element found nowhere else in Copley's other works—to be a \"curiously object\". overdetermined Roberts also noted Copley's \"unprecedented\" and \"unusual\" use of a profile format,[29] with A Boy with a Flying Squirrel being Copley's sole single-sitter profile painting produced in America.[30] In a broader sense, Roberts viewed the \"triumph\" of the painting's critical success as an \"originary episode\" in the history of American art. She further saw the London exhibition's \"direct juxtaposition\" of Copley's painting against European works as a key indication of the \"emerging distinctions\" between American and European art.[2]","title":"Commentary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art as Evidence: Writings on Art and Material Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/artasevidencewri0000prow?q=squirrel"},{"link_name":"Yale University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300084313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300084313"},{"link_name":"Letters and Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lettersandpaper00pelhgoog?q=squirrel"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society"}],"text":"Prown, Jules David (2001). Art as Evidence: Writings on Art and Material Culture. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300084313.\nLetters and Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham. Massachusetts Historical Society. 1914.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Daniel Crommelin Verplanck by John Singleton Copley, 1771","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Daniel_Crommelin_Verplanck.jpg/220px-Daniel_Crommelin_Verplanck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Le Faiseur de Châteaux de Cartes (Boy Building a House of Cards) by Jean Siméon Chardin, 1735","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jean-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin%2C_Boy_Building_a_House_of_Cards%2C_1735_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/220px-Jean-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin%2C_Boy_Building_a_House_of_Cards%2C_1735_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Bayley, Frank William (1915). The Life and Works of John Singleton Copley. Taylor Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeworksofjohns00bayl","url_text":"The Life and Works of John Singleton Copley"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Elliot Bostwick; Hirshler, Erica E.; Troyen, Carol; Quinn, Karen E.; Comey, Janet L.; Roberts, Ellen E. (2003). American Painting. MFA Publications. ISBN 978-0-8784-6660-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanpainting0000unse_e2r9","url_text":"American Painting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston","url_text":"MFA Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8784-6660-3","url_text":"978-0-8784-6660-3"}]},{"reference":"Gerdts, William H. (1966). \"Copley in Washington, New York and Boston\". The Burlington Magazine. 108 (758). Burlington Magazine Publications: 278, 280–281. JSTOR 874945.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Gerdts","url_text":"Gerdts, William H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine","url_text":"The Burlington Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/874945","url_text":"874945"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Theodore (1883). A Life of Lord Lyndhurst: From Letters and Papers in Possession of his Family. John Murray.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Martin","url_text":"Martin, Theodore"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924026422844","url_text":"A Life of Lord Lyndhurst: From Letters and Papers in Possession of his Family"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)","url_text":"John Murray"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Barbara N.; Wheeler, Anne B. (1938). \"The Copley Exhibition in Boston\". Parnassus. 10 (2). College Art Association: 10–12. doi:10.2307/771817. JSTOR 771817. S2CID 192308121.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Art_Association","url_text":"College Art Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F771817","url_text":"10.2307/771817"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/771817","url_text":"771817"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192308121","url_text":"192308121"}]},{"reference":"Rebora, Carrie; Staiti, Paul; Hirshler, Erica E.; Stebbins, Theodore E.; Troyen, Carol; Comey, Janet L.; Quinn, Karen E. (1995). \"Catalogue\". John Singleton Copley in America. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-8709-9745-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Rebora_Barratt","url_text":"Rebora, Carrie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Stebbins","url_text":"Stebbins, Theodore E."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p9Nf9viK2kgC&pg=PA161","url_text":"\"Catalogue\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p9Nf9viK2kgC","url_text":"John Singleton Copley in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Metropolitan Museum of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8709-9745-7","url_text":"978-0-8709-9745-7"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Jennifer L. (2007). \"Copley's Cargo: Boy with a Squirrel and the Dilemma of Transit\". American Art. 21 (2). University of Chicago Press: 20–41. doi:10.1086/521888. JSTOR 10.1086/521888. S2CID 190114780.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Roberts_(art_historian)","url_text":"Roberts, Jennifer L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art_(journal)","url_text":"American Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F521888","url_text":"10.1086/521888"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521888","url_text":"10.1086/521888"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190114780","url_text":"190114780"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Jennifer L. (2014). Transporting Visions: The Movement of Images in Early America. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5202-5184-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iHElDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Transporting Visions: The Movement of Images in Early America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5202-5184-7","url_text":"978-0-5202-5184-7"}]},{"reference":"\"A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham)\". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.mfa.org/objects/34280","url_text":"\"A Boy with a Flying Squirrel (Henry Pelham)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511210407/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/34280","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gallery 128 (Saunders Gallery)\". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.mfa.org/objects/images?filter=locations%3AGallery%20128%20%28Saunders%20Gallery%29","url_text":"\"Gallery 128 (Saunders Gallery)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415055120/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/images?filter=locations:Gallery%20128%20(Saunders%20Gallery)","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"John Singleton Copley: A Retrospective Exhibition\". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/1965/copley_retrospective.html","url_text":"\"John Singleton Copley: A Retrospective Exhibition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art","url_text":"National Gallery of Art"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225080610/https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/1965/copley_retrospective.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paintings\". The Museum Year: Annual Report of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 103. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: 26–29. 1978–79. JSTOR 43481828.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43481828","url_text":"43481828"}]},{"reference":"Prown, Jules David (2001). Art as Evidence: Writings on Art and Material Culture. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300084313.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artasevidencewri0000prow?q=squirrel","url_text":"Art as Evidence: Writings on Art and Material Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300084313","url_text":"9780300084313"}]},{"reference":"Letters and Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham. Massachusetts Historical Society. 1914.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lettersandpaper00pelhgoog?q=squirrel","url_text":"Letters and Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society","url_text":"Massachusetts Historical Society"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samna_(film)
Samna (film)
["1 Cast","2 Plot","3 Soundtrack","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]
1974 film SamnaDirected byJabbar PatelWritten byJabbar PatelVijay TendulkarProduced byRamdas PhutaneMadhav GanboteStarringMohan AgasheNilu PhuleShriram LagooSmita PatilVilas RakateCinematographySuryakant LavandeEdited byN. S. VaidyaRelease date 1974 (1974) Running time151 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageMarathi Samna (Marathi: सामना) is a 1974 Marathi-language crime drama film directed by Jabbar Patel. It was entered into the 25th Berlin International Film Festival. Cast Mohan Agashe as Maruti Kamble Anant Audkar Shivaji Bhosle Sanjivani Bidkar as Mrs. Patil Rajni Chauhan Jayant Dharmadhikari Aswel Guruji Bhalchandra Kulkarni Shreeram Lagoo as Master Uday Lagoo Gulab Latkar Salim Latkar Usha Naik as Suhini Nandu Paranjpe Smita Patil as Kamley Nilu Phule as Hindurao Dhonde Patil Plot A middle-aged penniless drunkard arrives at a sleepy village in a bus. At the bus-stand people are talking something about some "Maruti Kamble" in a hushed tone. The news of his arrival reaches the sugar baron Mr. Hindurao Dhonde-Patil through his henchman who expresses his doubt that the drunkard may be a sleuth sent by the central government. Hindurao is worried. Hindurao invites the drunkard to his mansion and provides him space to live in order to keep an eye on him. He asks the drunkard some direct questions like who he is and where he comes from. But the drunkard dodges his questions by giving some philosophical or imbecile answers. He does not even reveal his name. Hindurao decides to call him "Master" (teacher). Hindurao tells Master how backward this village was and how Hindurao worked hard for the progress of the village. Now there is a sugar factory, poultry, school, etc. for the village. Master observes that the progress is not of the village but only of Hindurao. Master is perpetually drunk and again overhears people asking "what became of “Maruti Kamble". He asks people about Maruti Kamble but they suddenly become silent. When Hindurao discovers that Master is enquiring about Maruti Kamble, he worries. Finally he calls him and makes a pact with him. The pact is that Hindurao would tell Master everything about Maruti Kamble and Master will stop his enquiries and leave the village. Hindurao says that Maruti Kamble was a military man and posed a challenge to Mr Hindurao's economic and political progress, so Hindurao falsely implicated him in a crime. He alleged that Maruti Kamble had extra marital affair with a widow. The villagers could not tolerate such immoral behaviour. Maruti Kamble thought that people would believe the charges to be true and try to kill him, so he tried to run away. Before police could get him, Hindurao had Maruti Kamble murdered and people thought that Maruti Kamble had run away to escape villagers' wrath, though some people had their "doubts". As Hindurao had told the truth about Maruti Kamble, it is Master's turn to leave the village. But Master is a man of conscience. Master had fought in the independence struggle of India and is pained to see that though people had become free of the British rule, they are again being exploited by persons like Hindurao. Now should he fight against the tyranny of Hindurao too? Master leaves the village. Outside the village, at the district headquarters, people notice that Master has made a demand to the government that an enquiry be made into the misdeeds of Maruti Kamble and that Maruti Kamble be found and brought to justice. Master has also decided to fast until his demand is met and he is ready to fast until death. Hindurao anticipates the results and contacts district administrator and politicians, but they show no inclination to help him out. Hindurao tries to give a speech in order to divert the attention of people from the topic of Maruti Kamble but people ask "What became of Maruti Kamble ?" and shout him down. Hindurao runs away to Mumbai and in his absence chaos spreads in the management of his factory and poultry. Other politicians are eager to fill in this vacuum. Master reaches Hindurao's hideout and persuades him to face the reality and surrender in order to give himself a chance. Finally Hindurao surrenders to the police. As police handcuff Hindurao in front of villagers and lead him to the police vehicle, Hindurao turns to Master and gives only a smile without malice. There ends the confrontation (Saamana) between a penniless drunkard and a potentate. Soundtrack SamanaSoundtrack album by Lata Mangeshkar, Ravindra SatheReleased31 May 1974 (1974-05-31)RecordedGiriraj Pictures, MumbaiGenreFeature film soundtrackLength52:13LanguageMarathiProducerRamdas Phutane, Madhav GanboteOfficial audioSamna - Full Album on YouTube The music for Samana is composed by Bhaskar M. Chandravarkar and the lyrics are by, Jagdish Khebudkar, Jabbar Patel and Aarti Prabhu. Track listingNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1."Ya Topikhali dadlay kay"Sriram Lagoo, Ravindra Sathe4:132."Konacha khandyavar konache ozhe"Ravindra Sathe4:423."Sakhya chala bhagamadhi"Usha Mangeshkar4:284."Raya asa zhombu naka angaala"Usha Mangeshkar4:405."Sakhya re ghaayaal mee harini"Lata Mangeshkar3:59Total length:0:22:00 Awards and nominations Year Category Cast/Crew member Status 25th Berlin International Film Festival 1975 Golden Berlin Bear Jabbar Patel Nominated References ^ a b "25th Berlin International Film Festival". Film Affinity. Retrieved 19 November 2013. External links Samna at IMDb vteNational Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi1954–1960 Mahatma Phule (1954) Me Tulas Tujhya Angani (1955)  – (1956) Gruhdevta (1957) Dhakti Jau (1958)  – (1959) Kanyadan (1960) Certificate of Merit  – (1954) Shevagyachya Shenga (1955)  – (1956)  – (1957) Dhakti Jau (1958)  – (1959) Umaj Padel Tar (1960) 1961–1980 Manini (1961) Rangalya Ratree Ashya (1962) Ha Majha Marg Ekla (1963) Pathlaag (1964) Sadhi Manasa (1965)  – (1966) Santh Wahate Krishnamai (1967) Ektee (1968) Tambdi Mati (1969) Mumbaicha Jawai (1970)  – (1971) Pinjra (1972)  – (1973)  – (1974) Saamna (1975)  – (1976) Jait Re Jait (1977)  – (1978)  – (1979)  – (1980) Certificate of Merit Vaijayanta and Manasala Pankh Astat (1961) Jaawai Majha Bhala and Gariba Gharchi Lek (1962) Te Majhe Ghar (1963) Tuka Jhalasi Kalas and Sawaal Majha Aika! (1964) Yuge Yuge Me Vaat Pahili (1965) Discontinued after 1965 1981–2000 Umbartha (1981) Shaapit (1982) Smruti Chitre (1983) Mahananda (1984) Pudhche Paool (1985)  – (1986) Sarja (1987)  – (1988) Kalat Nakalat (1989)  – (1990)  – (1991) Ek Hota Vidushak (1992) Lapandav (1993)  – (1994) Bangarwadi (1995) Rao Saheb (1996)  – (1997) Tu Tithe Mee (1998) Gharabaher (1999) Astitva (2000) 2001–2020  – (2001) Vastupurush (2002) Not Only Mrs. Raut (2003) Uttarayan (2004) Dombivali Fast (2005) Shevri (2006) Nirop (2007) Harishchandrachi Factory (2008) Natarang (2009) Mala Aai Vhhaychy! (2010) Shala (2011) Investment (2012) Aajcha Divas Majha (2013) Killa (2014) Ringan (2015) Dashakriya (2016) Kachcha Limboo (2017) Bhonga (2018) Bardo (2019) Goshta Eka Paithanichi (2020) 2021–present Ekda Kaay Zala (2021)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marathi-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_cinema"},{"link_name":"crime drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_drama"},{"link_name":"Jabbar Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbar_Patel"},{"link_name":"25th Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmaffinity-1"}],"text":"Samna (Marathi: सामना) is a 1974 Marathi-language crime drama film directed by Jabbar Patel. It was entered into the 25th Berlin International Film Festival.[1]","title":"Samna (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohan Agashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Agashe"},{"link_name":"Anant Audkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anant_Audkar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sanjivani Bidkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjivani_Bidkar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rajni Chauhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajni_Chauhan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jayant Dharmadhikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayant_Dharmadhikari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aswel Guruji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aswel_Guruji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bhalchandra Kulkarni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhalchandra_Kulkarni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shreeram Lagoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreeram_Lagoo"},{"link_name":"Uday Lagoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uday_Lagoo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gulab Latkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulab_Latkar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salim Latkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salim_Latkar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Usha Naik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usha_Naik"},{"link_name":"Nandu Paranjpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandu_Paranjpe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Smita Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smita_Patil"},{"link_name":"Nilu Phule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilu_Phule"}],"text":"Mohan Agashe as Maruti Kamble\nAnant Audkar\nShivaji Bhosle\nSanjivani Bidkar as Mrs. Patil\nRajni Chauhan\nJayant Dharmadhikari\nAswel Guruji\nBhalchandra Kulkarni\nShreeram Lagoo as Master\nUday Lagoo\nGulab Latkar\nSalim Latkar\nUsha Naik as Suhini\nNandu Paranjpe\nSmita Patil as Kamley\nNilu Phule as Hindurao Dhonde Patil","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A middle-aged penniless drunkard arrives at a sleepy village in a bus. At the bus-stand people are talking something about some \"Maruti Kamble\" in a hushed tone. The news of his arrival reaches the sugar baron Mr. Hindurao Dhonde-Patil through his henchman who expresses his doubt that the drunkard may be a sleuth sent by the central government. Hindurao is worried. Hindurao invites the drunkard to his mansion and provides him space to live in order to keep an eye on him. He asks the drunkard some direct questions like who he is and where he comes from. But the drunkard dodges his questions by giving some philosophical or imbecile answers. He does not even reveal his name. Hindurao decides to call him \"Master\" (teacher). Hindurao tells Master how backward this village was and how Hindurao worked hard for the progress of the village. Now there is a sugar factory, poultry, school, etc. for the village. Master observes that the progress is not of the village but only of Hindurao. Master is perpetually drunk and again overhears people asking \"what became of “Maruti Kamble\". He asks people about Maruti Kamble but they suddenly become silent. When Hindurao discovers that Master is enquiring about Maruti Kamble, he worries. Finally he calls him and makes a pact with him. The pact is that Hindurao would tell Master everything about Maruti Kamble and Master will stop his enquiries and leave the village. Hindurao says that Maruti Kamble was a military man and posed a challenge to Mr Hindurao's economic and political progress, so Hindurao falsely implicated him in a crime. He alleged that Maruti Kamble had extra marital affair with a widow. The villagers could not tolerate such immoral behaviour. Maruti Kamble thought that people would believe the charges to be true and try to kill him, so he tried to run away. Before police could get him, Hindurao had Maruti Kamble murdered and people thought that Maruti Kamble had run away to escape villagers' wrath, though some people had their \"doubts\". As Hindurao had told the truth about Maruti Kamble, it is Master's turn to leave the village. But Master is a man of conscience. Master had fought in the independence struggle of India and is pained to see that though people had become free of the British rule, they are again being exploited by persons like Hindurao. Now should he fight against the tyranny of Hindurao too? Master leaves the village. Outside the village, at the district headquarters, people notice that Master has made a demand to the government that an enquiry be made into the misdeeds of Maruti Kamble and that Maruti Kamble be found and brought to justice. Master has also decided to fast until his demand is met and he is ready to fast until death. Hindurao anticipates the results and contacts district administrator and politicians, but they show no inclination to help him out. Hindurao tries to give a speech in order to divert the attention of people from the topic of Maruti Kamble but people ask \"What became of Maruti Kamble ?\" and shout him down. Hindurao runs away to Mumbai and in his absence chaos spreads in the management of his factory and poultry. Other politicians are eager to fill in this vacuum. Master reaches Hindurao's hideout and persuades him to face the reality and surrender in order to give himself a chance. Finally Hindurao surrenders to the police. As police handcuff Hindurao in front of villagers and lead him to the police vehicle, Hindurao turns to Master and gives only a smile without malice. There ends the confrontation (Saamana) between a penniless drunkard and a potentate.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhaskar M. Chandravarkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskar_M._Chandravarkar"},{"link_name":"Jagdish Khebudkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdish_Khebudkar"},{"link_name":"Jabbar Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbar_Patel"},{"link_name":"Aarti Prabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarti_Prabhu"},{"link_name":"Sriram Lagoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriram_Lagoo"},{"link_name":"Ravindra Sathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravindra_Sathe"},{"link_name":"Ravindra Sathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravindra_Sathe"},{"link_name":"Usha Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usha_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"Usha Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usha_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"}],"text":"The music for Samana is composed by Bhaskar M. Chandravarkar and the lyrics are by, Jagdish Khebudkar, Jabbar Patel and Aarti Prabhu.Track listingNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1.\"Ya Topikhali dadlay kay\"Sriram Lagoo, Ravindra Sathe4:132.\"Konacha khandyavar konache ozhe\"Ravindra Sathe4:423.\"Sakhya chala bhagamadhi\"Usha Mangeshkar4:284.\"Raya asa zhombu naka angaala\"Usha Mangeshkar4:405.\"Sakhya re ghaayaal mee harini\"Lata Mangeshkar3:59Total length:0:22:00","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"25th Berlin International Film Festival\". Film Affinity. Retrieved 19 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/awards.php?award_id=berlin&year=1975","url_text":"\"25th Berlin International Film Festival\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt94pOThCKE","external_links_name":"Samna - Full Album"},{"Link":"http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/awards.php?award_id=berlin&year=1975","external_links_name":"\"25th Berlin International Film Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0192566/","external_links_name":"Samna"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection
Slave Narrative Collection
["1 Origins and inspiration","2 Controversy surrounding the interviews","3 Project impact","4 Publication","5 Legacy","6 Photograph gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
New Deal oral history recording project Former slave Wes Brady in Marshall, Texas in 1937 in a photo from the Slave Narrative Collection Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States (often referred to as the WPA Slave Narrative Collection) is a collection of histories by formerly enslaved people undertaken by the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration from 1936 to 1938. It was the simultaneous effort of state-level branches of FWP in seventeen states, working largely separately from each other. FWP administrators sought to develop a new appreciation for the elements of American life from different backgrounds, including that from the last generation of formerly enslaved individuals. The collections of life histories and materials on African American life that resulted gave impetus to the collection. The collection of narratives and photographs are works of the U.S. federal government and, as such, are in the public domain. They have been digitized and are available online. Excerpts also have been published by various publishers as printed books or on the Internet. The total collection contains more than 10,000 typed pages, representing more than 2,000 interviews. The Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. also has a digitized collection of audio recordings that were sometimes made during these interviews. Origins and inspiration After 1916, The Journal of Negro History published articles that in part had to do with the African American experience of slavery (as opposed to the white view of it). This resulted in several efforts to record the remembrances of living former enslaved individuals, especially as the survivors of the generation born into slavery before Emancipation in 1865 were declining in number. The earliest of these were two projects began in 1929, one led by Charles S. Johnson at Fisk University and a second by John B. Cade at Southern University, called "Opinions Regarding Slavery - Slave Narratives." In 1934 Lawrence D. Reddick, one of Johnson's students, proposed a federally-funded project to collect narratives from formerly enslaved individuals through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which was providing work opportunities for unemployed people as part of the first wave of New Deal funding. This program, however, did not achieve its ambitious goals. Several years passed before narratives began to be collected again. Although some members of the Federal Writers' Project were aware of Reddick's project, the FWP slave narrative collection was more directly inspired by the collections of folklore undertaken by John Lomax. Carolyn Dillard, director of the Georgia branch of the Writers' Project, pursued the goal of collecting stories from persons in the state who had been born into slavery. A parallel project was started in Florida with Lomax's participation, and the effort subsequently grew to cover all of the southern states (except Louisiana) and several northern states. In the end, Arkansas collected the largest volume of slave narratives of any state. Controversy surrounding the interviews Though the collection preserved hundreds of life stories that would otherwise have been lost, later historians have agreed that, compiled as it was by primarily white interviewers, the collection does not represent an entirely unbiased view. Because the federal government employed mostly white interviewers to document these former enslaved individuals' stories, there is a debate regarding whether these interviews are tainted by racism. John Blassingame, an influential historian of slavery, has said that the collection can present "a simplistic and distorted view of the plantation" that is too positive. Blassingame's argument proved controversial; one historian in the 1990s described support for Blassingame's position as "rare," but defended him on the grounds that "all historical evidence has to be measured against a minimum standard of truth that would allow historians to use it properly. Historians have not, to date, applied this stipulation to the slave narratives". Other historians worried that individuals interviewed may have modified their accounts in other ways because of being interviewed by whites. Historian Catherine Stewart argues in her book Long Past Slavery: Representing Race in the Federal Writer's Project, that "a way for Anderson, a former slave being who was interviewed by a white man, to comment on race relations in Jim Crow Florida- a means for a black interviewee to make an argument about the unwelcome presence of a white interviewer in her home, and to point out the danger she perceived in his presence, all while preserving a mask of civility and giving the interviewer what he had asked for? While Federal Writer's Project interviewers like Frost were engaged in writing down African American ghost stories", Stewart writes, "former slaves such as Josephine Anderson were conjuring up tales about power and racial identities". Historian Lauren Tilton asserts that "the Ex-Slave Narratives became a site to negotiate black people's right to full citizenship and to be a part of the nation's identity. The subjectivity of the interviewer, the questions posed, responses from the interviewees, and the ways the stories were written shaped the narratives, which became a contested space to assert or de-legitimize black selfhood and therefore rights to full incorporation into the nation." Project impact More recently, even as the narratives have become more widely available through digital means, historians have used them for more narrow, specific kinds of studies. For instance, one historian has examined responses to conflict among the members of the Gullah community of the Low Country, with a view to relating it to traditional African ideas about restorative justice. Another has drawn from them for a history of representations of the black body extending to the present. Another historian has studied them as a window into the time period of their transmission, the 1930s and the Great Depression, rather than the antebellum period they document. Though most of the narratives are preserved only in the notes of the interviewers, large numbers of photographs and 78 rpm audio recordings were made as well. These have proved valuable for such purposes as examining changes in African-American Vernacular English over time. Clint Smith writes that these narratives have also impacted the Black Lives Matter movement, which "has further pushed historians to revisit these stories. The past several years—and particularly the months since last summer’s racial-justice protests—have prompted many people to question what we’ve been taught, to see our shared past with new eyes. The FWP narratives afford us the opportunity to understand how slavery shaped this country through the stories of those who survived it". Publication A small group of the narratives first appeared in print in a Writers' Project book, These Are Our Lives. Excerpts from them were included in a Virginia Writers' Project book in 1940, and Benjamin Botkin's Lay My Burden Down in 1945. However, large numbers of the narratives were not published until the 1970s, following the civil rights movement when changing culture created more widespread interest in early African American history. The influence of New Social History, as well as increased attention to the historical agency of enslaved individuals, led to new interpretations and analysis of slave life. An anthology was published in 1998 that included audio cassettes with excerpts from the collections' recordings. The narratives also served as the basis for the 2003 HBO documentary Unchained Memories: Readings from the Slave Narratives. Legacy As presented on the Henry Louis Gates Jr. series African-American Lives, the actor Morgan Freeman's great-grandmother Cindy Anderson was one of the people interviewed for the Slaves Narrative Project. Photograph gallery Photograph of William Watkins, ex-slave, from the Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Photograph of Uncle Van Moore, ex-slave from the Slave Narratives from the Federal Writer's Project, 1936-1938, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Photograph of George Dillard, age 85, former slave, from the Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Photograph of Wayman William, ex-slave, from the Slave Narratives from the Federal Writer's Project, 1936-1938, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Photograph of Susan Merritt, ex-slave, from the Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. See also Slave narrative References ^ "The WPA and the Slave Narrative Collection | An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives | Articles and Essays | Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2022-05-03. ^ Blassingame, John W. (November 1975). "Using the Testimony of Ex-Slaves: Approaches and Problems". The Journal of Southern History. 41 (4): 473–492. doi:10.2307/2205559. ISSN 0022-4642. JSTOR 2205559. ^ Spindel, Donna J. (1996). "Assessing Memory: Twentieth-Century Slave Narratives Reconsidered". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 27 (2): 247–261. doi:10.2307/205156. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 205156. ^ Stewart, Catherine A. (2016). Long Past Slavery: Representing Race in the Federal Writers' Project. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1469626260. ^ Onion, Rebecca (2016-07-06). "Is the Greatest Collection of Slave Narratives Tainted by Racism?". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2022-05-03. ^ Tilton, Lauren (2019). "Race and Place: Dialect and the Construction of Southern Identity in the Ex-Slave Narratives". Current Research in Digital History. 2. doi:10.31835/crdh.2019.14. ISSN 2637-5923. S2CID 202371395. ^ Shaw, Stephanie J. (2003). "Using the WPA Ex-Slave Narratives to Study the Impact of the Great Depression". The Journal of Southern History. 69 (3): 623–658. doi:10.2307/30040012. ISSN 0022-4642. JSTOR 30040012. ^ Smith, Clint (2021-02-09). "Stories of Slavery, From Those Who Survived It". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2022-05-12. ^ "These Are Our Lives | Federal Writers' Project, Regional Staff". University of North Carolina Press. Retrieved 2022-05-12. ^ "Virginia Writers Project – Encyclopedia Virginia". Retrieved 2022-05-12. ^ Federal Writers' Project; Botkin, Benjamin Albert (1945). Lay my burden down; a folk history of slavery. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 461525269. ^ "American Slave Narratives". xroads.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-12. ^ Bell, Ed; Lennon, Thomas, Unchained Memories: Readings from the Slave Narratives (Documentary), Home Box Office (HBO), retrieved 2022-05-12 ^ Gates, H.L., wr. "We Come From People." African American Lives 2 Episode 3. PBS. 13 Feb 2008 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slave Narrative Collection. Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938 (Library of Congress) Online versions of collected narratives, by state: Alabama Narratives at Project Gutenberg Arkansas Narratives, Part 1 at Project Gutenberg Arkansas Narratives, Part 2 at Project Gutenberg Arkansas Narratives, Part 3 at Project Gutenberg Arkansas Narratives, Part 4 at Project Gutenberg Arkansas Narratives, Part 5 at Project Gutenberg Arkansas Narratives, Part 6 at Project Gutenberg Arkansas Narratives, Part 7 at Project Gutenberg Florida Narratives at Project Gutenberg Georgia Narratives, Part 1 at Project Gutenberg Georgia Narratives, Part 2 at Project Gutenberg Georgia Narratives, Part 3 at Project Gutenberg Georgia Narratives, Part 4 at Project Gutenberg Indiana Narratives at Project Gutenberg Kansas Narratives at Project Gutenberg Kentucky Narratives at Project Gutenberg Maryland Narratives at Project Gutenberg Mississippi Narratives at Project Gutenberg Missouri Narratives at Project Gutenberg North Carolina Narratives, Part 1 at Project Gutenberg North Carolina Narratives, Part 2 at Project Gutenberg Ohio Narratives at Project Gutenberg Oklahoma Narratives at Project Gutenberg South Carolina Narratives, Part 1 at Project Gutenberg South Carolina Narratives, Part 2 at Project Gutenberg South Carolina Narratives, Part 3 at Project Gutenberg South Carolina Narratives, Part 4 at Project Gutenberg Tennessee Narratives at Project Gutenberg Texas Narratives, Part 1 at Project Gutenberg Texas Narratives, Part 2 at Project Gutenberg Texas Narratives, Part 3 at Project Gutenberg Texas Narratives, Part 4 at Project Gutenberg Virginia Narratives at Project Gutenberg Administrative Files: Selected Records Bearing on the History of the Slave Narratives at Project Gutenberg Concordances of all WPA Slave Narratives are available at JohnSepich.com vteSlave narratives Slave Narrative Collection Individualsby continentof enslavementAfrica Robert Adams (c. 1790–?) Marcus Berg (1714-1761) Francis Bok (b. 1979) Isaac Brassard (1620–1702) Felice Caronni (1747–1815) James Leander Cathcart (1767–1843) Ólafur Egilsson (1564–1639) Petro Kilekwa (late 19th c.) Elizabeth Marsh (1735–1785) Maria ter Meetelen (1704–?) Mende Nazer (b. 1982) Hark Olufs (1708–1754) Thomas Pellow (1705–?) Joseph Pitts (1663 – c. 1735) Guðríður Símonardóttir (1598–1682) Antoine Qaurtier (1632–1702) Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang (1660–1736) Johann Georg Wolffgang (1644–1744) Asia Brigitta Scherzenfeldt (1684–1736) Europe Lovisa von Burghausen (1698–1733) Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng) Ukawsaw Gronniosaw (c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng) Jean Marteilhe (1684-1777) Roustam Raza (1783–1845) Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino (1792 – fl. 1828) Ottoman Empire Johann Schiltberger Konstantin Mihailović George of Hungary North America:Canada Marie-Joseph Angélique (c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal) John R. Jewitt (1783 England – 1821 United States) North America:Caribbean Juan Francisco Manzano (1797–1854, Cuba) Esteban Montejo (1860–1965, Cuba) Mary Prince (c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833) Venerable Pierre Toussaint (1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY) Marcos Xiorro (c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico) North America:United States Sam Aleckson Jordan Anderson William J. Anderson Jared Maurice Arter Solomon Bayley Polly Berry Henry Bibb Leonard Black James Bradley (1834) Henry "Box" Brown John Brown William Wells Brown Peter Bruner (1845 KY – 1938 OH) Ellen and William Craft Hannah Crafts Lucinda Davis Noah Davis Lucy Delaney Ayuba Suleiman Diallo Frederick Douglass Kate Drumgoold Jordan Winston Early (1814 – after 1894) Sarah Jane Woodson Early Peter Fossett (1815 Monticello–1901) David George Moses Grandy William Green (19th century MD) William Grimes Josiah Henson Fountain Hughes (1848/1854 VA – 1957) Omar ibn Said John Andrew Jackson Harriet Jacobs Thomas James John Jea Paul Jennings (1799–1874) Elizabeth Keckley Boston King Lunsford Lane J. Vance Lewis Jermain Wesley Loguen James Mars (1790–1880) Solomon Northup Greensbury Washington Offley John Parker (1827 VA – 1900) William Parker James Robert Moses Roper William Henry Singleton James Lindsay Smith Venture Smith Austin Steward (1793 VA – 1860) Venerable Pierre Toussaint (1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY) Harriet Tubman Wallace Turnage Bethany Veney Booker T. Washington Wallace Willis (19th century Indian Territory) Harriet E. Wilson Zamba Zembola (b. c. 1780 Congo) South America Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua (1845–1847, Brazil) Miguel de Buría (? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela) Osifekunde (c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil) Non-fiction books The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) The Narrative of Robert Adams (1816) American Slavery as It Is (1839) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845) The Life of Josiah Henson (1849) Twelve Years a Slave (1853) My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) The Underground Railroad Records (1872) Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881) Up from Slavery (1901) Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States (1936–38) The Peculiar Institution (1956) The Slave Community (1972) Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" (2018) Fiction/novels Oroonoko (1688) Sab (1841) Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) The Heroic Slave (1852) Clotel (1853) The Bondwoman's Narrative (c. 1853 – c. 1861) Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856) Our Nig (1859) Jubilee (1966) The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967) Roots: The Saga of an American Family (1976) Underground to Canada (1977) Kindred (1979) Dessa Rose (1986) Beloved (1987) Middle Passage (1990) Queen: The Story of an American Family (1993) Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons (1996) Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade (2001) Walk Through Darkness (2002) The Known World (2003) Unburnable (2006) The Book of Negroes (2007) The Underground Railroad (2016) Young adult books Amos Fortune, Free Man (1951) I, Juan de Pareja (1965) Copper Sun (2006) Essays "To a Southern Slaveholder" (1848) A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853) Plays The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom (1858) The Octoroon (1859) Omar (2022) Documentaries Unchained Memories (2003) Frederick Douglass and the White Negro (2008) Related Abolitionism in the United States African-American literature Anti-Tom novels Atlantic slave trade Captivity narrative Caribbean literature Films featuring slavery Slavery in the United States Songs of the Underground Railroad Treatment of slaves in the United States List of last surviving American enslaved people Book of Negroes (1783) Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book (1847) Slave-Trading in the Old South (1931) Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon (2008) Slave Songs of the United States (1867) Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery (2002) The Hemingses of Monticello (2008)
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It was the simultaneous effort of state-level branches of FWP in seventeen states, working largely separately from each other. FWP administrators sought to develop a new appreciation for the elements of American life from different backgrounds, including that from the last generation of formerly enslaved individuals. The collections of life histories and materials on African American life that resulted gave impetus to the collection.[1]The collection of narratives and photographs are works of the U.S. federal government and, as such, are in the public domain. They have been digitized and are available online. Excerpts also have been published by various publishers as printed books or on the Internet. The total collection contains more than 10,000 typed pages, representing more than 2,000 interviews. The Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. also has a digitized collection of audio recordings that were sometimes made during these interviews.","title":"Slave Narrative Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Journal of Negro History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Negro_History"},{"link_name":"Emancipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation"},{"link_name":"Charles S. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Fisk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk_University"},{"link_name":"John B. Cade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B._Cade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_University"},{"link_name":"\"Opinions Regarding Slavery - Slave Narratives.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/site/southern-university/opinions-regarding-slavery-slave-narratives/"},{"link_name":"Lawrence D. Reddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_D._Reddick"},{"link_name":"Federal Emergency Relief Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Federal Writers' Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project"},{"link_name":"John Lomax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lomax"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"}],"text":"After 1916, The Journal of Negro History published articles that in part had to do with the African American experience of slavery (as opposed to the white view of it). This resulted in several efforts to record the remembrances of living former enslaved individuals, especially as the survivors of the generation born into slavery before Emancipation in 1865 were declining in number.The earliest of these were two projects began in 1929, one led by Charles S. Johnson at Fisk University and a second by John B. Cade at Southern University, called \"Opinions Regarding Slavery - Slave Narratives.\" In 1934 Lawrence D. Reddick, one of Johnson's students, proposed a federally-funded project to collect narratives from formerly enslaved individuals through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which was providing work opportunities for unemployed people as part of the first wave of New Deal funding. This program, however, did not achieve its ambitious goals. Several years passed before narratives began to be collected again.Although some members of the Federal Writers' Project were aware of Reddick's project, the FWP slave narrative collection was more directly inspired by the collections of folklore undertaken by John Lomax. Carolyn Dillard, director of the Georgia branch of the Writers' Project, pursued the goal of collecting stories from persons in the state who had been born into slavery. A parallel project was started in Florida with Lomax's participation, and the effort subsequently grew to cover all of the southern states (except Louisiana) and several northern states. In the end, Arkansas collected the largest volume of slave narratives of any state.","title":"Origins and inspiration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Blassingame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blassingame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Though the collection preserved hundreds of life stories that would otherwise have been lost, later historians have agreed that, compiled as it was by primarily white interviewers, the collection does not represent an entirely unbiased view. Because the federal government employed mostly white interviewers to document these former enslaved individuals' stories, there is a debate regarding whether these interviews are tainted by racism. John Blassingame, an influential historian of slavery, has said that the collection can present \"a simplistic and distorted view of the plantation\" that is too positive.[2] Blassingame's argument proved controversial; one historian in the 1990s described support for Blassingame's position as \"rare,\" but defended him on the grounds that \"all historical evidence has to be measured against a minimum standard of truth that would allow historians to use it properly. Historians have not, to date, applied this stipulation to the slave narratives\".[3] Other historians worried that individuals interviewed may have modified their accounts in other ways because of being interviewed by whites.Historian Catherine Stewart argues in her book Long Past Slavery: Representing Race in the Federal Writer's Project,[4] that \"a way for Anderson, a former slave being who was interviewed by a white man, to comment on race relations in Jim Crow Florida- a means for a black interviewee to make an argument about the unwelcome presence of a white interviewer in her home, and to point out the danger she perceived in his presence, all while preserving a mask of civility and giving the interviewer what he had asked for? While Federal Writer's Project interviewers like Frost were engaged in writing down African American ghost stories\", Stewart writes, \"former slaves such as Josephine Anderson were conjuring up tales about power and racial identities\".[5] Historian Lauren Tilton asserts that \"the Ex-Slave Narratives became a site to negotiate black people's right to full citizenship and to be a part of the nation's identity. The subjectivity of the interviewer, the questions posed, responses from the interviewees, and the ways the stories were written shaped the narratives, which became a contested space to assert or de-legitimize black selfhood and therefore rights to full incorporation into the nation.\"[6]","title":"Controversy surrounding the interviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah"},{"link_name":"restorative justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorative_justice"},{"link_name":"antebellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antebellum_South"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"78 rpm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78_rpm"},{"link_name":"African-American Vernacular English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English"},{"link_name":"Clint Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Smith_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"More recently, even as the narratives have become more widely available through digital means, historians have used them for more narrow, specific kinds of studies. For instance, one historian has examined responses to conflict among the members of the Gullah community of the Low Country, with a view to relating it to traditional African ideas about restorative justice. Another has drawn from them for a history of representations of the black body extending to the present. Another historian has studied them as a window into the time period of their transmission, the 1930s and the Great Depression, rather than the antebellum period they document.[7] Though most of the narratives are preserved only in the notes of the interviewers, large numbers of photographs and 78 rpm audio recordings were made as well. These have proved valuable for such purposes as examining changes in African-American Vernacular English over time.Clint Smith writes that these narratives have also impacted the Black Lives Matter movement, which \"has further pushed historians to revisit these stories. The past several years—and particularly the months since last summer’s racial-justice protests—have prompted many people to question what we’ve been taught, to see our shared past with new eyes. The FWP narratives afford us the opportunity to understand how slavery shaped this country through the stories of those who survived it\".[8]","title":"Project impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Botkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Botkin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"New Social History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_social_history"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Unchained Memories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unchained_Memories"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A small group of the narratives first appeared in print in a Writers' Project book, These Are Our Lives.[9] Excerpts from them were included in a Virginia Writers' Project book in 1940,[10] and Benjamin Botkin's Lay My Burden Down in 1945.[11] However, large numbers of the narratives were not published until the 1970s, following the civil rights movement when changing culture created more widespread interest in early African American history. The influence of New Social History, as well as increased attention to the historical agency of enslaved individuals, led to new interpretations and analysis of slave life. An anthology was published in 1998 that included audio cassettes with excerpts from the collections' recordings.[12] The narratives also served as the basis for the 2003 HBO documentary Unchained Memories: Readings from the Slave Narratives.[13]","title":"Publication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Louis Gates Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr."},{"link_name":"African-American Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Lives"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"As presented on the Henry Louis Gates Jr. series African-American Lives, the actor Morgan Freeman's great-grandmother Cindy Anderson was one of the people interviewed for the Slaves Narrative Project.[14]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Watkins.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncle_Van_Moore,_ex-slave.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Dillard_85_former_slave.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wayman_Williams.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susan_Merritt,_ex-slave.png"}],"text":"Photograph of William Watkins, ex-slave, from the Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhotograph of Uncle Van Moore, ex-slave from the Slave Narratives from the Federal Writer's Project, 1936-1938, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhotograph of George Dillard, age 85, former slave, from the Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhotograph of Wayman William, ex-slave, from the Slave Narratives from the Federal Writer's Project, 1936-1938, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhotograph of Susan Merritt, ex-slave, from the Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.","title":"Photograph gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Former slave Wes Brady in Marshall, Texas in 1937 in a photo from the Slave Narrative Collection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wes_Brady%2C_ex-slave%2C_Marshall_edited.jpg/220px-Wes_Brady%2C_ex-slave%2C_Marshall_edited.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Slave narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_narrative"}]
[{"reference":"\"The WPA and the Slave Narrative Collection | An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives | Articles and Essays | Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress\". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/collections/slave-narratives-from-the-federal-writers-project-1936-to-1938/articles-and-essays/introduction-to-the-wpa-slave-narratives/wpa-and-the-slave-narrative-collection/","url_text":"\"The WPA and the Slave Narrative Collection | An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives | Articles and Essays | Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress\""}]},{"reference":"Blassingame, John W. (November 1975). \"Using the Testimony of Ex-Slaves: Approaches and Problems\". The Journal of Southern History. 41 (4): 473–492. doi:10.2307/2205559. ISSN 0022-4642. JSTOR 2205559.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2205559","url_text":"\"Using the Testimony of Ex-Slaves: Approaches and Problems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2205559","url_text":"10.2307/2205559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4642","url_text":"0022-4642"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2205559","url_text":"2205559"}]},{"reference":"Spindel, Donna J. (1996). \"Assessing Memory: Twentieth-Century Slave Narratives Reconsidered\". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 27 (2): 247–261. doi:10.2307/205156. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 205156.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/205156","url_text":"\"Assessing Memory: Twentieth-Century Slave Narratives Reconsidered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F205156","url_text":"10.2307/205156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1953","url_text":"0022-1953"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/205156","url_text":"205156"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Catherine A. (2016). Long Past Slavery: Representing Race in the Federal Writers' Project. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1469626260.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469626260","url_text":"978-1469626260"}]},{"reference":"Onion, Rebecca (2016-07-06). \"Is the Greatest Collection of Slave Narratives Tainted by Racism?\". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2016/07/can_wpa_slave_narratives_be_trusted_or_are_they_tainted_by_depression_era.html","url_text":"\"Is the Greatest Collection of Slave Narratives Tainted by Racism?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339","url_text":"1091-2339"}]},{"reference":"Tilton, Lauren (2019). \"Race and Place: Dialect and the Construction of Southern Identity in the Ex-Slave Narratives\". Current Research in Digital History. 2. doi:10.31835/crdh.2019.14. ISSN 2637-5923. S2CID 202371395.","urls":[{"url":"https://crdh.rrchnm.org/essays/v02-14-race-and-place/","url_text":"\"Race and Place: Dialect and the Construction of Southern Identity in the Ex-Slave Narratives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31835%2Fcrdh.2019.14","url_text":"10.31835/crdh.2019.14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2637-5923","url_text":"2637-5923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202371395","url_text":"202371395"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Stephanie J. (2003). \"Using the WPA Ex-Slave Narratives to Study the Impact of the Great Depression\". The Journal of Southern History. 69 (3): 623–658. doi:10.2307/30040012. ISSN 0022-4642. JSTOR 30040012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30040012","url_text":"\"Using the WPA Ex-Slave Narratives to Study the Impact of the Great Depression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F30040012","url_text":"10.2307/30040012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4642","url_text":"0022-4642"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30040012","url_text":"30040012"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Clint (2021-02-09). \"Stories of Slavery, From Those Who Survived It\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2022-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/03/federal-writers-project/617790/","url_text":"\"Stories of Slavery, From Those Who Survived It\""}]},{"reference":"\"These Are Our Lives | Federal Writers' Project, Regional Staff\". University of North Carolina Press. Retrieved 2022-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://uncpress.org/book/9780807896624/these-are-our-lives/","url_text":"\"These Are Our Lives | Federal Writers' Project, Regional Staff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia Writers Project – Encyclopedia Virginia\". Retrieved 2022-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/virginia-writers-project/","url_text":"\"Virginia Writers Project – Encyclopedia Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"Federal Writers' Project; Botkin, Benjamin Albert (1945). Lay my burden down; a folk history of slavery. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 461525269.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/461525269","url_text":"Lay my burden down; a folk history of slavery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/461525269","url_text":"461525269"}]},{"reference":"\"American Slave Narratives\". xroads.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper/WPA/wpahome.html","url_text":"\"American Slave Narratives\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Ed; Lennon, Thomas, Unchained Memories: Readings from the Slave Narratives (Documentary), Home Box Office (HBO), retrieved 2022-05-12","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0343129/","url_text":"Unchained Memories: Readings from the Slave Narratives"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/194th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron
194th Fighter Squadron
["1 History","1.1 World War II","1.2 California Air National Guard","1.3 Air Defense","1.4 Modern era","1.5 Lineage","1.6 Assignments","1.7 Stations","1.8 Aircraft","2 References","3 External links"]
194th Fighter SquadronA U.S. Air Force F-15C Eagle flies over the skies of Fresno, California. The aircraft is assigned to the 144th Fighter Wing, California Air National Guard, Fresno, Calif.Active1943–PresentCountry United StatesAllegiance CaliforniaBranch  Air National GuardTypeSquadronRoleFighter/Air DefensePart ofCalifornia Air National GuardGarrison/HQFresno Air National Guard Base, Fresno, CaliforniaNickname(s)"Griffins"Tail code"California" with "Fresno" stripeCommandersCurrentcommanderLt. Col. Jon VanbragtInsignia194th Fighter SquadronMilitary unit The 194th Fighter Squadron (194 FS) is a unit of the California Air National Guard's 144th Fighter Wing (144 FW) at Fresno Air National Guard Base, California. The 194th is equipped with the F-15 Eagle and like its parent wing, the 144th, is operationally-gained within the active U.S. Air Force by the Air Combat Command (ACC). History World War II Activated in October 1943 as the 409th Fighter Squadron at Hamilton Field, California. During World War II, the squadron was an Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with second-line P-39 Airacobras and P-40 Warhawks. Its mission was to train newly graduated pilots from Training Command in combat tactics and maneuvers before being assigned to their permanent combat unit. Initially assigned to IV Fighter Command, then transferred to III Fighter Command in 1944, being re-equipped with P-51D Mustangs. It took part in air-ground maneuvers and demonstrations, participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers in the summer of 1944 and in similar activities in the US until after V-J Day. Inactivated in November 1945. California Air National Guard 194th Fighter Squadron – North American F-51Hs at Hayward Air National Guard Base, California, 1949. The wartime 409th Fighter Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 194th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the California Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Naval Air Station Alameda, California, and was extended federal recognition on 25 June 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 194th Fighter Squadron was bestowed to the history, honors, and colors of the 409th Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the CA ANG 144th Fighter Group. During its early years with the F-51D, the unit earned prominence as one of the Air Force's most respected aerial gunnery competitors. Air Defense 194th FIS F-86L Sabre Interceptor 53-0739, 1960 194th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Convair F-106A-100-CO Delta Dart 58-0774, 1975 With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The F-51Ds were exchanged for F-51H Mustangs in 1951, as the "D" model of the Mustang was needed for close air support missions in Korea. The F-51H was a Very Long Range version of the Mustang, which was developed to escort B-29 Superfortress bombers to Japan, but not considered rugged enough to be used in Korea. The increased range, however was well-suited for air defense interceptor alert flights. During its years with the P-51H, the unit earned prominence as one of the Air Force's most respected aerial gunnery competitors. In June 1953, while still flying the Mustang, the unit qualified for the first all-jet, worldwide gunnery meet. With the increased availability of jet aircraft after the Korean War, the squadron's aircraft were upgraded from the piston-engine, propeller driven F-51H to its first jet aircraft, the F-86A Sabre Day Interceptor in 1954. At the same time, the 194th relocated to Fresno Yosemite International Airport (known at the time as Fresno Air Terminal), followed by the wing in 1957. On 7 July 1955, the 144th was re-designated as the 194th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, a designation kept by the squadron for the next 37 years. With the F-86A, the 144th began standing dusk-to-dawn alerts, joining its Air Defense Command active-duty counterparts. The 194th continued to fly the F-86A until 31 March 1958. On 1 April 1958, the transition was made to the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, which was designed from the onset as an interceptor, had all-weather capability and was able to be used in all weather. In addition, the F-86L could be controlled and directed by the SAGE computer-controlled Ground Control Interceptor (Radar) sites which would vector the aircraft to the unidentified target for interception. The 144th continued to fly the F-86A until 31 March 1958. On 1 April 1958, the transition was made to the F-86L, which was flown until 30 June 1964. On 1 July 1964, the 144th began flying the F-102 and continued flying this aircraft until 24 July 1974. On 25 July 1974, the 144th brought the F-106 into service, and continued to fly this aircraft until 31 December 1983. On 1 October 1978 Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated, its units being reassigned to Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC). which was established compatible to a Numbered Air Force under TAC. TAC replaced the aging F-106s on 1 January 1984 with F-4D Phantom IIs, being used in the air defense interceptor mission. Modern era 194th Fighter Squadron F-16s over San Francisco The squadron started receiving their first F-16A Fighting Falcons on 1 October 1989. These were of the block 15 type, replacing the F-4D in the air defense and attack roles. The block 15 airframes weren’t exactly suited to the dedicated air defense mission the squadron was tasked to. This was fixed with the Air Defense Fighter (ADF) upgrade these aircraft received during 1990. Effective 16 March 1992, the 144th Fighter Interceptor Wing was redesignated as the 144th Fighter Wing (144th FW), with all related Fighter Interceptor Groups and Squadrons becoming Fighter Groups and Fighter Squadrons. On 1 June 1992, the 144th FW was reassigned to Air Combat Command. During this time the 194th FS also had an alert detachment at George AFB. This base was closed in 1992 due to the overall downsizing after the Cold War and the alert detachment moved to March Air Force Base. In 1995 the squadron transitioned to the F-16C Fighting Falcon block 25 aircraft. After having flown for 11 years with the block 25 airframes, a number of those came to the end of their operational lifespan. It was therefore decided that the airframes of the 194th FS were to be replaced with F-16C Block 32 aircraft. The conversion to these block 32 models started in December 2006 and was gradually completed by the end of 2007. The first F-15 Eagle arrived 18 June 2013. The last F-16 Fighting Falcon flew to its new home in Tucson, Arizona on 7 November 2013. The 194th Fighter Squadron started the conversion process to the F-15C Eagle with the arrival of the first of 21 F-15s on 18 June 2013. The last F-16 departed the 194th Fighter Squadron on 7 November 2013, destined for 162nd Fighter Wing of the Arizona Air National Guard. It was announced in 2023 that the 194th Fighter Squadron would replace the F-15C Eagle with the updated Boeing F-15EX Eagle II. Lineage Legacy emblem of the 194th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (ADC) Constituted 409th Fighter Squadron on 12 October 1943 Activated on 15 October 1943 Re-designated: 409th Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 5 April 1944 Re-designated: 409th Fighter Squadron on 5 June 1944. Inactivated on 7 November 1945 Re-designated: 194th Fighter Squadron, and allocated to California ANG on 24 May 1946 Extended federal recognition on 25 June 1948 Re-designated: 194th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 October 1952 Re-designated: 194th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 1 December 1952 Re-designated: 194th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 7 July 1955 Re-designated: 194th Fighter Squadron, 16 March 1992 Assignments 372d Fighter (Later Fighter-Bomber, Fighter) Group, 15 October 1943 – 7 November 1945 144th Fighter Group, 25 June 1948 144th Fighter Wing, 31 October 1950 144th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, 1 October 1952 144th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 1 December 1952 144th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, 7 July 1955 144th Operations Group, 16 March 1992 – Present Stations Hamilton Field, California, 15 October 1943 Portland Army Air Base, Oregon, 7 December 1943 Esler Army Airfield, Louisiana, 25 March 1944 Pollock Army Airfield, Louisiana, 15 April 1944 Esler Army Airfield, Louisiana, 9 February 1945 Alexandria Army Air Base, Louisiana, 14 Sep – 7 November 1945 Naval Air Station Alameda, California, 25 June 1948 Hayward Air National Guard Base, California, 1949 Fresno Yosemite International Airport, California, 1954 Designated: Fresno Air National Guard Base, California, 1991–Present Aircraft P-39 Airacobra, 1943–1944 P-40 Warhawk, 1944–1945 P-51 Mustang, 1945 F-51 Mustang, 1948–1954 F-86A Sabre, 1954–1958 F-86L Sabre, 1958–1964 F-102 Delta Dagger, 1965–1974 F-106 Delta Dart, 1974–1983 F-4D Phantom II, 1983–1989 F-16A Fighting Falcon, 1989–1995 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon, 1995 – 2013 F-15C/D Eagle, 2013–present References California portal  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency ^ http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/06/18/3348931/that-new-sound-over-fresno-is.html 1st Lt. Jason Sweeney, California Military Department Public Affairs (18 June 2013). "144th upgrades to F-15 fighters". California Military Department. State of California. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Willon, Phil (2 September 2012). "California Air National Guard's 144th Fighter Wing protects skies". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 March 2015. Those times will be even faster when the wing converts to F-15s over the next year. Dogan, Robert (25 June 2012). "Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS), F-15 Aircraft Conversion 144th Fighter Wing California Air National Guard, Fresno-Yosemite International Airport, Fresno, California (CEQ # 20120144)" (PDF). Region IX. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 14 March 2015. Mumma, Linda (18 June 2013). "F-15 Fighter Jet Touches Down in Fresno". KFSN-TV. Fresno. Retrieved 14 March 2015. ^ Master Sergeant David J. Loeffler, 144th Fighter Wing Public Affairs (January 2014). "Bigger, faster, more firepower" (PDF). Grizzly. State of California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Hadley, Greg (18 April 2023). "Air Force Picks New Guard Locations for F-35, F-15EX Fighters". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved 20 April 2023. Maurer, Maurer. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force: World War II. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1982. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/194fs.htm history of the 144th Rogers, B. (2006). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. ISBN 1-85780-197-0 Cornett, Lloyd H. and Johnson, Mildred W., A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946–1980, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson AFB, CO (1980). Archived 13 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine F-15 Eagle Replaces the F-16 Fighting Falcon http://www.nationalguard.mil/news/archives/2013/06/062013-Eagle.aspx 194th Fighter [email protected] External links vte Air National GuardState andterritorialunits Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Centers Air National Guard Readiness ANG AFRC Test ANG Weather Readiness I.G. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"144th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/144th_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"Fresno Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"F-15 Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"}],"text":"Military unitThe 194th Fighter Squadron (194 FS) is a unit of the California Air National Guard's 144th Fighter Wing (144 FW) at Fresno Air National Guard Base, California. The 194th is equipped with the F-15 Eagle and like its parent wing, the 144th, is operationally-gained within the active U.S. Air Force by the Air Combat Command (ACC).","title":"194th Fighter Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"P-39 Airacobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-39_Airacobra"},{"link_name":"P-40 Warhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-40_Warhawk"},{"link_name":"IV Fighter Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Fighter_Command"},{"link_name":"III Fighter Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Fighter_Command"},{"link_name":"P-51D Mustangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51D_Mustang"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Activated in October 1943 as the 409th Fighter Squadron at Hamilton Field, California. During World War II, the squadron was an Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with second-line P-39 Airacobras and P-40 Warhawks. Its mission was to train newly graduated pilots from Training Command in combat tactics and maneuvers before being assigned to their permanent combat unit. Initially assigned to IV Fighter Command, then transferred to III Fighter Command in 1944, being re-equipped with P-51D Mustangs. It took part in air-ground maneuvers and demonstrations, participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers in the summer of 1944 and in similar activities in the US until after V-J Day.Inactivated in November 1945.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:194th_Fighter_Squadron_-_North_American_F-51Hs_ramp_row.jpg"},{"link_name":"California Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Alameda"},{"link_name":"National Guard Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_Bureau"},{"link_name":"F-51D Mustangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-51D_Mustang"},{"link_name":"144th Fighter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/144th_Fighter_Group"}],"sub_title":"California Air National Guard","text":"194th Fighter Squadron – North American F-51Hs at Hayward Air National Guard Base, California, 1949.The wartime 409th Fighter Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 194th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the California Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Naval Air Station Alameda, California, and was extended federal recognition on 25 June 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 194th Fighter Squadron was bestowed to the history, honors, and colors of the 409th Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the CA ANG 144th Fighter Group. During its early years with the F-51D, the unit earned prominence as one of the Air Force's most respected aerial gunnery competitors.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:194th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_North_American_F-86L-60-NA_Sabre_53-0739.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:194th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_-_Convair_F-106A-100-CO_Delta_Dart_58-0774.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"F-51H Mustangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-51H_Mustang"},{"link_name":"B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"F-86A Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-86A_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Fresno Yosemite International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_Yosemite_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"F-86L Sabre Interceptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-86L_Sabre_Interceptor"},{"link_name":"Aerospace Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Defense, Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense,_Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"F-4D Phantom IIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4D_Phantom_II"}],"sub_title":"Air Defense","text":"194th FIS F-86L Sabre Interceptor 53-0739, 1960194th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Convair F-106A-100-CO Delta Dart 58-0774, 1975With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The F-51Ds were exchanged for F-51H Mustangs in 1951, as the \"D\" model of the Mustang was needed for close air support missions in Korea. The F-51H was a Very Long Range version of the Mustang, which was developed to escort B-29 Superfortress bombers to Japan, but not considered rugged enough to be used in Korea. The increased range, however was well-suited for air defense interceptor alert flights. During its years with the P-51H, the unit earned prominence as one of the Air Force's most respected aerial gunnery competitors. In June 1953, while still flying the Mustang, the unit qualified for the first all-jet, worldwide gunnery meet.With the increased availability of jet aircraft after the Korean War, the squadron's aircraft were upgraded from the piston-engine, propeller driven F-51H to its first jet aircraft, the F-86A Sabre Day Interceptor in 1954. At the same time, the 194th relocated to Fresno Yosemite International Airport (known at the time as Fresno Air Terminal), followed by the wing in 1957. On 7 July 1955, the 144th was re-designated as the 194th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, a designation kept by the squadron for the next 37 years. With the F-86A, the 144th began standing dusk-to-dawn alerts, joining its Air Defense Command active-duty counterparts.The 194th continued to fly the F-86A until 31 March 1958. On 1 April 1958, the transition was made to the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, which was designed from the onset as an interceptor, had all-weather capability and was able to be used in all weather. In addition, the F-86L could be controlled and directed by the SAGE computer-controlled Ground Control Interceptor (Radar) sites which would vector the aircraft to the unidentified target for interception.The 144th continued to fly the F-86A until 31 March 1958. On 1 April 1958, the transition was made to the F-86L, which was flown until 30 June 1964. On 1 July 1964, the 144th began flying the F-102 and continued flying this aircraft until 24 July 1974. On 25 July 1974, the 144th brought the F-106 into service, and continued to fly this aircraft until 31 December 1983. On 1 October 1978 Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated, its units being reassigned to Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC). which was established compatible to a Numbered Air Force under TAC. TAC replaced the aging F-106s on 1 January 1984 with F-4D Phantom IIs, being used in the air defense interceptor mission.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-16Cs_California_ANG_over_SanFran_2004.jpg"},{"link_name":"F-16A Fighting Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16A_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"George AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_AFB"},{"link_name":"March Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"F-16C Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16C_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"F-15C Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15C_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"162nd Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/162nd_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"Arizona Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrizzleyJan14-2"},{"link_name":"Boeing F-15EX Eagle II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_F-15EX_Eagle_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023ANG-3"}],"sub_title":"Modern era","text":"194th Fighter Squadron F-16s over San FranciscoThe squadron started receiving their first F-16A Fighting Falcons on 1 October 1989. These were of the block 15 type, replacing the F-4D in the air defense and attack roles. The block 15 airframes weren’t exactly suited to the dedicated air defense mission the squadron was tasked to. This was fixed with the Air Defense Fighter (ADF) upgrade these aircraft received during 1990.Effective 16 March 1992, the 144th Fighter Interceptor Wing was redesignated as the 144th Fighter Wing (144th FW), with all related Fighter Interceptor Groups and Squadrons becoming Fighter Groups and Fighter Squadrons. On 1 June 1992, the 144th FW was reassigned to Air Combat Command.During this time the 194th FS also had an alert detachment at George AFB. This base was closed in 1992 due to the overall downsizing after the Cold War and the alert detachment moved to March Air Force Base. In 1995 the squadron transitioned to the F-16C Fighting Falcon block 25 aircraft.After having flown for 11 years with the block 25 airframes, a number of those came to the end of their operational lifespan. It was therefore decided that the airframes of the 194th FS were to be replaced with F-16C Block 32 aircraft. The conversion to these block 32 models started in December 2006 and was gradually completed by the end of 2007.The first F-15 Eagle arrived 18 June 2013. The last F-16 Fighting Falcon flew to its new home in Tucson, Arizona on 7 November 2013.The 194th Fighter Squadron started the conversion process to the F-15C Eagle with the arrival of the first of 21 F-15s on 18 June 2013.[1] The last F-16 departed the 194th Fighter Squadron on 7 November 2013, destined for 162nd Fighter Wing of the Arizona Air National Guard.[2]It was announced in 2023 that the 194th Fighter Squadron would replace the F-15C Eagle with the updated Boeing F-15EX Eagle II.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:194th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_-_Emblem.png"},{"link_name":"California ANG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_ANG"}],"sub_title":"Lineage","text":"Legacy emblem of the 194th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (ADC)Constituted 409th Fighter Squadron on 12 October 1943Activated on 15 October 1943\nRe-designated: 409th Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 5 April 1944\nRe-designated: 409th Fighter Squadron on 5 June 1944.\nInactivated on 7 November 1945Re-designated: 194th Fighter Squadron, and allocated to California ANG on 24 May 1946Extended federal recognition on 25 June 1948\nRe-designated: 194th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 October 1952\nRe-designated: 194th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, 1 December 1952\nRe-designated: 194th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 7 July 1955\nRe-designated: 194th Fighter Squadron, 16 March 1992","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"372d Fighter (Later Fighter-Bomber, Fighter) Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/372d_Fighter_Group"},{"link_name":"144th Fighter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/144th_Fighter_Group"},{"link_name":"144th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/144th_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"144th Fighter-Interceptor Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/144th_Fighter-Interceptor_Wing"},{"link_name":"144th Fighter-Bomber Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/144th_Fighter-Bomber_Wing"},{"link_name":"144th Fighter-Interceptor Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/144th_Fighter-Interceptor_Wing"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"372d Fighter (Later Fighter-Bomber, Fighter) Group, 15 October 1943 – 7 November 1945\n144th Fighter Group, 25 June 1948\n144th Fighter Wing, 31 October 1950\n144th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, 1 October 1952\n144th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 1 December 1952\n144th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, 7 July 1955\n144th Operations Group, 16 March 1992 – Present","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Portland Army Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Army_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Esler Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esler_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Esler Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esler_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Army Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Army_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Alameda"},{"link_name":"Hayward Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Fresno Yosemite International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_Yosemite_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Fresno Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_Air_National_Guard_Base"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Hamilton Field, California, 15 October 1943\nPortland Army Air Base, Oregon, 7 December 1943\nEsler Army Airfield, Louisiana, 25 March 1944\nPollock Army Airfield, Louisiana, 15 April 1944\nEsler Army Airfield, Louisiana, 9 February 1945\n\n\nAlexandria Army Air Base, Louisiana, 14 Sep – 7 November 1945\nNaval Air Station Alameda, California, 25 June 1948\nHayward Air National Guard Base, California, 1949\nFresno Yosemite International Airport, California, 1954\nDesignated: Fresno Air National Guard Base, California, 1991–Present","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P-39 Airacobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-39_Airacobra"},{"link_name":"P-40 Warhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-40_Warhawk"},{"link_name":"P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"F-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"F-86A Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-86A_Sabre"},{"link_name":"F-86L Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-86L_Sabre"},{"link_name":"F-102 Delta Dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-102_Delta_Dagger"},{"link_name":"F-106 Delta Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-106_Delta_Dart"},{"link_name":"F-4D Phantom II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4D_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"F-16A Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16A_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"F-16C/D Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16C/D_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"F-15C/D Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15C/D_Eagle"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"P-39 Airacobra, 1943–1944\nP-40 Warhawk, 1944–1945\nP-51 Mustang, 1945\nF-51 Mustang, 1948–1954\nF-86A Sabre, 1954–1958\nF-86L Sabre, 1958–1964\nF-102 Delta Dagger, 1965–1974\nF-106 Delta Dart, 1974–1983\nF-4D Phantom II, 1983–1989\nF-16A Fighting Falcon, 1989–1995\nF-16C/D Fighting Falcon, 1995 – 2013\nF-15C/D Eagle, 2013–present","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"194th Fighter Squadron – North American F-51Hs at Hayward Air National Guard Base, California, 1949.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/194th_Fighter_Squadron_-_North_American_F-51Hs_ramp_row.jpg/220px-194th_Fighter_Squadron_-_North_American_F-51Hs_ramp_row.jpg"},{"image_text":"194th FIS F-86L Sabre Interceptor 53-0739, 1960","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/194th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_North_American_F-86L-60-NA_Sabre_53-0739.jpg/220px-194th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_North_American_F-86L-60-NA_Sabre_53-0739.jpg"},{"image_text":"194th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Convair F-106A-100-CO Delta Dart 58-0774, 1975","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/194th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_-_Convair_F-106A-100-CO_Delta_Dart_58-0774.jpg/220px-194th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_-_Convair_F-106A-100-CO_Delta_Dart_58-0774.jpg"},{"image_text":"194th Fighter Squadron F-16s over San Francisco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/F-16Cs_California_ANG_over_SanFran_2004.jpg/220px-F-16Cs_California_ANG_over_SanFran_2004.jpg"},{"image_text":"Legacy emblem of the 194th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (ADC)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/194th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_-_Emblem.png/175px-194th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_-_Emblem.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"1st Lt. Jason Sweeney, California Military Department Public Affairs (18 June 2013). \"144th upgrades to F-15 fighters\". California Military Department. State of California. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150309074045/http://www.calguard.ca.gov/PA/Pages/144th-upgrades-to-F-15-fighters.aspx","url_text":"\"144th upgrades to F-15 fighters\""},{"url":"http://www.calguard.ca.gov/PA/Pages/144th-upgrades-to-F-15-fighters.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Willon, Phil (2 September 2012). \"California Air National Guard's 144th Fighter Wing protects skies\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 March 2015. Those times will be even faster when the wing converts to F-15s over the next year.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/02/local/la-me-jet-fighters-riverside-20120902","url_text":"\"California Air National Guard's 144th Fighter Wing protects skies\""}]},{"reference":"Dogan, Robert (25 June 2012). \"Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS), F-15 Aircraft Conversion 144th Fighter Wing California Air National Guard, Fresno-Yosemite International Airport, Fresno, California (CEQ # 20120144)\" (PDF). Region IX. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epa.gov/region9/nepa/letters/dod/144fighter_Wing_ca_air_nat_guard_fresno_yosemite_airport_DEIS.pdf","url_text":"\"Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS), F-15 Aircraft Conversion 144th Fighter Wing California Air National Guard, Fresno-Yosemite International Airport, Fresno, California (CEQ # 20120144)\""}]},{"reference":"Mumma, Linda (18 June 2013). \"F-15 Fighter Jet Touches Down in Fresno\". KFSN-TV. Fresno. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc30.com/archive/9143624/","url_text":"\"F-15 Fighter Jet Touches Down in Fresno\""}]},{"reference":"Master Sergeant David J. Loeffler, 144th Fighter Wing Public Affairs (January 2014). \"Bigger, faster, more firepower\" (PDF). Grizzly. State of California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094258/http://www.calguard.ca.gov/PA/Documents/GrizzlyJanuary2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Bigger, faster, more firepower\""},{"url":"http://www.calguard.ca.gov/PA/Documents/GrizzlyJanuary2014.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hadley, Greg (18 April 2023). \"Air Force Picks New Guard Locations for F-35, F-15EX Fighters\". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved 20 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-new-guard-locations-f-35-f-15ex/","url_text":"\"Air Force Picks New Guard Locations for F-35, F-15EX Fighters\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"},{"Link":"http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/06/18/3348931/that-new-sound-over-fresno-is.html","external_links_name":"http://www.fresnobee.com/2013/06/18/3348931/that-new-sound-over-fresno-is.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150309074045/http://www.calguard.ca.gov/PA/Pages/144th-upgrades-to-F-15-fighters.aspx","external_links_name":"\"144th upgrades to F-15 fighters\""},{"Link":"http://www.calguard.ca.gov/PA/Pages/144th-upgrades-to-F-15-fighters.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/02/local/la-me-jet-fighters-riverside-20120902","external_links_name":"\"California Air National Guard's 144th Fighter Wing protects skies\""},{"Link":"http://www.epa.gov/region9/nepa/letters/dod/144fighter_Wing_ca_air_nat_guard_fresno_yosemite_airport_DEIS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS), F-15 Aircraft Conversion 144th Fighter Wing California Air National Guard, Fresno-Yosemite International Airport, Fresno, California (CEQ # 20120144)\""},{"Link":"http://abc30.com/archive/9143624/","external_links_name":"\"F-15 Fighter Jet Touches Down in Fresno\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094258/http://www.calguard.ca.gov/PA/Documents/GrizzlyJanuary2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bigger, faster, more firepower\""},{"Link":"http://www.calguard.ca.gov/PA/Documents/GrizzlyJanuary2014.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.airandspaceforces.com/air-force-new-guard-locations-f-35-f-15ex/","external_links_name":"\"Air Force Picks New Guard Locations for F-35, F-15EX Fighters\""},{"Link":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf","external_links_name":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force: World War II"},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/194fs.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/194fs.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722180538/http://www.144fw.ang.af.mil/resources/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=11503","external_links_name":"history of the 144th"},{"Link":"http://www.usafpatches.com/pubs/handbookofadcorg.pdf","external_links_name":"Cornett, Lloyd H. and Johnson, Mildred W., A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946–1980, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson AFB, CO (1980)."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160213173347/http://www.usafpatches.com/pubs/handbookofadcorg.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalguard.mil/news/archives/2013/06/062013-Eagle.aspx","external_links_name":"http://www.nationalguard.mil/news/archives/2013/06/062013-Eagle.aspx"},{"Link":"http://www.f-16.net/units_article40.html","external_links_name":"194th Fighter [email protected]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Sechnaill_mac_M%C3%A1ele_Ruanaid
Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid
["1 Background","2 King of All Ireland","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
Cross of the Scriptures, Clonmacnoise, commissioned by Máel Sechnaill's son Flann Sinna and erected in 901. Simpler crosses were erected by Máel Sechnaill, including the south cross at Clonmacnoise and those at Kinnitty and Killamery by Kilkenny. Máel Sechnaill mac Máel Ruanaida (Modern Irish: Maolsheachlann Mac Maolruanaidh), also known as Máel Sechnaill I, anglicised as Malachy MacMulrooney (died 27 November 862) was High King of Ireland. The Annals of Ulster use the Old Irish title rí hÉrenn uile, that is "king of all Ireland", when reporting his death, distinguishing Máel Sechnaill from the usual Kings of Tara who are only called High Kings of Ireland in late sources such as the Annals of the Four Masters or Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn. Background Máel Sechnaill was son of Máel Ruanaid and grandson of Donnchad Midi mac Domnaill of Clann Cholmáin, who was King of Tara from around 778 to 797. Clann Cholmáin was a sept of the Uí Néill which ruled as Kings of Mide in east central Ireland. While the southern Uí Néill had been dominated by the Síl nÁedo Sláine Kings of Brega in the 7th and early 8th centuries, the Clann Cholmáin were dominant from the time of Máel Sechnaill's great-grandfather Domnall Midi. The Kingship of Tara, a largely symbolic title, alternated between Clann Cholmáin as representatives of the southern Uí Néill and the Cenél nEógain as representatives of the northern Uí Néill. Máel Sechnaill became king of Mide and head of Clann Cholmáin after killing his brother Flann in 845, and king of Tara in 846 on the death of Niall Caille mac Áeda of the Cenél nEógain, who drowned in the Callan River close to Armagh. He had appeared in the Irish annals some years earlier, being noticed in 839, and again 841 as a result of fighting among the chiefs of Clann Cholmáin when he killed his cousin Diarmait, son of Conchobar mac Donnchada, when Diarmait had tried to depose Máel Sechnaill's father as king of Mide. Prior to Máel Sechnaill's coming to power, the southern Uí Néill had been disunited, and until Niall Caille defeated Feidlimid mac Crimthainn, king of Munster, at Mag nÓchtair (County Kildare) in 841, the midlands had been repeatedly ravaged by the Munstermen. At the same time, Ireland was a target for Viking raids, although these appear to have been of minor significance. Niall Caille apparently inflicted a heavy defeat on the Norsemen in 845 at Mag Itha shortly before Máel Sechnaill became king of Mide. Late in 845 the Norse chieftain Thorgest or Turgesius, who had emulated Feidlimid mac Crimthainn by attacking Clonmacnoise and Clonfert, was captured by Máel Sechnaill, and drowned in Lough Owel. King of All Ireland Killamery High Cross, County Kilkenny, bears the inscription OR DO MAELSECHNAILL, "a prayer for Máel Sechnaill", and was erected in the ninth century. Máel Sechnaill's reign was portrayed in later sources as being frequently a matter of war with the Vikings and Norse-Gaels, thanks largely to works such as the Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh, a panegyric written for Muircheartach Ua Briain, great-grandson of Brian Boru. The annals tell of frequent battles between Máel Sechnaill and the Vikings, both when they were acting on their own and as allies to Cináed mac Conaing or Cerball mac Dúnlainge. But he was also on occasions allied to the Norse-Gaels. In 856 "reat warfare between the heathens and Máel Sechnaill with the Norse-Irish" is reported by the Annals of Ulster. Máel Sechnaill's real achievements were in Ulster and Munster. Shortly after killing Cináed with the aid of Tigernach mac Fócartai, Máel Sechnaill met with the king of Ulster, Matudán mac Muiredaig, and the chief cleric of Ulster, Diarmait, Abbot of Armagh. Here Máel Sechnaill was acknowledged as High King by the Ulstermen. This did not end the strife between the Uí Néill and the kings of Ulster as Armagh was raided by Máel Sechnaill in 852. However, Ulster provided troops for Máel Sechnaill, whose army is called "the men of Ireland" in 858. The annals record expeditions to Munster to obtain tribute and hostages in 854, 856 and in 858, when his army killed several kings, wasted the land and marched south to the sea. Máel Sechnaill's attempts to obtain the submission to the Munster kings of the Eóganachta were obstructed by the ambitious king of Osraige in Leinster, Cerball mac Dúnlainge. Cerball, known to Icelanders' sagas as Kjarvalr Írakonungr, raided Munster and obtained allies and mercenaries from among the Norse and Norse-Gaels of southern Ireland. The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, a combination of annals and history written in the 11th century for Donnchad mac Gilla Pátraic king of Osraige and Leinster, say that the expedition of 854 was led by Cerball on Máel Sechnaill's orders, although Máel Sechnaill himself appears also to have raided into Munster that year. It is reported that Cerball joined forces with Ivarr, a king of the "Dark foreigners": in 859, they challenged the power of Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid. The Annals of Innisfallen are alone in reporting an expedition by Cerball with allies from Munster against Máel Sechnaill in 859, which is said to have reached as far north as Armagh. The Annals of Ulster, however, state that Cerball entered Mide with a great army, supported by Norse allies, Amlaíb and Ivar. A general assembly of kings and clerics in 859 at Rahugh in County Westmeath settled matters by detaching Osraige from Munster. Máel Gualae mac Donngaile of Munster and Cerball both consented to the change which was little loss to the Eóganachta who had rarely exercised any control over Osraige. Máel Sechnaill's successes raised more opposition from his Uí Néill kinsmen than from subject kings or the Norse and Norse-Gaels, and the latter part of his reign was spent in conflict with the northern Uí Neill, led by Áed Findliath, son of Niall Caille. In 860 Máel Sechnaill led an army raised from Munster, Leinster and Connacht against the northern Uí Néill. The annals say that Áed Findliath and Flann mac Conaing, brother of Cináed, led a night attack on Máel Sechnaill's camp near Armagh which was beaten off with heavy loss to Áed and Flann. Further fighting between Áed and Máel Sechnaill is reported in 861, and again in 862. Máel Sechnaill died peacefully on 27 November 862. His obituary in the Annals of Ulster states:Máel Sechnailll son of Máel Ruanaid, son of Donnchad, son of Domnall, son of Murchad of Mide, son of Diarmait the Harsh, son of Airmedach the One-eyed, son of Conall of the Sweet Voice, son of Suibne, son of Colmán the great, son of Diarmait the red, son of Fergus Wrymouth, king of all Ireland, died on the third feria, the second of the Kalends of December, in the 16th year of his reign. The Fragmentary Annals quote a lament for Máel Sechnaill:There is much sorrow everywhere;there is a great misfortune among the Irish.Red wine has been spilled down the valley;the only King of Ireland has been slain. Máel Sechnaill's achievements did not outlast him, and Áed Finnliath was unable to maintain peace within the Uí Néill, nor to receive submission for Munster. Áed's incessant warfare with the Norse and Norse-Gaels, while militarily successful, produced unexpected consequences in the long term for the position of the northern Uí Néill. Power and influence in the 10th and 11th centuries rested increasingly with kings who, like Máel Sechnaill, could exploit the wealth of new trading towns and the forces of the Norse and the Norse-Gaels. Máel Sechnaill's son Flann Sinna would later be King of Mide, High King of All Ireland. Notes ^ The death of Flann, together with Donnchad mac Follamain is reported by the Annals of Ulster in 845 . Donnchad appears to have been a first cousin once-removed of Flann and Máel Sechnaill. ^ Notices at AU 839.6 and AU AU 841.2. ^ Byrne, p.225; Herbert, pp. 62–63. ^ Reported by the Annals of Ulster . ^ AU 845.8. ^ Byrne, p. 263: Cináed was king of Brega, of the southern Uí Néill sept of the Síl nÁedo Sláine. See also Dan M. Wiley. "Máelsechnaill 7 na Danair". The Cycles of the Kings. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.. ^ Byrne, pp. 263–265; Herbert, pp. 63–65. ^ Sean Duffy, Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia, page 122. ^ Byrne, pp 263–265; Herbert, pp. 63–65. ^ Byrne, pp 265–266; Herbert, pp 64–65. ^ AU 862.5, the date corresponding with 30 November 862. ^ Fragmentary Annals, FA ¶293. ^ Byrne, pp 266–270. References A Popular History of Ireland: From the earliest period to Emancipation of the Catholics by Thomas D'Arcy McGee Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, London, 1973. ISBN 0-7134-5882-8 Herbert, Máire, "Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban: kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries" in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297. Four Courts, Dublin, 2000. ISBN 1-85182-516-9 Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí, Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200. Longman, London, 1995. ISBN 0-582-01565-0 External links A Popular History of Ireland Chapter 2 CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the Annals of Ulster and the Four Masters, the Chronicon Scotorum and the Book of Leinster as well as Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress. The Cycles of the Kings by Dan M. Wiley. Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid Clann Cholmáin Regnal titles Preceded byFland mac Maele Ruanaid King of Mide 845–862 Succeeded byLorcán mac Cathail Preceded byNiall Caille High King of Ireland 846–862 Succeeded byÁed Findliath vteKings of Ireland, circa 549–1175Kings of Tara Diarmait mac Cerbaill Forggus mac Muirchertaig and Domnall Ilchelgach Ainmuire Báetán mac Muirchertaig and Eochaid mac Domnaill Báetán mac Cairill Áed mac Ainmuirech Fiachnae mac Báetáin Áed Sláine and Colmán Rímid Áed Uaridnach Máel Coba Suibne Menn Óengus mac Colmáin Domnall mac Áedo Congal Cáech Cellach and Conall Cóel Diarmait and Blathmac Sechnassach Cenn Fáelad Fínsnechta Fledach Loingsech Congal Cennmagair Fergal mac Máele Dúin Cathal mac Finguine Fogartach Cináed Flaithbertach Áed Allán Domnall Midi Niall Frossach Donnchad Midi Áed Oirdnide Conchobar mac Donnchada Fedelmid mac Crimthainn Niall Caille Kings of Ireland Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid Áed Findliath Flann Sinna Niall Glúndub Donnchad Donn Congalach Cnogba (Ruaidrí ua Canannáin) Domnall ua Néill Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill Brian Bóruma Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó Toirdelbach Ua Briain Muirchertach Ua Briain Domnall Ua Lochlainn Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clonmacnois_Cross_of_the_Scriptures_South_West_View_2003_09_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clonmacnoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmacnoise"},{"link_name":"Flann Sinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flann_Sinna"},{"link_name":"Kinnitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnitty"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Modern Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Irish"},{"link_name":"High King of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Annals of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Old Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irish_language"},{"link_name":"rí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Kings of Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Tara"},{"link_name":"Annals of the Four Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating"}],"text":"Cross of the Scriptures, Clonmacnoise, commissioned by Máel Sechnaill's son Flann Sinna and erected in 901. Simpler crosses were erected by Máel Sechnaill, including the south cross at Clonmacnoise and those at Kinnitty and Killamery by Kilkenny.Máel Sechnaill mac Máel Ruanaida (Modern Irish: Maolsheachlann Mac Maolruanaidh), also known as Máel Sechnaill I, anglicised as Malachy MacMulrooney (died 27 November 862) was High King of Ireland. The Annals of Ulster use the Old Irish title rí hÉrenn uile, that is \"king of all Ireland\", when reporting his death, distinguishing Máel Sechnaill from the usual Kings of Tara who are only called High Kings of Ireland in late sources such as the Annals of the Four Masters or Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn.","title":"Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Máel Ruanaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Ruanaid_mac_Donnchada_Midi"},{"link_name":"Donnchad Midi mac Domnaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnchad_Midi_mac_Domnaill"},{"link_name":"Clann Cholmáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clann_Cholm%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"797.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/797_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Uí Néill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill"},{"link_name":"Kings of Mide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Mide"},{"link_name":"Síl nÁedo Sláine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADl_n%C3%81edo_Sl%C3%A1ine"},{"link_name":"Kings of Brega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Brega"},{"link_name":"Domnall Midi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnall_Midi"},{"link_name":"Cenél nEógain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nE%C3%B3gain"},{"link_name":"Niall Caille mac Áeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Caille_mac_%C3%81eda"},{"link_name":"Callan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callan_River"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Irish annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_annals"},{"link_name":"Conchobar mac Donnchada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchobar_mac_Donnchada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Feidlimid mac Crimthainn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feidlimid_mac_Crimthainn"},{"link_name":"king of Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Munster"},{"link_name":"County Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kildare"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thorgest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorgest"},{"link_name":"Clonmacnoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmacnoise"},{"link_name":"Clonfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonfert"},{"link_name":"Lough Owel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Owel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Máel Sechnaill was son of Máel Ruanaid and grandson of Donnchad Midi mac Domnaill of Clann Cholmáin, who was King of Tara from around 778 to 797. Clann Cholmáin was a sept of the Uí Néill which ruled as Kings of Mide in east central Ireland. While the southern Uí Néill had been dominated by the Síl nÁedo Sláine Kings of Brega in the 7th and early 8th centuries, the Clann Cholmáin were dominant from the time of Máel Sechnaill's great-grandfather Domnall Midi. The Kingship of Tara, a largely symbolic title, alternated between Clann Cholmáin as representatives of the southern Uí Néill and the Cenél nEógain as representatives of the northern Uí Néill.Máel Sechnaill became king of Mide and head of Clann Cholmáin after killing his brother Flann in 845, and king of Tara in 846 on the death of Niall Caille mac Áeda of the Cenél nEógain, who drowned in the Callan River close to Armagh.[1] He had appeared in the Irish annals some years earlier, being noticed in 839, and again 841 as a result of fighting among the chiefs of Clann Cholmáin when he killed his cousin Diarmait, son of Conchobar mac Donnchada, when Diarmait had tried to depose Máel Sechnaill's father as king of Mide.[2]Prior to Máel Sechnaill's coming to power, the southern Uí Néill had been disunited, and until Niall Caille defeated Feidlimid mac Crimthainn, king of Munster, at Mag nÓchtair (County Kildare) in 841, the midlands had been repeatedly ravaged by the Munstermen.[3] At the same time, Ireland was a target for Viking raids, although these appear to have been of minor significance. Niall Caille apparently inflicted a heavy defeat on the Norsemen in 845 at Mag Itha shortly before Máel Sechnaill became king of Mide.[4] Late in 845 the Norse chieftain Thorgest or Turgesius, who had emulated Feidlimid mac Crimthainn by attacking Clonmacnoise and Clonfert, was captured by Máel Sechnaill, and drowned in Lough Owel.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Killamery_High_Cross.jpg"},{"link_name":"Killamery High Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killamery_High_Cross"},{"link_name":"Norse-Gaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse-Gaels"},{"link_name":"Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Gaedhil_re_Gallaibh"},{"link_name":"panegyric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panegyric"},{"link_name":"Muircheartach Ua Briain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muircheartach_Ua_Briain"},{"link_name":"Brian Boru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Boru"},{"link_name":"Cináed mac Conaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A1ed_mac_Conaing"},{"link_name":"Cerball mac Dúnlainge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerball_mac_D%C3%BAnlainge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster"},{"link_name":"Tigernach mac Fócartai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigernach_mac_F%C3%B3cartai"},{"link_name":"king of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Matudán mac Muiredaig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matud%C3%A1n_mac_Muiredaig"},{"link_name":"Abbot of Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot_of_Armagh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Eóganachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta"},{"link_name":"Osraige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osraige"},{"link_name":"Cerball mac Dúnlainge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerball_mac_D%C3%BAnlainge"},{"link_name":"Icelanders' sagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelanders%27_sagas"},{"link_name":"Fragmentary Annals of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmentary_Annals_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Donnchad mac Gilla Pátraic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnchad_mac_Gilla_P%C3%A1traic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Annals of Innisfallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Innisfallen"},{"link_name":"Annals of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Amlaíb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung"},{"link_name":"County Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Westmeath"},{"link_name":"Máel Gualae mac Donngaile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Gualae_mac_Donngaile"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Uí Néill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill"},{"link_name":"Áed Findliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ed_Findliath"},{"link_name":"Niall Caille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Caille"},{"link_name":"Connacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Áed Finnliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ed_Finnliath"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Flann Sinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flann_Sinna"}],"text":"Killamery High Cross, County Kilkenny, bears the inscription OR DO MAELSECHNAILL, \"a prayer for Máel Sechnaill\", and was erected in the ninth century.Máel Sechnaill's reign was portrayed in later sources as being frequently a matter of war with the Vikings and Norse-Gaels, thanks largely to works such as the Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh, a panegyric written for Muircheartach Ua Briain, great-grandson of Brian Boru. The annals tell of frequent battles between Máel Sechnaill and the Vikings, both when they were acting on their own and as allies to Cináed mac Conaing or Cerball mac Dúnlainge. But he was also on occasions allied to the Norse-Gaels. In 856 \"[g]reat warfare between the heathens [the Norse or Danes] and Máel Sechnaill with the Norse-Irish\" is reported by the Annals of Ulster.[6]Máel Sechnaill's real achievements were in Ulster and Munster. Shortly after killing Cináed with the aid of Tigernach mac Fócartai, Máel Sechnaill met with the king of Ulster, Matudán mac Muiredaig, and the chief cleric of Ulster, Diarmait, Abbot of Armagh. Here Máel Sechnaill was acknowledged as High King by the Ulstermen. This did not end the strife between the Uí Néill and the kings of Ulster as Armagh was raided by Máel Sechnaill in 852. However, Ulster provided troops for Máel Sechnaill, whose army is called \"the men of Ireland\" in 858.[7]The annals record expeditions to Munster to obtain tribute and hostages in 854, 856 and in 858, when his army killed several kings, wasted the land and marched south to the sea. Máel Sechnaill's attempts to obtain the submission to the Munster kings of the Eóganachta were obstructed by the ambitious king of Osraige in Leinster, Cerball mac Dúnlainge. Cerball, known to Icelanders' sagas as Kjarvalr Írakonungr, raided Munster and obtained allies and mercenaries from among the Norse and Norse-Gaels of southern Ireland. The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, a combination of annals and history written in the 11th century for Donnchad mac Gilla Pátraic king of Osraige and Leinster, say that the expedition of 854 was led by Cerball on Máel Sechnaill's orders, although Máel Sechnaill himself appears also to have raided into Munster that year. It is reported that Cerball joined forces with Ivarr, a king of the \"Dark foreigners\": in 859, they challenged the power of Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid.[8] The Annals of Innisfallen are alone in reporting an expedition by Cerball with allies from Munster against Máel Sechnaill in 859, which is said to have reached as far north as Armagh. The Annals of Ulster, however, state that Cerball entered Mide with a great army, supported by Norse allies, Amlaíb and Ivar. A general assembly of kings and clerics in 859 at Rahugh in County Westmeath settled matters by detaching Osraige from Munster. Máel Gualae mac Donngaile of Munster and Cerball both consented to the change which was little loss to the Eóganachta who had rarely exercised any control over Osraige.[9]Máel Sechnaill's successes raised more opposition from his Uí Néill kinsmen than from subject kings or the Norse and Norse-Gaels, and the latter part of his reign was spent in conflict with the northern Uí Neill, led by Áed Findliath, son of Niall Caille. In 860 Máel Sechnaill led an army raised from Munster, Leinster and Connacht against the northern Uí Néill. The annals say that Áed Findliath and Flann mac Conaing, brother of Cináed, led a night attack on Máel Sechnaill's camp near Armagh which was beaten off with heavy loss to Áed and Flann. Further fighting between Áed and Máel Sechnaill is reported in 861, and again in 862.[10]Máel Sechnaill died peacefully on 27 November 862. His obituary in the Annals of Ulster states:Máel Sechnailll son of Máel Ruanaid, son of Donnchad, son of Domnall, son of Murchad of Mide, son of Diarmait the Harsh, son of Airmedach the One-eyed, son of Conall of the Sweet Voice, son of Suibne, son of Colmán the great, son of Diarmait the red, son of Fergus Wrymouth, king of all Ireland, died on the third feria, the second of the Kalends of December, in the 16th year of his reign.[11]The Fragmentary Annals quote a lament for Máel Sechnaill:There is much sorrow everywhere;there is a great misfortune among the Irish.Red wine has been spilled down the valley;the only King of Ireland has been slain.[12]Máel Sechnaill's achievements did not outlast him, and Áed Finnliath was unable to maintain peace within the Uí Néill, nor to receive submission for Munster. Áed's incessant warfare with the Norse and Norse-Gaels, while militarily successful, produced unexpected consequences in the long term for the position of the northern Uí Néill. Power and influence in the 10th and 11th centuries rested increasingly with kings who, like Máel Sechnaill, could exploit the wealth of new trading towns and the forces of the Norse and the Norse-Gaels.[13]Máel Sechnaill's son Flann Sinna would later be King of Mide, High King of All Ireland.","title":"King of All Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Máelsechnaill 7 na Danair\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060902103957/http://www.hastings.edu/academic/english/Kings/Maelsechnaill_ocus_na_Danair.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hastings.edu/academic/english/Kings/Maelsechnaill_ocus_na_Danair.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"}],"text":"^ The death of Flann, together with Donnchad mac Follamain is reported by the Annals of Ulster in 845 [AU 845.7]. Donnchad appears to have been a first cousin once-removed of Flann and Máel Sechnaill.\n\n^ Notices at AU 839.6 and AU AU 841.2.\n\n^ Byrne, p.225; Herbert, pp. 62–63.\n\n^ Reported by the Annals of Ulster [AU 845.6].\n\n^ AU 845.8.\n\n^ Byrne, p. 263: Cináed was king of Brega, of the southern Uí Néill sept of the Síl nÁedo Sláine. See also Dan M. Wiley. \"Máelsechnaill 7 na Danair\". The Cycles of the Kings. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007..\n\n^ Byrne, pp. 263–265; Herbert, pp. 63–65.\n\n^ Sean Duffy, Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia, page 122.\n\n^ Byrne, pp 263–265; Herbert, pp. 63–65.\n\n^ Byrne, pp 265–266; Herbert, pp 64–65.\n\n^ AU 862.5, the date corresponding with 30 November 862.\n\n^ Fragmentary Annals, FA ¶293.\n\n^ Byrne, pp 266–270.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Cross of the Scriptures, Clonmacnoise, commissioned by Máel Sechnaill's son Flann Sinna and erected in 901. Simpler crosses were erected by Máel Sechnaill, including the south cross at Clonmacnoise and those at Kinnitty and Killamery by Kilkenny.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Clonmacnois_Cross_of_the_Scriptures_South_West_View_2003_09_02.jpg/220px-Clonmacnois_Cross_of_the_Scriptures_South_West_View_2003_09_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Killamery High Cross, County Kilkenny, bears the inscription OR DO MAELSECHNAILL, \"a prayer for Máel Sechnaill\", and was erected in the ninth century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Killamery_High_Cross.jpg/220px-Killamery_High_Cross.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Dan M. Wiley. \"Máelsechnaill 7 na Danair\". The Cycles of the Kings. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060902103957/http://www.hastings.edu/academic/english/Kings/Maelsechnaill_ocus_na_Danair.htm","url_text":"\"Máelsechnaill 7 na Danair\""},{"url":"http://www.hastings.edu/academic/english/Kings/Maelsechnaill_ocus_na_Danair.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_V._Bogy
Lewis V. Bogy
["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References"]
American politician Lewis Vital BogyUnited States Senatorfrom MissouriIn officeMarch 4, 1873 – September 20, 1877Preceded byFrancis P. Blair Jr.Succeeded byDavid H. ArmstrongCommissioner of Indian AffairsIn office1866–1867PresidentAndrew JohnsonPreceded byDennis N. CooleySucceeded byNathaniel Green TaylorPresident of the St. Louis Board of AldermenIn office1872Member of the Missouri House of RepresentativesIn office1840–18411854–1855St. Louis AldermanIn office1838 Personal detailsBorn(1813-04-09)April 9, 1813Ste. Genevieve, MissouriDiedSeptember 20, 1877(1877-09-20) (aged 64)St. Louis, MissouriPolitical partyDemocraticSignature Lewis Vital Bogy (April 9, 1813 – September 20, 1877) was a United States senator from Missouri. Born in Ste. Geneviève, he attended the public schools, was employed as clerk in a mercantile establishment, studied law in Illinois, graduated from Transylvania University (Lexington, Kentucky in 1835 and commenced practice in St. Louis. He served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of the board of aldermen of St. Louis in 1838, and was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives in 1840–1841 and 1854–1855. He was commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1866 and 1867, and president of the city council of St. Louis in 1872. Bogy was one of the founders of the St. Louis Iron Mountain Railway, acting as president for two years. Bogy was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1873, until his death in St. Louis in 1877; he was buried at Calvary Cemetery section 1. See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899) Notes United States Congress. "Lewis V. Bogy (id: B000595)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. References ^ Historical Tour Outline of Calvary Cemetery (brochure) U.S. Senate Preceded byFrancis P. Blair Jr. U.S. senator (Class 3) from Missouri 1873–1877 Served alongside: Carl Schurz, Francis M. Cockrell Succeeded byDavid H. Armstrong vteUnited States senators from MissouriClass 1 Benton Geyer Polk Henderson Schurz Cockrell Warner Reed Patterson Truman Briggs Kem Symington Danforth Ashcroft Carnahan Talent McCaskill Hawley Class 3 Barton Buckner Linn Atchison Green Johnson Wilson Brown Drake Jewett Blair Bogy Armstrong Shields Vest Stone Wilfley Spencer Williams Hawes Clark Donnell Hennings Long Eagleton Bond Blunt Schmitt Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_senator"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Ste. Geneviève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Transylvania University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania_University"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"aldermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldermen"},{"link_name":"Missouri House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"commissioner of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"city council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDemocrat"},{"link_name":"Calvary Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Lewis Vital Bogy (April 9, 1813 – September 20, 1877) was a United States senator from Missouri. Born in Ste. Geneviève, he attended the public schools, was employed as clerk in a mercantile establishment, studied law in Illinois, graduated from Transylvania University (Lexington, Kentucky in 1835 and commenced practice in St. Louis. He served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of the board of aldermen of St. Louis in 1838, and was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives in 1840–1841 and 1854–1855. He was commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1866 and 1867, and president of the city council of St. Louis in 1872. Bogy was one of the founders of the St. Louis Iron Mountain Railway, acting as president for two years.Bogy was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1873, until his death in St. Louis in 1877; he was buried at Calvary Cemetery section 1.[1]","title":"Lewis V. Bogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Lewis V. Bogy (id: B000595)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000595"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"United States Congress. \"Lewis V. Bogy (id: B000595)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)"}]
[{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Lewis V. Bogy (id: B000595)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000595","url_text":"\"Lewis V. Bogy (id: B000595)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Derna)
Ansar al-Sharia (Derna)
["1 See also","2 References"]
Ansar Al-Sharia (Derna, Libya)The flag of the groupLeadersAbu Sufian bin Qumu (POW)Dates of operation2011–2018Active regionsEastern Libya (Cirenaica)Part ofShura Council of Mujahideen in DernaAlliesAbu Salim Martyrs BrigadeJaysh al-Islami al-LibiOpponents Islamic StateBattles and warsSecond Libyan Civil War ISIL occupation of Derna Ansar al-Sharia is the Derna based branch of a larger Libyan group; the branch is headed by Abu Sufian bin Qumu. In 2011 bin Qumu became the leader of a band of fighters in his hometown of Derna during the 2011 Libyan civil war. The group was reported as disbanding itself following the U.S. Consulate attack in Benghazi however by late 2013 the group had re-emerged in the city as a branch of the Benghazi-based Ansar al-Sharia under the slogan "A step toward building the Islamic state". In December 2014, Ansar al-Sharia joined the Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade and Jaysh al-Islami al-Libi in an umbrella organisation called the Majlis Shura al-Mujahidin Derna (Derna Mujahidin Consultative Council). The group has been involved in fighting with the forces of General Khalifa Haftar in the Second Libyan Civil War. Ansar al-Sharia and the Majlis Shura al-Mujahidin Derna have opposed the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant presence in Derna. See also Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) References ^ a b c d "The Rise and Decline of Ansar al-Sharia in Libya". Hudson Institute. 6 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015. ^ Aaron Zelin (21 September 2012). "Know Your Ansar al-Sharia". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 January 2014. ^ Holly Watt (26 April 2011). "WikiLeaks:Guantanamo detainee is now Libyan rebel leader". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 January 2014. ^ Marie-Louise Gumuchian and Peter Graff (23 September 2012). "Libyan army tackles rogue militias as two disband". Reuters. Retrieved 10 January 2014. ^ Aya Elbrqawi (28 February 2014). "Slow death of Derna". Magharebia. Retrieved 1 March 2014. This Libya-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Libya)"}]
[{"reference":"\"The Rise and Decline of Ansar al-Sharia in Libya\". Hudson Institute. 6 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hudson.org/research/11197-the-rise-and-decline-of-ansar-al-sharia-in-libya","url_text":"\"The Rise and Decline of Ansar al-Sharia in Libya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Institute","url_text":"Hudson Institute"}]},{"reference":"Aaron Zelin (21 September 2012). \"Know Your Ansar al-Sharia\". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/21/know_your_ansar_al_sharia","url_text":"\"Know Your Ansar al-Sharia\""}]},{"reference":"Holly Watt (26 April 2011). \"WikiLeaks:Guantanamo detainee is now Libyan rebel leader\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8472816/WikiLeaks-Guantanamo-detainee-is-now-Libyan-rebel-leader.html","url_text":"\"WikiLeaks:Guantanamo detainee is now Libyan rebel leader\""}]},{"reference":"Marie-Louise Gumuchian and Peter Graff (23 September 2012). \"Libyan army tackles rogue militias as two disband\". Reuters. Retrieved 10 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-protests-libya-idUSBRE88M08D20120923","url_text":"\"Libyan army tackles rogue militias as two disband\""}]},{"reference":"Aya Elbrqawi (28 February 2014). \"Slow death of Derna\". Magharebia. Retrieved 1 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/reportage/2014/02/28/reportage-01","url_text":"\"Slow death of Derna\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiuddin_al-Nabhani
Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
["1 Biography","2 Political philosophy","3 Influence","4 Bibliography","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Sources","6 Further reading"]
Palestinian Muslim scholar (1914–1977) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this message) al-ShaykhMuḥammad Taqī al-Dīn bin Ibrāhīm bin Muṣṭafā bin Ismāʿīl bin Yūsuf al-Nabhānī محمد تقي الدين بن إبراهيم بن مصطفى بن إسماعيل بن يوسف النبهانيal-Imām al-Shaykh Muhammad Taqi al-Din bin Ibrāhīm bin Mustafā bin Ismā'īl bin Yūsuf al-Nab'hāniLeader of Hizb ut-TahrirIn office1953 – December 11, 1977Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byShaykh Abdul Qadeem ZallumQadi of HaifaIn office1938–1948 Titleal-Imam, al-ShaykhPersonalBornMuhammad Taqi al-Din bin Ibrahim bin Mustafa bin Ismail bin Yusuf al-Nabhani1914 (Some sources quote it to be 1909)Ijzim, Beirut Vilayet, Ottoman EmpireDiedDecember 11, 1977(1977-12-11) (aged 62–63)Beirut, LebanonReligionIslamEraModern eraRegionMiddle EastDenominationSunniJurisprudenceIjtihadCreedAsh'ariPolitical party Hizb ut Tahrir (1953-1977) Main interest(s) Political Islam Islamic philosophy Anti-Zionism Islamic economics Refuting heresy Fiqh Da'wah Khilafah Notable idea(s) Pan-Islamism Sunni Islamism Islamic Revival Jihad against Zionists Caliphatism Islamic vanguardism Notable work(s) List Inqadh Filasteen – 1950 Rislatu al-Arab – 1950 Nidham al-Islam – 1953 Nidham al-Hukm fi al-Islam – 1953 Nidham al-Iqtisadi fi al-Islam – 1953 Nidham al-Ijtima’i fi al-Islam −1953 Takattul al-Hizbi – 1953 Mahafeem Hizb ut-Tahrir – 1953 Dawlah al-Islamiyyah – 1953 Shakhsiyyah al-Islamiyyah – 1960 Muqadimat al-Dustor – 1963 Nida al-Haar ila al-Muslimeen – 1965 Mahafeem Siyasiyya li Hizb ut-Tahrir – 1969 Afkar Siyasiyya – 1972 Tafkir – 1973 Sura’t al-Badiha – 1976 Alma mater Dar al-Ulum Teachers OccupationIslamic scholarMuslim leaderDisciple ofImam Yusuf al-NabhaniArabic namePersonal(Ism)MuhammadمحمدPatronymic(Nasab)ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Mustafāبن إبراهيم بن مصطفىEpithet(Laqab)Taqī al-Dīnتقي الدينToponymic(Nisba)al-NabhānīالنبهانيBirth nameTaqī al-DīnOther namesOther name/left empty/noneRelativesImam Yusuf al-Nabhani (maternal grandfather) Muhammad Taqi al-Din bin Ibrahim bin Mustafa bin Isma'il bin Yusuf al-Nabhani (Arabic: محمد تقي الدين بن إبراهيم بن مصطفى بن إسماعيل بن يوسف النبهاني; 1914 – December 11, 1977) was a Palestinian Islamic scholar who founded the pan-Islamist and fundamentalist organization Hizb ut-Tahrir. Biography Al-Nabhani was born in 1909 in a village by the name of Ijzim near Haifa in the Ottoman Empire and belonged to Bani Nabhan tribe. His father was a lecturer in Sharia law and his mother was also an Islamic scholar and his grandfather was the famous Palestinian scholar Yusuf al-Nabhani. al-Nabhani studied Sharia law at Al-Azhar University and the Dar-ul-Ulum college of Cairo. He graduated in 1931 and returned to Palestine. There he was first a teacher and then as a jurist, rising to Sharia judge in the court of appeal. Disturbed by the creation of the state of Israel and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and occupation of Palestine, he founded the Hizb ut-Tahrir party in 1953. The party was immediately banned in Jordan. Al-Nabhani was banned from returning to Jordan and settled in Beirut. He died on December 20, 1977. Political philosophy Al-Nabhani proclaimed that the depressed political condition of Muslims in the contemporary world stemmed from the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924. al-Nabhani was critical of the way the Middle East had been carved up into nation states allied with various imperial powers. Other causes of stagnation included the Ottoman Empire's closing of the doors of ijtihad, its failure to understand "the intellectual and legislative side of Islam", and neglect of the Arabic language. In his most famous works, written in the early 1950s, al-Nabhani expressed a radical disillusionment with the secular powers that had failed to protect Palestinian nationalism. He argued for a new caliphate that would be brought about by "peaceful politics and ideological subversion" and eventually cover the world replacing all nation states. Its political and economic order would be founded on Islamic principles, not materialism that, in his view, was the outcome of capitalist economies. Al-Nabhani also wrote The Economic System in Islam, a book on Islamic views on economic principles and the contradictions between them and Western-based capitalism and socialism. It was published in Arabic in 1953 and translated into English and a number of other languages. Influence Hizb ut-Tahrir did not attract a large following in the countries where it was established. Despite this, al-Nabhani's works have become an important part of contemporary Islamist literature. Bibliography al-Nabhani, Taqi al-Din (2002), The System of Islam Nidham al-Islam, London: al-Khilafah Publications al-Nabhani, Taqi al-Din (2004), Thought al-Tafkeer, London: al-Khilafah Publications al-Nabhani, Taqi al-Din (2005), Islamic Personality al-Shaksiyyah al-Islamiyyah, London: al-Khilafah Publications} References Citations ^ a b "Sheikh Muhammad Taqiuddin al-Nabhani | Hizb ut-Tahrir Australia". Hizb-australia.org. February 2016. Retrieved 2020-05-29. ^ Mendelsohn, Barak (2012). "God vs. Westphalia: radical Islamist movements and the battle for organising the World". Review of International Studies. 38 (3): 606–607. ISSN 0260-2105. ^ Umm Mustafa (28 February 2008). "Why I left Hizb ut-Tahrir". New Statesman. Retrieved 15 April 2015. ^ a b c Marshall Cavendish Reference (2011). Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Marshall Cavendish. p. 124. ISBN 9780761479291. Retrieved 15 April 2015. ^ a b c Tripp (2010), p. 348. ^ Flood, Christopher; Miazhevich, Galina; Hutchings, Stephen; et al., eds. (2012). Political and Cultural Representations of Muslims: Islam in the Plural. BRILL. p. 29. ISBN 9789004231030. ^ Ayoob, Mohammed (2008). The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World. University of Michigan Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0472025381. Retrieved 15 April 2015. Taqiuddin al-Nabhani. ^ Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G.; Bearman, P.J.; Bianquis, Th. (2000). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. X (T-U) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 133. ISBN 9004112111. http://www.nabahani.com/articles/gnlgwnw-hizb-ut-tahrir-and-the-rafidah-shiah-enemies-of-the-sahaabah-part-1.cfm http://www.manhaj.com/manhaj/articles/rzaoo-taqi-ud-din-an-nabahani-hizb-ut-tahir-and-bathist-marxist-communism.cfm Sources Tripp, Charles (2010). "West Asia from the First World War". In Robinson, Francis (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 5: The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83826-9. "Title?", Al-Waie Magazine (Arabic), no. 234–235, August–September 2006, archived from the original on 2015-02-09 Biography, archived from the original on 2010-12-19 Further reading David Commins (October 1991). "Taqi al-Din al-Nabhāni and the Islamic Liberation Party". The Muslim World. 81 (3–4). Hartford International: 194–211. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03525.x. Sarmad Ahmed Jassim al-Salmani (2013). "Judicial and administrative system in Islam According to Sheikh Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani A comparative study". Journal of the Iraqi University. 30 (2): 297–434. Ameer Ali (2006). "Tabligh Jama'at and Hizbul Tahrir: Divergent Paths to Convergent Goals, Education to Counter Extremism" (PDF). Dialogue & Alliance. 20 (2): 51–66. Suha Taji-Farouki (1996). "Islamic State Theories and Contemporary Realities". Islamic Fundamentalism (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 35–50. doi:10.4324/9780429499593-3. ISBN 9780429499593. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands People Trove
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His father was a lecturer in Sharia law and his mother was also an Islamic scholar and his grandfather was the famous Palestinian scholar Yusuf al-Nabhani.[4] al-Nabhani studied Sharia law at Al-Azhar University and the Dar-ul-Ulum college of Cairo. He graduated in 1931 and returned to Palestine. There he was first a teacher and then as a jurist, rising to Sharia judge in the court of appeal.[4] Disturbed by the creation of the state of Israel and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and occupation of Palestine, he founded the Hizb ut-Tahrir party in 1953. The party was immediately banned in Jordan. Al-Nabhani was banned from returning to Jordan and settled in Beirut. He died on December 20, 1977.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tripp348-5"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"ijtihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad"},{"link_name":"Arabic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCRM-29-6"},{"link_name":"Palestinian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tripp348-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayoob-138-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tripp348-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Al-Nabhani proclaimed that the depressed political condition of Muslims in the contemporary world stemmed from the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924. al-Nabhani was critical of the way the Middle East had been carved up into nation states allied with various imperial powers.[5] Other causes of stagnation included the Ottoman Empire's closing of the doors of ijtihad, its failure to understand \"the intellectual and legislative side of Islam\", and neglect of the Arabic language.[6]In his most famous works, written in the early 1950s, al-Nabhani expressed a radical disillusionment with the secular powers that had failed to protect Palestinian nationalism.[5] He argued for a new caliphate that would be brought about by \"peaceful politics and ideological subversion\"[7] and eventually cover the world replacing all nation states. Its political and economic order would be founded on Islamic principles, not materialism that, in his view, was the outcome of capitalist economies.[5]Al-Nabhani also wrote The Economic System in Islam, a book on Islamic views on economic principles and the contradictions between them and Western-based capitalism and socialism. It was published in Arabic in 1953 and translated into English and a number of other languages.[citation needed]","title":"Political philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hizb ut-Tahrir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Hizb ut-Tahrir did not attract a large following in the countries where it was established. Despite this, al-Nabhani's works have become an important part of contemporary Islamist literature.[8]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"al-Nabhani, Taqi al-Din (2002), The System of Islam Nidham al-Islam, London: al-Khilafah Publications\nal-Nabhani, Taqi al-Din (2004), Thought al-Tafkeer, London: al-Khilafah Publications\nal-Nabhani, Taqi al-Din (2005), Islamic Personality al-Shaksiyyah al-Islamiyyah, London: al-Khilafah Publications}","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Taqi al-Din al-Nabhāni and the Islamic Liberation Party\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03525.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03525.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1991.tb03525.x"},{"link_name":"\"Judicial and administrative system in Islam According to Sheikh Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani A comparative study\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iasj.net/iasj/article/125068"},{"link_name":"\"Tabligh Jama'at and Hizbul Tahrir: Divergent Paths to Convergent Goals, Education to Counter Extremism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irfwp.org/files/20-2content.pdf#page=51"},{"link_name":"\"Islamic State Theories and Contemporary Realities\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429499593-3/islamic-state-theories-contemporary-realities-suha-taji-farouki"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4324/9780429499593-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429499593-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780429499593","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429499593"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283908#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/158031/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000112609284"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/58057231"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx8yykyjM8RBTCc83WCcP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1036529940"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007437962905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85194304"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49861644"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p216020018"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1497878"}],"text":"David Commins (October 1991). \"Taqi al-Din al-Nabhāni and the Islamic Liberation Party\". The Muslim World. 81 (3–4). Hartford International: 194–211. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03525.x.\nSarmad Ahmed Jassim al-Salmani (2013). \"Judicial and administrative system in Islam According to Sheikh Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani A comparative study\". Journal of the Iraqi University. 30 (2): 297–434.\nAmeer Ali (2006). \"Tabligh Jama'at and Hizbul Tahrir: Divergent Paths to Convergent Goals, Education to Counter Extremism\" (PDF). Dialogue & Alliance. 20 (2): 51–66.\nSuha Taji-Farouki (1996). \"Islamic State Theories and Contemporary Realities\". Islamic Fundamentalism (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 35–50. doi:10.4324/9780429499593-3. ISBN 9780429499593.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nAustralia\nNetherlands\nPeople\nTrove","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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ISSN 0260-2105.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41681480","url_text":"\"God vs. Westphalia: radical Islamist movements and the battle for organising the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0260-2105","url_text":"0260-2105"}]},{"reference":"Umm Mustafa (28 February 2008). \"Why I left Hizb ut-Tahrir\". New Statesman. Retrieved 15 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2008/02/party-hizb-tahrir-members","url_text":"\"Why I left Hizb ut-Tahrir\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall Cavendish Reference (2011). Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Marshall Cavendish. p. 124. ISBN 9780761479291. Retrieved 15 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8Zp_5IydPGgC&q=Taqiuddin+al-Nabhani&pg=PA124","url_text":"Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761479291","url_text":"9780761479291"}]},{"reference":"Flood, Christopher; Miazhevich, Galina; Hutchings, Stephen; et al., eds. (2012). Political and Cultural Representations of Muslims: Islam in the Plural. BRILL. p. 29. ISBN 9789004231030.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IVYzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29","url_text":"Political and Cultural Representations of Muslims: Islam in the Plural"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004231030","url_text":"9789004231030"}]},{"reference":"Ayoob, Mohammed (2008). The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World. University of Michigan Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0472025381. Retrieved 15 April 2015. Taqiuddin al-Nabhani.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manyfacesofpolit0000ayoo","url_text":"The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manyfacesofpolit0000ayoo/page/138","url_text":"138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472025381","url_text":"978-0472025381"}]},{"reference":"Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G.; Bearman, P.J.; Bianquis, Th. (2000). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. X (T-U) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 133. 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ISBN 978-0-521-83826-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Robinson","url_text":"Robinson, Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83826-9","url_text":"978-0-521-83826-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Title?\", Al-Waie Magazine (Arabic), no. 234–235, August–September 2006, archived from the original on 2015-02-09","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150209002225/http://www.al-waie.org/issues/234-235/article.php?id=396_0_31_0_C","url_text":"\"Title?\""},{"url":"http://www.al-waie.org/issues/234-235/article.php?id=396_0_31_0_C","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Biography, archived from the original on 2010-12-19","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101219055210/http://www.yadim.com.my/english/Ulama/UlamaFull.asp?Id=75","url_text":"Biography"},{"url":"http://www.yadim.com.my/english/Ulama/UlamaFull.asp?Id=75","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David Commins (October 1991). \"Taqi al-Din al-Nabhāni and the Islamic Liberation Party\". The Muslim World. 81 (3–4). Hartford International: 194–211. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03525.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03525.x","url_text":"\"Taqi al-Din al-Nabhāni and the Islamic Liberation Party\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1991.tb03525.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03525.x"}]},{"reference":"Sarmad Ahmed Jassim al-Salmani (2013). \"Judicial and administrative system in Islam According to Sheikh Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani A comparative study\". Journal of the Iraqi University. 30 (2): 297–434.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/125068","url_text":"\"Judicial and administrative system in Islam According to Sheikh Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani A comparative study\""}]},{"reference":"Ameer Ali (2006). \"Tabligh Jama'at and Hizbul Tahrir: Divergent Paths to Convergent Goals, Education to Counter Extremism\" (PDF). Dialogue & Alliance. 20 (2): 51–66.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irfwp.org/files/20-2content.pdf#page=51","url_text":"\"Tabligh Jama'at and Hizbul Tahrir: Divergent Paths to Convergent Goals, Education to Counter Extremism\""}]},{"reference":"Suha Taji-Farouki (1996). \"Islamic State Theories and Contemporary Realities\". Islamic Fundamentalism (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 35–50. doi:10.4324/9780429499593-3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Webster_(anthropologist)
David Webster (anthropologist)
["1 Early years","2 Assassination","3 Personal life","4 Legacy","5 Published works","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Further reading","7 External links"]
South African anthropologist David Joseph WebsterMosaic, David Webster ParkBornDavid Joseph Webster(1944-12-01)1 December 1944Northern RhodesiaDied1 May 1989(1989-05-01) (aged 44)Troyeville, Johannesburg, South AfricaCause of deathMurder (assassination)Resting placeWest Park cemetery, JohannesburgNationalitySouth AfricanAlma materUniversity of the WitwatersrandScientific careerFieldsSocial anthropologistInstitutionsRhodes UniversityUniversity of the WitwatersrandNotable studentsJohnny CleggBruce Fordyce David Webster (1 December 1944 – 1 May 1989) was a South African academic and anti-apartheid activist. He worked as an anthropologist at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he was a senior lecturer at the time of his assassination. Webster was a founding member of the Detainees' Parents' Support Committee (DPSC) in 1981, a founder member of the Five Freedoms Forum, and a committed comrade in the United Democratic Front. Webster was also an active member of the Orlando Pirates supporters' club and he assisted in the mobilisation and organisation of South African musicians during the Struggle in the 1980s. He was a long-term ethnographic researcher and his work near Kosi Bay on the Mozambican border resulted in a number of peer-reviewed academic publications. Webster was assassinated by apartheid security forces outside his home on 1 May 1989. Early years David Joseph Webster was born in 1944 in Northern Rhodesia, where his father worked as a miner in the Copperbelt. He studied at Rhodes University in Grahamstown, where he was involved in student politics. In 1970, Webster started teaching anthropology at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits). His doctorate had been written on a traditional topic of anthropology (kinship), but it was focused on a politically explosive field, namely migrant workers from Mozambique. In 1976, he taught for two years with Peter Worsley at the University of Manchester. Webster was active in the political anti-apartheid movement, especially in the 1980s for the Detainees' Parents' Support Committee, an organisation advocating the release of political detainees held without trial in South Africa. His brother Eddie Webster, was a sociologist in Southern Centre for Inequality Studies, Wits. Assassination Webster was shot dead outside his house at 13 Eleanor Street in Troyeville, Johannesburg, by assassins in the employ of the Civil Cooperation Bureau, a clandestine agency of the apartheid state. Thousands of people attended Webster's funeral service at St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg. The hit squad was paid R40,000 (at the time, equivalent to about US$8,000) for his murder. Ferdi Barnard, the man who pulled the trigger on the shotgun used, was later tried and found guilty in 1998; he was sentenced to two life terms plus 63 years for a number of crimes, including the murder of Webster. Barnard was released from prison on 2 April 2019, after his parole was approved by Justice and Correctional Services Minister Michael Masutha in March 2019. Although Barnard was released, his life sentence was not commuted. Therefore, he will serve the remainder of his sentence in the community, and be monitored by the Community Corrections Office. Personal life Dr Webster was an active member of the Orlando Pirates supporters' club. Members of the supporters' club formed a guard of honour around his coffin at his funeral. Legacy The house in Troyeville where Webster lived with his partner Maggie Friedman has been declared a heritage site. On the site of his assassination outside David Webster House there is a mosaic that includes the words "Assassinated here for his fight against apartheid. Lived for justice, peace and friendship". A nearby park in Clarence Street (previously called Bloemenhof Park) was renamed the David Webster Park on the 20th anniversary of his death. There is also a mosaic in the park by Jacob Ramaboya from the Spaza Gallery which commemorates his life. In 1992, the University of the Witwatersrand named a new Hall of Residence Webster's honour. The David Webster Hall of Residence is now home to about 400 Wits University students. Published works Webster, D; Hammond-Took, W D, eds. (1975), Agnates and affines: studies in African marriage, manners and land allocation, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. Webster, D 1984. The reproduction of labour power and the struggle for survival in Soweto. (Carnegie Conference paper no.20) Rondebosch: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. ISBN 0-7992-0694-6. Webster, D.; Friedman, M. (1989). Repression and the State of Emergency, June 1987-March 1989. Braamfontein: Ravan Press – via Southern African Research Service. (Published posthumously) Webster, David (1991). "Abafazi Bathonga Bafihlakala". African Studies. 50 (1). Taylor and Francis: 243–271. doi:10.1080/00020189108707744. ISSN 0002-0184. (Published posthumously) References Citations ^ a b c "David Joseph Webster". sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 23 July 2013. ^ Houston, G. (8 March 2021). "Eddie Webster: advancing democracy through labour activism". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Staff - Wits University". www.wits.ac.za. Retrieved 18 January 2023. ^ "The night Ferdi Barnard told me he killed", Nov 21 1997, Mail & Guardian ^ Sparks, Allister (7 May 1989). "Thousands at Funeral in S. Africa". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 December 2021. ^ "Ferdi Barnard is found guilty of killing Webster", sahistory.org.za ^ "Ferdi Barnard: Apartheid-era hitman released from prison". The South African. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019. ^ Evans, Jenni (7 March 2019). "Parole approved for apartheid hitman Ferdi Barnard". News24. Retrieved 6 December 2021. ^ "Webster's house now a heritage site". The Star. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2013. Further reading Frederikse, J 1998. David Webster. Cape Town : Maskew Miller Longman. ISBN 0-636-02255-2. Stiff, P 2001. Warfare by Other Means: South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s. Alberton (South Africa): Galago. ISBN 1-919854-01-0. External links Short Biography Archival 'news' item with photograph of David Webster as used on posters used at his funeral Article in Grassroots vol. 10, no.2, May 1989, "Why did they kill David Webster", including photos of David Webster, of mourners at the funeral, and outside St Mary's Cathedral in Johannesburg Tribute by Lloyd Vogelman Tribute by Edward (Eddie) Webster, a colleague at 'Wits', published in Transformation, volume 9 Newspaper page with pictures of the scene of the assassination, as well as a photo of David Webster writing field notes Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand"},{"link_name":"Detainees' Parents' Support Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detainees%27_Parents%27_Support_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Five Freedoms Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Freedoms_Forum"},{"link_name":"United Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Orlando Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid"},{"link_name":"Kosi Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi_Bay"},{"link_name":"Mozambican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"apartheid security forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Cooperation_Bureau"}],"text":"David Webster (1 December 1944 – 1 May 1989) was a South African academic and anti-apartheid activist. He worked as an anthropologist at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he was a senior lecturer at the time of his assassination.Webster was a founding member of the Detainees' Parents' Support Committee (DPSC) in 1981, a founder member of the Five Freedoms Forum, and a committed comrade in the United Democratic Front. Webster was also an active member of the Orlando Pirates supporters' club and he assisted in the mobilisation and organisation of South African musicians during the Struggle in the 1980s.He was a long-term ethnographic researcher and his work near Kosi Bay on the Mozambican border resulted in a number of peer-reviewed academic publications.Webster was assassinated by apartheid security forces outside his home on 1 May 1989.","title":"David Webster (anthropologist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Copperbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperbelt"},{"link_name":"Rhodes University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_University"},{"link_name":"Grahamstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sah-1"},{"link_name":"Peter Worsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Worsley"},{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sah-1"},{"link_name":"Eddie Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie_Webster_(sociologists)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"David Joseph Webster was born in 1944 in Northern Rhodesia, where his father worked as a miner in the Copperbelt. He studied at Rhodes University in Grahamstown, where he was involved in student politics.[1]In 1970, Webster started teaching anthropology at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits). His doctorate had been written on a traditional topic of anthropology (kinship), but it was focused on a politically explosive field, namely migrant workers from Mozambique. In 1976, he taught for two years with Peter Worsley at the University of Manchester.Webster was active in the political anti-apartheid movement, especially in the 1980s for the Detainees' Parents' Support Committee, an organisation advocating the release of political detainees held without trial in South Africa.[1]His brother Eddie Webster, was a sociologist in Southern Centre for Inequality Studies, Wits.[2][3]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Cooperation Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Cooperation_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Michael Masutha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Masutha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Webster was shot dead outside his house at 13 Eleanor Street in Troyeville, Johannesburg, by assassins in the employ of the Civil Cooperation Bureau, a clandestine agency of the apartheid state.[4] Thousands of people attended Webster's funeral service at St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg.[5]The hit squad was paid R40,000 (at the time, equivalent to about US$8,000) for his murder. Ferdi Barnard, the man who pulled the trigger on the shotgun used, was later tried and found guilty in 1998; he was sentenced to two life terms plus 63 years for a number of crimes, including the murder of Webster.[6] Barnard was released from prison on 2 April 2019, after his parole was approved by Justice and Correctional Services Minister Michael Masutha in March 2019.[7] Although Barnard was released, his life sentence was not commuted. Therefore, he will serve the remainder of his sentence in the community, and be monitored by the Community Corrections Office.[8]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dr Webster was an active member of the Orlando Pirates supporters' club. Members of the supporters' club formed a guard of honour around his coffin at his funeral.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Webster House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Webster_House"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-now-9"},{"link_name":"David Webster Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Webster_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sah-1"},{"link_name":"Jacob Ramaboya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Ramaboya&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The house in Troyeville where Webster lived with his partner Maggie Friedman has been declared a heritage site. On the site of his assassination outside David Webster House there is a mosaic that includes the words \"Assassinated here for his fight against apartheid. Lived for justice, peace and friendship\".[9] A nearby park in Clarence Street (previously called Bloemenhof Park) was renamed the David Webster Park on the 20th anniversary of his death.[1] There is also a mosaic in the park by Jacob Ramaboya from the Spaza Gallery which commemorates his life.In 1992, the University of the Witwatersrand named a new Hall of Residence Webster's honour. The David Webster Hall of Residence is now home to about 400 Wits University students.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7992-0694-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7992-0694-6"},{"link_name":"Repression and the State of Emergency, June 1987-March 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aGtdHwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00020189108707744","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00020189108707744"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0002-0184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0184"}],"text":"Webster, D; Hammond-Took, W D, eds. (1975), Agnates and affines: studies in African marriage, manners and land allocation, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.\nWebster, D 1984. The reproduction of labour power and the struggle for survival in Soweto. (Carnegie Conference paper no.20) Rondebosch: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. ISBN 0-7992-0694-6.\nWebster, D.; Friedman, M. (1989). Repression and the State of Emergency, June 1987-March 1989. Braamfontein: Ravan Press – via Southern African Research Service. (Published posthumously)\nWebster, David (1991). \"Abafazi Bathonga Bafihlakala\". African Studies. 50 (1). Taylor and Francis: 243–271. doi:10.1080/00020189108707744. ISSN 0002-0184. (Published posthumously)","title":"Published works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Webster, D; Hammond-Took, W D, eds. (1975), Agnates and affines: studies in African marriage, manners and land allocation, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Webster, D.; Friedman, M. (1989). Repression and the State of Emergency, June 1987-March 1989. Braamfontein: Ravan Press – via Southern African Research Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aGtdHwAACAAJ","url_text":"Repression and the State of Emergency, June 1987-March 1989"}]},{"reference":"Webster, David (1991). \"Abafazi Bathonga Bafihlakala\". African Studies. 50 (1). Taylor and Francis: 243–271. doi:10.1080/00020189108707744. ISSN 0002-0184.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00020189108707744","url_text":"10.1080/00020189108707744"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0184","url_text":"0002-0184"}]},{"reference":"\"David Joseph Webster\". sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 23 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/david-joseph-webster","url_text":"\"David Joseph Webster\""}]},{"reference":"Houston, G. (8 March 2021). \"Eddie Webster: advancing democracy through labour activism\".","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.hsrc.ac.za/handle/20.500.11910/15862","url_text":"\"Eddie Webster: advancing democracy through labour activism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staff - Wits University\". www.wits.ac.za. Retrieved 18 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wits.ac.za/scis/people/staff/","url_text":"\"Staff - Wits University\""}]},{"reference":"Sparks, Allister (7 May 1989). \"Thousands at Funeral in S. Africa\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/05/07/thousands-at-funeral-in-s-africa/84bb4068-83b2-4453-991d-a6f93f404130/","url_text":"\"Thousands at Funeral in S. Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ferdi Barnard: Apartheid-era hitman released from prison\". The South African. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/ferdi-barnard-apartheid-era-hitman-released-prison/","url_text":"\"Ferdi Barnard: Apartheid-era hitman released from prison\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Jenni (7 March 2019). \"Parole approved for apartheid hitman Ferdi Barnard\". News24. Retrieved 6 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/parole-approved-for-apartheid-hitman-ferdi-barnard-20190307","url_text":"\"Parole approved for apartheid hitman Ferdi Barnard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Webster's house now a heritage site\". The Star. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/webster-s-house-now-a-heritage-site-1.1346639","url_text":"\"Webster's house now a heritage site\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain_School_for_the_Gifted_and_Talented
New York City Department of Education
["1 History","1.1 Since 1960s","2 Management","2.1 Territory","2.2 Curriculum","2.3 Health and nutrition","2.4 Teachers","2.5 Budget","3 Organization","3.1 New York City Panel for Educational Policy","3.2 Community Education Councils","4 Student body","4.1 Demographics","4.2 Special Education","4.2.1 Programs Serving Specific Individualized Education Program Classifications","4.2.1.1 Autism","4.2.1.1.1 Nest","4.2.1.1.2 Horizon","4.2.1.1.3 Acquisition, Integration, Meaningful communication and Student independence (AIMS)","4.3 Alumni","5 Infrastructure","5.1 School buildings","5.2 Radio and television stations","6 Analysis and criticism","6.1 Deaths and Disappearances of Disabled Students","6.2 Mayoral control status","6.3 Bullying lawsuit","6.4 Size","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Department of the government of New York City New York City Department of EducationDepartment overviewFormedDecember 14, 2002; 21 years ago (2002-12-14)Preceding departmentNew York City Board of EducationTypeDepartment of EducationJurisdictionNew York CityHeadquartersTweed Courthouse, New York CityDepartment executiveDavid C. Banks, New York City Schools ChancellorChild agenciesCommunity Education Councils (CECs)Citywide Council on High Schools (CCHS)Citywide Council on Special Education (CCSE)Citywide Council on English Language Learners (CCELL)Citywide Council for District 75 (CCD75)Manhattan Borough Citywide OfficeBronx Borough Citywide OfficeStaten Island Borough Citywide OfficeQueens North Borough Citywide OfficeQueens South Borough Citywide OfficeBrooklyn North Borough Citywide OfficeBrooklyn South Borough Citywide OfficeKey documentEducation LawWebsiteschools.nyc.gov City School District of the City of New YorkLocationNew York City, NYUnited StatesDistrict informationTypePublicGrades3K/Pre-K through Up HigherChancellorDavid C. BanksSchool boardNew York City Panel for Educational PolicyChair of the boardVanessa LeungSchools1,722BudgetUS$37.5 billionStudents and staffStudents1,100,000Teachers75,000Athletic conferencePublic Schools Athletic League (PSAL)Other informationTeachers' unions United Federation of Teachers New York State United Teachers American Federation of Teachers National Education Association Websiteschools.nyc.gov 44–36 Vernon Blvd, Long Island City, NY 11101 (Sixth Floor) NYC Department of Education – Office of Pupil Transportation Headquarters This article is part of a series onEducation in theUnited States Summary By state and in insular areas By subject area History of education in the United States History of education in Chicago History of education in Kentucky History of education in Massachusetts History of education in Missouri History of education in New York City Issues Accreditation Primary and secondary Post-secondary Financing Educational attainment Law Literacy Policy Post-secondary issues Bubble Cost and financing Credentialism Elite overproduction Graduate unemployment Student financial aid Student loans Reform Charter schools Inequality Achievement gaps Racial achievement gap Desegregation busing Gender achievement gap Head Start School choice School corporal punishment School meals Sexual harassment Foreign involvement Levels of education K–12 - Early childhood (Primary – Secondary) – Post-secondary Organizations Education portal United States portalvte The New York City Department of Education (NYCDOE) is the department of the government of New York City that manages the city's public school system. The City School District of the City of New York (more commonly known as New York City Public Schools) is the largest school system in the United States (and among the largest in the world), with over 1.1 million students taught in more than 1,800 separate schools. The department covers all five boroughs of New York City, and has an annual budget of around $38 billion. The department is run by the Panel for Educational Policy and the New York City Schools Chancellor. The current chancellor is David C. Banks. History As of 2023, the former Tweed Courthouse serves as the DOE headquarters 110 Livingston Street previously served as the DOE headquarters, and for the Board of Education before it In the Maclay Act in 1842, the New York State legislature established the New York City Board of Education. It gave the city an elective Board of Education empowered to build and supervise schools and distribute the education fund. It provided that none of the money should go to the schools which taught religion. The fast-growing Irish Catholic community objected, but after decades of trying they did not get government funding. By 1870 19 percent of school-age children attended Catholic schools. Since 1960s Beginning in the late 1960s, schools were grouped into districts. Elementary schools and middle schools were grouped into 32 community school districts, and high schools were grouped into five geographically larger districts. One each for Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, one for most of Brooklyn, and one, BASIS, for the rest of Brooklyn and all of Staten Island. In addition, there were several special districts for alternative schools and schools serving severely disabled students. On February 3, 1964, in protest over deplorable school conditions and segregation, over 450,000 students boycotted New York City public schools. In 1969, on the heels of additional protests, strikes, and demands for community control, New York City Mayor John Lindsay relinquished mayoral control of schools, and organized the city school system into the Board of Education (made up of seven members appointed by borough presidents and the mayor) and 32 community school boards (whose members were elected). Elementary and middle schools were controlled by the community boards while high schools were controlled by the Board of Education. In 2002, the city's school system was reorganized by chapter 91 of the Laws of 2002. Control of the school system was given to the mayor, who began reorganization and reform efforts. The powers of the community school boards were diminished and the Board of Education was renamed the Panel for Educational Policy, a twelve-member body of which seven members are appointed by the mayor and five by Borough Presidents. Although that legislation itself made no specific reference to a "Department of Education of the City of New York", the bylaws subsequently adopted by the Board provided that the 13-member body "shall be known as the Panel for Educational Policy", which together with the Chancellor and other school employees was designated as the "Department of Education of the City of New York". The education headquarters were moved from 110 Livingston Street in downtown Brooklyn to the Tweed Courthouse building adjacent to New York City Hall in Manhattan. In 2003, the districts were grouped into ten regions, each encompassing several elementary and middle school districts, and part of a high school district. In 2005, several schools joined the Autonomous Zone (later Empowerment Zone) and were allowed to use part of their budgets to directly purchase support services. These schools were released from their regions. In 2007, Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Chancellor Joel I. Klein announced the dissolution of the regions effective June 2007, and schools became organized into one of several School Support Organizations. Since 2009, the NYS Assembly has passed incremental laws keeping NYC Mayoral control over the DOE and the current law is set to expire with the end of Mayor DeBlasio's term in 2022. Management Territory NYCDOE is the school district of all five boroughs. All of the city is assigned to schools in the NYCDOE school district except for a small section of the Bronx, which is instead assigned to the Pelham Public Schools (with tuition supported by the city government). Curriculum Beginning in 2003, New York City public schools citywide implemented a mathematics "core curriculum" based on New York State standards for grades K-Up Higher. To graduate high school, students must earn at least six credits in mathematics. All NYC public school students are taught through the Common Core curriculum. To receive a Regents diploma, students must score at least 65 on a Regents math exam. Health and nutrition The city has started several initiatives to reduce childhood obesity among students, including promoting exercise and improving nutrition in school cafeterias. During Mayor Bloomberg's first term, white bread was entirely replaced with whole wheat bread, hot dog buns, and hamburger buns in cafeterias. In 2006, the city set out to eliminate whole milk from cafeteria lunch menus and took the further step of banning low-fat flavored milks, allowing only skim milk (white and chocolate). The New York City school system purchases more milk than any other in the United States. Although the dairy industry aggressively lobbied against the new plan they ultimately failed to prevent its implementation. In October 2009, the DOE banned bake sales, though some schools continued to have them. The DOE cited the high sugar content of baked sale goods and that 40% of city students are obese. However, vending machines in the schools operated by Frito Lay and Snapple continued to sell high processed empty calorie foods such as Doritos and juices. As part of the DOE's program to create healthy diets among students, Frito Lay was obligated to put Reduced Fat Doritos in machines. The DOE considers Reduced Fat Doritos a healthy snack based on its June 2009 request for healthy snack vending machine proposals. However, the school lunch menu still contained numerous highly processed foods and high sugar content foods including chicken nuggets, French fries, French toast and syrup. The New York State Assembly published a report that the NYCDOE failed to maintain or improve playgrounds, instead turning them into ad-hoc additional classroom space or parking lots. In January 2011, the DOE began a pilot program called Connecting Adolescents to Comprehensive Health (CATCH) that offers some reproductive health services to students in grades 9–12. Services include providing access to birth control such as condoms, emergency contraceptives, and birth control pills. Starting with 13 high schools, it has grown to serve 90 high schools by 2022. New York City began to offer free lunch to all students in 2017. Teachers Beginning in 2000, the DOE instituted a number of innovative programs for teacher recruitment, including the New York City Teaching Fellows, the TOP Scholars Program, and initiatives to bring foreign teachers (primarily from Eastern Europe) to teach in the city's schools. Housing subsidies are in place for experienced teachers who relocate to the city to teach. In the course of school reorganizations, some veteran teachers have lost their positions. They then enter a pool of substitutes, called the Absent Teacher Reserve. On November 19, 2008, the department and the city's teacher union (the United Federation of Teachers), reached an agreement to create financial incentives for principals of new schools to hire ATR teachers and guidance counselors. Budget The one hundred largest school districts in the nation (by enrollment) spend an average of $14,000 per pupil every year. However, census data from 2017 shows that the NYCDOE easily placed first in the list, by spending $25,199. Only the Boston Public Schools came close to this figure. $3 billion (15.6%) of the budget goes for the 19 percent of those who attend Non City schools. This includes $1.09 billion to pre-school special education services and $725.3 million for School-Age non DOE contract special education. Another $71 million goes to non-public schools such as yeshivas and parochial schools and $1.04 billion is paid for the 70 thousand students attending charter schools. "In school year 2012–2013, 241,900 students attended nonpublic schools, 19 percent of the city K-12 total." The $1.04B for 70,000 students in charter schools calculates as $14,285; the $71 million for the 241,900 not in public school is less than $400 per student. $4.6 billion of the budget pays for pensions and interest on Capital Plan debt. Organization Not all of the most important organizational units are described here now. Although the 2002 reform legislation made no specific reference to a "Department of Education", the bylaws subsequently adopted by the New York City Board of Education provided that the board "shall be known as the Panel for Educational Policy", which together with the Chancellor and other school employees was designated as the "Department of Education of the City of New York". New York City Panel for Educational Policy Main article: New York City Panel for Educational Policy The Panel for Educational Policy has the authority to approve school closings. A majority of its membership is appointed by the Mayor. Community Education Councils There are 32 councils, with 11 members on each, two appointed by Borough Presidents and nine selected by PTA leaders who are advised by parents who live in the council districts, the local parents acting through an election process conducted online and overseen by the Department of Education. The 2009 election cost $650,000 to conduct and another election was held in 2011. According to Beth Fertig, Community Education Councils are "supposed to provide an avenue for parent engagement." According to Tim Kremer, head of the New York State School Boards Association, "although education councils don't have a lot of power they can play a vital role in vetting budgets and giving feedback on instructional policies." Councils have some veto power. The councils were created in 2002 and their authority was increased "a little" in 2009, but, according to Fertig, "many parents still claim the councils don't matter because decisions are ultimately controlled by the mayor." According to Soni Sangha, the councils are mainly obscure and unknown to many parents, their forums are not well-attended, and they meet with the citywide schools chancellor. Student body Demographics Stuyvesant High School Bayard Rustin Educational Complex, formerly Bayard Rustin High School, now hosts 6 small schools The Bronx High School of Science John Dewey High School's 13 acre campus, Dewey is the only public school in New York City to have a 13-acre campus. A bronze statue is also situated on the campus titled "The Key to Knowledge" symbolizing progressive education. In October 2018, 1,126,501 students attended New York City public schools, excluding 119,551 students enrolled in charter schools. About 40% of students in the city's public school system live in households where a language other than English is spoken; one-third of all New Yorkers were born in another country. The city's Department of Education translates report cards, registration forms, system-wide alerts, and documents on health and policy initiatives for parents into Spanish, French, German, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Telugu, Bengali, Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and Haitian Creole. In October 2018, the student population was 42% Hispanic and Latino, 26% African American, 15% Non-Hispanic White, and 16% Asian American. Another 3% were of multiple race categories. Of the students, 20% were disabled, 13% were English language learners, and 73% met the department's definition of poverty. The specialized high schools tend to be disproportionately Asian. New York's Specialized High School Institute is an after-school program for students in late middle school. It was designed to enlarge the pool of African American and Hispanic candidates eligible for admission to the selective schools by giving them extra lessons and teaching test-taking skills. Unlike other urban school districts (such as San Francisco Unified School District), New York does not use racial preferences (affirmative action) in public school admissions. In May 2012, the New York Times reported that New York City had the fifth most segregated large city school system, after Chicago and Dallas. Hispanic students are concentrated in Washington Heights and Corona and the greatest segregation existed in black neighborhoods. It further noted that black isolation in schools has persisted even as residential segregation has declined. In 2016, the Times said that 11% of the schools in the city system had the majority of non-Hispanic white students, who made up 15% of the system's total student body. In May 2017, the Times published another report in collaboration with Measure of America that examined the effects of segregation. According to the report, black and Hispanic students were more likely to attend nonselective schools with majority-black and Hispanic demographics and lower graduation rates, while white and Asian students were more likely to attend selective or zoned schools with higher graduation rates. The Times also stated that zoned schools with majority white or Asian demographics tended to have higher graduation rates than zoned schools with majority black or Hispanic demographics. While the universal high school choice policy in New York City sought to weaken the link between the conditions in students neighborhoods and their educational outcomes, a 2016 report by Measure of America found that on-time graduation rates still vary immensely by where students lived. Special Education In 1991 NYCDOE established an entirely segregated school district, District 75, to educate children with complex and significant needs including Autism, Intellectual Disabilities, Multiple disabilities and sensory impairments. District 75 educates approximately 24,000 children across New York City's five boroughs. In 2021, the mothers of three District 75 students on Staten Island brought a class action lawsuit against NYCDOE claiming their children were unnecessarily forced into a segregated learning environment, isolated away from their peers, and forced into excessively long commutes. In 2023 the district was subject to disproportionately high funding cuts of $97 million dollars, affecting the district's ability to provide school supplies and extracurricular activities. As of the 2022-2023 school year, there were approximately 219,000 students with disabilities (20.9% of the student body) being educated in the NYC school system. The most prevalent disability classifications are learning disabilities (40%) and speech or language impairments (32%). Boys outnumber girls with IEPs by two to one. Programs Serving Specific Individualized Education Program Classifications Autism Nest Introduced in 2003 as a partnership between NYCDOE and the NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, the Nest program is designed to meet the needs of autistic students who have average to above average intelligence, age-level spoken language, memory and attention. Classrooms are located in community Districts 1-32 and follow an Integrated Co-Teaching (ICT) model, with two teachers: one special education teacher and one general education teacher. Class sizes are smaller than typical NYC ICT classrooms. Approximately 1,700 autistic students are educated in Nest classrooms across New York City's five boroughs. Horizon Introduced in 2011 as a collaboration between NYCDOE and the New England Center for Children, the Horizon program is designed to meet the needs of autistic students who have average to below average intelligence, display mild to moderate language difficulties, and have mild to moderate delays in playing and interacting with other students. Students are expected to participate in standard assessments. Instruction is based on the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis. Classrooms are located in community Districts 1-32 and follow a "self-contained" model consisting of eight students, one special education teacher and one classroom paraprofessional. Acquisition, Integration, Meaningful communication and Student independence (AIMS) Introduced in 2019, AIMS is a special education program in select District 75 schools that is designed to meet the needs of autistic students with moderate to severe delays in academic skills and have below average working memory, verbal and non-verbal reasoning abilities, speech and language and attention. Instruction is based on the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis and Verbal Behavior. Classrooms follow a "self-contained" model consisting of six students, a special education teacher, speech teacher, and paraprofessional. Alumni A number of New York City public school students have gone on to become celebrities, and leaders in various industries including music, fashion, business, sports, and entertainment. Some of the most notable New York City public school alumni include Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Alicia Keys, Stanley Kubrick, Al Pacino, Colin Powell, Lloyd Blankfein, Neil deGrasse Tyson (K – 12), and Jay-Z. Art focused schools, including High School of Art and Design and Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School have tended to produce notable artists, actors, and fashion over the past century, while STEM focused schools, including Stuyvesant High School and Bronx High School of Science boast Nobel Prize winners and scientists among their notable alumni. Many now famous alumni also interacted with one another while attending public school together. One particular vocational high school, George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School, is widely known in Brooklyn to have helped produce four rap legends. In the 1990s, Jay-Z, Busta Rhymes, DMX, and The Notorious B.I.G. all attended the same school. Similarly, at DeWitt Clinton High School in The Bronx, famed novelist James Baldwin and photographer Richard Avedon both contributed to their school's literary magazine, The Magpie, in the 1930s. Infrastructure School buildings Many school buildings are architecturally noteworthy, in part due to the efforts of C. B. J. Snyder. Since 1988 construction has been in the hands of the New York City School Construction Authority. Most schools were built prior to the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act and are not accessible or only partially accessible to people with physical disabilities. The Office of Accessibility Planning, which is located within the Office of Space Management, collaborates with other offices within the DOE to facilitate projects that specifically focus on improving the accessibility of school buildings. Every school building is given an accessibility designation of either, No Accessibility, Partially Accessible or Fully Accessible, which is listed on the school's profile. In addition, schools are given an accessibility rating from a scale of 1–10. All buildings built on or after 1992 are fully accessible and are given a 10 out of 10 rating. Students with physical disabilities get priority admission to fully or partially accessible schools. The department has closed many failing elementary, middle (intermediate) and high schools. The buildings of some of the larger schools have been turned into "Campuses" or "Complexes" in which a number of smaller school entities, educationally independent of each other, co-exist within the building. Radio and television stations The Board operated radio station WNYE beginning in 1938, from studios located within the campus of Brooklyn Technical High School. Television station WNYE-TV went on the air in 1967, with its studios adjacent to George Westinghouse High School in Downtown Brooklyn. The broadcast licenses of both stations were transferred to the Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications in 2004. Analysis and criticism New York is one of ten major U.S. cities in which the educational system is under the control of the mayor rather than an elected school board. More recently, Mayor Bill de Blasio has received major criticism over his decision to accept proposals by charter schools to co-locate with public schools, specifically Seth Low IS and Cavallaro IS in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. Many people expressed shock and disappointment at the decision, claiming that co-location leads to congestion of school streets, overcrowded classrooms, strained resources, and a negative impact on children's education. Deaths and Disappearances of Disabled Students On October 4th 2013, 14 year old autistic student Avonte Oquendo walked out of his District 75 school, Riverview School in Long Island City, and went missing. His remains were located three months later in the East River, however the exact cause of death could not be determined. Video footage from inside the school showed him running through the halls of the school and past a security guard before exiting through a door that had been left open. In 2016 the City of New York agreed to pay $ 2.7 million settlement to the family of Avonte Oquendo in response to a wrongful death lawsuit brought against the Department of Education. On September 15th 2014, 15 year old Nashaly Perez, a disabled student at PS 371 Lillian L. Rashkis High School in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, exited a back door of her school, went missing and was located three days later at a friend's home. In response to the incident Chancellor Carmen Fariña reassigned the school's principal. A special investigation later found no wrongdoing by any school employees. On October 28th 2014, 21 year old Dyasha Phelps Smith, an autistic student at Brooklyn District 75 school PS368@P293, asphyxiated on a muffin, became unconscious and died during the school session. The Special Commissioner of Investigation for the New York City School District later found that there was no misconduct on the part of any NYCDOE employee in relation to the incident and no staff were reassigned as a result of the investigation. On December 2nd 2016, 6-year-old Abraham Awawda, an autistic student at District 75 school P.S. K077 in Brooklyn walked out of school, went missing for over an hour, and was later found inside an apartment building three blocks away. On October 4th 2023, an autistic 15 year old student at Gotham Collaborative High School in the Bronx, bypassed his paraprofessional and exited the school building. Security cameras nearby the school revealed he boarded the BX5 bus instead of his regular school bus. He was later found. On January 2nd 2024, 11 year old autistic student Andrew Burney disappeared from P.S. K369 Coy L. Cox School in Brooklyn after opening an emergency exit door. He was found later that day in Malverne on Long Island having travelled almost 20 miles on the Long Island Railroad. Mayoral control status Mayor de Blasio retains control over the New York City Public Schools, due to state lawmakers granting two one year extensions, currently valid through the end of June 2022. The deal includes provisions which require release of more detailed budget information about the New York City schools, according to information sent out by Governor Andrew Cuomo's office. Lawmakers also agreed to give districts until the end of the year to negotiate details of new evaluation systems for teachers and principals. The deal also will allow charter schools to more easily switch between authorizers. That could mean the city's education department, which oversees a number of charter schools (but which no longer accepts oversight of new schools) could see some of these schools depart in the future for oversight by State University of New York or the New York State Education Department. Bullying lawsuit In April 2016, a group of 11 students and their families along with the non-profit organization Families for Excellent Schools, filed a federal class action lawsuit against the NYCDOE and Chancellor Farina, alleging that the department did not do enough to prevent bullying in schools. The basis of the suit claimed that the atmosphere inside New York City public schools was depriving students of their right to receive an education free of violence, bullying and harassment. In March 2018, the NYCDOE agreed to settle under the condition that it was required to report bullying incidents into an electronic system within one day, and that parents would also be able to submit school bullying complaints electronically. Size "It is bigger by half than the second-largest system, Los Angeles, and twice as large as Chicago, the third-largest." To give this context, City Journal reported that "a separate Brooklyn district would itself be the fourth-largest in the country." See also New York City portalSchools portal Council of School Supervisors & Administrators Insideschools.org List of high schools in New York City List of public elementary schools in New York City New York State Education Department Public Schools Athletic League School of One University of the State of New York Waiting for "Superman" New York City Schools Chancellor(includes List of New York City Schools Chancellors) References ^ "2013–14 School Quality Report Results for High Schools". NYC Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ^ "Funding Our Schools". NYC Department of Education. 2023–2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024. ^ a b c "New York City Department of Education – About Us" (PDF). NYC Department of Education. 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2020. ^ "Google". Retrieved July 22, 2016. ^ "Explore Data: Education". Where We Live NYC (City of New York). Retrieved January 20, 2024. ^ "Funding Our Schools". 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The Economist. November 10, 2007. pp. 35–36. ^ "School Support Organizations". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009. ^ "State lawmakers begin examining mayoral control of NYC schools". Chalkbeat. December 16, 2019. ^ School district maps from the 2020 U.S. Census: "2020 CENSUS – SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Bronx County, NY" (PDF). – Text list "2020 CENSUS – SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Kings County, NY" (PDF). – Text list "2020 CENSUS – SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: New York County, NY" (PDF). – Text list "2020 CENSUS – SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Queens County, NY" (PDF). – Text list "2020 CENSUS – SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Richmond County, NY" (PDF). – Text list ^ Gross, Jane (May 6, 1997). "A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016. 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(East Coast)), December 9, 2011, last updated January 5, 2012, p. A.29, in New York Times (1980 – current) (ProQuest (database)), as accessed March 23, 2013 (subscription may be required). ^ a b c d Sangha, Soni, "School Rezoning's Border Wars", in The New York Times (Late ed. (East Coast)), November 25, 2012, last updated December 7, 2012, p. MB1, in New York Times (1980 – current) (ProQuest) (database), as accessed March 23, 2013 (subscription may be required). ^ a b c d e f g Fertig, Beth, "Parents Claim City Bungled Community Education Council Elections", on WNYC, May 6, 2011 Archived April 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, as accessed March 23, 2013. ^ a b New York State Education Department. "Demographic Snapshot – Citywide, Borough, District, and School". Retrieved October 18, 2019. ^ NYC Department of Education. "DOE Data at a Glance". Retrieved October 18, 2019. ^ Wong, Alia. "How to Solve the Diversity Problem at NYC's Elite Public Schools". The Atlantic. 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Retrieved March 19, 2018. ^ "Charter School Advocates, Parents Sue Over Violence In NYC Schools". April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2018. ^ "NYC settles suit alleging weak response to school bullying". Education Week. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018. ^ "NYC settles school bullying suit". Times Union. Retrieved March 19, 2018. ^ a b Kay S. Hymowitz (Spring 1993). "The Futile Crusade". City Journal. Further reading Further information: History of education in New York City § Further reading Brumberg, Stephan F. Going to America, Going to School: The Jewish Immigrant Public School Encounter in Turn-of-the-Century New York City (Praeger, 1986); 1982 75 page version, online Carolan, Brian V. "Institutional Pressures and Isomorphic Change: The Case of New York City's Department of Education". see entry in ERIC) Education and Urban Society (ISSN 0013-1245). 2008, Volume 40, Issue 428. Originally published online on October 23, 2007. doi:10.1605/01.301-0006567006.2009. pp. 428–451. Edgell, Derek. The Movement for Community Control of New York City's Schools, 1966–1970: Class Wars (Edwin Mellen Press, 1998). 532pp. Howell, Fanon John. Accountable Choice: Governance, Evaluation, and Culture in the New York City Department of Education (PhD dissertation, New School University; UMI Dissertations Publishing, August 2010 (ProQuest publishing date: 2011). UMI Number: 3458102. Iatarola, Patrice and Amy Ellen Schwartz, Leanna Stieffel, and Colin C. Chellman. "Small Schools, Large Districts: Small-School Reform and New York City's Students" (Archive). Teachers College Record. September 2008. Volume 110, Number 9, pp. 1837–1878. ISSN 0161-4681. Klepper, Rachel. "School and Community in the All-Day Neighborhood Schools of New York City, 1936–1971." History of Education Quarterly 63.1 (2023): 107–125. Lewis, Heather. New York City public schools from Brownsville to Bloomberg: Community control and its legacy (Teachers College Press, 2015) online. McNickle, Chris. Bloomberg: A Billionaire's Ambition (Simon and Schuster, 2017) scholarly study of the Bloomberg mayoralty, 2002–2017; ch. 5 covers schools . Ravitch, Diane. The great school wars: A history of the New York City public schools (1975), a standard scholarly history online Ravitch, Diane, and Joseph P. Viteritti, eds. City Schools: Lessons from New York (2000) Ravitch, Diane, ed. NYC schools under Bloomberg and Klein what parents, teachers and policymakers need to know (2009) essays by experts online Reyes, Luis. "The Aspira consent decree: A thirtieth-anniversary retrospective of bilingual education in New York City." Harvard Educational Review 76.3 (2006): 369–400. Rogers, David. Mayoral control of the New York City schools (Springer Science & Business Media, 2009) online. Rousmaniere, Kate. City Teachers: Teaching and School Reform in Historical Perspective (1997) on Mew York City teachers in the 1920s Taylor, Clarence. Knocking at our own door: Milton A. Galamison and the struggle to integrate New York City schools (Lexington Books, 2001) online. Weiner, Melissa F. Power, protest, and the public schools: Jewish and African American struggles in New York City (Rutgers University Press, 2010). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York City Department of Education. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Board_of_education_building_by_Chalagi7.JPG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"government of New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"school system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Us-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Panel for Educational Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Panel_for_Educational_Policy"},{"link_name":"New York City Schools Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Schools_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"David C. Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Banks"}],"text":"44–36 Vernon Blvd, Long Island City, NY 11101 (Sixth Floor) NYC Department of Education – Office of Pupil Transportation Headquarters[4]The New York City Department of Education (NYCDOE) is the department of the government of New York City that manages the city's public school system. The City School District of the City of New York (more commonly known as New York City Public Schools) is the largest school system in the United States (and among the largest in the world), with over 1.1 million students taught in more than 1,800 separate schools.[3][5] The department covers all five boroughs of New York City, and has an annual budget of around $38 billion.[6]The department is run by the Panel for Educational Policy and the New York City Schools Chancellor. The current chancellor is David C. Banks.","title":"New York City Department of Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tweed_Court_portico_straight_sun_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tweed Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweed_Courthouse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:110_Livingston_J2_jeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"110 Livingston Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110_Livingston_Street"},{"link_name":"Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"As of 2023, the former Tweed Courthouse serves as the DOE headquarters110 Livingston Street previously served as the DOE headquarters, and for the Board of Education before itIn the Maclay Act in 1842, the New York State legislature established the New York City Board of Education. It gave the city an elective Board of Education empowered to build and supervise schools and distribute the education fund. It provided that none of the money should go to the schools which taught religion. The fast-growing Irish Catholic community objected, but after decades of trying they did not get government funding. By 1870 19 percent of school-age children attended Catholic schools.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newschool-9"},{"link_name":"segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_integration_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"boycotted New York City public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_school_boycott"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"New York City Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"John Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"mayoral control of schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoral_control_of_schools"},{"link_name":"Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"appointed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronyism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_20020607-11"},{"link_name":"Laws of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Borough Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_President"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nacipucha-14"},{"link_name":"110 Livingston Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110_Livingston_Street"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Tweed Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweed_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"New York City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_20020607-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist_20071110-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newschool-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Since 1960s","text":"Beginning in the late 1960s, schools were grouped into districts. Elementary schools and middle schools were grouped into 32 community school districts, and high schools were grouped into five geographically larger districts. One each for Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, one for most of Brooklyn, and one, BASIS, for the rest of Brooklyn and all of Staten Island. In addition, there were several special districts for alternative schools and schools serving severely disabled students.[9]On February 3, 1964, in protest over deplorable school conditions and segregation, over 450,000 students boycotted New York City public schools.[10] In 1969, on the heels of additional protests, strikes, and demands for community control, New York City Mayor John Lindsay relinquished mayoral control of schools, and organized the city school system into the Board of Education (made up of seven members appointed by borough presidents and the mayor) and 32 community school boards (whose members were elected). Elementary and middle schools were controlled by the community boards while high schools were controlled by the Board of Education.[11]In 2002, the city's school system was reorganized by chapter 91 of the Laws of 2002.[12] Control of the school system was given to the mayor, who began reorganization and reform efforts. The powers of the community school boards were diminished and the Board of Education was renamed the Panel for Educational Policy, a twelve-member body of which seven members are appointed by the mayor and five by Borough Presidents.[13] Although that legislation itself made no specific reference to a \"Department of Education of the City of New York\", the bylaws subsequently adopted by the Board provided that the 13-member body \"shall be known as the Panel for Educational Policy\", which together with the Chancellor and other school employees was designated as the \"Department of Education of the City of New York\".[14] The education headquarters were moved from 110 Livingston Street in downtown Brooklyn to the Tweed Courthouse building adjacent to New York City Hall in Manhattan.[11][15]In 2003, the districts were grouped into ten regions, each encompassing several elementary and middle school districts, and part of a high school district.[9] In 2005, several schools joined the Autonomous Zone (later Empowerment Zone) and were allowed to use part of their budgets to directly purchase support services. These schools were released from their regions. In 2007, Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Chancellor Joel I. Klein announced the dissolution of the regions effective June 2007, and schools became organized into one of several School Support Organizations.[16]Since 2009, the NYS Assembly has passed incremental laws keeping NYC Mayoral control over the DOE and the current law is set to expire with the end of Mayor DeBlasio's term in 2022.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx"},{"link_name":"Pelham Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelham_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gross19970506-19"}],"sub_title":"Territory","text":"NYCDOE is the school district of all five boroughs.[18] All of the city is assigned to schools in the NYCDOE school district except for a small section of the Bronx, which is instead assigned to the Pelham Public Schools (with tuition supported by the city government).[19]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regents diploma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regents_diploma"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Curriculum","text":"Beginning in 2003, New York City public schools citywide implemented a mathematics \"core curriculum\" based on New York State standards for grades K-Up Higher. To graduate high school, students must earn at least six credits in mathematics. All NYC public school students are taught through the Common Core curriculum. To receive a Regents diploma, students must score at least 65 on a Regents math exam.[20]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"childhood obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_obesity"},{"link_name":"white bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_bread"},{"link_name":"whole wheat bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_wheat_bread"},{"link_name":"hot dog buns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog_bun"},{"link_name":"hamburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger"},{"link_name":"whole milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"flavored milks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavored_milk"},{"link_name":"skim milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowfat_milk"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_milk"},{"link_name":"dairy industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_industry"},{"link_name":"lobbied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-21"},{"link_name":"empty calorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_calorie"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doritos-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"birth control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control"},{"link_name":"condoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoms"},{"link_name":"emergency contraceptives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_contraception"},{"link_name":"birth control pills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"free lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_lunch"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Health and nutrition","text":"The city has started several initiatives to reduce childhood obesity among students, including promoting exercise and improving nutrition in school cafeterias.During Mayor Bloomberg's first term, white bread was entirely replaced with whole wheat bread, hot dog buns, and hamburger buns in cafeterias. In 2006, the city set out to eliminate whole milk from cafeteria lunch menus and took the further step of banning low-fat flavored milks, allowing only skim milk (white and chocolate). The New York City school system purchases more milk than any other in the United States. Although the dairy industry aggressively lobbied against the new plan they ultimately failed to prevent its implementation.In October 2009, the DOE banned bake sales, though some schools continued to have them.[21] The DOE cited the high sugar content of baked sale goods and that 40% of city students are obese. However, vending machines in the schools operated by Frito Lay and Snapple continued to sell high processed empty calorie foods such as Doritos and juices.[22] As part of the DOE's program to create healthy diets among students, Frito Lay was obligated to put Reduced Fat Doritos in machines.[21] The DOE considers Reduced Fat Doritos a healthy snack based on its June 2009 request for healthy snack vending machine proposals.[23][24] However, the school lunch menu still contained numerous highly processed foods and high sugar content foods including chicken nuggets, French fries, French toast and syrup.[25] The New York State Assembly published a report that the NYCDOE failed to maintain or improve playgrounds, instead turning them into ad-hoc additional classroom space or parking lots.[26]In January 2011, the DOE began a pilot program called Connecting Adolescents to Comprehensive Health (CATCH) that offers some reproductive health services to students in grades 9–12.[27] Services include providing access to birth control such as condoms, emergency contraceptives, and birth control pills.[28] Starting with 13 high schools, it has grown to serve 90 high schools by 2022.[29]New York City began to offer free lunch to all students in 2017.[30]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City Teaching Fellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Teaching_Fellows"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Absent Teacher Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absent_Teacher_Reserve"},{"link_name":"United Federation of Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federation_of_Teachers"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Teachers","text":"Beginning in 2000, the DOE instituted a number of innovative programs for teacher recruitment, including the New York City Teaching Fellows,[31] the TOP Scholars Program, and initiatives to bring foreign teachers (primarily from Eastern Europe) to teach in the city's schools. Housing subsidies are in place for experienced teachers who relocate to the city to teach.[32]In the course of school reorganizations, some veteran teachers have lost their positions. They then enter a pool of substitutes, called the Absent Teacher Reserve. On November 19, 2008, the department and the city's teacher union (the United Federation of Teachers), reached an agreement to create financial incentives for principals of new schools to hire ATR teachers and guidance counselors.[33]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"yeshivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"charter schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_school_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOE_Budget_Page-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOE_Budget_Page-37"}],"sub_title":"Budget","text":"The one hundred largest school districts in the nation (by enrollment) spend an average of $14,000 per pupil every year. However, census data from 2017 shows that the NYCDOE easily placed first in the list, by spending $25,199. Only the Boston Public Schools came close to this figure.[34]$3 billion (15.6%) of the budget goes for the 19 percent of those who attend Non City schools. This includes $1.09 billion to pre-school special education services and $725.3 million for School-Age non DOE contract special education. Another $71 million goes to non-public schools such as yeshivas and parochial schools[35] and $1.04 billion is paid for the 70 thousand students[36] attending charter schools.[37] \"In school year 2012–2013, 241,900 students attended nonpublic schools, 19 percent of the city K-12 total.\" The $1.04B for 70,000 students in charter schools calculates as $14,285; the $71 million for the 241,900 not in public school is less than $400 per student.[38][needs update]$4.6 billion of the budget pays for pensions and interest on Capital Plan debt.[37]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"New York City Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nacipucha-14"}],"text":"Not all of the most important organizational units are described here now.Although the 2002 reform legislation[39] made no specific reference to a \"Department of Education\", the bylaws subsequently adopted by the New York City Board of Education provided that the board \"shall be known as the Panel for Educational Policy\", which together with the Chancellor and other school employees was designated as the \"Department of Education of the City of New York\".[14]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panel for Educational Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_for_Educational_Policy"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12wLoTestClosing-NYT-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12wLoTestClosing-NYT-40"}],"sub_title":"New York City Panel for Educational Policy","text":"The Panel for Educational Policy has the authority to approve school closings.[40] A majority of its membership is appointed by the Mayor.[40]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borough Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_President"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchRezoneBorderWar-NYT-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClaimCityBungleCECElection-WNYC-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchRezoneBorderWar-NYT-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClaimCityBungleCECElection-WNYC-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClaimCityBungleCECElection-WNYC-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClaimCityBungleCECElection-WNYC-42"},{"link_name":"New York State School Boards Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_School_Boards_Association"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClaimCityBungleCECElection-WNYC-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchRezoneBorderWar-NYT-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClaimCityBungleCECElection-WNYC-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClaimCityBungleCECElection-WNYC-42"},{"link_name":"schools chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Schools_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchRezoneBorderWar-NYT-41"}],"sub_title":"Community Education Councils","text":"There are 32 councils, with 11 members on each, two appointed by Borough Presidents and nine[41] selected by PTA leaders who are advised by parents[42] who live in the council districts, the local parents acting[41] through an election process conducted online and overseen by the Department of Education.[42] The 2009 election cost $650,000 to conduct and another election was held in 2011.[42]According to Beth Fertig, Community Education Councils are \"supposed to provide an avenue for parent engagement.\"[42] According to Tim Kremer, head of the New York State School Boards Association, \"although education councils don't have a lot of power they can play a vital role in vetting budgets and giving feedback on instructional policies.\"[42] Councils have some veto power.[41] The councils were created in 2002 and their authority was increased \"a little\" in 2009,[42] but, according to Fertig, \"many parents still claim the councils don't matter because decisions are ultimately controlled by the mayor.\"[42] According to Soni Sangha, the councils are mainly obscure and unknown to many parents, their forums are not well-attended, and they meet with the citywide schools chancellor.[41]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Student body"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stuyvesant_HS.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stuyvesant High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayard_Rustin_Educational_Complex_18th_Street_from_east.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bayard Rustin Educational Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Rustin_Educational_Complex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BronxScience.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Bronx High School of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx_High_School_of_Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Dewey_HS_13_acre_campus.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Dewey High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey_High_School"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_State_Education_Department-43"},{"link_name":"charter schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_schools_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Haitian Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language"},{"link_name":"Hispanic and Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino"},{"link_name":"Non-Hispanic White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_State_Education_Department-43"},{"link_name":"specialized high schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_high_schools_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"racial preferences (affirmative action) in public school admissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"segregated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Washington Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Department_of_Education&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HannahJonesneighbsch-49"},{"link_name":"Measure of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_of_America"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Measure of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_of_America"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Demographics","text":"Stuyvesant High SchoolBayard Rustin Educational Complex, formerly Bayard Rustin High School, now hosts 6 small schoolsThe Bronx High School of ScienceJohn Dewey High School's 13 acre campus, Dewey is the only public school in New York City to have a 13-acre campus. A bronze statue is also situated on the campus titled \"The Key to Knowledge\" symbolizing progressive education.In October 2018, 1,126,501 students attended New York City public schools,[43] excluding 119,551 students enrolled in charter schools.[44]About 40% of students in the city's public school system live in households where a language other than English is spoken; one-third of all New Yorkers were born in another country. The city's Department of Education translates report cards, registration forms, system-wide alerts, and documents on health and policy initiatives for parents into Spanish, French, German, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Telugu, Bengali, Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and Haitian Creole.In October 2018, the student population was 42% Hispanic and Latino, 26% African American, 15% Non-Hispanic White, and 16% Asian American. Another 3% were of multiple race categories. Of the students, 20% were disabled, 13% were English language learners, and 73% met the department's definition of poverty.[43]The specialized high schools tend to be disproportionately Asian.[45] New York's Specialized High School Institute is an after-school program for students in late middle school.[46] It was designed to enlarge the pool of African American and Hispanic candidates eligible for admission to the selective schools by giving them extra lessons and teaching test-taking skills.[47] Unlike other urban school districts (such as San Francisco Unified School District), New York does not use racial preferences (affirmative action) in public school admissions.In May 2012, the New York Times reported that New York City had the fifth most segregated large city school system, after Chicago and Dallas. Hispanic students are concentrated in Washington Heights and Corona and the greatest segregation existed in black neighborhoods. It further noted that black isolation in schools has persisted even as residential segregation has declined.[48] In 2016[update], the Times said that 11% of the schools in the city system had the majority of non-Hispanic white students, who made up 15% of the system's total student body.[49] In May 2017, the Times published another report in collaboration with Measure of America that examined the effects of segregation. According to the report, black and Hispanic students were more likely to attend nonselective schools with majority-black and Hispanic demographics and lower graduation rates, while white and Asian students were more likely to attend selective or zoned schools with higher graduation rates. The Times also stated that zoned schools with majority white or Asian demographics tended to have higher graduation rates than zoned schools with majority black or Hispanic demographics.[50][51] While the universal high school choice policy in New York City sought to weaken the link between the conditions in students neighborhoods and their educational outcomes, a 2016 report by Measure of America found that on-time graduation rates still vary immensely by where students lived.[52]","title":"Student body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"class action lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Special Education","text":"In 1991 NYCDOE established an entirely segregated school district, District 75, to educate children with complex and significant needs including Autism, Intellectual Disabilities, Multiple disabilities and sensory impairments.[53][54] District 75 educates approximately 24,000 children across New York City's five boroughs.[55] In 2021, the mothers of three District 75 students on Staten Island brought a class action lawsuit against NYCDOE claiming their children were unnecessarily forced into a segregated learning environment, isolated away from their peers, and forced into excessively long commutes.[56][57] In 2023 the district was subject to disproportionately high funding cuts of $97 million dollars, affecting the district's ability to provide school supplies and extracurricular activities.[58][59]As of the 2022-2023 school year, there were approximately 219,000 students with disabilities (20.9% of the student body) being educated in the NYC school system.[60] The most prevalent disability classifications are learning disabilities (40%) and speech or language impairments (32%). Boys outnumber girls with IEPs by two to one.[61]","title":"Student body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Department_of_Education&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Department_of_Education&action=edit&section=17"},{"link_name":"Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhardt_School_of_Culture,_Education,_and_Human_Development"},{"link_name":"autistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-62"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Department_of_Education&action=edit&section=18"},{"link_name":"New England Center for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Center_for_Children"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Applied Behavior Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-63"},{"link_name":"paraprofessional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraprofessional_educator"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Department_of_Education&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"Verbal Behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_Behavior"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-63"}],"sub_title":"Special Education - Programs Serving Specific Individualized Education Program Classifications","text":"Autism[edit]Nest[edit]Introduced in 2003 as a partnership between NYCDOE and the NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, the Nest program is designed to meet the needs of autistic students who have average to above average intelligence, age-level spoken language, memory and attention.[62][63] Classrooms are located in community Districts 1-32 and follow an Integrated Co-Teaching (ICT) model, with two teachers: one special education teacher and one general education teacher. Class sizes are smaller than typical NYC ICT classrooms.[63] Approximately 1,700 autistic students are educated in Nest classrooms across New York City's five boroughs.[62]Horizon[edit]Introduced in 2011 as a collaboration between NYCDOE and the New England Center for Children, the Horizon program is designed to meet the needs of autistic students who have average to below average intelligence, display mild to moderate language difficulties, and have mild to moderate delays in playing and interacting with other students.[64] Students are expected to participate in standard assessments. Instruction is based on the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis.[63] Classrooms are located in community Districts 1-32 and follow a \"self-contained\" model consisting of eight students, one special education teacher and one classroom paraprofessional.Acquisition, Integration, Meaningful communication and Student independence (AIMS)[edit]Introduced in 2019, AIMS is a special education program in select District 75 schools that is designed to meet the needs of autistic students with moderate to severe delays in academic skills and have below average working memory, verbal and non-verbal reasoning abilities, speech and language and attention. Instruction is based on the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis and Verbal Behavior. Classrooms follow a \"self-contained\" model consisting of six students, a special education teacher, speech teacher, and paraprofessional.[63]","title":"Student body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruth Bader Ginsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg"},{"link_name":"Alicia Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"Al Pacino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pacino"},{"link_name":"Colin Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Blankfein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Blankfein"},{"link_name":"Neil deGrasse Tyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"High School of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_H._LaGuardia_High_School"},{"link_name":"Stuyvesant High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bronx High School of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_High_School_of_Science"},{"link_name":"George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse_Career_and_Technical_Education_High_School"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Busta Rhymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busta_Rhymes"},{"link_name":"DMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMX_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"The Notorious B.I.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"DeWitt Clinton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_High_School"},{"link_name":"The Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"James Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Richard Avedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Avedon"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Alumni","text":"A number of New York City public school students have gone on to become celebrities, and leaders in various industries including music, fashion, business, sports, and entertainment. Some of the most notable New York City public school alumni include Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Alicia Keys, Stanley Kubrick, Al Pacino, Colin Powell, Lloyd Blankfein, Neil deGrasse Tyson (K – 12), and Jay-Z.[65]Art focused schools, including High School of Art and Design and Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School have tended to produce notable artists, actors, and fashion over the past century, while STEM focused schools, including Stuyvesant High School and Bronx High School of Science boast Nobel Prize winners and scientists among their notable alumni.Many now famous alumni also interacted with one another while attending public school together. One particular vocational high school, George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School, is widely known in Brooklyn to have helped produce four rap legends. In the 1990s, Jay-Z, Busta Rhymes, DMX, and The Notorious B.I.G. all attended the same school.[66] Similarly, at DeWitt Clinton High School in The Bronx, famed novelist James Baldwin and photographer Richard Avedon both contributed to their school's literary magazine, The Magpie, in the 1930s.[67]","title":"Student body"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. B. J. Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._B._J._Snyder"},{"link_name":"New York City School Construction Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_School_Construction_Authority"},{"link_name":"Americans with Disabilities Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990"},{"link_name":"accessible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility"},{"link_name":"physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_disability"},{"link_name":"disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"School buildings","text":"Many school buildings are architecturally noteworthy, in part due to the efforts of C. B. J. Snyder. Since 1988 construction has been in the hands of the New York City School Construction Authority.Most schools were built prior to the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act and are not accessible or only partially accessible to people with physical disabilities.[68] The Office of Accessibility Planning, which is located within the Office of Space Management, collaborates with other offices within the DOE to facilitate projects that specifically focus on improving the accessibility of school buildings.Every school building is given an accessibility designation of either, No Accessibility, Partially Accessible or Fully Accessible, which is listed on the school's profile. In addition, schools are given an accessibility rating from a scale of 1–10. All buildings built on or after 1992 are fully accessible and are given a 10 out of 10 rating.[69] Students with physical disabilities get priority admission to fully or partially accessible schools.[70]The department has closed many failing elementary, middle (intermediate) and high schools. The buildings of some of the larger schools have been turned into \"Campuses\" or \"Complexes\" in which a number of smaller school entities, educationally independent of each other, co-exist within the building.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WNYE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYE_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Technical High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Technical_High_School"},{"link_name":"WNYE-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYE-TV"},{"link_name":"George Westinghouse High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse_Information_Technology_High_School"},{"link_name":"Downtown Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"broadcast licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_license"},{"link_name":"Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Information_Technology_and_Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nycmedia-about-71"}],"sub_title":"Radio and television stations","text":"The Board operated radio station WNYE beginning in 1938, from studios located within the campus of Brooklyn Technical High School. Television station WNYE-TV went on the air in 1967, with its studios adjacent to George Westinghouse High School in Downtown Brooklyn. The broadcast licenses of both stations were transferred to the Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications in 2004.[71]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citymayors.com-72"},{"link_name":"Bill de Blasio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio"},{"link_name":"Bensonhurst, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"New York is one of ten major U.S. cities in which the educational system is under the control of the mayor rather than an elected school board.[72]More recently, Mayor Bill de Blasio has received major criticism over his decision to accept proposals by charter schools to co-locate with public schools, specifically Seth Low IS and Cavallaro IS in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. Many people expressed shock and disappointment at the decision, claiming that co-location leads to congestion of school streets, overcrowded classrooms, strained resources, and a negative impact on children's education.[73]","title":"Analysis and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_City"},{"link_name":"East River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_River"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)"},{"link_name":"wrongful death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_death_claim"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Sunset Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Carmen Fariña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Fari%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Malverne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malverne,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Long Island Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"Deaths and Disappearances of Disabled Students","text":"On October 4th 2013, 14 year old autistic student Avonte Oquendo walked out of his District 75 school, Riverview School in Long Island City, and went missing. His remains were located three months later in the East River, however the exact cause of death could not be determined.[74] Video footage from inside the school showed him running through the halls of the school and past a security guard before exiting through a door that had been left open.[75] In 2016 the City of New York agreed to pay $ 2.7 million settlement to the family of Avonte Oquendo in response to a wrongful death lawsuit brought against the Department of Education.[76]On September 15th 2014, 15 year old Nashaly Perez, a disabled student at PS 371 Lillian L. Rashkis High School in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, exited a back door of her school, went missing and was located three days later at a friend's home.[77] In response to the incident Chancellor Carmen Fariña reassigned the school's principal.[78] A special investigation later found no wrongdoing by any school employees.[79]On October 28th 2014, 21 year old Dyasha Phelps Smith, an autistic student at Brooklyn District 75 school PS368@P293, asphyxiated on a muffin, became unconscious and died during the school session.[80] The Special Commissioner of Investigation for the New York City School District later found that there was no misconduct on the part of any NYCDOE employee in relation to the incident and no staff were reassigned as a result of the investigation.[81]On December 2nd 2016, 6-year-old Abraham Awawda, an autistic student at District 75 school P.S. K077 in Brooklyn walked out of school, went missing for over an hour, and was later found inside an apartment building three blocks away.[82]On October 4th 2023, an autistic 15 year old student at Gotham Collaborative High School in the Bronx, bypassed his paraprofessional and exited the school building. Security cameras nearby the school revealed he boarded the BX5 bus instead of his regular school bus. He was later found.[83]On January 2nd 2024, 11 year old autistic student Andrew Burney disappeared from P.S. K369 Coy L. Cox School in Brooklyn after opening an emergency exit door.[84] He was found later that day in Malverne on Long Island having travelled almost 20 miles on the Long Island Railroad.[85][86][87]","title":"Analysis and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"State University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Education Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Education_Department"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Mayoral control status","text":"Mayor de Blasio retains control over the New York City Public Schools, due to state lawmakers granting two one year extensions, currently valid through the end of June 2022.[88]\nThe deal includes provisions which require release of more detailed budget information about the New York City schools, according to information sent out by Governor Andrew Cuomo's office. Lawmakers also agreed to give districts until the end of the year to negotiate details of new evaluation systems for teachers and principals. The deal also will allow charter schools to more easily switch between authorizers. That could mean the city's education department, which oversees a number of charter schools (but which no longer accepts oversight of new schools) could see some of these schools depart in the future for oversight by State University of New York or the New York State Education Department.[89]","title":"Analysis and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-90"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"Bullying lawsuit","text":"In April 2016, a group of 11 students and their families along with the non-profit organization Families for Excellent Schools, filed a federal class action lawsuit against the NYCDOE and Chancellor Farina, alleging that the department did not do enough to prevent bullying in schools.[90][91] The basis of the suit claimed that the atmosphere inside New York City public schools was depriving students of their right to receive an education free of violence, bullying and harassment.[90] In March 2018, the NYCDOE agreed to settle under the condition that it was required to report bullying incidents into an electronic system within one day, and that parents would also be able to submit school bullying complaints electronically.[92][93]","title":"Analysis and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BdEdFutile-94"},{"link_name":"City Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Journal"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BdEdFutile-94"}],"sub_title":"Size","text":"\"It is bigger by half than the second-largest system, Los Angeles, and twice as large as Chicago, the third-largest.\"[94] To give this context, City Journal reported that \"a separate Brooklyn district would itself be the fourth-largest in the country.\"[94]","title":"Analysis and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of education in New York City § Further reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_education_in_New_York_City#Further_reading"},{"link_name":"1982 75 page version, online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED215060.pdf"},{"link_name":"see entry in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ790798&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ790798"},{"link_name":"Education and Urban Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_and_Urban_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1605/01.301-0006567006.2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1605%2F01.301-0006567006.2009"},{"link_name":"Small Schools, Large Districts: Small-School Reform and New York City's Students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//steinhardt.nyu.edu/scmsAdmin/uploads/005/885/-Small%20Schools,%20Large%20Districts-%20Small-School%20Reform%20and%20New%20York%20City-s%20Students%20%28TCR%202008%29.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140504185116/http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/scmsAdmin/uploads/005/885/-Small%20Schools%2C%20Large%20Districts-%20Small-School%20Reform%20and%20New%20York%20City-s%20Students%20%28TCR%202008%29.pdf"},{"link_name":"Teachers College Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_College_Record"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0161-4681","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0161-4681"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OpwbAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22York+City%22&pg=PT12"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/greatschoolwarsh0000ravi_w2u4"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nycschoolsunderb0000dian/page/n4/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9xLCFZ0iSbEC&dq=%22York+City%22&pg=PR1"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=496AI4fGTacC&dq=Knocking+at+Our+Own+Door:+Milton+A.+Galamison+and+the+Struggle+t&pg=PR9"}],"text":"Further information: History of education in New York City § Further readingBrumberg, Stephan F. Going to America, Going to School: The Jewish Immigrant Public School Encounter in Turn-of-the-Century New York City (Praeger, 1986); 1982 75 page version, online\nCarolan, Brian V. \"Institutional Pressures and Isomorphic Change: The Case of New York City's Department of Education\". see entry in ERIC) Education and Urban Society (ISSN 0013-1245). 2008, Volume 40, Issue 428. Originally published online on October 23, 2007. doi:10.1605/01.301-0006567006.2009. pp. 428–451.\nEdgell, Derek. The Movement for Community Control of New York City's Schools, 1966–1970: Class Wars (Edwin Mellen Press, 1998). 532pp.\nHowell, Fanon John. Accountable Choice: Governance, Evaluation, and Culture in the New York City Department of Education (PhD dissertation, New School University; UMI Dissertations Publishing, August 2010 (ProQuest publishing date: 2011). UMI Number: 3458102.\nIatarola, Patrice and Amy Ellen Schwartz, Leanna Stieffel, and Colin C. Chellman. \"Small Schools, Large Districts: Small-School Reform and New York City's Students\" (Archive). Teachers College Record. September 2008. Volume 110, Number 9, pp. 1837–1878. ISSN 0161-4681.\nKlepper, Rachel. \"School and Community in the All-Day Neighborhood Schools of New York City, 1936–1971.\" History of Education Quarterly 63.1 (2023): 107–125.\nLewis, Heather. New York City public schools from Brownsville to Bloomberg: Community control and its legacy (Teachers College Press, 2015) online.\nMcNickle, Chris. Bloomberg: A Billionaire's Ambition (Simon and Schuster, 2017) scholarly study of the Bloomberg mayoralty, 2002–2017; ch. 5 covers schools .\nRavitch, Diane. The great school wars: A history of the New York City public schools (1975), a standard scholarly history online\nRavitch, Diane, and Joseph P. Viteritti, eds. City Schools: Lessons from New York (2000)\nRavitch, Diane, ed. NYC schools under Bloomberg and Klein what parents, teachers and policymakers need to know (2009) essays by experts online\nReyes, Luis. \"The Aspira consent decree: A thirtieth-anniversary retrospective of bilingual education in New York City.\" Harvard Educational Review 76.3 (2006): 369–400.\nRogers, David. Mayoral control of the New York City schools (Springer Science & Business Media, 2009) online.\nRousmaniere, Kate. City Teachers: Teaching and School Reform in Historical Perspective (1997) on Mew York City teachers in the 1920s\nTaylor, Clarence. Knocking at our own door: Milton A. Galamison and the struggle to integrate New York City schools (Lexington Books, 2001) online.\nWeiner, Melissa F. Power, protest, and the public schools: Jewish and African American struggles in New York City (Rutgers University Press, 2010).","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"44–36 Vernon Blvd, Long Island City, NY 11101 (Sixth Floor) NYC Department of Education – Office of Pupil Transportation Headquarters[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Board_of_education_building_by_Chalagi7.JPG/220px-Board_of_education_building_by_Chalagi7.JPG"},{"image_text":"As of 2023, the former Tweed Courthouse serves as the DOE headquarters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tweed_Court_portico_straight_sun_jeh.jpg/240px-Tweed_Court_portico_straight_sun_jeh.jpg"},{"image_text":"110 Livingston Street previously served as the DOE headquarters, and for the Board of Education before it","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/110_Livingston_J2_jeh.JPG/240px-110_Livingston_J2_jeh.JPG"},{"image_text":"Stuyvesant High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stuyvesant_HS.jpg/250px-Stuyvesant_HS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bayard Rustin Educational Complex, formerly Bayard Rustin High School, now hosts 6 small schools","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bayard_Rustin_Educational_Complex_18th_Street_from_east.jpg/250px-Bayard_Rustin_Educational_Complex_18th_Street_from_east.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Bronx High School of Science","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BronxScience.jpg/250px-BronxScience.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Dewey High School's 13 acre campus, Dewey is the only public school in New York City to have a 13-acre campus. A bronze statue is also situated on the campus titled \"The Key to Knowledge\" symbolizing progressive education.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_Dewey_HS_13_acre_campus.jpg/250px-John_Dewey_HS_13_acre_campus.jpg"}]
[{"title":"New York City portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_City"},{"title":"Schools portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schools"},{"title":"Council of School Supervisors & Administrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_School_Supervisors_%26_Administrators"},{"title":"Insideschools.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insideschools.org"},{"title":"List of high schools in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_New_York_City"},{"title":"List of public elementary schools in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_elementary_schools_in_New_York_City"},{"title":"New York State Education Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Education_Department"},{"title":"Public Schools Athletic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Schools_Athletic_League"},{"title":"School of One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_One"},{"title":"University of the State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_State_of_New_York"},{"title":"Waiting for \"Superman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_%22Superman%22"},{"title":"New York City Schools Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Schools_Chancellor"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista_College
Buena Vista University
["1 Academics","1.1 Schools","1.2 Pre-professional programs","1.3 William W. Siebens American Heritage Lecture","1.4 ROTC program","1.5 Degree completion programs","2 Campus buildings","3 Student life","3.1 Residence life","3.2 Athletics","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°38′33″N 95°12′28″W / 42.642588°N 95.207875°W / 42.642588; -95.207875Private university in Storm Lake, Iowa, US This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Buena Vista UniversityBuena Vista University campusFormer nameBuena Vista College (1891–1995)TypePrivate universityEstablished1891; 133 years ago (1891)Religious affiliationPresbyterian Church (USA)Endowment$128.8 million (2020)PresidentBrian LenzmeierStudents1,973Undergraduates1,474Postgraduates499LocationStorm Lake, Iowa, United States42°38′33″N 95°12′28″W / 42.642588°N 95.207875°W / 42.642588; -95.207875CampusRural, 60 acres (0.25 km²)ColorsNavy Blue and Gold   MascotBeaversWebsitewww.bvu.edu Buena Vista University is a private university in Storm Lake, Iowa. Founded in 1891 as Buena Vista College, it is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. The university's 60-acre (240,000 m2) campus is situated on the shores of Storm Lake, a 3,200-acre (13 km2) natural lake. At its inception, the college was housed in the Storm Lake Opera House, where it remained for only a year. Old Main, the college's first building, opened in 1892, and was occupied by faculty and students until it burned down in 1956. Major construction projects in the 1950s and 1960s extended the college, which soon included three dormitories, a library, and a number of classroom buildings. The main campus of Buena Vista University offers a four-year residential collegiate experience and offers classes in 42 majors. Seventeen additional locations throughout Iowa and online serve working adult and graduate students as part of the Graduate & Professional Studies program. Academics Schools Buena Vista University's campus on the shores of Storm Lake in Northwest Iowa The various major study areas of Buena Vista University are grouped within four schools, each of which is administered by a dean. The Harold Walter Siebens School of Business The School of Education The School of Liberal Arts The School of Science Pre-professional programs Buena Vista University also offers pre-professional programs. Specific course requirements vary with each particular professional and school area and are worked out in detail with the faculty advisor. William W. Siebens American Heritage Lecture This lecture series addresses American freedoms. Speakers have included former U.S. Presidents George H.W. Bush and Jimmy Carter; former Prime Ministers Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan, Shimon Peres of Israel, F. W. de Klerk of South Africa, Margaret Thatcher and John Major of Britain; Madeleine Albright, Gen. Colin L. Powell, Walter Cronkite, Carl Sagan, Sir John Marks Templeton, Michael Gartner, Harry Blackmun, Bob Woodward, David Gergen, Jehan Sadat, Vicente Fox, and Paul Volcker. ROTC program In 2009, the military science program began at BVU, the only such program in Western Iowa. The mission of the program is derived directly from the regulations governing the Army Reserve Officers Training Corps (AROTC) which are issued by the Army Cadet Command and Army Training and Doctrine Command. Army ROTC is an elective curriculum students take along with their major program of study. The program is designed to give students tools, training and experiences that will help them succeed in any competitive environment. Degree completion programs Buena Vista University's degree completion programs offer educational opportunities across the state of Iowa at its off-campus locations. These sites are on the campuses of community colleges with which BVU has established partnerships. Locations include sites in Carroll, Council Bluffs, Creston, Denison, Fort Dodge, Emmetsburg, Estherville, Spencer, Spirit Lake, LeMars, Marshalltown, Mason City, Newton, Ottumwa, and West Burlington. Campus buildings This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ballou Building Formerly the main library facility, the Ballou Building houses the Offices of the President and Institutional Advancement, including the National Alumni Association. The lower level still houses the Allee Curriculum Library, containing 7,800 volumes; a student lounge and other library materials. Dixon-Eilers Hall Dixon-Eilers Hall houses BVU's business offices and the Office of the Registrar, in addition to housing classrooms. The building was completed in 1958 and stands on the site of the original "Old Main." Edson Hall Originally known as Victory Hall, the university gym before Siebens Fieldhouse was constructed in 1969, Edson Hall is now home to the BVU music department. Renovation of the hall was completed in early 1997 with the addition of a choral rehearsal room, nine state-of-the-art practice rooms, a piano/keyboard lab, a student work area, and additional office space. Estelle Siebens Science Center Completed in the summer of 2004, the 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) facility comfortably houses BVU's five interdisciplinary fields of science (biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, and physics), fostering collaboration among the disciplines, as well as between students and faculty. The 18 laboratories complement seven classrooms, three research areas, and 24 offices. "Science Avenue," a prominent atrium corridor that puts projects on display, connects the two-story, glass-walled rotunda (nicknamed "The Beaker") to a greenhouse with three environmental growth chambers. Finkbine Natatorium Named in appreciation of Frank Finkbine in memory of his wife Mae Finkbine, Finkbine Natatorium is a six-lane 25-yard (23 m) competition pool. This pool has been out of commission since 2020 and was turned into a court in 2021. Harold Walter Siebens School of Business/Siebens Forum The Harold Walter Siebens School of Business/Siebens Forum was completed in the spring of 1985. In addition to the Harold Walter Siebens School of Business and a conference center, it houses the Student and Career Services offices, food service and cafeteria, Anderson Auditorium (a 386-seat auditorium), Siebens Den, the Geisinger Student Leadership Center, the bookstore, post office, games area and snack bar, and other offices and lounges. Included in the Harold Walter Siebens School of Business are tiered seminar rooms, a case-study seminar room, faculty offices, and a special resource room that enables students to receive the latest market information from Wall Street and other sources. The conference center includes a board room, conference rooms, lobbies, and offices. The $10 million building, made possible by an $18 million gift from the late Dr. Harold Walter Siebens, also has telecommunication capabilities. Library The BVU Library is a facility with a capacity of 300,000 printed volumes, as well as one thousand journals and periodicals. Computerized periodical databases access many sources not available in the library. A coffee shop was added to the library in 2008. The Teaching and Learning with Technology Center, (TLTC) is in the library. The TLTC supports faculty in the integration of technology tools into teaching and learning. Lage Communication Center Lage Communication Center is the home of telecommunication at BVU. Lage houses the radio, television and print studios for the School of Communication and Arts. It is the control center for the telecommunication system, which extends throughout campus. Lamberti Recreation Center Construction was completed in 2001 on this 65,000 square feet (6,000 m2) addition to the Siebens Fieldhouse. It features a six-lane indoor track, three courts for basketball, volleyball and tennis, an exercise and weight room, coaches offices, and locker/shower facilities. The $9.5 million project, funded entirely by donors, also included an 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2) renovation of the Siebens Fieldhouse. Lighthouse A 30-foot (9.1 m) brick lighthouse was built on the shores of Storm Lake near Siebens Fieldhouse in 1992 in memory of Buena Vista University trustee and benefactor Harold Walter Siebens. The lighthouse was a gift from the Siebens family. Peterson Field Peterson Field is the site of football, soccer, and track activity. It is home to the J. Leslie Rollins Football Stadium. The 240-foot (73 m) stadium extends between the 10-yard (9.1 m) lines and has a seating capacity of approximately 2,500. Formerly known as Bradford Field, the field underwent massive renovation in 2011 with the addition of an artificial turf field and new all-weather track. Field lighting was added in 2012. Schaller Memorial Chapel Schaller Memorial Chapel, dedicated in 1963, adjoins Dixon-Eilers Hall. It serves as an auditorium and theater and is used for convocation services. Special events, such as Baccalaureate and Founders Day, are held here. A small meditation chapel is in the lower level. A special feature of the chapel is the Hansen Organ, a three-manual Reuter pipe organ with 2,048 pipes. Siebens Fieldhouse The main level of Siebens Fieldhouse houses a gymnasium, which seats 4,000 spectators. On this level are classrooms and coaches' offices. The balcony is used for aerobics, and a large double hitting area for softball and baseball. A shot put area is also available. On the lower level are varsity locker rooms for men and women, laundry facilities, a wrestling room, a training room, handball and racquetball courts, and one of the most extensive weight lifting areas in the Iowa Conference. East of the Fieldhouse are four outdoor tennis courts for recreational and conference play. Smith Hall Built in 1925, Smith Hall was completely renovated in 1970. It houses classrooms and faculty offices. Social Sciences and Art Hall This building contains art facilities, classrooms and offices for social sciences, as well as an inviting gathering space with a fireplace and television. The building originally housed the science programs, and extensive remodeling was completed in 2008. Steward D. Siebens Computer Center The Stewart D. Siebens Computer Center offers hardware and software technical support via the Help Desk. The Help Desk also provides checkout services for digital still cameras, digital video cameras, extra batteries, laptop computers, and automobile A/C adapters. In the lab area, the Computer Center has a laser printer and several scanners. Victory Arch The Victory Arch was constructed from the remains of the Old Main archway. Old Main, constructed in 1893, was the principal building on campus until it was destroyed by fire in 1956. The Victory Arch is a symbol linking the past to the present. The Victory Arch stood on the southeast corner of Chapel lawn for many years before it was rebuilt atop the Harold Walter Siebens School of Business/Siebens Forum in 1984–85. Student life This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Residence life The university has seven residence halls available for student living. Swope Hall The first residence hall built on campus, Swope Hall has single and double occupancy rooms. There are 10 housing communities, each with a resident advisor available for help. This building is no longer used to house students; instead, it is home to the nursing department for Iowa Central Community College and the theatre department for costume storage/design. Pierce and White Halls It is a double complex, comprising two buildings. Both Pierce and White are co-ed halls with four floors and seven housing communities, each with a resident advisor available for help. The buildings share a common lobby and are connected underground with the Harold Walter Siebens School of Business/Siebens Forum, the main building on campus. Extensive remodeling of both buildings was completed in 2012. Grand Hall Built in 1998, Grand Hall is a co-ed community with three floors. The building houses 100 students, including four resident advisors. Grand Hall was the first residence hall on campus to have an elevator. Liberty Hall Finished in 2002, Liberty Hall is a voluntary substance-free building, built with similar design to Grand Hall. There is space, however for a faculty member to live in the building. Residents choosing to live in Liberty Hall sign a pledge form to not partake in drinking alcohol or smoking and chewing tobacco while on building premises. Suites The suites are apartment-style living quarters that group six residents in a suite in three bedrooms. There are three suite buildings: Constitution, Briscoe (formerly Centennial Hall; named for former college president Keith Briscoe), and McCorkle (formerly Heritage Hall, named for Trustee Paul McCorkle). Entrance in the suites is reserved for sophomores, juniors and seniors and is based on a point system made up of points assigned for the student's year and grade point average and seniority in the suites. Athletics See also: Buena Vista Beavers football A Beaver basketball game in progress. Buena Vista University competes in 21 intercollegiate sports at the varsity level. The university is an NCAA Division III institution and a member of the American Rivers Conference (formerly the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference). Teams that compete at BVU include baseball, men's and women's basketball, cross country, football, men's and women's golf, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's tennis, track & field, volleyball, and wrestling. Roughly one out of every four BVU students participate in intercollegiate athletics. Buena Vista's mascot is the Beaver. The origins of the Beaver as the Buena Vista mascot go back to the early 1900s, when the football team was called the BVers. In the spring of 1921, a Buena Vista student combined that nickname with the name of the then-popular soft drink Bevo to create the nickname the Beavers. Buena Vista's softball team appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1971. Notable alumni Bob Amsberry, college women's basketball coach Nate Bjorkgren, professional basketball coach Ken Carlson, member of the Iowa House of Representatives Jim Doran, professional football player Jim Fanning, professional baseball player and manager Ryan Grubb, college football coach Carlos Martinez, professional football player Nelle Peters, architect Randy Rahe, college football coach Jesse Schmidt, professional football player Shelly M. Shelton, Republican member of the Nevada Assembly Mark Thompson, politician Andre D. Wagner, photographer Lindsay Peoples Wagner, journalist References ^ "History". bvu.edu. Buena Vista University. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ a b c As of fall 2022. "BVU Records Enrollment Growth for Fourth Straight Year". Buena Vista University. Retrieved March 23, 2024. ^ Plummer, William; Floyd, Larry C. (2013). A Series Of Their Own: History Of The Women's College World Series. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States: Turnkey Communications Inc. ISBN 978-0-9893007-0-4. ^ "Jim Doran". Pro-Football Reference.com. Retrieved 11 October 2013. ^ "Carlos Martínez (American football)". NFL Enterprises LLC. Retrieved 11 October 2013. ^ "Jesse Schmidt". Des Moines Register. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013. ^ "Assemblywoman Shelly M. Shelton". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved February 6, 2016. ^ "Andre D. Wagner and the analogue photographs of the streets of NYC". c41magazine.com. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 2020-11-01. ^ "Lindsay Peoples Wagner Named Editor-in-Chief of the Cut". New York Magazine Press Room. 4 January 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buena Vista University. Official website Official athletics website vteColleges and universities in IowaPublic institutions University of Iowa Iowa State University University of Northern Iowa Iowa portalPrivate institutions Briar Cliff Buena Vista Central Clarke Coe Cornell Des Moines Divine Word Dordt Drake Emmaus Bible Faith Baptist Graceland Grand View Grinnell Loras Luther Maharishi Morningside Mount Mercy Northwestern St. Ambrose Simpson University of Dubuque Upper Iowa Waldorf Wartburg William Penn Defunct institutions Iowa Wesleyan vteAmerican Rivers Conference Buena Vista Central Coe Dubuque Loras Luther Nebraska Wesleyan Simpson Wartburg vteAssociation of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities Agnes Scott Alma Arcadia Austin Barber-Scotia Belhaven Blackburn Bloomfield Buena Vista Carroll Centre Coe College of Idaho College of the Ozarks College of Wooster Davidson Davis and Elkins Eckerd Grove City Hampden–Sydney Hanover Hastings Illinois College Inter American Jamestown Johnson C. Smith King Lake Forest Lees-McRae Lindenwood Lyon Macalester Mary Baldwin Maryville Millikin Missouri Valley Monmouth Muskingum William Peace Presbyterian Queens University of Charlotte Rhodes Rocky Mountain Schreiner St. Andrews Sterling Stillman Trinity Tusculum University of Dubuque University of Pikeville University of Tulsa University of the Ozarks Warren Wilson Waynesburg Westminster (Missouri) Westminster (Pennsylvania) Westminster (Utah) Whitworth Wilson College (Pennsylvania) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"Storm Lake, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Lake,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)"},{"link_name":"Storm Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Lake,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"dormitories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormitory"}],"text":"Private university in Storm Lake, Iowa, USBuena Vista University is a private university in Storm Lake, Iowa. Founded in 1891 as Buena Vista College, it is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. The university's 60-acre (240,000 m2) campus is situated on the shores of Storm Lake, a 3,200-acre (13 km2) natural lake.At its inception, the college was housed in the Storm Lake Opera House, where it remained for only a year. Old Main, the college's first building, opened in 1892, and was occupied by faculty and students until it burned down in 1956. Major construction projects in the 1950s and 1960s extended the college, which soon included three dormitories, a library, and a number of classroom buildings.The main campus of Buena Vista University offers a four-year residential collegiate experience and offers classes in 42 majors. Seventeen additional locations throughout Iowa and online serve working adult and graduate students as part of the Graduate & Professional Studies program.","title":"Buena Vista University"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bvucampusfromlake.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Schools","text":"Buena Vista University's campus on the shores of Storm Lake in Northwest IowaThe various major study areas of Buena Vista University are grouped within four schools, each of which is administered by a dean.The Harold Walter Siebens School of Business\nThe School of Education\nThe School of Liberal Arts\nThe School of Science","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pre-professional programs","text":"Buena Vista University also offers pre-professional programs. Specific course requirements vary with each particular professional and school area and are worked out in detail with the faculty advisor.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"William W. Siebens American Heritage Lecture","text":"This lecture series addresses American freedoms. Speakers have included former U.S. Presidents George H.W. Bush and Jimmy Carter; former Prime Ministers Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan, Shimon Peres of Israel, F. W. de Klerk of South Africa, Margaret Thatcher and John Major of Britain; Madeleine Albright, Gen. Colin L. Powell, Walter Cronkite, Carl Sagan, Sir John Marks Templeton, Michael Gartner, Harry Blackmun, Bob Woodward, David Gergen, Jehan Sadat, Vicente Fox, and Paul Volcker.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"ROTC program","text":"In 2009, the military science program began at BVU, the only such program in Western Iowa. The mission of the program is derived directly from the regulations governing the Army Reserve Officers Training Corps (AROTC) which are issued by the Army Cadet Command and Army Training and Doctrine Command. Army ROTC is an elective curriculum students take along with their major program of study. The program is designed to give students tools, training and experiences that will help them succeed in any competitive environment.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Degree completion programs","text":"Buena Vista University's degree completion programs offer educational opportunities across the state of Iowa at its off-campus locations. These sites are on the campuses of community colleges with which BVU has established partnerships. Locations include sites in Carroll, Council Bluffs, Creston, Denison, Fort Dodge, Emmetsburg, Estherville, Spencer, Spirit Lake, LeMars, Marshalltown, Mason City, Newton, Ottumwa, and West Burlington.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"}],"text":"Ballou Building\nFormerly the main library facility, the Ballou Building houses the Offices of the President and Institutional Advancement, including the National Alumni Association. The lower level still houses the Allee Curriculum Library, containing 7,800 volumes; a student lounge and other library materials.Dixon-Eilers Hall\nDixon-Eilers Hall houses BVU's business offices and the Office of the Registrar, in addition to housing classrooms. The building was completed in 1958 and stands on the site of the original \"Old Main.\"Edson Hall\nOriginally known as Victory Hall, the university gym before Siebens Fieldhouse was constructed in 1969, Edson Hall is now home to the BVU music department. Renovation of the hall was completed in early 1997 with the addition of a choral rehearsal room, nine state-of-the-art practice rooms, a piano/keyboard lab, a student work area, and additional office space.Estelle Siebens Science Center\nCompleted in the summer of 2004, the 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) facility comfortably houses BVU's five interdisciplinary fields of science (biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, and physics), fostering collaboration among the disciplines, as well as between students and faculty.The 18 laboratories complement seven classrooms, three research areas, and 24 offices. \"Science Avenue,\" a prominent atrium corridor that puts projects on display, connects the two-story, glass-walled rotunda (nicknamed \"The Beaker\") to a greenhouse with three environmental growth chambers.Finkbine Natatorium\nNamed in appreciation of Frank Finkbine in memory of his wife Mae Finkbine, Finkbine Natatorium is a six-lane 25-yard (23 m) competition pool. This pool has been out of commission since 2020 and was turned into a court in 2021.Harold Walter Siebens School of Business/Siebens Forum\nThe Harold Walter Siebens School of Business/Siebens Forum was completed in the spring of 1985. In addition to the Harold Walter Siebens School of Business and a conference center, it houses the Student and Career Services offices, food service and cafeteria, Anderson Auditorium (a 386-seat auditorium), Siebens Den, the Geisinger Student Leadership Center, the bookstore, post office, games area and snack bar, and other offices and lounges. Included in the Harold Walter Siebens School of Business are tiered seminar rooms, a case-study seminar room, faculty offices, and a special resource room that enables students to receive the latest market information from Wall Street and other sources. The conference center includes a board room, conference rooms, lobbies, and offices. The $10 million building, made possible by an $18 million gift from the late Dr. Harold Walter Siebens, also has telecommunication capabilities.Library\nThe BVU Library is a facility with a capacity of 300,000 printed volumes, as well as one thousand journals and periodicals. Computerized periodical databases access many sources not available in the library. A coffee shop was added to the library in 2008. The Teaching and Learning with Technology Center, (TLTC) is in the library. The TLTC supports faculty in the integration of technology tools into teaching and learning.Lage Communication Center\nLage Communication Center is the home of telecommunication at BVU. Lage houses the radio, television and print studios for the School of Communication and Arts. It is the control center for the telecommunication system, which extends throughout campus.Lamberti Recreation Center\nConstruction was completed in 2001 on this 65,000 square feet (6,000 m2) addition to the Siebens Fieldhouse. It features a six-lane indoor track, three courts for basketball, volleyball and tennis, an exercise and weight room, coaches offices, and locker/shower facilities. The $9.5 million project, funded entirely by donors, also included an 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2) renovation of the Siebens Fieldhouse.Lighthouse\nA 30-foot (9.1 m) brick lighthouse was built on the shores of Storm Lake near Siebens Fieldhouse in 1992 in memory of Buena Vista University trustee and benefactor Harold Walter Siebens. The lighthouse was a gift from the Siebens family.Peterson Field\nPeterson Field is the site of football, soccer, and track activity. It is home to the J. Leslie Rollins Football Stadium. The 240-foot (73 m) stadium extends between the 10-yard (9.1 m) lines and has a seating capacity of approximately 2,500. Formerly known as Bradford Field, the field underwent massive renovation in 2011 with the addition of an artificial turf field and new all-weather track. Field lighting was added in 2012.Schaller Memorial Chapel\nSchaller Memorial Chapel, dedicated in 1963, adjoins Dixon-Eilers Hall. It serves as an auditorium and theater and is used for convocation services. Special events, such as Baccalaureate and Founders Day, are held here. A small meditation chapel is in the lower level. A special feature of the chapel is the Hansen Organ, a three-manual Reuter pipe organ with 2,048 pipes.Siebens Fieldhouse\nThe main level of Siebens Fieldhouse houses a gymnasium, which seats 4,000 spectators. On this level are classrooms and coaches' offices. The balcony is used for aerobics, and a large double hitting area for softball and baseball. A shot put area is also available.On the lower level are varsity locker rooms for men and women, laundry facilities, a wrestling room, a training room, handball and racquetball courts, and one of the most extensive weight lifting areas in the Iowa Conference. East of the Fieldhouse are four outdoor tennis courts for recreational and conference play.Smith Hall\nBuilt in 1925, Smith Hall was completely renovated in 1970. It houses classrooms and faculty offices.Social Sciences and Art Hall\nThis building contains art facilities, classrooms and offices for social sciences, as well as an inviting gathering space with a fireplace and television. The building originally housed the science programs, and extensive remodeling was completed in 2008.Steward D. Siebens Computer Center\nThe Stewart D. Siebens Computer Center offers hardware and software technical support via the Help Desk. The Help Desk also provides checkout services for digital still cameras, digital video cameras, extra batteries, laptop computers, and automobile A/C adapters. In the lab area, the Computer Center has a laser printer and several scanners.Victory Arch\nThe Victory Arch was constructed from the remains of the Old Main archway. Old Main, constructed in 1893, was the principal building on campus until it was destroyed by fire in 1956. The Victory Arch is a symbol linking the past to the present. The Victory Arch stood on the southeast corner of Chapel lawn for many years before it was rebuilt atop the Harold Walter Siebens School of Business/Siebens Forum in 1984–85.","title":"Campus buildings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Residence life","text":"The university has seven residence halls available for student living.Swope Hall\nThe first residence hall built on campus, Swope Hall has single and double occupancy rooms. There are 10 housing communities, each with a resident advisor available for help. This building is no longer used to house students; instead, it is home to the nursing department for Iowa Central Community College and the theatre department for costume storage/design.Pierce and White Halls \nIt is a double complex, comprising two buildings. Both Pierce and White are co-ed halls with four floors and seven housing communities, each with a resident advisor available for help. The buildings share a common lobby and are connected underground with the Harold Walter Siebens School of Business/Siebens Forum, the main building on campus. Extensive remodeling of both buildings was completed in 2012.Grand Hall \nBuilt in 1998, Grand Hall is a co-ed community with three floors. The building houses 100 students, including four resident advisors. Grand Hall was the first residence hall on campus to have an elevator.Liberty Hall \nFinished in 2002, Liberty Hall is a voluntary substance-free building, built with similar design to Grand Hall. There is space, however for a faculty member to live in the building. Residents choosing to live in Liberty Hall sign a pledge form to not partake in drinking alcohol or smoking and chewing tobacco while on building premises.Suites\nThe suites are apartment-style living quarters that group six residents in a suite in three bedrooms. There are three suite buildings: Constitution, Briscoe (formerly Centennial Hall; named for former college president Keith Briscoe), and McCorkle (formerly Heritage Hall, named for Trustee Paul McCorkle). Entrance in the suites is reserved for sophomores, juniors and seniors and is based on a point system made up of points assigned for the student's year and grade point average and seniority in the suites.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buena Vista Beavers football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista_Beavers_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FieldhouseBallGame.jpg"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III"},{"link_name":"American Rivers Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Rivers_Conference"},{"link_name":"Bevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevo_(drink)"},{"link_name":"Women's College World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_College_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plummer-4"}],"sub_title":"Athletics","text":"See also: Buena Vista Beavers footballA Beaver basketball game in progress.Buena Vista University competes in 21 intercollegiate sports at the varsity level. The university is an NCAA Division III institution and a member of the American Rivers Conference (formerly the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference). Teams that compete at BVU include baseball, men's and women's basketball, cross country, football, men's and women's golf, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's tennis, track & field, volleyball, and wrestling. Roughly one out of every four BVU students participate in intercollegiate athletics.Buena Vista's mascot is the Beaver. The origins of the Beaver as the Buena Vista mascot go back to the early 1900s, when the football team was called the BVers. In the spring of 1921, a Buena Vista student combined that nickname with the name of the then-popular soft drink Bevo to create the nickname the Beavers.Buena Vista's softball team appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1971.[4]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Amsberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Amsberry_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Nate Bjorkgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Bjorkgren"},{"link_name":"Ken Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Carlson"},{"link_name":"Iowa House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Jim Doran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Doran"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jim Fanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Fanning"},{"link_name":"Ryan Grubb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Grubb"},{"link_name":"Carlos Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Mart%C3%ADnez_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nelle Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_Peters"},{"link_name":"Randy Rahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Rahe"},{"link_name":"Jesse Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Shelly M. Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_M._Shelton"},{"link_name":"Nevada Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mark Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Thompson_(Iowa_politician)"},{"link_name":"Andre D. Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_D._Wagner"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Peoples Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Peoples_Wagner"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Bob Amsberry, college women's basketball coach\nNate Bjorkgren, professional basketball coach\nKen Carlson, member of the Iowa House of Representatives\nJim Doran, professional football player[5]\nJim Fanning, professional baseball player and manager\nRyan Grubb, college football coach\nCarlos Martinez, professional football player[6]\nNelle Peters, architect\nRandy Rahe, college football coach\nJesse Schmidt, professional football player[7]\nShelly M. Shelton, Republican member of the Nevada Assembly[8]\nMark Thompson, politician\nAndre D. Wagner, photographer[9]\nLindsay Peoples Wagner, journalist[10]","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[{"image_text":"Buena Vista University's campus on the shores of Storm Lake in Northwest Iowa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bvucampusfromlake.jpg/250px-Bvucampusfromlake.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Beaver basketball game in progress.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/FieldhouseBallGame.jpg/200px-FieldhouseBallGame.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"History\". bvu.edu. Buena Vista University. Retrieved 12 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bvu.edu/about/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx","url_text":"U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIAA","url_text":"TIAA"}]},{"reference":"\"BVU Records Enrollment Growth for Fourth Straight Year\". Buena Vista University. Retrieved March 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bvu.edu/news/bvu-records-enrollment-growth-fourth-straight-year","url_text":"\"BVU Records Enrollment Growth for Fourth Straight Year\""}]},{"reference":"Plummer, William; Floyd, Larry C. (2013). A Series Of Their Own: History Of The Women's College World Series. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States: Turnkey Communications Inc. ISBN 978-0-9893007-0-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9893007-0-4","url_text":"978-0-9893007-0-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Jim Doran\". Pro-Football Reference.com. Retrieved 11 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DoraJi00/splits/1961/","url_text":"\"Jim Doran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carlos Martínez (American football)\". NFL Enterprises LLC. Retrieved 11 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/player/carlosmartinez/2505243/profile","url_text":"\"Carlos Martínez (American football)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jesse Schmidt\". Des Moines Register. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130215215719/http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2012/08/07/iowa-barnstormers-jesse-schmidt-named-top-wide-receiver","url_text":"\"Jesse Schmidt\""},{"url":"http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2012/08/07/iowa-barnstormers-jesse-schmidt-named-top-wide-receiver","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Assemblywoman Shelly M. Shelton\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved February 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/Legislator/A/Assembly/Current/10","url_text":"\"Assemblywoman Shelly M. Shelton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andre D. Wagner and the analogue photographs of the streets of NYC\". c41magazine.com. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 2020-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c41magazine.com/andre-d-wagner-nyc/","url_text":"\"Andre D. Wagner and the analogue photographs of the streets of NYC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lindsay Peoples Wagner Named Editor-in-Chief of the Cut\". New York Magazine Press Room. 4 January 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nymag.com/press/2021/01/lindsay-peoples-wagner-named-editor-in-chief-of-the-cut.html","url_text":"\"Lindsay Peoples Wagner Named Editor-in-Chief of the Cut\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florynka
Florynka
["1 History","2 Church","3 Notable people from Florynka","4 References"]
Coordinates: 49°34′N 20°59′E / 49.567°N 20.983°E / 49.567; 20.983Place in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, PolandFlorynkaRoman Catholic church (formerly Greek Catholic)FlorynkaShow map of PolandFlorynkaShow map of Lesser Poland VoivodeshipCoordinates: 49°34′N 20°59′E / 49.567°N 20.983°E / 49.567; 20.983Country PolandVoivodeship Lesser PolandCountyNowy Sącz CountyGminaGmina GrybówTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code33-332Area code+48 18Car platesKNS Florynka (Ukrainian: Фльоринка, Fliorynka) is a village in southern Poland, in the commune of Grybów, Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Grybów, 22 km (14 mi) east of Nowy Sącz, and 93 km (58 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków. History 1785 – 745 Greek Catholics, 10 Roman Catholics, the village lands comprised 20.22 km2 1840 – 992 Greek Catholics 1859 – 1205 Greek Catholics 1879 – 928 Greek Catholics 1899 – 1150 Greek Catholics 1926 – 1108 Greek Catholics 1936 – 228 Greek Catholics – village switched to Orthodoxy, afterwards there were 1246 Orthodox, 57 Roman Catholics and 37 Jews Florynka was the place of origin of the short-lived Lemko-Rusyn Republic from 1918 to 1920. The village was incorporated into the Lemko Apostolic Administration in 1934. The Lemko inhabitants of the village were removed in Operation Vistula in 1947, and scattered to 30 different villages in 6 counties. Church The Saint Michael Church was built in 1875 and survived to this day. The village Vafka 3 km away was served by the priest Florynka. Notable people from Florynka Emil Czyrniański (1824–1888), chemist Walery Jaworski (1849–1924), physician References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. ^ "Флоринка с". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Florynka. vteGmina GrybówSeat (not part of the gmina) Grybów Villages Biała Niżna Binczarowa Chodorowa Cieniawa Florynka Gródek Kąclowa Krużlowa Niżna Krużlowa Wyżna Polna Ptaszkowa Siołkowa Stara Wieś Stróże Wawrzka Wyskitna Authority control databases VIAF This Lesser Poland Voivodeship location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[flɔˈrɨŋka]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Grybów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryb%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Nowy Sącz County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_County"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Grybów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryb%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Nowy Sącz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"}],"text":"Place in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, PolandFlorynka [flɔˈrɨŋka] (Ukrainian: Фльоринка, Fliorynka) is a village in southern Poland, in the commune of Grybów, Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship.[1] It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Grybów, 22 km (14 mi) east of Nowy Sącz, and 93 km (58 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.","title":"Florynka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lemko-Rusyn Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemko-Rusyn_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Operation Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vistula"}],"text":"1785 – 745 Greek Catholics, 10 Roman Catholics, the village lands comprised 20.22 km2\n1840 – 992 Greek Catholics\n1859 – 1205 Greek Catholics\n1879 – 928 Greek Catholics\n1899 – 1150 Greek Catholics\n1926 – 1108 Greek Catholics\n1936 – 228 Greek Catholics – village switched to Orthodoxy, afterwards there were 1246 Orthodox, 57 Roman Catholics and 37 JewsFlorynka was the place of origin of the short-lived Lemko-Rusyn Republic from 1918 to 1920.[2] The village was incorporated into the Lemko Apostolic Administration in 1934.The Lemko inhabitants of the village were removed in Operation Vistula in 1947, and scattered to 30 different villages in 6 counties.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Saint Michael Church was built in 1875 and survived to this day. The village Vafka 3 km away was served by the priest Florynka.","title":"Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emil Czyrniański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Czyrnia%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Walery Jaworski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walery_Jaworski"}],"text":"Emil Czyrniański (1824–1888), chemist\nWalery Jaworski (1849–1924), physician","title":"Notable people from Florynka"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lamb_(architect)
John Lamb (architect)
["1 History","2 Works","3 References"]
British architect For other people with the same name, see John Lamb (disambiguation).Ashbourne Chambers, Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham, his offices from around 1911 John Lamb (1858 - 1949) was a surveyor, civil engineer and architect based in Nottingham. History He was born in 1858 in Shrivenham, Berkshire, the son of Samuel Wrightson Lamb and Caroline Lamb. He married Mary Haddleton Silverwood in 1885, and they had the following children: Bernard John Lamb (b. 1886) Frederick Wrightson Lamb (1890-1960) Alexander Silverwood Lamb (1894-1980) Gwendoline Mary Lamb (b. 1897) Lieutenant Frank Muller Lamb (1897-1918) In 1877 he moved to Nottingham, and was articled to a local architect. He worked in partnership with Frederick Ball as Ball & Lamb until around 1907 when he set up his own practice in Ashbourne Chambers (now 17) Bridlesmith Gate where he worked until he retired in 1924. One of his pupils was Alfred John Thraves. He was superintendent of the Christian Brethren Sunday School in South Parade Hall. In 1942 he moved to live with his daughter in Manchester. He died and was buried on 29 September 1949 at St Margaret's Church, Prestwich, Manchester. Works 10 King Street, Nottingham 1894-96 (with Frederick Ball) Houses on Lenton Boulevard, junction with Willoughby Avenue 1896-97 (with Frederick Ball) House on Lenton Boulevard, junction with Derby Road 1896-97 (with Frederick Ball) Grosvenor Buildings, King Street, Nottingham 1896 (with Frederick Ball) Alton’s Cigar Factory, Canning Circus, Nottingham 1900 (with Frederick Ball) 17 Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham 1911 This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2018) References ^ "A Former Nottm. Sportsman". Nottingham Evening Post. England. 29 September 1949. Retrieved 14 January 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ a b Harwood, Elain (2008). Pevsner Architectural Guides. Nottingham. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300126662. Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Lamb.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lamb (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lamb_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:17_Bridlesmith_Gate,_Nottingham.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see John Lamb (disambiguation).Ashbourne Chambers, Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham, his offices from around 1911John Lamb (1858 - 1949) was a surveyor, civil engineer and architect based in Nottingham.","title":"John Lamb (architect)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shrivenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrivenham"},{"link_name":"Frederick Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Ball"},{"link_name":"Bridlesmith Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridlesmith_Gate"},{"link_name":"Alfred John Thraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_John_Thraves"},{"link_name":"St Margaret's Church, Prestwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Church,_Prestwich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"He was born in 1858 in Shrivenham, Berkshire, the son of Samuel Wrightson Lamb and Caroline Lamb. He married Mary Haddleton Silverwood in 1885, and they had the following children:Bernard John Lamb (b. 1886)\nFrederick Wrightson Lamb (1890-1960)\nAlexander Silverwood Lamb (1894-1980)\nGwendoline Mary Lamb (b. 1897)\nLieutenant Frank Muller Lamb (1897-1918)In 1877 he moved to Nottingham, and was articled to a local architect. He worked in partnership with Frederick Ball as Ball & Lamb until around 1907 when he set up his own practice in Ashbourne Chambers (now 17) Bridlesmith Gate where he worked until he retired in 1924. One of his pupils was Alfred John Thraves.He was superintendent of the Christian Brethren Sunday School in South Parade Hall.In 1942 he moved to live with his daughter in Manchester. He died and was buried on 29 September 1949 at St Margaret's Church, Prestwich, Manchester.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harwood-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harwood-2"}],"text":"10 King Street, Nottingham 1894-96 (with Frederick Ball)\nHouses on Lenton Boulevard, junction with Willoughby Avenue 1896-97[2] (with Frederick Ball)\nHouse on Lenton Boulevard, junction with Derby Road 1896-97[2] (with Frederick Ball)\nGrosvenor Buildings, King Street, Nottingham 1896 (with Frederick Ball)\nAlton’s Cigar Factory, Canning Circus, Nottingham 1900 (with Frederick Ball)\n17 Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham 1911","title":"Works"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugongylinae
Eugongylinae
["1 Genera","2 References"]
Subfamily of skinks Eugongylinae Cryptoblepharus boutonii Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Family: Scincidae Subfamily: Eugongylinae Eugongylinae is a subfamily of skinks within the family Scincidae. The genera in this subfamily were previously found to belong the Eugongylus group in the large subfamily Lygosominae. Genera The subfamily Eugongylinae contains 469 species in 51 genera. Ablepharus (18 species) Acritoscincus (3 species) Alpinoscincus (2 species) Anepischetosia (1 species) Austroablepharus (3 species) Caesoris (1 species) Caledoniscincus (14 species) Carinascincus (8 species) Carlia (46 species) Celatiscincus (2 species) Cophoscincopus (4 species) Cryptoblepharus (53 species) Emoia (78 species) Epibator (3 species) Eroticoscincus (1 species) Eugongylus (5 species) Geomyersia (2 species) Geoscincus (1 species) Graciliscincus (1 species) Harrisoniascincus (1 species) Kanakysaurus (2 species) Kuniesaurus (1 species) Lacertaspis (5 species) Lacertoides (1 specie) Lampropholis (14 species) Leiolopisma (4 species) Leptosiaphos (18 species) Liburnascincus (4 species) Lioscincus (2 species) Lobulia (7 species) Lygisaurus (14 species) Marmorosphax (5 species) Menetia (5 species) Morethia (8 species) Nannoscincus (12 species) Nubeoscincus (2 species) Oligosoma (53 species) Panaspis (21 species) Phaeoscincus (2 species) Phasmasaurus (2 species) Phoboscincus (2 species) Proablepharus (2 species) Pseudemoia (6 species) Pygmaeascincus (3 species) Saproscincus (12 species) Sigaloseps (6 species) Simiscincus (1 species) Tachygia (1 species) Techmarscincus (1 species) Tropidoscincus (3 species) References ^ a b Uetz, P.; Freed, P.; Hošek, J. (eds.). "Eugongylinae". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 10 October 2019. ^ Austin JJ, Arnold EN (2006). "Using ancient and recent DNA to explore relationships of extinct and endangered Leiolopisma skinks (Reptilia: Scincidae) in the Mascarene islands". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 39 (2): 503–511. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.011. PMID 16473026. Taxon identifiersEugongylinae Wikidata: Q15110830 Wikispecies: Eugongylinae CoL: 8GNQS NCBI: 1273156 This skink article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scincidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scincidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reptileDB-1"},{"link_name":"Eugongylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugongylus"},{"link_name":"Lygosominae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygosominae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Eugongylinae is a subfamily of skinks within the family Scincidae.[1] The genera in this subfamily were previously found to belong the Eugongylus group in the large subfamily Lygosominae.[2]","title":"Eugongylinae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reptileDB-1"},{"link_name":"Ablepharus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablepharus"},{"link_name":"Acritoscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acritoscincus"},{"link_name":"Alpinoscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinoscincus"},{"link_name":"Anepischetosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anepischetosia"},{"link_name":"Austroablepharus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroablepharus"},{"link_name":"Caesoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesoris"},{"link_name":"Caledoniscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledoniscincus"},{"link_name":"Carinascincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinascincus"},{"link_name":"Carlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlia"},{"link_name":"Celatiscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celatiscincus"},{"link_name":"Cophoscincopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cophoscincopus"},{"link_name":"Cryptoblepharus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoblepharus"},{"link_name":"Emoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoia"},{"link_name":"Epibator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epibator"},{"link_name":"Eroticoscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroticoscincus"},{"link_name":"Eugongylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugongylus"},{"link_name":"Geomyersia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomyersia"},{"link_name":"Geoscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscincus"},{"link_name":"Graciliscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciliscincus"},{"link_name":"Harrisoniascincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisoniascincus"},{"link_name":"Kanakysaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanakysaurus"},{"link_name":"Kuniesaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuniesaurus"},{"link_name":"Lacertaspis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacertaspis"},{"link_name":"Lacertoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacertoides"},{"link_name":"Lampropholis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampropholis"},{"link_name":"Leiolopisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiolopisma"},{"link_name":"Leptosiaphos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptosiaphos"},{"link_name":"Liburnascincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburnascincus"},{"link_name":"Lioscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lioscincus"},{"link_name":"Lobulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobulia"},{"link_name":"Lygisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygisaurus"},{"link_name":"Marmorosphax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmorosphax"},{"link_name":"Menetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menetia"},{"link_name":"Morethia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morethia"},{"link_name":"Nannoscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannoscincus"},{"link_name":"Nubeoscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubeoscincus"},{"link_name":"Oligosoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosoma"},{"link_name":"Panaspis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaspis"},{"link_name":"Phaeoscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeoscincus"},{"link_name":"Phasmasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasmasaurus"},{"link_name":"Phoboscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoboscincus"},{"link_name":"Proablepharus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proablepharus"},{"link_name":"Pseudemoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudemoia"},{"link_name":"Pygmaeascincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmaeascincus"},{"link_name":"Saproscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saproscincus"},{"link_name":"Sigaloseps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigaloseps"},{"link_name":"Simiscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simiscincus"},{"link_name":"Tachygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachygia"},{"link_name":"Techmarscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techmarscincus"},{"link_name":"Tropidoscincus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropidoscincus"}],"text":"The subfamily Eugongylinae contains 469 species in 51 genera.[1]Ablepharus (18 species)\nAcritoscincus (3 species)\nAlpinoscincus (2 species)\nAnepischetosia (1 species)\nAustroablepharus (3 species)\nCaesoris (1 species)\nCaledoniscincus (14 species)\nCarinascincus (8 species)\nCarlia (46 species)\nCelatiscincus (2 species)\nCophoscincopus (4 species)\nCryptoblepharus (53 species)\nEmoia (78 species)\nEpibator (3 species)\nEroticoscincus (1 species)\nEugongylus (5 species)\nGeomyersia (2 species)\nGeoscincus (1 species)\nGraciliscincus (1 species)\nHarrisoniascincus (1 species)\nKanakysaurus (2 species)\nKuniesaurus (1 species)\nLacertaspis (5 species)\nLacertoides (1 specie)\nLampropholis (14 species)\nLeiolopisma (4 species)\nLeptosiaphos (18 species)\nLiburnascincus (4 species)\nLioscincus (2 species)\nLobulia (7 species)\nLygisaurus (14 species)\nMarmorosphax (5 species)\nMenetia (5 species)\nMorethia (8 species)\nNannoscincus (12 species)\nNubeoscincus (2 species)\nOligosoma (53 species)\nPanaspis (21 species)\nPhaeoscincus (2 species)\nPhasmasaurus (2 species)\nPhoboscincus (2 species)\nProablepharus (2 species)\nPseudemoia (6 species)\nPygmaeascincus (3 species)\nSaproscincus (12 species)\nSigaloseps (6 species)\nSimiscincus (1 species)\nTachygia (1 species)\nTechmarscincus (1 species)\nTropidoscincus (3 species)","title":"Genera"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Uetz, P.; Freed, P.; Hošek, J. (eds.). \"Eugongylinae\". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 10 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=Eugongylinae&exact%5B0%5D=taxon&submit=search","url_text":"\"Eugongylinae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reptile_Database","url_text":"The Reptile Database"}]},{"reference":"Austin JJ, Arnold EN [in French] (2006). \"Using ancient and recent DNA to explore relationships of extinct and endangered Leiolopisma skinks (Reptilia: Scincidae) in the Mascarene islands\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 39 (2): 503–511. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.011. PMID 16473026.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Austin&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Austin JJ"},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Nicholas_Arnold","url_text":"Arnold EN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution","url_text":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.12.011","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16473026","url_text":"16473026"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calanus_of_India
Kalanos
["1 Early life","2 Meeting Alexander","3 Death and prophecy","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 References"]
Indian philosopher (c. 398–323 BCE) Kalanos, also spelled Calanus (Ancient Greek: Καλανός) (c. 398 – 323 BCE), was an ancient Indian gymnosophist, a sage, and philosopher from Taxila who accompanied Alexander the Great to Persis and later self-immolated, after falling ill, entered himself into a pyre, in front of Alexander and his army. Diodorus Siculus called him Caranus (Ancient Greek: Κάρανος). According to the Greek sources, he did not flinch as his body burned. He bade goodbye to some of the Greek soldiers who were his students, but not to Alexander. He communicated to Alexander that he would meet him in Babylon and curiously Alexander died exactly a year later in Babylon. It was from Kalanos that Alexander learned of Dandamis, the leader of their group, whom Alexander later went to meet in the forest. Jacques-Antoine Beaufort: La mort de Calamus, 1779, Museo del Prado. Early life Plutarch indicates his real name was Sphínēs and that he was from Taxila, but since he greeted people with the word "Kalē!" - perhaps kallāṇa (mitta) "Greetings (friend)" - the Greeks called him Kalanos. Kalanos lived at Taxila and led an austere religious life. Some scholars have claimed that Kalanos was a Jain. but modern scholarship rejects this notion as Jain ascetics are forbidden from using fire and intentional self-harm due to their convictions about Sallekhana. Moreover, there is no evidence of Jain occupation in Taxila at the time of Alexander. Considering the dominant Brahmanical presence in Taxila, it's likely that the ascetics Alexander met, including Kalanos, were Brahmanical. Johannes Bronkhorst states that it's highly unlikely that Buddhists and Jains were present in the areas Alexander visited. Meeting Alexander Plutarch records that when first invited to meet Alexander, Kalanos "roughly commanded him to strip himself and hear what he said naked, otherwise he would not speak a word to him, though he came from Jupiter himself." Kalanos refused the rich gifts offered by Alexander, saying that man's desire cannot be satisfied by such gifts. The gymnosophists believed that even if Alexander killed them "they would be delivered from the body of flesh now afflicted with age and would be translated to a better and purer life." Alexander's representative Onesicritus had a discussion with several gymnosophists and Alexander was attracted by their thoughts on Greek philosophy, of which they generally approved, but criticized the Greeks for preferring custom to nature and for refusing to give up clothing. Alexander persuaded Kalanos to accompany him to Persis and stay with him as one of his teachers. Alexander even hinted use of force to take him to his country, to which Kalanos replied philosophically, that "what shall I be worth to you, Alexander, for exhibiting to the Greeks if I am compelled to do what I do not wish to do?" Kalanos lived as a teacher to Alexander and represented "eastern honesty and freedom". Death and prophecy Alexander the Great Receiving News of the Death by Immolation of the Indian Gymnosophist Calanus - Jean-Baptiste de Champaigne - 1672 He was seventy-three years of age at time of his death. When the Persian weather and arduous travels had weakened him, he informed Alexander that he would prefer to die rather than live as an invalid. He decided to take his life by self-immolation. Although Alexander tried to dissuade him from this course of action, upon Kalanos' insistence the job of building a pyre was entrusted to Ptolemy. Kalanos is mentioned also by Alexander's admirals, Nearchus and Chares of Mytilene. The city where this immolation took place was Susa in the year 323 BC. Kalanos distributed all the costly gifts he got from the king to the people and wore just a garland of flowers and chanted vedic hymns. He presented his horse to one of his Greek pupils named Lysimachus. He did not flinch as he burnt to the astonishment of those who watched. Although Alexander was not personally present at time of his immolation, his last words to Alexander were "We shall meet in Babylon". He is said to have thus prophesied the death of Alexander in Babylon, even though at the time of death of Kalanos, Alexander did not have any plans to go to Babylon. A drinking contest was held in response to his death. According to Plutarch, citing Chares of Mytilene, Promachus of Macedon drank the equivalent of 13 litres of unmixed wine and won the first prize of a golden crown worth a talent. He died three days later and forty-one other contestants allegedly died of alcohol poisoning as well. Legacy A letter written by Kalanos to Alexander is preserved by Philo. A painting c. 1672 by Jean Baptiste de Champaigne depicts "Alexander the Great receiving the news of the death by immolation of the gymnosophist Calanus" is displayed at Chateau de Versailles et de Trianon, Versailles. See also Peregrinus Proteus Zarmanochegas References ^ Plutarch, Life of Alexander, §8 ^ a b Wheeler, James Talboys (1973). The History of India: India from the earliest ages: Hindu, Buddhist, and Brahmanical revival. Cosmo Publications. pp. 171–72. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ a b c Hunter, W.W. (2005). The Indian empire : its people, history, and products (1886). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 169. ISBN 9788120615816. ^ Hunter, William Wilson (1887). The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Trübner & Company. p. 173. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ Classica Et Mediaevalia. Librairie Gyldendal. 1975. pp. 271–76. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ Lucian (of Samosata.); Costa, C. D. N. (December 2005). Lucian: Selected Dialogues. OUP Oxford. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-19-925867-3. ^ Aelian (1997). Historical Miscellany. Harvard University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-674-99535-2. ^ Turley, Jeffrey Scott; Souza, George Bryan (2017-06-06). The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shāh ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain. BRILL. p. 226. ISBN 978-90-04-34632-1. ^ Honigman, Sylvie; Nihan, Christophe; Lipschits, Oded (2021-06-30). Times of Transition: Judea in the Early Hellenistic Period. Penn State Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-64602-145-1. ^ Vasunia, Phiroze (2013-05-16). The Classics and Colonial India. OUP Oxford. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-19-920323-9. ^ Worthington, Ian (2014-07-10). Alexander the Great: Man and God. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-86644-2. ^ Overtoom, Nikolaus Leo (2020-05-11). Reign of Arrows: The Rise of the Parthian Empire in the Hellenistic Middle East. Oxford University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-19-088834-3. ^ Brill's Companion to the Reception of Alexander the Great. BRILL. 2018-09-11. p. 632. ISBN 978-90-04-35993-2. ^ Athenaeus (Mechanicus.) (2004). On Machines: (Περὶ Μηχανημάτων). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08532-8. ^ Athenaeus (Mechanicus.) (2004). On Machines: (Περὶ Μηχανημάτων). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 70. ISBN 978-3-515-08532-8. ^ a b c Halkias, Georgios (2015). "The Self-immolation of Kalanos and other Luminous Encounters Among Greeks and Indian Buddhists in the Hellenistic World". Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies. 8: 163–186. Retrieved 30 May 2015. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Library, 17.107.1 ^ Bar-Kochva, Bezalel (2010). The image of the Jews in Greek literature : the Hellenistic Period. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 60–63. ISBN 9780520253360. ^ Stoneman, Richard (2012). The Legends of Alexander the Great. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 43–47. ISBN 9781848857858. ^ a b M'Crindle, J.W. (2004). The invasion of India by Alexander the Great. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Pub. pp. 46, 315, 388–9, 346. ISBN 9780766189201. ^ a b c Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1988). Age of the Nandas and Mauryas. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9788120804654. ^ MacMullen, Ramsay (1992). Enemies of the Roman order: treason, unrest, and alienation in the empire By Ramsay MacMullen. Routledge. p. 317. ISBN 9780415086219. ^ a b Yādnāmah-ʾi Panjumīn Kungrih-ʾi Bayn al-Milalī-i Bāstānshināsī va Hunar-i Īrān. Ministry of Culture and Arts, Iran. Vizārat-i Farhang va Hunar. 1972. p. 224. ^ a b c d Chatterjee, Suhas (1998). Indian civilization and culture. New Delhi: M.D. Publications. p. 129. ISBN 9788175330832. ^ a b Powers, Nathan (1998). "Onesicritus, Naked Wise Men, and the Cynics' Alexander". Syllecta Classica. 9 (1): 73. doi:10.1353/syl.1998.0001. ISSN 2160-5157. ^ Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016). How the Brahmins won: from Alexander to the Guptas. Handbook of oriental studies. Leiden: Brill. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-90-04-31519-8. ^ Plutarch (1998). The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans. New York: The Modern Library (Random House Inc). p. 847. ISBN 9781853267949. ^ Williams Jackson, A.V. (2009). History of India Vol. IX. New York: Cosimo Inc. pp. 65–70. ISBN 9781605205328. ^ a b Niehoff, Maren R. (2001). Philo on Jewish identity and culture. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9783161476112. ^ a b Alexander the Great. Robin Lax Fox. 1973. p. 416. ISBN 9780713905007. ^ a b Elledge, C. D. (2006). Life after death in early Judaism the evidence of Josephus. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 121–124. ISBN 9783161488757. ^ Warner, Arthur George; Warner, Edmond (2001). The Sháhnáma of Firdausí By Arthur George Warner, Edmond Warner. Psychology Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780415245432. ^ The calcutta review. 1867. p. 400. Retrieved 5 March 2017. ^ Balfour, Edward (1885). The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia ..., Volume 1 By Edward Balfour. p. 434. Retrieved 5 March 2017. ^ Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). Foreign influence on ancient India. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p. 69. ISBN 9788172110284. ^ Defending the West: a critique of Edward Said's Orientalism Front Cover by Ibn Warraq. Prometheus Books. 2007. p. 108. ISBN 9781591024842. ^ Algra, Keimpe; Barnes, Jonathan; Mansfeld, Jaap; Schofield, Malcolm (1999). The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy edited by Keimpe Algra. p. 243. ISBN 9780521250283. ^ Borruso, Silvano (2007). History of Philosophy. Paulines Publications Africa. p. 50. ISBN 9789966082008. ^ National Geographic, Volume 133. 1968. p. 64. ^ National Geographic , Volume 133. 1968. p. 64. ^ The philosophical books of Cicero. Duckworth. 1989. p. 186. ISBN 9780715622148. ^ Plutach. "The Parallel Lives: The Life of Alexander". 7, 70. Retrieved 4 March 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Sullivan, Denis F. (2000). Siegecraft : two tenth-century instructional manuals by "Heron of Byzantium". Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 168. ISBN 9780884022701. ^ Melissa Calaresu; Filippo de Vivo; Joan-Pau Rubiés (2010). Exploring cultural history : essays in honour of Peter Burke. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. p. 259. ISBN 9780754667506. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"gymnosophist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosophists"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunter-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Taxila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halkias-16"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Persis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_Province#Persis"},{"link_name":"self-immolated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-immolation"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCP-18"},{"link_name":"Dandamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandamis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_mort_de_Calamus_-_Beaufort.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Antoine Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Antoine_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"Museo del Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado"}],"text":"Kalanos, also spelled Calanus (Ancient Greek: Καλανός)[1] (c. 398 – 323 BCE), was an ancient Indian gymnosophist,[2][3][4][5] a sage,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] and philosopher from Taxila[16] who accompanied Alexander the Great to Persis and later self-immolated, after falling ill, entered himself into a pyre, in front of Alexander and his army. Diodorus Siculus called him Caranus (Ancient Greek: Κάρανος).[17]According to the Greek sources, he did not flinch as his body burned. He bade goodbye to some of the Greek soldiers who were his students, but not to Alexander. He communicated to Alexander that he would meet him in Babylon and curiously Alexander died exactly a year later in Babylon. [18] It was from Kalanos that Alexander learned of Dandamis, the leader of their group, whom Alexander later went to meet in the forest.[19]Jacques-Antoine Beaufort: La mort de Calamus, 1779, Museo del Prado.","title":"Kalanos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Taxila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halkias-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invasion-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sastri-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suhas-24"},{"link_name":"Taxila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sastri-21"},{"link_name":"Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halkias-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunter-3"},{"link_name":"Sallekhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallekhana"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"Brahmanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Brahmanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"}],"text":"Plutarch indicates his real name was Sphínēs and that he was from Taxila, but since he greeted people with the word \"Kalē!\" - perhaps kallāṇa (mitta) \"Greetings (friend)\" - the Greeks called him Kalanos.[16][20][21][22][23][24] Kalanos lived at Taxila and led an austere religious life.[21]Some scholars have claimed that Kalanos was a Jain.[2][16][3] but modern scholarship rejects this notion as Jain ascetics are forbidden from using fire and intentional self-harm due to their convictions about Sallekhana. Moreover, there is no evidence of Jain occupation in Taxila at the time of Alexander.[25]Considering the dominant Brahmanical presence in Taxila, it's likely that the ascetics Alexander met, including Kalanos, were Brahmanical. Johannes Bronkhorst states that it's highly unlikely that Buddhists and Jains were present in the areas Alexander visited.[26][25]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suhas-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suhas-24"},{"link_name":"Onesicritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onesicritus"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-28"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sastri-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invasion-20"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maren-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maren-29"}],"text":"Plutarch records that when first invited to meet Alexander, Kalanos \"roughly commanded him to strip himself and hear what he said naked, otherwise he would not speak a word to him, though he came from Jupiter himself.\"[27] Kalanos refused the rich gifts offered by Alexander, saying that man's desire cannot be satisfied by such gifts.[24] The gymnosophists believed that even if Alexander killed them \"they would be delivered from the body of flesh now afflicted with age and would be translated to a better and purer life.\"[24]Alexander's representative Onesicritus[28] had a discussion with several gymnosophists and Alexander was attracted by their thoughts on Greek philosophy, of which they generally approved, but criticized the Greeks for preferring custom to nature and for refusing to give up clothing.[21]Alexander persuaded Kalanos to accompany him to Persis[20] and stay with him as one of his teachers. Alexander even hinted use of force to take him to his country, to which Kalanos replied philosophically, that \"what shall I be worth to you, Alexander, for exhibiting to the Greeks if I am compelled to do what I do not wish to do?\"[29] Kalanos lived as a teacher to Alexander and represented \"eastern honesty and freedom\".[29]","title":"Meeting Alexander"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_the_Great_Receiving_News_of_the_Death_by_Immolation_of_the_Indian_Gymnosophist_Calanus_-_Jean-Baptiste_de_Champaigne_-_1672.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zz-30"},{"link_name":"self-immolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-immolation"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judaism-31"},{"link_name":"pyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyre"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zz-30"},{"link_name":"Nearchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearchus"},{"link_name":"Chares of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chares_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-z-32"},{"link_name":"Susa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-23"},{"link_name":"vedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunter-3"},{"link_name":"Lysimachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysimachus"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sagar-35"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suhas-24"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judaism-31"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Chares of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chares_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Promachus of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promachus_of_Macedon"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic_talent"},{"link_name":"alcohol poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Alexander the Great Receiving News of the Death by Immolation of the Indian Gymnosophist Calanus - Jean-Baptiste de Champaigne - 1672He was seventy-three years of age at time of his death.[30] When the Persian weather and arduous travels had weakened him, he informed Alexander that he would prefer to die rather than live as an invalid. He decided to take his life by self-immolation.[31] Although Alexander tried to dissuade him from this course of action, upon Kalanos' insistence the job of building a pyre was entrusted to Ptolemy.[30] Kalanos is mentioned also by Alexander's admirals, Nearchus and Chares of Mytilene.[32] The city where this immolation took place was Susa in the year 323 BC.[23] Kalanos distributed all the costly gifts he got from the king to the people and wore just a garland of flowers and chanted vedic hymns.[33][34][3] He presented his horse to one of his Greek pupils named Lysimachus.[35] He did not flinch as he burnt to the astonishment of those who watched.[24][36][37] Although Alexander was not personally present at time of his immolation, his last words to Alexander were \"We shall meet in Babylon\".[31][38][39] He is said to have thus prophesied the death of Alexander in Babylon, even though at the time of death of Kalanos, Alexander did not have any plans to go to Babylon.[40][41]A drinking contest was held in response to his death. According to Plutarch, citing Chares of Mytilene, Promachus of Macedon drank the equivalent of 13 litres of unmixed wine and won the first prize of a golden crown worth a talent. He died three days later and forty-one other contestants allegedly died of alcohol poisoning as well.[42]","title":"Death and prophecy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan-43"},{"link_name":"Jean Baptiste de Champaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_de_Champaigne"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture-44"}],"text":"A letter written by Kalanos to Alexander is preserved by Philo.[43]A painting c. 1672 by Jean Baptiste de Champaigne depicts \"Alexander the Great receiving the news of the death by immolation of the gymnosophist Calanus\" is displayed at Chateau de Versailles et de Trianon, Versailles.[44]","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"title":"Peregrinus Proteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrinus_Proteus"},{"title":"Zarmanochegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarmanochegas"}]
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ISBN 9780415245432.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CixkKv_ywoMC","url_text":"The Sháhnáma of Firdausí By Arthur George Warner, Edmond Warner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415245432","url_text":"9780415245432"}]},{"reference":"The calcutta review. 1867. p. 400. Retrieved 5 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qp4IAAAAQAAJ&q=calanus+vedic+hymn&pg=PA400","url_text":"The calcutta review"}]},{"reference":"Balfour, Edward (1885). The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia ..., Volume 1 By Edward Balfour. p. 434. Retrieved 5 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mFcIAAAAQAAJ&q=kalanos+vedic+hymn&pg=PA434","url_text":"The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia ..., Volume 1 By Edward Balfour"}]},{"reference":"Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). Foreign influence on ancient India. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_art
Assyrian sculpture
["1 Palace reliefs","1.1 Lamassu","1.2 Construction","2 Other narrative reliefs","3 Statues and portrait stelae","4 Excavations","4.1 Botta","4.2 Layard and Rassam","5 Collections","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading"]
Sculpture of the ancient Assyrian states, "Winged genie", Nimrud c. 870 BC, with inscription running across his midriff. Part of the Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, c. 645–635 BC Assyrian sculpture is the sculpture of the ancient Assyrian states, especially the Neo-Assyrian Empire of 911 to 612 BC, which was centered around the city of Assur in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) which at its height, ruled over all of Mesopotamia, the Levant and Egypt, as well as portions of Anatolia, Arabia and modern-day Iran and Armenia. It forms a phase of the art of Mesopotamia, differing in particular because of its much greater use of stone and gypsum alabaster for large sculpture. Much the best-known works are the huge lamassu guarding entrance ways, and Assyrian palace reliefs on thin slabs of alabaster, which were originally painted, at least in part, and fixed on the wall all round the main rooms of palaces. Most of these are in museums in Europe or America, following a hectic period of excavations from 1842 to 1855, which took Assyrian art from being almost completely unknown to being the subject of several best-selling books, and imitated in political cartoons. The palace reliefs contain scenes in low relief which glorify the king, showing him at war, hunting, and fulfilling other kingly roles. Many works left in situ, or in museums local to their findspots, have been deliberately destroyed in the recent occupation of the area by ISIS, the pace of destruction reportedly increasing in late 2016, with the Mosul offensive. Other surviving types of art include many cylinder seals, a few rock reliefs, reliefs and statues from temples, bronze relief strips used on large doors, and small quantities of metalwork. A group of sixteen bronze weights shaped as lions with bilingual inscriptions in both cuneiform and Phoenician characters, were discovered at Nimrud. The Nimrud ivories, an important group of small plaques which decorated furniture, were found in a palace storeroom near reliefs, but they came from around the Mediterranean, with relatively few made locally in an Assyrian style. Palace reliefs Detail of genie figure, the palace of Ashurnasirpal II The palace reliefs were fixed to the walls of royal palaces forming continuous strips along the walls of large halls. The style apparently began after about 879 BC, when Ashurnasirpal II moved the capital to Nimrud, near modern Mosul in northern Iraq. Thereafter, new royal palaces, of which there was typically one per reign, were extensively decorated in this way for the roughly 250 years until the end of the Assyrian Empire. There was subtle stylistic development, but a very large degree of continuity in subjects and treatment. Compositions are arranged on slabs, or orthostats, typically about 7 feet high, using between one and three horizontal registers of images, with scenes generally reading from left to right. The sculptures are often accompanied with inscriptions in cuneiform script, explaining the action or giving the name and extravagant titles of the king. Heads and legs are shown in profile, but torsos in a front or three-quarters view, as in earlier Mesopotamian art. Eyes are also largely shown frontally. Some panels show only a few figures at close to life-size, such scenes usually including the king and other courtiers, but depictions of military campaigns include dozens of small figures, as well as many animals and attempts at showing landscape settings. Campaigns focus on the progress of the army, including the fording of rivers, and usually culminates in the siege of a city, followed by the surrender and paying of tribute, and the return of the army home. A full and characteristic set shows the campaign leading up to the siege of Lachish in 701; it is the "finest" from the reign of Sennacherib, from his palace at Nineveh and now in the British Museum. Ernst Gombrich observed that none of the many casualties ever come from the Assyrian side. Another famous sequence there shows the Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, in fact the staged and ritualized killing by King Ashurbanipal of lions already captured and released into an arena, from the North Palace at Nineveh. The realism of the lions has always been praised, and the scenes are often regarded as "the supreme masterpieces of Assyrian art", although the pathos modern viewers tend to feel was perhaps not part of the Assyrian response. There are many reliefs of minor supernatural beings, called by such terms as "winged genie", but the major Assyrian deities are only represented by symbols. The "genies" often perform a gesture of purification, fertilization or blessing with a bucket and cone; the meaning of this remains unclear., Especially on larger figures, details and patterns on areas such as costumes, hair and beards, tree trunks and leaves, and the like, are very meticulously carved. More important figures are often shown larger than others, and in landscapes more distant elements are shown higher up, but not smaller than, those in the foreground, though some scenes have been interpreted as using scale to indicate distance. Other scenes seem to repeat a figure in a succession of different moments, performing the same action, most famously a charging lion. But these were apparently experiments that remain unusual. The Assyrian gallery, Room X, at the Iraq Museum, Baghdad. The king is often shown in narrative scenes, and also as a large standing figure in a few prominent places, generally attended by winged genies. A composition repeated twice in what is traditionally called the "throne-room" (though perhaps it was not) of Ashurbanipal's palace at Nimrud shows a "Sacred Tree" or "Tree of Life" flanked by two figures of the king, with winged genies using the bucket and cone behind him. Above the tree one of the major gods, perhaps Ashur the chief god, leans out of a winged disc, relatively small in scale. Such scenes are shown elsewhere on the robe of the king, no doubt reflecting embroidery on the real costumes, and the major gods are normally shown in discs or purely as symbols hovering in the air. Elsewhere the tree is often attended to by genies. Women are relatively rarely shown, and then usually as prisoners or refugees; an exception is a "picnic" scene showing Ashurbanipal with his queen. The many beardless royal attendants can probably be assumed to be eunuchs, who ran much of the administration of the empire, unless they also have the shaved heads and very tall hats of priests. Kings are often accompanied by several courtiers, the closest to the king probably often being the appointed heir, who was not necessarily the oldest son. The enormous scales of the palace schemes allowed narratives to be shown at an unprecedentedly expansive pace, making the sequence of events clear and allowing richly detailed depictions of the activities of large numbers of figures, not to be paralleled until the Roman narrative column reliefs of the Column of Trajan and Column of Marcus Aurelius. Dying lion, Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, North Palace, Nineveh Prisoners and cavalry, Lachish relief Sargon II (right), probably facing his heir Sennacherib, Khorsabad Eunuch attendants carry furniture and a bowl Lamassu Pair of lamassu or shedu from Khorsabad, with the five legs of the left one showing. Lamassu were protective minor deities or spirits, the Assyrian version of the "human-headed bull" figure that had long figured in Mesopotamian mythology and art. Lamassu have wings, a male human head with the elaborate headgear of a divinity, and the elaborately-braided hair and beards shared with royalty. The body is that of either a bull or a lion, the form of the feet being the main difference. Prominent pairs of lamassu were typically placed at entrances in palaces, facing the street and also internal courtyards. They were "double-aspect" figures on corners, in high relief, a type earlier found in Hittite art. From the front they appear to stand, and from the side, walk, and in earlier versions have five legs, as is apparent when viewed obliquely. Lamassu do not generally appear as large figures in the low-relief schemes running round palace rooms, where winged genie figures are common, but they sometimes appear within narrative reliefs, apparently protecting the Assyrians. The colossal entrance way figures were often followed by a hero grasping a wriggling lion, also colossal and in high relief; these and some genies beside lamassu are generally the only other types of high relief in Assyrian sculpture. The heroes continue the Master of Animals tradition in Mesopotamian art, and may represent Enkidu, a central figure in the ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh. In the palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad, a group of at least seven lamassu and two such heroes with lions surrounded the entrance to the "throne room", "a concentration of figures which produced an overwhelming impression of power". The arrangement was repeated in Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh, with a total of ten lamassu. Other accompanying figures for colossal lamassu are winged genies with the bucket and cone, thought to be the equipment for a protective or purifying ritual. Lamassu also appear on cylinder seals. Several examples left in situ in northern Iraq have been destroyed in the 2010s by ISIL when they occupied the area. Colossal lamassu also guarded the start of the large canals built by the Assyrian kings. In the case of temples, pairs of colossal lions guarding the entrances have been found. Construction Relief fragments from Nimrud, showing the depth of the slabs (probably sawn down in excavation) and scale. The main head belongs to a court eunuch. There are outcrops of the "Mosul marble" gypsum rock normally used at several places in the Assyrian realm, though not especially close to the capitals. The rock is very soft and slightly soluble in water, and exposed faces degraded, and needed to be cut into before usable stone was reached. There are reliefs showing quarrying for Sennacherib's new palace at Nineveh, though concentrating on the production of large lamassu. Blocks were extracted, using prisoners of war, and sawed into slabs with long iron saws. This may have happened at the palace site, which is certainly where the carving of orthostats was done, after the slabs had been fixed into place as a facing to a mud-brick wall, using lead dowels and clamps, with the bottoms resting on a bed of bitumen. For some reliefs an "attractive fossiliferous limestone" is used, as in several rooms in the South-West Palace at Nineveh. In contrast to the orthostats, the lamassu were carved, or at least partly so, at the quarry, no doubt to reduce their enormous weight. The alabaster stone is soft but not brittle, and very suitable for detailed carving with early Iron Age tools. There can be considerable differences in style, and quality, between adjacent panels, suggesting that different master carvers were allocated these. Probably the master drew or incised the design on the slab before a team of carvers laboriously cut away the background areas and finished carving the figures. Scribes then set out any inscriptions for cutters to follow, after which the slab was polished smooth, and any paint added. Scribes are shown directing carvers in another relief (on the Balawat Gates) showing the creation of a rock relief; presumably they ensured that the depiction of royal and religious aspects of the subjects was as it should be. The reliefs only covered the lower parts of the walls of rooms in the palaces, and higher areas were often painted, at least in patterns, and at least sometimes with other figures. Brightly coloured carpets on the floor completed what was probably a striking decor, largely in primary colours. None of these have survived, but we have some door-sills carved with repeated geometric motifs, presumed to imitate the carpets. After the palaces were abandoned and lost their wooden roofs, the unbaked mud-brick walls gradually collapsed, covering the space in front of the reliefs, and largely protecting them from further damage from the weather. Relatively few traces of paint remain, and these are often on heads and faces – hair and beards were black, and at least the whites of eyes white. Possibly metal leaf was used on some elements, such as small scenes shown decorating textiles. Julian Reade concludes that "It is nonetheless puzzling that more traces of painting have not been recorded". Other narrative reliefs Fragment from the Balawat Gates, Baltimore Apart from the alabaster wall reliefs, all found in palaces, other objects carrying relatively large reliefs are bronze strips used to reinforce and decorate large gates. Parts of three sets have survived, all from the 9th century BC and the relatively minor city of Imgur-Enlil, modern Balawat. The Balawat Gates were all double gates about 20 foot high, with both the front and back sides decorated with eight bronze repoussé strips, each carrying two registers of narrative reliefs some five inches high. There were presumably equivalents at other Assyrian sites, but at the collapse of the empire the buildings at Balawat caught fire "before they had been efficiently looted" by the enemy, and remained hidden in the ashes and rubble; gypsum slabs were not worth the trouble of looting, unlike bronze. The subjects were similar to the wall reliefs, but on a smaller scale; a typical band is 27 centimetres high, 1.8 metres wide, and only a millimetre thick. In stone there are reliefs of a similar size on some stelae, most notably two in rectangular obelisk form, both with stepped tops like ziggurats. These are the early 11th-century White Obelisk of Ashurnasirpal I and the 9th century Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, both in the British Museum, which also has the fragmentary "Broken Obelisk" and "Rassam Obelisk". Both have reliefs on all four sides in eight and five registers respectively, and long inscriptions describing the events. The Black and Rassam Obelisks were both set up in what seems to have been the central square in the citadel of Nimrud, presumably a very public space, and the White in Nineveh. All record much the same types of scenes as the narrative sections of wall-relief, and the gates. The Black Obelisk concentrates on scenes of the bringing of tribute from conquered kingdoms, including Israel, while the White also has scenes of war, hunting, and religious figures. The White Obelisk, from 1049–1031, and the "Broken Obelisk" from 1074–1056, predate the earliest known wall-reliefs by 160 years or more, but are respectively in worn and fragmentary condition. The Black Obelisk is of special interest as the lengthy inscriptions, with names of places and rulers that could be related to other sources, were of importance in the decipherment of cuneiform script. The Obelisk contains the earliest writing mentioning both the Persian and Jewish peoples, and confirmed some of the events described in the Bible, which in the 19th century was regarded as timely support for texts whose historical accuracy was under increasing attack. Other, much smaller pieces with helpful inscriptions were a set of sixteen weight measures in the form of lions. Statues and portrait stelae Detail of statue of Shalmaneser III in Istanbul There are very few large free-standing Assyrian statues and, with one possible exception (below), none have been found of the major divinities in their temples. Possibly others existed; any in precious metals would have been looted as the empire fell. Two statues of kings are similar to the portraits in palace reliefs, though seen frontally. They came from temples, where they showed the king's devotion to the deity. The Statue of Ashurnasirpal II is in the British Museum, and that of Shalmaneser III in Istanbul. There is a unique female nude statue in the British Museum, missing its extremities, which was found in the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh. The pubic hair is carefully represented. It carries an inscription on the back that King Ashur-bel-kala erected it for the "titilation" or enjoyment of the people. It might represent Ishtar, goddess of love among other things, in which case it would be the only known Assyrian statue of a major divinity. All these have standing poses, though seated statues were already known in Mesopotamian art, for example about a dozen statues of Gudea, who ruled Lagash c. 2144 – 2124 BC. Like other Near-Eastern cultures, the Assyrians erected stelae for various purposes, including marking boundaries. Many just carry inscriptions, but there are some with significant relief sculpture, mostly a large standing portrait of the king of the day, pointing at symbols of the gods, similar in pose to those in palace reliefs, surrounded by a round-topped frame. Similar figures of kings are shown in rock reliefs, mostly around the edges of the empire. Those shown being made on the Balawat Gates are presumably the ones surviving in poor condition near the Tigris Tunnel. The Assyrians probably took the form from the Hittites; the sites chosen for their 49 recorded reliefs often also make little sense if "signalling" to the general population was the intent, being high and remote, but often near water. The Neo-Assyrians recorded in other places, including metal reliefs on the Balawat Gates showing them being made, the carving of rock reliefs, and it has been suggested that the main intended audience was the gods, the reliefs and the inscriptions that often accompany them being almost of the nature of a "business report" submitted by the ruler. A canal system built by the Neo-Assyrian king Sennacherib (reigned 704–681 BC) to supply water to Nineveh was marked by a number of reliefs showing the king with gods. Other reliefs at the Tigris tunnel, a cave in modern Turkey believed to be the source of the river Tigris, are "almost inaccessible and invisible for humans". Probably built by Sennacherib's son Esarhaddon, Shikaft-e Gulgul is a late example in modern Iran, apparently related to a military campaign. The Assyrians added to the Commemorative stelae of Nahr el-Kalb in modern Lebanon, where Ramses II, Pharaoh of Egypt, had rather optimistically commemorated the boundary of his empire many centuries earlier; many later rulers added to the collection. The Assyrian examples were perhaps significant in suggesting the style of the much more ambitious Persian tradition, beginning with the Behistun relief and inscription, made around 500 BC for Darius the Great, on a far grander scale, reflecting and proclaiming the power of the Achaemenid empire. High relief hero clutching lion, from the entrance to the throne room at Khorsabad Group displayed in the British Museum, including a lion from a temple entrance, and the Black and White Obelisks The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III in the British Museum, the White Obelisk of Ashurnasirpal I just behind Shalmaneser III receives tribute from Sua, king of Gilzanu, on the Black Obelisk Unique Assyrian female nude statue from the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh Stela of Shamshi-Adad V Three royal stelae at the British Museum Lion weight; 6th-4th century BC; bronze; height: 29.5 cm, width: 24.8 cm; Louvre Excavations One of Eugène Flandin's plates in Monument de Ninive (with Botta), 1849 Iraq was part of the Ottoman Empire throughout the 19th century, and the government was content to allow foreign excavations and the removal of finds with little hindrance. Even in the 1870s excavators were often only regulated by a regime intended for mining operations, and had to pay a tax based on a proportion of the value of material removed. The character of the palace reliefs made excavation relatively straightforward, if the right site was chosen. Assyrian palaces were built on high mud-brick platforms. Test trenches were started in various directions, and once one of them had hit sculpture, the trenches had only to follow the lines of the wall, often through a whole suite of rooms. Most trenches could be open to the sky, but at Nimrud, where one palace overlay another, tunnels were necessary in places. Layard estimated "that he had exposed nearly two miles of sculptured walls in Sennacherib's palace alone", not to mention the Library of Ashurbanipal he found there. His excavation practices left a lot to be desired by modern standards; the centres of rooms were not only not excavated, but the material removed from the trench in one room might be deposited in another, compromising later excavations. Typically the slabs were sawn to roughly a third of their original depth, to save weight in carrying them back to Europe, which was typically more complicated and difficult than digging them up. Botta Transporting a lamassu down the Tigris by raft, by Austen Henry Layard The first hint of future discoveries came in 1820 when Claudius Rich, British Resident (a sort of local ambassador or consul) in Bagdhad, and an early scholar of the ancient Near East, went to Mosul and the site of ancient Nineveh, where he was told of a large relief panel that had been found and soon broken up. His account was published in 1836; he also brought back two small fragments. In 1842 the French consul in Mosul, Paul-Émile Botta, hired men to dig at Kuyunjik, the largest mound at Nineveh. Little was found until a local farmer suggested they try Khorsabad (ancient Dur-Sharrukin) nearby, where "a short trial was dramatically successful", as a palace of Sargon II was found a few feet below the surface, with plentiful reliefs, although they had been burned and disintegrated easily. Press reports of Botta's finds, from May 1843, interested the French government, who sent him funds and the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres sent him Eugène Flandin (1809–1889), an artist who had already made careful archaeological drawings of Persian antiquities in a long trip beginning in 1839. Botta decided there was no more to find at the site in October 1844, and concentrated on the difficult task of getting his finds back to Paris, where the first large consignments did not arrive until December 1846. Botta left the two huge lamassu now in the British Museum as too large to transport; Henry Rawlinson, by now British Resident in Bagdhad, sawed them into several pieces for transport in 1849. In 1849 Monument de Ninive was published, a sumptuously illustrated and exemplary monograph in 4 volumes by Botta and Flandin. Layard and Rassam Entrance to the South West Palace at Nineveh during Layard's excavation, 1849–50 Austen Henry Layard (1817–1894) was in the early 1840s "a roving agent attached to the embassy at Constantinople", who had already visited Nimrud in 1840. In 1845 he persuaded Sir Stratford Canning, the ambassador in Constantinople, to personally fund an expedition to excavate there. On his first day digging at Nimrud, with only six workers in November 1845, slabs were found, initially only with inscriptions, but soon with reliefs. He continued to dig until June 1847, with the British government, through the British Museum, taking over the funding from Canning in late 1846, repaying his expenditure. The volume of finds was such that getting them back to Britain was a major task, and many pieces either were reburied, or reached other countries. Layard had recruited the 20-year old Hormuzd Rassam in Mosul, where his brother was British Vice-consul, to handle the pay and supervision of the diggers, and encouraged the development of his career as a diplomat and archaeologist. Layard returned to England in June 1847, also taking Rassam, who he had arranged to study at Cambridge. He left a few workers, mainly to keep other diggers off the sites, as the French were digging again. His finds were arriving in London, to great public interest, which he greatly increased by publishing a string of books, especially Nineveh and its Remains in 1849. The mistaken title arose because Henry Rawlinson had at that point become convinced that the Nimrud site was actually the ancient Nineveh, though he changed his mind soon after. By October 1849 Layard was back in Mosul, accompanied by the artist Frederick Cooper, and continued to dig until April 1851, after which Rassam took charge of the excavations. By this stage, thanks to Rawlinson and other linguists working on the tablets and inscriptions brought back and other material, the Assyrian cuneiform was at the least becoming partly understood, a task that progressed well over the next decade. Initially Rassam's finds dwindled, in terms of large objects, and the British even agreed to cede the rights to half the Kuyunjik mound to the French, whose new consul, Victor Place, had resumed digging at Khorsabad. The British funds were running out by December 1853, when Rassam hit upon the palace of Ashurbanipal, which was "in some respects the finest sculptured palace of all", in the new French area of Kuyunjik. Fortunately, Place had not started digging there, and according to Rassam "it was an established rule that whenever one discovered a new palace, no one else could meddle with it, and thus,... I had secured it for England". The new palace took until 1855 to clear, being finished by the Assyrian Exploration Fund, established in 1853 to dig for the benefit of British collections. Lamassu or shedu, a human-headed winged bull, Dur-Sharrukin/Khorsabad. Chicago. c. 721–705 BC Although it was not yet realized, by "the close of excavations in 1855, the hectic Heroic Age of Assyrian archaeology ended", with the great majority of surviving Assyrian sculpture found. Work has continued up to the present day, but no new palaces have been found at the capitals, and finds have mostly been isolated pieces, such as Rassam's discovery in 1878 of two of the Balawat Gates. Many of the pieces reburied have been re-excavated, some very quickly by art dealers, and others by the Iraqi government in the 1960s, leaving them on display in situ for visitors, after the sites were configured as museums. These were already damaged in wars in the 1990s, and have probably been systematically destroyed by Daesh in the 2010s. Collections As a result of the history of excavations, much the best single collection is in the British Museum, followed by the site museums and other collections in Iraq, which in the 20th century were the largest holdings when taken together, though after the wars of the 21st century their current holdings are uncertain. The fate of the considerable number of pieces that have been found and then reburied is also uncertain. At the peak of excavations, the volume found was too large for the British and French to manage, and many pieces either were diverted at some point on their journey to Europe, or were given away by the museums. Other pieces were excavated by diggers working for dealers. As a result, there are significant groups of large lamassu corner figures and palace relief panels in Paris, Berlin, New York, and Chicago. Many other museums have panels, especially a group of college museums in New England, with the museum at Dartmouth College having seven panels. Altogether there are some 75 pieces in the United States. Apart from the British Museum, in the United Kingdom, the Ashmolean Museum has 10 reliefs (2 large, 8 small) Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery has 3 large reliefs, and the National Museum of Scotland (2.4 x 2.2 m), and Victoria and Albert Museum one relief each. Notes ^ Reade, 5–17; see Larsen in further reading ^ Oates, 6–8; Hoving, 40 ^ Reade, 5 ^ In November 2016 the situation remains unclear. Browne, Gareth, "Isis flattened ancient capital after shipping out its treasures" in The Times (London), 19 November 2016 says that the most serious damage to Nimrud was done in late 2016, as the allied forces moved to retake Mosul, where the museum also had an important collection. ^ Frankfort, 198–199 ^ Frankfort, 164–167 ^ Frankfort, 194–196 ^ British Museum Collection ^ Frankfort, 313–315, 319–322 (and see index); Honour & Fleming, 77; Nimrud ivories press release, British Museum ^ Reade, 25 ^ Reade, 56–60, on the latest reliefs ^ Grove ^ Frankfort, 157 ^ Grove ^ Reade, 42–43 ^ Reade, 56 (quoted), 65–71 ^ The Story of Art (in its chronological place; there are too many editions to give a page number) ^ Honour & Fleming, 76–77; Reade, 72–79, 73 quoted; Frankfort, 186–192; Hoving, 40–41 ^ Frankfort, 146–148 ^ Honour & Fleming, 75–77 ^ Reade, 36–38 ^ Reade, 47; image ^ Reade, 43–44 ^ 42–43 ^ Frankfort, 168; Honour & Fleming, 73, 75–77 ^ Frankfort, 147–148, 154; Reade, 28-29 ^ Frankfort, 147–148, 148 quoted; Reade, 29 ^ Grove ^ Reade, 38 ^ Reade, 50 ^ Reade, 23-24 (British Museum example illustrated below) ^ Reade, 25–26 ^ Grove ^ Oates, 52 ^ Reade, 27 ^ Reade, 21 ^ Reade, 29–31 ^ Reade, 7, 29–30, 30 quoted ^ Reade, 32, quoted; Frankfort, 164–167 ^ British Museum collection database; Frankfort, 164 ^ Reade, 32, 35, 63–64; Frankfort, 167; White, British Museum page ^ Reade, 12 ^ Reade, 62–71 ^ British Museum collection database ^ Reade, 22–23 ^ British Museum ^ Frankfort, 93-98 ^ Reade, 20–22 ^ Kreppner, throughout; 368 for 49 reliefs ^ Kreppner, 371; Malko, Helen, "Neo-Assyrian Rock Reliefs: Ideology and Landscapes of an Empire", Metropolitan Museum, accessed 28 November 2015 ^ Kreppner, 374–375 ^ Kreppner, 369–370; Van der Spek, R.J., "The Assyrian Royal Rock Inscription from Shikaft-i Gulgul", Iranica Antiqua, vol XII, 1977 ^ Reade, 22; Grove ^ Reade, 11 ^ Reade, 9–12 ^ Reade, 14 ^ Oates, 5 ^ Cohen & Kangas, 5 ^ Reade, 11, 15-16 ^ Reade, 6; Oates, 1–2 ^ Reade, 7; Oates, 3 ^ Reade, 7 ^ Reade, 9–12; Oates, 2–6 ^ Oates, 6–8; Reade, 12 ^ Reade, 12–14 ^ Hoving, 40 ^ Reade, 14–15 ^ Reade, 14–15 ^ Reade, 16–17, 16 quoted ^ Iconic Ancient Assyrian Sites Ravaged in ISIS's Last Stand in Iraq, by Kristin Romey, AINA repeating National Geographic ^ Reade, 5; Grove ^ Reade, 5; Grove ^ Hood Museum of Art, collection search on "Assyrian" ^ Hoving, 40 ^ Ashmolean page ^ Bristol page ^ "Edinburgh, Assyrian Relief Fact File". Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-09. ^ Assyrian Relief at V&A References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sculptures of Assyria. External videos Assyrian Art: Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions, Smarthistory Cohen, Ada, Kangas, Stephen E., Assyrian Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II, 2010, University Press of New England, ISBN 9781584658177 Frankfort, Henri, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, Pelican History of Art, 4th ed 1970, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), ISBN 0140561072 "Grove": Russell, John M., Section 6. "c 1000–539 BC., (i) Neo-Assyrian." in Dominique Collon, et al. "Mesopotamia, §III: Sculpture." Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 19 November 2016, subscription required Hugh Honour and John Fleming, A World History of Art, 1st edn. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback. ISBN 0333371852 Hoving, Thomas. Greatest Works of Western Civilization, 1997, Artisan, New York, ISBN 9781885183538 Kreppner, Florian Janoscha, "Public Space in Nature: The Case of Neo-Assyrian Rock-Reliefs", Altorientalische Forschungen, 29/2 (2002): 367–383, online at Academia.edu Oates, D. and J. Oates, Nimrud, An Assyrian Imperial City Revealed, 2001, London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, full PDF (332 pages) Archived 2022-09-23 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-0903472258 Reade, Julian, Assyrian Sculpture, 1998 (2nd edn.), The British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714121413 Further reading Collins, Paul, Assyrian Palace Sculptures, 2008, British Museum, ISBN 0714111678, 9780714111674 Crawford, Vaughn Emerson, Harper, Prudence Oliver, Pittman, Holly, Assyrian Reliefs and Ivories in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: Palace Reliefs of Assurnasirpal II and Ivory Carvings from Nimrud, 1980, Metropolitan Museum of Art, ISBN 0870992600, 9780870992605 Kertai, David, The Architecture of Late Assyrian Royal Palaces, 2015, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198723180, 9780198723189 Larsen, Mogens Trolle, The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land, 1840–1860, 1996, Psychology Press, ISBN 041514356X, 9780415143561 Ornan, Tallay, The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban, 2005, Saint-Paul, ISBN 3525530072, 9783525530078, google books Russell, John M., Sennacherib's ‘Palace without Rival’ at Nineveh, 1991, Chicago
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genien,_Nimrud_870_v._Chr._Aegyptisches_Museum,_Muenchen-4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Winged genie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_genie"},{"link_name":"Nimrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal,_the_last_great_Assyrian_king,_hunting_lions,_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_(Irak),_c._645-635_BC,_British_Museum_(16722368932).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Assur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"art of Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"gypsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum"},{"link_name":"alabaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabaster"},{"link_name":"lamassu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamassu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"deliberately destroyed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL"},{"link_name":"ISIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Mosul offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul_offensive_(2016)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cylinder seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_seal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"rock reliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_relief"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"weights shaped as lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_lion_weights"},{"link_name":"bilingual inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual_inscription"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nimrud ivories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud_ivories"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"\"Winged genie\", Nimrud c. 870 BC, with inscription running across his midriff.Part of the Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, c. 645–635 BCAssyrian sculpture is the sculpture of the ancient Assyrian states, especially the Neo-Assyrian Empire of 911 to 612 BC, which was centered around the city of Assur in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) which at its height, ruled over all of Mesopotamia, the Levant and Egypt, as well as portions of Anatolia, Arabia and modern-day Iran and Armenia. It forms a phase of the art of Mesopotamia, differing in particular because of its much greater use of stone and gypsum alabaster for large sculpture.Much the best-known works are the huge lamassu guarding entrance ways, and Assyrian palace reliefs on thin slabs of alabaster, which were originally painted, at least in part, and fixed on the wall all round the main rooms of palaces. Most of these are in museums in Europe or America, following a hectic period of excavations from 1842 to 1855,[1] which took Assyrian art from being almost completely unknown to being the subject of several best-selling books, and imitated in political cartoons.[2]The palace reliefs contain scenes in low relief which glorify the king, showing him at war, hunting, and fulfilling other kingly roles. Many works left in situ, or in museums local to their findspots,[3] have been deliberately destroyed in the recent occupation of the area by ISIS, the pace of destruction reportedly increasing in late 2016, with the Mosul offensive.[4]Other surviving types of art include many cylinder seals,[5] a few rock reliefs, reliefs and statues from temples, bronze relief strips used on large doors,[6] and small quantities of metalwork.[7] A group of sixteen bronze weights shaped as lions with bilingual inscriptions in both cuneiform and Phoenician characters, were discovered at Nimrud.[8]\nThe Nimrud ivories, an important group of small plaques which decorated furniture, were found in a palace storeroom near reliefs, but they came from around the Mediterranean, with relatively few made locally in an Assyrian style.[9]","title":"Assyrian sculpture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VAM_-_Assurnasirpal_II_Relief_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ashurnasirpal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II"},{"link_name":"Ashurnasirpal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II"},{"link_name":"Nimrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"orthostats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostat"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"set shows the campaign leading up to the siege of Lachish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_relief"},{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ernst Gombrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"winged genie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_genie"},{"link_name":"bucket and cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_and_cone"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iraq Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Museum"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Ashur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur_(god)"},{"link_name":"embroidery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"eunuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuch"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Column of Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_of_Trajan"},{"link_name":"Column of Marcus Aurelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal,_the_last_great_Assyrian_king,_hunting_lions,_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_(Irak),_c._645-635_BC,_British_Museum_(16722131531).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lachish_Relief,_British_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lachish relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_relief"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sargon_II_and_dignitary.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sargon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II"},{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Khorsabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorsabad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015-12_Deux_serviteurs_portant_un_si%C3%A8ge_et_un_vase_AO_19879.jpg"}],"text":"Detail of genie figure, the palace of Ashurnasirpal IIThe palace reliefs were fixed to the walls of royal palaces forming continuous strips along the walls of large halls. The style apparently began after about 879 BC, when Ashurnasirpal II moved the capital to Nimrud, near modern Mosul in northern Iraq.[10] Thereafter, new royal palaces, of which there was typically one per reign, were extensively decorated in this way for the roughly 250 years until the end of the Assyrian Empire.[11] There was subtle stylistic development, but a very large degree of continuity in subjects and treatment.[12]Compositions are arranged on slabs, or orthostats, typically about 7 feet high, using between one and three horizontal registers of images, with scenes generally reading from left to right. The sculptures are often accompanied with inscriptions in cuneiform script, explaining the action or giving the name and extravagant titles of the king.[13] Heads and legs are shown in profile, but torsos in a front or three-quarters view, as in earlier Mesopotamian art.[14] Eyes are also largely shown frontally. Some panels show only a few figures at close to life-size, such scenes usually including the king and other courtiers,[15] but depictions of military campaigns include dozens of small figures, as well as many animals and attempts at showing landscape settings.Campaigns focus on the progress of the army, including the fording of rivers, and usually culminates in the siege of a city, followed by the surrender and paying of tribute, and the return of the army home. A full and characteristic set shows the campaign leading up to the siege of Lachish in 701; it is the \"finest\" from the reign of Sennacherib, from his palace at Nineveh and now in the British Museum.[16] Ernst Gombrich observed that none of the many casualties ever come from the Assyrian side.[17] Another famous sequence there shows the Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, in fact the staged and ritualized killing by King Ashurbanipal of lions already captured and released into an arena, from the North Palace at Nineveh. The realism of the lions has always been praised, and the scenes are often regarded as \"the supreme masterpieces of Assyrian art\", although the pathos modern viewers tend to feel was perhaps not part of the Assyrian response.[18]There are many reliefs of minor supernatural beings, called by such terms as \"winged genie\", but the major Assyrian deities are only represented by symbols. The \"genies\" often perform a gesture of purification, fertilization or blessing with a bucket and cone; the meaning of this remains unclear.,[19] Especially on larger figures, details and patterns on areas such as costumes, hair and beards, tree trunks and leaves, and the like, are very meticulously carved. More important figures are often shown larger than others, and in landscapes more distant elements are shown higher up, but not smaller than, those in the foreground, though some scenes have been interpreted as using scale to indicate distance. Other scenes seem to repeat a figure in a succession of different moments, performing the same action, most famously a charging lion. But these were apparently experiments that remain unusual.[20]The Assyrian gallery, Room X, at the Iraq Museum, Baghdad.The king is often shown in narrative scenes, and also as a large standing figure in a few prominent places, generally attended by winged genies. A composition repeated twice in what is traditionally called the \"throne-room\" (though perhaps it was not) of Ashurbanipal's palace at Nimrud shows a \"Sacred Tree\" or \"Tree of Life\" flanked by two figures of the king, with winged genies using the bucket and cone behind him. Above the tree one of the major gods, perhaps Ashur the chief god, leans out of a winged disc, relatively small in scale. Such scenes are shown elsewhere on the robe of the king, no doubt reflecting embroidery on the real costumes, and the major gods are normally shown in discs or purely as symbols hovering in the air. Elsewhere the tree is often attended to by genies.[21]Women are relatively rarely shown, and then usually as prisoners or refugees; an exception is a \"picnic\" scene showing Ashurbanipal with his queen.[22] The many beardless royal attendants can probably be assumed to be eunuchs, who ran much of the administration of the empire, unless they also have the shaved heads and very tall hats of priests.[23] Kings are often accompanied by several courtiers, the closest to the king probably often being the appointed heir, who was not necessarily the oldest son.[24]The enormous scales of the palace schemes allowed narratives to be shown at an unprecedentedly expansive pace, making the sequence of events clear and allowing richly detailed depictions of the activities of large numbers of figures, not to be paralleled until the Roman narrative column reliefs of the Column of Trajan and Column of Marcus Aurelius.[25]Dying lion, Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, North Palace, Nineveh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrisoners and cavalry, Lachish relief\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSargon II (right), probably facing his heir Sennacherib, Khorsabad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEunuch attendants carry furniture and a bowl","title":"Palace reliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human-headed_Winged_Bulls_Gate_Khorsabad_-_Louvre_02a.jpg"},{"link_name":"lamassu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamassu"},{"link_name":"Khorsabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorsabad"},{"link_name":"Hittite art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_art"},{"link_name":"winged genie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_genie"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Master of Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"Enkidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu"},{"link_name":"ancient Mesopotamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Epic of Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh"},{"link_name":"Sargon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II"},{"link_name":"Khorsabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorsabad"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"bucket and cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_and_cone"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"cylinder seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_seal"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Lamassu","text":"Pair of lamassu or shedu from Khorsabad, with the five legs of the left one showing.Lamassu were protective minor deities or spirits, the Assyrian version of the \"human-headed bull\" figure that had long figured in Mesopotamian mythology and art. Lamassu have wings, a male human head with the elaborate headgear of a divinity, and the elaborately-braided hair and beards shared with royalty. The body is that of either a bull or a lion, the form of the feet being the main difference. Prominent pairs of lamassu were typically placed at entrances in palaces, facing the street and also internal courtyards. They were \"double-aspect\" figures on corners, in high relief, a type earlier found in Hittite art. From the front they appear to stand, and from the side, walk, and in earlier versions have five legs, as is apparent when viewed obliquely. Lamassu do not generally appear as large figures in the low-relief schemes running round palace rooms, where winged genie figures are common, but they sometimes appear within narrative reliefs, apparently protecting the Assyrians.[26]The colossal entrance way figures were often followed by a hero grasping a wriggling lion, also colossal and in high relief; these and some genies beside lamassu are generally the only other types of high relief in Assyrian sculpture. The heroes continue the Master of Animals tradition in Mesopotamian art, and may represent Enkidu, a central figure in the ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh. In the palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad, a group of at least seven lamassu and two such heroes with lions surrounded the entrance to the \"throne room\", \"a concentration of figures which produced an overwhelming impression of power\".[27] The arrangement was repeated in Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh, with a total of ten lamassu.[28] Other accompanying figures for colossal lamassu are winged genies with the bucket and cone, thought to be the equipment for a protective or purifying ritual.[29]Lamassu also appear on cylinder seals. Several examples left in situ in northern Iraq have been destroyed in the 2010s by ISIL when they occupied the area. Colossal lamassu also guarded the start of the large canals built by the Assyrian kings.[30] In the case of temples, pairs of colossal lions guarding the entrances have been found.[31]","title":"Palace reliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_Royal_Attendant_from_Nimrud,_Mesopotamia..JPG"},{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"link_name":"lamassu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamassu"},{"link_name":"mud-brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud-brick"},{"link_name":"bitumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"fossiliferous limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossiliferous_limestone"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Balawat Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawat_Gates"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"primary colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_colour"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"Relief fragments from Nimrud, showing the depth of the slabs (probably sawn down in excavation) and scale. The main head belongs to a court eunuch.There are outcrops of the \"Mosul marble\" gypsum rock normally used at several places in the Assyrian realm, though not especially close to the capitals. The rock is very soft and slightly soluble in water, and exposed faces degraded, and needed to be cut into before usable stone was reached. There are reliefs showing quarrying for Sennacherib's new palace at Nineveh, though concentrating on the production of large lamassu. Blocks were extracted, using prisoners of war, and sawed into slabs with long iron saws. This may have happened at the palace site, which is certainly where the carving of orthostats was done, after the slabs had been fixed into place as a facing to a mud-brick wall, using lead dowels and clamps, with the bottoms resting on a bed of bitumen.[32] For some reliefs an \"attractive fossiliferous limestone\" is used, as in several rooms in the South-West Palace at Nineveh.[33] In contrast to the orthostats, the lamassu were carved, or at least partly so, at the quarry, no doubt to reduce their enormous weight.[34]The alabaster stone is soft but not brittle, and very suitable for detailed carving with early Iron Age tools. There can be considerable differences in style, and quality, between adjacent panels, suggesting that different master carvers were allocated these. Probably the master drew or incised the design on the slab before a team of carvers laboriously cut away the background areas and finished carving the figures. Scribes then set out any inscriptions for cutters to follow, after which the slab was polished smooth, and any paint added.[35] Scribes are shown directing carvers in another relief (on the Balawat Gates) showing the creation of a rock relief; presumably they ensured that the depiction of royal and religious aspects of the subjects was as it should be.[36]The reliefs only covered the lower parts of the walls of rooms in the palaces, and higher areas were often painted, at least in patterns, and at least sometimes with other figures. Brightly coloured carpets on the floor completed what was probably a striking decor, largely in primary colours. None of these have survived, but we have some door-sills carved with repeated geometric motifs, presumed to imitate the carpets.[37]After the palaces were abandoned and lost their wooden roofs, the unbaked mud-brick walls gradually collapsed, covering the space in front of the reliefs, and largely protecting them from further damage from the weather. Relatively few traces of paint remain, and these are often on heads and faces – hair and beards were black, and at least the whites of eyes white. Possibly metal leaf was used on some elements, such as small scenes shown decorating textiles. Julian Reade concludes that \"It is nonetheless puzzling that more traces of painting [on sculpture] have not been recorded\".[38]","title":"Palace reliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balawat Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawat_Gates"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Balawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawat"},{"link_name":"Balawat Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawat_Gates"},{"link_name":"repoussé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"stelae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela"},{"link_name":"obelisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk"},{"link_name":"ziggurats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat"},{"link_name":"White Obelisk of Ashurnasirpal I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Obelisk_of_Ashurnasirpal_I"},{"link_name":"Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III"},{"link_name":"Rassam Obelisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rassam_Obelisk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"weight measures in the form of lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_lion_weights"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Fragment from the Balawat Gates, BaltimoreApart from the alabaster wall reliefs, all found in palaces, other objects carrying relatively large reliefs are bronze strips used to reinforce and decorate large gates. Parts of three sets have survived, all from the 9th century BC and the relatively minor city of Imgur-Enlil, modern Balawat. The Balawat Gates were all double gates about 20 foot high, with both the front and back sides decorated with eight bronze repoussé strips, each carrying two registers of narrative reliefs some five inches high. There were presumably equivalents at other Assyrian sites, but at the collapse of the empire the buildings at Balawat caught fire \"before they had been efficiently looted\" by the enemy, and remained hidden in the ashes and rubble;[39] gypsum slabs were not worth the trouble of looting, unlike bronze. The subjects were similar to the wall reliefs, but on a smaller scale; a typical band is 27 centimetres high, 1.8 metres wide, and only a millimetre thick.[40]In stone there are reliefs of a similar size on some stelae, most notably two in rectangular obelisk form, both with stepped tops like ziggurats. These are the early 11th-century White Obelisk of Ashurnasirpal I and the 9th century Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, both in the British Museum, which also has the fragmentary \"Broken Obelisk\" and \"Rassam Obelisk\". Both have reliefs on all four sides in eight and five registers respectively, and long inscriptions describing the events. The Black and Rassam Obelisks were both set up in what seems to have been the central square in the citadel of Nimrud, presumably a very public space, and the White in Nineveh. All record much the same types of scenes as the narrative sections of wall-relief, and the gates. The Black Obelisk concentrates on scenes of the bringing of tribute from conquered kingdoms, including Israel, while the White also has scenes of war, hunting, and religious figures. The White Obelisk, from 1049–1031, and the \"Broken Obelisk\" from 1074–1056, predate the earliest known wall-reliefs by 160 years or more, but are respectively in worn and fragmentary condition.[41]The Black Obelisk is of special interest as the lengthy inscriptions, with names of places and rulers that could be related to other sources, were of importance in the decipherment of cuneiform script.[42] The Obelisk contains the earliest writing mentioning both the Persian and Jewish peoples, and confirmed some of the events described in the Bible, which in the 19th century was regarded as timely support for texts whose historical accuracy was under increasing attack.[43] Other, much smaller pieces with helpful inscriptions were a set of sixteen weight measures in the form of lions.[44]","title":"Other narrative reliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20131205_Istanbul_049.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shalmaneser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_III"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Statue of Ashurnasirpal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Ashurnasirpal_II"},{"link_name":"Shalmaneser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_III"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"unique female nude statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_statue_(BM_124963)"},{"link_name":"Ishtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar"},{"link_name":"Ashur-bel-kala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"statues of Gudea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statues_of_Gudea"},{"link_name":"Lagash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"stelae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"rock reliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_relief"},{"link_name":"Balawat Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawat_Gates"},{"link_name":"Tigris Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Balawat Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawat_Gates"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian"},{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Tigris tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_tunnel"},{"link_name":"Tigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Esarhaddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon"},{"link_name":"Shikaft-e Gulgul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikaft-e_Gulgul"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Commemorative stelae of Nahr el-Kalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_stelae_of_Nahr_el-Kalb"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Ramses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Persian tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_relief#Persia"},{"link_name":"Behistun relief and inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun_Inscription"},{"link_name":"Darius the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%A9rosma%C3%AEtrisantunlion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khorsabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorsabad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BM;_RM6_-_ANE,_Assyrian_Sculpture_32_-East_(N),_Centre_Island_%2B_North_Wall-_~_Assyrian_Empire_%2B_-Lamassu,_Stela%27s,_Statue%27s,_Obelisk%27s,_Relief_Panel%27s_%26_Full_Projection.1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-obelisk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III"},{"link_name":"White Obelisk of Ashurnasirpal I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Obelisk_of_Ashurnasirpal_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Assyrian_king_Shalmaneser_III_receives_tribute_from_Sua,_king_of_Gilzanu,_The_Black_Obelisk..JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_statue_ME124963_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Unique Assyrian female nude statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_statue_(BM_124963)"},{"link_name":"Ishtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shamshi-Adad_V-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stela of Shamshi-Adad V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela_of_Shamshi-Adad_V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_Stele_-_British_Museum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion-shaped_weight-Sb_2718-P5280901-gradient_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lion weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_lion_weights"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"}],"text":"Detail of statue of Shalmaneser III in IstanbulThere are very few large free-standing Assyrian statues and, with one possible exception (below), none have been found of the major divinities in their temples. Possibly others existed; any in precious metals would have been looted as the empire fell. Two statues of kings are similar to the portraits in palace reliefs, though seen frontally. They came from temples, where they showed the king's devotion to the deity. The Statue of Ashurnasirpal II is in the British Museum, and that of Shalmaneser III in Istanbul.[45]There is a unique female nude statue in the British Museum, missing its extremities, which was found in the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh. The pubic hair is carefully represented. It carries an inscription on the back that King Ashur-bel-kala erected it for the \"titilation\" or enjoyment of the people. It might represent Ishtar, goddess of love among other things,[46] in which case it would be the only known Assyrian statue of a major divinity. All these have standing poses, though seated statues were already known in Mesopotamian art, for example about a dozen statues of Gudea, who ruled Lagash c. 2144 – 2124 BC.[47]Like other Near-Eastern cultures, the Assyrians erected stelae for various purposes, including marking boundaries. Many just carry inscriptions, but there are some with significant relief sculpture, mostly a large standing portrait of the king of the day, pointing at symbols of the gods, similar in pose to those in palace reliefs, surrounded by a round-topped frame.[48]Similar figures of kings are shown in rock reliefs, mostly around the edges of the empire. Those shown being made on the Balawat Gates are presumably the ones surviving in poor condition near the Tigris Tunnel. The Assyrians probably took the form from the Hittites; the sites chosen for their 49 recorded reliefs often also make little sense if \"signalling\" to the general population was the intent, being high and remote, but often near water. The Neo-Assyrians recorded in other places, including metal reliefs on the Balawat Gates showing them being made, the carving of rock reliefs, and it has been suggested that the main intended audience was the gods, the reliefs and the inscriptions that often accompany them being almost of the nature of a \"business report\" submitted by the ruler.[49] A canal system built by the Neo-Assyrian king Sennacherib (reigned 704–681 BC) to supply water to Nineveh was marked by a number of reliefs showing the king with gods.[50]Other reliefs at the Tigris tunnel, a cave in modern Turkey believed to be the source of the river Tigris, are \"almost inaccessible and invisible for humans\".[51] Probably built by Sennacherib's son Esarhaddon, Shikaft-e Gulgul is a late example in modern Iran, apparently related to a military campaign.[52] The Assyrians added to the Commemorative stelae of Nahr el-Kalb in modern Lebanon, where Ramses II, Pharaoh of Egypt, had rather optimistically commemorated the boundary of his empire many centuries earlier; many later rulers added to the collection.[53] The Assyrian examples were perhaps significant in suggesting the style of the much more ambitious Persian tradition, beginning with the Behistun relief and inscription, made around 500 BC for Darius the Great, on a far grander scale, reflecting and proclaiming the power of the Achaemenid empire.High relief hero clutching lion, from the entrance to the throne room at Khorsabad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGroup displayed in the British Museum, including a lion from a temple entrance, and the Black and White Obelisks\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III in the British Museum, the White Obelisk of Ashurnasirpal I just behind\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShalmaneser III receives tribute from Sua, king of Gilzanu, on the Black Obelisk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnique Assyrian female nude statue from the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStela of Shamshi-Adad V\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThree royal stelae at the British Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLion weight; 6th-4th century BC; bronze; height: 29.5 cm, width: 24.8 cm; Louvre","title":"Statues and portrait stelae"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salle_II._Bas-relief_10_(NYPL_b14308483-1534751)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Eugène Flandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Flandin"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Library of Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"One of Eugène Flandin's plates in Monument de Ninive (with Botta), 1849Iraq was part of the Ottoman Empire throughout the 19th century, and the government was content to allow foreign excavations and the removal of finds with little hindrance. Even in the 1870s excavators were often only regulated by a regime intended for mining operations, and had to pay a tax based on a proportion of the value of material removed.[54]The character of the palace reliefs made excavation relatively straightforward, if the right site was chosen. Assyrian palaces were built on high mud-brick platforms. Test trenches were started in various directions, and once one of them had hit sculpture, the trenches had only to follow the lines of the wall, often through a whole suite of rooms. Most trenches could be open to the sky, but at Nimrud, where one palace overlay another, tunnels were necessary in places.[55] Layard estimated \"that he had exposed nearly two miles of sculptured walls in Sennacherib's palace alone\", not to mention the Library of Ashurbanipal he found there.[56] His excavation practices left a lot to be desired by modern standards; the centres of rooms were not only not excavated, but the material removed from the trench in one room might be deposited in another, compromising later excavations.[57] Typically the slabs were sawn to roughly a third of their original depth, to save weight in carrying them back to Europe,[58] which was typically more complicated and difficult than digging them up.[59]","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Der_Stier_auf_dem_Flo%C3%9F.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris"},{"link_name":"Austen Henry Layard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard"},{"link_name":"Claudius Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Rich"},{"link_name":"British Resident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_(title)#Residents_in_Asia"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)"},{"link_name":"Bagdhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdhad"},{"link_name":"ancient Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_East"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Paul-Émile Botta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Botta"},{"link_name":"Kuyunjik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyunjik"},{"link_name":"Khorsabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorsabad"},{"link_name":"Sargon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Inscriptions_et_Belles-Lettres"},{"link_name":"Eugène Flandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Flandin"},{"link_name":"Henry Rawlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Monument de Ninive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monument_de_Ninive"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"}],"sub_title":"Botta","text":"Transporting a lamassu down the Tigris by raft, by Austen Henry LayardThe first hint of future discoveries came in 1820 when Claudius Rich, British Resident (a sort of local ambassador or consul) in Bagdhad, and an early scholar of the ancient Near East, went to Mosul and the site of ancient Nineveh, where he was told of a large relief panel that had been found and soon broken up. His account was published in 1836; he also brought back two small fragments.[60] In 1842 the French consul in Mosul, Paul-Émile Botta, hired men to dig at Kuyunjik, the largest mound at Nineveh. Little was found until a local farmer suggested they try Khorsabad (ancient Dur-Sharrukin) nearby, where \"a short trial was dramatically successful\", as a palace of Sargon II was found a few feet below the surface, with plentiful reliefs, although they had been burned and disintegrated easily.[61]Press reports of Botta's finds, from May 1843, interested the French government, who sent him funds and the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres sent him Eugène Flandin (1809–1889), an artist who had already made careful archaeological drawings of Persian antiquities in a long trip beginning in 1839. Botta decided there was no more to find at the site in October 1844, and concentrated on the difficult task of getting his finds back to Paris, where the first large consignments did not arrive until December 1846. Botta left the two huge lamassu now in the British Museum as too large to transport; Henry Rawlinson, by now British Resident in Bagdhad, sawed them into several pieces for transport in 1849.[62] In 1849 Monument de Ninive was published, a sumptuously illustrated and exemplary monograph in 4 volumes by Botta and Flandin.","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_South_West_Palace_Nimroud.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"link_name":"Austen Henry Layard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Sir Stratford Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Canning,_1st_Viscount_Stratford_de_Redcliffe"},{"link_name":"Hormuzd Rassam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Henry Rawlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Kuyunjik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyunjik"},{"link_name":"Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Exploration Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Exploration_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lammasu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lamassu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamassu"},{"link_name":"Dur-Sharrukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute"},{"link_name":"Balawat Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawat_Gates"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"systematically destroyed by Daesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Layard and Rassam","text":"Entrance to the South West Palace at Nineveh during Layard's excavation, 1849–50Austen Henry Layard (1817–1894) was in the early 1840s \"a roving agent attached to the embassy at Constantinople\", who had already visited Nimrud in 1840. In 1845 he persuaded Sir Stratford Canning, the ambassador in Constantinople, to personally fund an expedition to excavate there. On his first day digging at Nimrud, with only six workers in November 1845, slabs were found, initially only with inscriptions, but soon with reliefs. He continued to dig until June 1847, with the British government, through the British Museum, taking over the funding from Canning in late 1846, repaying his expenditure. The volume of finds was such that getting them back to Britain was a major task, and many pieces either were reburied, or reached other countries. Layard had recruited the 20-year old Hormuzd Rassam in Mosul, where his brother was British Vice-consul, to handle the pay and supervision of the diggers, and encouraged the development of his career as a diplomat and archaeologist.[63]Layard returned to England in June 1847, also taking Rassam, who he had arranged to study at Cambridge. He left a few workers, mainly to keep other diggers off the sites, as the French were digging again. His finds were arriving in London, to great public interest, which he greatly increased by publishing a string of books, especially Nineveh and its Remains in 1849. The mistaken title arose because Henry Rawlinson had at that point become convinced that the Nimrud site was actually the ancient Nineveh, though he changed his mind soon after.[64] By October 1849 Layard was back in Mosul, accompanied by the artist Frederick Cooper, and continued to dig until April 1851, after which Rassam took charge of the excavations.[65] By this stage, thanks to Rawlinson and other linguists working on the tablets and inscriptions brought back and other material, the Assyrian cuneiform was at the least becoming partly understood,[66] a task that progressed well over the next decade.Initially Rassam's finds dwindled, in terms of large objects, and the British even agreed to cede the rights to half the Kuyunjik mound to the French, whose new consul, Victor Place, had resumed digging at Khorsabad. The British funds were running out by December 1853, when Rassam hit upon the palace of Ashurbanipal, which was \"in some respects the finest sculptured palace of all\", in the new French area of Kuyunjik. Fortunately, Place had not started digging there, and according to Rassam \"it was an established rule that whenever one discovered a new palace, no one else could meddle with it, and thus,... I had secured it for England\".[67] The new palace took until 1855 to clear, being finished by the Assyrian Exploration Fund, established in 1853 to dig for the benefit of British collections.[68]Lamassu or shedu, a human-headed winged bull, Dur-Sharrukin/Khorsabad. Chicago. c. 721–705 BCAlthough it was not yet realized, by \"the close of excavations in 1855, the hectic Heroic Age of Assyrian archaeology ended\", with the great majority of surviving Assyrian sculpture found. Work has continued up to the present day, but no new palaces have been found at the capitals, and finds have mostly been isolated pieces, such as Rassam's discovery in 1878 of two of the Balawat Gates. Many of the pieces reburied have been re-excavated, some very quickly by art dealers, and others by the Iraqi government in the 1960s, leaving them on display in situ for visitors, after the sites were configured as museums. These were already damaged in wars in the 1990s,[69] and have probably been systematically destroyed by Daesh in the 2010s.[70]","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"the museum at Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ashmolean Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_Museum_and_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"text":"As a result of the history of excavations, much the best single collection is in the British Museum, followed by the site museums and other collections in Iraq, which in the 20th century were the largest holdings when taken together,[71] though after the wars of the 21st century their current holdings are uncertain. The fate of the considerable number of pieces that have been found and then reburied is also uncertain. At the peak of excavations, the volume found was too large for the British and French to manage, and many pieces either were diverted at some point on their journey to Europe, or were given away by the museums. Other pieces were excavated by diggers working for dealers. As a result, there are significant groups of large lamassu corner figures and palace relief panels in Paris, Berlin, New York, and Chicago.[72] Many other museums have panels, especially a group of college museums in New England, with the museum at Dartmouth College having seven panels.[73] Altogether there are some 75 pieces in the United States.[74]Apart from the British Museum, in the United Kingdom, the Ashmolean Museum has 10 reliefs (2 large, 8 small) [75]Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery has 3 large reliefs,[76] and the National Museum of Scotland (2.4 x 2.2 m),[77] and Victoria and Albert Museum one relief each.[78]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"British Museum Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?searchText=Copper+Assyrian+lion+weight+palace"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Nimrud ivories press release, British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/press_releases/2011/nimrud_ivories.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"The Story of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Art"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S03_06_01_017_image_2342.jpg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"British Museum collection database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=282817&partId=1&place=33695&plaA=33695-3-1&page=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"White, British Museum page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=282204&partId=1&people=93716&peoA=93716-4-7&page=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"British Museum collection database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?searchText=Copper+Assyrian+lion+weight+palace"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=369402&partId=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"\"Neo-Assyrian Rock Reliefs: Ideology and Landscapes of an Empire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2014/assyria-to-iberia/blog/posts/rock-reliefs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"\"The Assyrian Royal Rock Inscription from Shikaft-i Gulgul\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/855254/The_Assyrian_Royal_Rock_Inscription_from_Shikaft-i_Gulgul"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"Iconic Ancient Assyrian Sites Ravaged in ISIS's Last Stand in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aina.org/news/20161110204408.htm"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nationalgeographic.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"Hood Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hoodmuseum.dartmouth.edu/search-collections?piction_keywords=Assyrian&piction_photos_only=1&op=go"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"Ashmolean page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oracc.museum.upenn.edu/nimrud/modernnimrud/atthemuseum/ashmoleanmuseumdisplays/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"Bristol page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bristolmuseums.org.uk/bristol-museum-and-art-gallery/whats-on/lunchtime-talk-assyrian-reliefs/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"\"Edinburgh, Assyrian Relief Fact File\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170809173453/http://www.nms.ac.uk/explore/stories/world-cultures/assyrian-relief/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nms.ac.uk/explore/stories/world-cultures/assyrian-relief/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Relief at V&A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O349649/relief-unknown/"}],"text":"^ Reade, 5–17; see Larsen in further reading\n\n^ Oates, 6–8; Hoving, 40\n\n^ Reade, 5\n\n^ In November 2016 the situation remains unclear. Browne, Gareth, \"Isis flattened ancient capital after shipping out its treasures\" in The Times (London), 19 November 2016 says that the most serious damage to Nimrud was done in late 2016, as the allied forces moved to retake Mosul, where the museum also had an important collection.\n\n^ Frankfort, 198–199\n\n^ Frankfort, 164–167\n\n^ Frankfort, 194–196\n\n^ British Museum Collection\n\n^ Frankfort, 313–315, 319–322 (and see index); Honour & Fleming, 77; Nimrud ivories press release, British Museum\n\n^ Reade, 25\n\n^ Reade, 56–60, on the latest reliefs\n\n^ Grove\n\n^ Frankfort, 157\n\n^ Grove\n\n^ Reade, 42–43\n\n^ Reade, 56 (quoted), 65–71\n\n^ The Story of Art (in its chronological place; there are too many editions to give a page number)\n\n^ Honour & Fleming, 76–77; Reade, 72–79, 73 quoted; Frankfort, 186–192; Hoving, 40–41\n\n^ Frankfort, 146–148\n\n^ Honour & Fleming, 75–77\n\n^ Reade, 36–38\n\n^ Reade, 47; image\n\n^ Reade, 43–44\n\n^ 42–43\n\n^ Frankfort, 168; Honour & Fleming, 73, 75–77\n\n^ Frankfort, 147–148, 154; Reade, 28-29\n\n^ Frankfort, 147–148, 148 quoted; Reade, 29\n\n^ Grove\n\n^ Reade, 38\n\n^ Reade, 50\n\n^ Reade, 23-24 (British Museum example illustrated below)\n\n^ Reade, 25–26\n\n^ Grove\n\n^ Oates, 52\n\n^ Reade, 27\n\n^ Reade, 21\n\n^ Reade, 29–31\n\n^ Reade, 7, 29–30, 30 quoted\n\n^ Reade, 32, quoted; Frankfort, 164–167\n\n^ British Museum collection database; Frankfort, 164\n\n^ Reade, 32, 35, 63–64; Frankfort, 167; White, British Museum page\n\n^ Reade, 12\n\n^ Reade, 62–71\n\n^ British Museum collection database\n\n^ Reade, 22–23\n\n^ British Museum\n\n^ Frankfort, 93-98\n\n^ Reade, 20–22\n\n^ Kreppner, throughout; 368 for 49 reliefs\n\n^ Kreppner, 371; Malko, Helen, \"Neo-Assyrian Rock Reliefs: Ideology and Landscapes of an Empire\", Metropolitan Museum, accessed 28 November 2015\n\n^ Kreppner, 374–375\n\n^ Kreppner, 369–370; Van der Spek, R.J., \"The Assyrian Royal Rock Inscription from Shikaft-i Gulgul\", Iranica Antiqua, vol XII, 1977\n\n^ Reade, 22; Grove\n\n^ Reade, 11\n\n^ Reade, 9–12\n\n^ Reade, 14\n\n^ Oates, 5\n\n^ Cohen & Kangas, 5\n\n^ Reade, 11, 15-16\n\n^ Reade, 6; Oates, 1–2\n\n^ Reade, 7; Oates, 3\n\n^ Reade, 7\n\n^ Reade, 9–12; Oates, 2–6\n\n^ Oates, 6–8; Reade, 12\n\n^ Reade, 12–14\n\n^ Hoving, 40\n\n^ Reade, 14–15\n\n^ Reade, 14–15\n\n^ Reade, 16–17, 16 quoted\n\n^ Iconic Ancient Assyrian Sites Ravaged in ISIS's Last Stand in Iraq, by Kristin Romey, AINA repeating National Geographic\n\n^ Reade, 5; Grove\n\n^ Reade, 5; Grove\n\n^ Hood Museum of Art, collection search on \"Assyrian\"\n\n^ Hoving, 40\n\n^ Ashmolean page\n\n^ Bristol page\n\n^ \"Edinburgh, Assyrian Relief Fact File\". Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-09.\n\n^ Assyrian Relief at V&A","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0714111678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714111678"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0870992600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870992600"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0198723180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198723180"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"041514356X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/041514356X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3525530072","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3525530072"},{"link_name":"google books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Cpei4BrPlSwC&pg=PA182"}],"text":"Collins, Paul, Assyrian Palace Sculptures, 2008, British Museum, ISBN 0714111678, 9780714111674\nCrawford, Vaughn Emerson, Harper, Prudence Oliver, Pittman, Holly, Assyrian Reliefs and Ivories in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: Palace Reliefs of Assurnasirpal II and Ivory Carvings from Nimrud, 1980, Metropolitan Museum of Art, ISBN 0870992600, 9780870992605\nKertai, David, The Architecture of Late Assyrian Royal Palaces, 2015, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198723180, 9780198723189\nLarsen, Mogens Trolle, The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land, 1840–1860, 1996, Psychology Press, ISBN 041514356X, 9780415143561\nOrnan, Tallay, The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban, 2005, Saint-Paul, ISBN 3525530072, 9783525530078, google books\nRussell, John M., Sennacherib's ‘Palace without Rival’ at Nineveh, 1991, Chicago","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"\"Winged genie\", Nimrud c. 870 BC, with inscription running across his midriff.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Genien%2C_Nimrud_870_v._Chr._Aegyptisches_Museum%2C_Muenchen-4.jpg/220px-Genien%2C_Nimrud_870_v._Chr._Aegyptisches_Museum%2C_Muenchen-4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Part of the Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, c. 645–635 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722368932%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of genie figure, the palace of Ashurnasirpal II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/VAM_-_Assurnasirpal_II_Relief_3.jpg/220px-VAM_-_Assurnasirpal_II_Relief_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Assyrian gallery, Room X, at the Iraq Museum, Baghdad.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg/220px-The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pair of lamassu or shedu from Khorsabad, with the five legs of the left one showing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Human-headed_Winged_Bulls_Gate_Khorsabad_-_Louvre_02a.jpg/220px-Human-headed_Winged_Bulls_Gate_Khorsabad_-_Louvre_02a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Relief fragments from Nimrud, showing the depth of the slabs (probably sawn down in excavation) and scale. The main head belongs to a court eunuch.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Assyrian_Royal_Attendant_from_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/220px-Assyrian_Royal_Attendant_from_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG"},{"image_text":"Fragment from the Balawat Gates, Baltimore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg/220px-Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of statue of Shalmaneser III in Istanbul","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/20131205_Istanbul_049.jpg/220px-20131205_Istanbul_049.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of Eugène Flandin's plates in Monument de Ninive (with Botta), 1849","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Salle_II._Bas-relief_10_%28NYPL_b14308483-1534751%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Salle_II._Bas-relief_10_%28NYPL_b14308483-1534751%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Transporting a lamassu down the Tigris by raft, by Austen Henry Layard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Der_Stier_auf_dem_Flo%C3%9F.jpg/220px-Der_Stier_auf_dem_Flo%C3%9F.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to the South West Palace at Nineveh during Layard's excavation, 1849–50","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Entrance_South_West_Palace_Nimroud.jpg/220px-Entrance_South_West_Palace_Nimroud.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lamassu or shedu, a human-headed winged bull, Dur-Sharrukin/Khorsabad. Chicago. c. 721–705 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lammasu.jpg/220px-Lammasu.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Edinburgh, Assyrian Relief Fact File\". Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170809173453/http://www.nms.ac.uk/explore/stories/world-cultures/assyrian-relief/","url_text":"\"Edinburgh, Assyrian Relief Fact File\""},{"url":"http://www.nms.ac.uk/explore/stories/world-cultures/assyrian-relief/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Munster
Sebastian Münster
["1 Life","2 Gallery","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
German cartographer, cosmographer, and scholar (1488–1552) Portrait of Sebastian Münster by Christoph Amberger, c. 1552 Sebastian Münster (20 January 1488 – 26 May 1552) was a German cartographer and cosmographer. He also was a Christian Hebraist scholar who taught as a professor at the University of Basel. His well-known work, the highly accurate world map, Cosmographia, sold well and went through 24 editions. Its influence was widely spread by a production of woodcuts created of it by a variety of artists. Life Münster's Cosmographia He was born in Ingelheim, near Mainz, the son of Andreas Münster. His parents and other ancestors were farmers. In 1505, he entered the Franciscan order. Four years later, he entered a monastery where he became a student of Konrad Pelikan for five years. Münster completed his studies at the University of Tübingen in 1518. His graduate adviser was Johannes Stöffler.Tabula Novarum Insularum, 1540He left the Franciscans for the Lutheran Church in order to accept an appointment at the Reformed Church-dominated University of Basel in 1529. He had long harboured an interest in Lutheranism, and during the German Peasants' War, as a monk, he had been repeatedly attacked. A professor of Hebrew, and a disciple of Elias Levita, he edited the Hebrew Bible (2 vols. fol., Basel, 1534–1535), accompanied by a Latin translation and a large number of annotations. He was the first German to produce an edition of the Hebrew Bible. He published more than one Hebrew grammar, and was the first to prepare a Grammatica Chaldaica (Basel, 1527). His lexicographical labours included a Dictionarium Chaldaicum (1527), and a Dictionarium trilingue for Latin, Greek, and Hebrew in 1530. He released a Mappa Europae (map of Europe) in 1536. In 1537, he published a Rabbinical translation of the Gospel of Matthew in Hebrew which he had obtained from Spanish Conversos. In 1540 he published a Latin edition of Ptolemy's Geographia with illustrations. The 1550 edition contains cities, portraits, and costumes. These editions, printed in Germany, are the most valued of this work. Other writings that followed are Horologiographia (a treatise on dialling – constructing sundials, Basel, 1531), and Organum Uranicum (a treatise on the planetary motions, 1536).Novae lnsulae XXVI Nova Tabula (1552)His Cosmographia of 1544 was the earliest description of the world in the German language. It had numerous editions in different languages including Latin, French, Italian, English, and even Czech. The Cosmographia was one of the most successful and popular works of the 16th century. It passed through 24 editions in 100 years. This success was due to the fascinating woodcuts (some by Hans Holbein the Younger, Urs Graf, Hans Rudolph Manuel Deutsch, and David Kandel), in addition to including the first to introduce "separate maps for each of the four continents known then – America, Africa, Asia and Europe." It was most important in reviving geography in 16th-century Europe. The last German edition was published in 1628, long after his death. Münster was also known as translator of the Hebrew Bible (Hebraica Biblia). His edition was published in two volumes (1546) in Basel. The first volume contains the books from Genesis to 2 Kings, following the order of the Masoretic codices. The second volume contains The Prophets (Major and Minor), The Psalms, Job, Proverb, Daniel, Chronicles, and the Five Scrolls (The Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Esther). His Rudimenta Mathematica was published in Basel in 1551. He died at Basel of the plague in 1552. Münster's tombstone describes him as the Ezra and the Strabo of the German people. Gallery Several paintings with oil on canvas, woodcuts and copper etchings depict Sebastian Münster, by Hans Holbein d. J. (Basel, c. 1530), Willem de Haen (1615), as rector of the University of Basel (by Christoph Amberger, um 1547), and on the 100-DM-bill as used 1962 to 1991. Statue of Sebastian Münster in front of St. Remigius Church, Ingelheim Cover of first edition of Cosmographia His home town Ingelheim in Cosmographia Portrait of Sebastian Münster, edition of 1628 Europa regina in Münster's "Cosmographia", 1570. Old 100 DM banknote, 1962–1991, depicting Münster. Sebastian Münster, Biblia Hebraica: Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible printed by Heinrich Petri and Michael Isengrin, 1546, Basel, in the collection of the Jewish Museum of Switzerland. A 1552 map showing the Pinsk Marshes (Sarmatica palus) next to Pinsk. References ^ a b c Miles Baynton-Williams. "MapForum Issue 10". Mapforum.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012. ^ Brown, Kevin J. Maps Through the Ages. White Star Publishers. p. 26. ^ a b c Horst Robert Balz; Gerhard Krause; Gerhard Müller (1994). "Münster, Sebastian (1488–1552)". Theologische Realenzyklopädie. Vol. 23. De Gruyter. p. 407. ISBN 3-11-013852-2. ^ "Mathematics Genealogy Project". Genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu. Retrieved 5 June 2012. ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Münster, Sebastian" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ a b c Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R., eds. (1884). "Münster, Sebastian" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ^ Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Münster, Sebastian" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. ^ National Library Board of Singapore. Visualising Space: Maps of Singapore and the Region. Collections from the National Library and National Archives of Singapore, 2014, p. 42 Further reading Karl Heinz Burmeister: Sebastian Münster – Versuch eines biographischen Gesamtbildes. Basler Beiträge zur Geschichtswissenschaft, Band 91, Basel und Stuttgart 1963 und 1969. Karl Heinz Burmeister: Sebastian Münster – Eine Bibliographie. Wiesbaden 1964. Ralf Kern: Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vol. 1. Cologne, 2010. pp. 307–311. Hans Georg Wehrens: Freiburg in der „Cosmographia“ von Sebastian Münster (1549); in Freiburg im Breisgau 1504 m–1803, Holzschnitte und Kupferstiche. Verlag Herder, Freiburg 2004, S. 34 ff. ISBN 3-451-20633-1. Günther Wessel: Von einem, der daheim blieb, die Welt zu entdecken - Die Cosmographia des Sebastian Münster oder Wie man sich vor 500 Jahren die Welt vorstellte. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt 2004, ISBN 3-593-37198-7. Ludwig Geiger (1886), "Münster, Sebastian", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 23, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 30–33 Claus Priesner (1997), "Münster, Sebastian", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 18, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 539–541 Werner Raupp: MÜNSTER, Sebastian. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 6, Bautz, Herzberg 1993, ISBN 3-88309-044-1, Sp. 316–326 (with detailed bibliography). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sebastian Münster. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Münster, Sebastian German Wikisource has original text related to this article: Sebastian Münster Sebastian Münster in the German National Library catalogue "Sebastian Münster". Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Sebastian Münster in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. "Sebastian Münster" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XVII (9th ed.). 1884. Lateinische Werke im Internet Wer war Sebastian Münster? - Umfangreiche Dokumentensammlung des Sebastian-Münster-Gymnasiums in Ingelheim. Sebastian Münster, La Cosmographie universelle online excerpts Historic Cities: Sebastian Münster Schreckenfuchs 1553 Oratio Funebris de Obitu Ssebastiani Munsteri Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Sebastian Munster in .jpg and .tiff format. "The Strange Career of the Biblia Rabbinica among Christian Hebraists, 1517–1620" The Munster Map - Simcoe County Archives Maps by Munster, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, the National Library of Israel Digitized high-resolution images of the 1540 first edition of the Geographia Universalis - from RareMaps.com Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Australia Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Mathematics Genealogy Project Artists Scientific illustrators ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland RISM SNAC IdRef
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He also was a Christian Hebraist scholar who taught as a professor at the University of Basel. His well-known work, the highly accurate world map, Cosmographia, sold well and went through 24 editions. Its influence was widely spread by a production of woodcuts created of it by a variety of artists.[2]","title":"Sebastian Münster"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)_706.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cosmographia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)"},{"link_name":"Ingelheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingelheim"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapforum-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BKM-3"},{"link_name":"Franciscan order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapforum-1"},{"link_name":"University of Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"Johannes Stöffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_St%C3%B6ffler"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Munster_Tabula_Novarum_Insularum_1540_UTA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church"},{"link_name":"Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"University of Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Basel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BKM-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-5"},{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"German Peasants' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BKM-3"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_(language)"},{"link_name":"Elias Levita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Levita"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb9-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb9-6"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Matthew in Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinical_translations_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jew"},{"link_name":"Conversos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converso"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Geographia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographia"},{"link_name":"sundials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Back_side_of_map_Novae_lnsulae_XXVI_Nova_Tabula._CTASC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cosmographia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)"},{"link_name":"German language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"woodcuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Urs Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs_Graf"},{"link_name":"Hans Rudolph Manuel Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Rudolph_Manuel_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"David Kandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kandel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"first volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UPOkxZJ1gOIC"},{"link_name":"second volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LsUOYBtDT-IC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-5"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"German people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb9-6"}],"text":"Münster's CosmographiaHe was born in Ingelheim, near Mainz, the son of Andreas Münster. His parents and other ancestors were farmers.[1][3]In 1505, he entered the Franciscan order. Four years later, he entered a monastery where he became a student of Konrad Pelikan for five years.[1] Münster completed his studies at the University of Tübingen in 1518. His graduate adviser was Johannes Stöffler.[4]Tabula Novarum Insularum, 1540He left the Franciscans for the Lutheran Church in order to accept an appointment at the Reformed Church-dominated University of Basel in 1529.[3][5] He had long harboured an interest in Lutheranism, and during the German Peasants' War, as a monk, he had been repeatedly attacked.[3] A professor of Hebrew, and a disciple of Elias Levita, he edited the Hebrew Bible (2 vols. fol., Basel, 1534–1535), accompanied by a Latin translation and a large number of annotations. He was the first German to produce an edition of the Hebrew Bible.[6]He published more than one Hebrew grammar, and was the first to prepare a Grammatica Chaldaica (Basel, 1527). His lexicographical labours included a Dictionarium Chaldaicum (1527), and a Dictionarium trilingue for Latin, Greek, and Hebrew in 1530.[6]He released a Mappa Europae (map of Europe) in 1536. In 1537, he published a Rabbinical translation of the Gospel of Matthew in Hebrew which he had obtained from Spanish Conversos. In 1540 he published a Latin edition of Ptolemy's Geographia with illustrations. The 1550 edition contains cities, portraits, and costumes. These editions, printed in Germany, are the most valued of this work. Other writings that followed are Horologiographia (a treatise on dialling – constructing sundials, Basel, 1531), and Organum Uranicum (a treatise on the planetary motions, 1536).[5]Novae lnsulae XXVI Nova Tabula (1552)His Cosmographia of 1544 was the earliest description of the world in the German language. It had numerous editions in different languages including Latin, French, Italian, English, and even Czech. The Cosmographia was one of the most successful and popular works of the 16th century. It passed through 24 editions in 100 years.[7] This success was due to the fascinating woodcuts (some by Hans Holbein the Younger, Urs Graf, Hans Rudolph Manuel Deutsch, and David Kandel), in addition to including the first to introduce \"separate maps for each of the four continents known then – America, Africa, Asia and Europe.\"[8] It was most important in reviving geography in 16th-century Europe. The last German edition was published in 1628, long after his death.Münster was also known as translator of the Hebrew Bible (Hebraica Biblia). His edition was published in two volumes (1546) in Basel. The first volume contains the books from Genesis to 2 Kings, following the order of the Masoretic codices. The second volume contains The Prophets (Major and Minor), The Psalms, Job, Proverb, Daniel, Chronicles, and the Five Scrolls (The Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Esther).His Rudimenta Mathematica was published in Basel in 1551.[5]He died at Basel of the plague in 1552. Münster's tombstone describes him as the Ezra and the Strabo of the German people.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Basel"},{"link_name":"Christoph Amberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Amberger"},{"link_name":"DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Remigius-Muenster.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ingelheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingelheim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cosmographia_titelblatt_der_erstausgabe.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cosmographia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saal-Ingelheim-Cosmographia-1628.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4t_Sebastian_M%C3%BCnsters_in_der_Cosmographia_von_1628.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg"},{"link_name":"Europa regina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_regina"},{"link_name":"Cosmographia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100_DM_Serie3_Vorderseite.jpg"},{"link_name":"DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster,_Biblia_Hebraica.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Petri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Petrus"},{"link_name":"Jewish Museum of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polonia_Et_Ungaria_XX_Nova_Tabula.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk"}],"text":"Several paintings with oil on canvas, woodcuts and copper etchings depict Sebastian Münster, by Hans Holbein d. J. (Basel, c. 1530), Willem de Haen (1615), as rector of the University of Basel (by Christoph Amberger, um 1547), and on the 100-DM-bill as used 1962 to 1991.Statue of Sebastian Münster in front of St. Remigius Church, Ingelheim\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCover of first edition of Cosmographia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHis home town Ingelheim in Cosmographia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of Sebastian Münster, edition of 1628\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEuropa regina in Münster's \"Cosmographia\", 1570.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld 100 DM banknote, 1962–1991, depicting Münster.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSebastian Münster, Biblia Hebraica: Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible printed by Heinrich Petri and Michael Isengrin, 1546, Basel, in the collection of the Jewish Museum of Switzerland.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 1552 map showing the Pinsk Marshes (Sarmatica palus) next to Pinsk.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-451-20633-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-451-20633-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-593-37198-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-593-37198-7"},{"link_name":"\"Münster, Sebastian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00008381/images/index.html?seite=32"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie"},{"link_name":"\"Münster, Sebastian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016336/images/index.html?seite=555"},{"link_name":"Neue Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88309-044-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-044-1"}],"text":"Karl Heinz Burmeister: Sebastian Münster – Versuch eines biographischen Gesamtbildes. Basler Beiträge zur Geschichtswissenschaft, Band 91, Basel und Stuttgart 1963 und 1969.\nKarl Heinz Burmeister: Sebastian Münster – Eine Bibliographie. Wiesbaden 1964.\nRalf Kern: Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vol. 1. Cologne, 2010. pp. 307–311.\nHans Georg Wehrens: Freiburg in der „Cosmographia“ von Sebastian Münster (1549); in Freiburg im Breisgau 1504 m–1803, Holzschnitte und Kupferstiche. Verlag Herder, Freiburg 2004, S. 34 ff. ISBN 3-451-20633-1.\nGünther Wessel: Von einem, der daheim blieb, die Welt zu entdecken - Die Cosmographia des Sebastian Münster oder Wie man sich vor 500 Jahren die Welt vorstellte. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt 2004, ISBN 3-593-37198-7.\nLudwig Geiger (1886), \"Münster, Sebastian\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 23, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 30–33\nClaus Priesner (1997), \"Münster, Sebastian\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 18, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 539–541\nWerner Raupp: MÜNSTER, Sebastian. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 6, Bautz, Herzberg 1993, ISBN 3-88309-044-1, Sp. 316–326 (with detailed bibliography).","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Portrait of Sebastian Münster by Christoph Amberger, c. 1552","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portrait_of_the_Cosmographer_Sebastien_Munster_WGA.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_the_Cosmographer_Sebastien_Munster_WGA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Münster's Cosmographia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cosmographia_%28Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster%29_706.jpg/150px-Cosmographia_%28Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster%29_706.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tabula Novarum Insularum, 1540","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Munster_Tabula_Novarum_Insularum_1540_UTA.jpg/220px-Munster_Tabula_Novarum_Insularum_1540_UTA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Novae lnsulae XXVI Nova Tabula (1552)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Back_side_of_map_Novae_lnsulae_XXVI_Nova_Tabula._CTASC.jpg/220px-Back_side_of_map_Novae_lnsulae_XXVI_Nova_Tabula._CTASC.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nussbaum
Mike Nussbaum
["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 Recognition","5 Filmography","6 References","7 External links"]
American actor and director (1923–2023) Mike NussbaumBornMyron G. Nussbaum(1923-12-29)December 29, 1923New York City, U.S.DiedDecember 23, 2023(2023-12-23) (aged 99)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.Years active1950–2023Spouses Annette Brenner ​ ​(m. 1949; died 2003)​ Julie Brudlos ​(m. 2004)​ Children3, including Susan and Karen Myron G. Nussbaum (December 29, 1923 – December 23, 2023) was an American actor and director. Early years Nussbaum was born in New York City to a Jewish family on December 29, 1923, and grew up in the Albany Park area of Chicago. He married soon after he returned to Chicago following military service during World War II. His Army assignments included being chief of the message center for General Dwight D. Eisenhower, in which he dispatched the official notification of Germany's surrender. For 20 years, he worked with his brother-in-law in an extermination business. Career Nussbaum's acting career started in community theatre in the 1950s. In the 1960s, he was active in a developing professional theatrical community in Chicago, meeting a young David Mamet in the process. He appeared in many of Mamet's plays both on and off Broadway, as well as in Chicago. His films include Field of Dreams, House of Games, Things Change, Fatal Attraction and Men In Black. As a director, his work has included Where Have You Gone, Jimmy Stewart? (2002) by Art Shay. Nussbaum also appeared in local TV commercials for Chicago's Northwest Federal Savings (with the jingle, "It's Northwest Federal Savings time, sixty-three hours a week"). He also did national commercials for United Airlines and Scope mouthwash. Nussbaum continued to act through his 90s, and he was still working on theatre projects up until his death in 2023. Personal life and death Nussbaum was married to Annette Brenner from 1949 until her death in 2003. He married Julie Brudlos in 2004. He had three children with his first wife, Jack, Karen, and Susan. Nussbaum died at his Chicago home on December 23, 2023, six days shy of attaining age 100. Recognition Nussbaum received the following Jeff Awards: Year Award Play 1977 Director - Play Lunching 1997 Actor in a Principal Role - Play Racing Demon 2001 Special Award --- 2011 Actor in a Supporting Role - Play Broadway Bound 2014 Actor in a Supporting Role - Play Smokefall 2015 Actor in a Supporting Role - Play The Price Filmography The Monitors (1969) as Exercise Chief T.R. Baskin (1971) as Office Manager Harry and Tonto (1974) as Old Age Home Clerk Towing (1978) as Phil House of Games (1987) as Joey Fatal Attraction (1987) as Bob Drimmer Things Change (1988) as Mr. Green Field of Dreams (1989) as Principal Desperate Hours (1990) as Mr. Nelson Gladiator (1992) as Doctor Gypsy (1993) as Weber, Los Angeles Theatre Manager Losing Isaiah (1995) as Dr. Jamison Steal Big Steal Little (1995) as Sam Barlow, Clifford Downey's Attorney Men In Black (1997) as Gentle Rosenberg Early Edition (1997) - Yuri Rosanov The Game of Their Lives (2005) as Johnny Abruzzo Dirty Work (2006) as Gaga Osso Bucco (2008) as Uncle Sil Tom of Your Life (2020) as Father McMurphy Fast & Furious 3 References ^ "Myron "Mike" Nussbaum | Heather Eidson Photography and Media". heathereidson.photoshelter.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021. ^ Green, Penelope (December 29, 2023). "Mike Nussbaum, Celebrated Chicago Theater Actor, Dies at 99". The New York Times. Retrieved January 1, 2024. ^ "Mike Nussbaum, the Oldest Working Jewish Actor, Tells All." Hodes, Laura. The Jewish Daily Forward. Forward.com Published November 9, 2015. Accessed February 25, 2016. ^ Simon, Scott. "At 94, Mike Nussbaum Is The Oldest Working Stage Actor In Show Biz". NPR. Retrieved April 17, 2022. ^ a b c Hansen, Stephen E. "Mike Nussbaum Is 90 and Can Do More Pushups than You". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved November 1, 2021. ^ a b Zell, Fran (December 23, 1977). "Mike Nussbaum prefers to direct his energies here". Chicago Tribune. Illinois, Chicago. p. 19wpn. Retrieved August 10, 2019. ^ "North West Federal Savings - "63 Hours a Week!" (Commercial, 1977)". Youtube. ^ a b Jones, Chris. "Chicago actor Mike Nussbaum dies at 99, the oldest working actor in the country". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 23, 2023. ^ Steinberg, Neil (April 25, 2019). "Not only the oldest but one of the best: Mike Nussbaum on acting at 95". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020. ^ Groark, Virginia (April 7, 2003). "Activist, fun-loving mom, grandma". Chicago Tribune. Illinois, Chicago. p. Section 4, P 11. Retrieved November 1, 2021. ^ Tribune, Nina Metz, Special to the (September 4, 2005). "Mike Nussbaum going strong". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved November 1, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Archives". The Joseph Jefferson Awards. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018. ^ imdb.com. Accessed January 8, 2023. External links Personal remembrances Illinois Arts Alliance Arts Legend citation Goodman Theatre Artist Bio Mike Nussbaum Is 90 and Can Do More Pushups than You Mike Nussbaum at IMDb Mike Nussbaum Papers at the Newberry Library Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Myron G. Nussbaum (December 29, 1923 – December 23, 2023) was an American actor and director.","title":"Mike Nussbaum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Albany Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Park,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"General Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-5"}],"text":"Nussbaum was born in New York City to a Jewish family on December 29, 1923,[2][3][4] and grew up in the Albany Park area of Chicago. He married soon after he returned to Chicago following military service during World War II. His Army assignments included being chief of the message center for General Dwight D. Eisenhower, in which he dispatched the official notification of Germany's surrender. For 20 years, he worked with his brother-in-law in an extermination business.[5]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Mamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mamet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-5"},{"link_name":"Field of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"House of Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Games"},{"link_name":"Things Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Change_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fatal Attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Attraction"},{"link_name":"Men In Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Black_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Art Shay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Shay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct122377-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct122377-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Nussbaum's acting career started in community theatre in the 1950s. In the 1960s, he was active in a developing professional theatrical community in Chicago, meeting a young David Mamet in the process.[5] He appeared in many of Mamet's plays both on and off Broadway, as well as in Chicago. His films include Field of Dreams, House of Games, Things Change, Fatal Attraction and Men In Black.As a director, his work has included Where Have You Gone, Jimmy Stewart? (2002) by Art Shay.Nussbaum also appeared in local TV commercials for Chicago's Northwest Federal Savings[6] (with the jingle, \"It's Northwest Federal Savings time, sixty-three hours a week\").[7] He also did national commercials for United Airlines and Scope mouthwash.[6]Nussbaum continued to act through his 90s, and he was still working on theatre projects up until his death in 2023.[8][9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct040703-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Karen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Nussbaum"},{"link_name":"Susan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Nussbaum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-8"}],"text":"Nussbaum was married to Annette Brenner from 1949 until her death in 2003.[10] He married Julie Brudlos in 2004.[11] He had three children with his first wife, Jack, Karen, and Susan.[5]Nussbaum died at his Chicago home on December 23, 2023, six days shy of attaining age 100.[8]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Award"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ja-12"}],"text":"Nussbaum received the following Jeff Awards:[12]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monitors_(film)"},{"link_name":"T.R. Baskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.R._Baskin"},{"link_name":"Harry and Tonto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_and_Tonto"},{"link_name":"Towing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towing_(film)"},{"link_name":"House of Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Games"},{"link_name":"Fatal Attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Attraction"},{"link_name":"Things Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Change_(film)"},{"link_name":"Field of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Desperate Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperate_Hours"},{"link_name":"Gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Gypsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Losing Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losing_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"Steal Big Steal Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steal_Big_Steal_Little"},{"link_name":"Men In Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Black_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Early Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Edition"},{"link_name":"The Game of Their Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_of_Their_Lives_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Tom of Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_of_Your_Life"}],"text":"The Monitors (1969) as Exercise Chief\nT.R. Baskin (1971) as Office Manager\nHarry and Tonto (1974) as Old Age Home Clerk\nTowing (1978) as Phil\nHouse of Games (1987) as Joey\nFatal Attraction (1987) as Bob Drimmer\nThings Change (1988) as Mr. Green\nField of Dreams (1989) as Principal\nDesperate Hours (1990) as Mr. Nelson\nGladiator (1992) as Doctor\nGypsy (1993) as Weber, Los Angeles Theatre Manager [13]\nLosing Isaiah (1995) as Dr. Jamison\nSteal Big Steal Little (1995) as Sam Barlow, Clifford Downey's Attorney\nMen In Black (1997) as Gentle Rosenberg\nEarly Edition (1997) - Yuri Rosanov\nThe Game of Their Lives (2005) as Johnny Abruzzo\nDirty Work (2006) as Gaga\nOsso Bucco (2008) as Uncle Sil\nTom of Your Life (2020) as Father McMurphy\nFast & Furious 3","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Myron \"Mike\" Nussbaum | Heather Eidson Photography and Media\". heathereidson.photoshelter.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211216032501/https://heathereidson.photoshelter.com/image/I0000aY8WoFhkShg","url_text":"\"Myron \"Mike\" Nussbaum | Heather Eidson Photography and Media\""},{"url":"https://heathereidson.photoshelter.com/image/I0000aY8WoFhkShg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Green, Penelope (December 29, 2023). \"Mike Nussbaum, Celebrated Chicago Theater Actor, Dies at 99\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://nytimes.com/2023/12/29/theater/mike-nussbaum-dead.html","url_text":"\"Mike Nussbaum, Celebrated Chicago Theater Actor, Dies at 99\""}]},{"reference":"Simon, Scott. \"At 94, Mike Nussbaum Is The Oldest Working Stage Actor In Show Biz\". NPR. Retrieved April 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/29/652736839/the-oldest-working-stage-actor-in-show-biz","url_text":"\"At 94, Mike Nussbaum Is The Oldest Working Stage Actor In Show Biz\""}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Stephen E. \"Mike Nussbaum Is 90 and Can Do More Pushups than You\". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved November 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/October-2014/Mike-Nussbaum/","url_text":"\"Mike Nussbaum Is 90 and Can Do More Pushups than You\""}]},{"reference":"Zell, Fran (December 23, 1977). \"Mike Nussbaum prefers to direct his energies here\". Chicago Tribune. Illinois, Chicago. p. 19wpn. Retrieved August 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34738665/mike_nussbaum/","url_text":"\"Mike Nussbaum prefers to direct his energies here\""}]},{"reference":"\"North West Federal Savings - \"63 Hours a Week!\" (Commercial, 1977)\". Youtube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1F2hLT94PWQ","url_text":"\"North West Federal Savings - \"63 Hours a Week!\" (Commercial, 1977)\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Chris. \"Chicago actor Mike Nussbaum dies at 99, the oldest working actor in the country\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/ct-ent-mike-nussbaum-chicago-actor-dies-hold-20231223-o2gsp5hbtncujjobygpvzzdaqu-story.html","url_text":"\"Chicago actor Mike Nussbaum dies at 99, the oldest working actor in the country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, Neil (April 25, 2019). \"Not only the oldest but one of the best: Mike Nussbaum on acting at 95\". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200204015232/https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2019/4/25/18619316/not-only-the-oldest-but-one-of-the-best-mike-nussbaum-on-acting-at-95","url_text":"\"Not only the oldest but one of the best: Mike Nussbaum on acting at 95\""},{"url":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2019/4/25/18619316/not-only-the-oldest-but-one-of-the-best-mike-nussbaum-on-acting-at-95","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Groark, Virginia (April 7, 2003). \"Activist, fun-loving mom, grandma\". Chicago Tribune. Illinois, Chicago. p. Section 4, P 11. Retrieved November 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003-04-07-0304070091-story.html","url_text":"\"Activist, fun-loving mom, grandma\""}]},{"reference":"Tribune, Nina Metz, Special to the (September 4, 2005). \"Mike Nussbaum going strong\". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved November 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2005-09-04-0509040497-story.html","url_text":"\"Mike Nussbaum going strong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archives\". The Joseph Jefferson Awards. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180928012936/https://www.jeffawards.org/archives?combine=Nussbaum&field_nomination_category_target_id=All&field_award_year_target_id=All&field_division_target_id=All&field_recipient_value=All","url_text":"\"Archives\""},{"url":"https://www.jeffawards.org/archives?combine=Nussbaum&field_nomination_category_target_id=All&field_award_year_target_id=All&field_division_target_id=All&field_recipient_value=All","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral_Cup
1979 Amílcar Cabral Cup
["1 Group stage","1.1 Group A","1.2 Group B","2 Knockout stage","2.1 Semi-finals","2.2 Third place match","2.3 Final","3 References"]
1979 Amílcar Cabral CupTournament detailsHost countryGuinea BissauDatesJanuary 7–14Teams7Venue(s) (in 1 host city)Final positionsChampions Senegal (1st title)Runners-up MaliThird place GuineaTournament statisticsMatches played13Goals scored36 (2.77 per match)1980 → International football competition The 1979 Amílcar Cabral Cup, the first edition of the tournament, was held in Bissau, Guinea Bissau. Group stage Group A Team Pts Pld W D L GF GA GD  Mali 6 3 3 0 0 6 2 +4  Guinea 3 3 1 1 1 5 3 +2  Gambia 3 3 1 1 1 4 3 +1  Mauritania 0 3 0 0 3 4 11 –7 Jan 8, 1979 Mali 1 – 0 Guinea Jan 8, 1979 Gambia 3 – 1 Mauritania Jan 10, 1979 Mali 1 – 0 Gambia Jan 10, 1979 Guinea 4 – 1 Mauritania Jan 12, 1979 Guinea 1 – 1 Gambia Jan 12, 1979 Mali 4 – 2 Mauritania Group B Team Pts Pld W D L GF GA GD  Senegal 4 2 2 0 0 3 0 +3  Guinea-Bissau 2 2 1 0 1 3 2 +1  Cape Verde 0 2 0 0 2 0 4 –4 Jan 7, 1979 Guinea-Bissau 3 – 0 Cape Verde Jan 9, 1979 Senegal 1 – 0 Cape Verde Jan 11, 1979 Senegal 2 – 0 Guinea-Bissau Knockout stage Semi-finals Jan 13, 1979 Mali 1 – 1 (4 – 2 pen.) Guinea-Bissau Jan 13, 1979 Senegal 3 – 1 Guinea Third place match Jan 14, 1979 Guinea 2 – 2 (5 – 4 pen.) Guinea-Bissau Final Jan 14, 1979 Senegal 1 – 0 Mali References RSSSF archives
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amílcar Cabral Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bissau"},{"link_name":"Guinea Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_Bissau"}],"text":"International football competitionThe 1979 Amílcar Cabral Cup, the first edition of the tournament, was held in Bissau, Guinea Bissau.","title":"1979 Amílcar Cabral Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Jan 8, 1979\nMali 1 – 0 GuineaJan 8, 1979\nGambia 3 – 1 MauritaniaJan 10, 1979\nMali 1 – 0 GambiaJan 10, 1979\nGuinea 4 – 1 MauritaniaJan 12, 1979\nGuinea 1 – 1 GambiaJan 12, 1979\nMali 4 – 2 Mauritania","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Jan 7, 1979\nGuinea-Bissau 3 – 0 Cape VerdeJan 9, 1979\nSenegal 1 – 0 Cape VerdeJan 11, 1979\nSenegal 2 – 0 Guinea-Bissau","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"Jan 13, 1979\nMali 1 – 1 (4 – 2 pen.) Guinea-BissauJan 13, 1979\nSenegal 3 – 1 Guinea","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Third place match","text":"Jan 14, 1979\nGuinea 2 – 2 (5 – 4 pen.) Guinea-Bissau","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"Jan 14, 1979\nSenegal 1 – 0 Mali","title":"Knockout stage"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130426061641/http://rsssf.com/tablesa/amilcar-cabral.html#1979","external_links_name":"RSSSF archives"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Dane_Bernbach
DDB Worldwide
["1 History","1.1 Doyle Dane Bernbach","1.2 Needham Harper & Steers","1.3 Establishment of DDB Worldwide (1982–2006)","1.4 Longstanding client relationships","1.5 Leadership since 1986","2 Local office histories","2.1 London","2.2 Australia","2.3 Stockholm","2.4 Philippines","3 Recognition","4 References","5 External links"]
Marketing communication network company DDB Worldwide Communications Group LLCFormerlyDoyle Dane BernbachDDB NeedhamCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryAdvertising, public relationsFoundedJune 1, 1949; 75 years ago (1949-06-01)FoundersBill BernbachJames Edwin DoyleMaxwell DaneHeadquartersNew York City, United StatesArea servedWorldwideKey peopleAlex Lubar, global CEONumber of employees10,000+ParentOmnicom GroupWebsiteddb.com DDB Worldwide Communications Group LLC, known internationally as DDB, is a worldwide marketing communications network. It is owned by Omnicom Group, one of the world's largest advertising holding companies. The international advertising networks Doyle Dane Bernbach and Needham Harper merged their worldwide agency operations to become DDB Needham in 1986. At that same time the owners of Doyle Dane Bernbach, Needham Harper and BBDO merged their shareholdings to form the US listed holding company Omnicom. In 1996, DDB Needham became known as DDB Worldwide. History Doyle Dane Bernbach Bill Bernbach and Ned Doyle worked together at Grey Advertising in New York, where Bernbach was Creative Director. In 1949, they teamed up with Mac Dane, who was running a tiny agency. Together they started Doyle Dane Bernbach in Manhattan. Dane ran the administrative and promotional aspects of the business, Doyle had a client focus, and Bernbach played an integral role in the writing of advertising, leading the creative output of the agency. The agency's first ads were for Ohrbach's department store exemplifying a new "soft-sell" approach to advertising - with catchy slogans and witty humour contrasting the repetitive and hard-sell style in vogue until then. The new agency was initially successful in winning business for clients with small budgets. Their campaigns for Volkswagen throughout the 1950s and 1960s were said to have revolutionized advertising. Notable campaigns included the 1959 Think Small series of Volkswagen advertisements, which was voted the No. 1 campaign of all time in Advertising Age's 1999 The Century of Advertising. In 1959, the firm created the character Juan Valdez for the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia. In 1960, the agency won the account of Avis, then the number-two auto rental company. The tongue-in-cheek approach, "We Try Harder Because We're Number 2," was a major success (and remains part of the company's slogan today: "We Try Harder"). The DDB "Daisy" campaign is considered to have been a significant factor in Lyndon B. Johnson's defeat of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election and landed Mac Dane on the infamous Nixon's Enemies List. 1972's Little Mikey commercial for Quaker Oats ran continuously in the United States for twelve years. A branch office was opened in Los Angeles in 1954. In 1961, DDB opened its first international office in West Germany to service Volkswagen. Significant growth came in the mid-1960s after the firm signed Mobil and the available budgets grew materially. Offices in London and other European locations were opened. Bernbach was appointed chairman and chief executive officer in 1968 when the agency was publicly listed; he became chairman of the executive committee in 1976. The impact of Doyle Dane Bernbach's creativity on advertising around the world, and the history of management crises that led to merger in 1986, are detailed in the book Nobody's Perfect: Bill Bernbach and the Golden Age of Advertising. Written by journalist Doris Willens, who was DDB's Director of Public Relations for 18 years, the book is based on oral histories and interviews with the three founders, the line of the agency's presidents, and key creative and account people. By 1986, four years after Bernbach's death, the agency group had worldwide billings of US$1.67B, 54 offices in 19 countries, and 3,400 employees, but showed profits declining 30% on the prior year. Needham Harper & Steers Needham Harper Worldwide started in Chicago in 1925 as Maurice H. Needham Co. with two clients and billings totalling $270,000. By 1934, it was named Needham, Louis and Brorby, Inc., with billings of US$1 million, had signed the Kraft Foods account and had opened a Hollywood office to service its clients' network radio program production needs. In 1951, the agency opened a New York office to concentrate on the rapidly expanding television industry. That office merged with Doherty, Clifford, Steers and Shenfield in 1965 and changed its name to Needham, Harper & Steers. The Chicago office grew with accounts such as the Morton Company, Household Finance Corporation, General Mills and Frigidaire. The firm won the Oklahoma gasoline account (later Esso, then ExxonMobil) after research indicated that American drivers wanted both power and play, and copywriter Sandy Sulcer, working with psychologist Ernest Dichter, chose the tiger to symbolize that desire, which led to the campaign Put a Tiger in Your Tank. In 1966, the agency opened a Los Angeles office to handle the Continental Airlines business. An office was opened in Washington D.C. in 1971 initially to service some local McDonald's business. Soon, this agency was winning government and media business and an "Issues and Images" division was opened to service corporate public relations. This business would eventually become Biederman & Company. The agency worked on public service campaigns called Buckle Up for Safety as well as a traffic safety campaign entitled Watch Out For The Other Guy for the Advertising Council. Keith L. Reinhard came from Chicago to head the worldwide firm in 1982 and, by 1986, there were thirty two offices outside the US; American offices in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, Boston, Phoenix, Sacramento, San Diego, Baltimore and Dayton; and diversification in Porter Novelli, Biederman & Company and the international direct-response agency DR Group, Inc. Establishment of DDB Worldwide (1982–2006) Upon Bernbach's death in 1982, the firm's earnings fell to $1.7 million with some clients and top talent leaving. It had worldwide billings of $1.67 billion with 54 offices in 19 countries and 3,400 employees by 1986. The trend of hostile takeovers of public companies during the 1980s caused the firm to merge its worldwide operations with Chicago-based Needham Harper to become DDB Needham. That same year, the owners of Doyle Dane Bernbach, Needham Harper and BBDO agreed to merge their shareholdings to form the Omnicom Group as a United States-listed holding company, becoming the world's largest global advertising agency group at the time. It is referred to as the "Big-Bang" merger in direct response to competitive threats from other large advertising agency conglomerates. Keith L. Reinhard, who was previously at Needham Harper, became president and CEO of the merged DDB Needham. Reinhard reinvested in Bernbach's writings about advertising and the agency shifted its methods to relevancy, originality and impact for clients. By 1987, the firm's earnings were $358.5 million with $2.6 billion in billings. DDB Needham executives were among the fatalities in a whitewater rafting accident along the Chilko River in British Columbia, Canada in 1987. Its United States president Al Wolfe had planned the whitewater rafting excursion. By 1989, DDB Needham was the leading United States advertising agency in newspaper media billings. The firm started to guarantee the results of its advertising in 1990 which was questioned by the industry as compensation for campaigns was tied to clients meeting sales goals. It dropped from the third-largest to sixth-largest agency in the United States in 1993 with $229 million in earnings on $1.9 billion in billings. Billings grew in 1994 after the firm moved forward with a plan to centralize its media buying opening a branch called USA Media. DDB Canada opened in Vancouver in 1998 where Frank Palmer became its CEO after merging his own company Palmer Jarvis into DDB Worldwide. In 1999, DDB dropped Needham from its name on its fifty-year anniversary and became officially known as DDB Worldwide, a process that had started five years earlier. That same year, Reinhard became the firm's chairman with Ken Kaess taking over as president, later becoming the global CEO from 2001 to 2006. Since its foundation, DDB has been credited with staffing people of diverse ethnic backgrounds who found themselves unwelcome at other agencies. The firm hired Phyllis Robinson, the first female copywriter chief in United States history, amongst its initial team of 13. It uses a talent acquisition strategy known as "no duplicates" to look for professional, socio-economic and cultural diversity in employees to boost creativity. Longstanding client relationships Since Doyle Dane Bernbach commenced a US relationship with Volkswagen in 1959, it has been a consistent and significant client in various parts of the world. Needham Harper started working with McDonald's in the 1960s and that client has worked with DDB in several countries unceasingly since then. A global relationship with ExxonMobil has been consistent since the 1960s. As of 2020, longstanding broad worldwide relationships continue to be held with Unilever and Johnson & Johnson. Leadership since 1986 Presidents or Global CEOs since the formation of DDB Needham in 1986: Keith L. Reinhard 1986–1999 (then Chairman 1999–2018; Chairman Emeritus since 2018) Ken Kaess 1999–2006 (President 1999–2001; Global CEO 2001–2006) Chuck Brymer 2006–2018 (then Chairman 2018–2023) Wendy Clark 2018–2020 Martin O'Halloran 2020–2023 (then Chairman since 2023) Alex Lubar since 2023 Local office histories London At Omnicom's 1986 foundation, the merging Needham and Doyle Dane Bernbach operation each had London offices, with the latter having been established in 1963. Reinhard made six trips to London, fired most of the Needham managers, and put DDB managers in charge. By 1989, the operation was struggling and Omnicom acquired Boase Massimi Pollitt to consume the DDB operation and renamed it as BMP DDB. It operated under that name until January 2004 when it was changed to DDB London, in line with the network's decision to rebrand all agencies it had acquired. The agency struggled during 2006 with management problems and a string of account defections. Stability was restored in 2007, but the agency seemed unable to restore its lost billings. It continued to tumble down the UK agency rankings, ending up outside the Top 20 for 2010. In 2012, Adam & Eve DDB was created from the merger of DDB London with the fast-expanding independent Adam & Eve. Australia In Australia in 2020, DDB operates from Sydney and Melbourne. Both offices trace their history to the post-war foundation of United Services Publicity in Melbourne in 1945 by ex-servicemen rebuilding their careers. Founder John F. Barnes and other staff had worked antebellum at Samson Clark Price-Berry which closed down during WWII. United Services Publicity grew and in 1961 established international links when the British SH Benson group bought 25%. It was renamed USP Benson and opened in Sydney. Needham, Harper & Steers bought into USP Benson in 1967 and by 1971 had effected a name change to USP Needham. The 1986 creation of the Omnicom holding company saw the Australian merger of the Needham and Doyle Dane Bernbach operations and becoming known as DDB Needham in 1986, DDB Worldwide from 1998 then in 2019 back to Doyle Dane Bernbach. Australian agencies acquired at some point by USP Needham or DDB and which trace a lineage to DDB Australia today include the Sydney agencies SPASM; Bartlett, Murphy and McKenzie; Harriman and Hill; Beeby Advertising; Magnus, Nankervis & Curl; and the Melbourne agencies Berry Currie; Hyde Everett Fuller Kutt; Leonardi & Curtis; Walker Herbert & Associates; Nowland, Robinson & Perret; Kuczynski & Zeigler; Whybin Dery Barnes. Stockholm DDB Stockholm is one of the largest agencies in Sweden, with high-profile clients such as the Swedish Armed Forces, McDonald's, Telia, Volkswagen and Vattenfall. Nigeria Ddb have been in helpful over some years now and it make many companies while open in there business categories, during the advertising and marketing structure DDB have been in a place to assist each company a very highly recommendation over the years.2023 ddb have employed over 1,000+ and make over 1.2billion in sharing of data base and advertising marketing structures at Early 2024 January 5th ddb have rise more that 20,000 space for new employees.On may 5th 2024 ddb have wish to expand the income generated from advertising structure to help more people to participate in the new launching Base of massive income at the lowest rate of 5,500 for nwe register member to earn massively during the futures of growing income. Philippines In 1958, the forerunner of DDB Group Philippines, the Advertising Marketing Associates (AMA) was formed by Antonio de Joya. The AMA became one of the leading advertising agencies of the Philippines before it became DDB Group Philippines in 1993. Today, DDB Group Philippines is operating in five different cities with at least 300 employees. In July 2023, DDB Philippines publicly apologized to the Department of Tourism (DOT) for using non-original stock footage of travel destinations in other countries for the campaign's promotional video. The DOT hired DDB Philippines for its latest tourism branding campaign. However, after the public apology, the DOT is now in the process of terminating the contract with DDB Philippines. Recognition In 1998, DDB Worldwide was named Ad Age's first-ever "Global Network of the Year" which it also won in 2003. Its Think Small series of Volkswagen advertisements was voted the number one campaign of all time in Advertising Age's 1999 The Century of Advertising. Under the leadership of Kaess, Bob Scarpelli and Lee Garfinkel, it won "Global Network of the Year" from Adweek in 2003 and 2004. Subsequently, its operating unit Tribal DDB became the first digital agency to be named "Global Network of the Year" by Ad Age. DDB Worldwide was recognized as "Network of the Year" at the 2023 Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity. It was the first time the firm had received the award. The firm also received "Most Effective Agency Network" for 2023 at the Effie Awards. Design and Art Direction (D&AD) recognized adam&eveDDB with "Agency of the Year" and DDB Worldwide as "Network of the Year" in 2023. References ^ "Advertising Age's Agency Family Trees 2008" (PDF). Adage.com. Retrieved 2015-11-30. ^ a b Bob Garfield (March 29, 1999). "Ad Age Advertising Century: The Top 100 Campaigns". Advertising Age. ^ "DDB welcomes back iconic Juan Valdez after 30-year absence". ^ "Daisy: The Complete History Of An Infamous And Iconic Ad - Part Three". Conelrad. Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2015-11-30. ^ New York Times, April 28, 1986. ^ D. Willens, Nobody's Perfect: Bill Bernbach and the Golden Age of Advertising, CreateSpace, New York, 2009. ^ Kaplan, David (January 23, 2004). "Sulcer, 77, Former DDB Needham Exec, Dies. (Frederick D. Sulcer) (Obituary)". AdWeek. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015. Retrieved 2011-10-03. ^ a b Kaplan, David (January 2004). "Sulcer, 77, Former DDB Needham Exec, Dies". all Business. Retrieved 2011-10-03. ^ "History of DDB Needham Worldwide". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2015-11-30. ^ "Twelve Big Ideas - The Advertising Council's Traffic Safety Campaign: "Watch Out For The Other Guy"". WARC. 1966. Retrieved 2011-10-03. ... In his speech at the American Association of Advertising Agencies (4A's) 1966 Central Region Annual Meeting, Frederick D. Sulcer from Needham, Harper & Steers shows how his agency developed the "Watch Out For The Other Guy" concept for the Traffic Safety Council. ^ Smith, James (October 12, 1966). "Agency Men Will Meet Tomorrow". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2013-03-19. Retrieved 2011-10-03. Campaigns that broke the mold of advertising w ... The Advertising Council's Traffic Safety Campaign Frederick D Sulcer Needham Harper & Steers ^ a b "DDB Needham Worldwide History". Funding Universe. ^ Archived February 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ "History of DDB Needham Worldwide". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2015-11-30. ^ "Rafting Accident Kills Five U.S. Advertising Executives". APNews.com. Associated Press. 3 August 1987. ^ Goldstein v. D.D.B. Needham Worldwide, 740 F. Supp. 461 (S.D. Ohio 1990). ^ Kozlowski, J.C. (March 1998). "Whitewater Rafting Waivers Illustrate an Expressed Assumption of Risk". NRPA Law Review. Retrieved September 10, 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ GmbH, finanzen net. "Frank Palmer Moves on from his Indelible DDB Legacy". markets.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2022-02-02. ^ a b c Elliott, Stuart (1 June 1999). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; DDB Worldwide hopes to build on the legacy of 50 years of industry innovation". The New York Times. ^ "Remembering Phyllis Robinson: The Original Mad Woman". New York Magazine. January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011. ^ Capper, Addison (6 March 2021). "How a New Team with DE&I at its Heart Is Fuelling Unexpected Creativity at DDB North America". Little Black Book. ^ Chevalier, Michel (2012). Luxury Brand Management. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-17176-9. ^ Archived February 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ "History of DDB Needham Worldwide". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2015-11-30. ^ "Adam & Eve DDB advertising profile". Adbrands.net. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-11-30. ^ Law Notices The Argus 24 May 1943 page 11 ^ a b "50 years in the making" DDB Needham Melb publication 1995 ^ Kulkarni, Shreyas (2024-04-08). "DDB global Prez & COO on turning clients into friends, helping friends like McDonald's in today's boycott age, and A.I." afaqs!. Retrieved 2024-06-05. ^ "Advertising Network of the Year: DDB Worldwide". www.campaignlive.co.uk. December 13, 2012. Retrieved 2024-06-05. ^ "Vattenfall Selects DDB as Lead Creative Agency for Europe". PR Newswire. March 17, 2011. Retrieved 2024-06-05. ^ "About Us". DDB Group Philippines. Retrieved 2023-07-03. ^ Corrales, Dona Z. Pazzibugan, Marlon Ramos, Nestor (2023-07-03). "Ad firm admits 'foreign stock footage' used in PH promo". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2023-07-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "DOT to terminate contract with ad agency after video blunder". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ Nudd, Tim (23 June 2023). "GUT, DDB, OMNICOM, SOMESUCH AND APPLE WIN FINAL PRIZES AT CANNES 2023". Ad Age. ^ "Agency Performance Review 2023: DDB North America". Campaign US. 11 April 2023. ^ "Adam&EveDDB Wins D&AD Agency Of The Year". Creative Salon. 27 May 2023. External links Official site of DDB Site of Tribal DDB, an interactive agency of DDB Worldwide Official site of the U.S. DDB Offices Latest news, account wins/losses and creative at Adbrands profile Archived 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine DDB's creative work and company info DDB Needham company history vteOmnicom GroupGlobal Advertising Brands BBDO (Proximity Worldwide Sellbytel) Tribal DDB) TBWA Worldwide (TBWA\Chiat\Day The Integer Group) National Advertising Agencies Goodby, Silverstein & Partners GSD&M Martin Williams Merkley+Partners Media ServicesOmnicom Media Group OMD (Manning Gottlieb OMD) Diversified Agency ServicesBrand Management Siegel + Gale Wolff Olins Direct and Digital Marketing CPM GMR Marketing RAPP Worldwide Organic Public Relations/Public Affairs FleishmanHillard Ketchum (Pleon) Porter Novelli Market Research Hall & Partners M/A/R/C Research Specialty Communications Doremus & Co. LatinWorks The Marketing Arm (Davie Brown Entertainment) Related Proposed merger of Publicis and Omnicom Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"Omnicom Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnicom_Group"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"BBDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBDO"}],"text":"DDB Worldwide Communications Group LLC, known internationally as DDB, is a worldwide marketing communications network. It is owned by Omnicom Group, one of the world's largest advertising holding companies.[1] The international advertising networks Doyle Dane Bernbach and Needham Harper merged their worldwide agency operations to become DDB Needham in 1986. At that same time the owners of Doyle Dane Bernbach, Needham Harper and BBDO merged their shareholdings to form the US listed holding company Omnicom. In 1996, DDB Needham became known as DDB Worldwide.","title":"DDB Worldwide"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Bernbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bernbach"},{"link_name":"Ned Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edwin_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Grey Advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Advertising"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Mac Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Dane"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Ohrbach's department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrbach%27s"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"Think Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_Small"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top100-2"},{"link_name":"Juan Valdez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Valdez"},{"link_name":"National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Coffee_Growers_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"\"Daisy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_(television_advertisement)"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"1964 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nixon's Enemies List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List"},{"link_name":"Little Mikey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mikey"},{"link_name":"Quaker Oats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Oats"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"Mobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Doris Willens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Willens"}],"sub_title":"Doyle Dane Bernbach","text":"Bill Bernbach and Ned Doyle worked together at Grey Advertising in New York, where Bernbach was Creative Director. In 1949, they teamed up with Mac Dane, who was running a tiny agency. Together they started Doyle Dane Bernbach in Manhattan. Dane ran the administrative and promotional aspects of the business, Doyle had a client focus, and Bernbach played an integral role in the writing of advertising, leading the creative output of the agency.The agency's first ads were for Ohrbach's department store exemplifying a new \"soft-sell\" approach to advertising - with catchy slogans and witty humour contrasting the repetitive and hard-sell style in vogue until then. The new agency was initially successful in winning business for clients with small budgets. Their campaigns for Volkswagen throughout the 1950s and 1960s were said to have revolutionized advertising. Notable campaigns included the 1959 Think Small series of Volkswagen advertisements, which was voted the No. 1 campaign of all time in Advertising Age's 1999 The Century of Advertising.[2] In 1959, the firm created the character Juan Valdez for the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia.[3] In 1960, the agency won the account of Avis, then the number-two auto rental company. The tongue-in-cheek approach, \"We Try Harder Because We're Number 2,\" was a major success (and remains part of the company's slogan today: \"We Try Harder\"). The DDB \"Daisy\" campaign is considered to have been a significant factor in Lyndon B. Johnson's defeat of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election[4] and landed Mac Dane on the infamous Nixon's Enemies List. 1972's Little Mikey commercial for Quaker Oats ran continuously in the United States for twelve years.A branch office was opened in Los Angeles in 1954. In 1961, DDB opened its first international office in West Germany to service Volkswagen. Significant growth came in the mid-1960s after the firm signed Mobil and the available budgets grew materially. Offices in London and other European locations were opened. Bernbach was appointed chairman and chief executive officer in 1968 when the agency was publicly listed; he became chairman of the executive committee in 1976.The impact of Doyle Dane Bernbach's creativity on advertising around the world, and the history of management crises that led to merger[5] in 1986, are detailed in the book Nobody's Perfect: Bill Bernbach and the Golden Age of Advertising.[6] Written by journalist Doris Willens, who was DDB's Director of Public Relations for 18 years, the book is based on oral histories and interviews with the three founders, the line of the agency's presidents, and key creative and account people. By 1986, four years after Bernbach's death, the agency group had worldwide billings of US$1.67B, 54 offices in 19 countries, and 3,400 employees, but showed profits declining 30% on the prior year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Kraft Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Foods"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Household Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Finance"},{"link_name":"General Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Mills"},{"link_name":"Frigidaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigidaire"},{"link_name":"Esso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso"},{"link_name":"ExxonMobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil"},{"link_name":"Sandy Sulcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_D._Sulcer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsC14-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsC13-8"},{"link_name":"Ernest Dichter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Dichter"},{"link_name":"tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"public service campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsC13-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsC21-10"},{"link_name":"Advertising Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Council"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsC51-11"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DC"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton"},{"link_name":"Porter Novelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Novelli"}],"sub_title":"Needham Harper & Steers","text":"Needham Harper Worldwide started in Chicago in 1925 as Maurice H. Needham Co. with two clients and billings totalling $270,000. By 1934, it was named Needham, Louis and Brorby, Inc., with billings of US$1 million, had signed the Kraft Foods account and had opened a Hollywood office to service its clients' network radio program production needs.In 1951, the agency opened a New York office to concentrate on the rapidly expanding television industry. That office merged with Doherty, Clifford, Steers and Shenfield in 1965 and changed its name to Needham, Harper & Steers. The Chicago office grew with accounts such as the Morton Company, Household Finance Corporation, General Mills and Frigidaire. The firm won the Oklahoma gasoline account (later Esso, then ExxonMobil) after research indicated that American drivers wanted both power and play, and copywriter Sandy Sulcer,[7][8] working with psychologist Ernest Dichter, chose the tiger to symbolize that desire, which led to the campaign Put a Tiger in Your Tank. In 1966, the agency opened a Los Angeles office to handle the Continental Airlines business.[9] An office was opened in Washington D.C. in 1971 initially to service some local McDonald's business. Soon, this agency was winning government and media business and an \"Issues and Images\" division was opened to service corporate public relations. This business would eventually become Biederman & Company. The agency worked on public service campaigns called Buckle Up for Safety[8] as well as a traffic safety campaign entitled Watch Out For The Other Guy[10] for the Advertising Council.[11]Keith L. Reinhard came from Chicago to head the worldwide firm in 1982 and, by 1986, there were thirty two offices outside the US; American offices in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, Boston, Phoenix, Sacramento, San Diego, Baltimore and Dayton; and diversification in Porter Novelli, Biederman & Company and the international direct-response agency DR Group, Inc.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-universe-12"},{"link_name":"BBDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBDO"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"whitewater rafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater_rafting"},{"link_name":"Chilko River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilko_River"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-universe-12"},{"link_name":"Frank Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Palmer_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times99-19"},{"link_name":"Ken Kaess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kaess"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times99-19"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times99-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of DDB Worldwide (1982–2006)","text":"Upon Bernbach's death in 1982, the firm's earnings fell to $1.7 million with some clients and top talent leaving. It had worldwide billings of $1.67 billion with 54 offices in 19 countries and 3,400 employees by 1986.[12]The trend of hostile takeovers of public companies during the 1980s caused the firm to merge its worldwide operations with Chicago-based Needham Harper to become DDB Needham. That same year, the owners of Doyle Dane Bernbach, Needham Harper and BBDO agreed to merge their shareholdings to form the Omnicom Group as a United States-listed holding company, becoming the world's largest global advertising agency group at the time. It is referred to as the \"Big-Bang\" merger in direct response to competitive threats from other large advertising agency conglomerates. Keith L. Reinhard, who was previously at Needham Harper, became president and CEO of the merged DDB Needham. Reinhard reinvested in Bernbach's writings about advertising and the agency shifted its methods to relevancy, originality and impact for clients. By 1987, the firm's earnings were $358.5 million with $2.6 billion in billings.[13][14]DDB Needham executives were among the fatalities in a whitewater rafting accident along the Chilko River in British Columbia, Canada in 1987.[15] Its United States president Al Wolfe had planned the whitewater rafting excursion.[16][17]By 1989, DDB Needham was the leading United States advertising agency in newspaper media billings. The firm started to guarantee the results of its advertising in 1990 which was questioned by the industry as compensation for campaigns was tied to clients meeting sales goals. It dropped from the third-largest to sixth-largest agency in the United States in 1993 with $229 million in earnings on $1.9 billion in billings. Billings grew in 1994 after the firm moved forward with a plan to centralize its media buying opening a branch called USA Media.[12] DDB Canada opened in Vancouver in 1998 where Frank Palmer became its CEO after merging his own company Palmer Jarvis into DDB Worldwide.[18] In 1999, DDB dropped Needham from its name on its fifty-year anniversary and became officially known as DDB Worldwide, a process that had started five years earlier.[19] That same year, Reinhard became the firm's chairman with Ken Kaess taking over as president, later becoming the global CEO from 2001 to 2006.[19]Since its foundation, DDB has been credited with staffing people of diverse ethnic backgrounds who found themselves unwelcome at other agencies. The firm hired Phyllis Robinson, the first female copywriter chief in United States history, amongst its initial team of 13.[19][20] It uses a talent acquisition strategy known as \"no duplicates\" to look for professional, socio-economic and cultural diversity in employees to boost creativity.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luxury-22"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"ExxonMobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil"},{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"Johnson & Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson"}],"sub_title":"Longstanding client relationships","text":"Since Doyle Dane Bernbach commenced a US relationship with Volkswagen in 1959, it has been a consistent and significant client in various parts of the world.[22] Needham Harper started working with McDonald's in the 1960s and that client has worked with DDB in several countries unceasingly since then. A global relationship with ExxonMobil has been consistent since the 1960s. As of 2020, longstanding broad worldwide relationships continue to be held with Unilever and Johnson & Johnson.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Kaess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kaess"},{"link_name":"Chuck Brymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Brymer"},{"link_name":"Martin O'Halloran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_O%27Halloran"}],"sub_title":"Leadership since 1986","text":"Presidents or Global CEOs since the formation of DDB Needham in 1986:Keith L. Reinhard 1986–1999 (then Chairman 1999–2018; Chairman Emeritus since 2018)\nKen Kaess 1999–2006 (President 1999–2001; Global CEO 2001–2006)\nChuck Brymer 2006–2018 (then Chairman 2018–2023)\nWendy Clark 2018–2020\nMartin O'Halloran 2020–2023 (then Chairman since 2023)\nAlex Lubar since 2023","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Local office histories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Boase Massimi Pollitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boase_Massimi_Pollitt"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"London","text":"At Omnicom's 1986 foundation, the merging Needham and Doyle Dane Bernbach operation each had London offices, with the latter having been established in 1963.[23] Reinhard made six trips to London, fired most of the Needham managers, and put DDB managers in charge.[24] By 1989, the operation was struggling and Omnicom acquired Boase Massimi Pollitt to consume the DDB operation and renamed it as BMP DDB. It operated under that name until January 2004 when it was changed to DDB London, in line with the network's decision to rebrand all agencies it had acquired. The agency struggled during 2006 with management problems and a string of account defections. Stability was restored in 2007, but the agency seemed unable to restore its lost billings. It continued to tumble down the UK agency rankings, ending up outside the Top 20 for 2010. In 2012, Adam & Eve DDB was created from the merger of DDB London with the fast-expanding independent Adam & Eve.[25]","title":"Local office histories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"WWII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWII"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-27"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"In Australia in 2020, DDB operates from Sydney and Melbourne. Both offices trace their history to the post-war foundation of United Services Publicity in Melbourne in 1945 by ex-servicemen rebuilding their careers. Founder John F. Barnes and other staff had worked antebellum at Samson Clark Price-Berry which closed down during WWII.[26] United Services Publicity grew and in 1961 established international links when the British SH Benson group bought 25%. It was renamed USP Benson and opened in Sydney. Needham, Harper & Steers bought into USP Benson in 1967 and by 1971 had effected a name change to USP Needham.[27] The 1986 creation of the Omnicom holding company saw the Australian merger of the Needham and Doyle Dane Bernbach operations and becoming known as DDB Needham in 1986, DDB Worldwide from 1998 then in 2019 back to Doyle Dane Bernbach.Australian agencies acquired at some point by USP Needham or DDB and which trace a lineage to DDB Australia today include the Sydney agencies SPASM; Bartlett, Murphy and McKenzie; Harriman and Hill; Beeby Advertising; Magnus, Nankervis & Curl; and the Melbourne agencies Berry Currie; Hyde Everett Fuller Kutt; Leonardi & Curtis; Walker Herbert & Associates; Nowland, Robinson & Perret; Kuczynski & Zeigler; Whybin Dery Barnes.[27]","title":"Local office histories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"Telia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telia_(company)"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"Vattenfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenfall"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Stockholm","text":"DDB Stockholm is one of the largest agencies in Sweden, with high-profile clients such as the Swedish Armed Forces, McDonald's, Telia, Volkswagen and Vattenfall.[28][29][30]Nigeria\nDdb have been in helpful over some years now and it make many companies while open in there business categories, during the advertising and marketing structure DDB have been in a place to assist each company a very highly recommendation over the years.2023 ddb have employed over 1,000+ and make over 1.2billion in sharing of data base and advertising marketing structures at Early 2024 January 5th ddb have rise more that 20,000 space for new employees.On may 5th 2024 ddb have wish to expand the income generated from advertising structure to help more people to participate in the new launching Base of massive income at the lowest rate of 5,500 for nwe register member to earn massively during the futures of growing income.","title":"Local office histories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Department of Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"stock footage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_footage"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"public apology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_apology"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Philippines","text":"In 1958, the forerunner of DDB Group Philippines, the Advertising Marketing Associates (AMA) was formed by Antonio de Joya. The AMA became one of the leading advertising agencies of the Philippines before it became DDB Group Philippines in 1993. Today, DDB Group Philippines is operating in five different cities with at least 300 employees.[31]In July 2023, DDB Philippines publicly apologized to the Department of Tourism (DOT) for using non-original stock footage of travel destinations in other countries for the campaign's promotional video.[32] The DOT hired DDB Philippines for its latest tourism branding campaign. However, after the public apology, the DOT is now in the process of terminating the contract with DDB Philippines.[33]","title":"Local office histories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Think Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_Small"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top100-2"},{"link_name":"Adweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adweek"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Design and Art Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_and_Art_Direction"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"In 1998, DDB Worldwide was named Ad Age's first-ever \"Global Network of the Year\" which it also won in 2003. Its Think Small series of Volkswagen advertisements was voted the number one campaign of all time in Advertising Age's 1999 The Century of Advertising.[2]Under the leadership of Kaess, Bob Scarpelli and Lee Garfinkel, it won \"Global Network of the Year\" from Adweek in 2003 and 2004. Subsequently, its operating unit Tribal DDB became the first digital agency to be named \"Global Network of the Year\" by Ad Age.DDB Worldwide was recognized as \"Network of the Year\" at the 2023 Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity. It was the first time the firm had received the award.[34] The firm also received \"Most Effective Agency Network\" for 2023 at the Effie Awards.[35] Design and Art Direction (D&AD) recognized adam&eveDDB with \"Agency of the Year\" and DDB Worldwide as \"Network of the Year\" in 2023.[36]","title":"Recognition"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Advertising Age's Agency Family Trees 2008\" (PDF). Adage.com. Retrieved 2015-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://adage.com/images/random/datacenter/2008/agencyfamilytrees08.pdf","url_text":"\"Advertising Age's Agency Family Trees 2008\""}]},{"reference":"Bob Garfield (March 29, 1999). \"Ad Age Advertising Century: The Top 100 Campaigns\". Advertising Age.","urls":[{"url":"http://adage.com/article/special-report-the-advertising-century/ad-age-advertising-century-top-100-campaigns/140918/","url_text":"\"Ad Age Advertising Century: The Top 100 Campaigns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_Age","url_text":"Advertising Age"}]},{"reference":"\"DDB welcomes back iconic Juan Valdez after 30-year absence\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.campaignlive.com/article/ddb-welcomes-back-iconic-juan-valdez-30-year-absence/1491632","url_text":"\"DDB welcomes back iconic Juan Valdez after 30-year absence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daisy: The Complete History Of An Infamous And Iconic Ad - Part Three\". Conelrad. Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2015-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190418101615/http://www.conelrad.com/daisy/daisy3.php","url_text":"\"Daisy: The Complete History Of An Infamous And Iconic Ad - Part Three\""},{"url":"http://www.conelrad.com/daisy/daisy3.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, David (January 23, 2004). \"Sulcer, 77, Former DDB Needham Exec, Dies. (Frederick D. Sulcer) (Obituary)\". AdWeek. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015. Retrieved 2011-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150914155910/http://business.highbeam.com/436953/article-1G1-112766289/sulcer-77-former-ddb-needham-exec-dies","url_text":"\"Sulcer, 77, Former DDB Needham Exec, Dies. (Frederick D. Sulcer) (Obituary)\""},{"url":"http://business.highbeam.com/436953/article-1G1-112766289/sulcer-77-former-ddb-needham-exec-dies","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, David (January 2004). \"Sulcer, 77, Former DDB Needham Exec, Dies\". all Business. Retrieved 2011-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing-advertising/4134172-1.html","url_text":"\"Sulcer, 77, Former DDB Needham Exec, Dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of DDB Needham Worldwide\". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2015-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/DDB-Needham-Worldwide-Company-History.html","url_text":"\"History of DDB Needham Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twelve Big Ideas - The Advertising Council's Traffic Safety Campaign: \"Watch Out For The Other Guy\"\". WARC. 1966. Retrieved 2011-10-03. ... In his speech at the American Association of Advertising Agencies (4A's) 1966 Central Region Annual Meeting, Frederick D. Sulcer from Needham, Harper & Steers shows how his agency developed the \"Watch Out For The Other Guy\" concept for the Traffic Safety Council.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.warc.com/Pages/Taxonomy/Results.aspx?q=&Area=Articles&Page=3&Tab=&DVals=&SourceOR=&DRange=&Filter=All&SubjectRef=1209&qr=","url_text":"\"Twelve Big Ideas - The Advertising Council's Traffic Safety Campaign: \"Watch Out For The Other Guy\"\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, James (October 12, 1966). \"Agency Men Will Meet Tomorrow\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2013-03-19. Retrieved 2011-10-03. Campaigns that broke the mold of advertising w ... The Advertising Council's Traffic Safety Campaign Frederick D Sulcer Needham Harper & Steers","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130319121117/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/587052472.html?dids=587052472:587052472&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+12%2C+1966&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=ADVERTISING%2FMARKETING&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Agency Men Will Meet Tomorrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/587052472.html?dids=587052472:587052472&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+12%2C+1966&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=ADVERTISING%2FMARKETING&pqatl=google","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DDB Needham Worldwide History\". Funding Universe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ddb-needham-worldwide-history/","url_text":"\"DDB Needham Worldwide History\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of DDB Needham Worldwide\". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2015-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ddb-needham-worldwide-history/","url_text":"\"History of DDB Needham Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rafting Accident Kills Five U.S. Advertising Executives\". APNews.com. Associated Press. 3 August 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/44b72bff427e8f91819f153b2817f558","url_text":"\"Rafting Accident Kills Five U.S. Advertising Executives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein v. D.D.B. Needham Worldwide","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kozlowski, J.C. (March 1998). \"Whitewater Rafting Waivers Illustrate an Expressed Assumption of Risk\". NRPA Law Review. Retrieved September 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://mason.gmu.edu/~jkozlows/p&r398.htm","url_text":"\"Whitewater Rafting Waivers Illustrate an Expressed Assumption of Risk\""}]},{"reference":"GmbH, finanzen net. \"Frank Palmer Moves on from his Indelible DDB Legacy\". markets.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2022-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/frank-palmer-moves-on-from-his-indelible-ddb-legacy-1027708924","url_text":"\"Frank Palmer Moves on from his Indelible DDB Legacy\""}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Stuart (1 June 1999). \"THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; DDB Worldwide hopes to build on the legacy of 50 years of industry innovation\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/01/business/media-business-advertising-ddb-worldwide-hopes-build-legacy-50-years-industry.html","url_text":"\"THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; DDB Worldwide hopes to build on the legacy of 50 years of industry innovation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Phyllis Robinson: The Original Mad Woman\". New York Magazine. January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/01/phyllis_robinson_was_the_origi.html","url_text":"\"Remembering Phyllis Robinson: The Original Mad Woman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Magazine","url_text":"New York Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Capper, Addison (6 March 2021). \"How a New Team with DE&I at its Heart Is Fuelling Unexpected Creativity at DDB North America\". Little Black Book.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbbonline.com/news/how-a-new-team-with-dei-at-its-heart-is-fuelling-unexpected-creativity-at-ddb-north-america","url_text":"\"How a New Team with DE&I at its Heart Is Fuelling Unexpected Creativity at DDB North America\""}]},{"reference":"Chevalier, Michel (2012). Luxury Brand Management. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-17176-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-17176-9","url_text":"978-1-118-17176-9"}]},{"reference":"\"History of DDB Needham Worldwide\". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2015-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ddb-needham-worldwide-history/","url_text":"\"History of DDB Needham Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adam & Eve DDB advertising profile\". Adbrands.net. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208160721/http://www.adbrands.net/uk/ddb_uk.htm","url_text":"\"Adam & Eve DDB advertising profile\""},{"url":"http://www.adbrands.net/uk/ddb_uk.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kulkarni, Shreyas (2024-04-08). \"DDB global Prez & COO on turning clients into friends, helping friends like McDonald's in today's boycott age, and A.I.\" afaqs!. Retrieved 2024-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/ddb-worldwide-prez-coo-on-turning-clients-into-friends-helping-friends-like-mcdonalds-in-todays-boycott-age-and-ai","url_text":"\"DDB global Prez & COO on turning clients into friends, helping friends like McDonald's in today's boycott age, and A.I.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advertising Network of the Year: DDB Worldwide\". www.campaignlive.co.uk. December 13, 2012. Retrieved 2024-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/advertising-network-year-ddb-worldwide/1164065?utm_source=website&utm_medium=social","url_text":"\"Advertising Network of the Year: DDB Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vattenfall Selects DDB as Lead Creative Agency for Europe\". PR Newswire. March 17, 2011. Retrieved 2024-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/vattenfall-selects-ddb-as-lead-creative-agency-for-europe-118160664.html","url_text":"\"Vattenfall Selects DDB as Lead Creative Agency for Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire","url_text":"PR Newswire"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". DDB Group Philippines. Retrieved 2023-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://ddb.com.ph/about/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Corrales, Dona Z. Pazzibugan, Marlon Ramos, Nestor (2023-07-03). \"Ad firm admits 'foreign stock footage' used in PH promo\". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2023-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1796372/ad-firm-admits-foreign-stock-footage-used-in-ph-promo","url_text":"\"Ad firm admits 'foreign stock footage' used in PH promo\""}]},{"reference":"\"DOT to terminate contract with ad agency after video blunder\". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/03/23/dot-to-terminate-contract-with-ad-agency-after-video-blunder","url_text":"\"DOT to terminate contract with ad agency after video blunder\""}]},{"reference":"Nudd, Tim (23 June 2023). \"GUT, DDB, OMNICOM, SOMESUCH AND APPLE WIN FINAL PRIZES AT CANNES 2023\". Ad Age.","urls":[{"url":"https://adage.com/article/special-report-cannes-lions/gut-ddb-omnicom-somesuch-and-apple-win-final-prizes-cannes-2023/2501421","url_text":"\"GUT, DDB, OMNICOM, SOMESUCH AND APPLE WIN FINAL PRIZES AT CANNES 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agency Performance Review 2023: DDB North America\". Campaign US. 11 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.campaignlive.com/article/agency-performance-review-2023-ddb-north-america/1817715","url_text":"\"Agency Performance Review 2023: DDB North America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adam&EveDDB Wins D&AD Agency Of The Year\". Creative Salon. 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://creative.salon/articles/features/d-ad-23-part-2","url_text":"\"Adam&EveDDB Wins D&AD Agency Of The Year\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowing_away
Stowaway
["1 Origin","1.1 In the United States","1.2 From 1843","2 By transport mode","2.1 Rail transportation","2.2 Land travel","2.3 Ship travel","2.4 Air travel","3 Legal consequences","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
One who transports oneself surreptitiously For other uses, see Stowaway (disambiguation). A stowaway on a tram in Astrakhan, Russia A shipping container in which 22 stowaways were found in the Port of Seattle A stowaway or clandestine traveller is a person who secretly boards a vehicle, such as a ship, an aircraft, a train, cargo truck or bus. Sometimes, the purpose is to get from one place to another without paying for transportation. In other cases, the goal is to enter another country without first obtaining a travel visa or other permission. Stowaways differ from people smuggling in that the stowaway needs to avoid detection by the truck driver, ship crew, and others responsible for the safe and secure operation of the transportation service. Thousands of stowaways have travelled by sea or land over the last several centuries. A much smaller number of people have attempted to stowaway on aircraft. Many stowaways have died during the attempt, especially in cases of train surfing and wheel-well stowaway flights. Origin The word takes its origin with the expression stow away. This stow away expression is old and was used for things (such as food), such usage is seen for instance in the 1689 book A New Voyage Round the World, Volume 1 or 1637 Journals of the House of Lords, Volume 11. The word was also used (later) for people. This gave names such as stow-aways, when the correct current name in modern English language is stowaway. Depending on the circumstances, people were stowed away in order to hide themselves, or to be transported as slaves. The concept of people hiding is not so recent; it was yet forbidden (and so known) in 1748 by king of Spain, under the polizón denomination. In the United States The US legislation set up a stowaway concept in 1850. Previously, entry into the territory was free and the stowaway word might be older. In 1891, the new US legislation required the boat to pay the return travel for people not admitted in US, even if stowaways were still admitted. 474 stowaways arrived in US in fiscal year 1910, and 528 next year. In 1917, a new legislation defined a list of excludable aliens, including stowaways. Several stowaways arrived in United States by boat during the first half of twentieth century; they were paying for 25 to 30 dollars to travel. From 1843 The Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic, 1965, as amended, (The FAL Convention), define stowaway as"A person who is secreted on a ship, or in cargo which is subsequently loaded on the ship, without the consent of the shipowner or the master or any other responsible person and who is detected on board the ship after it has departed from a port, or in the cargo while unloading it in the port of arrival, and is reported as a stowaway by the master to the appropriate authorities".Unnoticed by the captain, crew, port officials and customs authorities, stowaways may gain access to a ship with or without the assistance of port personnel. Once on board the ship, stowaways hide in empty containers, cargo holds, tanks, tunnels, behind false panels, stores, accommodation areas, engine rooms, void spaces, cranes and chain lockers. The presence of stowaways on board ships may bring serious consequences for ships and, by extension, to the shipping industry as a whole; the ship could be delayed in port; the repatriation of stowaways can be a very complex and costly procedure involving masters, shipowners, port authorities and agents, and the life of stowaways could be endangered as they may spend several days hidden, with the risk of suffocation and without any food or water. By transport mode Rail transportation See also: Freighthopping and Hobo Some undocumented migrants travel around Europe in trucks and trains without being detected. A number of them try to get to other European countries, such as France and the United Kingdom. Land travel Stowaways sometimes hide themselves in vehicles such as cargo trucks to get between cities. Although this is also done by migrants who have paid the driver, it is also done by individuals hiding from the driver. In some places, drivers are legally responsible for making sure that stowaways do not board their vehicles, and can be fined or jailed if they do not detect and remove a stowaway when crossing national borders. A Finnish stowaway caught illegally entering the United States, photographed on Ellis Island, 1926.Original caption: The desire to come to America must have been very strong for this young man to face all sorts of uncertainties. Ship travel Stowaways on sailing ships and on steamships made this way of illicit travel known throughout the world. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries poor, would-be emigrants and travelers seeking adventure for no cost helped to make it seem romantic. Noted stowaways to America by steamship have included Henry Armetta, Bruno Richard Hauptmann, Willem de Kooning, Jan Valtin, and Florentino Das. Air travel Further information: List of wheel-well stowaway flights Poor perimeter security at a number of airports around the world can make it easier for people to stow away on planes. Stowaways in aircraft wheel wells face numerous health risks, many of which are fatal: being mangled when the undercarriage retracts, tinnitus, deafness, hypothermia, hypoxia, frostbite, acidosis and finally falling when the doors of the compartment reopen. The landing gear compartment is not equipped with heating, pressure or oxygen, which are vital for survival at a high altitude. According to experts, at 18,000 feet (5,500 m), hypoxia causes lightheadedness, weakness, vision impairment and tremors. By 22,000 feet (6,700 m) the oxygen level of the blood drops and the person will struggle to stay conscious. Above 33,000 feet (10,000 m) their lungs would need artificial pressure to operate normally. The temperature could drop as low as −63 °C (−81 °F) which causes severe hypothermia. Those stowaways who managed to not be crushed by the retracting undercarriage or killed by the deadly conditions would most likely be unconscious when the compartment door re-opens during the approach and fall several thousand feet to their deaths. David Learmount, an aviation expert of Flight International, told BBC about a lot of ignorance in this area. He suggested that no one would be willing to risk such a journey having full understanding of this kind of ordeal. Stowaways who survived usually travelled relatively short distances or at a low altitude. Two cases are known of people who survived at an altitude of about 38,000 feet (12,000 m) – a man on an 8-hour flight, whose body core temperature fell to 79 °F (26 °C), and a 16-year-old boy who was unharmed by a 5.5 hour flight, despite losing consciousness. Almost all aircraft stowaways are male. In 1965, Brian Robson attempted to mail himself in a crate on a flight from Melbourne, Australia to London. The flight was diverted to Los Angeles, where he was discovered after four days in the crate. In one reported case, in 2003, a young man mailed himself in a large box and had it shipped on UPS planes from New York City to Texas. He survived because the box travelled in a pressurized hold of an aircraft. From 1947 until September 2012, there were 96 known stowaway attempts worldwide in wheel wells of 85 separate flights, which resulted in 73 deaths with only 23 survivors. Legal consequences Stowaways may risk being fined or imprisoned, since it is illegal in most jurisdictions to embark on aircraft, boats or trains as stowaways. Airports, sea ports and train stations are typically marked as "no trespassing" or "private property" zones to anyone but customers and employees. Seaports, train stations, and airports often attempt further security by designating restricted areas with signs saying "Authorized Personnel Only". Since the September 11 attacks, it has become more difficult to be a stowaway on board transportation arriving to or departing from the United States. Airport security has dramatically increased, and among the new security measures is trained professionals watching over the fences from which stowaways usually gain entrance to an airport's runway. See also Francis of Assisi, patron saint of, among other things, stowaways Deadly Voyage Freedom of Movement Human mail Illegal emigration Marilyn Hartman Perce Blackborow Train surfing (Freighthopping) Air Canada masked stowaway case References ^ "What is a stowaway? | Sealand Support". PR Fire. Retrieved 2021-02-07. ^ a b c d Inc, Ancestry. "Ancestry magazine". Ancestry Inc – via Google Books. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) ^ International, Rotary (1 October 1921). "The Rotarian". Rotary International – via Google Books. ^ "Stowaways". imo.org. International Maritime Organization. Retrieved February 8, 2015. ^ Halliday, Josh (31 July 2015). "Cameron chairs Cobra meeting after overnight standoff in Calais". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 June 2017. ^ "How are lorries checked for concealed migrants?". BBC News. 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2020-01-09. ^ "Legend from Hine's study". 18 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2023. ^ "'He's a lost soul': mystery of man who fell to earth from plane". AP. The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kelly, Jon (September 13, 2012). "How often do plane stowaways fall from the sky?". BBC News. Retrieved September 13, 2012. ^ Stowaway Found Alive in Jet's Wheel Well ^ 16-year-old Survives in Wheel Well of Maui Flight ^ Murphy, Heather (2021-04-14). "A Man Who Shipped Himself in a Crate Wants to Find the Men Who Helped". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-12. ^ Hannaford, Alex (29 August 2004), "The crate escape", The Guardian External links Survival at high altitudes: wheel-well passengers Aviat Space Environ Med. 1996 Aug;67(8):784-6 The 1996 study was updated and published by The Flight Safety Foundation in 1997 Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States
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In some places, drivers are legally responsible for making sure that stowaways do not board their vehicles, and can be fined or jailed if they do not detect and remove a stowaway when crossing national borders.[6]A Finnish stowaway caught illegally entering the United States, photographed on Ellis Island, 1926.Original caption: The desire to come to America must have been very strong for this young man to face all sorts of uncertainties.[7]","title":"By transport mode"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Armetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Armetta"},{"link_name":"Bruno Richard Hauptmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Richard_Hauptmann"},{"link_name":"Willem de Kooning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning"},{"link_name":"Jan Valtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Valtin"},{"link_name":"Florentino Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentino_Das"}],"sub_title":"Ship travel","text":"Stowaways on sailing ships and on steamships made this way of illicit travel known throughout the world. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries poor, would-be emigrants and travelers seeking adventure for no cost helped to make it seem romantic. Noted stowaways to America by steamship have included Henry Armetta, Bruno Richard Hauptmann, Willem de Kooning, Jan Valtin, and Florentino Das.","title":"By transport mode"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of wheel-well stowaway flights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wheel-well_stowaway_flights"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"tinnitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnitus"},{"link_name":"deafness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deafness"},{"link_name":"hypothermia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxic_hypoxia"},{"link_name":"frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite"},{"link_name":"acidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidosis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-9"},{"link_name":"lightheadedness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightheadedness"},{"link_name":"vision impairment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_impairment"},{"link_name":"tremors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-9"},{"link_name":"Flight International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-9"},{"link_name":"Brian Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Robson"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"UPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-9"}],"sub_title":"Air travel","text":"Further information: List of wheel-well stowaway flightsPoor perimeter security at a number of airports around the world can make it easier for people to stow away on planes.[8]Stowaways in aircraft wheel wells face numerous health risks, many of which are fatal: being mangled when the undercarriage retracts, tinnitus, deafness, hypothermia, hypoxia, frostbite, acidosis and finally falling when the doors of the compartment reopen.[9] The landing gear compartment is not equipped with heating, pressure or oxygen, which are vital for survival at a high altitude.[9] According to experts, at 18,000 feet (5,500 m), hypoxia causes lightheadedness, weakness, vision impairment and tremors. By 22,000 feet (6,700 m) the oxygen level of the blood drops and the person will struggle to stay conscious.[9] Above 33,000 feet (10,000 m) their lungs would need artificial pressure to operate normally.[9] The temperature could drop as low as −63 °C (−81 °F) which causes severe hypothermia.[9] Those stowaways who managed to not be crushed by the retracting undercarriage or killed by the deadly conditions would most likely be unconscious when the compartment door re-opens during the approach and fall several thousand feet to their deaths.[9]David Learmount, an aviation expert of Flight International, told BBC about a lot of ignorance in this area. He suggested that no one would be willing to risk such a journey having full understanding of this kind of ordeal.[9] Stowaways who survived usually travelled relatively short distances or at a low altitude.[9] Two cases are known of people who survived at an altitude of about 38,000 feet (12,000 m) – a man on an 8-hour flight, whose body core temperature fell to 79 °F (26 °C),[10] and a 16-year-old boy who was unharmed by a 5.5 hour flight, despite losing consciousness.[11] Almost all aircraft stowaways are male.[9]In 1965, Brian Robson attempted to mail himself in a crate on a flight from Melbourne, Australia to London. The flight was diverted to Los Angeles, where he was discovered after four days in the crate.[12] In one reported case, in 2003, a young man mailed himself in a large box and had it shipped on UPS planes from New York City to Texas. He survived because the box travelled in a pressurized hold of an aircraft.[13]From 1947 until September 2012, there were 96 known stowaway attempts worldwide in wheel wells of 85 separate flights, which resulted in 73 deaths with only 23 survivors.[9]","title":"By transport mode"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"},{"link_name":"ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"train stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_station"},{"link_name":"trespassing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass"},{"link_name":"private property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_property"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"}],"text":"Stowaways may risk being fined or imprisoned, since it is illegal in most jurisdictions to embark on aircraft, boats or trains as stowaways. Airports, sea ports and train stations are typically marked as \"no trespassing\" or \"private property\" zones to anyone but customers and employees. Seaports, train stations, and airports often attempt further security by designating restricted areas with signs saying \"Authorized Personnel Only\".Since the September 11 attacks, it has become more difficult to be a stowaway on board transportation arriving to or departing from the United States. Airport security has dramatically increased, and among the new security measures is trained professionals watching over the fences from which stowaways usually gain entrance to an airport's runway.","title":"Legal consequences"}]
[{"image_text":"A stowaway on a tram in Astrakhan, Russia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Astrakhan_trams%2C_1041_stowaway.jpg/220px-Astrakhan_trams%2C_1041_stowaway.jpg"},{"image_text":"A shipping container in which 22 stowaways were found in the Port of Seattle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chinasmuggle_lg.jpg/220px-Chinasmuggle_lg.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Finnish stowaway caught illegally entering the United States, photographed on Ellis Island, 1926.Original caption: The desire to come to America must have been very strong for this young man to face all sorts of uncertainties.[7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hine_Finnish_Stowaway_Ellis_Island_1926.jpg/205px-Hine_Finnish_Stowaway_Ellis_Island_1926.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Francis of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi"},{"title":"Deadly Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_Voyage"},{"title":"Freedom of Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Movement"},{"title":"Human mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mail"},{"title":"Illegal emigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_emigration"},{"title":"Marilyn Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Hartman"},{"title":"Perce Blackborow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perce_Blackborow"},{"title":"Train surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_surfing"},{"title":"Freighthopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freighthopping"},{"title":"Air Canada masked stowaway case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Canada_masked_stowaway_case"}]
[{"reference":"\"What is a stowaway? | Sealand Support\". PR Fire. Retrieved 2021-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prfire.co.uk/press_releases/what-is-a-stowaway-sealand-support","url_text":"\"What is a stowaway? | Sealand Support\""}]},{"reference":"Inc, Ancestry. \"Ancestry magazine\". Ancestry Inc – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W2cGYPC9j3EC","url_text":"\"Ancestry magazine\""}]},{"reference":"International, Rotary (1 October 1921). \"The Rotarian\". Rotary International – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gEYEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"The Rotarian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stowaways\". imo.org. International Maritime Organization. Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.imo.org/ourwork/facilitation/stowaways/Pages/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Stowaways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization","url_text":"International Maritime Organization"}]},{"reference":"Halliday, Josh (31 July 2015). \"Cameron chairs Cobra meeting after overnight standoff in Calais\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/31/calais-crisis-david-cameron-chairs-cobra-meeting-as-mod-role-discussed","url_text":"\"Cameron chairs Cobra meeting after overnight standoff in Calais\""}]},{"reference":"\"How are lorries checked for concealed migrants?\". BBC News. 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2020-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-50166447","url_text":"\"How are lorries checked for concealed migrants?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legend from Hine's study\". 18 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.messynessychic.com/2014/02/18/almost-in-america-portraits-from-ellis-island/","url_text":"\"Legend from Hine's study\""}]},{"reference":"\"'He's a lost soul': mystery of man who fell to earth from plane\". AP. The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/world/hes-a-lost-soul-mystery-of-man-who-fell-to-earth-from-plane-20121211-2b6lq.html","url_text":"\"'He's a lost soul': mystery of man who fell to earth from plane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Jon (September 13, 2012). \"How often do plane stowaways fall from the sky?\". BBC News. Retrieved September 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19562101","url_text":"\"How often do plane stowaways fall from the sky?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Stowaway Found Alive in Jet's Wheel Well","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id=96267","url_text":"Stowaway Found Alive in Jet's Wheel Well"}]},{"reference":"16-year-old Survives in Wheel Well of Maui Flight","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattlepi.com/news/us/article/16-year-old-survives-in-wheel-well-of-Maui-flight-5416974.php","url_text":"16-year-old Survives in Wheel Well of Maui Flight"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Heather (2021-04-14). \"A Man Who Shipped Himself in a Crate Wants to Find the Men Who Helped\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/14/world/australia/brian-robson-crate-australia.html","url_text":"\"A Man Who Shipped Himself in a Crate Wants to Find the Men Who Helped\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Hannaford, Alex (29 August 2004), \"The crate escape\", The Guardian","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/30/usa.features11","url_text":"\"The crate escape\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_infection
Burkholderia
["1 History","2 Taxonomy","3 Research","4 Species","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Genus of bacteria Burkholderia B. pseudomallei colonies on a blood agar plate. Scientific classification Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Pseudomonadota Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Burkholderiaceae Genus: BurkholderiaYabuuchi et al. 1993 Type species Burkholderia cepacia(Palleroni and Holmes 1981) Yabuuchi et al. 1993 Species See text Burkholderia is a genus of Pseudomonadota whose pathogenic members include the Burkholderia cepacia complex, which attacks humans and Burkholderia mallei, responsible for glanders, a disease that occurs mostly in horses and related animals; Burkholderia pseudomallei, causative agent of melioidosis; and Burkholderia cepacia, an important pathogen of pulmonary infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Burkholderia species is also found in marine environments. S.I. Paul et al. (2021) isolated and characterized Burkholderia cepacia from marine sponges of the Saint Martin's Island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. The Burkholderia (previously part of Pseudomonas) genus name refers to a group of virtually ubiquitous Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are motile by means of single or multiple polar flagella, with the exception of Burkholderia mallei, which is nonmotile. Members belonging to the genus do not produce sheaths or prosthecae and are able to use poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) for growth. The genus includes both animal and plant pathogens, as well as some environmentally important species. In particular, B. xenovorans (previously named Pseudomonas cepacia then B. cepacia and B. fungorum) is renowned for being catalase positive (affecting patients with chronic granulomatous disease) and its ability to degrade chlororganic pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. The conserved RNA structure anti-hemB RNA motif is found in all known bacteria in this genus. Due to their antibiotic resistance and the high mortality rate from their associated diseases, B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are considered to be potential biological warfare agents, targeting livestock and humans. History The genus was named after Walter H. Burkholder, plant pathologist at Cornell University. The first species placed in the genus were transfers from Pseudomonas, on the basis of various biochemical tests. Until recently, the genus Burkholderia was inclusive of all Paraburkholderia species. However, the genus Paraburkholderia is phylogenetically distinct, and can be distinguished from all Burkholderia species on the basis of molecular signatures that are uniquely found for each genus. Taxonomy Burkholderia species form a monophyletic group within the Burkholderiales order of the Betaproteobacteria. Currently, the 48 validly named species can be distinguished from related genera (i.e. Paraburkholderia) and all other bacteria by conserved signature indels in a variety of proteins. These indels represent exclusive common ancestry shared among all Burkholderia species. The genus has three distinct monophyletic clusters. One group consists of all species belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex, another clade comprises B. pseudomallei and closely related species, and the last clade encompasses of most of the phytogenic species within the genus, including B. glumae and B. gladioli . Conserved signature indels are specific for each of these subgroups within the genus that aid in demarcating members of this extremely large and diverse genus. Research Recently, research in Burkholderia species has investigated a range of topics and characteristics including metabolomic response to antibiotics, contact-dependent interactions between bacterial communities, and genomic potential to yield beneficial products. In Burkholderia species, certain antibiotics such as trimethoprim has been shown to induce and upregulate a large amount of the metabolome, inducing over 100 silent secondary metabolite gene clusters in Burkholderia thailandensis. These global activators can be used as a source of investigation into how the metabolomes of pathogenic bacterial species respond to antibiotic stress and how bacterial species can vary in response to them. It has been shown that closely related cystic fibrosis-associated Burkholderia species respond to trimethoprim with differing levels of expression of various secondary metabolites, highlighting the personalized nature of metabolomics in related bacterial strains. Research focused on interbacterial signaling using Burkholderia has shown that contact-dependent growth inhibition plays a significant role in mediating cell to cell communication specifically in B. thailandensis. In this interaction, cells release protein toxins to the surrounding environment, and only those with a corresponding protective protein (usually bacteria of the same strain) will not have its growth inhibited or die. Furthermore, recipient cells that have the corresponding protein then undergo changes to gene expression and phenotype that promotes community formation in the form of biofilms. This occurs even if the recipient cell was not of the same bacterial strain which highlights the importance of this system. The genes that encode the protein toxins and the rest of the contact-dependent inhibition system can become mobile in the form of a transposon that can transfer between cells and is critical to communal aspect of the system. Thus, contact-dependent signaling plays a significant role in bacterial self recognition and community formation. Burkholderia species have been shown to be a potential source of beneficial products such as antimicrobials and biosurfactants. Along with the related genus Pseudomonas, Burkholderia can synthesize a particular class of biosurfactant called rhamnolipids. Rhamnolipids synthesized by Burkholderia have differing chemical characteristics (compared to those synthesized by Pseudomonas) and thus have the potential for novel applications. Species List of species: Burkholderia alpina Burkholderia ambifaria Burkholderia anthina Burkholderia arboris Burkholderia cenocepacia Burkholderia cepacia Burkholderia contaminans Burkholderia diffusa Burkholderia dolosa Burkholderia gladioli Burkholderia glumae Burkholderia humptydooensis Burkholderia lata Burkholderia latens Burkholderia mallei Burkholderia metallica Burkholderia multivorans Burkholderia oklahomensis Burkholderia plantarii Burkholderia pseudomallei Burkholderia pseudomultivorans Burkholderia puraquae Burkholderia pyrrocinia Burkholderia seminalis Burkholderia singaporensis Burkholderia singularis Burkholderia stabilis Burkholderia stagnalis Burkholderia territorii Burkholderia thailandensis Burkholderia ubonensis Burkholderia vietnamiensis See also MAEB RNA motif References ^ a b Yabuuchi E, Kosako Y, Oyaizu H, Yano I, Hotta H, Hashimoto Y, et al. (1992). "Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov". Microbiology and Immunology. 36 (12): 1251–75. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x. PMID 1283774. ^ a b "Validation of the publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB—List No. 45". Int J Syst Bacteriol. 43 (2): 298–399. 1993. doi:10.1099/00207713-43-2-398. ^ Woods DE, Sokol PA (2006). "The genus Burkholderia". In Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer KH, Stackebrandt E (eds.). The Prokaryotes—A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria (3 ed.). New York: Springer–Verlag. pp. 848–860. doi:10.1007/0-387-30745-1_40. ISBN 978-0-387-25495-1. ^ a b c d Paul, Sulav Indra; Rahman, Md. Mahbubur; Salam, Mohammad Abdus; Khan, Md. Arifur Rahman; Islam, Md. Tofazzal (December 2021). "Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita". Aquaculture. 545: 737156. Bibcode:2021Aquac.54537156P. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156. ISSN 0044-8486. ^ Weinberg Z, Barrick JE, Yao Z, Roth A, Kim JN, Gore J, et al. (2007). "Identification of 22 candidate structured RNAs in bacteria using the CMfinder comparative genomics pipeline". Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (14): 4809–19. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm487. PMC 1950547. PMID 17621584. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (September 2017). "List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 67 (9): 3140–3143. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.000317. PMC 5817221. PMID 28891789. ^ a b c d Sawana A, Adeolu M, Gupta RS (2014). "Molecular signatures and phylogenomic analysis of the genus Burkholderia: proposal for division of this genus into the emended genus Burkholderia containing pathogenic organisms and a new genus Paraburkholderia gen. nov. harboring environmental species". Frontiers in Genetics. 5: 429. doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00429. PMC 4271702. PMID 25566316. ^ Gupta RS (July 2016). "Impact of genomics on the understanding of microbial evolution and classification: the importance of Darwin's views on classification". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 40 (4): 520–53. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuw011. PMID 27279642. ^ a b c Okada BK, Wu Y, Mao D, Bushin LB, Seyedsayamdost MR (August 2016). "Mapping the Trimethoprim-Induced Secondary Metabolome of Burkholderia thailandensis". ACS Chemical Biology. 11 (8): 2124–30. doi:10.1021/acschembio.6b00447. PMC 6786267. PMID 27367535. ^ a b c d Garcia EC, Perault AI, Marlatt SA, Cotter PA (July 2016). "Interbacterial signaling via Burkholderia contact-dependent growth inhibition system proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (29): 8296–301. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.8296G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1606323113. PMC 4961174. PMID 27335458. ^ a b Kunakom S, Eustáquio AS (July 2019). "Burkholderia as a Source of Natural Products". Journal of Natural Products. 82 (7): 2018–2037. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b01068. PMC 6871192. PMID 31294966. ^ McAvoy AC, Jaiyesimi O, Threatt PH, Seladi T, Goldberg JB, da Silva RR, Garg N (May 2020). "Burkholderia spp. Bacteria Metabolomes after Exposure to the Antibiotic Trimethoprim". ACS Infectious Diseases. 6 (5): 1154–1168. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00513. PMID 32212725. S2CID 214682246. ^ a b Ocasio AB, Cotter PA (January 2019). Blokesch M (ed.). "CDI/CDS system-encoding genes of Burkholderia thailandensis are located in a mobile genetic element that defines a new class of transposon". PLOS Genetics. 15 (1): e1007883. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007883. PMC 6350997. PMID 30615607. ^ a b Wittgens A, Santiago-Schuebel B, Henkel M, Tiso T, Blank LM, Hausmann R, et al. (February 2018). "Heterologous production of long-chain rhamnolipids from Burkholderia glumae in Pseudomonas putida-a step forward to tailor-made rhamnolipids". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 102 (3): 1229–1239. doi:10.1007/s00253-017-8702-x. PMID 29264775. S2CID 9690461. ^ Victor IU, Kwiencien M, Tripathi L, Cobice D, McClean S, Marchant R, Banat IM (August 2019). "Quorum sensing as a potential target for increased production of rhamnolipid biosurfactant in Burkholderia thailandensis E264". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 103 (16): 6505–6517. doi:10.1007/s00253-019-09942-5. PMC 6667413. PMID 31222386. ^ "List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature". Retrieved 21 October 2016. External links Burkholderia genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID Pathema-Burkholderia Resource Burkholderia Genome Database Taxon identifiersBurkholderia Wikidata: Q135239 Wikispecies: Burkholderia CoL: 62HQ6 EoL: 97620 EPPO: 1BURKG GBIF: 3219916 iNaturalist: 357005 IRMNG: 1035266 ITIS: 956867 LPSN: burkholderia.html NCBI: 32008 NZOR: ab99e0e6-a19c-4982-ba25-7c9650f141af Open Tree of Life: 445578 WoRMS: 571040
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pseudomonadota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonadota"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia cepacia complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia_complex"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia mallei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_mallei"},{"link_name":"glanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanders"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia pseudomallei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei"},{"link_name":"melioidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melioidosis"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia cepacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia"},{"link_name":"pathogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"cystic fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP2006-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"marine sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas"},{"link_name":"Gram-negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative"},{"link_name":"obligately aerobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate_aerobe"},{"link_name":"rod-shaped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_(shape)"},{"link_name":"motile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motility"},{"link_name":"flagella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagella"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia mallei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_mallei"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"prosthecae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthecate_bacteria"},{"link_name":"poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydroxybutyrate"},{"link_name":"pathogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogens"},{"link_name":"chronic granulomatous disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_granulomatous_disease"},{"link_name":"polychlorinated biphenyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl"},{"link_name":"anti-hemB RNA motif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-hemB_RNA_motif"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"antibiotic resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance"},{"link_name":"B. mallei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_mallei"},{"link_name":"B. pseudomallei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei"},{"link_name":"biological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare"}],"text":"Burkholderia is a genus of Pseudomonadota whose pathogenic members include the Burkholderia cepacia complex, which attacks humans and Burkholderia mallei, responsible for glanders, a disease that occurs mostly in horses and related animals; Burkholderia pseudomallei, causative agent of melioidosis; and Burkholderia cepacia, an important pathogen of pulmonary infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF).[3] Burkholderia species is also found in marine environments. S.I. Paul et al. (2021)[4] isolated and characterized Burkholderia cepacia from marine sponges of the Saint Martin's Island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.[4]The Burkholderia (previously part of Pseudomonas) genus name refers to a group of virtually ubiquitous Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are motile by means of single or multiple polar flagella, with the exception of Burkholderia mallei, which is nonmotile.[4] Members belonging to the genus do not produce sheaths or prosthecae and are able to use poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) for growth. The genus includes both animal and plant pathogens, as well as some environmentally important species. In particular, B. xenovorans (previously named Pseudomonas cepacia then B. cepacia and B. fungorum) is renowned for being catalase positive (affecting patients with chronic granulomatous disease) and its ability to degrade chlororganic pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. The conserved RNA structure anti-hemB RNA motif is found in all known bacteria in this genus.[5]Due to their antibiotic resistance and the high mortality rate from their associated diseases, B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are considered to be potential biological warfare agents, targeting livestock and humans.","title":"Burkholderia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter H. Burkholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Burkholder"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yabuuchi1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yabuuchi2-2"},{"link_name":"Paraburkholderia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraburkholderia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Validationlist-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawana-7"}],"text":"The genus was named after Walter H. Burkholder, plant pathologist at Cornell University. The first species placed in the genus were transfers from Pseudomonas, on the basis of various biochemical tests.[1][2]Until recently, the genus Burkholderia was inclusive of all Paraburkholderia species.[6] However, the genus Paraburkholderia is phylogenetically distinct, and can be distinguished from all Burkholderia species on the basis of molecular signatures that are uniquely found for each genus.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly"},{"link_name":"Burkholderiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderiales"},{"link_name":"Betaproteobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaproteobacteria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"Paraburkholderia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraburkholderia"},{"link_name":"conserved signature indels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_signature_indels"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawana-7"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly"},{"link_name":"phytogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytopathology"},{"link_name":"B. glumae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_glumae"},{"link_name":"B. gladioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_gladioli"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawana-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawana-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27279642-8"}],"text":"Burkholderia species form a monophyletic group within the Burkholderiales order of the Betaproteobacteria.[4] Currently, the 48 validly named species can be distinguished from related genera (i.e. Paraburkholderia) and all other bacteria by conserved signature indels in a variety of proteins.[7] These indels represent exclusive common ancestry shared among all Burkholderia species.The genus has three distinct monophyletic clusters. One group consists of all species belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex, another clade comprises B. pseudomallei and closely related species, and the last clade encompasses of most of the phytogenic species within the genus, including B. glumae and B. gladioli .[7] Conserved signature indels are specific for each of these subgroups within the genus that aid in demarcating members of this extremely large and diverse genus.[7][8]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"trimethoprim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethoprim"},{"link_name":"metabolome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolome"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia thailandensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_thailandensis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"cystic fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis"},{"link_name":"secondary metabolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolite"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"contact-dependent growth inhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact-dependent_growth_inhibition"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"biofilms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"transposon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_element"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"biosurfactants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosurfactant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"rhamnolipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamnolipid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Recently, research in Burkholderia species has investigated a range of topics and characteristics including metabolomic response to antibiotics, contact-dependent interactions between bacterial communities, and genomic potential to yield beneficial products.[9][10][11]In Burkholderia species, certain antibiotics such as trimethoprim has been shown to induce and upregulate a large amount of the metabolome, inducing over 100 silent secondary metabolite gene clusters in Burkholderia thailandensis.[9] These global activators can be used as a source of investigation into how the metabolomes of pathogenic bacterial species respond to antibiotic stress and how bacterial species can vary in response to them.[9] It has been shown that closely related cystic fibrosis-associated Burkholderia species respond to trimethoprim with differing levels of expression of various secondary metabolites, highlighting the personalized nature of metabolomics in related bacterial strains.[12]Research focused on interbacterial signaling using Burkholderia has shown that contact-dependent growth inhibition plays a significant role in mediating cell to cell communication specifically in B. thailandensis.[10] In this interaction, cells release protein toxins to the surrounding environment, and only those with a corresponding protective protein (usually bacteria of the same strain) will not have its growth inhibited or die. Furthermore, recipient cells that have the corresponding protein then undergo changes to gene expression and phenotype that promotes community formation in the form of biofilms. This occurs even if the recipient cell was not of the same bacterial strain which highlights the importance of this system.[10] The genes that encode the protein toxins and the rest of the contact-dependent inhibition system can become mobile in the form of a transposon that can transfer between cells and is critical to communal aspect of the system.[13] Thus, contact-dependent signaling plays a significant role in bacterial self recognition and community formation.[10][13]Burkholderia species have been shown to be a potential source of beneficial products such as antimicrobials and biosurfactants.[11][14] Along with the related genus Pseudomonas, Burkholderia can synthesize a particular class of biosurfactant called rhamnolipids. Rhamnolipids synthesized by Burkholderia have differing chemical characteristics (compared to those synthesized by Pseudomonas) and thus have the potential for novel applications.[14][15]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LPSN-16"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia alpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkholderia_alpina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia ambifaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_ambifaria"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia anthina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_anthina"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia arboris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_arboris"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia cenocepacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cenocepacia"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia cepacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia contaminans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_contaminans"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia diffusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_diffusa"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia dolosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_dolosa"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia gladioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_gladioli"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia glumae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_glumae"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia humptydooensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkholderia_humptydooensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia lata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_lata"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia latens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_latens"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia mallei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_mallei"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_metallica"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia multivorans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_multivorans"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia oklahomensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_oklahomensis"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia plantarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_plantarii"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia pseudomallei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia pseudomultivorans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomultivorans"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia puraquae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkholderia_puraquae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia pyrrocinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_pyrrocinia"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia seminalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_seminalis"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia singaporensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_singaporensis"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia singularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkholderia_singularis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia stabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_stabilis"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia stagnalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_stagnalis"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia territorii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_territorii"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia thailandensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_thailandensis"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia ubonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_ubonensis"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia vietnamiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_vietnamiensis"}],"text":"List of species:[16]Burkholderia alpina\nBurkholderia ambifaria\nBurkholderia anthina\nBurkholderia arboris\nBurkholderia cenocepacia\nBurkholderia cepacia\nBurkholderia contaminans\nBurkholderia diffusa\nBurkholderia dolosa\nBurkholderia gladioli\nBurkholderia glumae\nBurkholderia humptydooensis\nBurkholderia lata\nBurkholderia latens\nBurkholderia mallei\nBurkholderia metallica\nBurkholderia multivorans\nBurkholderia oklahomensis\nBurkholderia plantarii\nBurkholderia pseudomallei\nBurkholderia pseudomultivorans\nBurkholderia puraquae\nBurkholderia pyrrocinia\nBurkholderia seminalis\nBurkholderia singaporensis\nBurkholderia singularis\nBurkholderia stabilis\nBurkholderia stagnalis\nBurkholderia territorii\nBurkholderia thailandensis\nBurkholderia ubonensis\nBurkholderia vietnamiensis","title":"Species"}]
[]
[{"title":"MAEB RNA motif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAEB_RNA_motif"}]
[{"reference":"Yabuuchi E, Kosako Y, Oyaizu H, Yano I, Hotta H, Hashimoto Y, et al. (1992). \"Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov\". Microbiology and Immunology. 36 (12): 1251–75. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x. PMID 1283774.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x","url_text":"\"Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1283774","url_text":"1283774"}]},{"reference":"\"Validation of the publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB—List No. 45\". Int J Syst Bacteriol. 43 (2): 298–399. 1993. doi:10.1099/00207713-43-2-398.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-43-2-398","url_text":"\"Validation of the publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB—List No. 45\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-43-2-398","url_text":"10.1099/00207713-43-2-398"}]},{"reference":"Woods DE, Sokol PA (2006). \"The genus Burkholderia\". In Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer KH, Stackebrandt E (eds.). The Prokaryotes—A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria (3 ed.). New York: Springer–Verlag. pp. 848–860. doi:10.1007/0-387-30745-1_40. ISBN 978-0-387-25495-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/The_Prokaryotes_Vol._1_Symbiotic_Associations_Biotechnology_Applied_Microbiology","url_text":"The Prokaryotes—A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-30745-1_40","url_text":"10.1007/0-387-30745-1_40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-25495-1","url_text":"978-0-387-25495-1"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Sulav Indra; Rahman, Md. Mahbubur; Salam, Mohammad Abdus; Khan, Md. Arifur Rahman; Islam, Md. Tofazzal (December 2021). \"Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita\". Aquaculture. 545: 737156. Bibcode:2021Aquac.54537156P. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156. 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PMID 25566316.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4271702","url_text":"\"Molecular signatures and phylogenomic analysis of the genus Burkholderia: proposal for division of this genus into the emended genus Burkholderia containing pathogenic organisms and a new genus Paraburkholderia gen. nov. harboring environmental species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2014.00429","url_text":"10.3389/fgene.2014.00429"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4271702","url_text":"4271702"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25566316","url_text":"25566316"}]},{"reference":"Gupta RS (July 2016). \"Impact of genomics on the understanding of microbial evolution and classification: the importance of Darwin's views on classification\". 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PMC 4961174. PMID 27335458.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961174","url_text":"\"Interbacterial signaling via Burkholderia contact-dependent growth inhibition system proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113.8296G","url_text":"2016PNAS..113.8296G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1606323113","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1606323113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961174","url_text":"4961174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27335458","url_text":"27335458"}]},{"reference":"Kunakom S, Eustáquio AS (July 2019). \"Burkholderia as a Source of Natural Products\". Journal of Natural Products. 82 (7): 2018–2037. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b01068. PMC 6871192. PMID 31294966.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6871192","url_text":"\"Burkholderia as a Source of Natural Products\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.8b01068","url_text":"10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b01068"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6871192","url_text":"6871192"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31294966","url_text":"31294966"}]},{"reference":"McAvoy AC, Jaiyesimi O, Threatt PH, Seladi T, Goldberg JB, da Silva RR, Garg N (May 2020). \"Burkholderia spp. Bacteria Metabolomes after Exposure to the Antibiotic Trimethoprim\". ACS Infectious Diseases. 6 (5): 1154–1168. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00513. PMID 32212725. S2CID 214682246.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00513","url_text":"\"Burkholderia spp. Bacteria Metabolomes after Exposure to the Antibiotic Trimethoprim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsinfecdis.9b00513","url_text":"10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00513"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32212725","url_text":"32212725"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214682246","url_text":"214682246"}]},{"reference":"Ocasio AB, Cotter PA (January 2019). Blokesch M (ed.). \"CDI/CDS system-encoding genes of Burkholderia thailandensis are located in a mobile genetic element that defines a new class of transposon\". PLOS Genetics. 15 (1): e1007883. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007883. PMC 6350997. PMID 30615607.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6350997","url_text":"\"CDI/CDS system-encoding genes of Burkholderia thailandensis are located in a mobile genetic element that defines a new class of transposon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1007883","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pgen.1007883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6350997","url_text":"6350997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30615607","url_text":"30615607"}]},{"reference":"Wittgens A, Santiago-Schuebel B, Henkel M, Tiso T, Blank LM, Hausmann R, et al. (February 2018). \"Heterologous production of long-chain rhamnolipids from Burkholderia glumae in Pseudomonas putida-a step forward to tailor-made rhamnolipids\". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 102 (3): 1229–1239. doi:10.1007/s00253-017-8702-x. PMID 29264775. S2CID 9690461.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00253-017-8702-x","url_text":"\"Heterologous production of long-chain rhamnolipids from Burkholderia glumae in Pseudomonas putida-a step forward to tailor-made rhamnolipids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-017-8702-x","url_text":"10.1007/s00253-017-8702-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29264775","url_text":"29264775"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9690461","url_text":"9690461"}]},{"reference":"Victor IU, Kwiencien M, Tripathi L, Cobice D, McClean S, Marchant R, Banat IM (August 2019). \"Quorum sensing as a potential target for increased production of rhamnolipid biosurfactant in Burkholderia thailandensis E264\". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 103 (16): 6505–6517. doi:10.1007/s00253-019-09942-5. PMC 6667413. PMID 31222386.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667413","url_text":"\"Quorum sensing as a potential target for increased production of rhamnolipid biosurfactant in Burkholderia thailandensis E264\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-019-09942-5","url_text":"10.1007/s00253-019-09942-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667413","url_text":"6667413"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31222386","url_text":"31222386"}]},{"reference":"\"List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature\". Retrieved 21 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bacterio.net/","url_text":"\"List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernigovsky_District
Chernigovsky District
["1 Notable residents","2 References","2.1 Notes","2.2 Sources"]
Coordinates: 44°12′N 132°27′E / 44.200°N 132.450°E / 44.200; 132.450Not to be confused with Chernihiv Raion of Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine. District in Primorsky Krai, RussiaChernigovsky District Черниговский районDistrictLandscape in Chernigovsky District Coat of armsLocation of Chernigovsky District in Primorsky KraiCoordinates: 44°12′N 132°27′E / 44.200°N 132.450°E / 44.200; 132.450CountryRussiaFederal subjectPrimorsky KraiAdministrative centerChernigovkaArea • Total1,840.4 km2 (710.6 sq mi)Population (2010 Census) • Total36,230 • Estimate (2018)32,892 (−9.2%) • Density20/km2 (51/sq mi) • Urban24.1% • Rural75.9%Administrative structure • Inhabited localities1 Urban-type settlements, 24 rural localitiesMunicipal structure • Municipally incorporated asChernigovsky Municipal District • Municipal divisions1 urban settlements, 4 rural settlementsTime zoneUTC+10 (MSK+7 )OKTMO ID05653000Websitehttp://chernigovka.org/ Chernigovsky District (Russian: Черни́говский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Primorsky Krai, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the krai. The area of the district is 1,840.4 square kilometers (710.6 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Chernigovka. Population: 36,230 (2010 Russian census); 39,554 (2002 Census); 45,782 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Chernigovka accounts for 36.0% of the district's total population. Notable residents Denis Kniga (born 1992 in Chernigovka), football player References Notes ^ a b c Law #161-KZ ^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 05 253», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 05 253, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ). ^ a b Официальный сайт Законодательного Собрания Приморского края. Сборник "Муниципальные образования Приморского края" (Official website of the Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai. Municipal Formations of Primorsky Krai) (in Russian) ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ The count of urban-type settlements may include the work settlements, the resort settlements, the suburban (dacha) settlements, as well as urban-type settlements proper. ^ a b c Law #132-KZ ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly. Sources Законодательное Собрание Приморского края. Закон №161-КЗ от 14 ноября 2001 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Приморского края», в ред. Закона №673-КЗ от 6 октября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Приморского края "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Приморского края"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Красное знамя Приморья", №69 (119), 29 ноября 2001 г. (Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai. Law #161-KZ of November 14, 2001 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Primorsky Krai, as amended by the Law #673-KZ of October 6, 2015 On Amending the Law of Primorsky Krai "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Primorsky Krai". Effective as of the official publication date.). Законодательное Собрание Приморского края. Закон №132-КЗ от 6 августа 2004 г. «О Черниговском муниципальном районе», в ред. Закона №559-КЗ от 6 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в статью 4 Закона Приморского края "О Черниговском муниципальном районе"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости Законодательного Собрания Приморского края", №65, 9 августа 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai. Law #132-KZ of August 6, 2004 On Chernigovsky Municipal District, as amended by the Law #559-KZ of March 6, 2015 On Amending Article 4 of the Law of Primorsky Krai "On Chernigovsky Municipal District". Effective as of the day of the official publication.). vteAdministrative divisions of Primorsky KraiAdministrative center: Vladivostok • Rural localitiesDistricts Anuchinsky Chernigovsky Chuguyevsky Dalnerechensky Kavalerovsky Khankaysky Khasansky Khorolsky Kirovsky Krasnoarmeysky Lazovsky Mikhaylovsky Nadezhdinsky Oktyabrsky Olginsky Partizansky Pogranichny Pozharsky Shkotovsky Spassky Terneysky Yakovlevsky Cities and towns Arsenyev Artyom Bolshoy Kamen Dalnegorsk Dalnerechensk Fokino Lesozavodsk Nakhodka Partizansk Spassk-Dalny Ussuriysk Vladivostok Urban-type settlements Dunay Gornorechensky Gorny Gornye Klyuchi Kavalerovo Khasan Khrustalny Kirovsky Kraskino Lipovtsy Luchegorsk Novoshakhtinsky Olga Plastun Pogranichny Posyet Preobrazheniye Primorsky Putyatin Shkotovo Sibirtsevo Slavyanka Smolyaninovo Svetlaya Terney Vostok Yaroslavsky Zarubino
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chernihiv Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv_Raion"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrimorskyK_adm-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrimorskyKChernigovskyD_mun-7"},{"link_name":"raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"twenty-two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"Primorsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Area-3"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Chernigovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernigovka,_Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OKATO-2"},{"link_name":"2010 Russian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-4"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-9"},{"link_name":"1989 Soviet census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Soviet_census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Chernihiv Raion of Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine.District in Primorsky Krai, RussiaChernigovsky District (Russian: Черни́говский райо́н) is an administrative[1] and municipal[7] district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Primorsky Krai, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the krai. The area of the district is 1,840.4 square kilometers (710.6 sq mi).[3] Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Chernigovka.[2] Population: 36,230 (2010 Russian census);[4] 39,554 (2002 Census);[9] 45,782 (1989 Soviet census).[10] The population of Chernigovka accounts for 36.0% of the district's total population.[4]","title":"Chernigovsky District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denis Kniga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Kniga"},{"link_name":"Chernigovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernigovka,_Primorsky_Krai"}],"text":"Denis Kniga (born 1992 in Chernigovka), football player","title":"Notable residents"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","url_text":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_It_Up
Stir It Up
["1 Certifications (Bob Marley & The Wailers version)","2 Chart history (Johnny Nash cover)","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 The Black Sorrows' version","3.1 Track listing","3.2 Charts","4 Haddaway version","4.1 Critical reception","4.2 Track listing","5 References"]
1967 single by Bob Marley & The Wailers For the Patti LaBelle song, see Stir It Up (Patti LaBelle song). For the album by The Imperials, see Stir It Up (album). "Stir It Up"Single by Bob Marley and the WailersB-side"This Train"Released1967 (Jamaica)16 November 1968(United Kingdom)Recorded1967GenreRocksteadyLength 3:18 (original version) 5:32 (Catch a Fire version) LabelTrojanSongwriter(s)Bob MarleyProducer(s)The Wailers "Stir It Up"Single by Johnny Nashfrom the album I Can See Clearly Now B-side"Cream Puff"ReleasedUK: March 1972, US:15 January 1973Recorded1971GenreRocksteady (proto-reggae)Length3:02LabelEpicSongwriter(s)Bob MarleyJohnny Nash singles chronology "Cupid" (1969) "Stir It Up" (1972) "I Can See Clearly Now" (1972) "Stir It Up" is a song composed by Bob Marley in 1967 and first recorded by the group Bob Marley and the Wailers that year and issued as a single. It was later covered by American singer Johnny Nash on his 1972 album I Can See Clearly Now. The following year, Marley and the Wailers re-recorded the song for their album Catch a Fire. The band performed "Stir It Up" on The Old Grey Whistle Test in 1973 during their first trip to the UK, singing live over a Chris Blackwell overdubbed backing track. "Stir It Up" was the first Marley-written song to be successful outside Jamaica. Another tune written by Bob Marley, "I Shot The Sheriff", was covered by Eric Clapton on the album 461 Ocean Boulevard, July 1974. Marley's first international hit recorded by him, "No Woman, No Cry", was released on the Bob Marley and the Wailers album Live!, December 1975. Certifications (Bob Marley & The Wailers version) Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 200,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Chart history (Johnny Nash cover) Weekly charts Chart (1973) Peakposition Australia KMR 48 Canada RPM Top Singles 7 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 4 Ireland (IRMA) 13 UK (OCC) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 US Cash Box Top 100 11 Year-end charts Chart (1973) Rank Canada 118 US Billboard Hot 100 91 US Cash Box 81 The Black Sorrows' version "Stir It Up"Single by The Black Sorrowsfrom the album The Chosen Ones - Greatest Hits ReleasedSeptember 1, 1993 (1993-09-01)Length3:34LabelCBSSongwriter(s)Bob MarleyProducer(s)Joe CamilleriThe Black Sorrows singles chronology "Sweet Inspiration" (1993) "Stir It Up" (1993) "Snake Skin Shoes" (1994) In September 1993, Australian band The Black Sorrows released a version of the song. It became a hit, peaking at number 58 in Australia, number 20 in New Zealand (where it is the band's highest charting single), and number nine in Iceland. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1994, Joe Camilleri was nominated for Producer of the Year for his work on this song, losing out to Tony Cohen. Track listing CD single (Columbia 660 105-2) "Stir It Up" – 3:34 "Ain't Love the Strangest Thing" (acoustic) – 4:10 "Come On, Come On" (acoustic) – 2:50 Charts Chart (1993–1994) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 58 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 9 Germany (Official German Charts) 53 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 20 Haddaway version "Stir It Up"Single by Haddawayfrom the album The Album Released1994Length4:16LabelCoconutAristaSongwriter(s)Bob MarleyProducer(s) Dee Dee Halligan Junior Torello Haddaway singles chronology "Rock My Heart" (1994) "Stir It Up" (1994) "Fly Away" (1995) In 1994, Trinidadian-German Eurodance artist Haddaway released his version of "Stir It Up" as the second single from his debut album, The Album (1993). It was only released in the US. Critical reception Troy J. Augusto from Cash Box wrote, "Hot new Arista singer (where have we heard that one before?) Haddaway looks to recover from the disappointment of last single, "Life", with this solid cover of one of Bob Marley's most beloved songs. The cut's producers add a contemporary, almost techno-pop feel to the song (Marley's surely bumpin' in his grave!), but the tune's solid arrangement and Haddaway's likable voice translate to a crossover hit waiting to happen. Hit radio will stir it up soon." Track listing 12", US (1994) "Stir It Up" (Long Version) — 6:20 "Rock My Heart" (Extended Mix) — 5:58 "Rock My Heart" (Celebration Mix) — 5:48 CD single, US (1994) "Stir It Up" (Single Version) — 4:16 "Rock My Heart" (Extended Mix) — 5:58 "When The Feeling's Gone" — 4:15 Cassette single, US (1994) "Stir It Up" (Long Version) "Stir It Up" (Single Version) "Rock My Heart" (Extended Mix) References ^ "Bob Marley And The Wailing Wailers – Stir It Up / This Train". Discogs. March 11, 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024. ^ "Bob Marley & the Wailers – Stir It Up". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 15 April 2024. ^ "Johnny Nash - Stir It up". ^ The Old Grey Whistle Test (DVD). Warner Home Video. 2003. ^ "British single certifications – Bob Marley & The Wailers – Stir It Up". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 26 April 2022. ^ RPM Adult Contemporary, May 5, 1973 ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Stir It Up". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved November 15, 2017. ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 171. ^ Canada, Library and Archives (July 13, 2017). "Image : RPM Weekly". Library and Archives Canada. ^ Musicoutfitters.com ^ "Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 29, 1973". Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2017. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (28.4.–04.5. '94)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). April 28, 1994. p. 20. Retrieved December 24, 2022. ^ "The Black Sorrows – Stir It Up" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved August 5, 2016. ^ "The Black Sorrows – Stir It Up". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved August 5, 2016. ^ Augusto, Troy J. (April 23, 1994). "Pop Singles — Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. Retrieved February 28, 2022. vteBob Marley and the Wailers Bob Marley Peter Tosh Bunny Wailer Other vocalists: Junior Braithwaite Cherry Smith Beverley Kelso Constantine "Vision" Walker Rita Marley Marcia Griffiths Judy Mowatt Musicians: Aston "Family Man" Barrett Carlton Barrett Earl Lindo Tyrone Downie Alvin "Seeco" Patterson Al Anderson Earl "Chinna" Smith Donald Kinsey Junior Marvin Studio albums The Wailing Wailers (1965) Soul Rebels (1970) Soul Revolution Part II (1971) The Best of the Wailers (1971) Catch a Fire (1973) Burnin' (1973) Natty Dread (1974) Rastaman Vibration (1976) Exodus (1977) Kaya (1978) Survival (1979) Uprising (1980) Confrontation (1983) Compilations African Herbsman (1973) Rasta Revolution (1974) Legend (1984) Rebel Music (1986) Natural Mystic: The Legend Lives On (1995) 21 Winners: The Best of Bob Marley and the Wailers (1997) One Love: The Very Best of Bob Marley & The Wailers (2001) Gold (2005) Africa Unite: The Singles Collection (2005) Live albums Live! (1975) Babylon by Bus (1978) Talkin' Blues (1991) Live at the Roxy (2003) Live Forever: September 23, 1980 • Stanley Theatre • Pittsburgh, PA (2011) Easy Skanking in Boston '78 (2015) Remix albums Chances Are (1981) Chant Down Babylon (1999) B Is for Bob (2009) Box sets Songs of Freedom (1992) The Complete Bob Marley & the Wailers 1967–1972 (1997–2002) Singles "Judge Not" "Simmer Down" "Guava Jelly" "Stir It Up" "Get Up, Stand Up" "I Shot the Sheriff" "No Woman, No Cry (Live '75)" "Jah Live" "Exodus" "Waiting in Vain" "Jamming"/"Punky Reggae Party" "Is This Love" "Satisfy My Soul" "So Much Trouble in the World" "Could You Be Loved" "Redemption Song" "Three Little Birds" "Forever Loving Jah" "Buffalo Soldier" "One Love/People Get Ready" "Iron Lion Zion" "Sun Is Shining" "Turn Your Lights Down Low" "Slogans" "Is This Love" Other songs "One Love" "Rude Boy" "Mr Brown" "Small Axe" "No Woman, No Cry" "Turn Your Lights Down Low" "Sun Is Shining" "One Drop" "War" "Hammer" Performances Smile Jamaica Concert (1976) Exodus Tour (1977) One Love Peace Concert (1978) Uprising Tour (1980) Associated acts The Skatalites The Upsetters Word, Sound and Power The Wailers Band The Original Wailers Related people Chris Blackwell Errol Brown Allan Cole Coxsone Dodd Vincent Ford Neville Garrick Joe Higgs Lee Jaffe Arthur Jenkins King Sporty Leslie Kong Johnny Nash Jimmy Norman Lee "Scratch" Perry Mortimer Planno Karl Pitterson Alex Sadkin Related articles Discography Band members Outline of Bob Marley 1976 assassination attempt Marley Natural Upsetter Records Tuff Gong Bob Marley Museum Statue of Bob Marley Tribute to the Legend: Bob Marley Marley soundtrack Hall of Fame: A Tribute to Bob Marley's 50th Anniversary Time Will Tell: A Tribute to Bob Marley One Love: The Bob Marley Musical Get Up, Stand Up! The Bob Marley Musical Bob Marley: One Love Category vteJohnny NashStudio albums I Can See Clearly Now (1972) Here Again (1986) Singles "As Time Goes By" "Hold Me Tight" "Cupid" "Stir It Up" "I Can See Clearly Now" "Tears on My Pillow" "(What a) Wonderful World" "Rock Me Baby" Related topics JAD Records vteThe Black Sorrows Discography Joe Camilleri Studio albums Sonola (1984) Rockin' Zydeco (1985) A Place in the World (1985) Dear Children (1987) Hold On to Me (1988) Harley and Rose (1990) Better Times (1992) Lucky Charm (1994) Beat Club (1998) One Mo' Time (2004) Roarin' Town (2006) 4 Days in Sing Sing (2009) Crooked Little Thoughts (2012) Certified Blue (2014) Endless Sleep Chapter 46 (2015) Endless Sleep Chapter 47 (2015) Faithful Satellite (2016) Citizen John (2019) Saint Georges Road (2021) Live albums Radio Waves (1996) Compilations The Chosen Ones – Greatest Hits (1993) The Very Best of The Black Sorrows (1997) The Essential Black Sorrows (2007) Singles "Brown Eyed Girl"/"What a Difference a Day Makes" "Hold On to Me" "The Chosen Ones" "Chained to the Wheel" "The Crack Up" "Harley + Rose" "Never Let Me Go" "Ain't Love the Strangest Thing" "Stir It Up" "Snake Skin Shoes" "Last One Standing for You" Related articles Vika and Linda John McAll Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons The Revelators ARIA Award for Best Group vteHaddawayStudio albums The Album The Drive Let's Do It Now My Face Pop Splits Gotta Be Singles "What Is Love" "Life" "I Miss You" "Rock My Heart" "Stir It Up" "Fly Away" "Catch a Fire" vteDiana KingStudio album Tougher Than Love (1995) Think Like a Girl (1997) Respect (2002) Singles "Stir It Up" "Shy Guy" "Ain't Nobody" "I Say a Little Prayer"
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stir It Up (Patti LaBelle song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_It_Up_(Patti_LaBelle_song)"},{"link_name":"Stir It Up (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_It_Up_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley and the Wailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers"},{"link_name":"Johnny Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Nash"},{"link_name":"I Can See Clearly Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now_(Johnny_Nash_album)"},{"link_name":"Catch a Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_a_Fire"},{"link_name":"The Old Grey Whistle Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Grey_Whistle_Test"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"I Shot The Sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Shot_The_Sheriff"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"461 Ocean Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/461_Ocean_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"No Woman, No Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Woman,_No_Cry"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley and the Wailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers"},{"link_name":"Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live!_(Bob_Marley_%26_the_Wailers_album)"}],"text":"For the Patti LaBelle song, see Stir It Up (Patti LaBelle song). For the album by The Imperials, see Stir It Up (album).\"Stir It Up\" is a song composed by Bob Marley in 1967 and first recorded by the group Bob Marley and the Wailers that year and issued as a single. It was later covered by American singer Johnny Nash on his 1972 album I Can See Clearly Now. The following year, Marley and the Wailers re-recorded the song for their album Catch a Fire.The band performed \"Stir It Up\" on The Old Grey Whistle Test in 1973 during their first trip to the UK, singing live over a Chris Blackwell overdubbed backing track.[4]\"Stir It Up\" was the first Marley-written song to be successful outside Jamaica. Another tune written by Bob Marley, \"I Shot The Sheriff\", was covered by Eric Clapton on the album 461 Ocean Boulevard, July 1974. Marley's first international hit recorded by him, \"No Woman, No Cry\", was released on the Bob Marley and the Wailers album Live!, December 1975.","title":"Stir It Up"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications (Bob Marley & The Wailers version)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stir_It_Up&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"KMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-7"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stir_It_Up&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1973)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia KMR\n\n48\n\n\nCanada RPM Top Singles\n\n7\n\n\nCanada RPM Adult Contemporary[6]\n\n4\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[7]\n\n13\n\n\nUK (OCC)\n\n13\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[8]\n\n12\n\n\nUS Billboard Adult Contemporary[9]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100\n\n11\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1973)\n\nRank\n\n\nCanada [10]\n\n118\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[11]\n\n91\n\n\nUS Cash Box [12]\n\n81","title":"Chart history (Johnny Nash cover)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Black Sorrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Sorrows"},{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards of 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1994"},{"link_name":"Tony Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Cohen"}],"text":"In September 1993, Australian band The Black Sorrows released a version of the song. It became a hit, peaking at number 58 in Australia, number 20 in New Zealand (where it is the band's highest charting single), and number nine in Iceland. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1994, Joe Camilleri was nominated for Producer of the Year for his work on this song, losing out to Tony Cohen.","title":"The Black Sorrows' version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"CD single (Columbia 660 105-2)\"Stir It Up\" – 3:34\n\"Ain't Love the Strangest Thing\" (acoustic) – 4:10\n\"Come On, Come On\" (acoustic) – 2:50","title":"The Black Sorrows' version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charts","title":"The Black Sorrows' version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurodance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodance"},{"link_name":"Haddaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddaway"},{"link_name":"The Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Album_(Haddaway_album)"}],"text":"In 1994, Trinidadian-German Eurodance artist Haddaway released his version of \"Stir It Up\" as the second single from his debut album, The Album (1993). It was only released in the US.","title":"Haddaway version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Arista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Records"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(Haddaway_song)"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"techno-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-pop"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Troy J. Augusto from Cash Box wrote, \"Hot new Arista singer (where have we heard that one before?) Haddaway looks to recover from the disappointment of last single, \"Life\", with this solid cover of one of Bob Marley's most beloved songs. The cut's producers add a contemporary, almost techno-pop feel to the song (Marley's surely bumpin' in his grave!), but the tune's solid arrangement and Haddaway's likable voice translate to a crossover hit waiting to happen. Hit radio will stir it up soon.\"[17]","title":"Haddaway version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_My_Heart"}],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"12\", US (1994)\"Stir It Up\" (Long Version) — 6:20\n\"Rock My Heart\" (Extended Mix) — 5:58\n\"Rock My Heart\" (Celebration Mix) — 5:48CD single, US (1994)\"Stir It Up\" (Single Version) — 4:16\n\"Rock My Heart\" (Extended Mix) — 5:58\n\"When The Feeling's Gone\" — 4:15Cassette single, US (1994)\"Stir It Up\" (Long Version)\n\"Stir It Up\" (Single Version)\n\"Rock My Heart\" (Extended Mix)","title":"Haddaway version"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Bob Marley And The Wailing Wailers – Stir It Up / This Train\". Discogs. March 11, 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/4291354-Bob-Marley-And-The-Wailing-Wailers-Stir-It-Up-This-Train","url_text":"\"Bob Marley And The Wailing Wailers – Stir It Up / This Train\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Marley & the Wailers – Stir It Up\". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 15 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bob+Marley+%26+The+Wailers&titel=Stir+It+Up&cat=s","url_text":"\"Bob Marley & the Wailers – Stir It Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johnny Nash - Stir It up\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.45cat.com/record/510949","url_text":"\"Johnny Nash - Stir It up\""}]},{"reference":"The Old Grey Whistle Test (DVD). Warner Home Video. 2003.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Bob Marley & The Wailers – Stir It Up\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 26 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/16676-1030-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Bob Marley & The Wailers – Stir It Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 171.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"Canada, Library and Archives (July 13, 2017). \"Image : RPM Weekly\". Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=9481&","url_text":"\"Image : RPM Weekly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 29, 1973\". Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715135835/http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1973YESP.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 29, 1973\""},{"url":"http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1973YESP.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (28.4.–04.5. '94)\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). April 28, 1994. p. 20. Retrieved December 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2625753?iabr=on#page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (28.4.–04.5. '94)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]},{"reference":"Augusto, Troy J. (April 23, 1994). \"Pop Singles — Reviews\" (PDF). Cash Box. Retrieved February 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/90s/1994/CB-1994-04-23.pdf","url_text":"\"Pop Singles — Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna
Kresna
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Religion","4 Transportation","5 Namesakes"]
Coordinates: 41°44′N 23°9′E / 41.733°N 23.150°E / 41.733; 23.150Place in Blagoevgrad, BulgariaKresna КреснаKresna КреснаLocation of KresnaCoordinates: 41°44′N 23°9′E / 41.733°N 23.150°E / 41.733; 23.150CountryBulgariaProvinces(Oblast)BlagoevgradGovernment • MayorNikolay GeorgievElevation232 m (761 ft)Population • Total3,987Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal Code2940Area code07433 Kresna (Bulgarian: Кресна ) is a town and the seat of Kresna Municipality in Blagoevgrad Province in Bulgaria. It is located in the southwestern part of Bulgaria. History The archaeological findings found testify that the area has been inhabited since ancient times. In 1878 the Kresna - Razlog uprising was ignited with the mission to free Macedonia from the Ottoman yoke. One year later (1879) the uprising ends with a loss for Kresna's citizens. Since 1932, the Probuda Community Center has been operating in Kriva livada (Kresna). The settlement was established after 1926 as Pirin Station. It was recognized as a station settlement without an administrative act in 1934. In 1956, the population of Novo Selo was counted together with the population of Pirin Station. In 1959, the town of Kriva livada was added to Pirin Station by Decree No. 582/obn. 29.12.1959 By Decree No. 1582/obn. On September 29, 1978, it was declared a city and renamed to Kresna, and the former village of Kresna to Stara Kresna. Geography The municipality of Kresna (7,560 inhabitants) covers parts of the valley of the Struma River with the picturesque Kresna gorge, the western branches of Pirin and the northeastern slopes of the Maleshev mountain. The area is attractive with its uniqueness and natural beauty. The town of Kresna (4,600 inhabitants) is located on both sides of the international road E-79. Before the city, at a picturesque bend of the Struma river, there is a monument to those who died in the Kresnensko-Razlozhko Uprising (1878). Passers-by are impressed by the temple-monument "St. Ivan Rilski" (on the right of the road), the pleasant center and the Melo sand screes, which rise like a giant fan in the east-northeast, and in the background - the majestic ridge of Pirin In Pirin is located the beautiful resort area of Sinanitsa (Blue Peak), through which the popular hiking route to the hut and lake of the same name passes, one of the most beautiful in Pirin. The village of Vlahi conquers the visitor with its incredible nature and pastoral idyll. Near Vlahi, in the village of Oshtava and in the area of Gradeshka Banya, there are mineral springs known for their healing properties. In the Maleshevska Planina, along the valley of the Breznishka River, is the kingdom of ancient plane trees. On the hill above the village of Breznitsa, on the site of an old monastery, the "Holy Prophet Elijah" monastery was built. The remains of the ancient city of Neine (near the village of Dolna Gradeshnitsa) and of the medieval monastery "St. St. Cosmas and Damian" (near the village of Vlahi) speak of the centuries-old history of the area. In each of the settlements in the municipality there are interesting churches to visit. The oldest, "Nativity of the Virgin", is in the village of Vlahi and dates back to 1750. On both sides of the Struma is the "Tisata" reserve - the largest juniper forest on the Balkan Peninsula, which is home to over a hundred species of birds. Ornithologists, lovers of mountain routes, fishermen and guests - all are welcome in Kresna, where the local people welcome them with hospitality and warmth. Religion The population professes Eastern Orthodoxy. In 1941, the church "St. Ivan Rilski" was built in Kresna. Transportation Kresna lies on the route E79, which leads from Sofia to the Greek border. Namesakes Kresna Gully on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Kresna. vte Cities and towns of Bulgaria (2011 census)1,000,000+ Sofia (capital) 300,000+ Plovdiv Varna 200,000+ Burgas 100,000+ Pleven Ruse Stara Zagora 50,000+ Asenovgrad Blagoevgrad Dobrich Gabrovo Haskovo Pazardzhik Pernik Shumen Sliven Veliko Tarnovo Vratsa Yambol 20,000+ Aytos Botevgrad Dimitrovgrad Dupnitsa Gorna Oryahovitsa Kardzhali Karlovo Kazanlak Kyustendil Lom Lovech Montana Nova Zagora Petrich Razgrad Samokov Sandanski Sevlievo Silistra Smolyan Svishtov Targovishte Troyan Velingrad Vidin 10,000+ Balchik Bankya Berkovitsa Byala Slatina Cherven Bryag Chirpan Elhovo Etropole Gotse Delchev Harmanli Ihtiman Karnobat Kavarna Knezha Kostinbrod Kozloduy Mezdra Nesebar Novi Iskar Novi Pazar Panagyurishte Parvomay Pavlikeni Peshtera Pomorie Popovo Provadia Radnevo Radomir Rakovski Razlog Stamboliyski Svilengrad 5,000+ Aksakovo Bansko Belene Belogradchik Beloslav Bobov Dol Bozhurishte Byala, Ruse Province Chepelare Devin Devnya Dolni Chiflik Dryanovo Dulovo Elena Elin Pelin Galabovo General Toshevo Hisarya Isperih Kostenets Kotel Krichim Krumovgrad Kubrat Kuklen Levski Lukovit Lyaskovets Lyubimets Madan Momchilgrad Omurtag Oryahovo Perushtitsa Pirdop Rakitovo Saedinenie Septemvri Simeonovgrad Simitli Slivnitsa Sopot, Plovdiv Province Sredets Straldzha Svoge Tervel Teteven Topolovgrad Tryavna Tsarevo Tutrakan Tvarditsa Varshets Veliki Preslav Yakoruda Zlatitsa Zlatograd 2,000+ Aheloy Apriltsi Ardino Banya Batak Batanovtsi Belitsa Belovo Borovo Bratsigovo Bregovo Breznik Byala Chernomorets Dalgopol Debelets Dobrinishte Dolna Banya Dolna Mitropoliya Dolna Oryahovitsa Dolni Dabnik Dospat Dragoman Dunavtsi Dve Mogili Dzhebel Glodzhevo Godech Gulyantsi Gurkovo Hadzhidimovo Ignatievo* Iskar Ivaylovgrad Kableshkovo Kalofer Kameno Kaspichan Kilifarevo Klisura Kocherinovo Koprivshtitsa Kostandovo Koynare Kresna Kran Krivodol Kula Laki Letnitsa Loznitsa Maglizh Malko Tarnovo Marten Мizia Nedelino Nikolaevo Nikopol Obzor Opaka Pavel Banya Polski Trambesh Pordim Pravets Primorsko Rila Roman Rudozem Sadovo Sapareva Banya Sarnitsa Shabla Shivachevo Slavyanovo Slivo Pole Smyadovo Sozopol Strazhitsa Strelcha Sungurlare Suvorovo Sveti Vlas Tran Trastenik Tsar Kaloyan Ugarchin Valchedram Valchi Dol Varbitsa Vetovo Vetren Yablanitsa Zavet Zlataritsa 1,000+ Ahtopol Alfatar Antonovo Balgarovo Boboshevo Bolyarovo Boychinovtsi Brusartsi Byala Cherkva Chiprovtsi Dimovo Glavinitsa Gramada Kaolinovo Kermen Merichleri Momin Prohod Plachkovtsi Senovo Shipka Suhindol Zemen 500+ Kiten Madzharovo Pliska 499- Melnik Notes city status after the census of 01.02.2011: Ignatievo, Kran vte Kresna MunicipalityCapital: KresnaVillages Dolna Gradeshnitsa Ezerets Gorna Breznitsa Stara Kresna Oshtava Slivnitsa Vlahi Landmarks Kresna Gorge Sinanitsa History Battle of Kresna Gorge Kresna-Razlog Uprising 1904 Kresna earthquakes Notable people Yane Sandanski Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States 41°44′N 23°9′E / 41.733°N 23.150°E / 41.733; 23.150 This Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria location article is a stub. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈkrɛsnɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"Kresna Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Blagoevgrad Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"}],"text":"Place in Blagoevgrad, BulgariaKresna (Bulgarian: Кресна [ˈkrɛsnɐ]) is a town and the seat of Kresna Municipality in Blagoevgrad Province in Bulgaria.It is located in the southwestern part of Bulgaria.","title":"Kresna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The archaeological findings found testify that the area has been inhabited since ancient times.In 1878 the Kresna - Razlog uprising was ignited with the mission to free Macedonia from the Ottoman yoke. One year later (1879) the uprising ends with a loss for Kresna's citizens.[citation needed]Since 1932, the Probuda Community Center has been operating in Kriva livada (Kresna).The settlement was established after 1926 as Pirin Station. It was recognized as a station settlement without an administrative act in 1934. In 1956, the population of Novo Selo was counted together with the population of Pirin Station. In 1959, the town of Kriva livada was added to Pirin Station by Decree No. 582/obn. 29.12.1959 By Decree No. 1582/obn. On September 29, 1978, it was declared a city and renamed to Kresna, and the former village of Kresna to Stara Kresna.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The municipality of Kresna (7,560 inhabitants) covers parts of the valley of the Struma River with the picturesque Kresna gorge, the western branches of Pirin and the northeastern slopes of the Maleshev mountain. The area is attractive with its uniqueness and natural beauty.The town of Kresna (4,600 inhabitants) is located on both sides of the international road E-79. Before the city, at a picturesque bend of the Struma river, there is a monument to those who died in the Kresnensko-Razlozhko Uprising (1878). Passers-by are impressed by the temple-monument \"St. Ivan Rilski\" (on the right of the road), the pleasant center and the Melo sand screes, which rise like a giant fan in the east-northeast, and in the background - the majestic ridge of PirinIn Pirin is located the beautiful resort area of Sinanitsa (Blue Peak), through which the popular hiking route to the hut and lake of the same name passes, one of the most beautiful in Pirin. The village of Vlahi conquers the visitor with its incredible nature and pastoral idyll. Near Vlahi, in the village of Oshtava and in the area of Gradeshka Banya, there are mineral springs known for their healing properties. In the Maleshevska Planina, along the valley of the Breznishka River, is the kingdom of ancient plane trees. On the hill above the village of Breznitsa, on the site of an old monastery, the \"Holy Prophet Elijah\" monastery was built.The remains of the ancient city of Neine (near the village of Dolna Gradeshnitsa) and of the medieval monastery \"St. St. Cosmas and Damian\" (near the village of Vlahi) speak of the centuries-old history of the area. In each of the settlements in the municipality there are interesting churches to visit. The oldest, \"Nativity of the Virgin\", is in the village of Vlahi and dates back to 1750.On both sides of the Struma is the \"Tisata\" reserve - the largest juniper forest on the Balkan Peninsula, which is home to over a hundred species of birds. Ornithologists, lovers of mountain routes, fishermen and guests - all are welcome in Kresna, where the local people welcome them with hospitality and warmth.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The population professes Eastern Orthodoxy. In 1941, the church \"St. Ivan Rilski\" was built in Kresna.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"route E79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E79"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"}],"text":"Kresna lies on the route E79, which leads from Sofia to the Greek border.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kresna Gully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna_Gully"},{"link_name":"Livingston Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Island"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Bulgaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Cities and towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg"},{"link_name":"Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Burgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas"},{"link_name":"Pleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleven"},{"link_name":"Ruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Stara Zagora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Zagora"},{"link_name":"Asenovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenovgrad"},{"link_name":"Blagoevgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagoevgrad"},{"link_name":"Dobrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrich"},{"link_name":"Gabrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrovo"},{"link_name":"Haskovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskovo"},{"link_name":"Pazardzhik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazardzhik"},{"link_name":"Pernik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernik"},{"link_name":"Shumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumen"},{"link_name":"Sliven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliven"},{"link_name":"Veliko Tarnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo"},{"link_name":"Vratsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratsa"},{"link_name":"Yambol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yambol"},{"link_name":"Aytos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytos"},{"link_name":"Botevgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botevgrad"},{"link_name":"Dimitrovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Dupnitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupnitsa"},{"link_name":"Gorna Oryahovitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorna_Oryahovitsa"},{"link_name":"Kardzhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardzhali"},{"link_name":"Karlovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlovo"},{"link_name":"Kazanlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazanlak"},{"link_name":"Kyustendil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyustendil"},{"link_name":"Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Lovech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovech"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Nova Zagora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zagora"},{"link_name":"Petrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrich"},{"link_name":"Razgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razgrad"},{"link_name":"Samokov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samokov"},{"link_name":"Sandanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandanski"},{"link_name":"Sevlievo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevlievo"},{"link_name":"Silistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silistra"},{"link_name":"Smolyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolyan"},{"link_name":"Svishtov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svishtov"},{"link_name":"Targovishte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targovishte"},{"link_name":"Troyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyan"},{"link_name":"Velingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velingrad"},{"link_name":"Vidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidin"},{"link_name":"Balchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balchik"},{"link_name":"Bankya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankya"},{"link_name":"Berkovitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkovitsa"},{"link_name":"Byala Slatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byala_Slatina"},{"link_name":"Cherven Bryag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherven_Bryag"},{"link_name":"Chirpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirpan"},{"link_name":"Elhovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elhovo"},{"link_name":"Etropole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etropole"},{"link_name":"Gotse Delchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotse_Delchev,_Blagoevgrad_Province"},{"link_name":"Harmanli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmanli"},{"link_name":"Ihtiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihtiman"},{"link_name":"Karnobat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnobat"},{"link_name":"Kavarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavarna"},{"link_name":"Knezha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knezha"},{"link_name":"Kostinbrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostinbrod"},{"link_name":"Kozloduy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozloduy"},{"link_name":"Mezdra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezdra"},{"link_name":"Nesebar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesebar"},{"link_name":"Novi Iskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Iskar"},{"link_name":"Novi Pazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Pazar,_Shumen_Province"},{"link_name":"Panagyurishte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagyurishte"},{"link_name":"Parvomay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvomay"},{"link_name":"Pavlikeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlikeni"},{"link_name":"Peshtera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshtera"},{"link_name":"Pomorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomorie"},{"link_name":"Popovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popovo,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Provadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provadia"},{"link_name":"Radnevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radnevo"},{"link_name":"Radomir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomir_(town)"},{"link_name":"Rakovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakovski_(town)"},{"link_name":"Razlog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razlog"},{"link_name":"Stamboliyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamboliyski"},{"link_name":"Svilengrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svilengrad"},{"link_name":"Aksakovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksakovo,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bansko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansko"},{"link_name":"Belene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belene"},{"link_name":"Belogradchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belogradchik"},{"link_name":"Beloslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloslav"},{"link_name":"Bobov Dol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobov_Dol"},{"link_name":"Bozhurishte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozhurishte"},{"link_name":"Byala, Ruse Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byala,_Ruse_Province"},{"link_name":"Chepelare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepelare"},{"link_name":"Devin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Devnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devnya"},{"link_name":"Dolni Chiflik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolni_Chiflik"},{"link_name":"Dryanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryanovo"},{"link_name":"Dulovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulovo,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Elena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_(town)"},{"link_name":"Elin Pelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Pelin_(town)"},{"link_name":"Galabovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galabovo"},{"link_name":"General Toshevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Toshevo"},{"link_name":"Hisarya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisarya,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Isperih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isperih"},{"link_name":"Kostenets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostenets"},{"link_name":"Kotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotel,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Krichim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krichim"},{"link_name":"Krumovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krumovgrad"},{"link_name":"Kubrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubrat_(town)"},{"link_name":"Kuklen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuklen"},{"link_name":"Levski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levski,_Pleven_Province"},{"link_name":"Lukovit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukovit"},{"link_name":"Lyaskovets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyaskovets"},{"link_name":"Lyubimets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubimets"},{"link_name":"Madan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan,_Smolyan_Province"},{"link_name":"Momchilgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momchilgrad"},{"link_name":"Omurtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurtag_(town)"},{"link_name":"Oryahovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryahovo"},{"link_name":"Perushtitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perushtitsa"},{"link_name":"Pirdop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirdop"},{"link_name":"Rakitovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakitovo"},{"link_name":"Saedinenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saedinenie,_Plovdiv_Province"},{"link_name":"Septemvri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septemvri"},{"link_name":"Simeonovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeonovgrad"},{"link_name":"Simitli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simitli"},{"link_name":"Slivnitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slivnitsa"},{"link_name":"Sopot, Plovdiv Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopot,_Plovdiv_Province"},{"link_name":"Sredets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredets,_Burgas_Province"},{"link_name":"Straldzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straldzha"},{"link_name":"Svoge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svoge"},{"link_name":"Tervel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tervel_(town)"},{"link_name":"Teteven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teteven"},{"link_name":"Topolovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolovgrad"},{"link_name":"Tryavna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryavna"},{"link_name":"Tsarevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarevo"},{"link_name":"Tutrakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutrakan"},{"link_name":"Tvarditsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvarditsa,_Sliven_Province"},{"link_name":"Varshets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varshets"},{"link_name":"Veliki Preslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Preslav"},{"link_name":"Yakoruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakoruda"},{"link_name":"Zlatitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatitsa"},{"link_name":"Zlatograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatograd"},{"link_name":"Aheloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aheloy"},{"link_name":"Apriltsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apriltsi"},{"link_name":"Ardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardino"},{"link_name":"Banya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banya,_Plovdiv_Province"},{"link_name":"Batak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Batanovtsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batanovtsi"},{"link_name":"Belitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belitsa"},{"link_name":"Belovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belovo,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Borovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovo,_Ruse_Province"},{"link_name":"Bratsigovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratsigovo"},{"link_name":"Bregovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregovo"},{"link_name":"Breznik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breznik"},{"link_name":"Byala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byala,_Varna_Province"},{"link_name":"Chernomorets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernomorets"},{"link_name":"Dalgopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalgopol"},{"link_name":"Debelets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debelets"},{"link_name":"Dobrinishte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrinishte"},{"link_name":"Dolna 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Mogili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dve_Mogili"},{"link_name":"Dzhebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhebel"},{"link_name":"Glodzhevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glodzhevo"},{"link_name":"Godech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godech"},{"link_name":"Gulyantsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulyantsi"},{"link_name":"Gurkovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkovo"},{"link_name":"Hadzhidimovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadzhidimovo"},{"link_name":"Ignatievo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatievo"},{"link_name":"Iskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskar_(town)"},{"link_name":"Ivaylovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivaylovgrad"},{"link_name":"Kableshkovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kableshkovo,_Pomorie_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Kalofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalofer"},{"link_name":"Kameno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameno"},{"link_name":"Kaspichan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspichan"},{"link_name":"Kilifarevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilifarevo"},{"link_name":"Klisura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klisura,_Plovdiv_Province"},{"link_name":"Kocherinovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocherinovo"},{"link_name":"Koprivshtitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koprivshtitsa"},{"link_name":"Kostandovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostandovo"},{"link_name":"Koynare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koynare"},{"link_name":"Kresna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kran,_Stara_Zagora_Province"},{"link_name":"Krivodol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krivodol,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Kula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Laki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki,_Plovdiv_Province"},{"link_name":"Letnitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letnitsa"},{"link_name":"Loznitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loznitsa"},{"link_name":"Maglizh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglizh"},{"link_name":"Malko Tarnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malko_Tarnovo"},{"link_name":"Marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Мizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizia_(town)"},{"link_name":"Nedelino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedelino"},{"link_name":"Nikolaevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaevo"},{"link_name":"Nikopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Obzor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obzor"},{"link_name":"Opaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opaka"},{"link_name":"Pavel Banya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Banya"},{"link_name":"Polski 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Dol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valchi_Dol"},{"link_name":"Varbitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varbitsa_(town)"},{"link_name":"Vetovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetovo"},{"link_name":"Vetren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetren,_Pazardzhik_Province"},{"link_name":"Yablanitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yablanitsa"},{"link_name":"Zavet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavet_(town)"},{"link_name":"Zlataritsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlataritsa"},{"link_name":"Ahtopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtopol"},{"link_name":"Alfatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfatar"},{"link_name":"Antonovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonovo"},{"link_name":"Balgarovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgarovo"},{"link_name":"Boboshevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boboshevo"},{"link_name":"Bolyarovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolyarovo"},{"link_name":"Boychinovtsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boychinovtsi"},{"link_name":"Brusartsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusartsi"},{"link_name":"Byala 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Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Kresna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Dolna Gradeshnitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolna_Gradeshnitsa"},{"link_name":"Ezerets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezerets,_Blagoevgrad_Province"},{"link_name":"Gorna Breznitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorna_Breznitsa"},{"link_name":"Stara Kresna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Kresna"},{"link_name":"Oshtava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshtava"},{"link_name":"Slivnitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slivnitsa_(village)"},{"link_name":"Vlahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlahi_(village)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VrahSinanitsa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kresna Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna_Gorge"},{"link_name":"Sinanitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinanitsa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kresna Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge"},{"link_name":"Kresna-Razlog Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna-Razlog_Uprising"},{"link_name":"1904 Kresna earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Kresna_earthquakes"},{"link_name":"Yane Sandanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yane_Sandanski"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q406476#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/158375704"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564955605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n87949888"},{"link_name":"41°44′N 23°9′E / 41.733°N 23.150°E / 41.733; 23.150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kresna&params=41_44_N_23_9_E_type:city"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oblast_Blagoevgrad.png"},{"link_name":"Blagoevgrad Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kresna&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Blagoevgrad-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Blagoevgrad-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Blagoevgrad-geo-stub"}],"text":"Kresna Gully on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Kresna.vte Cities and towns of Bulgaria (2011 census)1,000,000+\nSofia (capital)\n300,000+\nPlovdiv\nVarna\n200,000+\nBurgas\n100,000+\nPleven\nRuse\nStara Zagora\n50,000+\nAsenovgrad\nBlagoevgrad\nDobrich\nGabrovo\nHaskovo\nPazardzhik\nPernik\nShumen\nSliven\nVeliko Tarnovo\nVratsa\nYambol\n20,000+\nAytos\nBotevgrad\nDimitrovgrad\nDupnitsa\nGorna Oryahovitsa\nKardzhali\nKarlovo\nKazanlak\nKyustendil\nLom\nLovech\nMontana\nNova Zagora\nPetrich\nRazgrad\nSamokov\nSandanski\nSevlievo\nSilistra\nSmolyan\nSvishtov\nTargovishte\nTroyan\nVelingrad\nVidin\n10,000+\nBalchik\nBankya\nBerkovitsa\nByala Slatina\nCherven Bryag\nChirpan\nElhovo\nEtropole\nGotse Delchev\nHarmanli\nIhtiman\nKarnobat\nKavarna\nKnezha\nKostinbrod\nKozloduy\nMezdra\nNesebar\nNovi Iskar\nNovi Pazar\nPanagyurishte\nParvomay\nPavlikeni\nPeshtera\nPomorie\nPopovo\nProvadia\nRadnevo\nRadomir\nRakovski\nRazlog\nStamboliyski\nSvilengrad\n5,000+\nAksakovo\nBansko\nBelene\nBelogradchik\nBeloslav\nBobov Dol\nBozhurishte\nByala, Ruse Province\nChepelare\nDevin\nDevnya\nDolni Chiflik\nDryanovo\nDulovo\nElena\nElin Pelin\nGalabovo\nGeneral Toshevo\nHisarya\nIsperih\nKostenets\nKotel\nKrichim\nKrumovgrad\nKubrat\nKuklen\nLevski\nLukovit\nLyaskovets\nLyubimets\nMadan\nMomchilgrad\nOmurtag\nOryahovo\nPerushtitsa\nPirdop\nRakitovo\nSaedinenie\nSeptemvri\nSimeonovgrad\nSimitli\nSlivnitsa\nSopot, Plovdiv Province\nSredets\nStraldzha\nSvoge\nTervel\nTeteven\nTopolovgrad\nTryavna\nTsarevo\nTutrakan\nTvarditsa\nVarshets\nVeliki Preslav\nYakoruda\nZlatitsa\nZlatograd\n2,000+\nAheloy\nApriltsi\nArdino\nBanya\nBatak\nBatanovtsi\nBelitsa\nBelovo\nBorovo\nBratsigovo\nBregovo\nBreznik\nByala\nChernomorets\nDalgopol\nDebelets\nDobrinishte\nDolna Banya\nDolna Mitropoliya\nDolna Oryahovitsa\nDolni Dabnik\nDospat\nDragoman\nDunavtsi\nDve Mogili\nDzhebel\nGlodzhevo\nGodech\nGulyantsi\nGurkovo\nHadzhidimovo\nIgnatievo*\nIskar\nIvaylovgrad\nKableshkovo\nKalofer\nKameno\nKaspichan\nKilifarevo\nKlisura\nKocherinovo\nKoprivshtitsa\nKostandovo\nKoynare\nKresna\nKran\nKrivodol\nKula\nLaki\nLetnitsa\nLoznitsa\nMaglizh\nMalko Tarnovo\nMarten\nМizia\nNedelino\nNikolaevo\nNikopol\nObzor\nOpaka\nPavel Banya\nPolski Trambesh\nPordim\nPravets\nPrimorsko\nRila\nRoman\nRudozem\nSadovo\nSapareva Banya\nSarnitsa\nShabla\nShivachevo\nSlavyanovo\nSlivo Pole\nSmyadovo\nSozopol\nStrazhitsa\nStrelcha\nSungurlare\nSuvorovo\nSveti Vlas\nTran\nTrastenik\nTsar Kaloyan\nUgarchin\nValchedram\nValchi Dol\nVarbitsa\nVetovo\nVetren\nYablanitsa\nZavet\nZlataritsa\n1,000+\nAhtopol\nAlfatar\nAntonovo\nBalgarovo\nBoboshevo\nBolyarovo\nBoychinovtsi\nBrusartsi\nByala Cherkva\nChiprovtsi\nDimovo\nGlavinitsa\nGramada\nKaolinovo\nKermen\nMerichleri\nMomin Prohod\nPlachkovtsi\nSenovo\nShipka\nSuhindol\nZemen\n500+\nKiten\nMadzharovo\nPliska\n499-\nMelnik\nNotes\ncity status after the census of 01.02.2011: Ignatievo, Kranvte Kresna MunicipalityCapital: KresnaVillages\nDolna Gradeshnitsa\nEzerets\nGorna Breznitsa\nStara Kresna\nOshtava\nSlivnitsa\nVlahi\nLandmarks\nKresna Gorge\nSinanitsa\nHistory\nBattle of Kresna Gorge\nKresna-Razlog Uprising\n1904 Kresna earthquakes\nNotable people\nYane SandanskiAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States41°44′N 23°9′E / 41.733°N 23.150°E / 41.733; 23.150This Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Namesakes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_law
Law of Moses
["1 Terminology","2 Law in the Ancient Near East","3 Hebrew Bible","3.1 Moses and authorship of the Law","3.2 Later references to the Law in the Hebrew Bible","3.3 Content","4 Rabbinical Interpretation","5 Christian interpretation","6 In Islam","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
The Torah or the first five books of the Hebrew Bible El Greco's View of Mount Sinai (1570–1572), Historical Museum of Crete The Law of Moses (Hebrew: תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה Torat Moshe), also called the Mosaic Law, is the law said to have been revealed to Moses by God. The term primarily refers to the Torah or the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. Terminology The Law of Moses or Torah of Moses (Hebrew: תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה‎, Torat Moshe, Septuagint Ancient Greek: νόμος Μωυσῆ, nómos Mōusē, or in some translations the "Teachings of Moses") is a biblical term first found in the Book of Joshua 8:31–32, where Joshua writes the Hebrew words of "Torat Moshe תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה‎" on an altar of stones at Mount Ebal. The text continues: And afterward he read all the words of the teachings, the blessings and cursings, according to all that is written in the book of the Torah.— Joshua 8:34 The term occurs 15 times in the Hebrew Bible, a further 7 times in the New Testament, and repeatedly in Second Temple period, intertestamental, rabbinical and patristic literature. The Hebrew word for the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, Torah (which means "law" and was translated into Greek as "nomos" or "Law") refers to the same five books termed in English "Pentateuch" (from Latinised Greek "five books", implying the five books of Moses). According to some scholars, use of the name "Torah" to designate the "Five Books of Moses" of the Hebrew Bible is clearly documented only from the 2nd century BCE. In modern usage, Torah can refer to the first five books of the Tanakh, as the Hebrew Bible is commonly called, to the instructions and commandments found in the 2nd to 5th books of the Hebrew Bible, and also to the entire Tanakh and even all of the Oral Law as well. Among English-speaking Christians the term "The Law" can refer to the whole Pentateuch including Genesis, but this is generally in relation to the New Testament where nomos "the Law" sometimes refers to all five books, including Genesis. This use of the Hebrew term "Torah" (law), for the first five books is considered misleading by 21st-century Christian bible scholar John Van Seters, because the Pentateuch "consists of about one half law and the other half narrative". Law in the Ancient Near East The "Law of Moses" in ancient Israel was different from other legal codes in the ancient Near East because transgressions were seen as offences against God rather than solely as offences against society (civil law). This contrasts with the Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2100–2050 BCE), and the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1760 BCE, of which almost half concerns contract law). However, the influence of the ancient Near Eastern legal tradition on the Law of ancient Israel is recognised and well documented, for example, in principles such as lex talionis ("eye for an eye"), and in the content of the provisions. Some similarities are striking, such as in the provisions concerning a man-goring ox (Code of Hammurabi laws 250–252, Exodus 21:28–32). Some writers have posited direct influence: David P. Wright, for example, asserts that the Covenant Code is "directly, primarily, and throughout dependent upon the Laws of Hammurabi", "a creative rewriting of Mesopotamian sources ... to be viewed as an academic abstraction rather than a digest of laws". Others posit indirect influence, such as via Aramaic or Phoenician intermediaries. There is consensus that the similarities are a result of inheriting common oral traditions. Another example, the Israelite Sabbatical Year has antecedents in the Akkadian mesharum edicts granting periodic relief to the poor. An important distinction, however, is that in ancient Near East legal codes, as in more recently unearthed Ugaritic texts, an important, and ultimate, role in the legal process was assigned to the king. Ancient Israel, before the monarchical period beginning with David, was set up as a theocracy, rather than a monarchy, although God is most commonly portrayed like a king. Hebrew Bible Moses and authorship of the Law Main articles: Moses, Deuteronomist, and Mosaic authorship According to the Hebrew Bible, Moses was the leader of early Israel out of Egypt; and traditionally the first five books of the Hebrew Bible are attributed to him, though most modern scholars believe there were multiple authors. The law attributed to Moses, specifically the laws set out in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy, as a consequence came to be considered supreme over all other sources of authority (any king and/or his officials), and the Levites were the guardians and interpreters of the law. The Book of Deuteronomy (Deuteronomy 31:24–26) records Moses saying, "Take this book of the law, and put it by the side of the Ark of the Covenant of the LORD." Similar passages referring to the Law include, for example, Exodus 17:14, "And the LORD said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua, that I will utterly blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven"; Exodus 24:4, "And Moses wrote all the words of the LORD, and rose up early in the morning, and built an altar under the mount, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel"; Exodus 34:27, "And the LORD said unto Moses, Write thou these words, for after the tenor of these words I have made a covenant with thee and with Israel"; and Leviticus 26:46 "These are the decrees, the laws and the regulations that the LORD established on Mount Sinai between himself and the Israelites through Moses." Later references to the Law in the Hebrew Bible The Book of Kings relates how a "law of Moses" was discovered in the Temple during the reign of king Josiah (r. 641–609 BCE). Another mention of the "Book of the Law of Moses" is found in Joshua 8:30–31. Content The content of the Law is spread among the books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers, and then reiterated and added to in Deuteronomy. This includes: The Ten Commandments Moral laws – on murder, theft, honesty, adultery, homosexuality, etc. Social laws – on property, inheritance, marriage and divorce. Food laws – on what is clean and unclean, on cooking and storing food. Purity laws – on menstruation, seminal emissions, skin disease and mildew, etc. Feasts – the Day of Atonement, Passover, Feast of Tabernacles, Feast of Unleavened Bread, Feast of Weeks etc. Sacrifices and offerings – the sin offering, burnt offering, whole offering, heave offering, Passover sacrifice, meal offering, wave offering, peace offering, drink offering, thank offering, dough offering, incense offering, red heifer, scapegoat, first fruits, etc. Instructions for the priesthood and the high priest, including tithes. Instructions regarding the Tabernacle, and which were later applied to the Temple in Jerusalem, including those concerning the Holy of Holies containing the Ark of the Covenant (in which were the tablets of the law, Aaron's rod, the manna). Instructions and for the construction of various altars. Forward looking instructions for time when Israel would demand a king. Rabbinical Interpretation The content of the instructions and its interpretations, the Oral Torah, was passed down orally, excerpted and codified in Rabbinical Judaism, and in the Talmud were numbered as the 613 commandments. The law given to Moses at Sinai (Hebrew Halakhah le-Moshe mi-Sinai הלכה למשה מסיני) is a halakhic distinction. Rabbinic Judaism asserts that Moses presented the laws to the Jewish people, and that the laws do not apply to Gentiles (including Christians), with the exception of the Seven Laws of Noah, which (it teaches) apply to all people. Christian interpretation Main article: Christian views on the Old CovenantThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Orthodox Christians regard the Law of Moses as still fully in effect but transformed and fulfilled in a number of ways. Other Christians believe that only parts dealing with the moral law (as opposed to ceremonial law) are still applicable, others believe that none apply, dual-covenant theologians believe that the Old Covenant remains valid only for Jews, and a minority have the view that all parts still apply to believers in Jesus and in the New Covenant without any transformation in their character. Hebrew Catholics believe that the Law of Moses is not obligatory for Christians, but yet beneficial to preserve the Jewish identity of those Jews who have become Catholic, and as a devotional. During the Enlightenment, European society transitioned from the religious traditional social order of the Middle Ages into the modern Age of Reason. Anti-semitism, once driven by religious conviction and the persistent belief that Jews should be blamed for the death of Jesus, was reconfigured. The influence of Hebrew scripture and authoritarian ritual practice on Christian orthodoxy (including the Catholic Church) became the basis for attacks on Church authority. Anti-Semitic polemic against the Mosaic Law became a common theme for many well-known Enlightenment philosophers. Pierre Bayle, a deist, criticized the biblical figures from the Old Testament and their adherence to religious law which he said operated in an authoritarian manner to regulate social and community behavior instead of a personal conscience that requires agency. In Islam Muslims believe Moses was one of the major prophets (and apostles) of God and the Law was one of the three major revealed scriptures known by name beside the Quran, which mentions the Law or Torah a total of eighteen times, and repeats commandments from it: How do they (the Jews) make you (Muhammad) judge when the Law ("Torah") with them, wherein are the commandments of God? Even then they turn away , after all that. They are no believers. Indeed have We sent down the Law ("Torah"), wherein was guidance and light, by which the prophets, who submitted to God, used to govern ("judge") those who are of the Jewish folk. So did the Rabbis and religious scribes by what of the Scripture of God they were entrusted with and were witnesses to. So fear not the men but fear Me and trade not My verses (commandments) for a petty price . Whoever governs ("judges") not by what God has sent down: they are those the unbelievers. We ordained for them therein: life for life, eye for eye, nose for nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth and an retribution wounds. But whoever is charitable with it, then be it his atonement. And whoever governs not by what God has sent down: they are those the wrong-doers. And We followed up upon their footsteps Jesus the son of Mary verifying what was before him of the Law. And We gave him the Gospel ("Evangel"), wherein was guidance and light, verifying what was before him of the Law, a guidance and an admonition for the pious.— Quran 5:43-46 See also Judaism portal Matthew 5: Antitheses Moses in Islam References ^ e.g. New Century Version, Joshua 8:32 ^ Kristin De Troyer, Armin Lange Reading the present in the Qumran library 2005 p158: "Both at the beginning and at the ending of the Gibeonites' story there is now a reference to the law of Moses and to the fact that ... The building of the altar happens on Mount Ebal, not in Gilgal — Joshua gets to Gilgal only in 9:6." ^ 'the Law of Moses' - John 7:23; Luke 2:22; 22:44; Acts 15:5, 21; 24:14; 28:23 ^ Frank Crüsemann, Allan W. Mahnke (1996). The Torah: theology and social history of Old Testament law, p. 331. "... there is only clear evidence for the use of the term Torah to describe the Pentateuch as a ..." ^ John Van Seters (2004). The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary, p. 16 "Furthermore, the Hebrew term Torah, 'Law', is a little misleading as a description of the content of the Pentateuch, since it consists of about one half law and the other half narrative." ^ John H. Walton (1994). Ancient Israelite Literature in Its Cultural Context, p. 233. "The ancient Near Eastern collections do not include cultic law; rather, their focus is on civil law. As a generalization, in the ancient Near East violation of law is an offense against society. In Israel a violation of law is an ..." ^ Andrew E. Hill, John H. Walton (2000). A survey of the Old Testament, p. 52. "The influence of the ancient Near Eastern legal tradition on the form and function of Hebrew law is undeniable and widely documented. Along with this contemporary cultural influence, the Old Testament affirms the divine origin of ..." ^ David P. Wright (2009). Inventing God's Law: How the Covenant Code of the Bible Used and Revised the Laws of Hammurabi. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195304756 ^ Marc Van De Mieroop (2016). Philosophy before the Greeks: The Pursuit of Truth in Ancient Babylonia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691176352 ^ Jimmy Jack McBee Roberts (2002). The Bible and the ancient Near East: collected essays, p. 46. "The Israelite Sabbatical Year, which seems to have the same purpose and recurs at about the same interval, appears to be an Israelite adaptation of this mesharum-edict tradition." ^ Curtis, Adrian (1988). "Chapter 1. God as 'judge' in Ugaritic and Hebrew thought". In Lindars, Barnabas (ed.). Law and religion: essays on the place of the law in Israel. p. 3. The many legal texts discovered at Ugarit make it clear that the king played an important legal role; although legal transactions could be carried out before witnesses, ... ^ McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (January 1998). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. p. 19ff. ISBN 9780664256524. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Gentiles: Gentiles May Not Be Taught the Torah External links Media related to Law of Moses at Wikimedia Commons Jewish Encyclopedia: Torah: Laws of the Torah
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg"},{"link_name":"El Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Greco"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai"},{"link_name":"Historical Museum of Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"}],"text":"El Greco's View of Mount Sinai (1570–1572), Historical Museum of CreteThe Law of Moses (Hebrew: תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה Torat Moshe), also called the Mosaic Law, is the law said to have been revealed to Moses by God. The term primarily refers to the Torah or the first five books of the Hebrew Bible.","title":"Law of Moses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torah of Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah#Meaning_and_names"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"translations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_translations_of_the_bible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Book of Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joshua"},{"link_name":"8:31–32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+8:31%E2%80%9332&version=nkjv"},{"link_name":"Mount Ebal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ebal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Second Temple period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_period"},{"link_name":"intertestamental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertestamental"},{"link_name":"rabbinical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinical"},{"link_name":"patristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"\"nomos\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomos_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"commandments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzvot"},{"link_name":"Oral Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_Torah"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"bible scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_scholar"},{"link_name":"John Van Seters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Seters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Law of Moses or Torah of Moses (Hebrew: תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה‎, Torat Moshe, Septuagint Ancient Greek: νόμος Μωυσῆ, nómos Mōusē, or in some translations the \"Teachings of Moses\"[1]) is a biblical term first found in the Book of Joshua 8:31–32, where Joshua writes the Hebrew words of \"Torat Moshe תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה‎\" on an altar of stones at Mount Ebal. The text continues:And afterward he read all the words of the teachings, the blessings and cursings, according to all that is written in the book of the Torah.— Joshua 8:34[2]The term occurs 15 times in the Hebrew Bible, a further 7 times[3] in the New Testament, and repeatedly in Second Temple period, intertestamental, rabbinical and patristic literature.The Hebrew word for the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, Torah (which means \"law\" and was translated into Greek as \"nomos\" or \"Law\") refers to the same five books termed in English \"Pentateuch\" (from Latinised Greek \"five books\", implying the five books of Moses). According to some scholars, use of the name \"Torah\" to designate the \"Five Books of Moses\" of the Hebrew Bible is clearly documented only from the 2nd century BCE.[4]In modern usage, Torah can refer to the first five books of the Tanakh, as the Hebrew Bible is commonly called, to the instructions and commandments found in the 2nd to 5th books of the Hebrew Bible, and also to the entire Tanakh and even all of the Oral Law as well. Among English-speaking Christians the term \"The Law\" can refer to the whole Pentateuch including Genesis, but this is generally in relation to the New Testament where nomos \"the Law\" sometimes refers to all five books, including Genesis. This use of the Hebrew term \"Torah\" (law), for the first five books is considered misleading by 21st-century Christian bible scholar John Van Seters, because the Pentateuch \"consists of about one half law and the other half narrative\".[5]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_East"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sumerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"Code of Ur-Nammu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Code of Hammurabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi"},{"link_name":"contract law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"eye for an eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye"},{"link_name":"David P. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_P._Wright"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sabbatical Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatical_Year"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ugaritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic"},{"link_name":"theocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy"},{"link_name":"monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The \"Law of Moses\" in ancient Israel was different from other legal codes in the ancient Near East because transgressions were seen as offences against God rather than solely as offences against society (civil law).[6] This contrasts with the Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2100–2050 BCE), and the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1760 BCE, of which almost half concerns contract law).However, the influence of the ancient Near Eastern legal tradition on the Law of ancient Israel is recognised and well documented,[7] for example, in principles such as lex talionis (\"eye for an eye\"), and in the content of the provisions. Some similarities are striking, such as in the provisions concerning a man-goring ox (Code of Hammurabi laws 250–252, Exodus 21:28–32). Some writers have posited direct influence: David P. Wright, for example, asserts that the Covenant Code is \"directly, primarily, and throughout dependent upon the Laws of Hammurabi\", \"a creative rewriting of Mesopotamian sources ... to be viewed as an academic abstraction rather than a digest of laws\".[8] Others posit indirect influence, such as via Aramaic or Phoenician intermediaries.[9] There is consensus that the similarities are a result of inheriting common oral traditions. Another example, the Israelite Sabbatical Year has antecedents in the Akkadian mesharum edicts granting periodic relief to the poor.[10] An important distinction, however, is that in ancient Near East legal codes, as in more recently unearthed Ugaritic texts, an important, and ultimate, role in the legal process was assigned to the king. Ancient Israel, before the monarchical period beginning with David, was set up as a theocracy, rather than a monarchy, although God is most commonly portrayed like a king.[11]","title":"Law in the Ancient Near East"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hebrew Bible"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leader of early Israel out of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Leviticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviticus"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy"},{"link_name":"Levites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levites"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy 31:24–26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Deuteronomy#31:24"},{"link_name":"Ark of the Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant"},{"link_name":"Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua"},{"link_name":"Amalek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalek"},{"link_name":"heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven"},{"link_name":"twelve tribes of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_tribes_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 26:46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#26:46"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"}],"sub_title":"Moses and authorship of the Law","text":"According to the Hebrew Bible, Moses was the leader of early Israel out of Egypt; and traditionally the first five books of the Hebrew Bible are attributed to him, though most modern scholars believe there were multiple authors. The law attributed to Moses, specifically the laws set out in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy, as a consequence came to be considered supreme over all other sources of authority (any king and/or his officials), and the Levites were the guardians and interpreters of the law.[12]The Book of Deuteronomy (Deuteronomy 31:24–26) records Moses saying, \"Take this book of the law, and put it by the side of the Ark of the Covenant of the LORD.\" Similar passages referring to the Law include, for example, Exodus 17:14, \"And the LORD said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua, that I will utterly blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven\"; Exodus 24:4, \"And Moses wrote all the words of the LORD, and rose up early in the morning, and built an altar under the mount, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel\"; Exodus 34:27, \"And the LORD said unto Moses, Write thou these words, for after the tenor of these words I have made a covenant with thee and with Israel\"; and Leviticus 26:46 \"These are the decrees, the laws and the regulations that the LORD established on Mount Sinai between himself and the Israelites through Moses.\"","title":"Hebrew Bible"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Kings"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple"},{"link_name":"Josiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah"},{"link_name":"Joshua 8:30–31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%208:30%E2%80%9331&version=nrsv"}],"sub_title":"Later references to the Law in the Hebrew Bible","text":"The Book of Kings relates how a \"law of Moses\" was discovered in the Temple during the reign of king Josiah (r. 641–609 BCE).Another mention of the \"Book of the Law of Moses\" is found in Joshua 8:30–31.","title":"Hebrew Bible"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Leviticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviticus"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"Deuteronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomy"},{"link_name":"Ten Commandments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments"},{"link_name":"clean and unclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher"},{"link_name":"menstruation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddah"},{"link_name":"seminal emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zav"},{"link_name":"skin disease and mildew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzaraath"},{"link_name":"Day of Atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Atonement"},{"link_name":"Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover"},{"link_name":"Feast of Tabernacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Tabernacles"},{"link_name":"Feast of Unleavened Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Unleavened_Bread"},{"link_name":"Feast of Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Weeks"},{"link_name":"sin offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_offering"},{"link_name":"burnt offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_offering_(Judaism)"},{"link_name":"whole offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_offering"},{"link_name":"heave offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heave_offering"},{"link_name":"Passover sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"meal offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal_offering"},{"link_name":"wave offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_offering"},{"link_name":"peace offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_offering"},{"link_name":"drink offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drink_offering"},{"link_name":"thank offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_offering"},{"link_name":"dough offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dough_offering"},{"link_name":"incense offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense_offering"},{"link_name":"red heifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_heifer"},{"link_name":"scapegoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoat"},{"link_name":"first fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_fruits"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Ancient_Israel)"},{"link_name":"high priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest_(Judaism)"},{"link_name":"tithes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terumat_hamaaser"},{"link_name":"Tabernacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernacle"},{"link_name":"Temple in Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Holy of Holies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_of_Holies"},{"link_name":"Ark of the Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant"},{"link_name":"Aaron's rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod"},{"link_name":"manna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manna"},{"link_name":"various altars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_(Judaism)"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Israel"}],"sub_title":"Content","text":"The content of the Law is spread among the books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers, and then reiterated and added to in Deuteronomy. This includes:The Ten Commandments\nMoral laws – on murder, theft, honesty, adultery, homosexuality, etc.\nSocial laws – on property, inheritance, marriage and divorce.\nFood laws – on what is clean and unclean, on cooking and storing food.\nPurity laws – on menstruation, seminal emissions, skin disease and mildew, etc.\nFeasts – the Day of Atonement, Passover, Feast of Tabernacles, Feast of Unleavened Bread, Feast of Weeks etc.\nSacrifices and offerings – the sin offering, burnt offering, whole offering, heave offering, Passover sacrifice, meal offering, wave offering, peace offering, drink offering, thank offering, dough offering, incense offering, red heifer, scapegoat, first fruits, etc.\nInstructions for the priesthood and the high priest, including tithes.\nInstructions regarding the Tabernacle, and which were later applied to the Temple in Jerusalem, including those concerning the Holy of Holies containing the Ark of the Covenant (in which were the tablets of the law, Aaron's rod, the manna). Instructions and for the construction of various altars.\nForward looking instructions for time when Israel would demand a king.","title":"Hebrew Bible"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rabbinical Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinical_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"613 commandments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_commandments"},{"link_name":"law given to Moses at Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_given_to_Moses_at_Sinai"},{"link_name":"halakhic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha"},{"link_name":"Rabbinic Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Gentiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles"},{"link_name":"Seven Laws of Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah"}],"text":"The content of the instructions and its interpretations, the Oral Torah, was passed down orally, excerpted and codified in Rabbinical Judaism, and in the Talmud were numbered as the 613 commandments. The law given to Moses at Sinai (Hebrew Halakhah le-Moshe mi-Sinai הלכה למשה מסיני) is a halakhic distinction.Rabbinic Judaism[13] asserts that Moses presented the laws to the Jewish people, and that the laws do not apply to Gentiles (including Christians), with the exception of the Seven Laws of Noah, which (it teaches) apply to all people.","title":"Rabbinical Interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"only parts dealing with the moral law (as opposed to ceremonial law) are still applicable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersessionism"},{"link_name":"none apply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrogation_of_Old_Covenant_laws"},{"link_name":"dual-covenant theologians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-covenant_theology"},{"link_name":"all parts still apply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christianity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bayle"},{"link_name":"deist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deist"}],"text":"Orthodox Christians[who?] regard the Law of Moses as still fully in effect but transformed and fulfilled in a number of ways. Other Christians believe that only parts dealing with the moral law (as opposed to ceremonial law) are still applicable, others believe that none apply, dual-covenant theologians believe that the Old Covenant remains valid only for Jews, and a minority have the view that all parts still apply to believers in Jesus and in the New Covenant without any transformation in their character. Hebrew Catholics believe that the Law of Moses is not obligatory for Christians, but yet beneficial to preserve the Jewish identity of those Jews who have become Catholic, and as a devotional.[citation needed]During the Enlightenment, European society transitioned from the religious traditional social order of the Middle Ages into the modern Age of Reason. Anti-semitism, once driven by religious conviction and the persistent belief that Jews should be blamed for the death of Jesus, was reconfigured. The influence of Hebrew scripture and authoritarian ritual practice on Christian orthodoxy (including the Catholic Church) became the basis for attacks on Church authority. Anti-Semitic polemic against the Mosaic Law became a common theme for many well-known Enlightenment philosophers. Pierre Bayle, a deist, criticized the biblical figures from the Old Testament and their adherence to religious law which he said operated in an authoritarian manner to regulate social and community behavior instead of a personal conscience that requires agency.","title":"Christian interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prophets (and apostles) of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"revealed scriptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_books"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"5:43-46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D43-46"}],"text":"Muslims believe Moses was one of the major prophets (and apostles) of God and the Law was one of the three major revealed scriptures known by name beside the Quran, which mentions the Law or Torah a total of eighteen times, and repeats commandments from it:How do they (the Jews) make you (Muhammad) judge when [they have] the Law (\"Torah\") with them, wherein are the commandments of God? Even then they turn away [from God], after all that. They are no believers. Indeed have We sent down the Law (\"Torah\"), wherein was guidance and light, by which the prophets, who submitted to God, used to govern (\"judge\") those who [now] are of the Jewish folk. So did the Rabbis and religious scribes by what of the Scripture of God they were entrusted with and were witnesses to. So fear not the men but fear Me and trade not My verses (commandments) for a petty price [of this worldly life]. Whoever governs (\"judges\") not by what God has sent down: they are those [who are] the unbelievers. We ordained for them therein: life for life, eye for eye, nose for nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth and an [equal] retribution [for] wounds. But whoever is charitable with it, then be it [counted as] his atonement. And whoever governs not by what God has sent down: they are those [who are] the wrong-doers. And We followed up upon their footsteps Jesus the son of Mary verifying what was before him of the Law. And We gave him the Gospel (\"Evangel\"), wherein was guidance and light, verifying what was before him of the Law, a guidance and an admonition for the pious.— Quran 5:43-46","title":"In Islam"}]
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[{"title":"Judaism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism"},{"title":"Matthew 5: Antitheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_5#Antitheses"},{"title":"Moses in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_in_Islam"}]
[{"reference":"Curtis, Adrian (1988). \"Chapter 1. God as 'judge' in Ugaritic and Hebrew thought\". In Lindars, Barnabas (ed.). Law and religion: essays on the place of the law in Israel. p. 3. The many legal texts discovered at Ugarit make it clear that the king played an important legal role; although legal transactions could be carried out before witnesses, ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabas_Lindars","url_text":"Lindars, Barnabas"}]},{"reference":"McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (January 1998). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. p. 19ff. ISBN 9780664256524.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&pg=PA19","url_text":"The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664256524","url_text":"9780664256524"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+8:31%E2%80%9332&version=nkjv","external_links_name":"8:31–32"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%208:30%E2%80%9331&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Joshua 8:30–31"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D43-46","external_links_name":"5:43-46"},{"Link":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+8:32&version=ncv","external_links_name":"Joshua 8:32"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&pg=PA19","external_links_name":"The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues"},{"Link":"http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=G#543","external_links_name":"Jewish Encyclopedia: Gentiles: Gentiles May Not Be Taught the Torah"},{"Link":"http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14446-torah#anchor10","external_links_name":"Jewish Encyclopedia: Torah: Laws of the Torah"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Magallanes
University of Magallanes
["1 Accreditation","2 Faculty and institutes","3 History","4 Curriculum innovation and the Bologna process","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°08′13″S 70°52′47″W / 53.13694°S 70.87972°W / -53.13694; -70.87972This article is about a Chilean university. For the city in Croatia, see Umag. University in Punta Arenas, Chile University of MagallanesUniversidad de MagallanesFormer namesUniversidad Técnica del EstadoMottoScientiae in AustroMotto in EnglishKnowledge in the SouthTypePublic state universityEstablished1961 1981 (UMAG)ProvostDr. Jose MaripaniRectorDr. Juan Oyarzo Perez (2014–2018)Students3,822 (2020)Undergraduates3,800Postgraduates22LocationPunta Arenas, Puerto Natales, Porvenir, Puerto Williams, Coyhaique, Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena, Chile53°08′13″S 70°52′47″W / 53.13694°S 70.87972°W / -53.13694; -70.87972ColorsBlue and white   AffiliationsCRUCH, CUE, Agrupación de Universidades Regionales de ChileWebsitewww.umag.cl University of Magallanes (UMAG) is a university in the southern Chilean city of Punta Arenas. It is a public state university and it is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. The University of Magallanes was established in 1981 during the neoliberal reforms of the Chile's military regime as the successor of Universidad Técnica del Estado's Punta Arenas section. Universidad Técnica del Estado had established the Punta Arenas section in 1961. The University of Magallanes have campuses in Punta Arenas and Puerto Natales as well as a university centre in Puerto Williams. University of Magallanes publishes the humanities and social sciences journal Magallania twice a year. Accreditation The university has full accreditation in all areas and ranks among upper-middle range of universities within the country. In December, 2015 the University of Magallanes was notified by the National Accreditation Commission (CNA) of the positive evaluation in all obligatory areas (institutional management and undergraduate teaching) and electives (research, teaching graduate and interaction with medium). The University is accredited by four years until December 2019. Faculty and institutes Currently there are five faculties, two autonomous schools and one interdisciplinary institute which perform academic tasks (undergraduate, graduate, research and extension). Faculty of Sciences Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Education and Social Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Faculty of Law, Economy and Business School of Medicine Technological School Patagonia Institute History Central Campus in Punta Arenas University of Magallanes, a member of the Honorable Council of Rectors of Chilean Universities, is a corporation of public law, autonomous, with legal personality and own patrimony. The university registers its origin in 1961, giving its first courses in Mechanics and Electricity. Through the following 50 years, it developed through various stages and denominations. It was originally created as a campus of the Technical State University. Three years later in 1964 it was denominated University College of Punta Arenas. In March 1981 it became the Magellan Professional Institute and finally on October 3 of the same year it acquired its actual formalization as University of Magallanes. Since then, it legitimizes and consolidates its position as the only state institution of higher education in the Magallanes region, with a strong tradition in the Chilean university system and quality accreditation from the time when universities were summoned to participate in these processes at the country level. The Faculty of Engineering was one of the first to be created. The Faculty of Economics and Law was created in late 2002 as a result of academic reorganization of the former Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. More recently, the Faculty of Health Sciences and the Faculty of Education and Social Sciences were created in May 2014, as a result of the reorganization of the former Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Health. The School of Medicine was established in January 2014 being Dr. Marcelo Navarrete Signorile its founding director. Curriculum innovation and the Bologna process In 2004 the ALFA Tuning Latin America Project aimed to 'fine tune' the educational structures that exist in Latin America, initiating a debate whose aim were to identify and improve co-operation between higher education institutions, so as to develop excellence, effectiveness, and transparency. This was an independent project, promoted and coordinated by universities in many different countries, both Latin American and European. Since 2008 to date, the university started a process of curriculum redesign to focus on competences, skills development and learning outcomes. During the redesign process the university ascribed to the Credit Transfer and Accumulation System for its graduate and postgraduate courses. As to 2015 80% of the courses are redesigned and denominated in credits. References ^ Universidades del Estado, Consorcio. "Consorcio de Universidades del Estado de Chile". Consorcio de Universidades del Estado. Retrieved 8 March 2016. ^ "D.F.L. 35. Lex Chile". ^ "Chilean University Ranking". Ranking Web de Universidades. Retrieved 29 March 2016. ^ "Comisión Nacional de Acreditacion de Chile". ^ School of Medicine ^ "Faculties University of Magallanes". ^ "News La Opinion Austral". La Opinion Austral. 21 December 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2016. ^ "Tunning Project". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Magallanes. Universidad de Magallanes — official homepage (Spanish) Consorcio de Universidades Estatales vteChilean Traditional Universities (Consejo de Rectores) Arturo Prat University Austral University of Chile Catholic University of the Holy Conception Catholic University of the Maule Catholic University of the North Federico Santa María Technical University Metropolitan University of Educational Sciences Metropolitan University of Technology Playa Ancha University of Educational Sciences Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso Temuco Catholic University University of Antofagasta University of Atacama University of Concepción University of Chile University of La Serena University of La Frontera University of Los Lagos University of Magallanes University of Santiago, Chile University of Talca University of Tarapacá University of Valparaíso University of the Bío-Bío Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umag"},{"link_name":"Chilean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Punta Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Arenas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CUE-1"},{"link_name":"Chilean Traditional Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Traditional_Universities"},{"link_name":"neoliberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberal"},{"link_name":"military regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_regime"},{"link_name":"Universidad Técnica del Estado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santiago,_Chile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Punta Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Arenas"},{"link_name":"Puerto Natales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Natales"},{"link_name":"Puerto Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Williams"},{"link_name":"Magallania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallania"}],"text":"This article is about a Chilean university. For the city in Croatia, see Umag.University in Punta Arenas, ChileUniversity of Magallanes (UMAG) is a university in the southern Chilean city of Punta Arenas. It is a public state university[1] and it is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. The University of Magallanes was established in 1981 during the neoliberal reforms of the Chile's military regime as the successor of Universidad Técnica del Estado's Punta Arenas section.[2] Universidad Técnica del Estado had established the Punta Arenas section in 1961. The University of Magallanes have campuses in Punta Arenas and Puerto Natales as well as a university centre in Puerto Williams. University of Magallanes publishes the humanities and social sciences journal Magallania twice a year.","title":"University of Magallanes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chilean_Ranking-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The university has full accreditation in all areas and ranks among upper-middle range of universities within the country.[3] In December, 2015 the University of Magallanes was notified by the National Accreditation Commission (CNA) of the positive evaluation in all obligatory areas (institutional management and undergraduate teaching) and electives (research, teaching graduate and interaction with medium). The University is accredited by four years until December 2019.[4]","title":"Accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Currently there are five faculties, two autonomous schools and one interdisciplinary institute which perform academic tasks (undergraduate, graduate, research and extension).Faculty of Sciences\nFaculty of Engineering\nFaculty of Education and Social Sciences\nFaculty of Health Sciences\nFaculty of Law, Economy and Business\nSchool of Medicine[5]\nTechnological School\nPatagonia Institute","title":"Faculty and institutes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facultadingenier%C3%ADaUMAG.JPG"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Magallanes:_Faculties-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-La_Opinion_Austral-7"}],"text":"Central Campus in Punta ArenasUniversity of Magallanes, a member of the Honorable Council of Rectors of Chilean Universities, is a corporation of public law, autonomous, with legal personality and own patrimony.The university registers its origin in 1961, giving its first courses in Mechanics and Electricity. Through the following 50 years, it developed through various stages and denominations. It was originally created as a campus of the Technical State University. Three years later in 1964 it was denominated University College of Punta Arenas. In March 1981 it became the Magellan Professional Institute and finally on October 3 of the same year it acquired its actual formalization as University of Magallanes. Since then, it legitimizes and consolidates its position as the only state institution of higher education in the Magallanes region, with a strong tradition in the Chilean university system and quality accreditation from the time when universities were summoned to participate in these processes at the country level.The Faculty of Engineering was one of the first to be created. The Faculty of Economics and Law was created in late 2002 as a result of academic reorganization of the former Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences.More recently, the Faculty of Health Sciences and the Faculty of Education and Social Sciences were created in May 2014, as a result of the reorganization of the former Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Health.[6] The School of Medicine was established in January 2014 being Dr. Marcelo Navarrete Signorile its founding director.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Running_Project-8"}],"text":"In 2004 the ALFA Tuning Latin America Project aimed to 'fine tune' the educational structures that exist in Latin America, initiating a debate whose aim were to identify and improve co-operation between higher education institutions, so as to develop excellence, effectiveness, and transparency. This was an independent project, promoted and coordinated by universities in many different countries, both Latin American and European.[8]Since 2008 to date, the university started a process of curriculum redesign to focus on competences, skills development and learning outcomes. During the redesign process the university ascribed to the Credit Transfer and Accumulation System for its graduate and postgraduate courses. As to 2015 80% of the courses are redesigned and denominated in credits.","title":"Curriculum innovation and the Bologna process"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hoffman
Al Hoffman
["1 Life and career","2 Partial list of published songs","2.1 Songs written by Al Hoffman and Dick Manning","2.2 Songs written by Al Hoffman, Dick Manning, and another collaborator","2.3 Songs written by Al Hoffman, Mack David, and Jerry Livingston","2.4 Songs written by Al Hoffman, Maurice Sigler, and Al Goodhart","2.5 Others","3 References","4 External links"]
Russian-born American song composer Not to be confused with Al Hofmann. For other people with the same name, see Albert Hoffman. Al HoffmanBorn(1902-09-25)September 25, 1902Minsk, Russian Empire (present-day Belarus)DiedJuly 21, 1960(1960-07-21) (aged 57)New York City, New York, U.S.Occupation(s)SongwriterMusical artist Al Hoffman (September 25, 1902 – July 21, 1960) was an American song composer. He was a hit songwriter active in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, usually co-writing with others and responsible for number-one hits through each decade, many of which are still sung and recorded today. He was posthumously made a member of the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984. The popularity of Hoffman's song, "Mairzy Doats", co-written with Jerry Livingston and Milton Drake, was such that newspapers and magazines wrote about the craze. Time magazine titled one article "Our Mairzy Dotage". The New York Times simply wrote the headline, "That Song". Hoffman's songs were recorded by singers such as Frank Sinatra ("Close To You", "I'm Gonna Live Until I Die"), Billy Eckstine ("I Apologize") Perry Como ("Papa Loves Mambo", "Hot Diggity"), Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong ("Who Walks In When I Walk Out"), Nat "King" Cole, Tony Bennett, the Merry Macs, Sophie Tucker, Eartha Kitt, Patsy Cline, Patti Page ("Allegheny Moon") and Bette Midler. In October, 2007, Hoffman's "I'm Gonna Live Til I Die" was the lead single from Queen Latifah's album, Trav'lin' Light. Though Hoffman had apparently little connection to Chicago, he wrote the Chicago Bears fight song "Bear Down, Chicago Bears" in 1941 under the pseudonym Jerry Downs. Life and career Hoffman was born in Minsk in the Russian Empire (now Belarus), to a Jewish family. His parents moved to Seattle, Washington in the United States when he was six. After graduating from high school in Seattle, he started his own band, playing the drums, and moved to New York City in 1928 to pursue a music career. Though he continued playing the drums in night club bands and selling bagels door-to-door on Broadway, he began writing songs, collaborating with other songwriters such as Leon Carr, Leo Corday, Mann Curtis, Mack David, Milton Drake, Al Goodhart, Walter Kent, Sammy Lerner, Jerry Livingston, Al Sherman, Dick Manning, Bob Merrill, Ed Nelson, and Maurice Sigler. In 1934, he moved to London to work on stage productions and movies, co-writing the hit songs "She Shall Have Music" and "Everything Stops for Tea". He returned to the U.S. three years later. In 1984, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He has over 1,500 songs registered with A.S.C.A.P. Hoffman died in New York City of prostate cancer, and was buried in New Jersey. Partial list of published songs Songs written by Al Hoffman and Dick Manning "Allegheny Moon" (1956) "Dennis The Menace Song" (1960) "Gilly Gilly Ossenfeffer Katzenellen Bogen by the Sea" (1954) "Hot Diggity" (1956) "I Can't Tell A Waltz From A Tango" (1954) "I Love Her, That's Why!" (for George Burns and Gracie Allen) (1955) "Mama, Teach Me to Dance" (1956) "Moon Talk" (1958) "O Dio Mio" (1960) "Takes Two to Tango" (1952) Songs written by Al Hoffman, Dick Manning, and another collaborator "Are You Really Mine?" (1958) (with Mark Markwell) "Make Me a Miracle" (1958) (with Mark Markwell) "Mighty Pretty Waltz" (1950) (with Moon Mullican) "Oh-Oh, I'm Falling in Love Again" (1958) (with Mark Markwell) "Papa Loves Mambo" (1954) (with Bix Reichner) "Secretly" (1958) (with Mark Markwell) Songs written by Al Hoffman, Mack David, and Jerry Livingston "Close to you" (1943) "Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo" (1948) "Chi-Baba, Chi-Baba" (1947) "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes" (1949) "Sing, Sweet Nightingale" (1950) "So This Is Love" (1950) "The Unbirthday Song" (1951) "Trick or Treat for Halloween" (1952) Songs written by Al Hoffman, Maurice Sigler, and Al Goodhart "Everything Stops for Tea" (1935) "Everything's in Rhythm with My Heart" (1935) "I Saw Stars" (1934) "I Can Wiggle My Ears" (1935) "I'm in a Dancing Mood" (1936) "There Isn't Any Limit to My Love" (1936) "Why Don't You Practice What You Preach?" "Where There's You There's Me" Others "Apple Blossoms and Chapel Bells" "Auf Wiedersehn, My Dear" "Bear Down, Chicago Bears" (1941) "Black-Eyed Susan Brown" "Close to You" (with Jerry Livingston and Carl Lampl) "Don't Stay Away Too Long" "Fit as a Fiddle" (1932) (with Arthur Freed and Al Goodhart) "From One Minute to Another" "Goodnight, Wherever You Are" "Heartaches" (1931) (lyrics by John Klenner) "I Apologize" (1931) (lyrics by Al Goodhart) "If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake" (1950) (with Bob Merrill and Clem Watts) "I Must Have One More Kiss Kiss Kiss" "I Paid For The Lie I Told You" (1939) (with Al Sherman and Enoch Light) "I'm Gonna Live Till I Die" (1955) (with Walter Kent and Mann Curtis) "If You Saw What I Saw In Nassau" (1949) (with Al Sherman and Clem Watts) "Little Man You've Had a Busy Day" (1934) "Mairzy Doats" (1943) (with Jerry Livingston and Milton Drake) "Roll Up the Carpet" (1933) (with lyrics by Raymond Klages, music by Raymond Klages, Al Goodhart, and Hoffman) "She Broke My Heart in Three Places" (c. 1944) (with Jerry Livingston and Milton Drake) "Fuzzy Wuzzy" (1944) (with Jerry Livingston and Milton Drake) "The Story of a Starry Night" (1941) (with Jerry Livingston and Mann Curtis) "What's the Good Word, Mr. Bluebird?" (1943) (with Allan Roberts and Jerry Livingston) "A Whale of a Tale" (1954) (with Norman Gimbel) "Who Walks in When I Walk Out?" (1933) (with Ralph Freed and Al Goodhart) "Without Rhythm" "You Meet the Nicest People in Your Dreams" (1939) (with Al Goodhart and Manny Kurtz) References ^ Ken Bloom American Song: Songwriters Page 477 2001 "Al Hoffman Composer, lyricist. Born: Minsk, Russia, September 25, 1902. Died: New York, New York, July 21, 1960. Came to United States in 1908. Main collaborators: Al Goodhart, Maurice Sigler, Ed Nelson, Sammy Lerner, Dick Manning, ... ^ "Bears Fight Song Lyrics". Chicago Bears. Archived from the original on 2012-04-13. Retrieved 2012-08-17. ^ a b c d Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 606/7. ISBN 1-85227-745-9. ^ "Bears fight song". chicagotribune.com. 2008-09-03. Retrieved 2012-08-17. External links Al Hoffman at the Songwriters Hall of Fame Al Hoffman recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. Al Hoffman discography at Discogs Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Finland Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"Albert Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hoffman_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Songwriters Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Mairzy Doats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairzy_Doats"},{"link_name":"Jerry Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Milton Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Drake"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Close To You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_to_You_(1943_song)"},{"link_name":"Billy Eckstine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Eckstine"},{"link_name":"I Apologize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Apologize_(1931_song)"},{"link_name":"Perry Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Como"},{"link_name":"Papa Loves Mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Loves_Mambo"},{"link_name":"Hot Diggity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Diggity"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Nat \"King\" Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_%22King%22_Cole"},{"link_name":"Tony Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bennett"},{"link_name":"the Merry Macs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Macs"},{"link_name":"Sophie Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Eartha Kitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eartha_Kitt"},{"link_name":"Patsy Cline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_Cline"},{"link_name":"Patti Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Page"},{"link_name":"Allegheny Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Moon"},{"link_name":"Bette Midler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler"},{"link_name":"Queen Latifah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Latifah"},{"link_name":"Trav'lin' Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trav%27lin%27_Light_(Queen_Latifah_album)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Bear Down, Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Down,_Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Al Hofmann.For other people with the same name, see Albert Hoffman.Musical artistAl Hoffman (September 25, 1902 – July 21, 1960) was an American song composer.[1] He was a hit songwriter active in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, usually co-writing with others and responsible for number-one hits through each decade, many of which are still sung and recorded today. He was posthumously made a member of the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984. The popularity of Hoffman's song, \"Mairzy Doats\", co-written with Jerry Livingston and Milton Drake, was such that newspapers and magazines wrote about the craze. Time magazine titled one article \"Our Mairzy Dotage\". The New York Times simply wrote the headline, \"That Song\".Hoffman's songs were recorded by singers such as Frank Sinatra (\"Close To You\", \"I'm Gonna Live Until I Die\"), Billy Eckstine (\"I Apologize\") Perry Como (\"Papa Loves Mambo\", \"Hot Diggity\"), Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong (\"Who Walks In When I Walk Out\"), Nat \"King\" Cole, Tony Bennett, the Merry Macs, Sophie Tucker, Eartha Kitt, Patsy Cline, Patti Page (\"Allegheny Moon\") and Bette Midler. In October, 2007, Hoffman's \"I'm Gonna Live Til I Die\" was the lead single from Queen Latifah's album, Trav'lin' Light.Though Hoffman had apparently little connection to Chicago, he wrote the Chicago Bears fight song \"Bear Down, Chicago Bears\" in 1941 under the pseudonym Jerry Downs.[2]","title":"Al Hoffman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-3"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_(music)"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-3"},{"link_name":"Leon Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Carr"},{"link_name":"Mann Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Mack David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_David"},{"link_name":"Milton Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Drake"},{"link_name":"Al Goodhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Goodhart"},{"link_name":"Walter Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kent"},{"link_name":"Sammy Lerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Lerner"},{"link_name":"Jerry Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Al Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Dick Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Manning"},{"link_name":"Bob Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Merrill"},{"link_name":"Maurice Sigler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Sigler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-3"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-3"},{"link_name":"Songwriters Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"prostate cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hoffman was born in Minsk in the Russian Empire (now Belarus), to a Jewish family. His parents moved to Seattle, Washington in the United States when he was six.[3] After graduating from high school in Seattle, he started his own band, playing the drums, and moved to New York City in 1928 to pursue a music career.[3] Though he continued playing the drums in night club bands and selling bagels door-to-door on Broadway, he began writing songs, collaborating with other songwriters such as Leon Carr, Leo Corday, Mann Curtis, Mack David, Milton Drake, Al Goodhart, Walter Kent, Sammy Lerner, Jerry Livingston, Al Sherman, Dick Manning, Bob Merrill, Ed Nelson, and Maurice Sigler.[3]In 1934, he moved to London to work on stage productions and movies, co-writing the hit songs \"She Shall Have Music\" and \"Everything Stops for Tea\".[3] He returned to the U.S. three years later. In 1984, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He has over 1,500 songs registered with A.S.C.A.P. Hoffman died in New York City of prostate cancer, and was buried in New Jersey.[citation needed]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Partial list of published songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allegheny Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Moon"},{"link_name":"Gilly Gilly Ossenfeffer Katzenellen Bogen by the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilly_Gilly_Ossenfeffer_Katzenellen_Bogen_by_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Hot Diggity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Diggity"},{"link_name":"I Can't Tell A Waltz From A Tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Tell_A_Waltz_From_A_Tango"},{"link_name":"George Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Burns"},{"link_name":"Gracie Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie_Allen"},{"link_name":"Mama, Teach Me to Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama,_Teach_Me_to_Dance"},{"link_name":"Moon Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Talk"},{"link_name":"Takes Two to Tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takes_Two_to_Tango_(song)"}],"sub_title":"Songs written by Al Hoffman and Dick Manning","text":"\"Allegheny Moon\" (1956)\n\"Dennis The Menace Song\" (1960)\n\"Gilly Gilly Ossenfeffer Katzenellen Bogen by the Sea\" (1954)\n\"Hot Diggity\" (1956)\n\"I Can't Tell A Waltz From A Tango\" (1954)\n\"I Love Her, That's Why!\" (for George Burns and Gracie Allen) (1955)\n\"Mama, Teach Me to Dance\" (1956)\n\"Moon Talk\" (1958)\n\"O Dio Mio\" (1960)\n\"Takes Two to Tango\" (1952)","title":"Partial list of published songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Are You Really Mine?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Really_Mine%3F"},{"link_name":"Mark Markwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Markwell"},{"link_name":"Make Me a Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Me_a_Miracle"},{"link_name":"Mark Markwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Markwell"},{"link_name":"Moon Mullican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Mullican"},{"link_name":"Oh-Oh, I'm Falling in Love Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-Oh,_I%27m_Falling_in_Love_Again"},{"link_name":"Mark Markwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Markwell"},{"link_name":"Papa Loves Mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Loves_Mambo"},{"link_name":"Secretly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretly"},{"link_name":"Mark Markwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Markwell"}],"sub_title":"Songs written by Al Hoffman, Dick Manning, and another collaborator","text":"\"Are You Really Mine?\" (1958) (with Mark Markwell)\n\"Make Me a Miracle\" (1958) (with Mark Markwell)\n\"Mighty Pretty Waltz\" (1950) (with Moon Mullican)\n\"Oh-Oh, I'm Falling in Love Again\" (1958) (with Mark Markwell)\n\"Papa Loves Mambo\" (1954) (with Bix Reichner)\n\"Secretly\" (1958) (with Mark Markwell)","title":"Partial list of published songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo"},{"link_name":"Chi-Baba, Chi-Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-Baba,_Chi-Baba_(My_Bambino_Go_to_Sleep)"},{"link_name":"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dream_Is_a_Wish_Your_Heart_Makes"},{"link_name":"So This Is Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_This_is_Love_(Cinderella_song)"}],"sub_title":"Songs written by Al Hoffman, Mack David, and Jerry Livingston","text":"\"Close to you\" (1943)\n\"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\" (1948)\n\"Chi-Baba, Chi-Baba\" (1947)\n\"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" (1949)\n\"Sing, Sweet Nightingale\" (1950)\n\"So This Is Love\" (1950)\n\"The Unbirthday Song\" (1951)\n\"Trick or Treat for Halloween\" (1952)","title":"Partial list of published songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everything Stops for Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Out_of_the_Pantry"}],"sub_title":"Songs written by Al Hoffman, Maurice Sigler, and Al Goodhart","text":"\"Everything Stops for Tea\" (1935)\n\"Everything's in Rhythm with My Heart\" (1935)\n\"I Saw Stars\" (1934)\n\"I Can Wiggle My Ears\" (1935)\n\"I'm in a Dancing Mood\" (1936)\n\"There Isn't Any Limit to My Love\" (1936)\n\"Why Don't You Practice What You Preach?\"\n\"Where There's You There's Me\"","title":"Partial list of published songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bear Down, Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Down,_Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Close to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_to_You_(1943_song)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Fit as a Fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fit_as_a_Fiddle_(And_Ready_for_Love)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Freed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Freed"},{"link_name":"Al Goodhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Goodhart"},{"link_name":"Heartaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartaches_(song)"},{"link_name":"John Klenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Klenner"},{"link_name":"I Apologize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Apologize_(1931_song)"},{"link_name":"Al Goodhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Goodhart"},{"link_name":"If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Knew_You_Were_Comin%27_I%27d%27ve_Baked_a_Cake"},{"link_name":"Bob Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Merrill"},{"link_name":"Clem Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Watts"},{"link_name":"Al Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Enoch Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Light"},{"link_name":"Walter Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kent"},{"link_name":"Mann Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Al Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Clem Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Watts"},{"link_name":"Mairzy Doats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairzy_Doats"},{"link_name":"Jerry Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Milton Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Drake"},{"link_name":"Al Goodhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Goodhart"},{"link_name":"Jerry Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Milton Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Drake"},{"link_name":"Jerry Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Milton Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Drake"},{"link_name":"Jerry Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Mann Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Allan Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Roberts_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Livingston"},{"link_name":"A Whale of a Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Whale_of_a_Tale"},{"link_name":"Norman Gimbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Gimbel"},{"link_name":"Ralph Freed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Freed"},{"link_name":"Al Goodhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Goodhart"},{"link_name":"Al Goodhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Goodhart"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"\"Apple Blossoms and Chapel Bells\"\n\"Auf Wiedersehn, My Dear\"\n\"Bear Down, Chicago Bears\" (1941)[4]\n\"Black-Eyed Susan Brown\"\n\"Close to You\" (with Jerry Livingston and Carl Lampl)\n\"Don't Stay Away Too Long\"\n\"Fit as a Fiddle\" (1932) (with Arthur Freed and Al Goodhart)\n\"From One Minute to Another\"\n\"Goodnight, Wherever You Are\"\n\"Heartaches\" (1931) (lyrics by John Klenner)\n\"I Apologize\" (1931) (lyrics by Al Goodhart)\n\"If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake\" (1950) (with Bob Merrill and Clem Watts)\n\"I Must Have One More Kiss Kiss Kiss\"\n\"I Paid For The Lie I Told You\" (1939) (with Al Sherman and Enoch Light)\n\"I'm Gonna Live Till I Die\" (1955) (with Walter Kent and Mann Curtis)\n\"If You Saw What I Saw In Nassau\" (1949) (with Al Sherman and Clem Watts)\n\"Little Man You've Had a Busy Day\" (1934) [with Maurice Sigler] [music by Mabel Wayne]\n\"Mairzy Doats\" (1943) (with Jerry Livingston and Milton Drake)\n\"Roll Up the Carpet\" (1933) (with lyrics by Raymond Klages, music by Raymond Klages, Al Goodhart, and Hoffman)\n\"She Broke My Heart in Three Places\" (c. 1944) (with Jerry Livingston and Milton Drake)\n\"Fuzzy Wuzzy\" (1944) (with Jerry Livingston and Milton Drake)\n\"The Story of a Starry Night\" (1941) (with Jerry Livingston and Mann Curtis)\n\"What's the Good Word, Mr. Bluebird?\" (1943) (with Allan Roberts and Jerry Livingston)\n\"A Whale of a Tale\" (1954) (with Norman Gimbel)\n\"Who Walks in When I Walk Out?\" (1933) (with Ralph Freed and Al Goodhart)\n\"Without Rhythm\"\n\"You Meet the Nicest People in Your Dreams\" (1939) (with Al Goodhart and Manny Kurtz)","title":"Partial list of published songs"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Bears Fight Song Lyrics\". Chicago Bears. Archived from the original on 2012-04-13. Retrieved 2012-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120413172014/http://www.chicagobears.com/fancenter/BearsFightSongLyrics.asp","url_text":"\"Bears Fight Song Lyrics\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagobears.com/fancenter/BearsFightSongLyrics.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 606/7. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-745-9","url_text":"1-85227-745-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Bears fight song\". chicagotribune.com. 2008-09-03. Retrieved 2012-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/cs-bearsfightsong,0,1466056.story","url_text":"\"Bears fight song\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wulfse
Simon Wulfse
["1 Honours","2 References"]
Dutch strongman (born 1952) Simon WulfsePersonal informationBorn (1952-01-12) January 12, 1952 (age 72)Dordrecht, NetherlandsOccupationStrongmanHeight185 cm (6 ft 1 in) Medal record Strongman Representing  Netherlands World's Strongest Man 3rd 1983 Europe's Strongest Man 1st 1983 Strongest man of the Netherlands 1st 1982 3rd 1984 World Muscle Power Championships 3rd 1986 3rd 1987 Simon Wulfse (born January 12, 1952, in Dordrecht) is a strongman from the Netherlands. He finished third at the World's Strongest Man games in 1983. Wulfse won the Europe's Strongest Man title in 1983, his career best finish. He finished first in Strongest man of the Netherlands in 1982, and third in 1984. Wulfse also finished 3rd at the 1986 and 1987 World Muscle Power Championships. He was arrested in 1989 and convicted of drug smuggling. Honours 1st place Strongest man of the Netherlands (1982) 1st place Europe's Strongest Man (1983) 3rd place World's Strongest Man (1983) References ^ "realdutchpowe.nl". Retrieved 2010-01-19. ^ "Siem Wulfse". vteEurope's Strongest Man champions 1980:  Geoff Capes (ENG) 1981:  Lars Hedlund (SWE) 1982:  Geoff Capes (ENG) 1983:  Simon Wulfse (NED) 1984:  Geoff Capes (ENG) 1985:  Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL) 1986:  Jón Páll Sigmarsson (ISL) 1987:  Ab Wolders (NED) 1988:  Jamie Reeves (ENG) 1989:  Jamie Reeves (ENG) 1990:  Henning Thorsen (DEN) 1991:  Gary Taylor (WAL) &  Forbes Cowan (SCO) (tied) 1992:  Ted van der Parre (NED) &  László Fekete (HUN) 1993:  Manfred Hoeberl (AUT) 1994:  Magnús Ver Magnússon (ISL) &  Manfred Hoeberl (AUT) 1995:  Riku Kiri (FIN) 1996:  Riku Kiri (FIN) 1997:  Riku Kiri (FIN) 1998:  Jouko Ahola (FIN) 1999:  Jouko Ahola (FIN) 2000:  Berend Veneberg (NED) 2001:  Svend Karlsen (DEN) 2002:  Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL) 2003:  Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL) 2004:  Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL) 2005:  Jarek Dymek (POL) 2007:  Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL) 2008:  Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL) 2009:  Mariusz Pudzianowski (POL) 2010:  Žydrūnas Savickas (LIT) 2012:  Žydrūnas Savickas (LIT) 2013:  Žydrūnas Savickas (LIT) 2014:  Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL) 2015:  Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL) 2016:  Laurence Shahlaei (ENG) 2017:  Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL) 2018:  Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL) 2019:  Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (ISL) 2020:  Luke Richardson (ENG) 2021:  Luke Stoltman (SCO) 2022:  Oleksii Novikov (UKR) 2023:  Pavlo Kordiyaka (UKR) 2024:  Luke Stoltman (SCO)
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harfleur
Harfleur
["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Heraldry","3 Population","4 Places of interest","5 Notable people","6 In literature","7 See also","8 Bibliography and links","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°30′26″N 0°11′56″E / 49.5072°N 0.1989°E / 49.5072; 0.1989Not to be confused with Barfleur or Honfleur. Commune in Normandy, FranceHarfleurCommuneThe town hall in Harfleur Coat of armsLocation of Harfleur HarfleurShow map of FranceHarfleurShow map of NormandyCoordinates: 49°30′26″N 0°11′56″E / 49.5072°N 0.1989°E / 49.5072; 0.1989CountryFranceRegionNormandyDepartmentSeine-MaritimeArrondissementLe HavreCantonLe Havre-2IntercommunalityLe Havre Seine MétropoleGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Christine MorelArea14.21 km2 (1.63 sq mi)Population (2021)8,315 • Density2,000/km2 (5,100/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code76341 /76700Elevation0–89 m (0–292 ft) (avg. 6 m or 20 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Harfleur (pronounced ) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France. It was the principal seaport in north-western France for six centuries, until Le Havre was built about five kilometres (three miles) downstream in the sixteenth century to take advantage of anchorages less prone to siltation. Harfleur is now on the eastern edge of Le Havre's urban area. Geography A light industrial town situated in the Pays de Caux by the banks of the Seine and Lézarde rivers, some 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the N282, D231 and D9015 roads. Harfleur station has rail connections to Fécamp and Le Havre. History In Roman times, Harfleur was known as Caracotinum, the principal port of the ancient Calates. A Roman road led from Harfleur to Troyes. Another road that disappeared during the Hundred Years War linked Harfleur to Fécamp. Several Merovingian sarcophagi have been unearthed at the foot of Mount Cabert. In the Middle Ages, the town's name, Herosfloth, Harofluet or Hareflot, was still sufficiently uncorrupted to indicate its Norman origins. The suffix fleur comes from Old Norse Flöthe meaning "estuary or arm of the sea". The precise meaning of the prefix "har" is unknown. 1202 saw the granting of a town charter by King John of England. In 1281 the expansion of the port of Harfleur began. At the beginning of the 14th century, Harfleur saw the setting-up of a Spanish (from the Aragonese Crown) and Portuguese merchants association. 1341–1361 saw the building of the city walls, pierced by three gates (Porte d'Eure, Porte de Rouen and Montivilliers Gate). These were restored in the 15th century after the destruction caused during the Hundred Years War. The church and some timber-framed houses For six centuries, Harfleur was the principal seaport of north-western France. In 1415, it was captured by Henry V of England, an event explicitly mentioned in a popular song of the day, the Agincourt Carol. Sir John Fastolf of Caister Castle Norfolk (1380–1459) later claimed to have been 'the first man over the side' of the boat when the English landed outside the town; and he certainly played a part in the siege, being invalided home afterwards. The Siege of Harfleur lasted some weeks longer than Henry V had anticipated; that was not helped by the outbreak of dysentery which afflicted and killed soldiers, knights, and nobles, with many of the sick having to be transported back to England. The town's defences were badly damaged by the siege warfare, as were many of the principal buildings of the town. In order to consolidate his victory, Henry was forced to leave a significant part of his army as a garrison for the newly captured town. While Henry's intentions after the end of the siege are unclear, he had clearly entered France with an army large enough to engage the French in open battle and not merely to lay siege to one town. Henry left Harfleur, but he found his path to Calais blocked by a French army forcing him inland. The French cut off the English route and confronted them on the muddy fields near Azincourt (not the present-day Agincourt) on Saint Crispin's Day, 25 October 1415. The Battle of Agincourt ended in a decisive English victory with minimal losses - only in the hundreds - and a crushing defeat for the French with losses nearing the tens of thousands. In 1435, the people of the district of Caux, led by Jean de Grouchy, rose against the English. One hundred and four of the inhabitants opened the gates of the town to the insurgents, and forced the English occupiers out. The memory of the deed was long perpetuated by the bells of St. Martin's tolling 104 strokes. Between 1445 and 1449 the English were again in possession, but the town was recovered for the French by Jean de Dunois in 1450. In 1562, the Huguenots pillaged Harfleur and its registers and charters perished in the confusion, but its privileges were restored by Charles IX of France in 1568. It was not until 1710 that it was subjected to the "taille". In the 16th century, the port began to dwindle in importance owing to the silting up of the Seine estuary and the rise of Le Havre. In 1887, the Tancarville canal restored waterborne access to the town from both the Seine and Le Havre. In 1884, Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée shipbuilding company constructed an artillery workshop on the land immediately south of the canal, Gustave Canet  known for his QF designs worked there. In January 1897 the workshop together with the shipyard's intellectual property related to artillery was bought by Schneider et Cie, who employed Canet and invested a lot of money into developing the facility into a full-scale plant with a large testing range that could be used for firing at both sea and land targets, and also built Mayville town north of the canal for the workers. In 1937 it was nationalized by the left government of Popular Front and later existed as Ateliers de construction du Havre de la Compagnie normande de mécanique de précision (AHE/CNMP), producing e. g. Panhard AML armoured cars. In 1963 it was subordinated to SNECMA, which redirected the efforts to aerospace industry. Now the location hosts a Safran Nacelles plant. Part of the testing range for firing Canet guns at sea near cape Point du Hoc, early 1890s (under FCM) Harfleur testing range with different Canet guns, late 1890s (under Schneider) Spanish commission examining 2 different 75-mm light field guns on the Harfleur range, 1904 Portuguese 150-mm howitzers in a different location on the same testing range, 1900s Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider guns assembled at Harfleur, 1916 A female worker turning a barrel for a 280-mm howitzer Mle 1914 at the Harfleur plant, 1916 Same howitzers being assembled, 1916 After the Armistice following World War I, a huge hutted camp was established at Harfleur as a basis for dealing with the transit of thousands of troops being demobilised. The British soldier Arthur Bullock recorded in his memoir what life was like there, together with a humorous illustration of his Nissen hut, labelled 'Home Sweet Home'. Heraldry arms of Harfleur the arms of Harfleur are blazoned :Azur, on a sea, a ship with three masts argent. Population Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 9,872—    1975 10,102+0.33%1982 9,703−0.57%1990 9,180−0.69%1999 8,517−0.83%2007 8,124−0.59%2012 8,202+0.19%2017 8,449+0.60%Source: INSEE Places of interest The church of St-Martin, dating from the fourteenth century. The seventeenth century Hôtel de Ville (town hall). Medieval ramparts (1350–1390) The fifteenth century museums of fishing and of archaeology and history. Statue of Jean de Grouchy (1875), leader of the forces who liberated Harfleur from the English in 1435. Notable people David Auradou, rugby player Khoudjiedji Ba handball player Vikash Dhorasoo, footballer Charles N'Zogbia, footballer In literature The siege and conquest of Harfleur is described in Act III, Scenes I though III of Shakespeare's Henry V. The 2009 novel Azincourt (U.S. title Agincourt) by Bernard Cornwell describes the siege and the conquest of Harfleur by the army of Henry V of England in 1415. The 2003 novel A Hail of Arrows by Michael Cox describes the siege and conquest of Harfleur by the army of Henry V of England in 1415 as witnessed by a 14-year-old boy-archer. Its describes illness and food shortage inflicted by the English army. It goes on to describe the battle of Agincourt. The poem Demain, dès l'aube, by Victor Hugo, alludes to the "sails descending towards Harfleur" ("les voiles au loin descendant vers Harfleur"). See also Communes of the Seine-Maritime department Bibliography and links  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Harfleur". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 952. Bullock, A S, Gloucestershire Between the Wars: A Memoir, The History Press, 2009 Cooper, S, The Real Falstaff, Sir John Fastolf and the Hundred Years War, Pen & Sword, 2010 References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911. ^ Bullock, 2009, pages 99, 103, 105 ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE ^ "Monument à Jehan de Grouchy – Harfleur". e-monumen.net. Retrieved 22 June 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harfleur. Official website of Harfleur (in French) Harfleur history website (in French) vteCommunes of the Seine-Maritime department Allouville-Bellefosse Alvimare Ambrumesnil Amfreville-la-Mi-Voie Amfreville-les-Champs Anceaumeville Ancourt Ancourteville-sur-Héricourt Ancretiéville-Saint-Victor Ancretteville-sur-Mer Angerville-Bailleul Angerville-la-Martel Angerville-l'Orcher Angiens Anglesqueville-l'Esneval Anglesqueville-la-Bras-Long Anneville-Ambourville Anneville-sur-Scie Annouville-Vilmesnil Anquetierville Anvéville Ardouval Arelaune-en-Seine Argueil Arques-la-Bataille Aubéguimont Aubermesnil-aux-Érables Aubermesnil-Beaumais Auberville-la-Manuel Auberville-la-Renault Aumale Auppegard Authieux-Ratiéville Les Authieux-sur-le-Port-Saint-Ouen Autigny Auvilliers Auzebosc Auzouville-l'Esneval Auzouville-sur-Ry Auzouville-sur-Saâne Avesnes-en-Bray Avesnes-en-Val Avremesnil Bacqueville-en-Caux Bailleul-Neuville Baillolet Bailly-en-Rivière Baons-le-Comte Bardouville Barentin Baromesnil Bazinval Beaubec-la-Rosière Beaumont-le-Hareng Beaurepaire Beaussault Beautot Beauval-en-Caux Beauvoir-en-Lyons Bec-de-Mortagne Belbeuf Bellencombre Bellengreville Belleville-en-Caux La Bellière Belmesnil Bénarville Bénesville Bénouville Bernières Bertheauville Bertreville Bertreville-Saint-Ouen Bertrimont Berville-en-Caux Berville-sur-Seine Beuzeville-la-Grenier Beuzeville-la-Guérard Beuzevillette Bézancourt Bierville Bihorel Biville-la-Baignarde Biville-la-Rivière Blacqueville Blainville-Crevon Blangy-sur-Bresle Blosseville Le Bocasse Bois-d'Ennebourg Bois-Guilbert Bois-Guillaume Bois-Héroult Bois-Himont Bois-l'Évêque Le Bois-Robert Boissay Bolbec Bolleville Bonsecours Boos Bordeaux-Saint-Clair Bornambusc Bosc-Bérenger Bosc-Bordel Bosc-Édeline Bosc-Guérard-Saint-Adrien Bosc-Hyons Bosc-le-Hard Bosc-Mesnil Bosville Boudeville Bouelles La Bouille Bourdainville Le Bourg-Dun Bourville Bouville Brachy Bracquetuit Bradiancourt Brametot Bréauté Brémontier-Merval Bretteville-du-Grand-Caux Bretteville-Saint-Laurent Buchy Bully Bures-en-Bray Butot Butot-Vénesville Cailleville Cailly Callengeville Calleville-les-Deux-Églises Campneuseville Canehan Canouville Canteleu Canville-les-Deux-Églises Cany-Barville Carville-la-Folletière Carville-Pot-de-Fer Le Catelier Catenay Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf Le Caule-Sainte-Beuve Cauville-sur-Mer Les Cent-Acres La Cerlangue La Chapelle-du-Bourgay La Chapelle-Saint-Ouen La Chapelle-sur-Dun La Chaussée Cideville Clais Clasville Claville-Motteville Cléon Clères Cleuville Cléville Cliponville Colleville Colmesnil-Manneville Compainville Conteville Contremoulins Cottévrard Crasville-la-Mallet Crasville-la-Rocquefort Criel-sur-Mer La Crique Criquebeuf-en-Caux Criquetot-l'Esneval Criquetot-le-Mauconduit Criquetot-sur-Longueville Criquetot-sur-Ouville Criquiers Critot Croisy-sur-Andelle Croixdalle Croix-Mare Cropus Crosville-sur-Scie Cuverville Cuverville-sur-Yères Cuy-Saint-Fiacre Dampierre-en-Bray Dampierre-Saint-Nicolas Dancourt Darnétal Daubeuf-Serville Dénestanville Déville-lès-Rouen Dieppesubpr Doudeauville Doudeville Douvrend Drosay Duclair Écalles-Alix Écrainville Écretteville-lès-Baons Écretteville-sur-Mer Ectot-l'Auber Ectot-lès-Baons Elbeuf Elbeuf-en-Bray Elbeuf-sur-Andelle Életot Ellecourt Émanville Envermeu Envronville Épinay-sur-Duclair Épouville Épretot Épreville Ermenouville Ernemont-la-Villette Ernemont-sur-Buchy Esclavelles Eslettes Esteville Étaimpuis Étainhus Étalleville Étalondes Étoutteville Étretat Eu Fallencourt Fécamp Ferrières-en-Bray La Ferté-Saint-Samson Fesques La Feuillie Flamanville Flamets-Frétils Flocques Fongueusemare Fontaine-en-Bray Fontaine-la-Mallet Fontaine-le-Bourg Fontaine-le-Dun Fontaine-sous-Préaux La Fontelaye Fontenay Forges-les-Eaux Foucarmont Foucart Franqueville-Saint-Pierre Fréauville La Frénaye Freneuse Fresles Fresnay-le-Long Fresne-le-Plan Fresnoy-Folny Fresquiennes Freulleville Frichemesnil Froberville Fry Fultot La Gaillarde Gaillefontaine Gainneville Gancourt-Saint-Étienne Ganzeville Gerponville Gerville Goderville Gommerville Gonfreville-Caillot Gonfreville-l'Orcher Gonnetot Gonneville-la-Mallet Gonneville-sur-Scie Gonzeville Goupillières Gournay-en-Bray Gouy Graimbouville Grainville-la-Teinturière Grainville-sur-Ry Grainville-Ymauville Grand-Camp Grand-Couronne Grandcourt Les Grandes-Ventes Le Grand-Quevilly Graval Grèges Grémonville Greuville Grigneuseville Gruchet-le-Valasse Gruchet-Saint-Siméon Grugny Grumesnil Guerville Gueures Gueutteville Gueutteville-les-Grès La Hallotière Le Hanouard Harcanville Harfleur Hattenville Haucourt Haudricourt Haussez Hautot-l'Auvray Hautot-le-Vatois Hautot-Saint-Sulpice Hautot-sur-Mer Hautot-sur-Seine Les Hauts-de-Caux Le Havresubpr La Haye Héberville Hénouville Héricourt-en-Caux Hermanville Hermeville Le Héron Héronchelles Heugleville-sur-Scie Heuqueville Heurteauville Hodeng-au-Bosc Hodeng-Hodenger Houdetot Le Houlme Houppeville Houquetot La Houssaye-Béranger Hugleville-en-Caux Les Ifs Illois Imbleville Incheville Ingouville Isneauville Jumièges Lamberville Lammerville Landes-Vieilles-et-Neuves Lanquetot Lestanville Lillebonne Limésy Limpiville Lindebeuf Lintot Lintot-les-Bois Les Loges La Londe Londinières Longmesnil Longroy Longueil Longuerue Longueville-sur-Scie Louvetot Lucy Luneray Malaunay Malleville-les-Grès Manéglise Manéhouville Maniquerville Manneville-ès-Plains Manneville-la-Goupil Mannevillette Maromme Marques Martainville-Épreville Martigny Martin-Église Massy Mathonville Maucomble Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude Mauny Mauquenchy Mélamare Melleville Ménerval Ménonval Mentheville Mésangueville Mesnières-en-Bray Le Mesnil-Durdent Le Mesnil-Esnard Mesnil-Follemprise Le Mesnil-Lieubray Mesnil-Mauger Mesnil-Panneville Mesnil-Raoul Le Mesnil-Réaume Le Mesnil-sous-Jumièges Meulers Millebosc Mirville Molagnies Monchaux-Soreng Monchy-sur-Eu Mont-Cauvaire Mont-Saint-Aignan Montérolier Montigny Montivilliers Montmain Montreuil-en-Caux Montroty Montville Morgny-la-Pommeraye Morienne Mortemer Morville-sur-Andelle Motteville Moulineaux Muchedent Nesle-Hodeng Nesle-Normandeuse Neufbosc Neufchâtel-en-Bray Neuf-Marché La Neuville-Chant-d'Oisel Neuville-Ferrières Néville Nointot Nolléval Normanville Norville Notre-Dame-d'Aliermont Notre-Dame-de-Bliquetuit Notre-Dame-de-Bondeville Notre-Dame-du-Bec Notre-Dame-du-Parc Nullemont Ocqueville Octeville-sur-Mer Offranville Oherville Oissel Omonville Orival Osmoy-Saint-Valery Ouainville Oudalle Ourville-en-Caux Ouville-l'Abbaye Ouville-la-Rivière Paluel Parc-d'Anxtot Pavilly Petit-Caux Petit-Couronne Le Petit-Quevilly Petiville Pierrecourt Pierrefiques Pierreval Pissy-Pôville Pleine-Sève Pommereux Pommeréval Ponts-et-Marais Port-Jérôme-sur-Seine La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer Préaux Prétot-Vicquemare Preuseville Puisenval Quevillon Quévreville-la-Poterie Quiberville Quièvrecourt Quincampoix Raffetot Rainfreville Réalcamp Rebets La Remuée Rétonval Reuville Ricarville-du-Val Richemont Rieux Rives-en-Seine Riville Robertot Rocquefort Rocquemont Rogerville Rolleville Roncherolles-en-Bray Roncherolles-sur-le-Vivier Ronchois Rosay Rouenpref Roumare Routes Rouville Rouvray-Catillon Rouxmesnil-Bouteilles Royville La Rue-Saint-Pierre Ry Saâne-Saint-Just Sahurs Sainneville Saint-Aignan-sur-Ry Saint-André-sur-Cailly Saint-Antoine-la-Forêt Saint-Arnoult Saint-Aubin-Celloville Saint-Aubin-de-Crétot Saint-Aubin-Épinay Saint-Aubin-le-Cauf Saint-Aubin-lès-Elbeuf Saint-Aubin-Routot Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie Saint-Clair-sur-les-Monts Saint-Crespin Saint-Denis-d'Aclon Saint-Denis-le-Thiboult Saint-Denis-sur-Scie Sainte-Adresse Sainte-Agathe-d'Aliermont Sainte-Austreberthe Sainte-Beuve-en-Rivière Sainte-Colombe Sainte-Croix-sur-Buchy Sainte-Foy Sainte-Geneviève Sainte-Hélène-Bondeville Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Duclair Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer Sainte-Marie-au-Bosc Sainte-Marie-des-Champs Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray Saint-Eustache-la-Forêt Saint-Georges-sur-Fontaine Saint-Germain-des-Essourts Saint-Germain-d'Étables Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly Saint-Germain-sur-Eaulne Saint-Gilles-de-Crétot Saint-Gilles-de-la-Neuville Saint-Hellier Saint-Honoré Saint-Jacques-d'Aliermont Saint-Jacques-sur-Darnétal Saint-Jean-de-Folleville Saint-Jean-de-la-Neuville Saint-Jean-du-Cardonnay Saint-Jouin-Bruneval Saint-Laurent-de-Brèvedent Saint-Laurent-en-Caux Saint-Léger-aux-Bois Saint-Léger-du-Bourg-Denis Saint-Léonard Saint-Lucien Saint-Maclou-de-Folleville Saint-Maclou-la-Brière Saint-Mards Saint-Martin-au-Bosc Saint-Martin-aux-Arbres Saint-Martin-aux-Buneaux Saint-Martin-de-Boscherville Saint-Martin-de-l'If Saint-Martin-du-Bec Saint-Martin-du-Manoir Saint-Martin-du-Vivier Saint-Martin-le-Gaillard Saint-Martin-l'Hortier Saint-Martin-Osmonville Saint-Maurice-d'Ételan Saint-Michel-d'Halescourt Saint-Nicolas-d'Aliermont Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Haie Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Taille Saint-Ouen-du-Breuil Saint-Ouen-le-Mauger Saint-Ouen-sous-Bailly Saint-Paër Saint-Pierre-Bénouville Saint-Pierre-de-Manneville Saint-Pierre-des-Jonquières Saint-Pierre-de-Varengeville Saint-Pierre-en-Port Saint-Pierre-en-Val Saint-Pierre-lès-Elbeuf Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Saint-Pierre-le-Viger Saint-Rémy-Boscrocourt Saint-Riquier-en-Rivière Saint-Riquier-ès-Plains Saint-Romain-de-Colbosc Saint-Saëns Saint-Saire Saint-Sauveur-d'Émalleville Saint-Sylvain Saint-Vaast-d'Équiqueville Saint-Vaast-Dieppedalle Saint-Vaast-du-Val Saint-Valery-en-Caux Saint-Victor-l'Abbaye Saint-Vigor-d'Ymonville Saint-Vincent-Cramesnil Sandouville Sassetot-le-Malgardé Sassetot-le-Mauconduit Sasseville Sauchay Saumont-la-Poterie Sauqueville Saussay Sausseuzemare-en-Caux Senneville-sur-Fécamp Sept-Meules Serqueux Servaville-Salmonville Sierville Sigy-en-Bray Smermesnil Sommery Sommesnil Sorquainville Sotteville-lès-Rouen Sotteville-sous-le-Val Sotteville-sur-Mer Tancarville Terres-de-Caux Thérouldeville Theuville-aux-Maillots Thiergeville Thiétreville Thil-Manneville Le Thil-Riberpré Thiouville Le Tilleul Tocqueville-en-Caux Tocqueville-les-Murs Torcy-le-Grand Torcy-le-Petit Le Torp-Mesnil Tôtes Touffreville-la-Corbeline Touffreville-sur-Eu Tourville-la-Rivière Tourville-les-Ifs Tourville-sur-Arques Toussaint Le Trait Trémauville Le Tréport La Trinité-du-Mont Les Trois-Pierres Trouville Turretot Val-de-la-Haye Val-de-Saâne Val-de-Scie Valliquerville Valmont Varengeville-sur-Mer Varneville-Bretteville Vassonville Vatierville Vattetot-sous-Beaumont Vattetot-sur-Mer Vatteville-la-Rue La Vaupalière Veauville-lès-Quelles Vénestanville Ventes-Saint-Rémy Vergetot Veules-les-Roses Veulettes-sur-Mer Vibeuf Vieux-Manoir Vieux-Rouen-sur-Bresle La Vieux-Rue Villainville Villers-Écalles Villers-sous-Foucarmont Villy-sur-Yères Vinnemerville Virville Vittefleur Wanchy-Capval Yainville Yébleron Yerville Ymare Yport Ypreville-Biville Yquebeuf Yvecrique Yvetot Yville-sur-Seine pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barfleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barfleur"},{"link_name":"Honfleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honfleur"},{"link_name":"[aʁflœʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Seine-Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"siltation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltation"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Barfleur or Honfleur.Commune in Normandy, FranceHarfleur (pronounced [aʁflœʁ]) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France.It was the principal seaport in north-western France for six centuries, until Le Havre was built about five kilometres (three miles) downstream in the sixteenth century to take advantage of anchorages less prone to siltation. Harfleur is now on the eastern edge of Le Havre's urban area.","title":"Harfleur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_industry"},{"link_name":"Pays de Caux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_de_Caux"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Lézarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9zarde_(Seine)"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"Harfleur station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harfleur_station"}],"text":"A light industrial town situated in the Pays de Caux by the banks of the Seine and Lézarde rivers, some 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Le Havre, at the junction of the N282, D231 and D9015 roads. Harfleur station has rail connections to Fécamp and Le Havre.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Calates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calates"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"},{"link_name":"Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years_War"},{"link_name":"Fécamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9camp"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"John of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harfleur2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry V of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"Agincourt Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agincourt_Carol"},{"link_name":"John Fastolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fastolf"},{"link_name":"Caister Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caister_Castle"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Siege of Harfleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Harfleur"},{"link_name":"dysentery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery"},{"link_name":"Saint Crispin's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Crispin%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Battle of Agincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"},{"link_name":"Caux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_de_Caux"},{"link_name":"Jean de Grouchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Grouchy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"},{"link_name":"Jean de Dunois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Dunois"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"Charles IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"taille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taille"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"},{"link_name":"Tancarville canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Tancarville"},{"link_name":"Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forges_et_Chantiers_de_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Gustave Canet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Canet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Canet"},{"link_name":"his QF designs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canet_gun"},{"link_name":"Schneider et Cie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_et_Cie"},{"link_name":"nationalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"left government of Popular Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)"},{"link_name":"Panhard AML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhard_AML"},{"link_name":"SNECMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNECMA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forges_et_chantiers_de_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e,_Champ_de_tir_du_Hoc.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Havre_%E2%80%94_%C3%89tablissements_Schneider_et_Cie_%E2%80%94_Champ_de_Tir_d%27Harfleur.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comisi%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_visitando_Schneider_1904_p20.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obusier15cmtr_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Portuguese 150-mm howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obusier_de_15_cm_TR_Schneider-Canet-du-Bocage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etablissements_Schneider_-_Atelier_de_montage_des_mat%C3%A9riels_de_155_L_-_Harfleur_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APZ0006291.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_155_L_mod%C3%A8le_1877/14_Schneider"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etablissements_Schneider_-_Usinage_de_l%27int%C3%A9rieur_de_la_chambre_%C3%A0_poudre,_d%27un_mortier_de_280_T_-_Harfleur_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APZ0006282.jpg"},{"link_name":"A female worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"280-mm howitzer Mle 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortier_de_280_mod%C3%A8le_1914_Schneider"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etablissements_Schneider_-_Atelier_de_montage_des_mortiers_de_280_T_-_Harfleur_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APZ0006277.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In Roman times, Harfleur was known as Caracotinum, the principal port of the ancient Calates.[3] A Roman road led from Harfleur to Troyes. Another road that disappeared during the Hundred Years War linked Harfleur to Fécamp.Several Merovingian sarcophagi have been unearthed at the foot of Mount Cabert.In the Middle Ages, the town's name, Herosfloth, Harofluet or Hareflot, was still sufficiently uncorrupted to indicate its Norman origins.[3] The suffix fleur comes from Old Norse Flöthe meaning \"estuary or arm of the sea\". The precise meaning of the prefix \"har\" is unknown.1202 saw the granting of a town charter by King John of England.\nIn 1281 the expansion of the port of Harfleur began.\nAt the beginning of the 14th century, Harfleur saw the setting-up of a Spanish (from the Aragonese Crown) and Portuguese merchants association.\n1341–1361 saw the building of the city walls, pierced by three gates (Porte d'Eure, Porte de Rouen and Montivilliers Gate). These were restored in the 15th century after the destruction caused during the Hundred Years War.The church and some timber-framed housesFor six centuries, Harfleur was the principal seaport of north-western France. In 1415, it was captured by Henry V of England, an event explicitly mentioned in a popular song of the day, the Agincourt Carol. Sir John Fastolf of Caister Castle Norfolk (1380–1459) later claimed to have been 'the first man over the side' of the boat when the English landed outside the town; and he certainly played a part in the siege, being invalided home afterwards. The Siege of Harfleur lasted some weeks longer than Henry V had anticipated; that was not helped by the outbreak of dysentery which afflicted and killed soldiers, knights, and nobles, with many of the sick having to be transported back to England. The town's defences were badly damaged by the siege warfare, as were many of the principal buildings of the town. In order to consolidate his victory, Henry was forced to leave a significant part of his army as a garrison for the newly captured town. While Henry's intentions after the end of the siege are unclear, he had clearly entered France with an army large enough to engage the French in open battle and not merely to lay siege to one town. Henry left Harfleur, but he found his path to Calais blocked by a French army forcing him inland. The French cut off the English route and confronted them on the muddy fields near Azincourt (not the present-day Agincourt) on Saint Crispin's Day, 25 October 1415. The Battle of Agincourt ended in a decisive English victory with minimal losses - only in the hundreds - and a crushing defeat for the French with losses nearing the tens of thousands.In 1435, the people of the district of Caux, led by Jean de Grouchy, rose against the English. One hundred and four of the inhabitants opened the gates of the town to the insurgents, and forced the English occupiers out. The memory of the deed was long perpetuated by the bells of St. Martin's tolling 104 strokes.[3]Between 1445 and 1449 the English were again in possession, but the town was recovered for the French by Jean de Dunois in 1450. In 1562, the Huguenots pillaged Harfleur and its registers and charters perished in the confusion, but its privileges were restored by Charles IX of France in 1568. It was not until 1710 that it was subjected to the \"taille\".[3]In the 16th century, the port began to dwindle in importance owing to the silting up of the Seine estuary and the rise of Le Havre.[3] In 1887, the Tancarville canal restored waterborne access to the town from both the Seine and Le Havre.In 1884, Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée shipbuilding company constructed an artillery workshop on the land immediately south of the canal, Gustave Canet [fr] known for his QF designs worked there. In January 1897 the workshop together with the shipyard's intellectual property related to artillery was bought by Schneider et Cie, who employed Canet and invested a lot of money into developing the facility into a full-scale plant with a large testing range that could be used for firing at both sea and land targets, and also built Mayville town north of the canal for the workers. In 1937 it was nationalized by the left government of Popular Front and later existed as Ateliers de construction du Havre de la Compagnie normande de mécanique de précision (AHE/CNMP), producing e. g. Panhard AML armoured cars. In 1963 it was subordinated to SNECMA, which redirected the efforts to aerospace industry. Now the location hosts a Safran Nacelles plant.Part of the testing range for firing Canet guns at sea near cape Point du Hoc, early 1890s (under FCM)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHarfleur testing range with different Canet guns, late 1890s (under Schneider)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpanish commission examining 2 different 75-mm light field guns on the Harfleur range, 1904\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortuguese 150-mm howitzers in a different location on the same testing range, 1900s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCanon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider guns assembled at Harfleur, 1916\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA female worker turning a barrel for a 280-mm howitzer Mle 1914 at the Harfleur plant, 1916\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSame howitzers being assembled, 1916After the Armistice following World War I, a huge hutted camp was established at Harfleur as a basis for dealing with the transit of thousands of troops being demobilised. The British soldier Arthur Bullock recorded in his memoir what life was like there, together with a humorous illustration of his Nissen hut, labelled 'Home Sweet Home'.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Heraldry","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"}],"text":"Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Jean de Grouchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Grouchy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The church of St-Martin, dating from the fourteenth century.\nThe seventeenth century Hôtel de Ville (town hall).\nMedieval ramparts (1350–1390)\nThe fifteenth century museums of fishing and of archaeology and history.\nStatue of Jean de Grouchy (1875), leader of the forces who liberated Harfleur from the English in 1435.[6]","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Auradou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Auradou"},{"link_name":"rugby player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Khoudjiedji Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khoudjiedji_Ba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vikash Dhorasoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikash_Dhorasoo"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Charles N'Zogbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_N%27Zogbia"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"David Auradou, rugby player\nKhoudjiedji Ba handball player\nVikash Dhorasoo, footballer\nCharles N'Zogbia, footballer","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Henry V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_(play)"},{"link_name":"Azincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azincourt_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Agincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agincourt_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cornwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell"},{"link_name":"Henry V of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"}],"text":"The siege and conquest of Harfleur is described in Act III, Scenes I though III of Shakespeare's Henry V.The 2009 novel Azincourt (U.S. title Agincourt) by Bernard Cornwell describes the siege and the conquest of Harfleur by the army of Henry V of England in 1415.The 2003 novel A Hail of Arrows by Michael Cox describes the siege and conquest of Harfleur by the army of Henry V of England in 1415 as witnessed by a 14-year-old boy-archer. Its describes illness and food shortage inflicted by the English army. It goes on to describe the battle of Agincourt.The poem Demain, dès l'aube, by Victor Hugo, alludes to the \"sails descending towards Harfleur\" (\"les voiles au loin descendant vers Harfleur\").","title":"In literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Harfleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Harfleur"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Harfleur\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 952.\nBullock, A S, Gloucestershire Between the Wars: A Memoir, The History Press, 2009\nCooper, S, The Real Falstaff, Sir John Fastolf and the Hundred Years War, Pen & Sword, 2010","title":"Bibliography and links"}]
[{"image_text":"The church and some timber-framed houses","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Harfleur2.jpg/220px-Harfleur2.jpg"},{"image_text":"arms of Harfleur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Blason_fr_ville_Harfleur.svg/120px-Blason_fr_ville_Harfleur.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Communes of the Seine-Maritime department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Seine-Maritime_department"}]
[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Harfleur\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 952.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Harfleur","url_text":"Harfleur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-76341","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"\"Monument à Jehan de Grouchy – Harfleur\". e-monumen.net. Retrieved 22 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://e-monumen.net/patrimoine-monumental/monument-a-jehan-de-grouchy-harfleur/","url_text":"\"Monument à Jehan de Grouchy – Harfleur\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_High_School_(New_Jersey)
Lodi High School (New Jersey)
["1 History","2 Awards, recognition and rankings","3 Athletics","4 Administration","5 Notable alumni","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°53′15″N 74°05′13″W / 40.887589°N 74.08684°W / 40.887589; -74.08684High school in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States For other high schools with the same name, see Lodi High School (disambiguation). Lodi High SchoolAddress99 Putnam StreetLodi, Bergen County, New Jersey 07644United StatesCoordinates40°53′15″N 74°05′13″W / 40.887589°N 74.08684°W / 40.887589; -74.08684InformationTypePublic high schoolSchool districtLodi Public SchoolsNCES School ID340885000550PrincipalFrank D'AmicoFaculty65.5 FTEsGrades9-12Enrollment907 (as of 2022–23)Student to teacher ratio13.9:1Color(s)  Royal Blue and  OrangeAthletics conferenceNorth Jersey Interscholastic ConferenceTeam nameRamsWebsitewww.lodi.k12.nj.us/schools/lodi-high-school Lodi High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grade from Lodi, in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Lodi Public Schools. The school is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 907 students and 65.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.9:1. There were 371 students (40.9% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 126 (13.9% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch. History Students from East Paterson (since renamed as Elmwood Park) had been sent to Lodi High School under a sending/receiving relationship until 1953 and then were shifted to East Rutherford High School starting in 1954 due to lack of capacity at the Lodi school, staying there until Elmwood Park Memorial High School opened in 1957. High School students from Little Ferry had attended the school until the 1953-54 school year, when the Little Ferry Public Schools shifted its students to Ridgefield Park High School. Students in ninth through twelfth grades from Saddle Brook had attended Lodi High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship until the new Saddle Brook High School opened in September 1958 for grades 7-10, with those in eleventh and twelfth grades continuing in Lodi until their graduation. The school had also served students from Wallington, New Jersey. After the current Lodi High School was completed for the 1973-74 school year, the former high school building was repurposed as Thomas Jefferson Middle School. Awards, recognition and rankings The school was the 278th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 286th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 240th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 219th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 199th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Athletics The Lodi High School Rams participate in the North Jersey Interscholastic Conference, which comprises small-enrollment schools in Bergen, Hudson, Morris and Passaic counties, and was created following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 646 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group II for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 486 to 758 students in that grade range. Prior to realignment that took effect in the fall of 2010, Lodi High School was a member of the smaller Bergen-Passaic Scholastic League (BPSL). The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group II North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 478 to 672 students. The 1939 boys' basketball team won the Group III state championship with a 26–20 victory against South River High School in the final game of the playoff tournament. The football team won the North I Group II state sectional championship in 1992 and 1998 and the North II Group II title in 2005. The 1992 team finished the season with a record of 11-0 after winning the North I Group II sectional title with a 7–6 win against two-time defending-champion Lenape Valley Regional High School in the championship game. The team won the North II Group II state sectional championship in 2005, defeating Chatham High School 21–7 in the tournament final. The baseball team won the North I Group II sectional championship in 2003. The girls' volleyball team qualified for the state tournament in both 2006 and 2007, falling in the tournament's first round both years. Jerry Rinaldi was state wrestling champion (189 lb) in 2003. Keith Dobish was the wrestling state champion (189 lb) in 2006. Administration The school's principal is Frank D'Amico. His core administrative team includes the vice principal. Notable alumni See also: Category:Lodi High School (New Jersey) alumni Dr. Chud (born 1964 as David Calabrese), punk rock drummer and singer, most notably of The Misfits. Joe Cunningham (1931–2021), baseball first baseman and outfielder who played in Major League Baseball for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago White Sox and Washington Senators from 1954 to 1966. Glenn Danzig (born 1955, class of 1973), of the bands The Misfits, Samhain, and Danzig. Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein (born 1964 as Paul Caiafa, class of 1982), younger brother of Jerry Only who replaced Bobby Steele in the Misfits, after Steele was kicked out. James Guarantano (born 1969), wide receiver for the NFL's San Diego Chargers and the CFL's Baltimore Stallions. Howie Janotta (1924–2010), professional basketball player who played for the Baltimore Bullets in 9 games during the 1949–50 NBA season. Jerry Only (born 1959 as Gerald Caiafa, class of 1977) of the band The Misfits. Rich Skrosky (born 1964), football coach. Eerie Von (born 1964 as Eric Stellmann), of the bands Samhain and Danzig. Steve Zing (born 1964 as Steven Grecco), drummers of the bands Mourning Noise, Samhain, and Son of Sam, who plays bass on tour with Danzig and fronts his own band, Marra's Drug. Robert Zoellner (1932–2014; class of 1950), investor and stamp collector who was the second person to have assembled a complete collection of United States postage stamps. References ^ a b c d e School data for Lodi High School, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed February 1, 2024. ^ a b c Lodi High School, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed May 29, 2016. ^ Lodi Middle School- High School, Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools. Accessed February 7, 2022. ^ "2-Town Parley Plans Shift Of H. S. Pupils; East Paterson Board Tours, Okays School In East Rutherford", Herald News, July 23, 1953. Accessed March 23, 2022, via Newspapers.com. "Although formal approval is still pending final tuition negotiations, it seems a sure bet next year's grammar school graduates will enter East Rutherford High School.... The only things standing In the way of final approval are negotiations on the tuition rate East Paterson must pay for its pupils. Starting next year, East Paterson must find new grammar school grads a new high school. Their present sending district, Lodi High School, la overcrowded, and the Lodi school board has notified the local board that it will not be able to accept any more new students after this year." ^ "New East Paterson High Won't Take Outsiders; Board Tells Saddle River Township There Will Be No Room for Out-of-Town Students", Herald news, August 14, 1954. Accessed March 23, 2022, via Newspapers.com. "Both Saddle River Township and this borough were advised last year by Lodi, where they have been sending their pupils, to seek some other school. This years East Paterson freshman class will attend East Rutherford High School." ^ "Little Ferry Board Hikes Budget $22,849", The Record, January 13, 1953. Accessed January 4, 2024, via Newspapers.com. "The shift to Ridgefield Park High School and a jump In tuition costs at Lodi High School attended by pupils from Little Ferry will account for a portion of the increase in current expenses. This year's graduation class will attend Ridgefield Park High School next fall and the Board made provision for an Increase of about $100 per pupil In the tuition rate. The Board last night received notice that the tuition rate for Little Ferry pupils who will continue to attend Lodi High School will be Increased $7 and will be $235 for 1953-54. It is estimated that about 150 pupils will be attending Lodi High School next year and 55 will be in Ridgefield Park." ^ "Saddle Brook to Open New H. S.", Herald News, September 12, 1958. Accessed January 5, 2022, via Newspapers.com. "The new Saddle Brook High School on Mayhill Street will open for sessions at 8 o'clock on Wednesday. Enrollment in the building is expected to total 650. Seventh-and eighth grade pupils of Cambridge School will use some of the classrooms, as will the new ninth graders and the 10th graders who are being transferred here from the Lodi High School. The 11th and 12th graders will remain in the Lodi High School until they graduate there." ^ Thomas Jefferson Middle School: Our School, Lodi Public Schools. Accessed January 4, 2024. "TJMS was built in 1933 and initially served as a Junior/Senior High School for the surrounding towns of Saddle River Township (Saddle Brook), East Paterson (Elmwood Park), Little Ferry, Wallington and Lodi. In September of 1973, the new Lodi High School was built and TJMS became a 7th and 8th grade school." ^ Staff. "Top Schools Alphabetical List 2014", New Jersey Monthly, September 2, 2014. Accessed September 5, 2014. ^ Staff. "The Top New Jersey High Schools: Alphabetical", New Jersey Monthly, August 16, 2012. Accessed December 2, 2012. ^ Staff. "2010 Top High Schools", New Jersey Monthly, August 16, 2010. Accessed March 31, 2011. ^ "Top New Jersey High Schools 2008: By Rank", New Jersey Monthly, September 2008, posted August 7, 2008. Accessed August 19, 2008. ^ Mattura, Greg. "Small-school NJIC may debut its own league championship", The Record, January 9, 2017. Accessed August 30, 2020. "The small-school North Jersey Interscholastic Conference may debut its own boys basketball tournament this season, one season after introducing its girls hoops championship. The NJIC is comprised of schools from Bergen, Passaic and Hudson counties and the event offered to the 36 boys teams would serve as an alternative to likely competing against larger programs in a county tournament." ^ Member Schools, North Jersey Interscholastic Conference. Accessed August 30, 2020. ^ League & Conference Officers/Affiliated Schools 2020-2021, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed October 20, 2020. ^ NJSIAA General Public School Classifications 2019–2020, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed November 20, 2020. ^ New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association League Memberships – 2009-2010, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association, backed up by the Internet Archive as of July 24, 2011. Accessed October 14, 2014. ^ NJSIAA Football Public School Classifications 2022–2024, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed May 1, 2023. ^ NJSIAA Boys Basketball Championship History, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed November 20, 2020. ^ "State Title Taken by West New York; Memorial Defeats Bloomfield Five, 50-33--Lodi, Hoffman and St. Peter's Win", The New York Times, March 19, 1939. Accessed January 20, 2021. "Lodi High School won the Group III crown for the first time in history by gaining a 26-to-20 verdict over South River High School" ^ NJSIAA Football History, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed January 1, 2022. ^ "High School Football; Union Rides the Wind To North Jersey Crown", The New York Times, December 6, 1992. Accessed January 15, 2021. "Lodi ended Lenape Valley's two-year reign as North Jersey, Section 1, Group 2 champion with a 7-6 victory. Lodi (11-0) scored the winning touchdown in the third quarter when Anthony DeSimone threw a 39-yard touchdown pass to Mike Sizow." ^ 2005 Football - North II, Group II, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed October 28, 2007. ^ 2003 Baseball Tournament - North I, Group II, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed April 25, 2007. ^ 2006 Girls Volleyball - Group II, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed May 29, 2008. ^ 2007 Girls Volleyball - Group II, New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. Accessed May 29, 2008. ^ Ryan, Thomas. "High School State Wrestling Championship Final / Champs And Near-Champs / Absegami's Ryan Bridge And Ryan Goodman Earn State Wrestling Titles In Atlantic City", The Press of Atlantic City, March 17, 2003. Accessed August 14, 2011. "Defending champion Black was upset 6-4 in double overtime by Lodi's Jerry Rinaldi in the 189-pound final." ^ Morris, Tim. "Parisi second at state wrestling championships", News Transcript, March 15, 2006. Accessed August 14, 2011. "Parisi was writing the final chapter in his illustrious record-breaking career, and looking to become Marlboro's first state champion when he went up against Lodi's Keith Dobish in the 189-pound final.... He lost 3-1 to Dobish on a late, first-period takedown." ^ Principal's Office, Lodi High School. Accessed February 7, 2022. ^ Vice-Principal's Office, Lodi High School. Accessed February 7, 2022. ^ David "Dr. Chud" Calabrese, Drummers Zone. Accessed January 20, 2021. "Born as David Calabrese (1964, Lodi, New Jersey) Dr. Chud graduated from Lodi High School with Doyle in 1982." ^ Home Page, DrChud.com, March 12, 2005. Accessed August 23, 2012. ^ Joe Cunningham, Baseball Reference. Accessed March 30, 2021. "High School: Lodi HS (Lodi, NJ)" ^ a b c Ozzi, Dan. "An Excessively Deep Dive into The Misfits' High School Yearbooks", Vice (magazine), May 13, 2016. Accessed April 4, 2017. "Let us start with Jerry Only, class of '77. Born Gerald Caiafa, Jerry was, from what I can glean, the coolest motherfucker that ever stepped foot in Lodi High School or possibly any school in the history of education.... Glenn Danzig, born Glenn Anzalone, graduated from Lodi High School in 1973, though the only appearance he makes in any yearbooks is this lone Senior portrait." ^ Staff. "Conference Lists; Independents", USA Today, February 11, 1988. Accessed January 28, 2011. ^ Howie Janotta, RealGM. Accessed October 21, 2018. "High School: Lodi High School " ^ Offensive Coordinator Rich Skrosky, Monmouth Hawks football. Accessed February 23, 2018. "He served as an assistant coach at St. Peter's Prep in Jersey City in 1984 and later served as assistant head coach and defensive coordinator at his alma mater Lodi (N.J.) High School in 1985 and 1986. Skrosky and his wife, the former Suzanne Quentz, reside in Howell, N.J." ^ Miraglia, Mary K. "Happy Birthday To Lodi's Eerie Von", Garfield-Lodi Daily Voice, August 25, 215. Accessed April 4, 2017. "He began using the nickname Eerie when he was a student at Lodi High School." ^ Miller, Stephen. "Robert Zoellner, Alpine Associates Founder, Dies at 82", Bloomberg News, December 31, 2014. Accessed December 31, 2014. "After graduating from Lodi High School in 1950, he attended Lehigh, where he was co-captain of the ice hockey team and enrolled in Air Force ROTC." External links Lodi High School Lodi Public Schools School Performance Report for Lodi High School, New Jersey Department of Education School Data for the Lodi Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics vtePublic and private high schools in Bergen County, New JerseyPublic Becton Bergen Arts and Science Bergen County Academies Bergen Tech Paramus Bergen Tech Teterboro Bergenfield Bogota Cliffside Park Cresskill Dumont Dwight Morrow Elmwood Park Emerson Fair Lawn Fort Lee Garfield Glen Rock Hackensack Hasbrouck Heights Indian Hills Leonia Lodi Lyndhurst Mahwah Midland Park New Milford North Arlington Northern Highlands Northern Valley at Demarest Northern Valley at Old Tappan Palisades Park Paramus Park Ridge Pascack Hills Pascack Valley Ramapo Ramsey Ridgefield Ridgefield Park Ridgewood River Dell Rutherford Saddle Brook Teaneck Tenafly Waldwick Wallington Westwood Wood-Ridge Private Academy of the Holy Angels Barnstable Bergen Catholic Bergen County Christian Academy Community Don Bosco Dwight-Englewood Frisch Immaculate Conception Immaculate Heart Ma'ayanot New Jersey Japanese School Newbury Academy Paramus Catholic Queen of Peace Saint Joseph St. Mary Saddle River Day School Torah Academy by county Atlantic Bergen Burlington Camden Cape May Cumberland Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Union Warren vteNorth Jersey Interscholastic Conference (NJSIAA)Colonial Division A Elmwood Park Garfield Glen Rock Lodi Pascack Hills Rutherford Colonial Division B Eastern Christian Hawthorne Manchester Mary Help of Christians Pompton Lakes Meadowlands Division A Becton Harrison Lyndhurst North Arlington Queen of Peace Secaucus Meadowlands Division B Hasbrouck Heights Immaculate Conception (Lodi) Saddle Brook St. Mary (Rutherford) Wallington Weehawken Wood-Ridge Patriot Division A Cresskill Dwight-Englewood Leonia New Milford Ridgefield Waldwick Patriot Division B Bogota Emerson Hawthorne Christian Midland Park Palisades Park Park Ridge Saddle River Day Authority control databases: Geographic NCES
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The school is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.[3]As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 907 students and 65.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.9:1. There were 371 students (40.9% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 126 (13.9% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.[1]","title":"Lodi High School (New Jersey)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elmwood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmwood_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"sending/receiving relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sending/receiving_relationship"},{"link_name":"East Rutherford High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rutherford_High_School"},{"link_name":"Elmwood Park Memorial High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmwood_Park_Memorial_High_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Little Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ferry,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Little Ferry Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ferry_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Ridgefield Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgefield_Park_High_School"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Saddle Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_Brook,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Saddle Brook High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_Brook_High_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wallington, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallington,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Students from East Paterson (since renamed as Elmwood Park) had been sent to Lodi High School under a sending/receiving relationship until 1953 and then were shifted to East Rutherford High School starting in 1954 due to lack of capacity at the Lodi school, staying there until Elmwood Park Memorial High School opened in 1957.[4][5] High School students from Little Ferry had attended the school until the 1953-54 school year, when the Little Ferry Public Schools shifted its students to Ridgefield Park High School.[6] Students in ninth through twelfth grades from Saddle Brook had attended Lodi High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship until the new Saddle Brook High School opened in September 1958 for grades 7-10, with those in eleventh and twelfth grades continuing in Lodi until their graduation.[7]The school had also served students from Wallington, New Jersey. After the current Lodi High School was completed for the 1973-74 school year, the former high school building was repurposed as Thomas Jefferson Middle School.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The school was the 278th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's \"Top Public High Schools\", using a new ranking methodology.[9] The school had been ranked 286th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 240th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed.[10] The magazine ranked the school 219th in 2008 out of 316 schools.[11] The school was ranked 199th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state.[12]","title":"Awards, recognition and rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSIAAprofile-2"},{"link_name":"North Jersey Interscholastic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Jersey_Interscholastic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Passaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic 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School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape_Valley_Regional_High_School"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Chatham High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_High_School_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The Lodi High School Rams[2] participate in the North Jersey Interscholastic Conference, which comprises small-enrollment schools in Bergen, Hudson, Morris and Passaic counties, and was created following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).[13][14][15] With 646 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group II for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 486 to 758 students in that grade range.[16] Prior to realignment that took effect in the fall of 2010, Lodi High School was a member of the smaller Bergen-Passaic Scholastic League (BPSL).[17] The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group II North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 478 to 672 students.[18]The 1939 boys' basketball team won the Group III state championship with a 26–20 victory against South River High School in the final game of the playoff tournament.[19][20]The football team won the North I Group II state sectional championship in 1992 and 1998 and the North II Group II title in 2005.[21] The 1992 team finished the season with a record of 11-0 after winning the North I Group II sectional title with a 7–6 win against two-time defending-champion Lenape Valley Regional High School in the championship game.[22] The team won the North II Group II state sectional championship in 2005, defeating Chatham High School 21–7 in the tournament final.[23]The baseball team won the North I Group II sectional championship in 2003.[24]The girls' volleyball team qualified for the state tournament in both 2006 and 2007, falling in the tournament's first round both years.[25][26]Jerry Rinaldi was state wrestling champion (189 lb) in 2003.[27] Keith Dobish was the wrestling state champion (189 lb) in 2006.[28]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The school's principal is Frank D'Amico.[29] His core administrative team includes the vice principal.[30]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Lodi High School (New Jersey) 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Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1961%E2%80%9371)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Glenn Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Danzig"},{"link_name":"The Misfits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfits_(band)"},{"link_name":"Samhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain_(band)"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_(band)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice2016-34"},{"link_name":"Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Wolfgang_von_Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"Bobby Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Steele"},{"link_name":"Misfits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfits_(band)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice2016-34"},{"link_name":"James Guarantano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guarantano"},{"link_name":"wide receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"NFL's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"San Diego Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers"},{"link_name":"CFL's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Stallions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Stallions"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Howie Janotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Janotta"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Bullets_(1944%E2%80%9354)"},{"link_name":"1949–50 NBA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Jerry Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Only"},{"link_name":"The Misfits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfits_(band)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice2016-34"},{"link_name":"Rich Skrosky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Skrosky"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Eerie Von","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerie_Von"},{"link_name":"Samhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain_(band)"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_(band)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Steve Zing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Zing"},{"link_name":"Mourning Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_Noise"},{"link_name":"Samhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain_(band)"},{"link_name":"Son of Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Sam_(band)"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_(band)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Robert Zoellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellner"},{"link_name":"United States postage stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"See also: Category:Lodi High School (New Jersey) alumniDr. Chud (born 1964 as David Calabrese), punk rock drummer and singer, most notably of The Misfits.[31][32]\nJoe Cunningham (1931–2021), baseball first baseman and outfielder who played in Major League Baseball for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago White Sox and Washington Senators from 1954 to 1966.[33]\nGlenn Danzig (born 1955, class of 1973), of the bands The Misfits, Samhain, and Danzig.[34]\nDoyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein (born 1964 as Paul Caiafa, class of 1982), younger brother of Jerry Only who replaced Bobby Steele in the Misfits, after Steele was kicked out.[34]\nJames Guarantano (born 1969), wide receiver for the NFL's San Diego Chargers and the CFL's Baltimore Stallions.[35]\nHowie Janotta (1924–2010), professional basketball player who played for the Baltimore Bullets in 9 games during the 1949–50 NBA season.[36]\nJerry Only (born 1959 as Gerald Caiafa, class of 1977) of the band The Misfits.[34]\nRich Skrosky (born 1964), football coach.[37]\nEerie Von (born 1964 as Eric Stellmann), of the bands Samhain and Danzig.[38]\nSteve Zing (born 1964 as Steven Grecco), drummers of the bands Mourning Noise, Samhain, and Son of Sam, who plays bass on tour with Danzig and fronts his own band, Marra's Drug.[citation needed]\nRobert Zoellner (1932–2014; class of 1950), investor and stamp collector who was the second person to have assembled a complete collection of United States postage stamps.[39]","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dearne
River Dearne
["1 Route","2 Flood defences","3 Water quality","3.1 Improvements","3.2 Assessment","4 Points of interest","5 See also","6 Bibliography","6.1 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°29′39″N 1°14′34″W / 53.49417°N 1.24278°W / 53.49417; -1.24278River in South Yorkshire, England River DearneThe River Dearne viewed from the bridge behind Darton Post Office.LocationCountryEnglandPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationBirdsedge nr Denby Dale • coordinates53°33′52″N 1°42′37″W / 53.56444°N 1.71028°W / 53.56444; -1.71028 • elevation328 metres (1,076 ft) Mouth  • locationRiver Don near Conisbrough • coordinates53°29′39″N 1°14′34″W / 53.49417°N 1.24278°W / 53.49417; -1.24278 • elevation17 metres (56 ft)Length51.9 kilometres (32.2 mi)Basin size310.8 square kilometres (120.0 sq mi) vteRiver Dearne Legend Dearne Head A629 road Park Dike A635 Barnsley Road Munchcliffe Beck Denby Dale railway station Thorpe Dike A636 road Kirklees Light Railway Park Gate Dike A636 road Bentley Brook Bretton Country Park Weirs A637 road M1 motorway (Jn 38) Cawthorne Dike Barnsley - Wakefield Railway A61 road, Barnsley A628 road, Barnsley A633 Grange Bridge Small Bridge Dike A635 Mill Houses Bridge River Dove A6195 road bridge Dearne Ings Bolton upon Dearne railway station New and Old channels Denaby Ings Nature Reserve River Don Navigation The River Dearne South Yorkshire, England flows roughly east for more than 30 kilometres (19 mi), from its source just inside West Yorkshire. It flows through Denby Dale, Clayton West, Darton, Barnsley, Darfield, Wath upon Dearne, Bolton on Dearne, Adwick upon Dearne and Mexborough to its confluence with the River Don at Denaby Main. Its main tributary is the River Dove, which joins it at Darfield. The river was one of those affected by the 2007 United Kingdom floods. The course of the river is accessible to walkers as the Dearne Way, a long distance footpath from Dearne Head to the river's junction with the Don. Places of interest along the Dearne include the Yorkshire Sculpture Park at West Bretton, and Monk Bretton Priory. The Dearne Valley below Barnsley is a regeneration area. The river has been subject to channel engineering to ease the problem of flooding. A new channel was constructed near its mouth in the 1950s, as the old route had been affected by mining subsidence. Washlands, which can be progressively flooded as water levels rise, were constructed in the 1960s and 1970s. A flood relief channel and a regulator to restrict the flow was built at Bolton upon Dearne. During the 2007 United Kingdom floods, the washlands filled to capacity but the regulator could not be operated as it had been vandalised. Industrialisation caused the river and the Dearne and Dove Canal, to become grossly polluted in the early nineteenth century and fish populations died. The West Riding River Board tried to address the problems in 1896 with limited success and much of the river remained dead until the 1980s, when industrial effluents were removed before they were discharged and improvements were made to sewage treatment. Despite setbacks, fish populations had been partially reinstated by the early 1990s. Channel engineering was carried out at Denaby in the 1990s, to re-introduce bends, deep pools and shallow gravel riffles, to assist fish spawning. In June 2015, salmon were reported in the river for the first time in 150 years. Route The river rises just below the 330-metre (1,080 ft) contour west of Birdsedge. Within around 1.9 miles (3 km), it reaches the A635 Barnsley Road bridge at Denby Dale, by which time it has dropped below the 175-metre (574 ft) contour, and its flow has been swelled by several springs and the output of Park Dike. Below the bridge, Munchcliffe Beck joins near a large millpond, which supplied mills at Denby Dale. Beyond the mills, the river passes under a railway viaduct near Denby Dale railway station. The curved viaduct with 21 tall arches was built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1884. The river flows to the north east closely following the A636 road. It is joined by Thorpe Dike at Kitchenroyd. It passes through Scissett and west of Clayton West where it is crossed by the Kirklees Light Railway. Park Gate Dike swells the flow, before a double-arched skew bridge built in the early 19th century carries the A636 over the channel. Nearby is a hump-backed packhorse bridge with a single arch, probably built in the previous century, after which the river turns to the east to pass the upper and lower lakes in a channel from where it feed the lakes in the Yorkshire Sculpture Park. Bretton Hall lies to the north. The river turns south at the dam of the lower lake and passes over weirs before picking up the outflow from the lakes, after which the 75-metre (246 ft) contour is crossed. Next it turns to the south east and passes under the A637 road, the M1 motorway and the sliproads which form part of Junction 38, to reach Darton. The Cawthorne Dike joins from the west as it turns to the east and passes under the Wakefield to Barnsley railway line. The B6428 crosses on Barugh Bridge, a single-span bridge made of rock-faced stone, which bears the date 1850 on the north-west buttress. As the river approaches Barnsley, the remains of the Barnsley Canal follow it on the south bank. Beyond the A61 Old Mill Lane bridge there was a mill, after which an aqueduct carried the canal over the river. Two more road bridges follow, the second of which carries the A633 Grange Lane. Just before the bridge is Priory Mill, a thirteenth-century mill which was heavily rebuilt by Sir William Armyne in 1635, and further remodelled in the nineteenth century. It was powered by a leat from the river, which supplied internal water wheels. Water from the leat was also channelled to Monk Bretton Priory, where it flushed the kitchens and the reredorter. Next there are two former railway bridges which now carry footpaths. Soon sections of the disused Dearne and Dove Canal run parallel to the river, and after passing under two more railway bridges, the course turns to the south to reach Darfield, below which the River Dove joins from the west. The river turns to the east again, passing to the north east of a series of lakes which form the Dearne Ings and Old Moor washlands. On the opposite side of the channel are the Bolton Ings washlands, which cover 110 acres (45 ha) and have been acquired by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). In 2011, the site was in its early stages of development, but the reedbeds have attracted spoonbills and avocets, and are expected to act as a breeding ground for bitterns in due course. After the washlands, the river flows to the north of Wath upon Dearne, and to the south of Bolton on Dearne. The railway to Bolton on Dearne station crosses, after which the river is flanked by the disused Bolton Common tip on the south bank. From the village of Adwick upon Dearne, which is a little further to the south, Harlington Road crosses the river at Adwick Bridge, a grade II listed twin-arched bridge built of sandstone around 1800. Denaby Ings nature reserve is separated from the river by a railway embankment on the north bank. The river sweeps round to the south to join the River Don just below Mexborough Low Lock, where Mexborough New Cut on the River Don Navigation rejoins the river. In 1903 the junction of the river with the Don was adjacent to the railway sidings of the Cadeby Main colliery, but by 1930 it had been moved further upstream, much closer to its present location. There is a long-distance path which follows the course of the river from its source to its junction with the River Don. It is known as the Dearne Way, and the paths are marked on current editions of the Ordnance Survey maps. The path is around 30 miles (48 km) long and can be walked in 12 to 16 hours. Walkers who start at the source descend through 1,368 feet (417 m) over the length of the walk. Flood defences The river regulator at Bolton upon Dearne may be removed as part of a flood risk management strategy. By the 1950s, the course of the river near its mouth had been affected by subsidence from coal mining, and the lowering of the channel resulted in much of the surrounding land being regularly flooded. In order to alleviate the problem and restore the gradient of the channel at this point, a new channel was constructed on the south side of the railway embankment, from near Harlington to the River Don. The old channel can still be seen on the north side of the embankment, and connects to the Denaby Ings Nature Reserve. As part of a comprehensive assessment of flood risks caused by the River Don and its tributaries, the River Dearne Improvement Scheme was implemented between 1963 and 1973. It was recognised that simple enlargement of the river channel would not provide a satisfactory solution, as it would just move the problem to the River Don, and therefore a series of washlands were created, which could be progressively flooded if required, without affecting centres of population. Near the mouth of the river, Dearne Mouth washland, which is now known as the Denaby Ings Nature Reserve, was created in 1963, and a manually operated sluice allowed the flow of the river to be diverted through the floodbank and into the washland when there were high levels at the junction with the River Don. The sluice was rebuilt in 1973. Additional washlands were created at Harlington and North Ings, and the river was straightened and realigned. Further upriver, a flood relief channel was built at Bolton upon Dearne, and more washlands were formed between Wath railway bridge and Adwick bridge. The Bolton Ings and Old Moor washlands were next to be created, to be followed by those at Wombwell Ings, where the River Dove joins the Dearne, Darfield, Houghton and Cudworth. Some of the storage capacity was lost as a result of mining schemes, and a regulator was installed at Bolton in 1972, allowing the flow to be restricted by a sluice gate. During the flooding in 2007, all of the washlands filled to capacity, although the Bolton regulator could not be operated as it had been vandalised. Some damage to the Houghton washlands resulted from the extremely high water levels, which overtopped the banks and caused erosion to take place. Following the floods, a reassessment of the function of the regulators was carried out, and in view of the costs of maintaining them, the Environment Agency intend to remove them once some reconfiguration of the river channel has been completed. This work will ensure that the washlands fill and empty at the appropriate points in a flood cycle. Water quality In the late 1700s, the river held good populations of fish. Industrial development of the valley consisted of several deep coal mines, but they were fairly small, and did not significantly pollute the river. There were collieries at Smithies, Honeywell, Queens Ground and Mount Osborne. The opening of the Dearne and Dove Canal in 1810 had serious impacts on the river, as it provided a way to transport the coal to Sheffield and Rotherham, where it was used in the steelworks. This led to the rapid development of more and larger collieries. The population grew rapidly, but it was housed in small villages near the pits. With no urban infrastructure, sewage polluted the river, as did the industrial discharges from the mines. Parts of the upper river were well suited to the woollen trade, and mills developed in the 19th century, at Denby Dale, Scissett and Clayton West. The valley of the upper river is quite narrow, and housing was provided by building terraces, which often backed on to the river. Again, sewage ended up in the river, as did the effluent from processing the wool, which included caustic washing agents and dyes. Water used in washing was returned to the river without adequate cooling, and the temperature rose. As early as 1896, the West Riding River Board was working hard to improve the situation, and achieved limited success by 1902, when they produced a report. They identified 44 small sewage treatment plants, none of which treated the sewage adequately, and noted that the river was "much polluted by domestic sewage and by untreated or partially treated trade refuse." By the early 1900s, the river was lifeless between Barnsley and the Don, with fish unable to survive in the cocktail of chemicals. The River Dove was also lifeless, although the Cawthorne Dyke and several other small tributaries managed to retain populations of brown trout. The situation had not improved by the 1960s, when the Yorkshire Ouse River Board noted that industrial waste from the mining, paper making, brewing and textile industries was being dumping into the river without any treatment. Pressure from the Board and from local authorities based along the river resulted in some treatment being carried out, but by 1974 much of the river was still rated as Class E on the six-point water quality scale, which indicated it was of poor quality, with some parts rated as Class F, meaning that they grossly polluted with little or no life. Nevertheless, small pockets of fish began to appear. A small population of brown trout had survived in the upper 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the river, but could not proceed downstream due to dams erected for the woollen mills. Moth-proofing agents were released by the mills into the water, which were highly toxic to fish, and although the discharge of these chemicals ceased in 1979, when they were routed to a sewer for treatment, the problem did not immediately go away, as the chemicals continued to seep into the river from land which had been contaminated by them for another ten years. Any progress with the re-establishment of fish stocks was destroyed by a series of releases of pollutants into the river during the 1970s and 1980s. Improvements By 1987, water quality had improved sufficiently to try restocking the upper river, and large numbers of yearling trout were released into the river in April. A fish survey carried out by the Yorkshire Water Authority a year later showed that many of these were surviving. By 1992, there was evidence that the fish were breeding in the river, and naturally bred brown trout were found between Denby Dale and Clayton West in 1994, for the first time in over 100 years. The trout population in the upper Dearne was declared to be self-sustaining by 1996. The river below Clayton West ceases to be a shallow, fast-flowing watercourse, and consists of deeper pools with a slower flow, which is suitable for various coarse fish as well as trout. By 1974, a modest improvement in water quality had been achieved by treatment of industrial effluent, and some fish managed to exist below the weir at the Star Paper Mill in Barnsley. The weir helped to oxygenate the water, and most of the fish had been washed downstream from Cannon Hall and Bretton Lakes. During flood conditions, many of the population would be washed further downstream, to be replaced by others from the lakes. A survey in 1982 found gudgeon, minnow and three-spined stickleback, which had increased by 1985, and over 10,000 coarse fish were released as part of a restocking programme. However, most of these were killed by serious pollution incidents that affected the river in 1987 and 1988, and incidents continued for a further three years. The sewage treatment works at Darton and Lundwood, on either side of Barnsley, were largely responsible. Discharges from the Darton sewage treatment works contained residues from dyes used by a local carpet manufacturer, which reached the works by a foul sewer, but could not be adequately treated by the existing processes. As a result, the final effluent was a deep red colour, and was a major factor in the poor biochemical oxygen demand ratings for the river. Major improvements, including new primary settlement tanks and tertiary treatment lagoons, were made to the treatment works, and the carpet manufacturers installed facilities to treat their effluent before it was discharged to the sewer. By 1994, fish were again appearing below the Star Paper Mill weir, and Yorkshire Water and the Environment Agency carried out another fish restocking programme. Improvements to water quality through Barnsley highlighted the fact that fish populations did not exist below the discharge from the Lundwood sewage treatment works to the east of Barnsley. As the population of Barnsley had increased, the volume of effluent received by the works had increased without a corresponding increase in its ability to treat it. In addition, the outfall reached the river along a 440-yard (400 m) stretch of the Cliffe Bridge Dyke, which had suffered from subsidence. This resulted in slow movement along the dyke, which sometimes caused the effluent to become septic before it reached the main channel. A major programme of refurbishment was carried out at the works between 1997 and 1998, to improve the quality of discharge. The fish populations on the lower river fluctuated, as a result of pollution incidents on the middle river, but by 1994, chub and dace were clearly breeding in the river. Breeding was assisted by re-engineering of the channel at Pastures Road, Denaby, which had been straightened in the 1960s after it was affected by subsidence. A series of bends were created, which encourage the formation of deep pools and shallow gravel riffles. These features are needed by dace and barbel for successful spawning, and prevent young fish from being washed downstream in flood conditions. Water quality has continued to improve, and the lower Dearne has become an important venue for angling. Further improvements to the Lundwood sewage treatment works began in 2007 to enable it to comply with the Freshwater Fish Directive, and although the site was inundated during the floods of 2007, the scheme, which cost £8 million, was completed in 2008. To celebrate the opening of the new works, the poet Ian McMillan was asked to run a poetry workship at Littleworth Grange Primary Learning Centre, where children completed a poem about water treatment for which he supplied the first two lines. In June 2015, the Environment Agency announced that salmon had returned to the Dearne for the first time in 150 years. This follows the opening of a fish ladder at Sprotborough weir in 2014. Assessment The Environment Agency measure the water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail. The Dearne and several of its tributaries are designated as "heavily modified", which means that the channels have been altered by human activity, and the criteria for this designation are defined by the Water Framework Directive. The water quality of the Dearne and its tributaries was as follows in 2019. Section Ecological Status Chemical Status Length Catchment Channel Dearne from Source to Bentley Brook Moderate Fail 8.4 miles (13.5 km) 11.63 square miles (30.1 km2) heavily modified Bentley Brook from Source to River Dearne Moderate Fail 5.0 miles (8.0 km) 5.37 square miles (13.9 km2) Dearne from Bentley Brook to Cawthorne Dyke Moderate Fail 5.7 miles (9.2 km) 5.40 square miles (14.0 km2) heavily modified Cawthorne Dyke from Source to River Dearne Poor Fail 7.9 miles (12.7 km) 10.43 square miles (27.0 km2) Dearne from Cawthorne Dyke to Lundwood STW Moderate Fail 6.0 miles (9.7 km) 8.65 square miles (22.4 km2) heavily modified Cudworth Dyke from Source to River Dearne Poor Fail 5.1 miles (8.2 km) 13.27 square miles (34.4 km2) Grimethorpe Dike from Source to River Dearne Moderate Fail 4.6 miles (7.4 km) 5.17 square miles (13.4 km2) heavily modified Dearne from Lundwood to River Dove Moderate Fail 5.8 miles (9.3 km) 5.37 square miles (13.9 km2) heavily modified Dearne from Darfield STW to River Don Moderate Fail 12.1 miles (19.5 km) 16.13 square miles (41.8 km2) heavily modified Like many rivers in the UK, the chemical status changed from good to fail in 2019, due to the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS), mercury compounds and cypermethrin, none of which had previously been included in the assessment. Points of interest Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Point Coordinates(Links to map resources) OS Grid Ref Notes Dearne Head 53°33′53″N 1°42′54″W / 53.5647°N 1.7149°W / 53.5647; -1.7149 (Dearne Head) SE189076 source A635 bridge, Denby Dale 53°34′13″N 1°40′02″W / 53.5702°N 1.6672°W / 53.5702; -1.6672 (A635 bridge, Denby Dale) SE221082 Junction with Park Gate Dike 53°35′44″N 1°37′48″W / 53.5955°N 1.6300°W / 53.5955; -1.6300 (Junction with Park Gate Dike) SE245110 Bretton Country Park weirs 53°36′31″N 1°33′46″W / 53.6085°N 1.5627°W / 53.6085; -1.5627 (Bretton Country Park weirs) SE290125 Junction with Cawthorne Dike 53°34′38″N 1°31′25″W / 53.5771°N 1.5236°W / 53.5771; -1.5236 (Junction with Cawthorne Dike) SE316090 A633 Grange Lane Bridge 53°33′05″N 1°26′23″W / 53.5515°N 1.4398°W / 53.5515; -1.4398 (A633 Grange Lane Bridge) SE372062 Barnsley Junction with River Dove 53°31′43″N 1°22′07″W / 53.5287°N 1.3686°W / 53.5287; -1.3686 (Junction with River Dove) SE419037 Darfield Junction with River Don 53°29′39″N 1°14′33″W / 53.4942°N 1.2425°W / 53.4942; -1.2425 (Junction with River Don) SK503999 mouth See also Rivers of the United Kingdom Bibliography Firth, Christopher (1997). Domesday to the dawn of the New Millennium – 900 years of the Don fishery. Environment Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2019. (This is available online at The Don Catchment Rivers Trust. Page numbers refer to the pdf file). References ^ a b c d e f g h i Ordnance Survey, 1:25,000 map ^ Historic England. "Denby Dale railway viaduct (1313339)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ Historic England. "Road bridge at junction with Manor Road (1185102)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ Historic England. "Packhorse Bridge, Manor Road (1135303)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ Historic England. "Barugh Bridge, Spark Lane (1192892)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ Historic England. "Priory Mill, Grange Lane (1151153)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ "About Dearne Valley – Bolton Ings". RSPB. ^ Historic England. "Adwick Bridge, Harlington Road (1151673)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 map, 1903 ^ Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 map, 1930 ^ "Dearne Way". Long Distance Walkers Association. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2017. ^ "Dearne Way". Walking Englishman. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2017. ^ Firth 1997, p. 28. ^ Firth 1997, pp. 23–24. ^ Firth 1997, p. 24. ^ "Barnsley flood assessment". Environment Agency. 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. ^ "River Don Flood Risk Management Strategy". Environment Agency. February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. ^ Firth 1997, pp. 36–37. ^ Firth 1997, pp. 37–38. ^ Firth 1997, p. 46. ^ Firth 1997, p. 61. ^ Firth 1997, pp. 61–62. ^ Firth 1997, pp. 62–63. ^ Firth 1997, pp. 63–65. ^ Firth 1997, pp. 65–67. ^ "Yorkshire Water's large FFD programme" (PDF). Wastewater Treatment and Sewerage. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2011. ^ "Lundwood case study". Yorkshire Water. Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011. ^ "Salmon return to River Dearne after 150 years". BBC News. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2015. ^ "Glossary (see Biological quality element; Chemical status; and Ecological status)". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 15 May 2017. ^ "Dearne from Source to Bentley Brook". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Bentley Brook from Source to River Dearne". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Dearne from Bentley Brook to Cawthorne Dyke". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Cawthorne Dyke from Source to River Dearne". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Dearne from Cawthorne Dyke to Lundwood STW". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Cudworth Dyke from Source to River Dearne". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Grimethorpe Dike from Source to River Dearne". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Dearne from Lundwood to River Dove". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Dearne from Darfield STW to River Don". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. External links Media related to River Dearne at Wikimedia Commons vteRivers of YorkshireNorth Yorkshire Aire Arkle Beck Bain Bedale Beck Burn Cock Beck Cod Beck Costa Beck Cover Crimple Beck Derwent Dibb Doe Dove Eller Beck Esk Foss Greta (Lune) Gypsey Race Hertford Hodge Beck Holgate Beck Kyle Leven Malham Beck Nidd Oak Beck Ouse Pickering Beck Ramsdale Beck Ribble Riccall Risedale Beck Rye Sea Cut Seph Seven Skeeby Beck Skell Skelton Beck Skirfare Swale Tees Tutt Twiss Ure Washburn Wenning Wharfe Wiske West Yorkshire Aire Bradford Beck Black Brook Calder Cock Beck Colne Dearne Harden Beck Hebble Brook Holme Holme Beck Laneshaw Meanwood Beck Pudsey Beck Ribble Ryburn Spen Tyersal Beck Wharfe Worth Wyke Beck East Riding of Yorkshire Aike Beck Aire Arram Beck Derwent Driffield Beck Foulness Gypsey Race Hedon Haven Hull Humber Lambwath Stream Ouse Trent Falls West Beck Winestead Drain South Yorkshire Blackburn Brook Cheswold Dearne Don Dove Ea Beck Limb Brook Little Don Loxley Meers Brook Old Hay Brook Porter Brook Rivelin Rother Ryton Sheaf Shire Brook Torne Totley Brook Went Wyming Brook
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Denby Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denby_Dale"},{"link_name":"Clayton West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_West"},{"link_name":"Darton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darton"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley"},{"link_name":"Darfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfield,_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Wath upon Dearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wath_upon_Dearne"},{"link_name":"Bolton on Dearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_on_Dearne"},{"link_name":"Adwick upon Dearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwick_upon_Dearne"},{"link_name":"Mexborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexborough"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence_(geography)"},{"link_name":"River Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Don,_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Denaby Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaby_Main"},{"link_name":"River Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dove,_Barnsley"},{"link_name":"2007 United Kingdom floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Sculpture Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park"},{"link_name":"West Bretton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bretton"},{"link_name":"Monk Bretton Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk_Bretton_Priory"},{"link_name":"Dearne Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearne_Valley"},{"link_name":"2007 United Kingdom floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods"},{"link_name":"Dearne and Dove Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearne_and_Dove_Canal"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"}],"text":"River in South Yorkshire, EnglandThe River Dearne South Yorkshire, England flows roughly east for more than 30 kilometres (19 mi), from its source just inside West Yorkshire. It flows through Denby Dale, Clayton West, Darton, Barnsley, Darfield, Wath upon Dearne, Bolton on Dearne, Adwick upon Dearne and Mexborough to its confluence with the River Don at Denaby Main. Its main tributary is the River Dove, which joins it at Darfield. The river was one of those affected by the 2007 United Kingdom floods.The course of the river is accessible to walkers as the Dearne Way, a long distance footpath from Dearne Head to the river's junction with the Don. Places of interest along the Dearne include the Yorkshire Sculpture Park at West Bretton, and Monk Bretton Priory. The Dearne Valley below Barnsley is a regeneration area.The river has been subject to channel engineering to ease the problem of flooding. A new channel was constructed near its mouth in the 1950s, as the old route had been affected by mining subsidence. Washlands, which can be progressively flooded as water levels rise, were constructed in the 1960s and 1970s. A flood relief channel and a regulator to restrict the flow was built at Bolton upon Dearne. During the 2007 United Kingdom floods, the washlands filled to capacity but the regulator could not be operated as it had been vandalised.Industrialisation caused the river and the Dearne and Dove Canal, to become grossly polluted in the early nineteenth century and fish populations died. The West Riding River Board tried to address the problems in 1896 with limited success and much of the river remained dead until the 1980s, when industrial effluents were removed before they were discharged and improvements were made to sewage treatment. Despite setbacks, fish populations had been partially reinstated by the early 1990s. Channel engineering was carried out at Denaby in the 1990s, to re-introduce bends, deep pools and shallow gravel riffles, to assist fish spawning. In June 2015, salmon were reported in the river for the first time in 150 years.","title":"River Dearne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denby Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denby_Dale"},{"link_name":"Denby Dale railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denby_Dale_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-1"},{"link_name":"Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Scissett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissett"},{"link_name":"Clayton West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_West"},{"link_name":"Kirklees Light Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklees_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Sculpture Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park"},{"link_name":"Bretton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Hall,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-1"},{"link_name":"M1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_motorway"},{"link_name":"Darton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darton"},{"link_name":"B6428","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B6428_road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley"},{"link_name":"Barnsley Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_Canal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-1"},{"link_name":"Monk Bretton Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk_Bretton_Priory"},{"link_name":"reredorter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reredorter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dearne and Dove Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearne_and_Dove_Canal"},{"link_name":"Darfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfield,_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"River Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dove,_Barnsley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Society for the Protection of Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds"},{"link_name":"reedbeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reedbed"},{"link_name":"spoonbills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoonbill"},{"link_name":"avocets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocet"},{"link_name":"bitterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittern"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wath upon Dearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wath_upon_Dearne"},{"link_name":"Bolton on Dearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_on_Dearne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-1"},{"link_name":"Adwick upon Dearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwick_upon_Dearne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-1"},{"link_name":"grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"River Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Don,_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"River Don Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Don_Navigation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"long-distance path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_path"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The river rises just below the 330-metre (1,080 ft) contour west of Birdsedge. Within around 1.9 miles (3 km), it reaches the A635 Barnsley Road bridge at Denby Dale, by which time it has dropped below the 175-metre (574 ft) contour, and its flow has been swelled by several springs and the output of Park Dike. Below the bridge, Munchcliffe Beck joins near a large millpond, which supplied mills at Denby Dale. Beyond the mills, the river passes under a railway viaduct near Denby Dale railway station.[1] The curved viaduct with 21 tall arches was built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1884.[2]The river flows to the north east closely following the A636 road. It is joined by Thorpe Dike at Kitchenroyd. It passes through Scissett and west of Clayton West where it is crossed by the Kirklees Light Railway. Park Gate Dike swells the flow,[1] before a double-arched skew bridge built in the early 19th century carries the A636 over the channel.[3] Nearby is a hump-backed packhorse bridge with a single arch, probably built in the previous century,[4] after which the river turns to the east to pass the upper and lower lakes in a channel from where it feed the lakes in the Yorkshire Sculpture Park. Bretton Hall lies to the north. The river turns south at the dam of the lower lake and passes over weirs before picking up the outflow from the lakes, after which the 75-metre (246 ft) contour is crossed.[1]Next it turns to the south east and passes under the A637 road, the M1 motorway and the sliproads which form part of Junction 38, to reach Darton. The Cawthorne Dike joins from the west as it turns to the east and passes under the Wakefield to Barnsley railway line. The B6428 crosses on Barugh Bridge,[1] a single-span bridge made of rock-faced stone, which bears the date 1850 on the north-west buttress.[5] As the river approaches Barnsley, the remains of the Barnsley Canal follow it on the south bank. Beyond the A61 Old Mill Lane bridge there was a mill, after which an aqueduct carried the canal over the river. Two more road bridges follow, the second of which carries the A633 Grange Lane.[1] Just before the bridge is Priory Mill, a thirteenth-century mill which was heavily rebuilt by Sir William Armyne in 1635, and further remodelled in the nineteenth century. It was powered by a leat from the river, which supplied internal water wheels. Water from the leat was also channelled to Monk Bretton Priory, where it flushed the kitchens and the reredorter.[6] Next there are two former railway bridges which now carry footpaths. Soon sections of the disused Dearne and Dove Canal run parallel to the river, and after passing under two more railway bridges, the course turns to the south to reach Darfield, below which the River Dove joins from the west. The river turns to the east again, passing to the north east of a series of lakes which form the Dearne Ings and Old Moor washlands.[1] On the opposite side of the channel are the Bolton Ings washlands, which cover 110 acres (45 ha) and have been acquired by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). In 2011, the site was in its early stages of development, but the reedbeds have attracted spoonbills and avocets, and are expected to act as a breeding ground for bitterns in due course.[7] After the washlands, the river flows to the north of Wath upon Dearne, and to the south of Bolton on Dearne.[1]The railway to Bolton on Dearne station crosses, after which the river is flanked by the disused Bolton Common tip on the south bank. From the village of Adwick upon Dearne, which is a little further to the south, Harlington Road crosses the river at Adwick Bridge,[1] a grade II listed twin-arched bridge built of sandstone around 1800.[8] Denaby Ings nature reserve is separated from the river by a railway embankment on the north bank. The river sweeps round to the south to join the River Don just below Mexborough Low Lock, where Mexborough New Cut on the River Don Navigation rejoins the river.[1] In 1903 the junction of the river with the Don was adjacent to the railway sidings of the Cadeby Main colliery,[9] but by 1930 it had been moved further upstream, much closer to its present location.[10]There is a long-distance path which follows the course of the river from its source to its junction with the River Don. It is known as the Dearne Way, and the paths are marked on current editions of the Ordnance Survey maps.[11] The path is around 30 miles (48 km) long and can be walked in 12 to 16 hours. Walkers who start at the source descend through 1,368 feet (417 m) over the length of the walk.[12]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:It_didn%27t_work_this_year%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_527885.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth199728-13"},{"link_name":"River Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Don,_South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth199723%E2%80%9324-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth199724-15"},{"link_name":"flooding in 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2007_United_Kingdom_floods"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The river regulator at Bolton upon Dearne may be removed as part of a flood risk management strategy.By the 1950s, the course of the river near its mouth had been affected by subsidence from coal mining, and the lowering of the channel resulted in much of the surrounding land being regularly flooded. In order to alleviate the problem and restore the gradient of the channel at this point, a new channel was constructed on the south side of the railway embankment, from near Harlington to the River Don. The old channel can still be seen on the north side of the embankment, and connects to the Denaby Ings Nature Reserve.[13]As part of a comprehensive assessment of flood risks caused by the River Don and its tributaries, the River Dearne Improvement Scheme was implemented between 1963 and 1973. It was recognised that simple enlargement of the river channel would not provide a satisfactory solution, as it would just move the problem to the River Don, and therefore a series of washlands were created, which could be progressively flooded if required, without affecting centres of population. Near the mouth of the river, Dearne Mouth washland, which is now known as the Denaby Ings Nature Reserve, was created in 1963, and a manually operated sluice allowed the flow of the river to be diverted through the floodbank and into the washland when there were high levels at the junction with the River Don. The sluice was rebuilt in 1973. Additional washlands were created at Harlington and North Ings, and the river was straightened and realigned.[14]Further upriver, a flood relief channel was built at Bolton upon Dearne, and more washlands were formed between Wath railway bridge and Adwick bridge. The Bolton Ings and Old Moor washlands were next to be created, to be followed by those at Wombwell Ings, where the River Dove joins the Dearne, Darfield, Houghton and Cudworth. Some of the storage capacity was lost as a result of mining schemes, and a regulator was installed at Bolton in 1972, allowing the flow to be restricted by a sluice gate.[15] During the flooding in 2007, all of the washlands filled to capacity, although the Bolton regulator could not be operated as it had been vandalised. Some damage to the Houghton washlands resulted from the extremely high water levels, which overtopped the banks and caused erosion to take place.[16] Following the floods, a reassessment of the function of the regulators was carried out, and in view of the costs of maintaining them, the Environment Agency intend to remove them once some reconfiguration of the river channel has been completed. This work will ensure that the washlands fill and empty at the appropriate points in a flood cycle.[17]","title":"Flood defences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dearne and Dove Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearne_and_Dove_Canal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth199736%E2%80%9337-18"},{"link_name":"sewage treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth199737%E2%80%9338-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth199746-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth199761-21"}],"text":"In the late 1700s, the river held good populations of fish. Industrial development of the valley consisted of several deep coal mines, but they were fairly small, and did not significantly pollute the river. There were collieries at Smithies, Honeywell, Queens Ground and Mount Osborne. The opening of the Dearne and Dove Canal in 1810 had serious impacts on the river, as it provided a way to transport the coal to Sheffield and Rotherham, where it was used in the steelworks. This led to the rapid development of more and larger collieries. The population grew rapidly, but it was housed in small villages near the pits. With no urban infrastructure, sewage polluted the river, as did the industrial discharges from the mines.[18]Parts of the upper river were well suited to the woollen trade, and mills developed in the 19th century, at Denby Dale, Scissett and Clayton West. The valley of the upper river is quite narrow, and housing was provided by building terraces, which often backed on to the river. Again, sewage ended up in the river, as did the effluent from processing the wool, which included caustic washing agents and dyes. Water used in washing was returned to the river without adequate cooling, and the temperature rose. As early as 1896, the West Riding River Board was working hard to improve the situation, and achieved limited success by 1902, when they produced a report. They identified 44 small sewage treatment plants, none of which treated the sewage adequately, and noted that the river was \"much polluted by domestic sewage and by untreated or partially treated trade refuse.\"[19] By the early 1900s, the river was lifeless between Barnsley and the Don, with fish unable to survive in the cocktail of chemicals. The River Dove was also lifeless, although the Cawthorne Dyke and several other small tributaries managed to retain populations of brown trout.[20]The situation had not improved by the 1960s, when the Yorkshire Ouse River Board noted that industrial waste from the mining, paper making, brewing and textile industries was being dumping into the river without any treatment. Pressure from the Board and from local authorities based along the river resulted in some treatment being carried out, but by 1974 much of the river was still rated as Class E on the six-point water quality scale, which indicated it was of poor quality, with some parts rated as Class F, meaning that they grossly polluted with little or no life. Nevertheless, small pockets of fish began to appear. A small population of brown trout had survived in the upper 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the river, but could not proceed downstream due to dams erected for the woollen mills. Moth-proofing agents were released by the mills into the water, which were highly toxic to fish, and although the discharge of these chemicals ceased in 1979, when they were routed to a sewer for treatment, the problem did not immediately go away, as the chemicals continued to seep into the river from land which had been contaminated by them for another ten years. Any progress with the re-establishment of fish stocks was destroyed by a series of releases of pollutants into the river during the 1970s and 1980s.[21]","title":"Water quality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth199761%E2%80%9362-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth199762%E2%80%9363-23"},{"link_name":"biochemical oxygen demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth199763%E2%80%9365-24"},{"link_name":"dace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuciscus"},{"link_name":"barbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbel_(fish)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth199765%E2%80%9367-25"},{"link_name":"Ian McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McMillan_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"fish ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_ladder"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_26/6/15-28"}],"sub_title":"Improvements","text":"By 1987, water quality had improved sufficiently to try restocking the upper river, and large numbers of yearling trout were released into the river in April. A fish survey carried out by the Yorkshire Water Authority a year later showed that many of these were surviving. By 1992, there was evidence that the fish were breeding in the river, and naturally bred brown trout were found between Denby Dale and Clayton West in 1994, for the first time in over 100 years. The trout population in the upper Dearne was declared to be self-sustaining by 1996.[22]The river below Clayton West ceases to be a shallow, fast-flowing watercourse, and consists of deeper pools with a slower flow, which is suitable for various coarse fish as well as trout. By 1974, a modest improvement in water quality had been achieved by treatment of industrial effluent, and some fish managed to exist below the weir at the Star Paper Mill in Barnsley. The weir helped to oxygenate the water, and most of the fish had been washed downstream from Cannon Hall and Bretton Lakes. During flood conditions, many of the population would be washed further downstream, to be replaced by others from the lakes. A survey in 1982 found gudgeon, minnow and three-spined stickleback, which had increased by 1985, and over 10,000 coarse fish were released as part of a restocking programme. However, most of these were killed by serious pollution incidents that affected the river in 1987 and 1988, and incidents continued for a further three years. The sewage treatment works at Darton and Lundwood, on either side of Barnsley, were largely responsible.[23]Discharges from the Darton sewage treatment works contained residues from dyes used by a local carpet manufacturer, which reached the works by a foul sewer, but could not be adequately treated by the existing processes. As a result, the final effluent was a deep red colour, and was a major factor in the poor biochemical oxygen demand ratings for the river. Major improvements, including new primary settlement tanks and tertiary treatment lagoons, were made to the treatment works, and the carpet manufacturers installed facilities to treat their effluent before it was discharged to the sewer. By 1994, fish were again appearing below the Star Paper Mill weir, and Yorkshire Water and the Environment Agency carried out another fish restocking programme.[24]Improvements to water quality through Barnsley highlighted the fact that fish populations did not exist below the discharge from the Lundwood sewage treatment works to the east of Barnsley. As the population of Barnsley had increased, the volume of effluent received by the works had increased without a corresponding increase in its ability to treat it. In addition, the outfall reached the river along a 440-yard (400 m) stretch of the Cliffe Bridge Dyke, which had suffered from subsidence. This resulted in slow movement along the dyke, which sometimes caused the effluent to become septic before it reached the main channel. A major programme of refurbishment was carried out at the works between 1997 and 1998, to improve the quality of discharge. The fish populations on the lower river fluctuated, as a result of pollution incidents on the middle river, but by 1994, chub and dace were clearly breeding in the river. Breeding was assisted by re-engineering of the channel at Pastures Road, Denaby, which had been straightened in the 1960s after it was affected by subsidence. A series of bends were created, which encourage the formation of deep pools and shallow gravel riffles. These features are needed by dace and barbel for successful spawning, and prevent young fish from being washed downstream in flood conditions. Water quality has continued to improve, and the lower Dearne has become an important venue for angling.[25]Further improvements to the Lundwood sewage treatment works began in 2007 to enable it to comply with the Freshwater Fish Directive, and although the site was inundated during the floods of 2007, the scheme, which cost £8 million, was completed in 2008. To celebrate the opening of the new works, the poet Ian McMillan was asked to run a poetry workship at Littleworth Grange Primary Learning Centre, where children completed a poem about water treatment for which he supplied the first two lines.[26][27] In June 2015, the Environment Agency announced that salmon had returned to the Dearne for the first time in 150 years. This follows the opening of a fish ladder at Sprotborough weir in 2014.[28]","title":"Water quality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm"},{"link_name":"Water Framework Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Framework_Directive"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Assessment","text":"The Environment Agency measure the water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail. The Dearne and several of its tributaries are designated as \"heavily modified\", which means that the channels have been altered by human activity, and the criteria for this designation are defined by the Water Framework Directive.[29]The water quality of the Dearne and its tributaries was as follows in 2019.Like many rivers in the UK, the chemical status changed from good to fail in 2019, due to the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS), mercury compounds and cypermethrin, none of which had previously been included in the assessment.","title":"Water quality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=River_Dearne"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=River_Dearne"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=River_Dearne"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=River_Dearne"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=River_Dearne"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domesday to the dawn of the New Millennium – 900 years of the Don fishery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dcrt.org.uk/resources/downloads"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190717145946/https://dcrt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/900-years-of-the-RDon-fishery.pdf"}],"text":"Firth, Christopher (1997). Domesday to the dawn of the New Millennium – 900 years of the Don fishery. Environment Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2019. (This is available online at The Don Catchment Rivers Trust. Page numbers refer to the pdf file).","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-osmap_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-osmap_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-osmap_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-osmap_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-osmap_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-osmap_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-osmap_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-osmap_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-osmap_1-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"\"Denby Dale railway viaduct (1313339)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1313339"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"\"Road bridge at junction with Manor Road (1185102)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1185102"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"\"Packhorse Bridge, Manor Road (1135303)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1135303"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"\"Barugh Bridge, Spark Lane (1192892)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1192892"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"\"Priory Mill, Grange Lane (1151153)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1151153"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"About Dearne Valley – Bolton Ings\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/guide/d/dearne-bolton/about.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"\"Adwick Bridge, Harlington Road (1151673)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1151673"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Dearne Way\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Dearne+Way"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200928062239/https://ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Dearne+Way"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Dearne Way\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.walkingenglishman.com/ldp/dearneway.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201031182643/https://www.walkingenglishman.com/ldp/dearneway.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth199728_13-0"},{"link_name":"Firth 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFirth1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth199723%E2%80%9324_14-0"},{"link_name":"Firth 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFirth1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth199724_15-0"},{"link_name":"Firth 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFirth1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Barnsley flood assessment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120314024605/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/publications/40609.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/publications/40609.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"River Don Flood Risk Management Strategy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121012043823/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/28873198/River-Don-Flood-Risk-Management-Strategy"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.docstoc.com/docs/28873198/River-Don-Flood-Risk-Management-Strategy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth199736%E2%80%9337_18-0"},{"link_name":"Firth 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFirth1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth199737%E2%80%9338_19-0"},{"link_name":"Firth 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFirth1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth199746_20-0"},{"link_name":"Firth 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFirth1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth199761_21-0"},{"link_name":"Firth 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFirth1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth199761%E2%80%9362_22-0"},{"link_name":"Firth 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFirth1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth199762%E2%80%9363_23-0"},{"link_name":"Firth 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFirth1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth199763%E2%80%9365_24-0"},{"link_name":"Firth 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFirth1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth199765%E2%80%9367_25-0"},{"link_name":"Firth 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFirth1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Yorkshire Water's large FFD programme\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120322080134/http://waterprojectsonline.com/case_studies/2008/Yorkshire%20FFD%20Programme%202008.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//waterprojectsonline.com/case_studies/2008/Yorkshire%20FFD%20Programme%202008.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Lundwood case study\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110128224412/http://www.yorkshirewater.com/our-environment/riverlife.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yorkshirewater.com/our-environment/riverlife.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BBC_26/6/15_28-0"},{"link_name":"\"Salmon return to River Dearne after 150 years\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-33277405"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170928103149if_/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-33277405"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Glossary (see Biological quality element; Chemical status; and Ecological status)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/help/glossary"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Dearne from Source to Bentley Brook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063220"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Bentley Brook from Source to River Dearne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063310"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Dearne from Bentley Brook to Cawthorne Dyke\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063260"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Cawthorne Dyke from Source to River Dearne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063150"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"Dearne from Cawthorne Dyke to Lundwood STW\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063171"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Cudworth Dyke from Source to River Dearne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063230"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Grimethorpe Dike from Source to River Dearne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063180"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"Dearne from Lundwood to River Dove\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063172"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Dearne from Darfield STW to River Don\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063173"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b c d e f g h i Ordnance Survey, 1:25,000 map\n\n^ Historic England. \"Denby Dale railway viaduct (1313339)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011.\n\n^ Historic England. \"Road bridge at junction with Manor Road (1185102)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011.\n\n^ Historic England. \"Packhorse Bridge, Manor Road (1135303)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011.\n\n^ Historic England. \"Barugh Bridge, Spark Lane (1192892)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011.\n\n^ Historic England. \"Priory Mill, Grange Lane (1151153)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011.\n\n^ \"About Dearne Valley – Bolton Ings\". RSPB.\n\n^ Historic England. \"Adwick Bridge, Harlington Road (1151673)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011.\n\n^ Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 map, 1903\n\n^ Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 map, 1930\n\n^ \"Dearne Way\". Long Distance Walkers Association. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2017.\n\n^ \"Dearne Way\". Walking Englishman. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2017.\n\n^ Firth 1997, p. 28.\n\n^ Firth 1997, pp. 23–24.\n\n^ Firth 1997, p. 24.\n\n^ \"Barnsley flood assessment\". Environment Agency. 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.\n\n^ \"River Don Flood Risk Management Strategy\". Environment Agency. February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012.\n\n^ Firth 1997, pp. 36–37.\n\n^ Firth 1997, pp. 37–38.\n\n^ Firth 1997, p. 46.\n\n^ Firth 1997, p. 61.\n\n^ Firth 1997, pp. 61–62.\n\n^ Firth 1997, pp. 62–63.\n\n^ Firth 1997, pp. 63–65.\n\n^ Firth 1997, pp. 65–67.\n\n^ \"Yorkshire Water's large FFD programme\" (PDF). Wastewater Treatment and Sewerage. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2011.\n\n^ \"Lundwood case study\". Yorkshire Water. Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.\n\n^ \"Salmon return to River Dearne after 150 years\". BBC News. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2015.\n\n^ \"Glossary (see Biological quality element; Chemical status; and Ecological status)\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 15 May 2017.\n\n^ \"Dearne from Source to Bentley Brook\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. \n\n^ \"Bentley Brook from Source to River Dearne\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. \n\n^ \"Dearne from Bentley Brook to Cawthorne Dyke\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. \n\n^ \"Cawthorne Dyke from Source to River Dearne\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. \n\n^ \"Dearne from Cawthorne Dyke to Lundwood STW\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. \n\n^ \"Cudworth Dyke from Source to River Dearne\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. \n\n^ \"Grimethorpe Dike from Source to River Dearne\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. \n\n^ \"Dearne from Lundwood to River Dove\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021. \n\n^ \"Dearne from Darfield STW to River Don\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"The river regulator at Bolton upon Dearne may be removed as part of a flood risk management strategy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/It_didn%27t_work_this_year%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_527885.jpg/220px-It_didn%27t_work_this_year%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_527885.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Rivers of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom"}]
[{"reference":"Firth, Christopher (1997). Domesday to the dawn of the New Millennium – 900 years of the Don fishery. Environment Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dcrt.org.uk/resources/downloads","url_text":"Domesday to the dawn of the New Millennium – 900 years of the Don fishery"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190717145946/https://dcrt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/900-years-of-the-RDon-fishery.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Denby Dale railway viaduct (1313339)\". National Heritage List for England. 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National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1135303","url_text":"\"Packhorse Bridge, Manor Road (1135303)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Barugh Bridge, Spark Lane (1192892)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1192892","url_text":"\"Barugh Bridge, Spark Lane (1192892)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Priory Mill, Grange Lane (1151153)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1151153","url_text":"\"Priory Mill, Grange Lane (1151153)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"About Dearne Valley – Bolton Ings\". RSPB.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/guide/d/dearne-bolton/about.aspx","url_text":"\"About Dearne Valley – Bolton Ings\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Adwick Bridge, Harlington Road (1151673)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1151673","url_text":"\"Adwick Bridge, Harlington Road (1151673)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Dearne Way\". Long Distance Walkers Association. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Dearne+Way","url_text":"\"Dearne Way\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200928062239/https://ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Dearne+Way","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dearne Way\". Walking Englishman. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walkingenglishman.com/ldp/dearneway.html","url_text":"\"Dearne Way\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201031182643/https://www.walkingenglishman.com/ldp/dearneway.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Barnsley flood assessment\". Environment Agency. 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120314024605/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/publications/40609.aspx","url_text":"\"Barnsley flood assessment\""},{"url":"http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/publications/40609.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"River Don Flood Risk Management Strategy\". Environment Agency. February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012043823/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/28873198/River-Don-Flood-Risk-Management-Strategy","url_text":"\"River Don Flood Risk Management Strategy\""},{"url":"http://www.docstoc.com/docs/28873198/River-Don-Flood-Risk-Management-Strategy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yorkshire Water's large FFD programme\" (PDF). Wastewater Treatment and Sewerage. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322080134/http://waterprojectsonline.com/case_studies/2008/Yorkshire%20FFD%20Programme%202008.pdf","url_text":"\"Yorkshire Water's large FFD programme\""},{"url":"http://waterprojectsonline.com/case_studies/2008/Yorkshire%20FFD%20Programme%202008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lundwood case study\". Yorkshire Water. Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110128224412/http://www.yorkshirewater.com/our-environment/riverlife.aspx","url_text":"\"Lundwood case study\""},{"url":"http://www.yorkshirewater.com/our-environment/riverlife.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Salmon return to River Dearne after 150 years\". BBC News. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-33277405","url_text":"\"Salmon return to River Dearne after 150 years\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170928103149if_/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-33277405","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Glossary (see Biological quality element; Chemical status; and Ecological status)\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 15 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/help/glossary","url_text":"\"Glossary (see Biological quality element; Chemical status; and Ecological status)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dearne from Source to Bentley Brook\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063220","url_text":"\"Dearne from Source to Bentley Brook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bentley Brook from Source to River Dearne\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063310","url_text":"\"Bentley Brook from Source to River Dearne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dearne from Bentley Brook to Cawthorne Dyke\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063260","url_text":"\"Dearne from Bentley Brook to Cawthorne Dyke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cawthorne Dyke from Source to River Dearne\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063150","url_text":"\"Cawthorne Dyke from Source to River Dearne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dearne from Cawthorne Dyke to Lundwood STW\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063171","url_text":"\"Dearne from Cawthorne Dyke to Lundwood STW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cudworth Dyke from Source to River Dearne\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063230","url_text":"\"Cudworth Dyke from Source to River Dearne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grimethorpe Dike from Source to River Dearne\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063180","url_text":"\"Grimethorpe Dike from Source to River Dearne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dearne from Lundwood to River Dove\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063172","url_text":"\"Dearne from Lundwood to River Dove\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dearne from Darfield STW to River Don\". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment-planning/WaterBody/GB104027063173","url_text":"\"Dearne from Darfield STW to River Don\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebeos
Sebeos
["1 Writings","2 References","3 Literature","4 External links"]
7th-century Armenian historian Sebeos (Armenian: Սեբեոս) was a 7th-century Armenian bishop and historian. Little is known about the author, though a signature on the resolution of the Ecclesiastical Council of Dvin in 645 reads 'Bishop Sebeos of Bagratunis.' His writings are valuable as one of the few intact surviving sources that chronicle 6th-century Armenia and its surrounding territories. The history of Sebeos contains detailed descriptions from the period of Sassanid supremacy in Armenia up to the Islamic conquest in 661. His history was published for the first time in 1851 in Istanbul. Writings A History of Heraclius, chronicling events from the end of the 5th century to 661, has been attributed to him. The first section begins with the mythical foundation of Armenia with the Legend of Hyke and Bel, moving to contemporary history with the ascent of Vardan II Mamikonian in 570. From there, he relates the struggles and alliances between Persia and Byzantium. The second section narrates the ascent of a new political and military force, the Ishmaelites (i.e. Arabs) in year 622 CE. This section describes how Muhammad first established a community comprising Ishmaelites and Jews based on their common descent from Abraham; the Arabs via Ishmael, and the Jews via Isaac. From there, the Ishmaelites made dramatic territorial gains, including their victory over the Sassanian dynasty, and the narrative goes in to the division of the Ishmaelite armies and the beginnings of the First Fitna. He relates these developments to Armenia. He stops with the end of first fitna, as Muawiyah I makes peace with all. References ^ Hacikyan, Agop; Basmanjian, Bagriel; Franchuk, Edward; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2002). The Heritage of Armenian Literature Volume II. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-8143-3023-1. Retrieved 13 March 2015. ^ Hacikyan, Jack (2002). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the Eighteenth Century. Wayne State University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0814330231. ^ Ararat, Volume 27. Armenian General Benevolent Union. p. 16. to him ^ Shoemaker, Stephen J. (2021). A prophet has appeared : the rise of Islam through Christian and Jewish eyes : a sourcebook. Oakland, California. ISBN 978-0-520-97127-1. OCLC 1200831770.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Howard-Johnston, James (1999-11-01). The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos. Liverpool University Press. pp. li. ISBN 0-85323-564-3. Literature The Armenian History attributed to Sebeos, translated, with Notes, by R. W. Thomson, historical Commentary by J. Howard-Johnston, Assistance from T. Greenwood (Translated Texts for Historians), 2 Volumes, Liverpool 1999. T. Greenwood, "Sasanian Echoes and Apocalyptic Expectations: A Re-Evaluation of the Armenian History attributed to Sebeos", Le Muséon 115, Fasc. 1—2 (2002) 323—397. External links Sebeos' History Translator's Preface English translation of the History - mirror if main site unavailable Sebeos' History, Russian translation, S.Petersburg 1862. Encyclopedia Iranica's Article on Sebeos vteMedieval Armenian historians and chroniclers5th century Koryun Agathangelos Yeghishe Faustus of Byzantium Movses Khorenatsi Ghazar Parpetsi 6th century Atanas Taronatsi Abraham Mamikoneits 7th century Sebeos John Mamikonean Anania Shirakatsi Anastas Vardapet Narratio de rebus Armeniae 8th century Łewond Abraham Vanakan 9th century Shapuh Bagratuni 10th century Tovma Artsruni Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi Ukhtanes of Sebastia Movses Kaghankatvatsi Zenob Glak Aharon Vanandetsi Mesrop Vayotsdzoretsi 11th century Stepanos Asoghik Hakob Sanahnetsi Aristakes Lastivertsi 12th century Matthew of Edessa Grigor Yerets Samuel Anetsi Mkhitar Gosh Mkhitar Anetsi 13th century Vardan Areveltsi Hovhanes Avagerets Kirakos of Gandzak Sempad the Constable Mekhitar of Ayrivank Hayton of Corycus Gregory of Akner Vahram Rabuni Stepanos Episkopos Stephen Orbelian 14th century Nerses Palianents 15th century Thomas of Metsoph Kirakos Banaser Sebastatsi Abraham Ankyuratsi David Merdintsi Martiros Yerznkatsi 16th century Barsegh Arjishetsi Hovhanes Arjishetsi Simeon Aparantsi Andreas Evdokatsi Hovanisik Tsaretsi 17th century Grigor Daranaghetsi Simeon Lehatsi Arakel of Tabriz Khachgruz Kafaetsi Hovhanes Kamenatsi David Baghishetsi Hakob Karnetsi Zakaria Sarkavag Zakaria Aguletsi Minas Amdetsi Yeremia Chelebi Keomurjian Hakob Hisusi Grigor dpir Varagetsi Gabriel Tokhatetsi Vardan Baghishetsi Stepanos Dashtetsi 18th century Esai Hasan-Jalalian Petros di Sargis Gilanents Stepanos Roshka Abraham Kretatsi Simeon Yerevantsi Tovmas Khojamalian Khachatur Jughaetsi Isahak Vardapet Avetik Baghdasarian Abraham Yerevantsi Stepanos Yerets vteArmenian literatureEpic and legends Hayk and Bel Vahagn Tork Angegh Ara the Beautiful and Shamiram Artashes and Satenik David of Sassoun Genres Sharakan Tagh Hayren Antuni Horovel V—IX centuriesGolden age Koryun Agathangelos Eznik of Kolb Yeghishe Faustus of Byzantium Movses Khorenatsi Ghazar Parpetsi Hovhan Mandakuni David the Invincible Sebeos Komitas Aghtsetsi John Mamikonean Davtak Kertogh John III of Odzun Stepanos Syunetsi Ghevond Sahakdukht KhosrovidukhtX—XIV centuries Tovma Artsruni Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi Ukhtanes of Sebastia Movses Kaghankatvatsi Gregory of Narek Stepanos Asoghik Grigor Magistros Aristakes Lastivertsi Hovhannes Imastaser Matthew of Edessa Nerses IV the Gracious Mkhitar Gosh Nerses of Lambron Vardan Aygektsi Vardan Areveltsi Kirakos of Gandzak Sempad the Constable Frik Hovhannes Erznkatsi Mekhitar of Ayrivank Stephen Orbelian Gevorg Skevratsi Hayton of Corycus Kostandin Yerznkatsi Gregory of Akner Khachatur Kecharetsi Esayi of Nich Terter Yerevantsi XV—XVI centuries John of Vorotan Gregory of Tatev Mateos Jugaetsi Grigor Khlatetsi Arakel Syunetsi Hovanes Tlkurantsi Thomas of Metsoph Arakel Baghishetsi Mkrtich Naghash Grigoris Aghtamartsi Nahapet Kuchak XVII—XVIII centuries Nerses Mokatsi Simeon Lehatsi Simeon Jugaetsi Arakel of Tabriz Stepanos Lehatsi Zakaria Aguletsi Yeremia Chelebi Keomurjian Zakaria Sarkavag Naghash Hovnatan Khachatur Erzrumtsi Paghtasar Dpir Esai Hasan-Jalalian Simeon Yerevantsi Sayat-Nova Shahamir Shahamirian Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical Council of Dvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Dvin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sassanid supremacy in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzpanate_Period"},{"link_name":"Islamic conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jack-2"}],"text":"Sebeos (Armenian: Սեբեոս) was a 7th-century Armenian bishop and historian.Little is known about the author, though a signature on the resolution of the Ecclesiastical Council of Dvin in 645 reads 'Bishop Sebeos of Bagratunis.' His writings are valuable as one of the few intact surviving sources that chronicle 6th-century Armenia and its surrounding territories.[1] The history of Sebeos contains detailed descriptions from the period of Sassanid supremacy in Armenia up to the Islamic conquest in 661. His history was published for the first time in 1851 in Istanbul.[2]","title":"Sebeos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heraclius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Legend of Hyke and Bel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayk"},{"link_name":"Ishmaelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmaelites"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ishmaelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmaelites"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Ishmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael"},{"link_name":"Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sassanian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"First Fitna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Fitna"},{"link_name":"Muawiyah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muawiyah_I"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A History of Heraclius, chronicling events from the end of the 5th century to 661, has been attributed to him.[3] The first section begins with the mythical foundation of Armenia with the Legend of Hyke and Bel, moving to contemporary history with the ascent of Vardan II Mamikonian in 570. From there, he relates the struggles and alliances between Persia and Byzantium.The second section narrates the ascent of a new political and military force, the Ishmaelites (i.e. Arabs) in year 622 CE.[4]This section describes how Muhammad first established a community comprising Ishmaelites and Jews based on their common descent from Abraham; the Arabs via Ishmael, and the Jews via Isaac.[5] From there, the Ishmaelites made dramatic territorial gains, including their victory over the Sassanian dynasty, and the narrative goes in to the division of the Ishmaelite armies and the beginnings of the First Fitna. He relates these developments to Armenia. He stops with the end of first fitna, as Muawiyah I makes peace with all.[citation needed]","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Armenian History attributed to Sebeos, translated, with Notes, by R. W. Thomson, historical Commentary by J. Howard-Johnston, Assistance from T. Greenwood (Translated Texts for Historians), 2 Volumes, Liverpool 1999.\nT. Greenwood, \"Sasanian Echoes and Apocalyptic Expectations: A Re-Evaluation of the Armenian History attributed to Sebeos\", Le Muséon 115, Fasc. 1—2 (2002) 323—397.","title":"Literature"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hacikyan, Agop; Basmanjian, Bagriel; Franchuk, Edward; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2002). The Heritage of Armenian Literature Volume II. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-8143-3023-1. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2gZzD0N9Id8C&q=sebeos&pg=PA81","url_text":"The Heritage of Armenian Literature Volume II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-3023-1","url_text":"0-8143-3023-1"}]},{"reference":"Hacikyan, Jack (2002). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the Eighteenth Century. Wayne State University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0814330231.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2gZzD0N9Id8C&q=sebeos&pg=PA81","url_text":"The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the Eighteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814330231","url_text":"0814330231"}]},{"reference":"Ararat, Volume 27. Armenian General Benevolent Union. p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shoemaker, Stephen J. (2021). A prophet has appeared : the rise of Islam through Christian and Jewish eyes : a sourcebook. Oakland, California. ISBN 978-0-520-97127-1. OCLC 1200831770.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1200831770","url_text":"A prophet has appeared : the rise of Islam through Christian and Jewish eyes : a sourcebook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97127-1","url_text":"978-0-520-97127-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1200831770","url_text":"1200831770"}]},{"reference":"Howard-Johnston, James (1999-11-01). The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos. Liverpool University Press. pp. li. ISBN 0-85323-564-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YzsVvsMsuBUC&q=ishmael","url_text":"The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-564-3","url_text":"0-85323-564-3"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2gZzD0N9Id8C&q=sebeos&pg=PA81","external_links_name":"The Heritage of Armenian Literature Volume II"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2gZzD0N9Id8C&q=sebeos&pg=PA81","external_links_name":"The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the Eighteenth Century"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1200831770","external_links_name":"A prophet has appeared : the rise of Islam through Christian and Jewish eyes : a sourcebook"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1200831770","external_links_name":"1200831770"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YzsVvsMsuBUC&q=ishmael","external_links_name":"The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos"},{"Link":"http://www.attalus.org/armenian/sebtoc.html","external_links_name":"Sebeos' History"},{"Link":"http://www.attalus.org/armenian/seb1.htm","external_links_name":"Translator's Preface"},{"Link":"http://www.attalus.org/armenian/sebtoc.html","external_links_name":"English translation of the History"},{"Link":"http://vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/sebeos/index.html","external_links_name":"Sebeos' History"},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sebeos","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia Iranica's Article on Sebeos"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1846636/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000038248627X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/265615836","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfxdyJvdg6wgmpYWj9CcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90627094","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12983518t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12983518t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/102076154","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007390559205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82074056","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an56964453","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p162140959","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd102076154.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1666845","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/058646264","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave_vilmoriniana
Agave vilmoriniana
["1 Taxonomy","2 Distribution","3 Uses","4 See also","5 References"]
Species of plant in the family Asparagaceae Agave vilmoriniana(Octopus agave) Grown as an ornamental plant. Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Asparagaceae Subfamily: Agavoideae Genus: Agave Species: A. vilmoriniana Binomial name Agave vilmorinianaBerger Synonyms Agave eduardi Trel. Agave houghii Trel. Agave mayoensis Gentry Agave vilmoriniana, sometimes misspelled vilmoriana, and popularly known as octopus agave, is a species of agave endemic to Mexico. It is known for its untoothed arching and twisting leaves. Taxonomy Wild plants had been found in 1899 by Joseph Nelson Rose near Guadalajara, Jalisco. The species was named by Alwin Berger in 1913 in honor of Maurice de Vilmorin, based on specimens collected by Leon Diguet and grown at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Distribution In nature, the octopus agave prefers the cliffs of barrancas of southern Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Durango, Nayarit and Aguascalientes, typically between elevations of 600 to 1,700 meters. Agave vilmoriniana - Bulbils on the flowering stem Uses Agave vilmoriniana has one of the highest concentrations of the sapogenin smilagenin; in parts of México, the leaves are cut and dried, and the fibers are beaten to make them into a brush with built-in soap. The "octopus agave" is cultivated as an ornamental plant for planting in arid gardens and containers. See also Endemic flora of Mexico References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agave vilmoriniana. ^ González-Elizondo, M.; Hernández Sandoval, L.; Zamudio, S.; Sánchez, E.; Matías-Palafox, M.; Hernández-Martínez, M. (2019). "Agave vilmoriniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T115698982A116354648. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T115698982A116354648.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ The Plant List ^ Howard Scott Gentry, Agaves of Continental North America (University of Arizona Press, 1982) pp. 82-85 ^ Alwin Berger, Die Agaven, Jena, 1915. ^ CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City. Taxon identifiersAgave vilmoriniana Wikidata: Q2071337 Wikispecies: Agave vilmoriniana CoL: 65QNC EoL: 1084038 EPPO: AGVVL GBIF: 2766728 GRIN: 1751 iNaturalist: 124408 IPNI: 6777-2 IUCN: 115698982 NCBI: 382131 Open Tree of Life: 145180 Plant List: kew-294327 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:6777-2 Tropicos: 1202000 WFO: wfo-0000754930
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Agave vilmoriniana, sometimes misspelled vilmoriana, and popularly known as octopus agave, is a species of agave endemic to Mexico. It is known for its untoothed arching and twisting leaves.[3]","title":"Agave vilmoriniana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Nelson Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nelson_Rose"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara, Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Alwin Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Berger"},{"link_name":"Leon Diguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Diguet"},{"link_name":"Jardin des Plantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_Plantes"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Wild plants had been found in 1899 by Joseph Nelson Rose near Guadalajara, Jalisco. The species was named by Alwin Berger in 1913 in honor of Maurice de Vilmorin, based on specimens collected by Leon Diguet and grown at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris.[4]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barrancas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/barranca"},{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)"},{"link_name":"Sinaloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloa"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango"},{"link_name":"Nayarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayarit"},{"link_name":"Aguascalientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguascalientes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agave_vilmoriniana_01.JPG"}],"text":"In nature, the octopus agave prefers the cliffs of barrancas of southern Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Durango, Nayarit and Aguascalientes, typically between elevations of 600 to 1,700 meters.[5]Agave vilmoriniana - Bulbils on the flowering stem","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sapogenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapogenin"},{"link_name":"smilagenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smilagenin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap"},{"link_name":"ornamental plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"}],"text":"Agave vilmoriniana has one of the highest concentrations of the sapogenin smilagenin; in parts of México, the leaves are cut and dried, and the fibers are beaten to make them into a brush with built-in soap.The \"octopus agave\" is cultivated as an ornamental plant for planting in arid gardens and containers.","title":"Uses"}]
[{"image_text":"Agave vilmoriniana - Bulbils on the flowering stem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Agave_vilmoriniana_01.JPG/220px-Agave_vilmoriniana_01.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Endemic flora of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Endemic_flora_of_Mexico"}]
[{"reference":"González-Elizondo, M.; Hernández Sandoval, L.; Zamudio, S.; Sánchez, E.; Matías-Palafox, M.; Hernández-Martínez, M. (2019). \"Agave vilmoriniana\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T115698982A116354648. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T115698982A116354648.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/115698982/116354648","url_text":"\"Agave vilmoriniana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T115698982A116354648.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T115698982A116354648.en"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirilo_Nelson
Cirilo Nelson
["1 References"]
Honduran botanist (1938–2020) Cirilo Nelson (30 July 1938 – 26 December 2020) was a Honduran botanist and researcher at the Department of Biology of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. In 1965, he earned his master's degree at the University of Colorado. In the mid 1980s, he collected plants with the likes of David Ruiz and Sandra Gomez in the Swan Islands. He is particularly renowned for his catalogue of Honduran plants, around 10,127 described species, believed to be representative of about 60 percent of what exists. The standard author abbreviation C.Nelson is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. References ^ Muere en España destacado científico hondureño Cirilo Nelson (in Spanish) ^ Robles, Gabriel; Ocampo, Rafael (1 January 1996). Situación de los herbarios de Centroamérica y el Caribe. CATIE. p. 91. ISBN 978-9977-57-258-1. ^ Brenesia. 1994. p. 74. ^ "El herbario de Zamorano". El Heraldo (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 May 2015. ^ International Plant Names Index.  C.Nelson. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Academics International Plant Names Index This article about a botanist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Honduran biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Honduras"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoblesOcampo1996-2"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Swan Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Islands,_Honduras"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Cirilo Nelson (30 July 1938 – 26 December 2020)[1] was a Honduran botanist and researcher at the Department of Biology of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras.[2] In 1965, he earned his master's degree at the University of Colorado. In the mid 1980s, he collected plants with the likes of David Ruiz and Sandra Gomez in the Swan Islands.[3] He is particularly renowned for his catalogue of Honduran plants, around 10,127 described species, believed to be representative of about 60 percent of what exists.[4]The standard author abbreviation C.Nelson is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[5]","title":"Cirilo Nelson"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Robles, Gabriel; Ocampo, Rafael (1 January 1996). Situación de los herbarios de Centroamérica y el Caribe. CATIE. p. 91. ISBN 978-9977-57-258-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iu5ytlXAYGMC&pg=PA91","url_text":"Situación de los herbarios de Centroamérica y el Caribe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9977-57-258-1","url_text":"978-9977-57-258-1"}]},{"reference":"Brenesia. 1994. p. 74.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=toFNAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Brenesia"}]},{"reference":"\"El herbario de Zamorano\". El Heraldo (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elheraldo.hn/csp/mediapool/sites/ElHeraldo/AlFrente/story.csp?cid=565770&sid=300&fid=209","url_text":"\"El herbario de Zamorano\""}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index.  C.Nelson.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=C.Nelson","url_text":"C.Nelson"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.latribuna.hn/2020/12/26/muere-en-espana-destacado-cientifico-hondureno-cirilo-nelson/","external_links_name":"Muere en España destacado científico hondureño Cirilo Nelson"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iu5ytlXAYGMC&pg=PA91","external_links_name":"Situación de los herbarios de Centroamérica y el Caribe"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=toFNAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Brenesia"},{"Link":"http://www.elheraldo.hn/csp/mediapool/sites/ElHeraldo/AlFrente/story.csp?cid=565770&sid=300&fid=209","external_links_name":"\"El herbario de Zamorano\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=C.Nelson","external_links_name":"C.Nelson"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114710917","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/40858642","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwX8t8KpyrwBQWdwx8wG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/141568283","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86078420","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=C.Nelson","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirilo_Nelson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirilo_Nelson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dean
Billy Dean
["1 Biography","2 Musical career","2.1 1990–1995","2.2 1996–present","3 Discography","4 Awards and nominations","4.1 Grammy Awards","4.2 American Music Awards","4.3 TNN/Music City News Country Awards","4.4 Academy of Country Music Awards","4.5 Country Music Association Awards","5 Politics","6 References","7 External links"]
American country music singer and songwriter For other people named William, Bill or Billy Dean, see William Dean. Billy DeanDean performing at the Country For Kids concert in 1998 in Stafford, VirginiaBackground informationBirth nameWilliam Harold Dean Jr.Born (1962-04-02) April 2, 1962 (age 62)Quincy, Florida, United StatesGenresCountryOccupation(s)Musician, songwriter, actorInstrument(s)Vocals, guitar, fiddle, banjoYears active1989–presentLabelsSBK/Liberty, Capitol Nashville, Dreamcatcher, View 2, CurbWebsitebillydean.comMusical artist William Harold Dean Jr. (born April 2, 1962) is an American country music singer and songwriter. He first gained national attention after appearing on the television talent competition Star Search. Active as a recording artist since 1990, he has recorded a total of eight studio albums (of which the first three have been certified gold by the RIAA) and a greatest hits package which is also certified gold. His studio albums have accounted for more than 20 hit singles on the Billboard country charts, including 11 Top Ten hits. In 2000, he had a Billboard Number one as a guest artist along with Alison Krauss on Kenny Rogers' "Buy Me a Rose", and had two Number Ones on the RPM country charts in Canada. Biography Dean was born in Quincy, Florida, on April 2, 1962. His father, also known as Billy Dean, maintained a band called The Country Rocks in his spare time. By the age of 8, Dean began playing in his father's band. Throughout high school, at Robert F. Munroe Day School, he continued to play music, both in his father's band and with other local musicians. He soon began touring in local clubs, and sang Frank Sinatra's "My Way" at his high school graduation. Dean was also a basketball player in high school, and was offered a scholarship to East Central Community College in Decatur, Mississippi. He attended college for one year before dropping out in order to pursue his desired career in music. By the time he was 20, Dean made the finals on the Wrangler Country Star Search, followed by a Male Vocalist win on the television competition Star Search six years later. He also worked as a demo singer and took acting lessons, appearing in television commercials for McDonald's, Chevrolet and Valvoline. By the end of the decade, he had signed to a publishing contract with EMI Music, as well as a recording contract with SBK Records, a subsidiary of Liberty Records. Musical career 1990–1995 Dean's first single was "Lowdown Lonely", which did not enter the charts. It was followed by "Only Here for a Little While", the second release from his debut album Young Man. This song and its follow-up, "Somewhere in My Broken Heart" (previously recorded by Randy Travis on his 1989 album No Holdin' Back) were both No. 3 hits on the Billboard country charts. The latter was also a minor hit on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts. Young Man was certified gold by the RIAA. Dean's self-titled second album followed in 1991, and soon earned a gold certification as well. Four singles were released from it: "You Don't Count the Cost", "Only the Wind" and "Billy the Kid" each peaked at No. 4 on the country charts, while "If There Hadn't Been You" was a No. 3 on Billboard, and a No. 1 on both the former Radio & Records (now Mediabase) country charts in the U.S. and the RPM Country Tracks charts in Canada. Dean toured with The Judds on their farewell tour in 1991, he also toured with Wynonna Judd and Clint Black. He wrote and recorded the theme song to the ABC animated television series Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa, and hosted a Top 21 countdown on VH1. In 1992, he earned the Top New Male Vocalist award and the Song of the Year award for "Somewhere in My Broken Heart" from the Academy of Country Music. Fire in the Dark was the title of Dean's third album. Issued in 1993, it was his third straight gold-certified album, earning that certification from both the RIAA and CRIA.His lead-off single "Tryin' to Hide a Fire in the Dark" peaked at No. 6 in the United States and became his second No. 1 in Canada. Following it were "I Wanna Take Care of You", "I'm Not Built That Way", and a cover of Dave Mason's 1977 pop hit "We Just Disagree". Also in 1993, Dean had an opening slot on Alan Jackson's tour. Following his first three studio albums was a greatest hits album in 1994. This album reprised his first nine singles, as well as a new song, "Once in a While", which Dean wrote and recorded for the soundtrack to the 1994 film 8 Seconds. This song peaked at No. 53 based on unsolicited airplay. Men'll Be Boys, his final release for SBK/Liberty, came later in 1994. This album was not as successful in sales or chart performance, producing the No. 24 "Cowboy Band" and No. 60 title track. After this album, Dean placed his career on hiatus to raise his children. 1996–present Dean returned to the recording studio in 1996 for his fifth album, It's What I Do, on Capitol Records Nashville. This album returned him to the Top Ten with its title track and "That Girl's Been Spyin' on Me", which reached numbers 5 and 4, respectively. The final single, a cover of Don Williams' 1988 single "I Wouldn't Be a Man", fell short of Top 40. He also worked with actress and singer Crystal Bernard on her 1996 debut album Girl Next Door, in addition to co-writing its debut single "Have We Forgotten What Love Is." Later that year, Dean released a non-charting single, "In the Name of Love", which never appeared on an album. In 1998, Victoria Shaw and several other artists, including Dean, collaborated on the charity single "One Heart at a Time". Real Man, his sixth album, was issued in mid-1998. This album produced only one Top 40 hit in its title track, followed by "Innocent Bystander" which reached number 68. After this album, Dean exited Capitol's roster. He also took up acting once more, appearing in the minor TV specials A Face to Kill For and Blue Valley Songbird. In 2000, he and Alison Krauss made guest appearances on Kenny Rogers' single "Buy Me a Rose", which reached the top of the Billboard country charts in May of that year. This song was also a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, and Rogers' first number 1 single in thirteen years. A year later, Dean joined Suzy Bogguss and 12-year-old singer Jillian on "Please Keep Mom and Dad in Love," which was issued on Rogers's Dreamcatcher Records, and never included on an album. Although he continued touring, he did not chart again until 2003 with "I'm in Love With You", released on the independent View 2 label. His next release for View 2 was a cover of John Denver's "Thank God I'm a Country Boy". Curb Records took over promotion of this single shortly after its release, and by mid-2004 it reached number 27 on the country charts. Following it was the single "Let Them Be Little", co-written by Richie McDonald of Lonestar and recorded by the band on its 2004 album Let's Be Us Again. Dean's seventh studio album, also titled Let Them Be Little, was finally issued in late 2004 on Curb. Although "Let Them Be Little" reached a peak of number 8 on the country charts in early 2005, the album's other singles all failed to reach Top 40. A Christmas music album, The Christ (A Song for Joseph), followed in late 2005. Included on the album was a duet with his daughter. In addition to recording and touring, Dean is branching into using music for corporate marketing. One of his ventures, Song Sessions, combines songwriting and corporate team building exercises. Billy has taken over the lead role (formerly played by Kenny Rogers), playing Hank Longley, in "The Toy Shoppe" (a musical written by Kenny Rogers and Kelly Junkerman) at the Starlite Theater in Branson, Missouri, through the end of 2013. Discography Main article: Billy Dean discography Awards and nominations Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1992 "Somewhere in My Broken Heart" Best Male Country Vocal Performance Nominated American Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1992 Billy Dean Favorite Country New Artist Nominated TNN/Music City News Country Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1993 Billy Dean Star of Tomorrow Nominated Academy of Country Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1992 Billy Dean Top New Male Vocalist Won "Somewhere in My Broken Heart" Song of the Year Won 1993 Billy Dean Top Male Vocalist of the Year Nominated 2001 "Buy Me a Rose" Top Vocal Event of the Year Nominated Country Music Association Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1992 Billy Dean Horizon Award Nominated 1994 Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles Album of the Year Won ^ Nominated alongside Alison Krauss and Kenny Rogers Politics In January 2024, Dean released "Never Back Down," a single "inspired" by Ron DeSantis. The song's name is the same as one of DeSantis's super PAC. References ^ a b c d Loftus, Johnny. "Billy Dean biography". Allmusic. Retrieved November 30, 2008. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stambler, Irwin; Grelun Landon (2000). Country Music: The Encyclopedia. Macmillan. pp. 124–25. ISBN 978-0-312-26487-1. ^ Billy Dean (cassette). Billy Dean. Liberty Records. 1992. C4-96728.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ a b c d e f g "Billy Dean biography". Oldies.com. Retrieved November 30, 2008. ^ Flint, Joseph H.; Nelson, Judy A. (August 24, 1993). The insider's country music handbook. Gibbs-Smith. p. 82. ISBN 9780879055639. ^ Billboard – Google Books. April 10, 2004. Retrieved March 25, 2012. ^ "The Toy Shoppe - Shows in Branson MO - Starlite Theatre". Archived from the original on November 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-17. Retrieved 2013-11-16. ^ Daugherty, Eric (January 10, 2024). "Country singer Billy Dean drops new song for DeSantis called 'Never Back Down'". Florida’s Voice. Retrieved January 12, 2024. External links Official website vteBilly DeanStudio albums Young Man Billy Dean Fire in the Dark Men'll Be Boys It's What I Do Real Man Let Them Be Little Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles "Only Here for a Little While" "Somewhere in My Broken Heart" "You Don't Count the Cost" "Only the Wind" "Billy the Kid" "If There Hadn't Been You" "Tryin' to Hide a Fire in the Dark" "I Wanna Take Care of You" "I'm Not Built That Way" "We Just Disagree" "Cowboy Band" "It's What I Do" "That Girl's Been Spyin' on Me" "I Wouldn't Be a Man" "Real Man" "Thank God I'm a Country Boy" "Let Them Be Little" Guest singles "Buy Me a Rose" Related articles Discography Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dean_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Star Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Search"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Alison Krauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Krauss"},{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Buy Me a Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy_Me_a_Rose"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"}],"text":"For other people named William, Bill or Billy Dean, see William Dean.Musical artistWilliam Harold Dean Jr. (born April 2, 1962) is an American country music singer and songwriter.He first gained national attention after appearing on the television talent competition Star Search. Active as a recording artist since 1990, he has recorded a total of eight studio albums (of which the first three have been certified gold by the RIAA) and a greatest hits package which is also certified gold. His studio albums have accounted for more than 20 hit singles on the Billboard country charts, including 11 Top Ten hits.In 2000, he had a Billboard Number one as a guest artist along with Alison Krauss on Kenny Rogers' \"Buy Me a Rose\", and had two Number Ones on the RPM country charts in Canada.","title":"Billy Dean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quincy, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-2"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Munroe Day School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Munroe_Day_School"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Way"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-4"},{"link_name":"East Central Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Decatur, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-2"},{"link_name":"Wrangler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangler_Jeans"},{"link_name":"Star Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Search"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet"},{"link_name":"Valvoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvoline"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-2"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"SBK Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBK_Records"},{"link_name":"Liberty Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Records"}],"text":"Dean was born in Quincy, Florida, on April 2, 1962.[1] His father, also known as Billy Dean, maintained a band called The Country Rocks in his spare time. By the age of 8, Dean began playing in his father's band.[2] Throughout high school, at Robert F. Munroe Day School, he continued to play music, both in his father's band and with other local musicians. He soon began touring in local clubs, and sang Frank Sinatra's \"My Way\" at his high school graduation.[4]Dean was also a basketball player in high school, and was offered a scholarship to East Central Community College in Decatur, Mississippi.[1] He attended college for one year before dropping out in order to pursue his desired career in music.[2] By the time he was 20, Dean made the finals on the Wrangler Country Star Search, followed by a Male Vocalist win on the television competition Star Search six years later.[1] He also worked as a demo singer and took acting lessons, appearing in television commercials for McDonald's, Chevrolet and Valvoline.[2] By the end of the decade, he had signed to a publishing contract with EMI Music, as well as a recording contract with SBK Records, a subsidiary of Liberty Records.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Only Here for a Little While","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Here_for_a_Little_While"},{"link_name":"Young Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Man_(Billy_Dean_album)"},{"link_name":"Somewhere in My Broken Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_in_My_Broken_Heart"},{"link_name":"Randy Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Travis"},{"link_name":"No Holdin' Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Holdin%27_Back"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Adult_Contemporary"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"},{"link_name":"second album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dean_(album)"},{"link_name":"You Don't Count the Cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don%27t_Count_the_Cost"},{"link_name":"Only the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_the_Wind_(song)"},{"link_name":"Billy the Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_the_Kid_(Billy_Dean_song)"},{"link_name":"If There Hadn't Been You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_There_Hadn%27t_Been_You"},{"link_name":"Radio & Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records"},{"link_name":"Mediabase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediabase"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-2"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Judds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Judds"},{"link_name":"Wynonna Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynonna_Judd"},{"link_name":"Clint Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Black"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-2"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_West_C.O.W.-Boys_of_Moo_Mesa"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-2"},{"link_name":"Academy of Country Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-2"},{"link_name":"Fire in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"CRIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada"},{"link_name":"Tryin' to Hide a Fire in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryin%27_to_Hide_a_Fire_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Dave Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Mason"},{"link_name":"We Just Disagree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Just_Disagree"},{"link_name":"Alan Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-4"},{"link_name":"greatest hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(Billy_Dean_album)"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Seconds_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"8 Seconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Seconds"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-2"},{"link_name":"Men'll Be Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27ll_Be_Boys"}],"sub_title":"1990–1995","text":"Dean's first single was \"Lowdown Lonely\", which did not enter the charts.[5] It was followed by \"Only Here for a Little While\", the second release from his debut album Young Man. This song and its follow-up, \"Somewhere in My Broken Heart\" (previously recorded by Randy Travis on his 1989 album No Holdin' Back[4]) were both No. 3 hits on the Billboard country charts. The latter was also a minor hit on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts. Young Man was certified gold by the RIAA.Dean's self-titled second album followed in 1991, and soon earned a gold certification as well. Four singles were released from it: \"You Don't Count the Cost\", \"Only the Wind\" and \"Billy the Kid\" each peaked at No. 4 on the country charts, while \"If There Hadn't Been You\" was a No. 3 on Billboard, and a No. 1 on both the former Radio & Records (now Mediabase) country charts in the U.S.[2] and the RPM Country Tracks charts in Canada.Dean toured with The Judds on their farewell tour in 1991, he also toured with Wynonna Judd and Clint Black.[2] He wrote and recorded the theme song to the ABC animated television series Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa, and hosted a Top 21 countdown on VH1.[2] In 1992, he earned the Top New Male Vocalist award and the Song of the Year award for \"Somewhere in My Broken Heart\" from the Academy of Country Music.[2]Fire in the Dark was the title of Dean's third album. Issued in 1993, it was his third straight gold-certified album, earning that certification from both the RIAA and CRIA.His lead-off single \"Tryin' to Hide a Fire in the Dark\" peaked at No. 6 in the United States and became his second No. 1 in Canada. Following it were \"I Wanna Take Care of You\", \"I'm Not Built That Way\", and a cover of Dave Mason's 1977 pop hit \"We Just Disagree\". Also in 1993, Dean had an opening slot on Alan Jackson's tour.[2][4]Following his first three studio albums was a greatest hits album in 1994. This album reprised his first nine singles, as well as a new song, \"Once in a While\", which Dean wrote and recorded for the soundtrack to the 1994 film 8 Seconds.[2] This song peaked at No. 53 based on unsolicited airplay.Men'll Be Boys, his final release for SBK/Liberty, came later in 1994. This album was not as successful in sales or chart performance, producing the No. 24 \"Cowboy Band\" and No. 60 title track. After this album, Dean placed his career on hiatus to raise his children.","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"It's What I Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_What_I_Do"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"title track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_What_I_Do_(song)"},{"link_name":"That Girl's Been Spyin' on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Girl%27s_Been_Spyin%27_on_Me"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-4"},{"link_name":"Don Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Williams"},{"link_name":"I Wouldn't Be a Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wouldn%27t_Be_a_Man"},{"link_name":"Crystal Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Bernard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-2"},{"link_name":"Victoria Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Shaw_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Real Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Man"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-4"},{"link_name":"Alison Krauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Krauss"},{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Buy Me a Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy_Me_a_Rose"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Suzy Bogguss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Bogguss"},{"link_name":"Jillian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jillian_Jacqueline"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-4"},{"link_name":"John Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denver"},{"link_name":"Thank God I'm a Country Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_God_I%27m_a_Country_Boy"},{"link_name":"Curb Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curb_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Let Them Be Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Them_Be_Little_(song)"},{"link_name":"Richie McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Lonestar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonestar"},{"link_name":"Let's Be Us Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Be_Us_Again"},{"link_name":"Let Them Be Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Them_Be_Little"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldies-4"},{"link_name":"Christmas music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"1996–present","text":"Dean returned to the recording studio in 1996 for his fifth album, It's What I Do, on Capitol Records Nashville. This album returned him to the Top Ten with its title track and \"That Girl's Been Spyin' on Me\", which reached numbers 5 and 4, respectively.[4] The final single, a cover of Don Williams' 1988 single \"I Wouldn't Be a Man\", fell short of Top 40. He also worked with actress and singer Crystal Bernard on her 1996 debut album Girl Next Door, in addition to co-writing its debut single \"Have We Forgotten What Love Is.\"[2] Later that year, Dean released a non-charting single, \"In the Name of Love\", which never appeared on an album. In 1998, Victoria Shaw and several other artists, including Dean, collaborated on the charity single \"One Heart at a Time\".Real Man, his sixth album, was issued in mid-1998. This album produced only one Top 40 hit in its title track, followed by \"Innocent Bystander\" which reached number 68. After this album, Dean exited Capitol's roster. He also took up acting once more, appearing in the minor TV specials A Face to Kill For and Blue Valley Songbird.[4] In 2000, he and Alison Krauss made guest appearances on Kenny Rogers' single \"Buy Me a Rose\", which reached the top of the Billboard country charts in May of that year. This song was also a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, and Rogers' first number 1 single in thirteen years.A year later, Dean joined Suzy Bogguss and 12-year-old singer Jillian on \"Please Keep Mom and Dad in Love,\" which was issued on Rogers's Dreamcatcher Records, and never included on an album.[4] Although he continued touring, he did not chart again until 2003 with \"I'm in Love With You\", released on the independent View 2 label. His next release for View 2 was a cover of John Denver's \"Thank God I'm a Country Boy\". Curb Records took over promotion of this single shortly after its release,[6] and by mid-2004 it reached number 27 on the country charts. Following it was the single \"Let Them Be Little\", co-written by Richie McDonald of Lonestar and recorded by the band on its 2004 album Let's Be Us Again. Dean's seventh studio album, also titled Let Them Be Little, was finally issued in late 2004 on Curb.[4] Although \"Let Them Be Little\" reached a peak of number 8 on the country charts in early 2005, the album's other singles all failed to reach Top 40. A Christmas music album, The Christ (A Song for Joseph), followed in late 2005. Included on the album was a duet with his daughter.In addition to recording and touring, Dean is branching into using music for corporate marketing. One of his ventures, Song Sessions, combines songwriting and corporate team building exercises.Billy has taken over the lead role (formerly played by Kenny Rogers), playing Hank Longley, in \"The Toy Shoppe\" (a musical written by Kenny Rogers and Kelly Junkerman) at the Starlite Theater in Branson, Missouri, through the end of 2013.[7]","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Grammy Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"American Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TNN/Music City News Country Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Academy of Country Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"Alison Krauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Krauss"},{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers"}],"sub_title":"Country Music Association Awards","text":"^[A] Nominated alongside Alison Krauss and Kenny Rogers","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron DeSantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_DeSantis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In January 2024, Dean released \"Never Back Down,\" a single \"inspired\" by Ron DeSantis. The song's name is the same as one of DeSantis's super PAC.[8]","title":"Politics"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Loftus, Johnny. \"Billy Dean biography\". Allmusic. Retrieved November 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1582/biography","url_text":"\"Billy Dean biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Stambler, Irwin; Grelun Landon (2000). Country Music: The Encyclopedia. Macmillan. pp. 124–25. ISBN 978-0-312-26487-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RjfB6-nVHZIC&q=%22Billy+dean%22+%22moo+mesa&pg=PA125","url_text":"Country Music: The Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26487-1","url_text":"978-0-312-26487-1"}]},{"reference":"Billy Dean (cassette). Billy Dean. Liberty Records. 1992. C4-96728.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Billy Dean biography\". Oldies.com. Retrieved November 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldies.com/artist-biography/Billy-Dean.html","url_text":"\"Billy Dean biography\""}]},{"reference":"Flint, Joseph H.; Nelson, Judy A. (August 24, 1993). The insider's country music handbook. Gibbs-Smith. p. 82. ISBN 9780879055639.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pin7Ya25sGkC&q=%22billy+dean%22+%22lowdown+lonely%22","url_text":"The insider's country music handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879055639","url_text":"9780879055639"}]},{"reference":"Billboard – Google Books. April 10, 2004. Retrieved March 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KhAEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Billy+dean%22+%22View+2%22&pg=PA28","url_text":"Billboard – Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"The Toy Shoppe - Shows in Branson MO - Starlite Theatre\". Archived from the original on November 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131115005605/http://www.starlitetheatre.com/show-in-branson-mo/the-toy-shoppe-shows-in-branson-mo/","url_text":"\"The Toy Shoppe - Shows in Branson MO - Starlite Theatre\""},{"url":"http://www.starlitetheatre.com/show-in-branson-mo/the-toy-shoppe-shows-in-branson-mo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Daugherty, Eric (January 10, 2024). \"Country singer Billy Dean drops new song for DeSantis called 'Never Back Down'\". Florida’s Voice. Retrieved January 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://flvoicenews.com/country-singer-billy-dean-drops-new-song-for-desantis-called-never-back-down/","url_text":"\"Country singer Billy Dean drops new song for DeSantis called 'Never Back Down'\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://billydean.com/","external_links_name":"billydean.com"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1582/biography","external_links_name":"\"Billy Dean biography\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RjfB6-nVHZIC&q=%22Billy+dean%22+%22moo+mesa&pg=PA125","external_links_name":"Country Music: The Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://www.oldies.com/artist-biography/Billy-Dean.html","external_links_name":"\"Billy Dean biography\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pin7Ya25sGkC&q=%22billy+dean%22+%22lowdown+lonely%22","external_links_name":"The insider's country music handbook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KhAEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Billy+dean%22+%22View+2%22&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"Billboard – Google Books"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131115005605/http://www.starlitetheatre.com/show-in-branson-mo/the-toy-shoppe-shows-in-branson-mo/","external_links_name":"\"The Toy Shoppe - Shows in Branson MO - Starlite Theatre\""},{"Link":"http://www.starlitetheatre.com/show-in-branson-mo/the-toy-shoppe-shows-in-branson-mo/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://flvoicenews.com/country-singer-billy-dean-drops-new-song-for-desantis-called-never-back-down/","external_links_name":"\"Country singer Billy Dean drops new song for DeSantis called 'Never Back Down'\""},{"Link":"http://billydean.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/298637/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000055160299","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/423149106013868490697","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb141699928","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb141699928","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134754727","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92010964","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/billy-dean/11311","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e62becdf-2d36-478e-be2b-a9772d78db06","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona
List of United States senators from Arizona
["1 List of senators","2 See also","3 References"]
Current delegationKyrsten Sinema (I)Mark Kelly (D) Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1912. U.S. senators from Arizona belong to class 1 and class 3 and are popularly elected for a six-year term beginning January 3. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The state's current U.S. senators are Independent Kyrsten Sinema, serving since 2019, and Democrat Mark Kelly, serving since 2020. Carl Hayden was the longest serving senator, served from 1927 to 1969. Arizona is one of fifteen states alongside Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, South Dakota and Utah to have a younger senior senator and an older junior senator. In total, only 14 individuals have ever served as a Senator from Arizona. List of senators Class 1Class 1 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle that has recently been contested in 2000, 2006, 2012, and 2018.The next election will be in 2024. C Class 3Class 3 U.S. senators belong to the electoral cycle that has recently been contested in 2010, 2016, 2020 (special election), and 2022.The next election will be in 2028. # Senator Party Dates in office Electoral history T T Electoral history Dates in office Party Senator # Vacant Feb 14, 1912 –Mar 27, 1912 Arizona became a state February 14, 1912,but didn't elect its U.S. senators until March 27. 1 62nd 1 Arizona became a state February 14, 1912,but didn't elect its U.S. senators until March 27. Feb 14, 1912 –Mar 27, 1912 Vacant 1 Henry F. Ashurst Democratic Mar 27, 1912 –Jan 3, 1941 Elected in 1912. Elected in 1912. Mar 27, 1912 –Mar 3, 1921 Democratic Marcus A. Smith 1 63rd 64th 2 Re-elected in 1914.Lost re-election. Re-elected in 1916. 2 65th 66th 67th 3 Elected in 1920.Lost re-election. Mar 4, 1921 –Mar 3, 1927 Republican Ralph H. Cameron 2 Re-elected in 1922. 3 68th 69th 70th 4 Elected in 1926. Mar 4, 1927 –Jan 3, 1969 Democratic Carl Hayden 3 Re-elected in 1928. 4 71st 72nd 73rd 5 Re-elected in 1932. Re-elected in 1934.Lost renomination. 5 74th 75th 76th 6 Re-elected in 1938. 2 Ernest McFarland Democratic Jan 3, 1941 –Jan 3, 1953 Elected in 1940. 6 77th 78th 79th 7 Re-elected in 1944. Re-elected in 1946.Lost re-election. 7 80th 81st 82nd 8 Re-elected in 1950. 3 Barry Goldwater Republican Jan 3, 1953 –Jan 3, 1965 Elected in 1952. 8 83rd 84th 85th 9 Re-elected in 1956. Re-elected in 1958.Retired to run for U.S. President. 9 86th 87th 88th 10 Re-elected in 1962.Retired. 4 Paul Fannin Republican Jan 3, 1965 –Jan 3, 1977 Elected in 1964. 10 89th 90th 91st 11 Elected in 1968. Jan 3, 1969 –Jan 3, 1987 Republican Barry Goldwater 4 Re-elected in 1970.Retired. 11 92nd 93rd 94th 12 Re-elected in 1974. 5 Dennis DeConcini Democratic Jan 3, 1977 –Jan 3, 1995 Elected in 1976. 12 95th 96th 97th 13 Re-elected in 1980.Retired. Re-elected in 1982. 13 98th 99th 100th 14 Elected in 1986. Jan 3, 1987 –Aug 25, 2018 Republican John McCain 5 Re-elected in 1988.Retired. 14 101st 102nd 103rd 15 Re-elected in 1992. 6 Jon Kyl Republican Jan 3, 1995 –Jan 3, 2013 Elected in 1994. 15 104th 105th 106th 16 Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. 16 107th 108th 109th 17 Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006.Retired. 17 110th 111th 112th 18 Re-elected in 2010. 7 Jeff Flake Republican Jan 3, 2013 –Jan 3, 2019 Elected in 2012.Retired. 18 113th 114th 115th 19 Re-elected in 2016.Died. Aug 25, 2018 –Sep 4, 2018 Vacant Appointed to continue McCain's term.Resigned. Sep 4, 2018 –Dec 31, 2018 Republican Jon Kyl 6   Dec 31, 2018 –Jan 3, 2019 Vacant 8 Kyrsten Sinema Democratic Jan 3, 2019 –present Elected in 2018.Left the Democratic Party on December 9, 2022.Retiring at the end of term. 19 116th Appointed to continue McCain's term.Lost election to finish McCain's term. Jan 3, 2019 –Dec 2, 2020 Republican Martha McSally 7 Elected in 2020 to finish McCain's term. Dec 2, 2020 –present Democratic Mark Kelly 8 117th Independent 118th 20 Re-elected in 2022. To be determined in the 2024 election. 20 119th 120th 121st 21 To be determined in the 2028 election. # Senator Party Years in office Electoral history T C T Electoral history Years in office Party Senator # Class 1 Class 3 See also Arizona portalUnited States portalPolitics portal List of United States representatives from Arizona United States congressional delegations from Arizona Elections in Arizona References "Senate Class I – History". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 2, 2013. "Senate Class III – History". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 2, 2013. vteUnited States senators from ArizonaClass 1 Ashurst McFarland Goldwater Fannin DeConcini Kyl Flake Sinema Class 3 Smith Cameron Hayden Goldwater McCain Kyl McSally Kelly vteLists of United States congressional delegationsStates Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed (Cherokee) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former House members List of former senators vteArizona's current delegation to the United States CongressSenators ▌Kyrsten Sinema (I) ▌Mark Kelly (D) Representatives (ordered by district) ▌David Schweikert (R) ▌Eli Crane (R) ▌Ruben Gallego (D) ▌Greg Stanton (D) ▌Andy Biggs (R) ▌Juan Ciscomani (R) ▌Raúl Grijalva (D) ▌Debbie Lesko (R) ▌Paul Gosar (R) vteState of ArizonaPhoenix (capital)Topics Agriculture Geography Government Constitution Governor Legislature Index Congressional Delegations Senators Representatives Museums Music Native Americans People Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation Society Abortion Climate change Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gun laws LGBT rights Politics Homelessness Regions Arizona Strip Arizona Sun Corridor Coconino Plateau Colorado Plateau Grand Canyon Kaibab Plateau Mogollon Plateau Mogollon Rim Mojave Desert Monument Valley North Central Arizona Northeast Arizona Northern Arizona Oak Creek Canyon Phoenix Metropolitan Area Safford area San Francisco Volcanic Field Sonoran Desert Southern Arizona Traditional Arizona Transition zone Verde Valley White Mountains Counties Apache Cochise Coconino Gila Graham Greenlee La Paz Maricopa Mohave Navajo Pima Pinal Santa Cruz Yavapai Yuma Cities Avondale Buckeye Bullhead City Casa Grande Chandler Flagstaff Gilbert Glendale Goodyear Kingman Lake Havasu City Mesa Peoria Phoenix Prescott Scottsdale Surprise Sierra Vista Tempe Tucson Yuma History Arizona Territory Aztec Land & Cattle Company Battle of Ambos Nogales Hualapai War Mohave War Pah-Ute County Sheep wars Sitgreaves Expedition Territorial evolution Timeline Mesa Phoenix Tucson World War II Women's suffrage Arizona portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyrsten_Sinema_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kyrsten Sinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_Kelly,_Official_Portrait_117th_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mark Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"class 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"class 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"Kyrsten Sinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema"},{"link_name":"Mark Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Carl Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hayden"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"}],"text":"Current delegationKyrsten Sinema (I)Mark Kelly (D)Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1912. U.S. senators from Arizona belong to class 1 and class 3 and are popularly elected for a six-year term beginning January 3. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The state's current U.S. senators are Independent Kyrsten Sinema, serving since 2019, and Democrat Mark Kelly, serving since 2020. Carl Hayden was the longest serving senator, served from 1927 to 1969. Arizona is one of fifteen states alongside Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, South Dakota and Utah to have a younger senior senator and an older junior senator. In total, only 14 individuals have ever served as a Senator from Arizona.","title":"List of United States senators from Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of senators"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Ruins
Shakespeare in the Park festivals
["1 United States","1.1 Albuquerque","1.2 Asheville","1.3 Boston","1.4 Buffalo","1.5 Dallas","1.6 Denver","1.7 Johnstown","1.8 Jersey City","1.9 Kansas City","1.10 Louisville","1.11 Miami","1.12 Minneapolis/St. Paul","1.13 Nashville","1.14 New York City","1.15 Omaha","1.16 Others","1.17 Philadelphia","1.18 Pittsburgh","1.19 Rochester","1.20 Saint Louis","1.21 San Francisco","1.22 San Pedro","1.23 Seattle","1.24 South Dakota","1.25 Tallahassee","1.26 Westfield, NJ","2 Australia","2.1 Australian Shakespeare Company (Melbourne)","2.2 Shakespeare in the Park Festival at Toowoomba","2.3 Shakespeare WA (Perth)","2.4 Shakespeare by the Lakes (Canberra)","2.5 Shakespeare Under the Stars (Townsville)","3 New Zealand","4 Canada","4.1 The Dream in High Park (Toronto)","4.2 Shakespeare In The Ruff (Toronto)","4.3 Shakespeare by the Sea Festival (St. John's)","4.4 Repercussion Theatre (Montreal)","4.5 A Company of Fools (Ottawa)","4.6 Shakespeare in the Ruins (Winnipeg)","4.7 Shakespeare on the Saskatchewan","4.8 Freewill Shakespeare Festival (Edmonton)","4.9 The Bard on the Beach (Vancouver)","4.10 The Bard's Bus Tour (Ontario)","5 Europe","6 See also","7 References"]
Outdoor festivals featuring productions of William Shakespeare's plays The Delacorte Theater in New York City's Central Park Shakespeare in the Park is a term for outdoor festivals featuring productions of William Shakespeare's plays. The term originated with the New York Shakespeare Festival in New York City's Central Park, originally created by Joseph Papp. This concept has been adapted by many theatre companies, and over time, this name has expanded to encompass outdoor theatre productions of the playwright's works performed all over the world. Shakespeare in the Park started as an idea to make theatre available to people of all walks of life, so that it would be as readily available as library books. The performances are more often than not free admission to the general public, usually presented outdoors as a summer event. These types of performances can be seen by audiences around the world, with most festivals adapting the name for their productions, such as Vancouver's Bard on the Beach. Many festivals incorporate workshops, food, and other additions to the performances making this type of theatre experience an interactive community event. United States Albuquerque The New Mexico Shakespeare Festival is a professional festival presented by the Vortex Theatre and the City of Albuquerque. It is one of only 14 free Shakespeare festivals in the nation. The festival is performed at the Veterans Memorial Park each summer by a professional company. Asheville The Montford Park Players, a community theater company, has been staging free Shakespeare productions in Asheville, North Carolina since 1973. The productions were first staged at a municipal park on Montford Avenue and, in 1993, moved to its current location, the Hazel Robinson Amphitheatre. Boston Commonwealth Shakespeare Company presents professional productions of Shakespeare in Boston Common. The first production was in 1996 at Copley Square; a year later the program was moved to the Common, first at the Parkman Bandstand and more recently at the Parade Ground. Buffalo Shakespeare in Delaware Park describes itself as the United States' 2nd oldest Shakespeare festival (following New York Shakespeare Festival). It is held in Buffalo, New York's Delaware Park. Dallas Inspired by the New York Shakespeare Festival, Robert "Bob" Glenn started The Shakespeare Festival of Dallas in 1971 as a free summer Shakespeare Festival. Renamed Shakespeare Dallas in 2005, the company produces three free Shakespeare productions each summer at the Samuel-Grand Amphitheatre in Lakewood. Denver The Foothills Theatre Company has been staging Shakespeare productions every summer since 2014 in Clement Park, located in Littleton, a suburb SW of Denver. Johnstown Band of Brothers Shakespeare company has been producing Shakespeare plays every year in Stackhouse Park since 1992, under the direction of Laura Gordon with a rotating cast of community members of all ages. Jersey City The Hudson Shakespeare Company, founded by L. Robert Johnson in 1992, features a summer season where the company stages productions for each month of the summer. Besides Shakespeare standards such as Hamlet and A Midsummer Night's Dream, they often produce one to two lesser done productions a season such as The Two Noble Kinsmen, Cardenio and Henry VIII. Based in Jersey City, NJ, they also tour as part of their summer season to other New Jersey locations such as Fort Lee, Hackensack, Kenilworth, Hoboken, West Milford and also to Stratford, CT. Kansas City The Heart of America Shakespeare Festival was founded by Tony winning Broadway producer Marilyn Strauss in 1993 at the urging of Joe Papp with a production of The Tempest in Southmoreland Park. In 1998, they began to produce two productions per year, with a total of 23 production at the start of the 2011 season. Louisville Kentucky Shakespeare Festival is a non-profit, professional theatre company in Louisville, Kentucky that produces and performs the works of William Shakespeare. The main productions offered are the annual summer series of plays presented free to the public at Central Park. This series, commonly called "Shakespeare in Central Park", sprung from an initial production in the park by The Carriage House Players in the summer of 1960. They also perform shows in other venues, as well as conduct educational programs related to acting and other theater-related skills. Miami The Florida Shakespeare Theater is the only Shakespeare company on the planet that produces Shakespeare in the Park in mid winter. Every January, since 2005, the Florida Shakespeare Theater presents free Shakespeare in the Park productions in Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties. Noted for their educational programming and public outreach, the FST fulfills their mission of providing open and equal access to classical theater. Minneapolis/St. Paul Classical Actors Ensemble has performed free outdoor Shakespeare in metro parks each summer since 2014 as well as touring educational productions into secondary schools each spring. Nashville The Nashville Shakespeare Festival presents free Summer Shakespeare productions in Nashville, Tennessee and Franklin, Tennessee every year in August and September. Winter Shakespeare takes place in January and February and often focuses on Shakespeare's works that are studied in schools across Tennessee. Founded in 1988, NSF has focused on making Shakespeare accessible to all communities through free and reduced-price tickets and rich educational offerings. New York City Further information: Shakespeare in the Park (New York City) The original Shakespeare in the Park was founded in 1954 by Joseph Papp as the New York Shakespeare Festival, which eventually led to free public performances in Central Park. Since 1961 an outdoor amphitheatre, the Delacorte Theatre, has accommodated these productions. Many celebrity actors have worked the Delacorte. People often line up in the morning to assure tickets for the evening performance. Many seasons have featured works by other playwrights, including Bertolt Brecht and Samuel Beckett. Omaha Alan Klem, an assistant professor at Creighton University, and Dr. Cindy Phaneuf, then an Assistant Professor of Dramatic Arts at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, founded Nebraska Shakespeare in 1986. Klem previously helped found Shakespeare in the Park in Ft. Worth, Texas. Nebraska Shakespeare presented free performances each summer; shows were staged in Elmwood Park, which borders University of Nebraska Omaha. In the fall, Nebraska Shakespeare also toured shorter versions of Shakespeare's plays to schools across Nebraska. Nebraska Shakespeare disbanded in November 2022. Others The Hudson Warehouse present free Shakespeare and other productions at the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in Riverside Park. New York Classical Theatre present free Off Broadway Shakespeare productions in New York City's Central Park, Battery Park, Brooklyn Bridge Park, and Carl Schurz Park among other locations. At the end of each scene, audience members participate by following the actors to a new space in the venue. Coos Bay Shakespeare in the Park presents a free Shakespeare production in Coos Bay, Oregon's Mingus Park each year. Philadelphia Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet production in Clark Park This Philadelphia theater company offers the largest, free outdoor production of Shakespeare's plays in the greater Philadelphia area. Shakespeare in Clark Park was formed in the fall of 2005 by Marla Burkholder, Maria Möller, Tom Reing and Whitney Estrin. In their inaugural season, Shakespeare in Clark Park presented four performances of Twelfth Night, drawing an audience of over 2,000 people. Those audiences have grown to over 5,000 and the annual show has become a staple of summer in Philly. Pittsburgh Jennifer Tober founded Pittsburgh Shakespeare in the Parks in 2005. Their performances are free and utilize various public parks in the Pittsburgh area. Rochester The Rochester Community Players have staged free Shakespeare productions at the Highland Bowl in Highland Park each July since 1997. Saint Louis St. Louis Shakespeare Festival began in 2001 and produced the first annual free Shakespeare festival in Forest Park with a production of Romeo and Juliet. Since the initial two-week run that attracted 33,000 audience members, the Festival has grown into a year-round institution producing over 250 public performances annually for nearly 100,000 patrons and students. San Francisco Free Shakespeare in the Park began in San Francisco in 1983, with its debut production of The Tempest in Golden Gate Park. Produced every year in San Francisco, Pleasanton, Cupertino, Redwood City, and, beginning in 2023, Orinda from July through September, this program stages professional theater free of charge throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. San Pedro Shakespeare by the Sea was launched in 1998 by Producing Artistic Director Lisa Coffi. It presents free Shakespeare productions in San Pedro, Los Angeles and throughout Los Angeles, Orange and Ventura Counties. Seattle Since 1989, GreenStage has been producing free Shakespeare in major parks in and around Seattle. In 2014, they completed the entire Shakespeare canon. In 1994, a theater company called the Wooden O started annual summer Shakespeare performances at the Luther Burbank Amphitheater on Mercer Island, Washington. In later years park venues including Lynnwood, Washington and Auburn, Washington were added. In the spring of 2008 the Seattle Shakespeare Company merged with Wooden O and continues to present free Shakespeare productions throughout the Puget Sound region. South Dakota The South Dakota Shakespeare Festival (SDSF) was formed in 2011 and launched its inaugural season in Vermillion, South Dakota, in June 2012. Since the summer of 2012 the SDSF has been offering fully produced professional Shakespeare performances in Vermillion's Prentis Park and daytime arts educational offerings for youth and adults. Tallahassee The Southern Shakespeare Festival occurs annually in Tallahassee, Florida. The festival's first incarnation existed from 1995 to 2000. In 2012 a group of scholars saw an opportunity to revive the free outdoor festival at the award-winning Cascades Park. Westfield, NJ Troupe of Friends offers free outdoor Shakespearean performances in Westfield, New Jersey. The shows are typical staged at Mindowaskin Park on Labor Day weekend. The company was formed in 2006 by Artistic Director Joseph Penczak. Among the shows they have produced are The Comedy of Errors, Twelfth Night, Henry IV Part One, Julius Caesar, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Richard 2, The Taming of the Shrew, King Lear, Waiting For Godot, and Endgame. Australia Australian Shakespeare Company (Melbourne) The Australian Shakespeare Company was founded in 1987 by Glenn Elston, the man responsible for pioneering outdoor theatre performances of William Shakespeare's plays in Australia. The company has performed for more than a million people across all the different regions of Australia. They make it a mission to draw audiences of all age groups to their shows. Shakespeare in the Park Festival at Toowoomba The Shakespeare in the Park Festival at Toowoomba is another location for al fresco Shakespeare performances in Australia. Originally presented in Toowoomba's Queen's Park (2004–2011), this festival recently moved (2012) to the University of Southern Queensland's Toowoomba campus. Presentations on the open-air mainstage since the festival's inception in 2004 include The Tempest, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Comedy of Errors, Taming of the Shrew, Hamlet, Twelfth Night and A Midsummer Night's Dream. Cast includes Creative Arts students from the University of Southern Queensland and also includes a variety of other events to complement the mainstage offering each year. Shakespeare WA (Perth) Western Australia also holds a large Shakespeare in the Park festival in Perth at King's Park Botanical Gardens. The plays for this festival are set to be performed by the same company (Shakespeare WA) through 2014. This festival is usually held from mid January to mid February, and is the largest single theatre event in Western Australia. Shakespeare by the Lakes (Canberra) Further information: Shakespeare by the Lakes Shakespeare by the Lakes is a summer festival of free Shakespeare plays, produced by theatre company Lakespeare & Co. (established by Founder and Executive Producer Taimus Werner-Gibbings and collaborators Duncan Driver, Lexi Sekuless and Paul Leverenz), and attracting over 5,000 patrons to ACT public parks. Shakespeare Under the Stars (Townsville) The Annual Shakespeare Under the Stars in North Queensland first began in 1992, spearheaded by world renowned theatrical director Jean-Pierre Voos. The event has been held in various locations over the years but has found a home in the Queens Gardens, Townsville since 2004. The event is currently produced by local independent theatre company, TheatreiNQ. New Zealand Wellington Summer Shakespeare has been an annual outdoor theatre event in the capital city, Wellington, since 1983. The large-scale, large-cast productions have taken place in a variety of settings including the Dell in the Wellington Botanic Gardens, Civic Square, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, onsite at Victoria University and at Gladstone Vineyard in the Wairarapa. Productions have ranged from some of the most popular to some of the most obscure plays in the Shakespeare canon. Auckland Shakespeare in the Park has been performed in the outdoor amphitheatre at The PumpHouse Theatre, Lake Pupuke since 1996. incorporating traditional costumes and settings. Canada The Dream in High Park (Toronto) The Dream in High Park is the oldest annual outdoor theatre event in Canada, currently entering its 33rd season in 2016. Since its inception in 1983, an estimated 1.3 million people have enjoyed the tradition of theatre under the stars. The Canadian Stage Company, who performs the Dream, is nationally and internationally acclaimed, and is Canada's leading not-for-profit contemporary theatre company. It was founded in 1987 with the merger of CentreStage and Toronto Free Theatre, and is dedicated to programming international contemporary theatre, and to developing and producing landmark Canadian works. Shakespeare In The Ruff (Toronto) Shakespeare In The Ruff was born from the ashes from the previous company Shakespeare In The Rough which performed in Toronto's East End neighbourhood of Riverdale between 1994 and 2006. The new company launched in 2012 focuses on creating unique contemporary adaptations of Shakespeare's work and providing opportunities for emerging artists. As part of the company's community work, they run a youth apprenticeship program called the Young Ruffians which pairs up high school students with a member of the professional company for the duration of rehearsals and performances. Shakespeare by the Sea Festival (St. John's) Shakespeare by the Sea Festival Inc., a community-based organization, produces and promotes artistic works with a focus on William Shakespeare. It unites seasoned and developing talent and aspires to excel in all aspects. The festival is the longest-running outdoor summer theatre event in the St. John's area. Since 1993, the Shakespeare by the Sea Festival has been performing the works of the famous Bard all around the St. John's area – from the cliff-top meadows of Logy Bay to the historic World War II bunkers at Cape Spear – from the cobblestoned courtyard of the Murray Premises to the lush landscapes of Bowring Park. Since that time, the Festival has grown into a much-anticipated annual event. Repercussion Theatre (Montreal) Repercussion Theatre has been touring parks throughout Montreal for over 30 years, bringing the classics to people where they live, for free (with donations graciously accepted). They are experienced in providing Shakespeare in the Park across the city, entertaining people who may otherwise not be exposed to live theatre. Repercussion Theatre was founded in 1988, when they played four shows in front of 800 people in Westmount and Beaconsfield, Qc. Now, they perform to over 10,000 people each summer across the island of Montreal and beyond – with a commitment to cultural diversity, gender equity, and infusing Shakespeare's plays with a decidedly Montreal flair. They are the only company in Montreal to consistently produce a Shakespeare production each year. The company's first artistic director was Cas Anvar (followed by Kevin Orr and then Paul Hopkins) and the current artistic director is Amanda Kellock. A Company of Fools (Ottawa) In 1990, Margo MacDonald and Heather Jopling, rooted in the belief that Shakespeare should be seen and not read, recruited almost a dozen young performers and took to the streets. They derived inspiration from the rogue Elizabethan players that once entertained audiences outdoors at the Globe theatre, named themselves A Company of Fools, and began performing for crowds on the streets of Ottawa. In 1998 the Fools began performing in Ottawa City Parks with college shows, and in 2002 the Fools launched the Torchlight Shakespeare series. Besides mounting an average of two productions a year, the Fools hold three annual events (Twelfth Night Celebration, Valentine's Day Sonnet Delivery, and the Ottawa Theatre Challenge) and are active in the Ottawa community. Shakespeare in the Ruins (Winnipeg) Shakespeare in the Ruins (SIR) is Manitoba's only professional Shakespeare company. The company was founded in 1993 and is noted for its productions at Trappist Monastery Provincial Park. Shakespeare on the Saskatchewan Shakespeare on the Saskatchewan festival tents south of the Mendel Art Gallery on the banks of the South Saskatchewan River Shakespeare on the Saskatchewan was founded in 1985 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The plays are staged in tents with a seating capacity of approximately 275 on the banks of the Saskatchewan River, and take place from early July to mid-August. The festival traditionally offers two main stage performances and occasionally produces a third offering. The festival sees over 12,000 patrons each year. Freewill Shakespeare Festival (Edmonton) The Freewill Shakespeare Festival, formerly known as the River City Shakespeare Festival was founded in 1989. It is produced by the Edmonton, Alberta-based "Free Will Players" every summer from late June to mid July. The Festival includes full-scale professional productions of two plays by William Shakespeare, as well as Camp Shakespeare The Bard on the Beach (Vancouver) Bard on the Beach Shakespeare Festival was established in 1990. The plays are staged in Vanier Park on Vancouver's waterfront, in open-ended tents, from the end of May through September. Over the years Bard on the Beach attendance has grown significantly from 6,000 patrons in 1990 to more than 90,000 patrons in 2009. The programming has of course expanded from one play to four, and from 34 performances to 215 two decades later. The Bard's Bus Tour (Ontario) Driftwood Theatre is Ontario's leading outdoor summer touring theatre company, on the road with The Bard's Bus Tour visiting Ontario communities since 1995. Driftwood Theatre breaks down barriers to experiencing and participating in theatre art by bringing theatre and engagement opportunities to audiences in Ontario who may not have access to professional performance. Europe One of the Globe Theatres located in London, Great Britain Shakespeare in the Park currently takes place throughout many European countries. In Europe, ever since the Elizabethan period, theatre has been a crucial part of their cultural heritage and history. The Shakespearean performances take place mostly all over Europe from the East to Central Europe. One of the three Globe Theatres is located in Germany and is called "The Globe Neuss". It was founded in 1991 and is famous for its annual International Shakespeare Festival, where companies from all over the world come to perform. The German city of Bremen hosts The Bremer Shakespeare Company, which features the largest Shakespearean repertoire on a German stage. Performances at Bremen's Bürgerpark are a cultural attraction each year, and the festival also lets guests participate in The Dramatikerwerkstatt – a playwright workshop. The Footsbarn Theatre Company based in France is a travelling troupe who perform outdoor theatre all over the world. In Italy, The Globe Theatre is located within the museum park in Villa Borghese. The stage is a classical "wooden o" structure, reminiscent of the original Globe stage, and is perfect for staging Elizabethan style productions. Brussels Shakespeare Society based in Belgium has been performing "al fresco" productions of Shakespeare's plays since the summer of 1976. Theatrum Gedanense Foundation annually organizes the International Shakespeare Festival in Gdańsk, Poland. A week-long festival of outdoor plays and events, the company strives to include not only Polish adaptations of Shakespeare plays, but foreign ones as well. The British Shakespeare Company; this Leeds-based festival attracts 15 000 people each summer and is also responsible for helping to initiate a government policy to send "Shakespeare Packs" to school children of all ages and backgrounds, in an effort to introduce Shakespeare at a young age. London's Regent's Park is a very special place for an outdoor Shakespeare experience, as the original productions of these great works took place in this very city and is the host of one of London's summer attractions. Since being first established in 1932 with the very first production of Twelfth Night, the Open Air Theatre has been the home of many seasons of Shakespeare; but also has staged other classical plays, operas, musicals and family shows, becoming a famous tourist location, where many locals and tourists alike gather to see performances. It is one of the largest auditoria in London and the oldest outdoor theatre in all of Britain hosting over 130,000 people annually in its sixteen-week season. The Cambridge Shakespeare Festival; this Festival holds eight plays every summer and is one of the UK's most popular and oldest outdoor Shakespeare companies. Established by David Crilly, it stages authentic Shakespeare in the Cambridge University's college grounds. Audiences can reach up to 1000 people per show, particularly for performances of A Midsummer Night's Dream. The Willow Globe Theatre; this replica Globe Theatre in Wales is built entirely from living willow trees. It stages productions throughout the summer with an ecological and sustainable focus. The Minack Theatre; this outdoor amphitheater in Cornwall has views of the sea and stages Shakespeare productions throughout the summer. See also Kentucky Shakespeare Festival Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park Hudson Warehouse Nashville Shakespeare Festival References ^ Smith, Olivia (15 August 2009). "Success of free Shakespeare in the Park comes with a price for audiences – but it's worth the wait". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. ^ "New Mexico Shakespeare Festival". ^ "History – Montford Park Players". Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ "Mission and History". Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ "Shakespeare in Delaware Park | About SDP". Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ "History | Shakespeare Dallas". Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. 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Retrieved from http://www.baltimoreshakespeare.org/joomla/ Archived 2010-07-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Nebraska Shakespeare". www.nebraskashakespeare.com. Retrieved 2020-02-18. ^ Muessel, Zoey (2022-11-03). "Nebraska Shakespeare announces closure after 36 years of productions". KMTV 3 News Now Omaha. Retrieved 2023-07-03. ^ "Hudson Warehouse - History". Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ "History / Press | New York Classical Theatre". Archived from the original on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ "Coos Bay Shakepseare in the Park – Coos Bay Shakepseare in the Park". Archived from the original on 2019-06-17. ^ Shakespeare in Clark Park. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://shakespeareinclarkpark.org/ Archived 2010-07-30 at the Wayback Machine ^ ^ "About Pittsburgh Shakespeare in the Parks". Archived from the original on 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2011-09-11. ^ Rana, Rajesh Kumar. "Enjoying the Splendor of Shakespeare in the Park: A St. Louis Tradition". Traveler Lifes. Retrieved 2024-05-16. ^ "Romeo and Juliet06.02.01 – 06.17.01". ^ "The San Francisco Shakespeare Festival". Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ "About Us". Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ http://greenstage.org Archived 2015-01-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Wooden O - Free Shakespeare in the Parks | Seattle Shakespeare Company". Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ "Troupe of Friends". ^ "The Australian Shakespeare Company". AustralianShakespeareCompany. Retrieved 2018-04-17. ^ isntmedia Australia. (2010). Shakespeare in the park festival – Toowoomba. Retrieved from http://www.about-australia.com/events/queensland/toowoomba-golden-west/events/festival/shakespeare-in-the-park-festival-toowoomba/ Archived 2009-12-09 at the Wayback Machine ^ Look at WA Perth online portal-King's Park. (n.d.). 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delacorte_Theater_stage_viewed_from_aisle_M-N.jpg"},{"link_name":"Delacorte Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delacorte_Theater"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"New York Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Joseph Papp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Papp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Bard on the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_on_the_Beach"}],"text":"The Delacorte Theater in New York City's Central ParkShakespeare in the Park is a term for outdoor festivals featuring productions of William Shakespeare's plays. The term originated with the New York Shakespeare Festival in New York City's Central Park, originally created by Joseph Papp. This concept has been adapted by many theatre companies, and over time, this name has expanded to encompass outdoor theatre productions of the playwright's works performed all over the world.Shakespeare in the Park started as an idea to make theatre available to people of all walks of life, so that it would be as readily available as library books.[1] The performances are more often than not free admission to the general public, usually presented outdoors as a summer event. These types of performances can be seen by audiences around the world, with most festivals adapting the name for their productions, such as Vancouver's Bard on the Beach. Many festivals incorporate workshops, food, and other additions to the performances making this type of theatre experience an interactive community event.","title":"Shakespeare in the Park festivals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Albuquerque","text":"The New Mexico Shakespeare Festival is a professional festival presented by the Vortex Theatre and the City of Albuquerque. It is one of only 14 free Shakespeare festivals in the nation. The festival is performed at the Veterans Memorial Park each summer by a professional company.[2]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asheville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Asheville","text":"The Montford Park Players, a community theater company, has been staging free Shakespeare productions in Asheville, North Carolina since 1973. The productions were first staged at a municipal park on Montford Avenue and, in 1993, moved to its current location, the Hazel Robinson Amphitheatre.[3]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commonwealth Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"Boston Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common"},{"link_name":"Copley Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Square"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Boston","text":"Commonwealth Shakespeare Company presents professional productions of Shakespeare in Boston Common. The first production was in 1996 at Copley Square; a year later the program was moved to the Common, first at the Parkman Bandstand and more recently at the Parade Ground.[4]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakespeare in Delaware Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Delaware_Park"},{"link_name":"New York Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Delaware Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Park%E2%80%93Front_Park_System"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Buffalo","text":"Shakespeare in Delaware Park describes itself as the United States' 2nd oldest Shakespeare festival (following New York Shakespeare Festival). It is held in Buffalo, New York's Delaware Park.[5]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakespeare Festival of Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_Festival_of_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Lakewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Dallas","text":"Inspired by the New York Shakespeare Festival, Robert \"Bob\" Glenn started The Shakespeare Festival of Dallas in 1971 as a free summer Shakespeare Festival. Renamed Shakespeare Dallas in 2005, the company produces three free Shakespeare productions each summer at the Samuel-Grand Amphitheatre in Lakewood.[6]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Denver","text":"The Foothills Theatre Company has been staging Shakespeare productions every summer since 2014 in Clement Park, located in Littleton, a suburb SW of Denver.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Johnstown","text":"Band of Brothers Shakespeare company has been producing Shakespeare plays every year in Stackhouse Park since 1992, under the direction of Laura Gordon with a rotating cast of community members of all ages.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"The Two Noble Kinsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Noble_Kinsmen"},{"link_name":"Cardenio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardenio"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)"},{"link_name":"Jersey City, NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_NJ"},{"link_name":"Fort Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee,_NJ"},{"link_name":"Hackensack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack,_NJ"},{"link_name":"Kenilworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenilworth,_NJ"},{"link_name":"Hoboken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_NJ"},{"link_name":"West Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Milford,_NJ"},{"link_name":"Stratford, CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_CT"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Jersey City","text":"The Hudson Shakespeare Company, founded by L. Robert Johnson in 1992, features a summer season where the company stages productions for each month of the summer. Besides Shakespeare standards such as Hamlet and A Midsummer Night's Dream, they often produce one to two lesser done productions a season such as The Two Noble Kinsmen, Cardenio and Henry VIII. Based in Jersey City, NJ, they also tour as part of their summer season to other New Jersey locations such as Fort Lee, Hackensack, Kenilworth, Hoboken, West Milford and also to Stratford, CT.\n[7]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Papp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Papp"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowItAllStarted-8"},{"link_name":"The Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Kansas City","text":"The Heart of America Shakespeare Festival was founded by Tony winning Broadway producer Marilyn Strauss in 1993 at the urging of Joe Papp[8] with a production of The Tempest in Southmoreland Park. In 1998, they began to produce two productions per year, with a total of 23 production at the start of the 2011 season.[9]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kentucky Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park,_Louisville"}],"sub_title":"Louisville","text":"Kentucky Shakespeare Festival is a non-profit, professional theatre company in Louisville, Kentucky that produces and performs the works of William Shakespeare. The main productions offered are the annual summer series of plays presented free to the public at Central Park. This series, commonly called \"Shakespeare in Central Park\", sprung from an initial production in the park by The Carriage House Players in the summer of 1960. They also perform shows in other venues, as well as conduct educational programs related to acting and other theater-related skills.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Shakespeare Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida_Shakespeare_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Miami","text":"The Florida Shakespeare Theater is the only Shakespeare company on the planet that produces Shakespeare in the Park in mid winter. Every January, since 2005, the Florida Shakespeare Theater presents free Shakespeare in the Park productions in Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties. Noted for their educational programming and public outreach, the FST fulfills their mission of providing open and equal access to classical theater.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Minneapolis/St. Paul","text":"Classical Actors Ensemble has performed free outdoor Shakespeare in metro parks each summer since 2014 as well as touring educational productions into secondary schools each spring.[10]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nashville Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Shakespeare_Festival"}],"sub_title":"Nashville","text":"The Nashville Shakespeare Festival presents free Summer Shakespeare productions in Nashville, Tennessee and Franklin, Tennessee every year in August and September. Winter Shakespeare takes place in January and February and often focuses on Shakespeare's works that are studied in schools across Tennessee. Founded in 1988, NSF has focused on making Shakespeare accessible to all communities through free and reduced-price tickets and rich educational offerings.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Papp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Papp"},{"link_name":"New York Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sitp-11"},{"link_name":"Delacorte Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delacorte_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bertolt Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"},{"link_name":"Samuel Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"New York City","text":"Further information: Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)The original Shakespeare in the Park was founded in 1954 by Joseph Papp as the New York Shakespeare Festival, which eventually led to free public performances in Central Park.[11] Since 1961 an outdoor amphitheatre, the Delacorte Theatre, has accommodated these productions. Many celebrity actors have worked the Delacorte.[12] People often line up in the morning to assure tickets for the evening performance.[13] Many seasons have featured works by other playwrights, including Bertolt Brecht and Samuel Beckett.[14]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creighton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creighton_University"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska at Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Omaha"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Elmwood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmwood_Park_(Omaha)"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Omaha"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Omaha","text":"Alan Klem, an assistant professor at Creighton University, and Dr. Cindy Phaneuf, then an Assistant Professor of Dramatic Arts at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, founded Nebraska Shakespeare in 1986.[15] Klem previously helped found Shakespeare in the Park in Ft. Worth, Texas. Nebraska Shakespeare presented free performances each summer; shows were staged in Elmwood Park, which borders University of Nebraska Omaha. In the fall, Nebraska Shakespeare also toured shorter versions of Shakespeare's plays to schools across Nebraska. Nebraska Shakespeare disbanded in November 2022.[16]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson Warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Warehouse"},{"link_name":"Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Riverside Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Park_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"New York Classical Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Classical_Theatre"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Battery Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_Park"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Bridge Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge_Park"},{"link_name":"Carl Schurz Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz_Park"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Coos Bay Shakespeare in the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.coosbayshakespeare.com/"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"The Hudson Warehouse present free Shakespeare and other productions at the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in Riverside Park.[17]\nNew York Classical Theatre present free Off Broadway Shakespeare productions in New York City's Central Park, Battery Park, Brooklyn Bridge Park, and Carl Schurz Park among other locations. At the end of each scene, audience members participate by following the actors to a new space in the venue.[18]\nCoos Bay Shakespeare in the Park presents a free Shakespeare production in Coos Bay, Oregon's Mingus Park each year.[19]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shakespeare_in_Clark_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Philadelphia","text":"Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet production in Clark ParkThis Philadelphia theater company offers the largest, free outdoor production of Shakespeare's plays in the greater Philadelphia area. Shakespeare in Clark Park was formed in the fall of 2005 by Marla Burkholder, Maria Möller, Tom Reing and Whitney Estrin. In their inaugural season, Shakespeare in Clark Park presented four performances of Twelfth Night, drawing an audience of over 2,000 people. Those audiences have grown to over 5,000 and the annual show has become a staple of summer in Philly.[20]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Pittsburgh","text":"Jennifer Tober founded Pittsburgh Shakespeare in the Parks in 2005. Their performances are free and utilize various public parks in the Pittsburgh area.[21][22]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rochester Community Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Community_Players"},{"link_name":"Highland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park_(Rochester,_New_York)"}],"sub_title":"Rochester","text":"The Rochester Community Players have staged free Shakespeare productions at the Highland Bowl in Highland Park each July since 1997.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stlshakes.org/"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Saint Louis","text":"St. Louis Shakespeare Festival[23] began in 2001 and produced the first annual free Shakespeare festival in Forest Park with a production of Romeo and Juliet.[24] Since the initial two-week run that attracted 33,000 audience members, the Festival has grown into a year-round institution producing over 250 public performances annually for nearly 100,000 patrons and students.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"The Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Park"},{"link_name":"Pleasanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton,_California"},{"link_name":"Cupertino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino"},{"link_name":"Redwood City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_City"},{"link_name":"Orinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinda"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"San Francisco","text":"Free Shakespeare in the Park began in San Francisco in 1983, with its debut production of The Tempest in Golden Gate Park. Produced every year in San Francisco, Pleasanton, Cupertino, Redwood City, and, beginning in 2023, Orinda from July through September, this program stages professional theater free of charge throughout the San Francisco Bay Area.[25]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakespeare by the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_by_the_Sea,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"San Pedro, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"San Pedro","text":"Shakespeare by the Sea was launched in 1998 by Producing Artistic Director Lisa Coffi. It presents free Shakespeare productions in San Pedro, Los Angeles and throughout Los Angeles, Orange and Ventura Counties.[26]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Mercer Island, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_Island,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Lynnwood, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynnwood,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Auburn, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Seattle","text":"Since 1989, GreenStage has been producing free Shakespeare in major parks in and around Seattle. In 2014, they completed the entire Shakespeare canon.[27]In 1994, a theater company called the Wooden O started annual summer Shakespeare performances at the Luther Burbank Amphitheater on Mercer Island, Washington. In later years park venues including Lynnwood, Washington and Auburn, Washington were added. In the spring of 2008 the Seattle Shakespeare Company merged with Wooden O and continues to present free Shakespeare productions throughout the Puget Sound region.[28]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sdshakespearefestival.org"}],"sub_title":"South Dakota","text":"The South Dakota Shakespeare Festival (SDSF) was formed in 2011 and launched its inaugural season in Vermillion, South Dakota, in June 2012. Since the summer of 2012 the SDSF has been offering fully produced professional Shakespeare performances in Vermillion's Prentis Park and daytime arts educational offerings for youth and adults.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tallahassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Cascades Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascades_Park_(Tallahassee)"}],"sub_title":"Tallahassee","text":"The Southern Shakespeare Festival occurs annually in Tallahassee, Florida. The festival's first incarnation existed from 1995 to 2000. In 2012 a group of scholars saw an opportunity to revive the free outdoor festival at the award-winning Cascades Park.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Troupe of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.troupe-of-friends"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Westfield, NJ","text":"Troupe of Friends offers free outdoor Shakespearean performances in Westfield, New Jersey. The shows are typical staged at Mindowaskin Park on Labor Day weekend. The company was formed in 2006 by Artistic Director Joseph Penczak. Among the shows they have produced are The Comedy of Errors, Twelfth Night, Henry IV Part One, Julius Caesar, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Richard 2, The Taming of the Shrew, King Lear, Waiting For Godot, and Endgame.[29]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Australian Shakespeare Company (Melbourne)","text":"The Australian Shakespeare Company was founded in 1987 by Glenn Elston, the man responsible for pioneering outdoor theatre performances of William Shakespeare's plays in Australia. The company has performed for more than a million people across all the different regions of Australia. They make it a mission to draw audiences of all age groups to their shows.[30]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toowoomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowoomba"},{"link_name":"The Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth"},{"link_name":"Comedy of Errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_of_Errors"},{"link_name":"Taming of the Shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taming_of_the_Shrew"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night"},{"link_name":"University of Southern Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Shakespeare in the Park Festival at Toowoomba","text":"The Shakespeare in the Park Festival at Toowoomba is another location for al fresco Shakespeare performances in Australia. Originally presented in Toowoomba's Queen's Park (2004–2011), this festival recently moved (2012) to the University of Southern Queensland's Toowoomba campus. Presentations on the open-air mainstage since the festival's inception in 2004 include The Tempest, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Comedy of Errors, Taming of the Shrew, Hamlet, Twelfth Night and A Midsummer Night's Dream. Cast includes Creative Arts students from the University of Southern Queensland and also includes a variety of other events to complement the mainstage offering each year.[31][32]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"King's Park Botanical Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Park_Botanical_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Shakespeare WA (Perth)","text":"Western Australia also holds a large Shakespeare in the Park festival in Perth at King's Park Botanical Gardens. The plays for this festival are set to be performed by the same company (Shakespeare WA) through 2014. This festival is usually held from mid January to mid February, and is the largest single theatre event in Western Australia.[33]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakespeare by the Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_by_the_Lakes"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Shakespeare by the Lakes (Canberra)","text":"Further information: Shakespeare by the LakesShakespeare by the Lakes is a summer festival of free Shakespeare plays, produced by theatre company Lakespeare & Co. (established by Founder and Executive Producer Taimus Werner-Gibbings and collaborators Duncan Driver, Lexi Sekuless and Paul Leverenz), and attracting over 5,000 patrons to ACT public parks.[34]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queens Gardens, Townsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Gardens,_Townsville"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Shakespeare Under the Stars (Townsville)","text":"The Annual Shakespeare Under the Stars in North Queensland first began in 1992, spearheaded by world renowned theatrical director Jean-Pierre Voos. The event has been held in various locations over the years but has found a home in the Queens Gardens, Townsville since 2004.[35]\nThe event is currently produced by local independent theatre company, TheatreiNQ.","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Wellington Botanic Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Botanic_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Civic Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Square,_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa"},{"link_name":"Victoria University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University,_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Wairarapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairarapa"},{"link_name":"amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"The PumpHouse Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_PumpHouse_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Lake Pupuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pupuke"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"WellingtonSummer Shakespeare has been an annual outdoor theatre event in the capital city, Wellington, since 1983. The large-scale, large-cast productions have taken place in a variety of settings including the Dell in the Wellington Botanic Gardens, Civic Square, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, onsite at Victoria University and at Gladstone Vineyard in the Wairarapa. Productions have ranged from some of the most popular to some of the most obscure plays in the Shakespeare canon.AucklandShakespeare in the Park has been performed in the outdoor amphitheatre at The PumpHouse Theatre, Lake Pupuke since 1996.[36] incorporating traditional costumes and settings.","title":"New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Stage Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Stage_Company"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"The Dream in High Park (Toronto)","text":"The Dream in High Park is the oldest annual outdoor theatre event in Canada, currently entering its 33rd season in 2016. Since its inception in 1983, an estimated 1.3 million people have enjoyed the tradition of theatre under the stars. The Canadian Stage Company, who performs the Dream, is nationally and internationally acclaimed, and is Canada's leading not-for-profit contemporary theatre company. It was founded in 1987 with the merger of CentreStage and Toronto Free Theatre, and is dedicated to programming international contemporary theatre, and to developing and producing landmark Canadian works.[37]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Shakespeare In The Ruff (Toronto)","text":"Shakespeare In The Ruff was born from the ashes from the previous company Shakespeare In The Rough which performed in Toronto's East End neighbourhood of Riverdale between 1994 and 2006. The new company launched in 2012 focuses on creating unique contemporary adaptations of Shakespeare's work and providing opportunities for emerging artists. As part of the company's community work, they run a youth apprenticeship program called the Young Ruffians which pairs up high school students with a member of the professional company for the duration of rehearsals and performances.[38]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard"},{"link_name":"St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Logy Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logy_Bay"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cape Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Spear"},{"link_name":"Bowring Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowring_Park_(St._John%27s)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Shakespeare by the Sea Festival (St. John's)","text":"Shakespeare by the Sea Festival Inc., a community-based organization, produces and promotes artistic works with a focus on William Shakespeare. It unites seasoned and developing talent and aspires to excel in all aspects. The festival is the longest-running outdoor summer theatre event in the St. John's area. Since 1993, the Shakespeare by the Sea Festival has been performing the works of the famous Bard all around the St. John's area – from the cliff-top meadows of Logy Bay to the historic World War II bunkers at Cape Spear – from the cobblestoned courtyard of the Murray Premises to the lush landscapes of Bowring Park. Since that time, the Festival has grown into a much-anticipated annual event.[39]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Cas Anvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_Anvar"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Repercussion Theatre (Montreal)","text":"Repercussion Theatre has been touring parks throughout Montreal for over 30 years, bringing the classics to people where they live, for free (with donations graciously accepted). They are experienced in providing Shakespeare in the Park across the city, entertaining people who may otherwise not be exposed to live theatre. Repercussion Theatre was founded in 1988, when they played four shows in front of 800 people in Westmount and Beaconsfield, Qc. Now, they perform to over 10,000 people each summer across the island of Montreal and beyond – with a commitment to cultural diversity, gender equity, and infusing Shakespeare's plays with a decidedly Montreal flair. They are the only company in Montreal to consistently produce a Shakespeare production each year. The company's first artistic director was Cas Anvar (followed by Kevin Orr and then Paul Hopkins) and the current artistic director is Amanda Kellock.[40]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margo MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Globe theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_theatre"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"A Company of Fools (Ottawa)","text":"In 1990, Margo MacDonald and Heather Jopling, rooted in the belief that Shakespeare should be seen and not read, recruited almost a dozen young performers and took to the streets. They derived inspiration from the rogue Elizabethan players that once entertained audiences outdoors at the Globe theatre, named themselves A Company of Fools, and began performing for crowds on the streets of Ottawa. In 1998 the Fools began performing in Ottawa City Parks with college shows, and in 2002 the Fools launched the Torchlight Shakespeare series. Besides mounting an average of two productions a year, the Fools hold three annual events (Twelfth Night Celebration, Valentine's Day Sonnet Delivery, and the Ottawa Theatre Challenge) and are active in the Ottawa community.[41]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Trappist Monastery Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Norbert,_Winnipeg#Trappist_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Shakespeare in the Ruins (Winnipeg)","text":"Shakespeare in the Ruins (SIR) is Manitoba's only professional Shakespeare company.[42][43] The company was founded in 1993 and is noted for its productions at Trappist Monastery Provincial Park.[44]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShakespeareOnTheSaskatchewan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare on the Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_on_the_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Saskatoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_River"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Shakespeare on the Saskatchewan","text":"Shakespeare on the Saskatchewan festival tents south of the Mendel Art Gallery on the banks of the South Saskatchewan RiverShakespeare on the Saskatchewan was founded in 1985 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The plays are staged in tents with a seating capacity of approximately 275 on the banks of the Saskatchewan River, and take place from early July to mid-August. The festival traditionally offers two main stage performances and occasionally produces a third offering. The festival sees over 12,000 patrons each year.[45]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freewill Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freewill_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Freewill Shakespeare Festival (Edmonton)","text":"The Freewill Shakespeare Festival, formerly known as the River City Shakespeare Festival was founded in 1989. It is produced by the Edmonton, Alberta-based \"Free Will Players\" every summer from late June to mid July. The Festival includes full-scale professional productions of two plays by William Shakespeare, as well as Camp Shakespeare[46]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bard on the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_on_the_Beach"},{"link_name":"Vanier Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanier_Park"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"The Bard on the Beach (Vancouver)","text":"Bard on the Beach Shakespeare Festival was established in 1990. The plays are staged in Vanier Park on Vancouver's waterfront, in open-ended tents, from the end of May through September. Over the years Bard on the Beach attendance has grown significantly from 6,000 patrons in 1990 to more than 90,000 patrons in 2009. The programming has of course expanded from one play to four, and from 34 performances to 215 two decades later.[47]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Driftwood Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driftwood_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Bard's Bus Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bard%27s_Bus_Tour&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"The Bard's Bus Tour (Ontario)","text":"Driftwood Theatre is Ontario's leading outdoor summer touring theatre company, on the road with The Bard's Bus Tour visiting Ontario communities since 1995. Driftwood Theatre breaks down barriers to experiencing and participating in theatre art by bringing theatre and engagement opportunities to audiences in Ontario who may not have access to professional performance.[48]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Globe_Theatre_London.jpg"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europe-49"},{"link_name":"Globe Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europe-49"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Footsbarn Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footsbarn_Theatre"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footsbarn-51"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"The Globe Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Villa Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Borghese"},{"link_name":"Elizabethan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk, Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk,_Poland"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"British Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsc-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsc-55"},{"link_name":"Regent's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"Open Air Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Air_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"Willow Globe Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Globe_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Minack Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minack_Theatre"}],"text":"One of the Globe Theatres located in London, Great BritainShakespeare in the Park currently takes place throughout many European countries. In Europe, ever since the Elizabethan period, theatre has been a crucial part of their cultural heritage and history.[49] The Shakespearean performances take place mostly all over Europe from the East to Central Europe. One of the three Globe Theatres is located in Germany and is called \"The Globe Neuss\". It was founded in 1991 and is famous for its annual International Shakespeare Festival, where companies from all over the world come to perform.[49]The German city of Bremen hosts The Bremer Shakespeare Company, which features the largest Shakespearean repertoire on a German stage. Performances at Bremen's Bürgerpark are a cultural attraction each year, and the festival also lets guests participate in The Dramatikerwerkstatt – a playwright workshop.[50]The Footsbarn Theatre Company based in France is a travelling troupe who perform outdoor theatre all over the world.[51]In Italy, The Globe Theatre is located within the museum park in Villa Borghese. The stage is a classical \"wooden o\" structure, reminiscent of the original Globe stage, and is perfect for staging Elizabethan style productions.[52]Brussels Shakespeare Society based in Belgium has been performing \"al fresco\" productions of Shakespeare's plays since the summer of 1976.[53]Theatrum Gedanense Foundation annually organizes the International Shakespeare Festival in Gdańsk, Poland. A week-long festival of outdoor plays and events, the company strives to include not only Polish adaptations of Shakespeare plays, but foreign ones as well.[54]The British Shakespeare Company; this Leeds-based festival attracts 15 000 people each summer[55] and is also responsible for helping to initiate a government policy to send \"Shakespeare Packs\" to school children of all ages and backgrounds, in an effort to introduce Shakespeare at a young age.[55]London's Regent's Park is a very special place for an outdoor Shakespeare experience, as the original productions of these great works took place in this very city and is the host of one of London's summer attractions. Since being first established in 1932 with the very first production of Twelfth Night, the Open Air Theatre has been the home of many seasons of Shakespeare; but also has staged other classical plays, operas, musicals and family shows,[56] becoming a famous tourist location, where many locals and tourists alike gather to see performances. It is one of the largest auditoria in London and the oldest outdoor theatre in all of Britain hosting over 130,000 people annually in its sixteen-week season.[57]The Cambridge Shakespeare Festival; this Festival holds eight plays every summer and is one of the UK's most popular and oldest outdoor Shakespeare companies. Established by David Crilly, it stages authentic Shakespeare in the Cambridge University's college grounds. Audiences can reach up to 1000 people per show, particularly for performances of A Midsummer Night's Dream.The Willow Globe Theatre; this replica Globe Theatre in Wales is built entirely from living willow trees. It stages productions throughout the summer with an ecological and sustainable focus.The Minack Theatre; this outdoor amphitheater in Cornwall has views of the sea and stages Shakespeare productions throughout the summer.","title":"Europe"}]
[{"image_text":"The Delacorte Theater in New York City's Central Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Delacorte_Theater_stage_viewed_from_aisle_M-N.jpg/300px-Delacorte_Theater_stage_viewed_from_aisle_M-N.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet production in Clark Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shakespeare_in_Clark_Park.jpg/220px-Shakespeare_in_Clark_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shakespeare on the Saskatchewan festival tents south of the Mendel Art Gallery on the banks of the South Saskatchewan River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ShakespeareOnTheSaskatchewan.jpg/220px-ShakespeareOnTheSaskatchewan.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the Globe Theatres located in London, Great Britain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Globe_Theatre_London.jpg/220px-Globe_Theatre_London.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Kentucky Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"title":"Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Shakespeare_in_the_Park"},{"title":"Hudson Warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Warehouse"},{"title":"Nashville Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Shakespeare_Festival"}]
[{"reference":"Smith, Olivia (15 August 2009). \"Success of free Shakespeare in the Park comes with a price for audiences – but it's worth the wait\". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/arts/2009/08/15/2009-08-15_the_price_of_success_for_free_shakespeare_in_the_park.html","url_text":"\"Success of free Shakespeare in the Park comes with a price for audiences – but it's worth the wait\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090919115813/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/arts/2009/08/15/2009-08-15_the_price_of_success_for_free_shakespeare_in_the_park.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Mexico Shakespeare Festival\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newmexicoshakespearefest.org/","url_text":"\"New Mexico Shakespeare Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"History – Montford Park Players\". Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogubai_Kurdikar
Mogubai Kurdikar
["1 Early years and background","2 Career","2.1 Alladiya Khan and the power struggle in Bombay","2.2 Accomplished singer and guru","3 Awards and honours","4 Footnotes","5 References","6 External links"]
Mogubai KurdikarBirth nameMogubai KurdikarBorn(1904-07-15)15 July 1904OriginKurdi, GoaDied10 February 2001(2001-02-10) (aged 96)GenresHindustani classical musicOccupation(s)VocalistMusical artist Mogubai Kurdikar (15 July 1904 – 10 February 2001) was a renowned Indian classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana. Early years and background Mogubai was born in the village of Kurdi in Portuguese-ruled Goa. Little is known of her father; her mother, Jayashreebai, was known locally as a talented singer. In 1913, when Mogubai was ten years old, her mother took her to the temple at Zambaulim and arranged for a wandering holy man to teach music to Mogubai for a while. Later, she took Mogubai to a traveling theatre company, the Chandreshwar Bhootnāth Sangeet Mandali, and the company took Mogubai in as an actress. While Mogu was with Chandreshwar Bhootnath Mandali (चन्द्रेश्वर भूतनाथ मंडळी), her mother died in 1914. She entrusted little Mogubai to the care of her confident Balkrishna Parvatkar, who also hailed from Kurdi village and worked for the same theatre company. A legend says that on her deathbed, her mother told Mogu that her aatma (soul) will not reincarnate until Mogu became a famous singer. The theatre company soon went bankrupt, and the rival Sātārkar Stree Sangeet Mandali (सातारकर स्त्री संगीत मंडळी) hired Mogu. She played commendably the parts such as of Kinkini in the play, Punyaprabhāv, and of the heroine Subhadrā in the play with the same name, Subhadrā. During her stint at the Sātārkar Stree Sangeet Mandali (सातारकर स्त्री संगीत मंडळी), Mogu was given lessons in music by Chintobuva Gurav. At the same time, Mogu took lessons in Kathak from Ramlal. She was also trained in Ghazal by Dattaramji Nanodkar. A conflict arose, however, between Mogu and one of the senior women in the theatre company, who then expelled Mogu from the company. Mogu's spirits drooped and it also took a toll on her health. In 1919, Mogu was taken by her aunt for medical treatment to Sangli. The visit to Sangli opened a new chapter in her life. While in Sangli, she learnt music under the tutelage of Inayat Khan for a brief while. Career Alladiya Khan and the power struggle in Bombay At this time, vocalist Alladiya Khan was in Sangli for medical treatment, and on his way to and from his Vaidya Abasaheb Sambare's home, he walked by Mogu's residence, where he would hear her practice. One day, Alladiya Khan, eager to know the identity of the singer who was rehearsing the song, climbed the stairs and entered the room. Mogu was startled to see a stranger and stopped singing. He asked her to continue singing and at the end appreciated her. He offered to teach her and started the first lesson immediately. Young Mogu of course agreed, but despite Alladiya's fame, she had not heard of him – it was not until some time later, when she observed dignitaries bow down to him, that she fully realised his standing. She was stunned and overjoyed to know who her trainer was. After eighteen months, Alladiya Khan moved to Bombay (or Mumbai), and Mogu followed in 1922. Mogu resided at a small rented premises at Khetwadi in Bombay. Thus begun a time of intrigue in Bombay's high-society and classical music circles. At that time, Alladiya Khan was the court musician of the princely Kolhapur State but he used to have longer periods of residence in Bombay where he used to train his disciples. Her tutelage under Alladiya was filled with obstacles. Ustad Alladiya's students put forth him a condition that he should not train anyone else except them. For Alladiya was supported in Bombay by wealthy patrons in exchange for music teaching, and they would not let him take other students. In the early 1920s, Mogu was forced to leave her guru's tutelage. Mogu was desperate because she could not receive lessons from Alladiya Khan. Upon the advice of her peers, she started learning music from Bashir Khan of the Agra gharana, who agreed to teach her if she would perform the formal gandha-bandan (thread-tying) ceremony of guru-shishya discipleship with fellow Agra musician Vilayat Hussain Khan. The gandha-bandan ceremony was held in 1926 at the Kalidas Building located at Borabhat Lane in Bombay. But after three months, Vilayat Hussain Khan had to leave Bombay because of health problems. When Alladiya heard of the episode, he demanded that she stop the discipleship and instead go to his younger brother, Hyder Khan. But Mogu hesitated because Ustads of the Agra gharana had much clout. She already had much stress in her personal life. She solicited a promise that Alladiya would teach her himself in the future if his brother Hyder Khan ever failed to do so. Alladiya summoned Hyder Khan from Kolhapur and Mogu's training in the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana commenced under his tutelage in 1926. However, Alladiya Khan's rich and powerful students were pressing him to end it, since they were greatly jealous of Mogu's progress. In 1931, Alladiya felt forced to persuade his brother to stop teaching and leave town, but came clean to the heartbroken Mogu about what had happened which led to him breaking his promise to her. At this stage in her career, Mogu could likely have supported herself as a performer but chose not to. Mogu was not interested in only being a performer but wanted to become a leading exponent. On 10 April 1932, Mogu gave birth her child, Kishori. She continued practicing with determination until one day, Alladiya returned to her. Mogu later received taalim from Ustad Alladiya Khansaheb for a brief period. In 1939, her husband Madhavdas Bhatia died, leaving Mogu with her three school-age children. Accomplished singer and guru Since 1940, Mogubai started touring across India for performances. She also performed at All India Radio. She came forth as a leading exponent of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana and her riyaz was rigorous. In an attempt to maintain the purity of her music, Mogubai always avoided the thumri and Natya Sangeet. Kurdikar performed in that era when women singers were not treated with much respect. Her daughter Kishori Amonkar would later recall how Mogubai had to travel to the venue of her performance in third class railway compartments. Despite being a doyenne, Kurdikar was paid less and was subjected to shoddy treatment by many organisers. She was not provided a guest house and had to stay at someone's home. Mogubai Kurdikar was known as Mai (माई) to her disciples. She passed on her legacy to her disciples including her daughter Kishori Amonkar. Some of her prominent disciples include Amonkar, Kaushalya Manjeshwar, Padma Talwalkar, Kamal Tambe, Vamanrao Deshpande, Babanrao Haldankar, Suhasini Mulgaonkar and Dr. Arun Dravid. Awards and honours Mogubai Kurdikar was honoured with several awards, prominent among which are the following: Popular title Gaan Tapasvini (गान तपस्वीनी) Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1968) Padma Bhushan (1974) The Gaan Tapasvini Mogubai Kurdikar Award is given at the music festival. In Kurdikar's home state of Goa, Margao town's Swarmanch institution organised an annual Gaan Tapasvini Mogubai Kurdikar Smruti Sangeet Sammelan in her memory. Footnotes ^ Gopalkrishna Bhobe: Kalaatm Gomantak ("Talented Goa") ^ This was at a time when it was difficult for classical musicians, in however high esteem, to support themselves. The subcontinent's many royal courts had supported the music for centuries, but there was no large middle class and no widespread public appreciation; now the courts were on the remove, and the budding recording industry did not have anything like today's large commercial base. References ^ Pradhan, Aneesh. "Four versions of Vande Mataram by Hindustani maestros mark National Week". Scroll.in. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ "rediff.com: Veteran singer Mogubai Kurdikar dies at 96". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 4 February 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "कूर्डीकर, मोगूबाई – profiles". marathisrushti.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ a b c "rediff.com: Veteran singer Mogubai Kurdikar dies at 96". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ a b c "The Last Titan: Mogubai Kurdikar - The writings of Mohan Nadkarni". mohannadkarni.org. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ a b c d Deshpande, V. H. (1989). Between Two Tanpuras. Popular Prakashan. ^ a b c "Gaan Tapasvini Mogubai Kurdikar : Short biography". swarmanttra.com. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ "The loneliness of Kishori Amonkar". indianexpress.com. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ "Kishori Amonkar, Grand Old Lady of Hindustani Classical Music, Passes Away". The Wire. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ "Kaushalya Manjeshwar - Sonic Octaves Online Store". www.sonicoctaves.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ "Padma Talwalkar: Her Guru". www.padmatalwalkar.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ Kumar, Kuldeep (31 December 2015). "Matters of pedigree". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 May 2019 – via www.thehindu.com. ^ "Kamal Tambe". Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017. ^ "Artistesdetails". underscorerecords.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ Ramanan, Sumana. "Babanrao Haldankar: The Agra gharana loses one of its most forceful voices". Scroll.in. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ admin (22 July 2015). "Dr. ARUN N. DRAVID". kalanjali.info. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ "हरिप्रसाद चौरासिया यांना "गानतपस्विनी मोगूबाई कुर्डीकर पुरस्कार' | सकाळ". Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017. ^ "Navprabha - नवे तेज, नवी प्रभा Goa Marathi News". navprabha.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ "Music fest at Margao". The Goan. Retrieved 17 May 2019. External links Mogubai Kurdikar's discography Mogubai's music page from Vijaya Parrikar Library of Indian Classical Music vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (1970–1979)1970 Ramkinkar Baij Hirabai Barodekar Buddhadeb Bosu Amiya Chakravarty T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar Lala Hansraj Gupta Ratan Lal Joshi Gurram Jashuva Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar Kumari Kamala P. K. Kelkar M. S. Krishnan Syed Abdul Latif Bhagwantrao Mandloi Mahesh Prasad Mehray Sombhu Mitra Vivekananda Mukhopadhyaya Krishnaswami Ramiah Anant alias Annasaheb Sahasrabuddhe Surrendar Saini Viswanatha Satyanarayana Ahmed Jan Thirakwa N. M. Wagle Prem Nath Wahi Yashpal 1971 N. Ramaswami Ayyar Suraj Bhan Gokulbhai Bhatt Jaishankar Bhojak Kandathil Mammen Cherian Ramrao Deshmukh Satish Dhawan Abasaheb Garware Gangubai Hangal Musiri Subramania Iyer Palghat Mani Iyer Mungtu Ram Jaipuria Veni Shankar Jha Jainendra Kumar Raj Kapoor Dhananjay Keer Amir Khan Nisar Hussain Khan Guru Kunchu Kurup R. K. Laxman Shantilal Jamnadas Mehta Ved Rattan Mohan Bishnupada Mukhopadhyaya Kalindi Charan Panigrahi Manibhai J. Patel D. K. Pattammal Krishnarao Phulambrikar Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai Vulimiri Ramalingaswami Suresh Chandra Roy Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme Pichu Sambamoorthi Bhagwati Charan Verma Parmeshwari Lal Verma 1972 Jagjit Singh Aurora Madhavrao Bagal Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Gulestan Rustom Billimoria Kunhiraman Palat Candeth Ram Narayan Chakravarti Yashodhara Dasappa Hari Chand Dewan Minoo Merwan Engineer Inderjit Singh Gill Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani L. A. Krishna Iyer Sourendra Nath Kohli Jai Krishna Nilakanta Krishnan Ashwini Kumar Pran Nath Luthra N. G. Krishna Murti T. A. Pai Vinayakrao Patwardhan Dattatraya Yeshwant Phadke Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare Tapishwar Narain Raina Bharat Ram Mohinder Singh Randhawa Adya Rangacharya M. B. Ramachandra Rao A. S. Rao Sujoy Bhushan Roy Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Shantilal C. Sheth Baldev Singh Khem Karan Singh Sartaj Singh Sagat Singh Birendranath Sircar Papanasam Sivan Chandrika Prasad Srivastava M. S. Swaminathan K. Swaminathan Bal Dattatreya Tilak Syed Husain Zaheer 1973 Om P. Bahl Chembai Harindranath Chattopadhyay Banarsidas Chaturvedi M. A. Muthiah Chettiar M. F. Husain Pothan Joseph N. R. Malkani Vinoo Mankad R. M. Muzumdar Krishnarao Shankar Pandit Pitambar Pant Vennelakanti Raghavayya Raja Ramanna K. Sukumaran 1974 Alice Boner Camille Bulcke Ram Kumar Caroli Dhirendra Nath Ganguly D. V. Gundappa V. S. Huzurbazar Chintamoni Kar Mogubai Kurdikar Jayant Pandurang Naik Habib Rahman B. N. Reddy John Richardson Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan Sukhlal Sanghvi Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia Jaideva Singh Khushwant Singh Arunachala Sreenivasan Raman Viswanathan 1975 Begum Akhtar Dilbagh Singh Athwal Asima Chatterjee Madhav Sadashiv Gore Pratul Chandra Gupta P. K. Iyengar Darab Jehangir Jussawala Pancheti Koteswaram Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay Kirpal Singh Narang Ronald Carlton Vivian Piadade Noronha Ratan Shastri 1976 Malcolm Adiseshiah Harivansh Rai Bachchan Nabakanta Barua Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi Naoroji Pirojsha Godrej Zehra Ali Yavar Jung Mallikarjun Mansur Yash Pal Bhogilal Pandya Udupi Ramachandra Rao Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi Devulapalli Krishnasastri C. Sivaramamurti E. C. George Sudarshan 1977 Gopinath Aman Prithvi Singh Azad Harish-Chandra Kumar Gandharva Phulrenu Guha Jagmohan Kailas Nath Kaul Yusuf Husain K. S. Narayanaswamy Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi Perugu Siva Reddy Annapurna Devi Yudhvir Singh M. N. Srinivas Thenpattinam Ponnusamy Meenakshi Sundaran # Posthumous conferral 1954–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029 Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music"},{"link_name":"Jaipur-Atrauli gharana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur-Atrauli_gharana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Musical artistMogubai Kurdikar (15 July 1904 – 10 February 2001) was a renowned Indian classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana.[1]","title":"Mogubai Kurdikar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdi"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Zambaulim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambaulim"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogubai_Kurdikar#endnote_Bhobe"},{"link_name":"Kathak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff.com-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mohannadkarni.org-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deshpande1989-6"},{"link_name":"Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"},{"link_name":"Sangli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangli"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swarmanttra.com-7"},{"link_name":"Sangli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangli"},{"link_name":"Sangli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangli"},{"link_name":"Inayat Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inayat_Khan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"}],"text":"Mogubai was born in the village of Kurdi in Portuguese-ruled Goa.[2] Little is known of her father; her mother, Jayashreebai, was known locally as a talented singer. In 1913, when Mogubai was ten years old, her mother took her to the temple at Zambaulim and arranged for a wandering holy man to teach music to Mogubai for a while. Later, she took Mogubai to a traveling theatre company, the Chandreshwar Bhootnāth Sangeet Mandali, and the company took Mogubai in as an actress.While Mogu was with Chandreshwar Bhootnath Mandali (चन्द्रेश्वर भूतनाथ मंडळी), her mother died in 1914.[3] She entrusted little Mogubai to the care of her confident Balkrishna Parvatkar, who also hailed from Kurdi village and worked for the same theatre company. A legend says[1] that on her deathbed, her mother told Mogu that her aatma (soul) will not reincarnate until Mogu became a famous singer. The theatre company soon went bankrupt, and the rival Sātārkar Stree Sangeet Mandali (सातारकर स्त्री संगीत मंडळी) hired Mogu. She played commendably the parts such as of Kinkini in the play, Punyaprabhāv, and of the heroine Subhadrā in the play with the same name, Subhadrā. During her stint at the Sātārkar Stree Sangeet Mandali (सातारकर स्त्री संगीत मंडळी), Mogu was given lessons in music by Chintobuva Gurav. At the same time, Mogu took lessons in Kathak from Ramlal.[4][5][6] She was also trained in Ghazal by Dattaramji Nanodkar.[3] A conflict arose, however, between Mogu and one of the senior women in the theatre company, who then expelled Mogu from the company.Mogu's spirits drooped and it also took a toll on her health. In 1919, Mogu was taken by her aunt[3] for medical treatment to Sangli.[7] The visit to Sangli opened a new chapter in her life. While in Sangli, she learnt music under the tutelage of Inayat Khan for a brief while.[3]","title":"Early years and background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alladiya Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alladiya_Khan"},{"link_name":"Sangli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangli"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deshpande1989-6"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swarmanttra.com-7"},{"link_name":"Kolhapur State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhapur_State"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mohannadkarni.org-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deshpande1989-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swarmanttra.com-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff.com-4"},{"link_name":"Agra gharana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_gharana"},{"link_name":"Vilayat Hussain Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayat_Hussain_Khan"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"},{"link_name":"Vilayat Hussain Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayat_Hussain_Khan"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"},{"link_name":"Agra gharana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_gharana"},{"link_name":"Kolhapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhapur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"},{"link_name":"Kishori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mohannadkarni.org-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"}],"sub_title":"Alladiya Khan and the power struggle in Bombay","text":"At this time, vocalist Alladiya Khan was in Sangli for medical treatment, and on his way to and from his Vaidya Abasaheb Sambare's home, he walked by Mogu's residence, where he would hear her practice. One day, Alladiya Khan, eager to know the identity of the singer who was rehearsing the song, climbed the stairs and entered the room. Mogu was startled to see a stranger and stopped singing. He asked her to continue singing and at the end appreciated her. He offered to teach her and started the first lesson immediately.[6] Young Mogu of course agreed, but despite Alladiya's fame, she had not heard of him – it was not until some time later, when she observed dignitaries bow down to him, that she fully realised his standing. She was stunned and overjoyed to know who her trainer was.After eighteen months, Alladiya Khan moved to Bombay (or Mumbai), and Mogu followed in 1922.[3] Mogu resided at a small rented premises at Khetwadi in Bombay.[7] Thus begun a time of intrigue in Bombay's high-society and classical music circles. At that time, Alladiya Khan was the court musician of the princely Kolhapur State but he used to have longer periods of residence in Bombay where he used to train his disciples.[5] Her tutelage under Alladiya was filled with obstacles.[6] Ustad Alladiya's students put forth him a condition that he should not train anyone else except them.[7] For Alladiya was supported in Bombay by wealthy patrons in exchange for music teaching, and they would not let him take other students.In the early 1920s, Mogu was forced to leave her guru's tutelage. [4] Mogu was desperate because she could not receive lessons from Alladiya Khan. Upon the advice of her peers, she started learning music from Bashir Khan of the Agra gharana, who agreed to teach her if she would perform the formal gandha-bandan (thread-tying) ceremony of guru-shishya discipleship with fellow Agra musician Vilayat Hussain Khan. The gandha-bandan ceremony was held in 1926 at the Kalidas Building located at Borabhat Lane in Bombay.[3] But after three months, Vilayat Hussain Khan had to leave Bombay because of health problems.[3]When Alladiya heard of the episode, he demanded that she stop the discipleship and instead go to his younger brother, Hyder Khan. But Mogu hesitated because Ustads of the Agra gharana had much clout. She already had much stress in her personal life. She solicited a promise that Alladiya would teach her himself in the future if his brother Hyder Khan ever failed to do so. Alladiya summoned Hyder Khan from Kolhapur and Mogu's training in the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana commenced under his tutelage in 1926. However, Alladiya Khan's rich and powerful students were pressing him to end it, since they were greatly jealous of Mogu's progress. In 1931,[3] Alladiya felt forced to persuade his brother to stop teaching and leave town, but came clean to the heartbroken Mogu about what had happened which led to him breaking his promise to her.At this stage in her career, Mogu could likely have supported herself as a performer but chose not to. Mogu was not interested in only being a performer but wanted to become a leading exponent. On 10 April 1932, Mogu gave birth her child, Kishori. She continued practicing with determination until one day, Alladiya returned to her.[5]Mogu later received taalim from Ustad Alladiya Khansaheb for a brief period.[3] In 1939, her husband Madhavdas Bhatia died, leaving Mogu with her three school-age children.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"All India Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"},{"link_name":"Jaipur-Atrauli gharana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur-Atrauli_gharana"},{"link_name":"riyaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaz"},{"link_name":"thumri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumri"},{"link_name":"Natya Sangeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natya_Sangeet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deshpande1989-6"},{"link_name":"Kishori Amonkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kishori Amonkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Padma Talwalkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Talwalkar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Vamanrao Deshpande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamanrao_Deshpande"},{"link_name":"Babanrao Haldankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babanrao_Haldankar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Accomplished singer and guru","text":"Since 1940, Mogubai started touring across India for performances. She also performed at All India Radio.[3] She came forth as a leading exponent of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana and her riyaz was rigorous. In an attempt to maintain the purity of her music, Mogubai always avoided the thumri and Natya Sangeet.[6]Kurdikar performed in that era when women singers were not treated with much respect. Her daughter Kishori Amonkar would later recall how Mogubai had to travel to the venue of her performance in third class railway compartments. Despite being a doyenne, Kurdikar was paid less and was subjected to shoddy treatment by many organisers. She was not provided a guest house and had to stay at someone's home.[8]Mogubai Kurdikar was known as Mai (माई) to her disciples. She passed on her legacy to her disciples including her daughter Kishori Amonkar. Some of her prominent disciples include Amonkar,[9] Kaushalya Manjeshwar,[10] Padma Talwalkar,[11] Kamal Tambe,[12][13][14] Vamanrao Deshpande, Babanrao Haldankar,[15] Suhasini Mulgaonkar and Dr. Arun Dravid.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"},{"link_name":"Sangeet Natak Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marathisrushti.com-3"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff.com-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Margao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margao"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Mogubai Kurdikar was honoured with several awards, prominent among which are the following:Popular title Gaan Tapasvini (गान तपस्वीनी)[3]\nSangeet Natak Akademi Award (1968)[3]\nPadma Bhushan (1974)[4]The Gaan Tapasvini Mogubai Kurdikar Award is given at the music festival.[17]In Kurdikar's home state of Goa, Margao town's Swarmanch institution organised an annual Gaan Tapasvini Mogubai Kurdikar Smruti Sangeet Sammelan in her memory.[18][19]","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Bhobe"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_explanation"}],"text":"^ Gopalkrishna Bhobe: Kalaatm Gomantak (\"Talented Goa\")^ This was at a time when it was difficult for classical musicians, in however high esteem, to support themselves. The subcontinent's many royal courts had supported the music for centuries, but there was no large middle class and no widespread public appreciation; now the courts were on the remove, and the budding recording industry did not have anything like today's large commercial base.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Pradhan, Aneesh. \"Four versions of Vande Mataram by Hindustani maestros mark National Week\". Scroll.in. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/article/718188/four-versions-of-vande-mataram-by-hindustani-maestros-mark-national-week","url_text":"\"Four versions of Vande Mataram by Hindustani maestros mark National Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"rediff.com: Veteran singer Mogubai Kurdikar dies at 96\". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/11mogu.htm","url_text":"\"rediff.com: Veteran singer Mogubai Kurdikar dies at 96\""}]},{"reference":"\"कूर्डीकर, मोगूबाई – profiles\". marathisrushti.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marathisrushti.com/profiles/mogubai-kurdikar/","url_text":"\"कूर्डीकर, मोगूबाई – profiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"rediff.com: Veteran singer Mogubai Kurdikar dies at 96\". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/11mogu.htm","url_text":"\"rediff.com: Veteran singer Mogubai Kurdikar dies at 96\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Last Titan: Mogubai Kurdikar - The writings of Mohan Nadkarni\". mohannadkarni.org. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mohannadkarni.org/the-last-titan-mogubai-kurdikar/","url_text":"\"The Last Titan: Mogubai Kurdikar - The writings of Mohan Nadkarni\""}]},{"reference":"Deshpande, V. H. (1989). Between Two Tanpuras. Popular Prakashan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gaan Tapasvini Mogubai Kurdikar : Short biography\". swarmanttra.com. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swarmanttra.com/blog/short-biography-mogubai-kurdikar/","url_text":"\"Gaan Tapasvini Mogubai Kurdikar : Short biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"The loneliness of Kishori Amonkar\". indianexpress.com. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/the-loneliness-of-kishori-amonkar/","url_text":"\"The loneliness of Kishori Amonkar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kishori Amonkar, Grand Old Lady of Hindustani Classical Music, Passes Away\". The Wire. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewire.in/the-arts/kishori-amonkar-jaipur-gharana","url_text":"\"Kishori Amonkar, Grand Old Lady of Hindustani Classical Music, Passes Away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaushalya Manjeshwar - Sonic Octaves Online Store\". www.sonicoctaves.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sonicoctaves.com/store/kaushalya-manjeshwar-vocal","url_text":"\"Kaushalya Manjeshwar - Sonic Octaves Online Store\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padma Talwalkar: Her Guru\". www.padmatalwalkar.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.padmatalwalkar.com/her_gurus.html","url_text":"\"Padma Talwalkar: Her Guru\""}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Kuldeep (31 December 2015). \"Matters of pedigree\". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 May 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/matters-of-pedigree/article8050753.ece","url_text":"\"Matters of pedigree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kamal Tambe\". Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170024/http://www.houseofrhythm.in/index.php/kamal-tambe.html","url_text":"\"Kamal Tambe\""},{"url":"http://www.houseofrhythm.in/index.php/kamal-tambe.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Artistesdetails\". underscorerecords.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://underscorerecords.com/artistes/detail/64/Kausalya-Manjeshwar","url_text":"\"Artistesdetails\""}]},{"reference":"Ramanan, Sumana. \"Babanrao Haldankar: The Agra gharana loses one of its most forceful voices\". Scroll.in. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/magazine/822036/babanrao-haldankar-the-agra-gharana-loses-one-of-its-most-forceful-voices","url_text":"\"Babanrao Haldankar: The Agra gharana loses one of its most forceful voices\""}]},{"reference":"admin (22 July 2015). \"Dr. ARUN N. DRAVID\". kalanjali.info. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://kalanjali.info/dr-arun-n-dravid/","url_text":"\"Dr. ARUN N. DRAVID\""}]},{"reference":"\"हरिप्रसाद चौरासिया यांना \"गानतपस्विनी मोगूबाई कुर्डीकर पुरस्कार' | सकाळ\". Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073829/http://online3.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5226514085149836146&SectionId=10&SectionName=%C3%A0%C2%A4%C2%AA%C3%A0%C2%A5%20%C3%A0%C2%A4%C2%A3%C3%A0%C2%A5%E2%80%A1&NewsDate=20160129&Provider=-","url_text":"\"हरिप्रसाद चौरासिया यांना \"गानतपस्विनी मोगूबाई कुर्डीकर पुरस्कार' | सकाळ\""},{"url":"http://online3.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5226514085149836146&SectionId=10&SectionName=%C3%A0%C2%A4%C2%AA%C3%A0%C2%A5%20%C3%A0%C2%A4%C2%A3%C3%A0%C2%A5%E2%80%A1&NewsDate=20160129&Provider=-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Navprabha - नवे तेज, नवी प्रभा Goa Marathi News\". navprabha.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navprabha.com/","url_text":"\"Navprabha - नवे तेज, नवी प्रभा Goa Marathi News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music fest at Margao\". The Goan. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=12848","url_text":"\"Music fest at Margao\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_lightship_Portsmouth_(LV-101)
United States lightship Portsmouth (LV-101)
["1 History","2 Name and station assignments","3 Other lightships of Chesapeake Bay","4 See also","5 Citations","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°50′19″N 76°17′55″W / 36.83861°N 76.29861°W / 36.83861; -76.29861American lightvessel, launched 1916 History United States Name LV 101 Portsmouth (as a museum ship) BuilderPusey & Jones Laid down1915 Launched12 January 1916 Acquired2 September 1916 Decommissioned23 March 1964 In service1916 Out of service1963 Identification LV-101 (1916–1939) WAL-524 (1939–) StatusMuseum ship General characteristics TypeLightship Displacement360 long tons (366 t) Length101 ft 10 in (31.04 m) Beam25 ft (7.6 m) Draft11 ft 4 in (3.45 m) PropulsionMeitz & Weiss 4-cylinder kerosene engine, 200 hp (149 kW) 1944: Cooper-Bessemer 315HP Six Cylinder Diesel Speed8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) (4 Cylinder) 8.2 knots (15.2 km/h; 9.4 mph) (6 Cylinder) ArmamentNone Lightship No. 101, PortsmouthU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic LandmarkVirginia Landmarks Register LocationPortsmouth, VirginiaCoordinates36°50′19″N 76°17′55″W / 36.83861°N 76.29861°W / 36.83861; -76.29861Built1916ArchitectPusey & Jones Lightship; US Lighthouse EstablishmentNRHP reference No.89001080VLR No.124-0102Significant datesAdded to NRHP5 May 1989Designated NHL5 May 1989Designated VLRMarch 19, 1997 United States Lightship 101, now known as Portsmouth as a museum ship, was first stationed at Cape Charles, Virginia. Today she is at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum in Portsmouth, Virginia. Portsmouth never had a lightship station; however, when the vessel was dry docked there as a museum, she took on the pseudonym Portsmouth. A National Historic Landmark, she is one of a small number of surviving lightships. History Lightship Portsmouth (LV-101) was built in 1915 by Pusey & Jones. She first served as Charles in the Chesapeake Bay outside Cape Charles, Virginia from 1916 until 1924. After that assignment Portsmouth served just over a year as the relief ship for other lightships in her district. She was then moved to Overfalls, Delaware, where she was stationed from 1926 to 1951 as Overfalls. In 1939 when the United States Lighthouse Service was absorbed into the United States Coast Guard she was reclassified WAL-524, but still kept a station name on her hull. During World War II the vessel was not armed, however many other lightships were. In 1951 LV-101/WAL 524 was reassigned to Stonehorse Shoal, Massachusetts, where she served until decommissioned in 1963. The lightship then sat in harbor at Portland, Maine, until her fate had been decided. On 3 September 1964 LV-101 was donated to the City of Portsmouth, Virginia, to become a part of the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum. Portsmouth was dry docked at the London Pier in Portsmouth. Although she was never stationed there, she has taken on the city's name. In 1989, Portsmouth was designated a National Historic Landmark and is open for visitation. Name and station assignments Lightship are numbered, the stations have names. Light Vessel 101 was assigned to the stations: Charles, Cape Charles, Virginia (1916–1924) Relief, Relief 5th District (1925–1926) Overfalls, Overfalls, Delaware (1926–1951) Stonehorse, Stonehorse Shoal, Massachusetts (1951–1963) CrossRip, Cross Rip Shoal, Massachusetts (1963–1964) Other lightships of Chesapeake Bay Lightship Chesapeake (LV-116) See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia National Register of Historic Places listings in Portsmouth, Virginia Citations ^ "Vessel Designation: LV 101 / WAL 524". U.S. Coast Guard Lightships & Those of the U.S. Lighthouse Service. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved December 16, 2009. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008. ^ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013. ^ "Lightship No. 101 "Portsmouth"". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2008. ^ Foster, Kevin J. (August 5, 1988). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form / Lightship No. 101" (pdf). National Park Service. Retrieved September 8, 2012. References Foster, Kevin J. (August 5, 1988). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form / Lightship No. 101" (pdf). National Park Service. Retrieved September 8, 2012. "Accompanying Photos" (pdf). National Park Service. Retrieved September 8, 2012. External links Media related to Portsmouth (ship, 1916) at Wikimedia Commons Lightship Portsmouth Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum Chesapeake Bay Lighthouse Project - Lightship Portsmouth Lightship Overfalls vteLightvesselsList of lightvesselsStations Five Fathom Bank light station Lightship Ambrose Lightship Nantucket Lists Ireland United Kingdom United States Museums Ambrose (1907) Barnegat Carpentaria Chesapeake Columbia Finngrundet Fladen Gedser Rev Huron Lightship 2000 (Helwick) Nantucket (1936) Overfalls Portsmouth Relief (1950) Spurn Swiftsure Related Lanby Light float Lighthouse Men of the Lightship Trinity House Relief (1904) Category Commons vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in VirginiaListsby county Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle Of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Listsby city Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson (no listings) Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property vteSurviving ships launched before 1919operational⛵ preserved⚓Pre-1800 Pesse canoe⚓ (8040–7510 BC) Dufuna canoe⚓ (6550 BC) Bibongho canoe⚓ (6000 BC) Pirogues de Bercy⚓ (4500 BC) Khufu ship⚓ (2500 BC) Carnegie boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Chicago boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Red boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) White boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC) Appleby logboat⚓ (1500–1300 BC) Dover Bronze Age Boat⚓ (1500 BC) Hanson Log Boat⚓ (1500 BC) Hasholme Logboat⚓ (c. 750-390 BC) Ma'agan Michael Ship⚓ (c. 450 BC) Fiskerton log boat⚓ (457–300 BC) Hjortspring boat⚓ (c. 350 BC) Kyrenia ship⚓ (c. 350 BC) Poole Logboat⚓ (c. 300 BC) Sea of Galilee Boat⚓ (c. 85 BC) Alkedo⚓ (1st century AD) De Meern 1⚓ (148 AD) Arles Rhône 3⚓ (c. 150 AD) Bevaix boat⚓ (c. 182 AD) Roman ship of Marausa⚓ (3rd century AD) Nydam Boat⚓ (c. 320 AD) Oseberg Ship⚓ (820 AD) Gokstad ship⚓ (900 AD) Tune ship⚓ (900 AD) Utrecht ship⚓ (997–1030 AD) Skuldelev ships⚓ (1030–1042 AD) Quanzhou ship⚓ (1272 AD) Bremen cog⚓ (c. 1380 AD) Newport Ship⚓ (1449) Mary Rose⚓ (1509) Tarihi Kadırga⚓ (c. 1600) Vasa⚓ (1627) Sparrow Hawk⚓ (1628) St. Nicholas⚓ (1640) State Barge of Charles II⚓ (1670) La Belle⚓ (1684) Queen Mary's Shallop⚓ (1689) Prince Frederick's Barge⚓ (1732) Victory⚓ (1765) Philadelphia⚓ (1776) Peggy⚓ (c. 1789) Constitution⛵ (1797) 1800–1879 Zetland⚓ (1802) Ticonderoga⚓ (1814) Trincomalee⚓ (1817) Unicorn⚓ (1824) Charles W. Morgan⛵ (1841) Dom Fernando II e Glória⚓ (1843) Bertha⚓ (1844) Great Britain⚓ (1845) Brandtaucher⚓ (1850) Radetzky⚓ (1851) Snow Squall⚓ (1851) Edwin Fox⚓ (1853) Constellation⚓ (1854) Santiago⚓ (1856) Skibladner⛵ (1856) Gondola⛵ (1859) Jylland⚓ (1860) Warrior⚓ (1860) Cairo⚓ (1861) Mayflower⚓ (1861) Australia⚓ (1862) Chattahoochee⚓ (1863) Daring⚓ (1863) H. L. Hunley⚓ (1863) Intelligent Whale⚓ (1863) Neuse⚓ (1863) Star of India ⛵ (1863) Sub Marine Explorer⚓️ (1863) City of Adelaide⚓ (1864) Jackson⚓ (1864) Strelets (1864) El Mahrousa⛵ (1865) Huáscar⚓ (1865) Adelaide⛵ (1866) Bjoren⛵ (1866) Emma C. Berry⚓ (1866) Buffel⚓ (1868) Enköping⛵ (1868) Lone Star⚓ (1868) Schorpioen⚓ (1868) Cutty Sark⚓ (1869) Katarina⚓ (1869) Yavari⚓ (1870) Leitha⚓ (1871) Lewis R. French⛵ (1871) Raven⛵ (1871) Stephen Taber⛵ (1871) Puno⛵ (1872) Gjøa⚓ (1872) Meiji Maru⚓ (1873) Rap⚓ (1873) Hero⛵ (1874) James Craig⛵ (1874) Juno⛵ (1874) Uruguay⚓ (1874) Amphibious / Akuna Amphibious⛵️ (1875) Muñoz Gamero (1875) Sölve⚓ (1875) Anna Karoline⚓ (1876) Avoca⚓ (1877) Bonaire⚓ (1877) Elissa⛵ (1877) Gem⚓ (1877) Governor Stone⛵ (1877) Lady of the Lake⛵ (1877) Success⚓ (1877) Decoy⚓ (1878) Enterprise⛵ (1878) Falls of Clyde⚓ (1878) Gannet⚓ (1878) Holland I⚓ (1878) Lady Elizabeth⚓ (1879) Vallejo⛵️ (1879) 1880–1899 Annie⚓ (1880) Fenian Ram⚓ (1881) Mary D. Hume⚓️ (1881) Rothbury⛵️ (1881) George Smeed⛵️ (1882) Grace Bailey⛵ (1882) Joseph Conrad⛵ (1882) Christeen⚓ (1883) Nelcebee⚓ (1883) Abdón Calderón⚓ (1884) Little Jennie ⚓ (1884) Kuna⛵ (1884) PW Mayflower⛵ (1884) Amazon⛵ (1885) Coronet⚓ (1885) Pioneer⛵ (1885) Polly Woodside⚓ (1885) Wavertree⚓ (1885) Balclutha⚓ (1886) L'Almée⚓ (1885) Segwun⛵ (1887) Sigyn⚓ (1887) Tyr⚓ (1887) Akarana⚓ (1888) af Chapman⚓ (1888) Elf⛵ (1888) Equator⚓ (1888) Priscilla⚓ (1888) Anna Kristina⛵ (1889) Arthur Foss⚓ (1889) Edna E Lockwood⛵️ (1889) Peral⚓ (1889) Raven⛵ (1889) "Eureka"⚓ (1890) Persistence⛵️ (1890) Robin⚓ (1890) Alma⚓ (1891) Nellie⚓ (1891) Ruby G. Ford⛵️ (1891) Tern⛵ (1891) Fram⚓ (1892) Kestrel⚓ (1892) Mirosa⛵ (1892) Olympia⚓ (1892) Rona⚓️ (1892) Coya⚓ (1893) El Primero⛵ (1893) Lettie G. Howard⛵ (1893) Maggie S. Myers⛵ (1893) Result⚓ (1893) Viking⚓ (1893) Alfred Corry (ON 353)⚓ (1894) Effie M. Morrissey⛵ (1894) Henry Ramey Upcher⚓ (1894) Turbinia⚓ (1894) Vridni⚓ (1894) Lagaren⚓ (1894) Bessie⛵ (1895) C.A. Thayer⚓ (1895) Centaur⛵ (1895) Gedser Rev⚓ (1895) Hiawatha⛵ (1895) Kitty⛵ (1895) Belem⛵ (1896) Daisy⚓ (1896) Edna G⚓ (1896) Genève⚓ (1896) Glenlee⚓ (1896) Meteor⚓ (1896) Pyap⛵ (1896) Rebecca T. Ruark⚓ (1896) Rickmer Rickmers⚓ (1896) La Dolce Vita⛵ (1897) Keenora⚓ (1897) Marion⛵ (1897) Najaden⚓ (1897) Presidente Sarmiento⚓ (1897) Tarella⚓ (1897) Wyvern⛵ (1897) Carola⚓ (1898) Marjorie⛵ (1898) Niagara⛵ (1898) Berkeley⚓ (1898) Edme⛵ (1898) Etona⛵ (1898) Moyie⚓ (1898) Niagara⛵ (1898) Waimarie⛵️ (1898) Wyvenhoe⛵ (1898) Albatros⛵ (1899) Decima⛵ (1899) Maud⛵ (1899) Stjernen I⛵ (1899) William B. Tennison⚓ (1899) 1900–1907 Aurora⚓ (1900) Edward M. Cotter⛵ (1900) Ena⛵ (1900) Helen McAllister⚓ (1900) Howard L. Shaw⚓ (1900) Ironsides⛵ (1900) Kathleen and May⛵ (1900) Mikasa⚓ (1900) Regina M.⚓️ (1900) Västan⛵ (1900) Victory Chimes⛵ (1900) Cangarda⛵ (1901) Discovery⚓ (1901) Duchesse Anne⚓ (1901) Elsworth⚓ (1901) Gazela⚓ (1901) Holland 1⚓ (1901) Kathryn⚓ (1901) Reaper⛵ (1901) Sigsbee⛵ (1901) Tilikum⚓ c. 1901 Urger⛵ (1901) Basuto⚓ (1902) Columbia⚓ (1902) Jupiter⚓ (1902) Madiz⛵ (1902) Shenandoah⛵ (1902) Solway Lass⛵ (1902) Stanley Norman⚓ (1902) Suomen Joutsen⚓ (1902) Alma Doepel⛵ (1903) Billie P. Hall⛵️ (1903) Celtic⚓ (1903) Finngrundet⚓ (1903) Föri⛵️ (1903) Light Vessel 72⛵ (1903) Maggie Lee⛵ (1903) Normac⚓ (1903) Pommern⚓ (1903) Alose⚓ (1904) Ariki⚓ (1904) Barnegat⚓ (1904) Black Jack⛵ (1904) Fannie L. Daugherty⛵ (1904) J C Madge⚓ (1904) Maple Leaf⛵️ (1904) Juniata⚓ (1904) Medea⚓ (1904) Moshulu⚓ (1904) Sava⚓ (1904) Swiftsure⚓ (1904) Asgard⚓ (1905) Fæmund II⛵ (1905) Hathor⛵ (1905) Hilda M. Willing⛵ (1905) Ridgetown (1905)⚓ (1905) Alexander von Humboldt⛵ (1906) Baltimore⚓ (1906) Blümlisalp⛵ (1906) Cambria⛵ (1906) Edith May⛵ (1906) Ena (1906)⚓️ (1906) Ida May⛵ (1906) Minnehaha⛵ (1906) Minnie V⛵️ (1906) Östanå I⛵ (1906) St. Marys Challenger⛵ (1906) Thalatta⛵ (1906) Ticonderoga⚓ (1906) U-1⚓ (1906) Viola⚓ (1906) Ambrose⚓ (1907) Drazki⚓ (1907) Canally⚓ (1907) F. C. Lewis Jr.⛵ (1907) Henrik Ibsen⛵ (1907) Hercules⚓ (1907) Irene⛵ (1907) Keewatin⚓ (1907) Nyanza⚓ (1907) Rosa⛵ (1907) Ruby⚓ (1907) Tarmo⚓ (1907) Viking⚓ (1907) Yankee⚓ (1907) 1908–1914 Circle Line XIV⛵ (1908) Entiat Princess⛵ (1908) Fehmarnbelt⛵ (1908) Mohican II⛵ (1908) Oscar W⛵ (1908) Oster⛵ (1908) Sabino⛵ (1908) Speeder⛵️ (1908) Storskär⛵ (1908) Ardwina⛵ (1909) Bigwin⛵️ ( 1909) Dar Pomorza⚓ (1909) Duwamish⚓ (1909) Großherzogin Elisabeth⛵ (1909) Lotus⛵ (1909) President⛵ (1909) Stadt Zürich⛵ (1909) Steam Pinnace 199⛵ (1909) Gonca⛵ (1909) E.C. Collier⚓ (1910) Georgios Averof⚓ (1910) Noorderlicht⛵ (1910) Norrskär⛵ (1910) Ste. Claire⚓ (1910) Trillium⛵ (1910) Suriname-Rivier⚓ (1910) Europa⛵ (1911) Eye of the Wind⛵ (1911) Helen Smitton⚓ (1911) Hestmanden⚓ (1911) Industry⛵ (1911) James M. Schoonmaker⚓ (1911) McKeever Brothers⚓ (1911) Nellie L. Byrd⛵ (1911) Nomadic⚓ (1911) Nusret⚓ (1911) Passat⚓ (1911) Peking⚓ (1911) Pevensey⛵ (1911) Tradewind⛵ (1911) Wäiski⚓ (1911) African Queen⚓ (1912) Astoria⛵️ (1912) Canberra⛵ (1912) Cartela⛵ (1912) Chacon⚓ (1912) Earnslaw⛵ (1912) Gustaf III⛵ (1912) Gustafsberg VII⛵ (1912) James Caird⚓ (1912) J. L. Runeberg⛵ (1912) Kwasind⛵ (1912) Lady Denman⚓ (1912) Margaret⛵ (1912) Melbourne⛵ (1912) Sundowner⛵ (1912) Texas⚓ (1912) Wendameen⛵ (1912) Zhongshan⚓ (1912) Miktat Kalkavan⛵ (1912) Acadia⚓ (1913) Adventuress⛵ (1913) Benjamim Guimarães⛵ (1913) Dredge No. 4⚓️ (1913) Jolie Brise⛵ (1913) Kildare⛵ (1913) Kommuna⛵ (1913) Kyle⚓ (1913) North Head⚓ (1913) Rusinga⚓️ (1913) Stord I⛵ (1913) Suur Tõll⛵ (1913) Usoga⛵ (1913) Naramata⚓ (1914) Sicamous⚓ (1914) Stadt Rapperswil⛵ (1914) World War I Belle of Louisville⛵ (1914) Britannia⛵️ (1914) Bustardthorpe⛵ (1914) Caroline⚓ (1914) Hercules⛵ (1914) Horns Rev⚓ (1914) Katahdin⛵ (1914) Libby's No. 23⚓ (1914) Doulos Phos⚓ (1914) Perth⚓ (1914) Pilot⛵ (1914) Statsraad Lehmkuhl⛵ (1914) Zumbrota⛵ (1914) Bradbury⚓ (1915) Graf von Goetzen⛵ (1915) Katie⛵ (1915) Langer Heinrich⛵ (1915) M33⚓ (1915) Mar-Sue⛵ (1915) Miseford⛵ (1915) Peacock⛵ (1915) Sankt Erik⛵ (1915) Wilhelm Carpelan⚓ (1915) Coastal Motor Boat 4⚓ (1916) Krassin⚓ (1916) Mariette⛵️ (1916) Mercantile⛵ (1916) Portsmouth⚓ (1916) UB-46⚓ (1916) Carlisle II⛵ (1917)⚓ (1917) Carpentaria⚓ (1917) Commander⛵ (1917) L'Art de Vivre⛵ (1917) Maud⚓ (1917) St. Julien⛵️ (1917) Valley Camp⚓️ (1917) El Don⛵️ (1918) Felipe Larrazabal ⚓ (1918) Kapitan Borchardt⛵ (1918) Lotus⛵ (1918) Oosterschelde⛵ (1918) President⚓ (1918) Surprise⛵ (1918) W. P. Snyder Jr.⚓ (1918)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Charles, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Charles,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard_Museum"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlnom-5"}],"text":"American lightvessel, launched 1916United States Lightship 101, now known as Portsmouth as a museum ship, was first stationed at Cape Charles, Virginia. Today she is at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum in Portsmouth, Virginia. Portsmouth never had a lightship station; however, when the vessel was dry docked there as a museum, she took on the pseudonym Portsmouth. A National Historic Landmark, she is one of a small number of surviving lightships.[5]","title":"United States lightship Portsmouth (LV-101)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lightship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightvessel"},{"link_name":"Pusey & Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusey_%26_Jones"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Cape Charles, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Charles_(headland)"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"United States Lighthouse Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Lighthouse_Service"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_decommissioning"},{"link_name":"Portland, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"donated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donated"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"dry docked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"}],"text":"Lightship Portsmouth (LV-101) was built in 1915 by Pusey & Jones. She first served as Charles in the Chesapeake Bay outside Cape Charles, Virginia from 1916 until 1924. After that assignment Portsmouth served just over a year as the relief ship for other lightships in her district. She was then moved to Overfalls, Delaware, where she was stationed from 1926 to 1951 as Overfalls. In 1939 when the United States Lighthouse Service was absorbed into the United States Coast Guard she was reclassified WAL-524, but still kept a station name on her hull. During World War II the vessel was not armed, however many other lightships were. In 1951 LV-101/WAL 524 was reassigned to Stonehorse Shoal, Massachusetts, where she served until decommissioned in 1963. The lightship then sat in harbor at Portland, Maine, until her fate had been decided.On 3 September 1964 LV-101 was donated to the City of Portsmouth, Virginia, to become a part of the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum. Portsmouth was dry docked at the London Pier in Portsmouth. Although she was never stationed there, she has taken on the city's name. In 1989, Portsmouth was designated a National Historic Landmark and is open for visitation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lightship are numbered, the stations have names. Light Vessel 101 was assigned to the stations:Charles, Cape Charles, Virginia (1916–1924)\nRelief, Relief 5th District (1925–1926)\nOverfalls, Overfalls, Delaware (1926–1951)\nStonehorse, Stonehorse Shoal, Massachusetts (1951–1963)\nCrossRip, Cross Rip Shoal, Massachusetts (1963–1964)","title":"Name and station assignments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lightship Chesapeake (LV-116)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_lightship_Chesapeake_(LV-116)"}],"text":"Lightship Chesapeake (LV-116)","title":"Other lightships of Chesapeake Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Vessel Designation: LV 101 / WAL 524\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uscg.mil/history/weblightships/LV101.asp"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Register Information System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-register_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Virginia Landmarks Register\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130921053819/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nhlsum_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Lightship No. 101 \"Portsmouth\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071229070516/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2054&ResourceType=Structure"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2054&ResourceType=Structure"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nhlnom_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form / Lightship No. 101\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/89001080_text"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"}],"text":"^ \n \"Vessel Designation: LV 101 / WAL 524\". U.S. Coast Guard Lightships & Those of the U.S. Lighthouse Service. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved December 16, 2009.\n\n^ \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.\n\n^ \"Virginia Landmarks Register\". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.\n\n^ \"Lightship No. 101 \"Portsmouth\"\". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2008.\n\n^ Foster, Kevin J. (August 5, 1988). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form / Lightship No. 101\" (pdf). National Park Service. Retrieved September 8, 2012.","title":"Citations"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Virginia"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Portsmouth, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Portsmouth,_Virginia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_for_Athene
Song for Athene
["1 Music and lyrics","2 Significant recordings","3 Notes","4 References","5 Further reading","5.1 Musical score","5.2 Articles","5.3 Audiovisual material","6 External links"]
Composition by John Tavener "Song for Athene"Song by John TavenerPublished1997GenreClassical musicLength7 min. LabelChester MusicComposer(s)John Tavener "Song for Athene" (also known as "Alleluia. May Flights of Angels Sing Thee to Thy Rest") is a musical composition by British composer John Tavener with lyrics by Mother Thekla, an Orthodox nun, which is intended to be sung a cappella by a four-part (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) choir. It is Tavener's best known work, having been performed by the Westminster Abbey Choir conducted by Martin Neary at the funeral service of Diana, Princess of Wales, on 6 September 1997 as her cortège departed from Westminster Abbey. Commissioned by the BBC, the piece was written in April 1993 by Tavener as a tribute to Athene Hariades, a young half-Greek actress who was a family friend killed in a cycling accident. At the time that she died, Athene Hariades was working as a teacher of English and Drama at the Hellenic College of London. Tavener said of Hariades: "Her beauty, both outward and inner, was reflected in her love of acting, poetry, music and of the Orthodox Church." He had heard her reading Shakespeare in Westminster Abbey, and after her funeral, developed the idea of composing a song which combined words from the Orthodox funeral service and Shakespeare's Hamlet. The work was published by Chester Music in 1997. Music and lyrics "Song for Athene", which has a performance time of about seven minutes, is an elegy consisting of the Hebrew word alleluia ("let us praise the LORD") sung monophonically six times as an introduction to texts excerpted and modified from the funeral service of the Eastern Orthodox Church and from Shakespeare's Hamlet (probably 1599–1601). The lyrics were written by Mother Thekla (18 July 1918 – 7 August 2011), an Orthodox nun who co-founded the Orthodox Monastery of the Assumption near Whitby, North Yorkshire, and whom Tavener called his "spiritual mother". Tavener had come away from the funeral of Athene Hariades with the music of Song for Athene fully formed in his mind. He called Mother Thekla the same day, and said to her: "I want words." She sent him the lyrics by post, which arrived the next day. The music reaches a climax after the sixth intonation of alleluia with the lines "Weeping at the grave creates the song: Alleluia. Come, enjoy rewards and crowns I have prepared for you." Alleluia is then sung a seventh time as a coda. Following the example of traditional Byzantine music, a continuous ison or drone underlies the work. Lyrics Original texts Source Alleluia. May flights of angels sing thee to thy rest. Horatio: Now cracks a noble heart. – Good night, sweet prince,And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest! Hamlet, Act V Scene ii, c.f. In paradisum Alleluia. Remember me, O Lord, when you come into your kingdom. O thou who reignest over life and death, in the courts of thy Saints grant rest unto him whom thou hast removed from temporal things. And remember me also, when thou comest into thy kingdom. Orthodox funeral service, Luke 23:42 Alleluia. Give rest, O Lord, to your handmaid, who has fallen asleep. Where the choirs of the Saints, O Lord, and of the Just, shine like the stars of heaven, give rest to thy servant who hath fallen asleep, regarding not all his transgressions. Orthodox funeral service Alleluia. The Choir of Saints have found the well-spring of life and door of Paradise. The Choir of the Saints have found the Fountain of Life and the Door of Paradise. May I also find the right way, through repentance. I am a lost sheep. Call me, O Saviour, and save me. Orthodox funeral service Alleluia. Life: a shadow and a dream. Guildenstern: Which dreams, indeed, are ambition; for the very substance of the ambitious is merely the shadow of a dream. Hamlet: A dream itself is but a shadow. Hamlet, Act II scene ii Alleluia. Weeping at the grave creates the song: Alleluia. Come, enjoy rewards and crowns I have prepared for you. Thou only art immortal, who hast created and fashioned man. For out of the earth were we mortals made, and unto the earth shall we return again, as thou didst command when thou madest me, saying unto me: For earth thou art, and unto the earth shalt thou return. Whither, also, all we mortals wend our way, making of our funeral dirge the song: Alleluia. ... Ye who have trod the narrow way most sad; all ye who, in life, have taken upon you the Cross as a yoke, and have followed Me through faith, draw near: Enjoy ye the honours and the crowns which I have prepared for you. Orthodox funeral service Alleluia. Significant recordings The song has appeared on, among others, a number of recordings of Tavener's work by various choirs, including Ikons (Cala, 1994) by the BBC Singers, Tavener: Innocence (Classics, 1995) by the Westminster Abbey Choir, John Tavener: Byzantia (Classical, 1999) by the Winchester Cathedral Choir, John Tavener: Song for Athene, Svyati and Other Choral Works (Naxos Records, 2000) by the Choir of St John's College, Cambridge, The John Tavener Collection (Universal Classics Group, 2003) by the Choir of the Temple Church and the Holst Singers, and Ikon (Decca, 2006) by The Sixteen. The Westminster Abbey Choir's performance of the work at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, appears in a recording of the service released by the BBC as Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997: The BBC Recording of the Funeral Service (Uni/London Classics, 1997). In 2007, Scottish violinist Nicola Benedetti released an album entitled Nicola Benedetti: Vaughan Williams; Tavener which contained an arrangement of the song for solo violin and string orchestra. Notes ^ Nigel Farndale (29 July 2004), "A visionary visited by angels", The Daily Telegraph ^ a b John Tavener: Song For Athene (Alleluia. May Flights Of Angels Sing Thee To Thy Rest), Musicroom, retrieved 15 March 2008 ^ Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales: Order of service at Westminster Abbey, Saturday, 6 September 1997, 11.00 a.m., British Monarchy, 6 September 1997, p. 3, retrieved 16 March 2008 ^ a b c d Page 7 of Tavener's The Beautiful Names, the programme of a concert by the BBC Symphony Orchestra, BBC Symphony Chorus and Trinity College of Music Chamber Choir at the Birmingham Town Hall on 15 March 2008. ^ John Tavener (1997), Song for Athene: (Alleluia, may Flights of Angels Sing Thee to Thy Rest): For Unaccompanied Choir, SATB , London: Chester Music, ISBN 0-7119-4389-3 ^ "Mother Thekla: Orthodox nun who co-founded a monastery and became the spiritual muse of Sir John Tavener ", The Daily Telegraph, p. 29, 13 August 2011 ^ Psaltic chant, Monastère orthodoxe de Cantauque (Orthodox Monastery of the Theotokos and Saint Martin), retrieved 17 March 2008 ^ William Shakespeare; Dianne Bean, ed. (November 1998), Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (Collins ed.), Project Gutenberg {{citation}}: |author2= has generic name (help) ^ Isabel Florence Hapgood, comp. (1922), "The Order for the Burial of the Dead (Laymen)", Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church (Rev. ed.), New York, N.Y.: Association Press (reproduced on the Orthodox Christian Information Center website), pp. 368–393 ^ The information was obtained from Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved on 21 March 2008. ^ Claire Rogers (10 October 2007), Nicola Benedetti: Vaughan-Williams & Tavener review, BBC Music, retrieved 20 August 2009 References Hapgood, Isabel Florence, comp. (1922), "The Order for the Burial of the Dead (Laymen)", Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church (Rev. ed.), New York, N.Y.: Association Press (reproduced on the Orthodox Christian Information Center website), pp. 368–393{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). Shakespeare, William; Bean, Dianne, ed. (November 1998), Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (Collins ed.), Project Gutenberg {{citation}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). Tavener's The Beautiful Names, the programme of a concert by the BBC Symphony Orchestra, BBC Symphony Chorus and Trinity College of Music Chamber Choir at the Birmingham Town Hall on 15 March 2008. Further reading Musical score Tavener, John (1997), Song for Athene: (Alleluia, may Flights of Angels Sing Thee to Thy Rest): For Unaccompanied Choir, SATB , London: Chester Music, ISBN 0-7119-4389-3. Articles Ivry, Benjamin (26 January 2001), "The cat decides: The music of John Tavener – religious music composer", Commonweal (reproduced on Bnet). Higgins, Charlotte (11 June 2007), "'I had a dream vision'", The Guardian. McCleery, David, John Tavener, ChesterNovello, retrieved 15 March 2008. Audiovisual material Tavener – Choral Ikons , Heathfield, East Sussex: Opus Arte; BBC, 2002 – in a programme called Manifestations of God on the DVD, Tavener speaks about his choral music, and the parents of Athene Hariades talk about the inspiration behind "Song for Athene". External links John Tavener: Song for Athene - Gabrieli Consort - Paul McCreesh vteJohn TavenerChoral The Whale (1966) In Alium (1968) A Celtic Requiem (1969) The Lamb (1982) Thunder Entered Her (1990) Song for Athene (1993) Mother and Child (2002) The Veil of the Temple (2003) Other works The Protecting Veil (1988) Film score Children of Men soundtracks Category Portals: Classical music Music vteWilliam Shakespeare's HamletCharacters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies "To be, or not to be" "Mortal coil" "What a piece of work is a man" "Speak the speech" Words and phrases "The lady doth protest too much, methinks" "Thy name is" Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution SourcesCriticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur-Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Cultural references to Hamlet Cultural references to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre (1911–1912) Richard Burton (1964) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 1974 1990 1996 2000 2011 AdaptationsFilms The Rest Is Silence (1959) The Bad Sleep Well (1960) Ophelia (1963) Johnny Hamlet (1968) One Hamlet Less (1973) The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet (1977) Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet Goes Business (1987) The Lion King (1994) Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) The Banquet (2006) Doubt (2009) Karmayogi (2012) Haider (2014) Hamlet A.D.D. (2014) Hemanta (2016) Ophelia (2018) The Lion King (2019) Novels Hamlet Had an Uncle (1940) Too, Too Solid Flesh (1989) Gertrude and Claudius (2000) Dating Hamlet (2002) The Dead Fathers Club (2006) Something Rotten (2007) Hamlet's Father (2008) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle (2008) Plays Hamletmachine (1977) Dogg's Hamlet (1979) Fortinbras (1991) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet (1973) Television Hamlet (Australian TV, 1959) Hamlet at Elsinore (BBC, 1964) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (BBC, 1980) Hamlet (BBC 2, animated, 1992) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2009) Parodies 15-Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern I, Hamlet The Klingon Hamlet "Lyle the Kindly Viking" To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure "Tales from the Public Domain" The Skinhead Hamlet Songs "My Robin is to the greenwood gone" (16th century) "Pull Me Under" (1992) "Song for Athene" (1997) Opera/classical Hamlet (Thomas) Amleto (Faccio) Hamlet (Tchaikovsky) Tristia (Berlioz) Die Hamletmaschine (Rihm) Hamlet (Dean) In popular cultureFilms To Be or Not to Be (1942) A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja (1973) To Be or Not to Be (1983) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) Highlander II: The Quickening (1991) Last Action Hero (1993) Renaissance Man (1994) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) War (2002) Hamlet 2 (2008) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead (2009) Three Days (2012) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) Stage Blood (1974) I Hate Hamlet (1991) To Be or Not to Be (2008) Novels Hamlet, Revenge! (1937) Theatre of War (1994) "The Undiscovered" (1997) The Shakespeare Stealer (1998) Interred with Their Bones (2007) Hamnet (2020) Television "The Producer" (1966) "The Conscience of the King" (1966) "Born to Be King" (1983) "Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow" (2001) Slings & Arrows (2003) Video games Last Action Hero (1993) Hamlet (2010) Elsinore (2019) Books Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe's Havoc Art Ophelia (Millais) Ophelia (Cabanel) Affe mit Schädel Ophelia (Waterhouse) Polish Hamlet. Portrait of Aleksander Wielopolski The River Bank (Ophelia) Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber "Symphony No. 65" (Haydn) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude – The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten! Sons of Anarchy Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"John Tavener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tavener"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"a cappella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cappella"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(vocal_range)"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_Choir_School"},{"link_name":"Martin Neary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Neary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musicroom-2"},{"link_name":"funeral service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musicroom-2"},{"link_name":"Hellenic College of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_College_of_London"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beautiful_Names_programme-4"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Orthodox funeral service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_burial#Eastern_Orthodox_Church_burial_ritual"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beautiful_Names_programme-4"},{"link_name":"Chester Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Song for Athene\" (also known as \"Alleluia. May Flights of Angels Sing Thee to Thy Rest\") is a musical composition by British composer John Tavener with lyrics by Mother Thekla, an Orthodox nun, which is intended to be sung a cappella by a four-part (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) choir. It is Tavener's best known work,[1] having been performed by the Westminster Abbey Choir conducted by Martin Neary[2] at the \nfuneral service of Diana, Princess of Wales, on 6 September 1997 as her cortège departed from Westminster Abbey.[3]Commissioned by the BBC,[2] the piece was written in April 1993 by Tavener as a tribute to Athene Hariades, a young half-Greek actress who was a family friend killed in a cycling accident. At the time that she died, Athene Hariades was working as a teacher of English and Drama at the Hellenic College of London. Tavener said of Hariades: \"Her beauty, both outward and inner, was reflected in her love of acting, poetry, music and of the Orthodox Church.\"[4] He had heard her reading Shakespeare in Westminster Abbey, and after her funeral, developed the idea of composing a song which combined words from the Orthodox funeral service and Shakespeare's Hamlet.[4] The work was published by Chester Music in 1997.[5]","title":"Song for Athene"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elegy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegy"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"alleluia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallelujah"},{"link_name":"LORD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"monophonically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophony"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beautiful_Names_programme-4"},{"link_name":"Mother Thekla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Thekla"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(music)"},{"link_name":"Byzantine music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"drone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_(music)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beautiful_Names_programme-4"}],"text":"\"Song for Athene\", which has a performance time of about seven minutes, is an elegy consisting of the Hebrew word alleluia (\"let us praise the LORD\") sung monophonically six times as an introduction to texts excerpted and modified from the funeral service of the Eastern Orthodox Church and from Shakespeare's Hamlet (probably 1599–1601).[4] The lyrics were written by Mother Thekla (18 July 1918 – 7 August 2011), an Orthodox nun who co-founded the Orthodox Monastery of the Assumption near Whitby, North Yorkshire, and whom Tavener called his \"spiritual mother\". Tavener had come away from the funeral of Athene Hariades with the music of Song for Athene fully formed in his mind. He called Mother Thekla the same day, and said to her: \"I want words.\" She sent him the lyrics by post, which arrived the next day.[6]The music reaches a climax after the sixth intonation of alleluia with the lines \"Weeping at the grave creates the song: Alleluia. Come, enjoy rewards and crowns I have prepared for you.\" Alleluia is then sung a seventh time as a coda. Following the example of traditional Byzantine music, a continuous ison[7] or drone underlies the work.[4]","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Singers"},{"link_name":"Winchester Cathedral Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral_Choir"},{"link_name":"Naxos Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_Records"},{"link_name":"Choir of St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_of_St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Universal Classics Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Classics_Group"},{"link_name":"Choir of the Temple Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Church"},{"link_name":"The Sixteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sixteen"},{"link_name":"Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nicola Benedetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Benedetti"},{"link_name":"Nicola Benedetti: Vaughan Williams; Tavener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Williams_and_Tavener"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The song has appeared on, among others, a number of recordings of Tavener's work by various choirs, including Ikons (Cala, 1994) by the BBC Singers, Tavener: Innocence (Classics, 1995) by the Westminster Abbey Choir, John Tavener: Byzantia (Classical, 1999) by the Winchester Cathedral Choir, John Tavener: Song for Athene, Svyati and Other Choral Works (Naxos Records, 2000) by the Choir of St John's College, Cambridge, The John Tavener Collection (Universal Classics Group, 2003) by the Choir of the Temple Church and the Holst Singers, and Ikon (Decca, 2006) by The Sixteen.The Westminster Abbey Choir's performance of the work at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, appears in a recording of the service released by the BBC as Diana, Princess of Wales, 1961–1997: The BBC Recording of the Funeral Service (Uni/London Classics, 1997).[10]In 2007, Scottish violinist Nicola Benedetti released an album entitled Nicola Benedetti: Vaughan Williams; Tavener which contained an arrangement of the song for solo violin and string orchestra.[11]","title":"Significant recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"A visionary visited by angels\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2004/07/29/bmtav29.xml"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Musicroom_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Musicroom_2-1"},{"link_name":"John Tavener: Song For Athene (Alleluia. May Flights Of Angels Sing Thee To Thy Rest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.musicroom.com/se/ID_No/010798/details.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales: Order of service at Westminster Abbey, Saturday, 6 September 1997, 11.00 a.m.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.royal.gov.uk/output/page258.asp"},{"link_name":"British Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Beautiful_Names_programme_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Beautiful_Names_programme_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Beautiful_Names_programme_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Beautiful_Names_programme_4-3"},{"link_name":"BBC Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"BBC Symphony Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Chorus"},{"link_name":"Trinity College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"John Tavener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tavener"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7119-4389-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-4389-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Mother Thekla: Orthodox nun who co-founded a monastery and became the spiritual muse of Sir John Tavener [obituary]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/8698853/Mother-Thekla.html"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Psaltic chant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.monastere-cantauque.com/english/psaltic-chant.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Hamlet, Prince of Denmark [Etext #1524]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext98/2ws2610.txt"},{"link_name":"Project Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Isabel Florence Hapgood, comp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Florence_Hapgood"},{"link_name":"\"The Order for the Burial of the Dead (Laymen)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/funeral.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Amazon.co.uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.co.uk"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Nicola Benedetti: Vaughan-Williams & Tavener review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/rj8c"},{"link_name":"BBC Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Music"}],"text":"^ Nigel Farndale (29 July 2004), \"A visionary visited by angels\", The Daily Telegraph[dead link]\n\n^ a b John Tavener: Song For Athene (Alleluia. May Flights Of Angels Sing Thee To Thy Rest), Musicroom, retrieved 15 March 2008\n\n^ Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales: Order of service at Westminster Abbey, Saturday, 6 September 1997, 11.00 a.m., British Monarchy, 6 September 1997, p. 3, retrieved 16 March 2008\n\n^ a b c d Page 7 of Tavener's The Beautiful Names, the programme of a concert by the BBC Symphony Orchestra, BBC Symphony Chorus and Trinity College of Music Chamber Choir at the Birmingham Town Hall on 15 March 2008.\n\n^ John Tavener (1997), Song for Athene: (Alleluia, may Flights of Angels Sing Thee to Thy Rest): For Unaccompanied Choir, SATB [music score; cat. no. CH60991], London: Chester Music, ISBN 0-7119-4389-3\n\n^ \"Mother Thekla: Orthodox nun who co-founded a monastery and became the spiritual muse of Sir John Tavener [obituary]\", The Daily Telegraph, p. 29, 13 August 2011\n\n^ Psaltic chant, Monastère orthodoxe de Cantauque (Orthodox Monastery of the Theotokos and Saint Martin), retrieved 17 March 2008\n\n^ William Shakespeare; Dianne Bean, ed. (November 1998), Hamlet, Prince of Denmark [Etext #1524] (Collins ed.), Project Gutenberg {{citation}}: |author2= has generic name (help)\n\n^ Isabel Florence Hapgood, comp. (1922), \"The Order for the Burial of the Dead (Laymen)\", Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church (Rev. ed.), New York, N.Y.: Association Press (reproduced on the Orthodox Christian Information Center website), pp. 368–393\n\n^ The information was obtained from Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved on 21 March 2008.\n\n^ Claire Rogers (10 October 2007), Nicola Benedetti: Vaughan-Williams & Tavener review, BBC Music, retrieved 20 August 2009","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tavener, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tavener"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7119-4389-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-4389-3"}],"sub_title":"Musical score","text":"Tavener, John (1997), Song for Athene: (Alleluia, may Flights of Angels Sing Thee to Thy Rest): For Unaccompanied Choir, SATB [musical score; cat. no. CH60991], London: Chester Music, ISBN 0-7119-4389-3.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The cat decides: The music of John Tavener – religious music composer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1252/is_2_128/ai_71578792/pg_1"},{"link_name":"Commonweal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnet"},{"link_name":"\"'I had a dream vision'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//music.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,330002474-122406,00.html"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"John Tavener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2431&State_2905=2&composerId_2905=1567"},{"link_name":"ChesterNovello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Music"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"Ivry, Benjamin (26 January 2001), \"The cat decides: The music of John Tavener – religious music composer\", Commonweal (reproduced on Bnet).\nHiggins, Charlotte (11 June 2007), \"'I had a dream vision'\", The Guardian.\nMcCleery, David, John Tavener, ChesterNovello, retrieved 15 March 2008.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"}],"sub_title":"Audiovisual material","text":"Tavener – Choral Ikons [DVD; cat. no. OA 0854 D], Heathfield, East Sussex: Opus Arte; BBC, 2002 – in a programme called Manifestations of God on the DVD, Tavener speaks about his choral music, and the parents of Athene Hariades talk about the inspiration behind \"Song for Athene\".","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Nigel Farndale (29 July 2004), \"A visionary visited by angels\", The Daily Telegraph","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2004/07/29/bmtav29.xml","url_text":"\"A visionary visited by angels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"John Tavener: Song For Athene (Alleluia. May Flights Of Angels Sing Thee To Thy Rest), Musicroom, retrieved 15 March 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicroom.com/se/ID_No/010798/details.html","url_text":"John Tavener: Song For Athene (Alleluia. May Flights Of Angels Sing Thee To Thy Rest)"}]},{"reference":"Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales: Order of service at Westminster Abbey, Saturday, 6 September 1997, 11.00 a.m., British Monarchy, 6 September 1997, p. 3, retrieved 16 March 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page258.asp","url_text":"Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales: Order of service at Westminster Abbey, Saturday, 6 September 1997, 11.00 a.m."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom","url_text":"British Monarchy"}]},{"reference":"John Tavener (1997), Song for Athene: (Alleluia, may Flights of Angels Sing Thee to Thy Rest): For Unaccompanied Choir, SATB [music score; cat. no. CH60991], London: Chester Music, ISBN 0-7119-4389-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tavener","url_text":"John Tavener"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-4389-3","url_text":"0-7119-4389-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Mother Thekla: Orthodox nun who co-founded a monastery and became the spiritual muse of Sir John Tavener [obituary]\", The Daily Telegraph, p. 29, 13 August 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/8698853/Mother-Thekla.html","url_text":"\"Mother Thekla: Orthodox nun who co-founded a monastery and became the spiritual muse of Sir John Tavener [obituary]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Psaltic chant, Monastère orthodoxe de Cantauque (Orthodox Monastery of the Theotokos and Saint Martin), retrieved 17 March 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monastere-cantauque.com/english/psaltic-chant.html","url_text":"Psaltic chant"}]},{"reference":"William Shakespeare; Dianne Bean, ed. (November 1998), Hamlet, Prince of Denmark [Etext #1524] (Collins ed.), Project Gutenberg","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare","url_text":"William Shakespeare"},{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext98/2ws2610.txt","url_text":"Hamlet, Prince of Denmark [Etext #1524]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg","url_text":"Project Gutenberg"}]},{"reference":"Isabel Florence Hapgood, comp. (1922), \"The Order for the Burial of the Dead (Laymen)\", Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church (Rev. ed.), New York, N.Y.: Association Press (reproduced on the Orthodox Christian Information Center website), pp. 368–393","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Florence_Hapgood","url_text":"Isabel Florence Hapgood, comp."},{"url":"http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/funeral.aspx","url_text":"\"The Order for the Burial of the Dead (Laymen)\""}]},{"reference":"Claire Rogers (10 October 2007), Nicola Benedetti: Vaughan-Williams & Tavener review, BBC Music, retrieved 20 August 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/rj8c","url_text":"Nicola Benedetti: Vaughan-Williams & Tavener review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Music","url_text":"BBC Music"}]},{"reference":"Hapgood, Isabel Florence, comp. (1922), \"The Order for the Burial of the Dead (Laymen)\", Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church (Rev. ed.), New York, N.Y.: Association Press (reproduced on the Orthodox Christian Information Center website), pp. 368–393","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Florence_Hapgood","url_text":"Hapgood, Isabel Florence, comp."},{"url":"http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/funeral.aspx","url_text":"\"The Order for the Burial of the Dead (Laymen)\""}]},{"reference":"Shakespeare, William; Bean, Dianne, ed. (November 1998), Hamlet, Prince of Denmark [Etext #1524] (Collins ed.), Project Gutenberg","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare","url_text":"Shakespeare, William"},{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext98/2ws2610.txt","url_text":"Hamlet, Prince of Denmark [Etext #1524]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg","url_text":"Project Gutenberg"}]},{"reference":"Tavener, John (1997), Song for Athene: (Alleluia, may Flights of Angels Sing Thee to Thy Rest): For Unaccompanied Choir, SATB [musical score; cat. no. CH60991], London: Chester Music, ISBN 0-7119-4389-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tavener","url_text":"Tavener, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-4389-3","url_text":"0-7119-4389-3"}]},{"reference":"Ivry, Benjamin (26 January 2001), \"The cat decides: The music of John Tavener – religious music composer\", Commonweal (reproduced on Bnet)","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1252/is_2_128/ai_71578792/pg_1","url_text":"\"The cat decides: The music of John Tavener – religious music composer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)","url_text":"Commonweal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnet","url_text":"Bnet"}]},{"reference":"Higgins, Charlotte (11 June 2007), \"'I had a dream vision'\", The Guardian","urls":[{"url":"http://music.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,330002474-122406,00.html","url_text":"\"'I had a dream vision'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"McCleery, David, John Tavener, ChesterNovello, retrieved 15 March 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2431&State_2905=2&composerId_2905=1567","url_text":"John Tavener"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Music","url_text":"ChesterNovello"}]},{"reference":"Tavener – Choral Ikons [DVD; cat. no. OA 0854 D], Heathfield, East Sussex: Opus Arte; BBC, 2002","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ireland
John Ireland
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Theatre","2.2 20th Century Fox","2.3 Freelance actor and Red River","2.4 All the King's Men","2.5 Director","2.6 1960s","2.7 1970s","2.8 Later career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"]
Canadian-American actor (1914–1992) This article is about the actor. For other people named John Ireland, see John Ireland (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "John Ireland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) John IrelandIreland in 1960BornJohn Benjamin Ireland(1914-01-30)January 30, 1914Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaDiedMarch 21, 1992(1992-03-21) (aged 78)Santa Barbara, California, U.S.Resting placeSanta Barbara Cemetery, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.OccupationsActorfilm directorYears active1932–1992Spouses Elaine Sheldon Rosen ​ ​(m. 1940; div. 1948)​ Joanne Dru ​ ​(m. 1949; div. 1957)​ Daphne Myrick Cameron ​ ​(m. 1962; died 1992)​ Children4RelativesTommy Noonan (half-brother) John Benjamin Ireland (January 30, 1914 – March 21, 1992) was a Canadian-American actor and film director. Born in Vancouver, British Columbia and raised in New York City, he came to prominence with film audiences for his supporting roles in several high-profile Western films, including My Darling Clementine (1946), Red River (1948), Vengeance Valley (1951), and Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957). He was nominated for an Academy Award for his role as Jack Burden in All the King's Men (1949), making him the first British Columbia-born actor to receive an Oscar nomination. Ireland's other film roles include A Walk in the Sun (1945), Joan Of Arc (1948), Spartacus (1960), 55 Days at Peking (1963), The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), The Adventurers (1970), and Farewell, My Lovely (1975). He also appeared in many television series, notably The Cheaters (1960–62). In the late 1960s and 1970s, he worked in Italian cinema, including the Spaghetti Westerns Run, Man, Run (1968), the giallo One on Top of the Other (1969), and the controversial war drama Salon Kitty (1976). In 1960, Ireland was presented with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to the television industry. Early life Ireland was born in Vancouver, British Columbia on January 30, 1914. He lived in New York City from a very early age. Ireland's formal education ended at the 7th grade, and he worked to help his family make ends meet. He never knew his natural father; his mother, a Scottish piano teacher Gracie Ferguson, remarried to Michael Noone, an Irish vaudevillian, and had three other children, a daughter Kathryn, a son named Tommy (the future actor-comedian Tommy Noonan), and another son, Michael. Their last name was Noone; Ireland never knew for sure where his last name came from. He was a swimmer, once competing with Johnny Weissmuller. He performed underwater stunts at a carnival and worked as a barker. One of his jobs was in a water carnival where he wrestled a dead octopus. Career Theatre One day he was passing the Davenport Free Theater in Manhattan. He entered, thinking it offered a free show and instead received free training. He slept in a dressing room and was paid a dollar a day to work backstage while rehearsing lines. In 1941 he made his Broadway debut in a production of Macbeth with Maurice Evans and Judith Anderson. Other Broadway plays followed. 20th Century Fox Ireland signed with 20th Century Fox and made his screen-debut as Private Windy, the thoughtful letter-writing GI, in the 1945 war film A Walk in the Sun, directed by Lewis Milestone. This was followed by Wake Up and Dream (1946); Behind Green Lights (1946) with Carole Landis; and It Shouldn't Happen to a Dog (1946), again with Landis. He played Billy Clanton in John Ford's My Darling Clementine (1946). Freelance actor and Red River Ireland had his first lead role in Railroaded! (1947), directed by Anthony Mann for Eagle-Lion. He went back to support parts for The Gangster (1947) for the King Brothers and I Love Trouble (1948) for Columbia. Ireland played the lead in Open Secret (1948) for Eagle-Lion, then had a support role in Anthony Mann's classic noir, Raw Deal (1948). Ireland had a vital support part in Howard Hawks' 1948 film Red River as the gunslinger Cherry Valance. However, Ireland's part was reduced when Hawks became annoyed with the actor. Ireland was an army captain in the Ingrid Bergman spectacular, Joan of Arc (1948). All the King's Men In April 1948 Ireland signed a contract with Columbia Pictures at $500 a week going up to $1500 a week. Ireland was nominated for an Oscar as Best Supporting Actor for his powerful performance as Jack Burden, the hard-boiled newspaper reporter who evolves from devotee to cynical denouncer of demagogue Willie Stark (Broderick Crawford) in All the King's Men (1949), making him the first Vancouver-born actor to receive an Academy Award nomination. Ireland was featured as Bob Ford in the low budget I Shot Jesse James (1949) the first movie directed by Sam Fuller. He was a villain in the Western Roughshod (1949) and a love rival for Paulette Goddard in Anna Lucasta (1949). In December 1949 Columbia suspended him after walking out after filming one scene on One Way Out (released as Convicted). He sued the studio. Lippert Pictures gave him the lead in The Return of Jesse James (1950) and he appeared opposite his then-wife Joanne Dru in support parts in Vengeance Valley (1951) During McCarthyism in the early 50s, he successfully sued two television producers for breach of contract and slander, claiming that they reneged on roles promised to him due to his perceived political undesirability, including the lead in a TV series The Adventures of Ellery McQueen. He received an undisclosed but "substantial" cash settlement. Ireland had the leads in some low-budget films: The Basketball Fix (1951); The Scarf (1951); Little Big Horn (1951); The Bushwackers (1952); and Hannah Lee (1953) with his wife. He directed the latter. That film resulted in a lawsuit against the producers. He went to England to make The Good Die Young (1954) and supported his wife in Southwest Passage (1954) and Joan Crawford in Queen Bee (1955). Director John Ireland turned director with The Fast and the Furious (1954), an early production from Roger Corman; Ireland also starred. He had the lead in the British thriller The Glass Cage (1955) and the war film Hell's Horizon (1955). He made another for Corman, this time only as an actor – Gunslinger (1956). In July 1955 he signed a contract with Revue to act and direct films for television. In January 1956 he signed to play the lead in the TV series Port of Call. Ireland landed a supporting role as Johnny Ringo in Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), and played a mobster in MGM's Party Girl (1958). He had the lead in No Place to Land (1958), and Stormy Crossing (1958). In 1959, Ireland appeared as Chris Slade, with Karl Swenson as Ansel Torgin, in the episode "The Fight Back" of the NBC western series, Riverboat. In the storyline, Tom Fowler (Tom Laughlin), the boss of the corrupt river town of Hampton near Vicksburg, Mississippi, blocks farmers from shipping their crops to market. In a dispute over a wedding held on the Enterprise, a lynch-mob led by Fowler comes after series lead-character Grey Holden (Darren McGavin). Karl Swenson also was cast in this episode. 1960s In 1959, John made a guest appearance on Judy Garland's album The Letter for Capitol Records. Ireland had a key role as the gladiator Crixus in the Stanley Kubrick 1960 spectacle Spartacus, co-starring with Kirk Douglas. That year he starred as Winch in the western series Rawhide episode "Incident of the Garden of Eden" and made Faces in the Dark (1960) in England. He also appeared in the Thriller TV series (1960) episode "Papa Benjamin." From 1960 to 1962, he starred in the British television series The Cheaters, playing John Hunter, a claims investigator for an insurance company who tracked down cases of fraud. He supported Elvis Presley in Wild in the Country (1961) and had the lead in the British Return of a Stranger (1961). In 1962, he portrayed the character Frank Trask in the episode "Incident of the Portrait" on Rawhide. Rawhide, S7, EP28 Air date: May 7, 1965, THE SPANISH CAMP" A group of men led by Dr. John Merritt (John Ireland) searching for old Spanish treasure stubbornly refuses to let the cattle drive come through the area of their diggings, even though the herd desperately needs the water in the area. He had a supporting part in 55 Days at Peking (1963) with Charlton Heston and was Ballomar in The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), both films shot in Spain by producer Samuel Bronston. By the mid-1960s, he was seen as the star of B-movies, such as I Saw What You Did with Crawford. In 1965, he played the role of Jed Colby, a trail scout, in the final season of Rawhide. In 1966 he starred in the episode "Stage Stop" (S12E10) as abusive husband and stage coach robbery collaborator "Jeb Coombs" on Gunsmoke. In 1967, he appeared as Marshal Will Rimbau on Bonanza with Michael Landon in the episode "Judgment at Red Creek". A few years later, he again appeared with Landon on two episodes of Little House on the Prairie as a drunk who saves Carrie Ingalls, who had fallen down an abandoned mine shaft in the season 3 episode "Little Girl Lost" and the season 5 episode "The Winoka Warriors". He had some leads in the A. C. Lyles Western Fort Utah (1967), then traveled to Europe to appear in Hate for Hate (1967), and Pistol for a Hundred Coffins (1967) and supported in Villa Rides (1968), Trusting Is Good... Shooting Is Better (1969), One on Top of the Other (1969), and Carnal Circuit (1969). 1970s In 1970, Ireland appeared as Kinroy in the TV western The Men From Shiloh (rebranded name for The Virginian) in the episode titled "Jenny". Ireland was seen in productions like The House of Seven Corpses (1974), Salon Kitty (1976) and Satan's Cheerleaders (1977). He did, however, also appear in big-budget fare such as The Adventurers (1970), also as a police lieutenant in the Robert Mitchum private-eye story Farewell, My Lovely (1975). Later career He starred in Thunder Run (1986), an American action-thriller film directed by Gary Hudson and co-starring Forrest Tucker. In 1987, he put an ad in the newspapers stating "I'm an actor... let me act." It led to a role as Jonathan Aaron Cartwright, the younger brother of Ben Cartwright, in the television movie Bonanza: The Next Generation. He was seen in the War of the Worlds episode "Eye for an Eye" in 1988. Ireland regularly returned to the stage throughout his career and co-directed two features in the 1950s: the acclaimed Western drama Hannah Lee (1953) and the carjacking B-movie The Fast and the Furious (1955). Personal life 1960 gossip magazine with a story about Ireland and Tuesday Weld Occasionally Ireland's name was mentioned in tabloids of the times, in connection with much younger starlets, including Natalie Wood, Barbara Payton, and Sue Lyon. He attracted controversy by dating 16-year-old actress Tuesday Weld when he was 45. Ireland also had an affair with co-star Joan Crawford while on the set of Queen Bee (1955). A decade later, Ireland and Crawford co-starred again in William Castle's movie I Saw What You Did. He was married three times. His first wife, from 1940 to 1949, was Elaine Sheldon, with whom he had two sons, John and Peter. From 1949 to 1957, he was married to actress Joanne Dru (whose younger brother, entertainer Peter Marshall, was originally best known for his comedy act with Ireland's half-brother Tommy Noonan). In July 1956, Dru was admitted to hospital with a black eye which she said was accidental but which was commonly believed to have been caused by Ireland. Ireland later was admitted to hospital for taking an overdose of barbiturates. When the couple divorced in 1957 they had over $50,000 in debts. From 1962 until his death, Ireland was married to Daphne Myrick Cameron, with whom he had a daughter named Daphne and a son named Cameron. He has four grandchildren: Pete, Melissa, Jack and Helios. In his later years, he owned the restaurant Ireland's in Santa Barbara, California. An accomplished chef, he regularly worked in the kitchen and concocted Ireland Stew, combining whatever ingredients were available on a given night. He was also a regular at the restaurant's bar, greeting patrons and buying drinks for friends. The restaurant failed. In May 1977, Ireland declared bankruptcy. On March 21, 1992, Ireland died in Santa Barbara, California of leukemia at the age of 78. He is buried at the Santa Barbara Cemetery. For his contribution to the television industry, he was commemorated with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1610 Vine Street. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1945 A Walk in the Sun Private First Class Windy Craven 1946 Behind Green Lights Detective Oppenheimer 1946 Somewhere in the Night Minor Role Voice, Uncredited 1946 It Shouldn't Happen to a Dog Benny Smith 1946 My Darling Clementine Billy Clanton 1946 Wake Up and Dream Howard Williams 1947 Repeat Performance Narrator Voice, Uncredited 1947 Railroaded! Duke Martin 1947 The Gangster Frank Karty 1948 I Love Trouble Reno 1948 Open Secret Paul Lester 1948 Raw Deal Fantail 1948 A Southern Yankee Captain Jed Calbern 1948 Red River Cherry Valance 1948 Joan of Arc Jean de la Boussac, St. Severe 1949 I Shot Jesse James Bob Ford 1949 The Walking Hills Frazee 1949 The Undercover Man Narrator Voice, Uncredited 1949 Roughshod Lednov 1949 The Doolins of Oklahoma Bitter Creek 1949 Anna Lucasta Danny Johnson 1949 Mr. Soft Touch Henry "Early" Byrd 1949 All the King's Men Jack Burden Academy Award nomination for Ireland, the film won the Oscar for Best Picture 1950 Cargo to Capetown Steve Conway 1950 The Return of Jesse James Johnny Callum 1951 Vengeance Valley Hub Fasken 1951 The Scarf John Howard Barrington 1951 Little Big Horn Lieutenant John Haywood 1951 The Basketball Fix Pete Ferreday 1951 Red Mountain General William Quantrill 1951 The Bushwackers Jefferson Waring 1952 Hurricane Smith Hurricane Smith 1953 The 49th Man Investigator John Williams 1953 Hannah Lee Marshal Sam Rochelle Also co-director. Released in color and 3-D, re-released "flat" in B&W; a.k.a. Outlaw Territory 1953 Combat Squad Sergeant Ken 'Fletch' Fletcher 1954 The Good Die Young Eddie Blaine 1954 Southwest Passage Clint McDonald 1954 Security Risk Ralph Payne 1954 The Steel Cage Al, a Ringleader (segment "The Hostages") 1955 The Glass Cage Pel Pelham 1955 The Fast and the Furious Frank Webster Also co-director. 1955 Queen Bee Judd Prentiss 1955 Hell's Horizon Captain John Merrill 1956 Gunslinger Cane Miro 1957 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Johnny Ringo 1958 Stormy Crossing Griff Parker 1958 No Place to Land Jonas Bailey 1958 Party Girl Louis Canetto 1959 Med mord i bagaget Johnny Greco 1960 Spartacus Crixus 1960 Faces in the Dark Max Hammond 1961 Wild in the Country Phil Macy 1961 Return of a Stranger Ray Reed 1962 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Captain Randolph McCabe Season 7 Episode 29: "The Matched Pearl" 1962 Brushfire Jeff Saygure 1963 55 Days at Peking Sergeant Harry 1963 The Ceremony Prison Warden 1964 The Fall of the Roman Empire Ballomar 1965 I Saw What You Did Steve Marek 1965 Day of the Nightmare Detective Sergeant Dave Harmon 1967 Hate for Hate James Arthur Cooper 1967 Fort Utah Tom Horn 1967 Dirty Heroes Captain O'Connor 1967 Caxambu Vince Neff 1968 Go for Broke The Owl 1968 Arizona Bushwhackers Deputy Dan Shelby 1968 Villa Rides Client in barber shop Uncredited 1968 Trusting Is Good... Shooting Is Better The Colonel 1968 Pistol for a Hundred Coffins Douglas 1968 Run, Man, Run Santillana 1968 A Taste of Death Dan El 1968 Revenge for Revenge Major Bower 1968 Gatling Gun Tarpas 1969 El 'Che' Guevara Stuart 1969 Carnal Circuit Richard Salinger 1969 One on Top of the Other Inspector Wald 1969 Zenabel Don Alonso Imolne 1969 I diavoli della guerra American General Uncredited 1970 Men From Shiloh (rebranded name of The Virginian) Kinroy 1970 La sfida dei MacKenna Jones 1970 The Adventurers Mr. James Hadley 1972 Escape to the Sun Jacob Kagan 1972 Northeast of Seoul Flanagan 1973 Huyendo del halcón Shot in 1966 1974 The House of Seven Corpses Eric Hartman 1974 The Phantom of Hollywood Lieutenant Gifford TV movie 1974 Welcome to Arrow Beach Sheriff Duke Bingham 1974 Dieci bianchi uccisi da un piccolo indiano Abel Webster 1975 Farewell, My Lovely Detective Lieutenant Nulty 1975 We Are No Angels Mr. Shark 1976 Salon Kitty Cliff 1976 Sex Diary Milton 1976 The Swiss Conspiracy Dwight McGowan 1977 Assault in Paradise Chief Haliburton a.k.a. The Ransom and Maniac! 1977 Mission to Glory: A True Story Benny 1977 Satan's Cheerleaders The Sheriff 1977 Love and the Midnight Auto Supply Tony Santore 1977 Quel pomeriggio maledetto Benny 1977 The Moon and a Mumur 1978 Tomorrow Never Comes Captain 1979 H. G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come Senator Smedley 1979 Crossbar Miles Kornylo TV movie 1979 Guyana: Cult of the Damned Dave Cole 1979 Delta Fox Lucas Johnson 1979 On the Air Live with Captain Midnight Agent Pierson 1981 Bordello Judge 1982 The Incubus Hank Walden 1985 Martin's Day Brewer 1985 Treasure of the Amazon Priest 1985 Miami Golem Anderson 1986 Thunder Run George Adams 1987 Terror Night Lance Hayward 1988 Bonanza: The Next Generation Captain Aaron Cartwright TV movie 1988 Messenger of Death Zenas Beecham 1989 Sundown: The Vampire in Retreat Ethan Jefferson 1990 The Graveyard Story Dr. McGregor 1992 Waxwork II: Lost in Time King Arthur 1992 Hammer Down Lieutenant Bates (final film role) References ^ Wyndham Wise (April 3, 2011). "John Ireland". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 26, 2018. ^ "Actor John Ireland dies at 78". Las Vegas Review–Journal. Associated Press. March 22, 1992. p. 2.f. ^ "John Ireland". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 17, 2013. ^ a b c d "John Ireland, 78, Longtime Actor With Role in 'All the King's Men'" Bruce Lambert, THE NEW YORK TIMES, March 22, 1992 ^ "Actor John Ireland Suspended by Studio". Los Angeles Times. December 22, 1949. p. A8. ^ "Actor Petitions Court to Break Film Contract". Los Angeles Times. December 15, 1949. p. 26. ^ "Actor John Ireland Files $1,756,000 Slander Suit: Charges He Was Dismissed From Television Series by False Claim of Communist Leanings". Los Angeles Times. March 3, 1954. p. 10. ^ "JOHN IRELAND AGREES TO SETTLING OF SUIT". The New York Times. May 22, 1954. p. 8. ^ "Joanne Dru and Ireland Countersued on Movie: Producer Asks for $200,000 Damages Against Their Action for Accounting". Los Angeles Times. November 27, 1953. p. 22. ^ Scheuer, Philip K. (June 21, 1953). "In Debut, John Ireland Directs 2D, 3D, Color and Wide Screen Western: Wide, Colorful Debut". Los Angeles Times. p. D1. ^ Ames, Walter (July 13, 1955). "VIDEO-RADIO BRIEFS: John Ireland Joins Directing Actors". Los Angeles Times. p. 26. ^ "JOHN IRELAND SET FOR 39 TV SHOWS: Actor Will Portray Captain in 'Port of Call,' Warner Brothers' Film Series". The New York Times. January 12, 1956. p. 55. ^ ""The Fight Back", Riverboat, October 18, 1959". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ "Thunder Run (1986)-ripper car movies". whichcar. October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022. ^ "Actor John Ireland dies". The Ottawa Citizen (Final\ ed.). March 23, 1992. p. C10. ^ "John Ireland; Played Tough Guys in Movies, TV Shows". Los Angeles Times (Home ed.). March 22, 1992. p. 38. ^ "JOANNE DRU HOSPITALIZED BY BLACKED EYES, PUFFED NOSE". Los Angeles Times. July 7, 1956. p. 3. ^ Aline Mosby (July 7, 1956). "Ireland, Joanne Land in Hospital After Row". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. p. 3. ^ "VERY LITTLE ELSE TO DIVIDE: Joanne Dru Gets Divorce, Must Help Pay Off $53,388.66 in Bills". Los Angeles Times. May 17, 1957. p. B1. ^ "LATE NEWS: John Ireland Bankrupt". Los Angeles Times. May 5, 1977. p. a1. ^ "John Ireland – Hollywood Star Walk –". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 9, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Ireland. John Ireland at IMDb John Ireland at the Internet Broadway Database John Ireland at Find a Grave Portals: Biography Canada New York (state) New York City California Theatre Film Television Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Poland Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Ireland (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ireland_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Canadian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Americans"},{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Western films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_film"},{"link_name":"My Darling Clementine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Darling_Clementine"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Vengeance Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeance_Valley"},{"link_name":"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral_(film)"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"All the King's Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"A Walk in the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Walk_in_the_Sun_(1945_film)"},{"link_name":"Joan Of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Spartacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_(film)"},{"link_name":"55 Days at Peking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Days_at_Peking"},{"link_name":"The Fall of the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Adventurers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventurers_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"Farewell, My Lovely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell,_My_Lovely_(1975_film)"},{"link_name":"The Cheaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cheaters_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Spaghetti Westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_Western"},{"link_name":"Run, Man, Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run,_Man,_Run"},{"link_name":"giallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giallo"},{"link_name":"One on Top of the Other","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_on_Top_of_the_Other"},{"link_name":"Salon Kitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_Kitty_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"}],"text":"This article is about the actor. For other people named John Ireland, see John Ireland (disambiguation).John Benjamin Ireland (January 30, 1914 – March 21, 1992) was a Canadian-American actor and film director.[1] Born in Vancouver, British Columbia and raised in New York City, he came to prominence with film audiences for his supporting roles in several high-profile Western films, including My Darling Clementine (1946), Red River (1948), Vengeance Valley (1951), and Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957). He was nominated for an Academy Award for his role as Jack Burden in All the King's Men (1949), making him the first British Columbia-born actor to receive an Oscar nomination.[2]Ireland's other film roles include A Walk in the Sun (1945), Joan Of Arc (1948), Spartacus (1960), 55 Days at Peking (1963), The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), The Adventurers (1970), and Farewell, My Lovely (1975). He also appeared in many television series, notably The Cheaters (1960–62). In the late 1960s and 1970s, he worked in Italian cinema, including the Spaghetti Westerns Run, Man, Run (1968), the giallo One on Top of the Other (1969), and the controversial war drama Salon Kitty (1976).In 1960, Ireland was presented with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to the television industry.","title":"John Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tommy Noonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Noonan"},{"link_name":"Johnny Weissmuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Weissmuller"},{"link_name":"barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_barker"}],"text":"Ireland was born in Vancouver, British Columbia on January 30, 1914.[3] He lived in New York City from a very early age. Ireland's formal education ended at the 7th grade, and he worked to help his family make ends meet.He never knew his natural father; his mother, a Scottish piano teacher Gracie Ferguson, remarried to Michael Noone, an Irish vaudevillian, and had three other children, a daughter Kathryn, a son named Tommy (the future actor-comedian Tommy Noonan), and another son, Michael. Their last name was Noone; Ireland never knew for sure where his last name came from.He was a swimmer, once competing with Johnny Weissmuller. He performed underwater stunts at a carnival and worked as a barker. One of his jobs was in a water carnival where he wrestled a dead octopus.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(play)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert-4"}],"sub_title":"Theatre","text":"One day he was passing the Davenport Free Theater in Manhattan. He entered, thinking it offered a free show and instead received free training. He slept in a dressing room and was paid a dollar a day to work backstage while rehearsing lines.[citation needed]In 1941 he made his Broadway debut in a production of Macbeth with Maurice Evans and Judith Anderson. Other Broadway plays followed.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"A Walk in the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Walk_in_the_Sun_(1945_film)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Milestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Milestone"},{"link_name":"Wake Up and Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Up_and_Dream_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Behind Green Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_Green_Lights"},{"link_name":"Carole Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Landis"},{"link_name":"It Shouldn't Happen to a Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Shouldn%27t_Happen_to_a_Dog"},{"link_name":"Billy Clanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Clanton"},{"link_name":"John Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ford"},{"link_name":"My Darling Clementine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Darling_Clementine"}],"sub_title":"20th Century Fox","text":"Ireland signed with 20th Century Fox and made his screen-debut as Private Windy, the thoughtful letter-writing GI, in the 1945 war film A Walk in the Sun, directed by Lewis Milestone.This was followed by Wake Up and Dream (1946); Behind Green Lights (1946) with Carole Landis; and It Shouldn't Happen to a Dog (1946), again with Landis. He played Billy Clanton in John Ford's My Darling Clementine (1946).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Railroaded!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroaded!"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mann"},{"link_name":"Eagle-Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle-Lion_Films"},{"link_name":"The Gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gangster_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"the King Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_Brothers"},{"link_name":"I Love Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Trouble_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Open Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Secret"},{"link_name":"Eagle-Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle-Lion_Films"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mann"},{"link_name":"Raw Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_Deal_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Howard Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_(1948_film)"}],"sub_title":"Freelance actor and Red River","text":"Ireland had his first lead role in Railroaded! (1947), directed by Anthony Mann for Eagle-Lion. He went back to support parts for The Gangster (1947) for the King Brothers and I Love Trouble (1948) for Columbia.Ireland played the lead in Open Secret (1948) for Eagle-Lion, then had a support role in Anthony Mann's classic noir, Raw Deal (1948).Ireland had a vital support part in Howard Hawks' 1948 film Red River as the gunslinger Cherry Valance. However, Ireland's part was reduced when Hawks became annoyed with the actor. Ireland was an army captain in the Ingrid Bergman spectacular, Joan of Arc (1948).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"demagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagogue"},{"link_name":"Broderick Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broderick_Crawford"},{"link_name":"All the King's Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"Bob Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ford_(outlaw)"},{"link_name":"I Shot Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Shot_Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Sam Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Roughshod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughshod_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"Paulette Goddard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulette_Goddard"},{"link_name":"Anna Lucasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lucasta_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"Convicted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convicted_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lippert Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippert_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Return of Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Joanne Dru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Dru"},{"link_name":"Vengeance Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeance_Valley"},{"link_name":"McCarthyism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism"},{"link_name":"breach of contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract"},{"link_name":"slander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slander"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Basketball Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basketball_Fix"},{"link_name":"The Scarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarf_(film)"},{"link_name":"Little Big Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Horn_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Bushwackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bushwackers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hannah Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Lee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Good Die Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Die_Young"},{"link_name":"Southwest Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Passage"},{"link_name":"Joan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Queen Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Bee_(film)"}],"sub_title":"All the King's Men","text":"In April 1948 Ireland signed a contract with Columbia Pictures at $500 a week going up to $1500 a week. Ireland was nominated for an Oscar as Best Supporting Actor for his powerful performance as Jack Burden, the hard-boiled newspaper reporter who evolves from devotee to cynical denouncer of demagogue Willie Stark (Broderick Crawford) in All the King's Men (1949), making him the first Vancouver-born actor to receive an Academy Award nomination.Ireland was featured as Bob Ford in the low budget I Shot Jesse James (1949) the first movie directed by Sam Fuller. He was a villain in the Western Roughshod (1949) and a love rival for Paulette Goddard in Anna Lucasta (1949).In December 1949 Columbia suspended him after walking out after filming one scene on One Way Out (released as Convicted).[5] He sued the studio.[6]Lippert Pictures gave him the lead in The Return of Jesse James (1950) and he appeared opposite his then-wife Joanne Dru in support parts in Vengeance Valley (1951)During McCarthyism in the early 50s, he successfully sued two television producers for breach of contract and slander, claiming that they reneged on roles promised to him due to his perceived political undesirability, including the lead in a TV series The Adventures of Ellery McQueen. He received an undisclosed but \"substantial\" cash settlement.[4][7][8]Ireland had the leads in some low-budget films: The Basketball Fix (1951); The Scarf (1951); Little Big Horn (1951); The Bushwackers (1952); and Hannah Lee (1953) with his wife. He directed the latter. That film resulted in a lawsuit against the producers.[9][10]He went to England to make The Good Die Young (1954) and supported his wife in Southwest Passage (1954) and Joan Crawford in Queen Bee (1955).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Fast and the Furious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fast_and_the_Furious_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Roger Corman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Corman"},{"link_name":"The Glass Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glass_Cage_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Hell's Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Horizon"},{"link_name":"Gunslinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunslinger_(film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Johnny Ringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Ringo"},{"link_name":"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral_(film)"},{"link_name":"Party Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Girl_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"No Place to Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Place_to_Land_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stormy Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Karl Swenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Swenson"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Riverboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverboat_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Tom Laughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Laughlin"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Darren McGavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_McGavin"},{"link_name":"Karl Swenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Swenson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Director","text":"John Ireland turned director with The Fast and the Furious (1954), an early production from Roger Corman; Ireland also starred. He had the lead in the British thriller The Glass Cage (1955) and the war film Hell's Horizon (1955). He made another for Corman, this time only as an actor – Gunslinger (1956).In July 1955 he signed a contract with Revue to act and direct films for television.[11]In January 1956 he signed to play the lead in the TV series Port of Call.[12]Ireland landed a supporting role as Johnny Ringo in Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), and played a mobster in MGM's Party Girl (1958). He had the lead in No Place to Land (1958), and Stormy Crossing (1958).In 1959, Ireland appeared as Chris Slade, with Karl Swenson as Ansel Torgin, in the episode \"The Fight Back\" of the NBC western series, Riverboat. In the storyline, Tom Fowler (Tom Laughlin), the boss of the corrupt river town of Hampton near Vicksburg, Mississippi, blocks farmers from shipping their crops to market. In a dispute over a wedding held on the Enterprise, a lynch-mob led by Fowler comes after series lead-character Grey Holden (Darren McGavin). Karl Swenson also was cast in this episode.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator"},{"link_name":"Crixus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crixus"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"Spartacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kirk Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Rawhide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawhide_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Faces in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faces_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Cheaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cheaters_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Wild in the Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_in_the_Country"},{"link_name":"Return of a Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_a_Stranger_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"Rawhide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawhide_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"55 Days at Peking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Days_at_Peking"},{"link_name":"Charlton Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Heston"},{"link_name":"Ballomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballomar"},{"link_name":"The Fall of the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire_(film)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Bronston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bronston"},{"link_name":"B-movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-movies"},{"link_name":"I Saw What You Did","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Saw_What_You_Did"},{"link_name":"Rawhide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawhide_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"},{"link_name":"Bonanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza"},{"link_name":"Michael Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Landon"},{"link_name":"Little House on the Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"A. C. Lyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Lyles"},{"link_name":"Fort Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Utah_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hate for Hate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_for_Hate"},{"link_name":"Pistol for a Hundred Coffins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_for_a_Hundred_Coffins"},{"link_name":"Villa Rides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Rides"},{"link_name":"Trusting Is Good... Shooting Is Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusting_Is_Good..._Shooting_Is_Better"},{"link_name":"One on Top of the Other","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_on_Top_of_the_Other"},{"link_name":"Carnal Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnal_Circuit"}],"sub_title":"1960s","text":"In 1959, John made a guest appearance on Judy Garland's album The Letter for Capitol Records.Ireland had a key role as the gladiator Crixus in the Stanley Kubrick 1960 spectacle Spartacus, co-starring with Kirk Douglas. That year he starred as Winch in the western series Rawhide episode \"Incident of the Garden of Eden\" and made Faces in the Dark (1960) in England. He also appeared in the Thriller TV series (1960) episode \"Papa Benjamin.\"From 1960 to 1962, he starred in the British television series The Cheaters, playing John Hunter, a claims investigator for an insurance company who tracked down cases of fraud. He supported Elvis Presley in Wild in the Country (1961) and had the lead in the British Return of a Stranger (1961).In 1962, he portrayed the character Frank Trask in the episode \"Incident of the Portrait\" on Rawhide. Rawhide, S7, EP28 Air date: May 7, 1965, THE SPANISH CAMP\" A group of men led by Dr. John Merritt (John Ireland) searching for old Spanish treasure stubbornly refuses to let the cattle drive come through the area of their diggings, even though the herd desperately needs the water in the area.He had a supporting part in 55 Days at Peking (1963) with Charlton Heston and was Ballomar in The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), both films shot in Spain by producer Samuel Bronston.By the mid-1960s, he was seen as the star of B-movies, such as I Saw What You Did with Crawford. In 1965, he played the role of Jed Colby, a trail scout, in the final season of Rawhide. In 1966 he starred in the episode \"Stage Stop\" (S12E10) as abusive husband and stage coach robbery collaborator \"Jeb Coombs\" on Gunsmoke.In 1967, he appeared as Marshal Will Rimbau on Bonanza with Michael Landon in the episode \"Judgment at Red Creek\". A few years later, he again appeared with Landon on two episodes of Little House on the Prairie as a drunk who saves Carrie Ingalls, who had fallen down an abandoned mine shaft in the season 3 episode \"Little Girl Lost\" and the season 5 episode \"The Winoka Warriors\".[citation needed]He had some leads in the A. C. Lyles Western Fort Utah (1967), then traveled to Europe to appear in Hate for Hate (1967), and Pistol for a Hundred Coffins (1967) and supported in Villa Rides (1968), Trusting Is Good... Shooting Is Better (1969), One on Top of the Other (1969), and Carnal Circuit (1969).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Virginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginian_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The House of Seven Corpses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Seven_Corpses"},{"link_name":"Salon Kitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_Kitty_(film)"},{"link_name":"Satan's Cheerleaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan%27s_Cheerleaders"},{"link_name":"The Adventurers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventurers_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Mitchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mitchum"},{"link_name":"Farewell, My Lovely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell,_My_Lovely_(1975_film)"}],"sub_title":"1970s","text":"In 1970, Ireland appeared as Kinroy in the TV western The Men From Shiloh (rebranded name for The Virginian) in the episode titled \"Jenny\". Ireland was seen in productions like The House of Seven Corpses (1974), Salon Kitty (1976) and Satan's Cheerleaders (1977). He did, however, also appear in big-budget fare such as The Adventurers (1970), also as a police lieutenant in the Robert Mitchum private-eye story Farewell, My Lovely (1975).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunder Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Run_(film)"},{"link_name":"action-thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Forrest Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Tucker"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Bonanza: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"War of the Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Worlds_(1988_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Fast and the Furious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fast_and_the_Furious_(1955_film)"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"He starred in Thunder Run (1986), an American action-thriller film directed by Gary Hudson and co-starring Forrest Tucker.[14]In 1987, he put an ad in the newspapers stating \"I'm an actor... let me act.\"[15] It led to a role as Jonathan Aaron Cartwright, the younger brother of Ben Cartwright, in the television movie Bonanza: The Next Generation.[16]He was seen in the War of the Worlds episode \"Eye for an Eye\" in 1988.Ireland regularly returned to the stage throughout his career and co-directed two features in the 1950s: the acclaimed Western drama Hannah Lee (1953) and the carjacking B-movie The Fast and the Furious (1955).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confidential_Magazine_cover_September_1960_-_Tuesday_Weld.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tuesday Weld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuesday_Weld"},{"link_name":"Natalie Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Wood"},{"link_name":"Barbara Payton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Payton"},{"link_name":"Sue Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Tuesday Weld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuesday_Weld"},{"link_name":"Queen Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Bee_(film)"},{"link_name":"I Saw What You Did","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Saw_What_You_Did"},{"link_name":"Joanne Dru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Dru"},{"link_name":"Peter Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Noonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Noonan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"1960 gossip magazine with a story about Ireland and Tuesday WeldOccasionally Ireland's name was mentioned in tabloids of the times, in connection with much younger starlets, including Natalie Wood, Barbara Payton, and Sue Lyon. He attracted controversy by dating 16-year-old actress Tuesday Weld when he was 45. Ireland also had an affair with co-star Joan Crawford while on the set of Queen Bee (1955). A decade later, Ireland and Crawford co-starred again in William Castle's movie I Saw What You Did.He was married three times. His first wife, from 1940 to 1949, was Elaine Sheldon, with whom he had two sons, John and Peter.From 1949 to 1957, he was married to actress Joanne Dru (whose younger brother, entertainer Peter Marshall, was originally best known for his comedy act with Ireland's half-brother Tommy Noonan). In July 1956, Dru was admitted to hospital with a black eye which she said was accidental but which was commonly believed to have been caused by Ireland.[17] Ireland later was admitted to hospital for taking an overdose of barbiturates.[18]When the couple divorced in 1957 they had over $50,000 in debts.[19]From 1962 until his death, Ireland was married to Daphne Myrick Cameron, with whom he had a daughter named Daphne and a son named Cameron. He has four grandchildren: Pete, Melissa, Jack and Helios.[4]In his later years, he owned the restaurant Ireland's in Santa Barbara, California. An accomplished chef, he regularly worked in the kitchen and concocted Ireland Stew, combining whatever ingredients were available on a given night. He was also a regular at the restaurant's bar, greeting patrons and buying drinks for friends.[citation needed]The restaurant failed. In May 1977, Ireland declared bankruptcy.[20]On March 21, 1992, Ireland died in Santa Barbara, California of leukemia at the age of 78.[4] He is buried at the Santa Barbara Cemetery.For his contribution to the television industry, he was commemorated with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1610 Vine Street.[21]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
[{"image_text":"1960 gossip magazine with a story about Ireland and Tuesday Weld","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Confidential_Magazine_cover_September_1960_-_Tuesday_Weld.jpg/220px-Confidential_Magazine_cover_September_1960_-_Tuesday_Weld.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Wyndham Wise (April 3, 2011). \"John Ireland\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-ireland","url_text":"\"John Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Actor John Ireland dies at 78\". Las Vegas Review–Journal. Associated Press. March 22, 1992. p. 2.f.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Ireland\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/john-ireland/","url_text":"\"John Ireland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Actor John Ireland Suspended by Studio\". Los Angeles Times. December 22, 1949. p. A8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Actor Petitions Court to Break Film Contract\". Los Angeles Times. December 15, 1949. p. 26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Actor John Ireland Files $1,756,000 Slander Suit: Charges He Was Dismissed From Television Series by False Claim of Communist Leanings\". Los Angeles Times. March 3, 1954. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"JOHN IRELAND AGREES TO SETTLING OF SUIT\". The New York Times. May 22, 1954. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Joanne Dru and Ireland Countersued on Movie: Producer Asks for $200,000 Damages Against Their Action for Accounting\". Los Angeles Times. November 27, 1953. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scheuer, Philip K. (June 21, 1953). \"In Debut, John Ireland Directs 2D, 3D, Color and Wide Screen Western: Wide, Colorful Debut\". Los Angeles Times. p. D1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ames, Walter (July 13, 1955). \"VIDEO-RADIO BRIEFS: John Ireland Joins Directing Actors\". Los Angeles Times. p. 26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"JOHN IRELAND SET FOR 39 TV SHOWS: Actor Will Portray Captain in 'Port of Call,' Warner Brothers' Film Series\". The New York Times. January 12, 1956. p. 55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"The Fight Back\", Riverboat, October 18, 1959\". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0687109/","url_text":"\"\"The Fight Back\", Riverboat, October 18, 1959\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thunder Run (1986)-ripper car movies\". whichcar. October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whichcar.com.au/features/thunder-run-1986-movie-review/","url_text":"\"Thunder Run (1986)-ripper car movies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Actor John Ireland dies\". The Ottawa Citizen (Final\\ ed.). March 23, 1992. p. C10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Ireland; Played Tough Guys in Movies, TV Shows\". Los Angeles Times (Home ed.). March 22, 1992. p. 38.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"JOANNE DRU HOSPITALIZED BY BLACKED EYES, PUFFED NOSE\". Los Angeles Times. July 7, 1956. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Aline Mosby (July 7, 1956). \"Ireland, Joanne Land in Hospital After Row\". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"VERY LITTLE ELSE TO DIVIDE: Joanne Dru Gets Divorce, Must Help Pay Off $53,388.66 in Bills\". Los Angeles Times. May 17, 1957. p. B1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"LATE NEWS: John Ireland Bankrupt\". Los Angeles Times. May 5, 1977. p. a1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Ireland – Hollywood Star Walk –\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/john-ireland/","url_text":"\"John Ireland – Hollywood Star Walk –\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives
Alaska House of Representatives
["1 Powers and process","1.1 Senate action","1.2 Enrollment or conference","1.3 Governor and veto override","2 Membership","2.1 Terms and qualifications","2.2 Leadership","2.3 Current composition","3 Committees","4 Current members (33rd Alaska State Legislature)","5 Past composition of the House of Representatives","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 58°18′08″N 134°24′38″W / 58.302198°N 134.410467°W / 58.302198; -134.410467Lower house in the Alaska Legislature Alaska House of RepresentativesAlaska LegislatureTypeTypeLower house Term limitsNoneHistoryNew session startedJanuary 17, 2023LeadershipSpeakerCathy Tilton (R-C) since January 18, 2023 Majority LeaderDan Saddler (R-C) since January 19, 2023 Minority LeaderCalvin Schrage (I) since January 18, 2023 StructureSeats40Political groups Majority coalition caucus (23)   Republican (20)   Coalition Independent (1)   Coalition Democrat (2) Minority caucus (16)   Democratic (11)   Independent (4)   Republican (1) Other (1)   Non-caucusing Republican (1) Length of term2 yearsAuthorityArticle 2, Alaska ConstitutionSalary$50,400/year + per diemElectionsVoting systemNonpartisan blanket primary / Instant-runoff voting(Beginning in 2022)Last electionNovember 8, 2022(40 seats)Next electionNovember 5, 2024(40 seats)RedistrictingAlaska Redistricting BoardMeeting placeHouse of Representatives chamberAlaska State CapitolJuneau, AlaskaWebsiteAlaska House of Representatives The Alaska State House of Representatives is the lower house in the Alaska Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Alaska. The House is composed of 40 members, each of whom represents a district of approximately 17,756 people per 2010 census figures. Members serve two-year terms without term limits. With 40 representatives, the Alaska House is the smallest state legislative lower chamber in the United States. The House convenes at the State Capitol in Juneau. Powers and process Members of the Alaska House of Representatives are responsible for a portion of the process of making and amending state law. The first step of the legislative process is filing a bill by giving it to the chief clerk of the Alaska House of Representatives. The chief clerk will then assign bills a number. Bills are introduced and read the first time with the number, sponsor or sponsors, and the title of the bill and then referred to a committee(s). Committee chairs can choose whether or not hear a bill and committees can vote to approve a bill in its original form or make modifications through a committee substitute. Once bills or substitutes are approved, the legislation is referred to the next committee of assignment or to the Rules Committee, which can further amend the bill or assign it to the daily floor calendar. Once a bill is scheduled on the floor, it appears on the calendar in Second Reading. The bill is again read by number, sponsor or sponsors, and title along with the standing committee reports. A motion is made on the floor to adopt any committee substitutes. Amendments can also be offered and voted on. Third Reading is where the motion is made to vote on the bill. Senate action After final passage in the Alaska House of Representatives, a bill is engrossed and sent to the Alaska Senate to go through the same process of introduction, committee referral and three readings. Likewise, bills that have been approved on Third Reading in the Alaska Senate are engrossed and sent to the Alaska House of Representatives. Enrollment or conference When a bill is not modified in the second house, it can be sent to the governor on Third Reading, through enrollment. If the bill is modified, the house of origin must vote to accept or reject amendments by the opposite house. A Fourth Reading, in the case of acceptance, will send the bill to the governor, through enrollment. If amendments are rejected, the bill can be sent to conference, where members of the Senate and House hash out a final version and send it to a Fourth Reading in both houses. Governor and veto override The governor can choose to sign or veto the legislation. In the case of the veto, a two-thirds majority of a joint session can override the veto. An appropriations bill requires a three-fourths majority vote in a joint session to override a veto. If signed or approved by a veto override, the legislation becomes law. Membership Terms and qualifications State representatives must be a qualified voter and resident of Alaska for no less than three years, and a resident of the district from which elected for one year immediately preceding filing for office. A state representative must be 21 years of age at the time the oath of office is taken. The Alaska House of Representatives may expel a member with the concurrence of two-thirds of the membership of the house. Legislative terms begin on the second Monday in January following a presidential election year and on the third Tuesday in January following a gubernatorial election. State representatives serve for terms of two years. Leadership House of Representatives member directory in the hallway of the Capitol building. Taken in 2009, this shows the House membership during the 26th Legislature. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. Position Representative Caucus Party Residence District Speaker of the House Cathy Tilton Rep-Coalition Rep Wasilla 26 Majority Leader Dan Saddler Rep-Coalition Rep Eagle River 24 Majority Whip George Rauscher Rep-Coalition Rep Sutton 29 Minority Leader Calvin Schrage Dem-Coalition Ind Anchorage 12 Minority Whip Louise Stutes Dem-Coalition Rep Kodiak 5 Current composition The 23-member majority caucus consists of 20 Republicans, 1 Independent and 2 Democrats from the Bush Caucus. The 16-member minority caucus consists of 11 Democrats, 4 Independents and 1 Republican. Representative David Eastman is not a member of either caucus. ↓ 20 1 2 1 1 4 11 Republican I D R R I Democratic Affiliation Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) Total Republican Indep. Democratic Vacant End of 28th Legislature 26 0 4 10 40 0 Begin 29th Legislature (2015) 23 1 4 12 40 0 End of 29th (2016) 1 22 30th Legislature (2017-2018) 18 3 2 17 40 0 Begin 31st Legislature (2019) 15 8 2 15 40 0 End 31st (2020) 16 1 5 39 1 Begin 32nd Legislature (2021) 20 1 4 15 40 0 End 32nd (2022) 17 2 2 4 15 Begin 33rd Legislature (2023) 21 6 13 40 0 January 18, 2023 1 1 19 2 4 2 11 October 10, 2023 1 39 1 November 13, 2023 20 40 0 Latest voting share 2.5% 40% 57.5% 40% 57.5% 40% Past partisan compositions can be found on Political party strength in Alaska. Committees Current committees include: Judiciary Resources State Affairs Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, and the Arctic Fisheries Committee on Committees Task Force on Sustainable Education Community & Regional Affairs Education Energy Military & Veterans' Affairs Health & Social Services Labor & Commerce Transportation Rules Finance Education & Early Development Governor Labor & Workforce Development Health & Social Services Legislature Military & Veterans' Affairs Natural Resources Public Safety Revenue Transportation & Public Facilities University Of Alaska Administration Commerce, Community & Economic Dev Corrections Court System Environmental Conservation Fish & Game Law Fiscal Policy Current members (33rd Alaska State Legislature) Alaska House of Representatives33rd Alaska State Legislature, 2023–25 District Name Party Coalition Residence Assumedoffice 1 Dan Ortiz Ind Minority Coalition Ketchikan 2015 2 Rebecca Himschoot Ind Minority Coalition Sitka 2023 3 Andi Story Dem Minority Coalition Juneau 2019 4 Sara Hannan Dem Minority Coalition Juneau 2019 5 Louise Stutes Rep Minority Coalition Kodiak 2015 6 Sarah Vance Rep Majority Coalition Homer 2019 7 Justin Ruffridge Rep Majority Coalition Soldotna 2023 8 Ben Carpenter Rep Majority Coalition Nikiski 2019 9 Laddie Shaw Rep Majority Coalition Anchorage 2019 10 Craig Johnson Rep Majority Coalition Anchorage 2023(2005–2017) 11 Julie Coulombe Rep Majority Coalition Anchorage 2023 12 Calvin Schrage Ind Minority Coalition Anchorage 2021 13 Andy Josephson Dem Minority Coalition Anchorage 2013 14 Alyse Galvin Ind Minority Coalition Anchorage 2023 15 Tom McKay Rep Majority Coalition Anchorage 2021 16 Jennie Armstrong Dem Minority Coalition Anchorage 2023 17 Zack Fields Dem Minority Coalition Anchorage 2019 18 Cliff Groh Dem Minority Coalition Anchorage 2023 19 Genevieve Mina Dem Minority Coalition Anchorage 2023 20 Andrew Gray Dem Minority Coalition Anchorage 2023 21 Donna Mears Dem Minority Coalition Anchorage 2023 22 Stanley Wright Rep Majority Coalition Anchorage 2023 23 Jamie Allard Rep Majority Coalition Eagle River 2023 24 Dan Saddler Rep Majority Coalition Eagle River 2023(2011–2019) 25 DeLena Johnson Rep Majority Coalition Palmer 2017 26 Cathy Tilton Rep Majority Coalition Wasilla 2015 27 David Eastman Rep No Coalition Wasilla 2017 28 Jesse Sumner Rep Majority Coalition Wasilla 2023 29 George Rauscher Rep Majority Coalition Sutton 2017 30 Kevin McCabe Rep Majority Coalition Big Lake 2021 31 Maxine Dibert Dem Minority Coalition Fairbanks 2023 32 Will Stapp Rep Majority Coalition Fairbanks 2023 33 Mike Prax Rep Majority Coalition North Pole 2019 34 Frank Tomaszewski Rep Majority Coalition Fairbanks 2023 35 Ashley Carrick Dem Minority Coalition Fairbanks 2023 36 Mike Cronk Rep Majority Coalition Tok 2021 37 Bryce Edgmon Ind Majority Coalition Dillingham 2007 38 Conrad McCormick Dem Majority Coalition Bethel 2023 39 Neal Foster Dem Majority Coalition Nome 2009 40 Thomas Baker Rep Majority Coalition Kotzebue 2023 Past composition of the House of Representatives Main article: Political party strength in Alaska See also Alaska portal Alaska Senate Alaska State Capitol List of Alaska State Legislatures Impeachment in Alaska Notes ^ Member of the Democratic-led minority caucus ^ Not a member of either caucus ^ a b c Originally appointed. ^ a b c Member of the Republican-led majority References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Legislative Process Archived December 22, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Alaska Legislature (accessed April 27, 2013) ^ a b c Alaska Handbook to State Government Archived December 22, 2019, at the Wayback Machine (accessed April 25, 2013) ^ a b Article 2 of the Alaska Constitution, Lieutenant Governor's Office (accessed April 26, 2013) ^ "Alaska's Republican former House speaker joins Democrat-led minority". Alaska Division of Elections. February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023. ^ Legislature sworn in January 17, 2023 without a governing majority. ^ Speaker elected and majority formed ^ Independent Josiah Patkotak (District 40) resigned. ^ Republican Thomas Baker was sworn in to succeed Patkotak. ^ "Alaska House Committees". Open States. Sunlight Foundation. April 9, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014. External links Alaska Legislature Alaska House Republicans House Republicans website Alaska House Coalition Minority Coalition website (Coalition of Democrats, Independents and Republicans) vteMembers of the Alaska House of Representatives33rd Alaska Legislature (2023) Speaker of the House ▌Cathy Tilton (R) Majority Leader ▌Dan Saddler (R) Minority Leader ▌Calvin Schrage (I) ▌Dan Ortiz (I) ▌Rebecca Himschoot (I) ▌Andi Story (D) ▌Sara Hannan (D) ▌Louise Stutes (MCR) ▌Sarah Vance (R) ▌Justin Ruffridge (R) ▌Ben Carpenter (R) ▌Laddie Shaw (R) ▌Craig Johnson (R) ▌Julie Coulombe (R) ▌Calvin Schrage (I) ▌Andy Josephson (D) ▌Alyse Galvin (I) ▌Tom McKay (R) ▌Jennie Armstrong (D) ▌Zack Fields (D) ▌Cliff Groh (D) ▌Genevieve Mina (D) ▌Andrew Gray (D) ▌Donna Mears (D) ▌Stanley Wright (R) ▌Jamie Allard (R) ▌Dan Saddler (R) ▌DeLena Johnson (R) ▌Cathy Tilton (R) ▌David Eastman (NCR) ▌Jesse Sumner (R) ▌George Rauscher (R) ▌Kevin McCabe (R) ▌Maxine Dibert (D) ▌Will Stapp (R) ▌Mike Prax (R) ▌Frank Tomaszewski (R) ▌Ashley Carrick (D) ▌Mike Cronk (R) ▌Bryce Edgmon (CI) ▌Conrad McCormick (CD) ▌Neal Foster (CD) ▌Thomas Baker (R) Majority Coalition (23) ▌Republican (20) ▌Coalition Democrat (2) ▌Coalition Independent (1) Minority Caucus (16) ▌Democratic (11) ▌Minority Caucus Republican (1) ▌Independent (4) Others ▌Non-Caucusing Republican (1) Alaska Legislature Alaska House of Representatives Alaska Senate vteLegislatures of the United StatesUnited States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama (H, S) Alaska (H, S) Arizona (H, S) Arkansas (H, S) California (A, S) Colorado (H, S) Connecticut (H, S) Delaware (H, S) Florida (H, S) Georgia (H, S) Hawaii (H, S) Idaho (H, S) Illinois (H, S) Indiana (H, S) Iowa (H, S) Kansas (H, S) Kentucky (H, S) Louisiana (H, S) Maine (H, S) Maryland (H, S) Massachusetts (H, S) Michigan (H, S) Minnesota (H, S) Mississippi (H, S) Missouri (H, S) Montana (H, S) Nebraska Nevada (A, S) New Hampshire (H, S) New Jersey (GA, S) New Mexico (H, S) New York (A, S) North Carolina (H, S) North Dakota (H, S) Ohio (H, S) Oklahoma (H, S) Oregon (H, S) Pennsylvania (H, S) Rhode Island (H, S) South Carolina (H, S) South Dakota (H, S) Tennessee (H, S) Texas (H, S) Utah (H, S) Vermont (H, S) Virginia (H, S) Washington (H, S) West Virginia (H, S) Wisconsin (A, S) Wyoming (H, S) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa (H, S) Guam Northern Mariana Islands (H, S) Puerto Rico (H, S) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of U.S. state legislators Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States 58°18′08″N 134°24′38″W / 58.302198°N 134.410467°W / 58.302198; -134.410467
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house"},{"link_name":"Alaska Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Legislature"},{"link_name":"state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"term limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Juneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska"}],"text":"Lower house in the Alaska LegislatureThe Alaska State House of Representatives is the lower house in the Alaska Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Alaska. The House is composed of 40 members, each of whom represents a district of approximately 17,756 people per 2010 census figures. Members serve two-year terms without term limits. With 40 representatives, the Alaska House is the smallest state legislative lower chamber in the United States. The House convenes at the State Capitol in Juneau.","title":"Alaska House of Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-1"}],"text":"Members of the Alaska House of Representatives are responsible for a portion of the process of making and amending state law. The first step of the legislative process is filing a bill by giving it to the chief clerk of the Alaska House of Representatives.[1] The chief clerk will then assign bills a number.[1]Bills are introduced and read the first time with the number, sponsor or sponsors, and the title of the bill and then referred to a committee(s).[1] Committee chairs can choose whether or not hear a bill and committees can vote to approve a bill in its original form or make modifications through a committee substitute.[1] Once bills or substitutes are approved, the legislation is referred to the next committee of assignment or to the Rules Committee, which can further amend the bill or assign it to the daily floor calendar.[1]Once a bill is scheduled on the floor, it appears on the calendar in Second Reading. The bill is again read by number, sponsor or sponsors, and title along with the standing committee reports. A motion is made on the floor to adopt any committee substitutes.[1] Amendments can also be offered and voted on.[1] Third Reading is where the motion is made to vote on the bill.[1]","title":"Powers and process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaska Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Senate"},{"link_name":"Alaska Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Senate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-1"}],"sub_title":"Senate action","text":"After final passage in the Alaska House of Representatives, a bill is engrossed and sent to the Alaska Senate to go through the same process of introduction, committee referral and three readings. Likewise, bills that have been approved on Third Reading in the Alaska Senate are engrossed and sent to the Alaska House of Representatives.[1]","title":"Powers and process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-1"}],"sub_title":"Enrollment or conference","text":"When a bill is not modified in the second house, it can be sent to the governor on Third Reading, through enrollment. If the bill is modified, the house of origin must vote to accept or reject amendments by the opposite house. A Fourth Reading, in the case of acceptance, will send the bill to the governor, through enrollment. If amendments are rejected, the bill can be sent to conference, where members of the Senate and House hash out a final version and send it to a Fourth Reading in both houses.[1]","title":"Powers and process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-1"}],"sub_title":"Governor and veto override","text":"The governor can choose to sign or veto the legislation. In the case of the veto, a two-thirds majority of a joint session can override the veto. An appropriations bill requires a three-fourths majority vote in a joint session to override a veto. If signed or approved by a veto override, the legislation becomes law.[1]","title":"Powers and process"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbk-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbk-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbk-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-const-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-const-3"}],"sub_title":"Terms and qualifications","text":"State representatives must be a qualified voter and resident of Alaska for no less than three years, and a resident of the district from which elected for one year immediately preceding filing for office.[2] A state representative must be 21 years of age at the time the oath of office is taken.[2] The Alaska House of Representatives may expel a member with the concurrence of two-thirds of the membership of the house.[2]Legislative terms begin on the second Monday in January following a presidential election year and on the third Tuesday in January following a gubernatorial election.[3] State representatives serve for terms of two years.[3]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlaskaHouseOfRepresentativesDirectory2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"26th Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Alaska_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Alaska_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_leader"},{"link_name":"minority leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_leader"}],"sub_title":"Leadership","text":"House of Representatives member directory in the hallway of the Capitol building. Taken in 2009, this shows the House membership during the 26th Legislature.The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber.","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bush Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Caucus"},{"link_name":"David Eastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Eastman_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Political party strength in Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Alaska"}],"sub_title":"Current composition","text":"The 23-member majority caucus consists of 20 Republicans, 1 Independent and 2 Democrats from the Bush Caucus. The 16-member minority caucus consists of 11 Democrats, 4 Independents and 1 Republican. Representative David Eastman is not a member of either caucus. \n[4]Past partisan compositions can be found on Political party strength in Alaska.","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OpenStates-9"}],"text":"Current committees include:[9]Judiciary\nResources\nState Affairs\nEconomic Development, Trade, Tourism, and the Arctic\nFisheries\nCommittee on Committees\nTask Force on Sustainable Education\nCommunity & Regional Affairs\nEducation\nEnergy\nMilitary & Veterans' Affairs\nHealth & Social Services\nLabor & Commerce\nTransportation\nRules\nFinance\nEducation & Early Development\nGovernor\nLabor & Workforce Development\nHealth & Social Services\nLegislature\nMilitary & Veterans' Affairs\nNatural Resources\nPublic Safety\nRevenue\nTransportation & Public Facilities\nUniversity Of Alaska\nAdministration\nCommerce, Community & Economic Dev\nCorrections\nCourt System\nEnvironmental Conservation\nFish & Game\nLaw\nFiscal Policy","title":"Committees"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current members (33rd Alaska State Legislature)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Past composition of the House of Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-min-caucus_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-non-caucus_11-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-a_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-a_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-a_12-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-majority_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-majority_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-majority_13-2"}],"text":"^ Member of the Democratic-led minority caucus\n\n^ Not a member of either caucus\n\n^ a b c Originally appointed.\n\n^ a b c Member of the Republican-led majority","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Alaska's Republican former House speaker joins Democrat-led minority\". Alaska Division of Elections. February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adn.com/politics/alaska-legislature/2023/02/02/alaskas-republican-former-house-speaker-joins-democrat-led-minority/","url_text":"\"Alaska's Republican former House speaker joins Democrat-led minority\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alaska House Committees\". Open States. Sunlight Foundation. April 9, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://openstates.org/ak/committees/?chamber=lower","url_text":"\"Alaska House Committees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight_Foundation","url_text":"Sunlight Foundation"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic_Age
Mesolithic
["1 Terminology","2 Europe","2.1 Art","2.2 Weaving","2.3 Ceramic Mesolithic","2.4 Cultures","3 \"Mesolithic\" outside of The old world","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Prehistoric period, second part of the Stone Age MesolithicReconstruction of a "temporary" Mesolithic house in Ireland; waterside sites offered good food resources.Alternative namesEpipaleolithic (for the Near East)Geographical rangeEuropePeriodMiddle of Stone AgeDates20,000 to 10,000 BP (Middle East)15,000–5,000 BP (Europe)Preceded byUpper PaleolithicFollowed byNeolithic The Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos 'middle' + λίθος, lithos 'stone') or Middle Stone Age is the Old World archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The term Epipaleolithic is often used synonymously, especially for outside northern Europe, and for the corresponding period in the Levant and Caucasus. The Mesolithic has different time spans in different parts of Eurasia. It refers to the final period of hunter-gatherer cultures in Europe and the Middle East, between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution. In Europe it spans roughly 15,000 to 5,000 BP; in the Middle East (the Epipalaeolithic Near East) roughly 20,000 to 10,000 BP. The term is less used of areas farther east, and not at all beyond Eurasia and North Africa. The type of culture associated with the Mesolithic varies between areas, but it is associated with a decline in the group hunting of large animals in favour of a broader hunter-gatherer way of life, and the development of more sophisticated and typically smaller lithic tools and weapons than the heavy-chipped equivalents typical of the Paleolithic. Depending on the region, some use of pottery and textiles may be found in sites allocated to the Mesolithic, but generally indications of agriculture are taken as marking transition into the Neolithic. The more permanent settlements tend to be close to the sea or inland waters offering a good supply of food. Mesolithic societies are not seen as very complex, and burials are fairly simple; in contrast, grandiose burial mounds are a mark of the Neolithic. Terminology Main article: Three-age system § Stone Age subdivisions The Mesolithic begins during the latest Pleistocene, characterized by a progressive rise of temperatures, between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution during the Holocene. Evolution of temperature in the Post-Glacial period according to Greenland ice cores. Mesolithic artifacts The terms "Paleolithic" and "Neolithic" were introduced by John Lubbock in his work Pre-historic Times in 1865. The additional "Mesolithic" category was added as an intermediate category by Hodder Westropp in 1866. Westropp's suggestion was immediately controversial. A British school led by John Evans denied any need for an intermediate: the ages blended together like the colors of a rainbow, he said. A European school led by Gabriel de Mortillet asserted that there was a gap between the earlier and later. Edouard Piette claimed to have filled the gap with his naming of the Azilian Culture. Knut Stjerna offered an alternative in the "Epipaleolithic", suggesting a final phase of the Paleolithic rather than an intermediate age in its own right inserted between the Paleolithic and Neolithic. By the time of Vere Gordon Childe's work, The Dawn of Europe (1947), which affirms the Mesolithic, sufficient data had been collected to determine that a transitional period between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic was indeed a useful concept. However, the terms "Mesolithic" and "Epipalaeolithic" remain in competition, with varying conventions of usage. In the archaeology of Northern Europe, for example for archaeological sites in Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, Ukraine, and Russia, the term "Mesolithic" is almost always used. In the archaeology of other areas, the term "Epipaleolithic" may be preferred by most authors, or there may be divergences between authors over which term to use or what meaning to assign to each. In the New World, neither term is used (except provisionally in the Arctic). "Epipaleolithic" is sometimes also used alongside "Mesolithic" for the final end of the Upper Paleolithic immediately followed by the Mesolithic. As "Mesolithic" suggests an intermediate period, followed by the Neolithic, some authors prefer the term "Epipaleolithic" for hunter-gatherer cultures who are not succeeded by agricultural traditions, reserving "Mesolithic" for cultures who are clearly succeeded by the Neolithic Revolution, such as the Natufian culture. Other authors use "Mesolithic" as a generic term for hunter-gatherer cultures after the Last Glacial Maximum, whether they are transitional towards agriculture or not. In addition, terminology appears to differ between archaeological sub-disciplines, with "Mesolithic" being widely used in European archaeology, while "Epipalaeolithic" is more common in Near Eastern archaeology. Europe Further information: Prehistoric Europe § Mesolithic_(Middle_Stone_Age) The Shigir Idol, from the east of the Ural mountains. Two skeletons of women aged between 25 and 35 years, dated between 6740 and 5680 BP, both of whom died a violent death. Found at Téviec, France in 1938. The Balkan Mesolithic begins around 15,000 years ago. In Western Europe, the Early Mesolithic, or Azilian, begins about 14,000 years ago, in the Franco-Cantabrian region of northern Spain and Southern France. In other parts of Europe, the Mesolithic begins by 11,500 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), and it ends with the introduction of farming, depending on the region between c. 8,500 and 5,500 years ago. Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the last glacial period ended have a much more apparent Mesolithic era, lasting millennia. In northern Europe, for example, societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the marshlands created by the warmer climate. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviors that are preserved in the material record, such as the Maglemosian and Azilian cultures. Such conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until some 5,500 BP in northern Europe. The type of stone toolkit remains one of the most diagnostic features: the Mesolithic used a microlithic technology – composite devices manufactured with Mode V chipped stone tools (microliths), while the Paleolithic had utilized Modes I–IV. In some areas, however, such as Ireland, parts of Portugal, the Isle of Man and the Tyrrhenian Islands, a macrolithic technology was used in the Mesolithic. In the Neolithic, the microlithic technology was replaced by a macrolithic technology, with an increased use of polished stone tools such as stone axes. There is some evidence for the beginning of construction at sites with a ritual or astronomical significance, including Stonehenge, with a short row of large post holes aligned east–west, and a possible "lunar calendar" at Warren Field in Scotland, with pits of post holes of varying sizes, thought to reflect the lunar phases. Both are dated to before c. 9,000 BP (the 8th millennium BC). An ancient chewed gum made from the pitch of birch bark revealed that a woman enjoyed a meal of hazelnuts and duck about 5,700 years ago in southern Denmark. Mesolithic people influenced Europe's forests by bringing favored plants like hazel with them. As the "Neolithic package" (including farming, herding, polished stone axes, timber longhouses and pottery) spread into Europe, the Mesolithic way of life was marginalized and eventually disappeared. Mesolithic adaptations such as sedentism, population size and use of plant foods are cited as evidence of the transition to agriculture. Other Mesolithic communities rejected the Neolithic package likely as a result of ideological reluctance, different worldviews and an active rejection of the sedentary-farming lifestyle. In one sample from the Blätterhöhle in Hagen, it seems that the descendants of Mesolithic people maintained a foraging lifestyle for more than 2000 years after the arrival of farming societies in the area; such societies may be called "Subneolithic". For hunter-gatherer communities, long-term close contact and integration in existing farming communities facilitated the adoption of a farming lifestyle. The integration of these hunter-gatherer in farming communities was made possible by their socially open character towards new members. In north-Eastern Europe, the hunting and fishing lifestyle continued into the Medieval period in regions less suited to agriculture, and in Scandinavia no Mesolithic period may be accepted, with the locally preferred "Older Stone Age" moving into the "Younger Stone Age". Art Compared to the preceding Upper Paleolithic and the following Neolithic, there is rather less surviving art from the Mesolithic. The Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin, which probably spreads across from the Upper Paleolithic, is a widespread phenomenon, much less well known than the cave-paintings of the Upper Paleolithic, with which it makes an interesting contrast. The sites are now mostly cliff faces in the open air, and the subjects are now mostly human rather than animal, with large groups of small figures; there are 45 figures at Roca dels Moros. Clothing is shown, and scenes of dancing, fighting, hunting and food-gathering. The figures are much smaller than the animals of Paleolithic art, and depicted much more schematically, though often in energetic poses. A few small engraved pendants with suspension holes and simple engraved designs are known, some from northern Europe in amber, and one from Star Carr in Britain in shale. The Elk's Head of Huittinen is a rare Mesolithic animal carving in soapstone from Finland. The rock art in the Urals appears to show similar changes after the Paleolithic, and the wooden Shigir Idol is a rare survival of what may well have been a very common material for sculpture. It is a plank of larch carved with geometric motifs, but topped with a human head. Now in fragments, it would apparently have been over 5 metres tall when made. The Ain Sakhri figurine from Palestine is a Natufian carving in calcite. A total of 33 antler frontlets have been discovered at Star Carr. These are red deer skulls modified to be worn by humans. Modified frontlets have also been discovered at Bedburg-Königshoven, Hohen Viecheln, Plau, and Berlin-Biesdorf. The Ain Sakhri lovers; c. 9000 BCE (late Epipalaeolithic Near East); calcite; height: 10.2 cm, width: 6.3 cm; from Ain Sakhri (near Bethlehem, Palestine); British Museum (London) Animated image showing the sequence of engravings on a pendant excavated from the Mesolithic archaeological site of Star Carr in 2015 Roca dels Moros, Spain, The Dance of Cogul, tracing by Henri Breuil Weaving Weaving techniques were deployed to create shoes and baskets, the latter being of fine construction and decorated with dyes. Examples have been found in Cueva de los Murciélagos in Southern Spain that in 2023 were dated to 9,500 years ago. Ceramic Mesolithic See also: Subneolithic In North-Eastern Europe, Siberia, and certain southern European and North African sites, a "ceramic Mesolithic" can be distinguished between c. 9,000 to 5,850 BP. Russian archaeologists prefer to describe such pottery-making cultures as Neolithic, even though farming is absent. This pottery-making Mesolithic culture can be found peripheral to the sedentary Neolithic cultures. It created a distinctive type of pottery, with point or knob base and flared rims, manufactured by methods not used by the Neolithic farmers. Though each area of Mesolithic ceramic developed an individual style, common features suggest a single point of origin. The earliest manifestation of this type of pottery may be in the region around Lake Baikal in Siberia. It appears in the Yelshanka culture on the Volga in Russia 9,000 years ago, and from there spread via the Dnieper-Donets culture to the Narva culture of the Eastern Baltic. Spreading westward along the coastline it is found in the Ertebølle culture of Denmark and Ellerbek of Northern Germany, and the related Swifterbant culture of the Low Countries. Pottery with re-construction repairs found in Xianrendong cave, dating to 20,000–10,000 years ago. A 2012 publication in the Science journal, announced that the earliest pottery yet known anywhere in the world was found in Xianrendong cave in China, dating by radiocarbon to between 20,000 and 19,000 years before present, at the end of the Last Glacial Period. The carbon 14 datation was established by carefully dating surrounding sediments. Many of the pottery fragments had scorch marks, suggesting that the pottery was used for cooking. These early pottery containers were made well before the invention of agriculture (dated to 10,000 to 8,000 BC), by mobile foragers who hunted and gathered their food during the Late Glacial Maximum. Cultures Part of a series onHuman historyand prehistory ↑ before Homo   (Pliocene epoch) Prehistory Stone Age Lower Paleolithic HomoHomo erectus Middle Paleolithic Early Homo sapiens Upper Paleolithic Behavioral modernity EpipalaeolithicMesolithic Neolithic Cradle of civilization Protohistory Copper Age Bronze Age EuropeNear EastSouth AsiaEast Asia Bronze Age collapse Iron Age EuropeNear EastSouth AsiaSoutheast AsiaEast AsiaWest Africa Recorded history Ancient history Earliest recordsProtohistory Post-classical history Modern history EarlyLateContemporary ↓ Future   (Holocene epoch)vte The Mesolithic ↑ Upper Paleolithic Mesolithic culturesMesolithic Europe Fosna–Hensbacka culture Komsa culture Maglemosian culture Iron Gates Mesolithic Kunda culture Narva culture Komornica culture Swiderian culture Epipaleolithic Transylvania Mesolithic Transylvania Tardenoisian Schela Cladovei culture Mesolithic Southeastern Europe Epipalaeolithic Near East Levantine corridor Natufian Caucasus Trialetian Mesolithic Zagros Zarzian culture ↓ Neolithicvte Comb Ceramic culture existed from around 4200 BC to around 2000 BC. The bearers of the culture are thought to have still mostly followed the Mesolithic hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Geographical range Periodization Culture Temporal range Notable sites Southeastern Europe (Greece, Aegean) Balkan Mesolithic 15,000–7,000 BP Franchthi, Theopetra Southeastern Europe (Romania/Serbia) Balkan Mesolithic Iron Gates culture 13,000–5,000 BP Lepenski Vir Western Europe Early Mesolithic Azilian 14,000–10,000 BP Northern Europe (Norway) Fosna-Hensbacka culture 12,000–10,500 BP Northern Europe (Norway) Early Mesolithic Komsa culture 12,000–10,000 BP Central Asia (Middle Urals) 12,000–5,000 BP Shigir Idol, Vtoraya Beregovaya Northeastern Europe (Estonia, Latvia and northwestern Russia) Middle Mesolithic Kunda culture 10,500–7,000 BP Lammasmägi, Pulli settlement Northern Europe Maglemosian culture 11,000–8,000 BP Western and Central Europe Sauveterrian culture 10,500–8,500 BP Western Europe (Great Britain) British Mesolithic 11,000–6000 BP Star Carr, Howick house, Gough's Cave, Cramond, Aveline's Hole Western Europe (Ireland) Irish Mesolithic 11,000–5,500 BP Mount Sandel Western Europe (Belgium and France) Tardenoisian culture 10,000–5,000 BP Central and Eastern Europe (Belarus, Lithuania and Poland) Late Mesolithic Neman culture 9,000–5,000 BP Northern Europe (Scandinavia) Nøstvet and Lihult cultures 8,200–5,200 BP Northern Europe (Scandinavia) Kongemose culture 8,000–7,200 BP Northern Europe (Scandinavia) Late Mesolithic Ertebølle 7,300–5,900 BP Western Europe (Netherlands) Late Mesolithic Swifterbant 7,300–5,400 BP Western Europe (Portugal) Late Mesolithic 7,600–5,500 BP "Mesolithic" outside of The old world Mesolithic stone mortar and pestle, Kebaran culture, Epipaleolithic Near East. 22,000–18,000 BP While Paleolithic and Neolithic have been found useful terms and concepts in the archaeology of China, and can be mostly regarded as happily naturalized, Mesolithic was introduced later, mostly after 1945, and does not appear to be a necessary or useful term in the context of China. Chinese sites that have been regarded as Mesolithic are better considered as "Early Neolithic". In the archaeology of India, the Mesolithic, dated roughly between 12,000 and 8,000 BP, remains a concept in use. In the archaeology of the Americas, an Archaic or Meso-Indian period, following the Lithic stage, somewhat equates to the Mesolithic. The Saharan rock paintings found at Tassili n'Ajjer in central Sahara, and at other locations depict vivid scenes of everyday life in central North Africa. Some of these paintings were executed by a hunting people who lived in a savanna region teeming with a water-dependent species like the hippopotamus, animals that no longer exist in the now-desert area. Geographical range Periodization Culture Temporal range Notable sites North Africa (Morocco) Late Upper Paleolithic to Early Mesolithic Iberomaurusian culture 24,000–10,000 BP North Africa Capsian culture 12,000–8,000 BP East Africa Kenya Mesolithic 8,200–7,400 BP Gamble's cave Central Asia (Middle Urals) 12,000–5,000 BP Shigir Idol, Vtoraya Beregovaya East Asia (Japan) Jōmon cultures 16,000–2,350 BP East Asia (Korea) Jeulmun pottery period 10,000–3,500 BP South Asia (India) South Asian Stone Age 12,000–4,000 BP Bhimbetka rock shelters, Lekhahia See also Caucasus hunter-gatherer History of archery#Prehistory List of Stone Age art List of Mesolithic settlements Mammoth extinction Eastern Hunter-Gatherer Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer Western Hunter-Gatherer Anatolian hunter-gatherers Younger Dryas References ^ Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017). "Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of the middle east". Scientific Reports. 7: 40338. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740338P. doi:10.1038/srep40338. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5216412. PMID 28059138. ^ Linder, F. (1997). Social differentiering i mesolitiska jägar-samlarsamhällen. Uppsala.: Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet. ^ "final Upper Paleolithic industries occurring at the end of the final glaciation which appear to merge technologically into the Mesolithic" Bahn, Paul, ed. (2002). The Penguin archaeology guide. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-051448-3. ^ Conneller, Chantal; Bayliss, Alex; Milner, Nicky; Taylor, Barry (2016). "The Resettlement of the British Landscape: Towards a chronology of Early Mesolithic lithic assemblage types". Internet Archaeology. 42 (42). doi:10.11141/ia.42.12. hdl:10034/621138. ^ Driscoll, Killian (2006). The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland (Thesis). National University of Ireland, Galway. ^ V. Gaffney; et al. "Time and a Place: A luni-solar 'time-reckoner' from 8th millennium BC Scotland". Internet Archaeology. Retrieved 16 July 2013. ^ Jensen, Theis Z. T.; Niemann, Jonas; Iversen, Katrine Højholt; Fotakis, Anna K.; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Vågene, Åshild J.; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ellegaard, Martin R.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Lanigan, Liam T. (17 December 2019). "A 5700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome from chewed birch pitch". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 5520. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.5520J. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13549-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6917805. PMID 31848342. ^ "5,700-Year-Old Lola, Her Genome Sequenced from Gum, Joins Other Named Forebears". DNA Science. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2021. ^ Paschall, Max (22 July 2020). "The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe". Shelterwood Forest Farm. Retrieved 5 January 2021. ^ Price, Douglas, ed. (2000). Europe's first farmers. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0521665728. ^ a b Furholt, Martin (2021). "Mobility and Social Change: Understanding the European Neolithic Period after the Archaeogenetic Revolution". Journal of Archaeological Research. 10.1007/s10814-020-09153-x (4): 481–535. doi:10.1007/s10814-020-09153-x. hdl:10852/85345. ^ Bollongino, R.; Nehlich, O.; Richards, M. P.; Orschiedt, J.; Thomas, M. G.; Sell, C.; Fajkosova, Z.; Powell, A.; Burger, J. (2013). "2000 Years of Parallel Societies in Stone Age Central Europe" (PDF). Science. 342 (6157): 479–81. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..479B. doi:10.1126/science.1245049. PMID 24114781. S2CID 206552000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2020. ^ Bailey, Geoff and Spikins, Penny, Mesolithic Europe, p. 4, 2008, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521855039, 978-0521855037 ^ Sandars, Nancy K., Prehistoric Art in Europe, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), pp. 87–96, 1968 (nb 1st edn.) ^ "11,000 year old pendant is earliest known Mesolithic art in Britain", University of York ^ Geggel, Laura (25 April 2018). "This Eerie, Human-Like Figure Is Twice As Old As Egypt's Pyramids". Live Science. Retrieved 28 April 2018. ^ Nicky Milner; Chantal Conneller; Barry Taylor (2018). STAR CARR Volume 1: a persistent place. White Rose University Press. ^ Martin Street; Markus Wil (2015). "Technological aspects of two Mesolithic red deer 'antler frontlets' from the German Rhineland". In N. Ashton; C. Harris (eds.). No Stone Unturned. Papers in Honour of Roger Jacobi. pp. 209–219. ^ Morgan, C.; Scholma-Mason, N. (2017). "Animated GIFs as Expressive Visual Narratives and Expository Devices in Archaeology". Internet Archaeology (44). doi:10.11141/ia.44.11. ^ Hunter-Gatherers Were Making Baskets 9,500 Years Ago, Researchers Say by Rachel Chaundler, The New York Times 30 September 2023 Science, updated 3 October 2023 ^ Martínez-Sevilla, Francisco; Herrero-Otal, Maria; Martín-Seijo, María; Santana, Jonathan; Lozano Rodríguez, José A.; Maicas Ramos, Ruth; Cubas, Miriam; Homs, Anna; Martínez Sánchez, Rafael M.; Bertin, Ingrid; Barroso Bermejo, Rosa; Bueno Ramírez, Primitiva; de Balbín Behrmann, Rodrigo; Palomo Pérez, Antoni; Álvarez-Valero, Antonio M. (27 September 2023). "The earliest basketry in southern Europe: Hunter-gatherer and farmer plant-based technology in Cueva de los Murciélagos (Albuñol)". Science Advances. 9 (39): eadi3055. Bibcode:2023SciA....9I3055M. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adi3055. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 10530072. PMID 37756397. ^ De Roevers, pp. 162–63 ^ Anthony, D.W. (2007). "Pontic-Caspian Mesolithic and Early Neolithic societies at the time of the Black Sea Flood: a small audience and small effects". In Yanko-Hombach, V.; Gilbert, A.A.; Panin, N.; Dolukhanov, P.M. (eds.). The Black Sea Flood Question: changes in coastline, climate and human settlement. Springer. pp. 245–370. ISBN 978-9402404654. ^ Anthony, David W. (2010). The horse, the wheel, and language : how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691148182. ^ Gronenborn, Detlef (2007). "Beyond the models: Neolithisation in Central Europe". Proceedings of the British Academy. 144: 73–98. ^ Detlef Gronenborn, Beyond the models: Neolithisation in Central Europe, Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 144 (2007), pp. 73–98 (87). ^ Huan, Anthony (13 April 2019). "Ancient China: Neolithic". National Museum of China. ^ Stanglin, Douglas (29 June 2012). "Pottery found in China cave confirmed as world's oldest". USA Today. ^ a b Wu, X; Zhang, C; Goldberg, P; Cohen, D; Pan, Y; Arpin, T; Bar-Yosef, O (29 June 2012). "Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China". Science. 336 (6089): 1696–1700. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1696W. doi:10.1126/science.1218643. PMID 22745428. S2CID 37666548. ^ a b c Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Arpin, Trina; Pan, Yan; Cohen, David; Goldberg, Paul; Zhang, Chi; Wu, Xiaohong (29 June 2012). "Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China". Science. 336 (6089): 1696–1700. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1696W. doi:10.1126/science.1218643. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22745428. S2CID 37666548. ^ Sarah Gibbens, "Face of 9,000-Year-Old Teenager Reconstructed", National Geographic, 19 January 2018. ^ Srejovic, Dragoslav (1972). Europe's First Monumental Sculpture: New Discoveries at Lepenski Vir. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-39009-2. ^ Central Asia does not enter the Neolithic, but transitions from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic in the fourth millennium BC (metmuseum.org). The early onset of the Mesolithic in Central Asia and its importance for later European mesolithic cultures was understood only after 2015, with the radiocarbon dating of the Shigor idol to 11,500 years old. N.E. Zaretskaya et al., "Radiocarbon chronology of the Shigir and Gorbunovo archaeological bog sites, Middle Urals, Russia", Proceedings of the 6th International Radiocarbon and Archaeology Symposium, (E Boaretto and N R Rebollo Franco eds.), RADIOCARBON Vol 54, No. 3–4, 2012, 783–94. ^ Zhang, Chi, The Mesolithic and the Neolithic in China (PDF), 1999, Documenta Praehistorica. Poročilo o raziskovanju paleolitika, neolotika in eneolitika v Sloveniji. Neolitske študije = Neolithic studies, 26 (1999), pp. 1–13 dLib ^ Sailendra Nath Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization, p. 23, 1999, New Age International, ISBN 8122411983, 978-8122411980 ^ "Tassili n'Ajjer". UNESCO. ^ "Africa-Paleolithic". Britannica. Retrieved 28 November 2018. ^ Central Asia does not enter the Neolithic, but transitions from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic in the fourth millennium BC (metmuseum.org). The early onset of the Mesolithic in Central Asia and its importance for later European mesolithic cultures was understood only after 2015, with the radiocarbon dating of the Shigor idol to 11,500 years old. N.E. Zaretskaya et al., "Radiocarbon chronology of the Shigir and Gorbunovo archaeological bog sites, Middle Urals, Russia", Proceedings of the 6th International Radiocarbon and Archaeology Symposium, (E Boaretto and N R Rebollo Franco eds.), RADIOCARBON Vol 54, No. 3–4, 2012, 783–794. ^ The term "Mesolithic" is not a useful term for the periodization of the South Asian Stone Age, as certain tribes in the interior of the Indian subcontinent retained a mesolithic culture into the modern period, and there is no consistent usage of the term. The range 12,000–4,000 BP is based on the combination of the ranges given by Agrawal et al. (1978) and by Sen (1999), and overlaps with the early Neolithic at Mehrgarh. D.P. Agrawal et al., "Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age", Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 1978, 37–44: "A total time bracket of c. 6,000–2,000 B.C. will cover the dated Mesolithic sites, e.g. Langhnaj, Bagor, Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, Lekhahia, etc." (p. 38). S.N. Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization, 1999: "The Mesolithic period roughly ranges between 10,000 and 6,000 B.C." (p. 23). External links Media related to Mesolithic at Wikimedia Commons vtePrehistoric technology Prehistory Timeline Outline Stone Age Subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history Glossary ToolsFarming Neolithic Revolution Founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern-stone Storage pits Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear spear-thrower baton harpoon Schöningen woomera Projectile points Arrowhead Transverse Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Mastodon Plano Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Aurignacian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared-core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire-saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern-stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration ArchitectureCeremonial Kiva Pyramid Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Dwellings Neolithic architecture long house British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mudbrick Mehrgarh Pit-house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Stone roof Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Megalithic architectural elements Midden Oldest extant buildings Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and cultureMaterial goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing/textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Cord-marked Grooved ware Jōmon Linear Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine winery wine press Prehistoric art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Cairn Carved stone balls Cave paintings Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Hill figure Golden hats Guardian stones Gwion Gwion rock paintings painting pigment Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Rock cupule Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurine Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Cotswold-Severn Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court cairn Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge-shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Archaeoastronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Evolutionary origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Origin of language Prehistoric counting Prehistoric medicine trepanning Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Old World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World"},{"link_name":"archaeological period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_period"},{"link_name":"Upper Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Epipaleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipaleolithic"},{"link_name":"the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipaleolithic_Near_East"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipaleolithic_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"Last Glacial Maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum"},{"link_name":"Neolithic Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Present"},{"link_name":"Epipalaeolithic Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipalaeolithic_Near_East"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Present"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles#Prehistoric_development"},{"link_name":"transition into the Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution"},{"link_name":"burial mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"}],"text":"Prehistoric period, second part of the Stone AgeThe Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos 'middle' + λίθος, lithos 'stone') or Middle Stone Age is the Old World archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The term Epipaleolithic is often used synonymously, especially for outside northern Europe, and for the corresponding period in the Levant and Caucasus. The Mesolithic has different time spans in different parts of Eurasia. It refers to the final period of hunter-gatherer cultures in Europe and the Middle East, between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution. In Europe it spans roughly 15,000 to 5,000 BP; in the Middle East (the Epipalaeolithic Near East) roughly 20,000 to 10,000 BP. The term is less used of areas farther east, and not at all beyond Eurasia and North Africa.The type of culture associated with the Mesolithic varies between areas, but it is associated with a decline in the group hunting of large animals in favour of a broader hunter-gatherer way of life, and the development of more sophisticated and typically smaller lithic tools and weapons than the heavy-chipped equivalents typical of the Paleolithic. Depending on the region, some use of pottery and textiles may be found in sites allocated to the Mesolithic, but generally indications of agriculture are taken as marking transition into the Neolithic. The more permanent settlements tend to be close to the sea or inland waters offering a good supply of food. Mesolithic societies are not seen as very complex, and burials are fairly simple; in contrast, grandiose burial mounds are a mark of the Neolithic.","title":"Mesolithic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Last Glacial Maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum"},{"link_name":"Neolithic Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"Greenland ice cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_ice_cores"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OpgravingStevoort.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury"},{"link_name":"John Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evans_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"Gabriel de Mortillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_de_Mortillet"},{"link_name":"Edouard Piette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Piette"},{"link_name":"Azilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azilian"},{"link_name":"Knut Stjerna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Stjerna"},{"link_name":"Vere Gordon Childe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere_Gordon_Childe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"Natufian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian_culture"}],"text":"The Mesolithic begins during the latest Pleistocene, characterized by a progressive rise of temperatures, between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution during the Holocene. Evolution of temperature in the Post-Glacial period according to Greenland ice cores.[1]Mesolithic artifactsThe terms \"Paleolithic\" and \"Neolithic\" were introduced by John Lubbock in his work Pre-historic Times in 1865. The additional \"Mesolithic\" category was added as an intermediate category by Hodder Westropp in 1866. Westropp's suggestion was immediately controversial. A British school led by John Evans denied any need for an intermediate: the ages blended together like the colors of a rainbow, he said. A European school led by Gabriel de Mortillet asserted that there was a gap between the earlier and later.Edouard Piette claimed to have filled the gap with his naming of the Azilian Culture. Knut Stjerna offered an alternative in the \"Epipaleolithic\", suggesting a final phase of the Paleolithic rather than an intermediate age in its own right inserted between the Paleolithic and Neolithic.By the time of Vere Gordon Childe's work, The Dawn of Europe (1947), which affirms the Mesolithic, sufficient data had been collected to determine that a transitional period between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic was indeed a useful concept.[2] However, the terms \"Mesolithic\" and \"Epipalaeolithic\" remain in competition, with varying conventions of usage. In the archaeology of Northern Europe, for example for archaeological sites in Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, Ukraine, and Russia, the term \"Mesolithic\" is almost always used. In the archaeology of other areas, the term \"Epipaleolithic\" may be preferred by most authors, or there may be divergences between authors over which term to use or what meaning to assign to each. In the New World, neither term is used (except provisionally in the Arctic).\"Epipaleolithic\" is sometimes also used alongside \"Mesolithic\" for the final end of the Upper Paleolithic immediately followed by the Mesolithic.[3] As \"Mesolithic\" suggests an intermediate period, followed by the Neolithic, some authors prefer the term \"Epipaleolithic\" for hunter-gatherer cultures who are not succeeded by agricultural traditions, reserving \"Mesolithic\" for cultures who are clearly succeeded by the Neolithic Revolution, such as the Natufian culture. Other authors use \"Mesolithic\" as a generic term for hunter-gatherer cultures after the Last Glacial Maximum, whether they are transitional towards agriculture or not. In addition, terminology appears to differ between archaeological sub-disciplines, with \"Mesolithic\" being widely used in European archaeology, while \"Epipalaeolithic\" is more common in Near Eastern archaeology.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prehistoric Europe § Mesolithic_(Middle_Stone_Age)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe#Mesolithic_(Middle_Stone_Age)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shigir Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigir_Idol"},{"link_name":"Ural mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_mountains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%C3%A9pulture_de_Teviec_Global.jpg"},{"link_name":"Téviec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9viec"},{"link_name":"Balkan Mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"Azilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azilian"},{"link_name":"Franco-Cantabrian region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Cantabrian_region"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Southern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_France"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Europe"},{"link_name":"last glacial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Maglemosian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglemosian"},{"link_name":"Azilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azilian"},{"link_name":"microlithic technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlithic_technology"},{"link_name":"stone tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool"},{"link_name":"microliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microliths"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"astronomical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"Stonehenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"post holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_hole"},{"link_name":"Warren Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Field"},{"link_name":"lunar phases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_phase"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"timber longhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_long_house"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furholt-11"},{"link_name":"Blätterhöhle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bl%C3%A4tterh%C3%B6hle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Subneolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subneolithic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furholt-11"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Further information: Prehistoric Europe § Mesolithic_(Middle_Stone_Age)The Shigir Idol, from the east of the Ural mountains.Two skeletons of women aged between 25 and 35 years, dated between 6740 and 5680 BP, both of whom died a violent death. Found at Téviec, France in 1938.The Balkan Mesolithic begins around 15,000 years ago. In Western Europe, the Early Mesolithic, or Azilian, begins about 14,000 years ago, in the Franco-Cantabrian region of northern Spain and Southern France. In other parts of Europe, the Mesolithic begins by 11,500 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), and it ends with the introduction of farming, depending on the region between c. 8,500 and 5,500 years ago. Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the last glacial period ended have a much more apparent Mesolithic era, lasting millennia.[4] In northern Europe, for example, societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the marshlands created by the warmer climate. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviors that are preserved in the material record, such as the Maglemosian and Azilian cultures. Such conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until some 5,500 BP in northern Europe.The type of stone toolkit remains one of the most diagnostic features: the Mesolithic used a microlithic technology – composite devices manufactured with Mode V chipped stone tools (microliths), while the Paleolithic had utilized Modes I–IV. In some areas, however, such as Ireland, parts of Portugal, the Isle of Man and the Tyrrhenian Islands, a macrolithic technology was used in the Mesolithic.[5] In the Neolithic, the microlithic technology was replaced by a macrolithic technology, with an increased use of polished stone tools such as stone axes.There is some evidence for the beginning of construction at sites with a ritual or astronomical significance, including Stonehenge, with a short row of large post holes aligned east–west, and a possible \"lunar calendar\" at Warren Field in Scotland, with pits of post holes of varying sizes, thought to reflect the lunar phases. Both are dated to before c. 9,000 BP (the 8th millennium BC).[6]An ancient chewed gum made from the pitch of birch bark revealed that a woman enjoyed a meal of hazelnuts and duck about 5,700 years ago in southern Denmark.[7][8] Mesolithic people influenced Europe's forests by bringing favored plants like hazel with them.[9]As the \"Neolithic package\" (including farming, herding, polished stone axes, timber longhouses and pottery) spread into Europe, the Mesolithic way of life was marginalized and eventually disappeared. Mesolithic adaptations such as sedentism, population size and use of plant foods are cited as evidence of the transition to agriculture.[10] Other Mesolithic communities rejected the Neolithic package likely as a result of ideological reluctance, different worldviews and an active rejection of the sedentary-farming lifestyle.[11] In one sample from the Blätterhöhle in Hagen, it seems that the descendants of Mesolithic people maintained a foraging lifestyle for more than 2000 years after the arrival of farming societies in the area;[12] such societies may be called \"Subneolithic\". For hunter-gatherer communities, long-term close contact and integration in existing farming communities facilitated the adoption of a farming lifestyle. The integration of these hunter-gatherer in farming communities was made possible by their socially open character towards new members.[11] In north-Eastern Europe, the hunting and fishing lifestyle continued into the Medieval period in regions less suited to agriculture, and in Scandinavia no Mesolithic period may be accepted, with the locally preferred \"Older Stone Age\" moving into the \"Younger Stone Age\".[13]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Iberian_Mediterranean_Basin"},{"link_name":"Roca dels Moros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_dels_Moros"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"pendants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendant"},{"link_name":"amber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber"},{"link_name":"Star Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Carr"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Elk's Head of Huittinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk%27s_Head_of_Huittinen"},{"link_name":"soapstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soapstone"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Urals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urals"},{"link_name":"Shigir Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigir_Idol"},{"link_name":"larch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larch"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ain Sakhri figurine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Sakhri_figurine"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"antler frontlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Carr_Frontlets"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lovers_9000BC_british_museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ain Sakhri lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Sakhri_lovers"},{"link_name":"Epipalaeolithic Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipalaeolithic_Near_East"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star_Carr_Engraved_Pendant.gif"},{"link_name":"Star Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Carr"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:064_Pintures_de_la_cova_dels_Moros,_exposici%C3%B3_al_Museu_de_Gav%C3%A0.JPG"},{"link_name":"Roca dels Moros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_dels_Moros"},{"link_name":"Henri Breuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Breuil"}],"sub_title":"Art","text":"Compared to the preceding Upper Paleolithic and the following Neolithic, there is rather less surviving art from the Mesolithic. The Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin, which probably spreads across from the Upper Paleolithic, is a widespread phenomenon, much less well known than the cave-paintings of the Upper Paleolithic, with which it makes an interesting contrast. The sites are now mostly cliff faces in the open air, and the subjects are now mostly human rather than animal, with large groups of small figures; there are 45 figures at Roca dels Moros. Clothing is shown, and scenes of dancing, fighting, hunting and food-gathering. The figures are much smaller than the animals of Paleolithic art, and depicted much more schematically, though often in energetic poses.[14] A few small engraved pendants with suspension holes and simple engraved designs are known, some from northern Europe in amber, and one from Star Carr in Britain in shale.[15] The Elk's Head of Huittinen is a rare Mesolithic animal carving in soapstone from Finland.The rock art in the Urals appears to show similar changes after the Paleolithic, and the wooden Shigir Idol is a rare survival of what may well have been a very common material for sculpture. It is a plank of larch carved with geometric motifs, but topped with a human head. Now in fragments, it would apparently have been over 5 metres tall when made.[16] The Ain Sakhri figurine from Palestine is a Natufian carving in calcite.A total of 33 antler frontlets have been discovered at Star Carr.[17] These are red deer skulls modified to be worn by humans. Modified frontlets have also been discovered at Bedburg-Königshoven, Hohen Viecheln, Plau, and Berlin-Biesdorf.[18]The Ain Sakhri lovers; c. 9000 BCE (late Epipalaeolithic Near East); calcite; height: 10.2 cm, width: 6.3 cm; from Ain Sakhri (near Bethlehem, Palestine); British Museum (London)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnimated image showing the sequence of engravings on a pendant excavated from the Mesolithic archaeological site of Star Carr in 2015[19]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoca dels Moros, Spain, The Dance of Cogul, tracing by Henri Breuil","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cueva de los Murciélagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_de_los_Murci%C3%A9lagos"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Weaving","text":"Weaving techniques were deployed to create shoes and baskets, the latter being of fine construction and decorated with dyes. Examples have been found in Cueva de los Murciélagos in Southern Spain that in 2023 were dated to 9,500 years ago.[20][21]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Subneolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subneolithic"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"North African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lake Baikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikal"},{"link_name":"Yelshanka culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelshanka_culture"},{"link_name":"Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Dnieper-Donets culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper-Donets_culture"},{"link_name":"Narva culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narva_culture"},{"link_name":"Ertebølle culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Swifterbant culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swifterbant_culture"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xianrendong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianrendong"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Last Glacial Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xianrendong-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xianrendong-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Science-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Science-30"},{"link_name":"invention of agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_agriculture"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Science-30"}],"sub_title":"Ceramic Mesolithic","text":"See also: SubneolithicIn North-Eastern Europe, Siberia, and certain southern European and North African sites, a \"ceramic Mesolithic\" can be distinguished between c. 9,000 to 5,850 BP. Russian archaeologists prefer to describe such pottery-making cultures as Neolithic, even though farming is absent. This pottery-making Mesolithic culture can be found peripheral to the sedentary Neolithic cultures. It created a distinctive type of pottery, with point or knob base and flared rims, manufactured by methods not used by the Neolithic farmers. Though each area of Mesolithic ceramic developed an individual style, common features suggest a single point of origin.[22][citation needed] The earliest manifestation of this type of pottery may be in the region around Lake Baikal in Siberia. It appears in the Yelshanka culture on the Volga in Russia 9,000 years ago,[23][24] and from there spread via the Dnieper-Donets culture to the Narva culture of the Eastern Baltic. Spreading westward along the coastline it is found in the Ertebølle culture of Denmark and Ellerbek of Northern Germany, and the related Swifterbant culture of the Low Countries.[25][26]Pottery with re-construction repairs found in Xianrendong cave, dating to 20,000–10,000 years ago.[27]A 2012 publication in the Science journal, announced that the earliest pottery yet known anywhere in the world was found in Xianrendong cave in China, dating by radiocarbon to between 20,000 and 19,000 years before present, at the end of the Last Glacial Period.[28][29] The carbon 14 datation was established by carefully dating surrounding sediments.[29][30] Many of the pottery fragments had scorch marks, suggesting that the pottery was used for cooking.[30] These early pottery containers were made well before the invention of agriculture (dated to 10,000 to 8,000 BC), by mobile foragers who hunted and gathered their food during the Late Glacial Maximum.[30]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comb_Ceramic_Culture.jpg"},{"link_name":"Comb Ceramic culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"}],"sub_title":"Cultures","text":"Comb Ceramic culture existed from around 4200 BC to around 2000 BC. The bearers of the culture are thought to have still mostly followed the Mesolithic hunter-gatherer lifestyle.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_Age_Stone_Mortar_%26_Pestle,_Kebaran_culture,_22000-18000_BP.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kebaran culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebaran_culture"},{"link_name":"Epipaleolithic Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipaleolithic_Near_East"},{"link_name":"archaeology of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_China"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"archaeology of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_India"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"archaeology of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Archaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Lithic stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_stage"},{"link_name":"Saharan rock paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_rock_art"},{"link_name":"Tassili n'Ajjer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna"},{"link_name":"hippopotamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Mesolithic stone mortar and pestle, Kebaran culture, Epipaleolithic Near East. 22,000–18,000 BPWhile Paleolithic and Neolithic have been found useful terms and concepts in the archaeology of China, and can be mostly regarded as happily naturalized, Mesolithic was introduced later, mostly after 1945, and does not appear to be a necessary or useful term in the context of China. Chinese sites that have been regarded as Mesolithic are better considered as \"Early Neolithic\".[34]In the archaeology of India, the Mesolithic, dated roughly between 12,000 and 8,000 BP, remains a concept in use.[35]In the archaeology of the Americas, an Archaic or Meso-Indian period, following the Lithic stage, somewhat equates to the Mesolithic.The Saharan rock paintings found at Tassili n'Ajjer in central Sahara, and at other locations depict vivid scenes of everyday life in central North Africa. Some of these paintings were executed by a hunting people who lived in a savanna region teeming with a water-dependent species like the hippopotamus, animals that no longer exist in the now-desert area.[36]","title":"\"Mesolithic\" outside of The old world"}]
[{"image_text":"The Mesolithic begins during the latest Pleistocene, characterized by a progressive rise of temperatures, between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution during the Holocene. Evolution of temperature in the Post-Glacial period according to Greenland ice cores.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/440px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mesolithic artifacts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/OpgravingStevoort.jpg/220px-OpgravingStevoort.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Shigir Idol, from the east of the Ural mountains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB.jpg/170px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two skeletons of women aged between 25 and 35 years, dated between 6740 and 5680 BP, both of whom died a violent death. Found at Téviec, France in 1938.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/S%C3%A9pulture_de_Teviec_Global.jpg/220px-S%C3%A9pulture_de_Teviec_Global.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pottery with re-construction repairs found in Xianrendong cave, dating to 20,000–10,000 years ago.[27]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg"},{"image_text":"Comb Ceramic culture existed from around 4200 BC to around 2000 BC. The bearers of the culture are thought to have still mostly followed the Mesolithic hunter-gatherer lifestyle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Comb_Ceramic_Culture.jpg/220px-Comb_Ceramic_Culture.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mesolithic stone mortar and pestle, Kebaran culture, Epipaleolithic Near East. 22,000–18,000 BP","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stone_Age_Stone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Kebaran_culture%2C_22000-18000_BP.jpg/220px-Stone_Age_Stone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Kebaran_culture%2C_22000-18000_BP.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Caucasus hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer"},{"title":"History of archery#Prehistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archery#Prehistory"},{"title":"List of Stone Age art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art"},{"title":"List of Mesolithic settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mesolithic_settlements"},{"title":"Mammoth extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_extinction"},{"title":"Eastern Hunter-Gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer"},{"title":"Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Hunter-Gatherer"},{"title":"Western Hunter-Gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer"},{"title":"Anatolian hunter-gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_hunter-gatherers"},{"title":"Younger Dryas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Dryas"}]
[{"reference":"Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017). \"Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of the middle east\". Scientific Reports. 7: 40338. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740338P. doi:10.1038/srep40338. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5216412. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Gopalaswami_Ayyangar
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Prime Minister of Kashmir (1937-1943)","4 Government of India","4.1 Constituent Assembly of India","4.2 Kashmir affairs","4.3 Minister of Railways and Transport","4.4 Reorganization of Government","5 Death","6 Honors","7 References","8 External links"]
Indian politician Dewan Bahadur, SirN. Gopalaswami AyyangarCSI, CIE2nd Minister of DefenceIn office13 May 1952 – 10 February 1953PresidentRajendra PrasadPrime MinisterJawaharlal NehruPreceded byBaldev SinghSucceeded byJawaharlal Nehru1st Leader of the House in Rajya SabhaIn office13 May 1952 – 10 February 1953PresidentRajendra PrasadPrime MinisterJawaharlal NehruPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byCharu Chandra BiswasMinister of Railways & TransportIn office22 September 1948 – 13 May 1952MonarchKing George VI (1936-1950)PresidentRajendra PrasadPrime MinisterJawaharlal NehruSucceeded byLal Bahadur ShastriPrime Minister of Jammu and KashmirIn office1937 – 9 April 1943MonarchHari SinghSucceeded byKailash Nath Haksar Personal detailsBornNarasimha Ayyangar Gopalaswami Ayyangar31 March 1882Tanjore district, Madras Presidency, British IndiaDied10 February 1953(1953-02-10) (aged 70)Madras, Madras State, India (now Chennai, Tamil Nadu) Diwan Bahadur Sir Narasimha Gopalaswami Ayyangar CSI CIE (31 March 1882 – 10 February 1953) was an Indian civil servant and statesman, who served as the Prime Minister of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and later a minister in the first cabinet of independent India. He was a member of the drafting committee of the Constitution of India, the leader of the Rajya Sabha, a 'minister without portfolio' looking after Kashmir Affairs, and the Minister for Railways. In his Kashmir Affairs role, he represented India at the United Nations Security Council and later drafted the Article 370 of the Indian Constitution that granted autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir. Early life and education Gopalaswami Ayyangar was born on 31 March 1882 in Tanjore District Madras Presidency. He studied at the Wesley School, and at the Presidency and Law Colleges in Madras, whereafter, for a short period in 1904, he was an Assistant Professor in Pachaiyappa's College. Career In 1905, Ayyangar joined the Madras Civil Service. He served as a Deputy Collector till 1919, and was promoted Collector and District Magistrate in 1920. He was the Registrar-General of Panchayats and Inspector of Local Boards for seven years from 1921. During this time many villages panchayats were organized in the districts of Ramnad and Guntur. Then for three years, he was Collector and District Magistrate in Anantapur. Following that he was Inspector of Municipal Councils and Local Boards till 1932. Mr. Ayyangar served as Secretary to Government in the Public Works Department from 1932 to 1934. Finally, he served as a member of the Board of Revenue until 1937. The second phase of his career was devoted to politics. He was Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 1937-1943 and was appointed Council of State from 1943-1947. During that time he was Chairman of the Committee for the Indianisation of Army. From 1947-1948 he served as Minister without Portfolio in the first cabinet under Jawaharlal Nehru. This was followed by his sojourn as Minister of Railways and Transport from 1948-1952, and finally, he served as Defence Minister from 1952-1953. Prime Minister of Kashmir (1937-1943) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017) Ayyangar's political career gained prominence during his tenure as Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1937–43). His term ended on April 9th, 1943. Government of India The first cabinet of independent India. Gopalaswami Ayyangar is fourth from the left in the back row Constituent Assembly of India In 1946, Ayyangar was elected to the Constituent Assembly of India, which convened in December 1946 with Jawaharlal Nehru as its president. Ayyangar was appointed to the seven-member Drafting Committee that formulated the Indian Constitution. Kashmir affairs Soon after the accession of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947, Nehru appointed Ayyangar as a cabinet minister without portfolio and asked him to look after Kashmir affairs, while Nehru himself held the overall charge for Kashmir. The move caused frictions with the home minister Vallabhbhai Patel, who should have normally been responsible for Kashmir along with all other princely states. Ayyangar led the delegation representing India in the United Nations over the Kashmir dispute in 1948. In 1952, Prime Minister Nehru appointed him as India's representative in the ongoing negotiations and discussions about Kashmir at the Geneva talks. Ayyangar was the chief drafter of Article 370 which granted local autonomy to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Minister of Railways and Transport During his tenure as Minister for Railways and Transport from 1948–52, the railways experienced considerable growth and expansion in services and equipment. He was the main architect in the regrouping of the Indian Railways into six zonal systems - Central, Eastern, Northern, North-eastern, Southern, and Western. Under his leadership, the operation of the railways was smooth and productive. The railway budget also reported surplus earnings at this time. Reorganization of Government In 1949, he presented his report on the "Reorganization of the Government Machinery" in an effort to streamline government services and maintain efficiency in the public sphere. He recommended the establishment of four standing committees, and, as a result of this report, the Defence Committee, the Economic Committee, the Parliamentary and Legal Affairs Committee, and the Administrative Organization Committee were formed by the Union government. Death Ayyangar died in Madras at the age of 71 on 10 February 1953, and was survived by his wife, a son, G. Parthasarathy, who was then Assistant Editor of The Hindu, and a daughter. Honors A distinguished administrator and a civil servant, Ayyangar held seven titles until 1947 including the title of Diwan Bahadur, the highest title awarded by a British viceroy. Other titles conferred on him by the British government were a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the 1935 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours list, a Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI) in the 1937 Coronation Honours list and a knighthood in 1941 New Year Honours list. References ^ a b c "N.G. Ayyangar passes away". The Hindu. 10 February 1953. Archived from the original on 20 October 2003. ^ "Forgotten fathers of the Constitution". Zee News. 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. ^ Srinivasan, N. "Village Governments in India". The Far Eastern Quarterly 15.2 (Feb 1956):209. ^ "Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar". The Indian Express. ^ a b c Thalpiyal, Sheru, Maj. Gen., "Article 370: The Untold Story.", Indian Defence Review 26.1, 2011 ^ N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar Archived 31 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Constituent Assembly Debates web site, retrieved 4 January 2018. ^ "Indian Defense Aide Dies."New York Times. 10 February 1953:27. ^ "Nehru Appoints Aide for Kashmir Parley."New York Times. 6 August 1952:3. ^ "Surplus is Indicated for India's Railways". New York Times. 23 February 1952:4. ^ Singh, Hoshiar; Singh, Pankaj (2011). Indian Administration. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131799253. ^ London Gazette, 3 June 1935 ^ London Gazette, 11 May 1937 ^ London Gazette, 1 January 1941 External links Media related to Narasimha Gopalaswami Ayyangar at Wikimedia Commons vte Defence Ministers of India Baldev Singh N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar Jawaharlal Nehru Kailash Nath Katju V. K. Krishna Menon Yashwantrao Chavan Swaran Singh Jagjivan Ram Indira Gandhi Bansi Lal Chidambaram Subramaniam R. Venkataraman Shankarrao Chavan P. V. Narasimha Rao Rajiv Gandhi Vishwanath Pratap Singh K. C. Pant Chandra Shekhar Sharad Pawar Pramod Mahajan Mulayam Singh Yadav George Fernandes Jaswant Singh Pranab Mukherjee A. K. Antony Arun Jaitley Manohar Parrikar Nirmala Sitharaman Rajnath Singh (incumbent) vte Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)OrganizationsDirectorates Directorate General of Civil Aviation Attached offices Bureau of Civil Aviation Security Commission of Railway Safety Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau Autonomous bodies Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Udan Academy Statutory bodies Airports Authority of India Schemes UDAN Missions Vande Bharat Mission Projects National Infrastructure Pipeline Civil Air Department RG-1 Rohini Civil Aviation Department MG-1 Civil Aviation Department Mrigasheer Civil Aviation Department Revathi Hindustan Ardhra Secretaries Pradeep Singh Kharola(incumbent) Ministers John Mathai(Minister of Transport) N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar(Minister of Transport and Railways) Lal Bahadur Shastri(Minister of Railways and Transport) Hari Vinayak Pataskar Lal Bahadur Shastri(Minister of Transport and Communications) S. K. Patil(Minister of Transport and Communications) P. Subbarayan(Minister of Transport and Communications) Jagjivan Ram(Minister of Transport and Communications) Satya Narayan Sinha Nityanand Kanungo(As MoS) Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy(Minister of Transport, Aviation, Shipping, and Tourism) Karan Singh Raj Bahadur Kotha Raghuramaiah Purushottam Kaushik Mohammad Shafi Qureshi Janaki Ballabh Patnaik Anant Prasad Sharma Bhagwat Jha Azad (MoS, IC) Khurshed Alam Khan Jagdish Tytler Motilal Vora Shivraj Patil (MoS, IC) Arif Mohammed Khan Harmohan Dhawan(MoS, IC) Madhavrao Scindia Ghulam Nabi Azad V. Dhananjaya Kumar C. M. Ibrahim Ananth Kumar Sharad Yadav Syed Shahnawaz Hussain Rajiv Pratap Rudy (MoS, IC) Praful Patel (MoS, IC) Vayalar Ravi Ajit Singh Ashok Gajapathi Raju Narendra Modi Suresh Prabhu Hardeep Singh Puri(MoS, IC) Jyotiraditya Scindia(incumbent) Other Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan
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He was a member of the drafting committee of the Constitution of India, the leader of the Rajya Sabha, a 'minister without portfolio' looking after Kashmir Affairs, and the Minister for Railways.[1][2]In his Kashmir Affairs role, he represented India at the United Nations Security Council and later drafted the Article 370 of the Indian Constitution that granted autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir.","title":"N. 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He served as a Deputy Collector till 1919, and was promoted Collector and District Magistrate in 1920. He was the Registrar-General of Panchayats and Inspector of Local Boards for seven years from 1921. During this time many villages panchayats were organized in the districts of Ramnad and Guntur.[3] Then for three years, he was Collector and District Magistrate in Anantapur. Following that he was Inspector of Municipal Councils and Local Boards till 1932. Mr. Ayyangar served as Secretary to Government in the Public Works Department from 1932 to 1934. Finally, he served as a member of the Board of Revenue until 1937. The second phase of his career was devoted to politics. He was Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 1937-1943 and was appointed Council of State from 1943-1947. During that time he was Chairman of the Committee for the Indianisation of Army. From 1947-1948 he served as Minister without Portfolio in the first cabinet under Jawaharlal Nehru. This was followed by his sojourn as Minister of Railways and Transport from 1948-1952, and finally, he served as Defence Minister from 1952-1953.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ayyangar's political career gained prominence during his tenure as Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1937–43). His term ended on April 9th, 1943.[4]","title":"Prime Minister of Kashmir (1937-1943)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_first_Cabinet_of_independent_India.jpg"}],"text":"The first cabinet of independent India. Gopalaswami Ayyangar is fourth from the left in the back row","title":"Government of India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thalpiyal-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cadindia-6"}],"sub_title":"Constituent Assembly of India","text":"In 1946, Ayyangar was elected to the Constituent Assembly of India, which convened in December 1946 with Jawaharlal Nehru as its president. Ayyangar was appointed to the seven-member Drafting Committee that formulated the Indian Constitution.[5][6]","title":"Government of India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)"},{"link_name":"minister without portfolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio"},{"link_name":"Vallabhbhai Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thalpiyal-5"},{"link_name":"Kashmir dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_mediation_of_the_Kashmir_dispute"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Article 370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_370_of_the_Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thalpiyal-5"}],"sub_title":"Kashmir affairs","text":"Soon after the accession of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947, Nehru appointed Ayyangar as a cabinet minister without portfolio and asked him to look after Kashmir affairs, while Nehru himself held the overall charge for Kashmir. The move caused frictions with the home minister Vallabhbhai Patel, who should have normally been responsible for Kashmir along with all other princely states.[5]Ayyangar led the delegation representing India in the United Nations over the Kashmir dispute in 1948.[7] In 1952, Prime Minister Nehru appointed him as India's representative in the ongoing negotiations and discussions about Kashmir at the Geneva talks.[8]Ayyangar was the chief drafter of Article 370 which granted local autonomy to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.[5]","title":"Government of India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Minister of Railways and Transport","text":"During his tenure as Minister for Railways and Transport from 1948–52, the railways experienced considerable growth and expansion in services and equipment. He was the main architect in the regrouping of the Indian Railways into six zonal systems - Central, Eastern, Northern, North-eastern, Southern, and Western.[citation needed] Under his leadership, the operation of the railways was smooth and productive. The railway budget also reported surplus earnings at this time.[9]","title":"Government of India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Reorganization of Government","text":"In 1949, he presented his report on the \"Reorganization of the Government Machinery\" in an effort to streamline government services and maintain efficiency in the public sphere. He recommended the establishment of four standing committees, and, as a result of this report, the Defence Committee, the Economic Committee, the Parliamentary and Legal Affairs Committee, and the Administrative Organization Committee were formed by the Union government.[10]","title":"Government of India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G. Parthasarathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopalaswami_Parthasarathy_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HinduObit-1"}],"text":"Ayyangar died in Madras at the age of 71 on 10 February 1953, and was survived by his wife, a son, G. Parthasarathy, who was then Assistant Editor of The Hindu, and a daughter.[1]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diwan Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwan_Bahadur"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A distinguished administrator and a civil servant, Ayyangar held seven titles until 1947 including the title of Diwan Bahadur, the highest title awarded by a British viceroy. Other titles conferred on him by the British government were a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the 1935 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours list,[11] a Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI) in the 1937 Coronation Honours list[12] and a knighthood in 1941 New Year Honours list.[13]","title":"Honors"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Publishing
Garland Science
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
Garland ScienceParent companyTaylor & FrancisFounded1968FounderGavin G. BordenSuccessorW. W. Norton & CompanyCountry of originUnited StatesHeadquarters locationNew York CityPublication typesTextbooksOfficial websitewww.garlandscience.com Garland Science was a publishing group that specialized in developing textbooks in a wide range of life sciences subjects, including cell and molecular biology, immunology, protein chemistry, genetics, and bioinformatics. It was a subsidiary of the Taylor & Francis Group. History The firm was founded as Garland Publishing in 1969 by Gavin Borden (1939–1991). Initially it published "18th-century literary criticism". By the late 1970s it was mainly publishing academic reference books along with facsimile and reprint editions for niche markets. Notable book series published by Garland Publishing included the Garland Reference Library of the Humanities (1975–), the Garland Reference Library of Social Science (1983–), and Garland Medieval Bibliographies (1989–). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music (10 volumes), originally published by Garland Publishing, is now published by Routledge, another imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. In 1984 the firm published a new edition of James Joyce's Ulysses, under the title of Ulysses: A Critical and Synoptic Edition. Edited by Hans Walter Gabler, it was intended to correct "almost 5,000 omissions, transpositions and other errors in the original text" as published in 1922. In 1983 the firm began publishing scientific textbooks. In 1997 the firm was acquired by Taylor & Francis and published under the name of Garland Science Publishing or Garland Science. One Garland Science success was the textbook Molecular Biology of the Cell (authors include Bruce Alberts and Peter Walter; James D. Watson was a previous author), which has been lauded as "the most influential cell biology textbook of its time". Other notable textbooks published by Garland Science included The Biology of Cancer (by Robert Weinberg), Immunobiology (authors including Charles Janeway and Kenneth Murphy), Molecular Biology of the Cell: The Problems Book (by John Wilson and Tim Hunt), Essential Cell Biology (Bruce Alberts et al.), The Immune System (Peter Parham), Molecular Driving Forces (Ken A. Dill & Sarina Bromberg), and Physical Biology of the Cell (Rob Phillips, Jane Kondev & Julie Theriot). As of 2018, the Garland Science website had been shut down and their major textbooks have been sold to W. W. Norton & Company. References ^ "Gavin G. Borden, 52, Founder of Book Firm", The New York Times, 25 December 1991. Retrieved 8 July 2022. ^ a b c Michael F. Suarez, S.J., "Garland Publishing", in: The Oxford Companion to the Book, Oxford University Press, 2010 (online edition). Retrieved 8 July 2022. ^ se:Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, worldcat.org. Retrieved 8 July 2022. ^ se:Garland Reference Library of Social Science, worldcat.org. Retrieved 8 July 2022. ^ se:Garland Medieval Bibliographies, worldcat.org. Retrieved 8 July 2022. ^ Edwin McDowell, "One step back for Joyce's 'Ulysses'", The Tuscaloosa News, 1 July 1990, p. 4D. Retrieved 8 July 2022. ^ Friedberg, Errol C. (2004). The Writing Life of James D. Watson. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 0-87969-700-8. External links Official website vteInformaTaylor & Francis CRC Press Routledge Focal Press Journals InformaConnectFan Expo Boston Calgary Expo Canada Chicago Dallas Denver Edmonton MegaCon Toronto Comicon Connect The Bride Show Middle East Film and Comic Con Nation's Restaurant News Informa Markets Air Transport World Aviation Week & Space Technology Chemist + Druggist Design News Farm Progress MD&DI Monaco Yacht Show Nation's Restaurant News Trusts & Estates World of Concrete Informa Tech Game Developer Game Developers Conference Industry Dive CFO InformationWeek Light Reading Ovum Ward's Authority control databases VIAF This article about a publishing company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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It was a subsidiary of the Taylor & Francis Group.","title":"Garland Science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxf-comp-book-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxf-comp-book-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Garland Encyclopedia of World Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"imprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxf-comp-book-2"},{"link_name":"Molecular Biology of the Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology_of_the_cell_(textbook)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Alberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Alberts"},{"link_name":"Peter Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Walter"},{"link_name":"James D. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Watson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Charles Janeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Janeway"},{"link_name":"Tim Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Ken A. Dill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_A._Dill"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garland_Science&action=edit"},{"link_name":"W. W. Norton & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company"}],"text":"The firm was founded as Garland Publishing in 1969 by Gavin Borden (1939–1991).[1] Initially it published \"18th-century literary criticism\".[2] By the late 1970s it was mainly publishing academic reference books along with facsimile and reprint editions for niche markets.[2]Notable book series published by Garland Publishing included the Garland Reference Library of the Humanities (1975–),[3] the Garland Reference Library of Social Science (1983–),[4] and Garland Medieval Bibliographies (1989–).[5] The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music (10 volumes), originally published by Garland Publishing, is now published by Routledge, another imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.In 1984 the firm published a new edition of James Joyce's Ulysses, under the title of Ulysses: A Critical and Synoptic Edition. Edited by Hans Walter Gabler, it was intended to correct \"almost 5,000 omissions, transpositions and other errors in the original text\"[6] as published in 1922.In 1983 the firm began publishing scientific textbooks.[2] In 1997 the firm was acquired by Taylor & Francis and published under the name of Garland Science Publishing or Garland Science.One Garland Science success was the textbook Molecular Biology of the Cell (authors include Bruce Alberts and Peter Walter; James D. Watson was a previous author), which has been lauded as \"the most influential cell biology textbook of its time\".[7] Other notable textbooks published by Garland Science included The Biology of Cancer (by Robert Weinberg), Immunobiology (authors including Charles Janeway and Kenneth Murphy), Molecular Biology of the Cell: The Problems Book (by John Wilson and Tim Hunt), Essential Cell Biology (Bruce Alberts et al.), The Immune System (Peter Parham), Molecular Driving Forces (Ken A. Dill & Sarina Bromberg), and Physical Biology of the Cell (Rob Phillips, Jane Kondev & Julie Theriot).As of 2018,[update] the Garland Science website had been shut down and their major textbooks have been sold to W. W. Norton & Company.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern-Gauss-Bonnet_Theorem
Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem
["1 Statement","1.1 Proofs","2 Applications","3 Special cases","3.1 Four-dimensional manifolds","3.2 Even-dimensional hypersurfaces","3.3 Gauss–Bonnet theorem","4 Further generalizations","4.1 Atiyah–Singer","4.2 Odd dimensions","5 History","6 See also","7 References"]
Ties Euler characteristic of a closed even-dimensional Riemannian manifold to curvature In mathematics, the Chern theorem (or the Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem after Shiing-Shen Chern, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and Pierre Ossian Bonnet) states that the Euler–Poincaré characteristic (a topological invariant defined as the alternating sum of the Betti numbers of a topological space) of a closed even-dimensional Riemannian manifold is equal to the integral of a certain polynomial (the Euler class) of its curvature form (an analytical invariant). It is a highly non-trivial generalization of the classic Gauss–Bonnet theorem (for 2-dimensional manifolds / surfaces) to higher even-dimensional Riemannian manifolds. In 1943, Carl B. Allendoerfer and André Weil proved a special case for extrinsic manifolds. In a classic paper published in 1944, Shiing-Shen Chern proved the theorem in full generality connecting global topology with local geometry. The Riemann–Roch theorem and the Atiyah–Singer index theorem are other generalizations of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. Statement One useful form of the Chern theorem is that χ ( M ) = ∫ M e ( Ω ) {\displaystyle \chi (M)=\int _{M}e(\Omega )} where χ ( M ) {\displaystyle \chi (M)} denotes the Euler characteristic of M {\displaystyle M} . The Euler class is defined as e ( Ω ) = 1 ( 2 π ) n Pf ⁡ ( Ω ) . {\displaystyle e(\Omega )={\frac {1}{(2\pi )^{n}}}\operatorname {Pf} (\Omega ).} where we have the Pfaffian Pf ⁡ ( Ω ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Pf} (\Omega )} . Here M {\displaystyle M} is a compact orientable 2n-dimensional Riemannian manifold without boundary, and Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } is the associated curvature form of the Levi-Civita connection. In fact, the statement holds with Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } the curvature form of any metric connection on the tangent bundle, as well as for other vector bundles over M {\displaystyle M} . Since the dimension is 2n, we have that Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } is an s o ( 2 n ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {s}}{\mathfrak {o}}(2n)} -valued 2-differential form on M {\displaystyle M} (see special orthogonal group). So Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } can be regarded as a skew-symmetric 2n × 2n matrix whose entries are 2-forms, so it is a matrix over the commutative ring ⋀ even T ∗ M {\textstyle {\bigwedge }^{\text{even}}\,T^{*}M} . Hence the Pfaffian is a 2n-form. It is also an invariant polynomial. However, Chern's theorem in general is that for any closed C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} orientable n-dimensional M {\displaystyle M} , χ ( M ) = ( e ( T M ) , [ M ] ) {\displaystyle \chi (M)=(e(TM),)} where the above pairing (,) denotes the cap product with the Euler class of the tangent bundle T M {\displaystyle TM} . Proofs In 1944, the general theorem was first proved by S. S. Chern in a classic paper published by the Princeton University math department. In 2013, a proof of the theorem via supersymmetric Euclidean field theories was also found. Applications The Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem can be seen as a special instance in the theory of characteristic classes. The Chern integrand is the Euler class. Since it is a top-dimensional differential form, it is closed. The naturality of the Euler class means that when changing the Riemannian metric, one stays in the same cohomology class. That means that the integral of the Euler class remains constant as the metric is varied and is thus a global invariant of the smooth structure. The theorem has also found numerous applications in physics, including: adiabatic phase or Berry's phase, string theory, condensed matter physics, topological quantum field theory, topological phases of matter (see the 2016 Nobel Prize in physics by Duncan Haldane et al.). Special cases Four-dimensional manifolds In dimension 2 n = 4 {\displaystyle 2n=4} , for a compact oriented manifold, we get χ ( M ) = 1 32 π 2 ∫ M ( | Riem | 2 − 4 | Ric | 2 + R 2 ) d μ {\displaystyle \chi (M)={\frac {1}{32\pi ^{2}}}\int _{M}\left(|{\text{Riem}}|^{2}-4|{\text{Ric}}|^{2}+R^{2}\right)\,d\mu } where Riem {\displaystyle {\text{Riem}}} is the full Riemann curvature tensor, Ric {\displaystyle {\text{Ric}}} is the Ricci curvature tensor, and R {\displaystyle R} is the scalar curvature. This is particularly important in general relativity, where spacetime is viewed as a 4-dimensional manifold. In terms of the orthogonal Ricci decomposition of the Riemann curvature tensor, this formula can also be written as χ ( M ) = 1 8 π 2 ∫ M ( 1 4 | W | 2 − 1 2 | Z | 2 + 1 24 R 2 ) d μ {\displaystyle \chi (M)={\frac {1}{8\pi ^{2}}}\int _{M}\left({\frac {1}{4}}|W|^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}|Z|^{2}+{\frac {1}{24}}R^{2}\right)\,d\mu } where W {\displaystyle W} is the Weyl tensor and Z {\displaystyle Z} is the traceless Ricci tensor. Even-dimensional hypersurfaces For a compact, even-dimensional hypersurface M {\displaystyle M} in R n + 1 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}} we get ∫ M K d V = 1 2 γ n χ ( M ) {\displaystyle \int _{M}K\,dV={\frac {1}{2}}\gamma _{n}\,\chi (M)} where d V {\displaystyle dV} is the volume element of the hypersurface, K {\displaystyle K} is the Jacobian determinant of the Gauss map, and γ n {\displaystyle \gamma _{n}} is the surface area of the unit n-sphere. Gauss–Bonnet theorem Main article: Gauss–Bonnet theorem The Gauss–Bonnet theorem is a special case when M {\displaystyle M} is a 2-dimensional manifold. It arises as the special case where the topological index is defined in terms of Betti numbers and the analytical index is defined in terms of the Gauss–Bonnet integrand. As with the two-dimensional Gauss–Bonnet theorem, there are generalizations when M {\displaystyle M} is a manifold with boundary. Further generalizations Atiyah–Singer Main article: Atiyah–Singer index theorem A far-reaching generalization of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem is the Atiyah–Singer Index Theorem. Let D {\displaystyle D} be a weakly elliptic differential operator between vector bundles. That means that the principal symbol is an isomorphism. Strong ellipticity would furthermore require the symbol to be positive-definite. Let D ∗ {\displaystyle D^{*}} be its adjoint operator. Then the analytical index is defined as dim ⁡ ( ker ⁡ ( D ) ) − dim ⁡ ( ker ⁡ ( D ∗ ) ) {\displaystyle \dim(\ker(D))-\dim(\ker(D^{*}))} By ellipticity this is always finite. The index theorem says that this is constant as the elliptic operator is varied smoothly. It is equal to a topological index, which can be expressed in terms of characteristic classes like the Euler class. The Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem is derived by considering the Dirac operator D = d + d ∗ {\displaystyle D=d+d^{*}} Odd dimensions The Chern formula is only defined for even dimensions because the Euler characteristic vanishes for odd dimensions. There is some research being done on 'twisting' the index theorem in K-theory to give non-trivial results for odd dimensions. There is also a version of Chern's formula for orbifolds. History Shiing-Shen Chern published his proof of the theorem in 1944 while at the Institute for Advanced Study. This was historically the first time that the formula was proven without assuming the manifold to be embedded in a Euclidean space, which is what it means by "intrinsic". The special case for a hypersurface (an (n-1)-dimensional submanifolds in an n-dimensional Euclidean space) was proved by H. Hopf in which the integrand is the Gauss–Kronecker curvature (the product of all principal curvatures at a point of the hypersurface). This was generalized independently by Allendoerfer in 1939 and Fenchel in 1940 to a Riemannian submanifold of a Euclidean space of any codimension, for which they used the Lipschitz–Killing curvature (the average of the Gauss–Kronecker curvature along each unit normal vector over the unit sphere in the normal space; for an even dimensional submanifold, this is an invariant only depending on the Riemann metric of the submanifold). Their result would be valid for the general case if the Nash embedding theorem can be assumed. However, this theorem was not available then, as John Nash published his famous embedding theorem for Riemannian manifolds in 1956. In 1943 Allendoerfer and Weil published their proof for the general case, in which they first used an approximation theorem of H. Whitney to reduce the case to analytic Riemannian manifolds, then they embedded "small" neighborhoods of the manifold isometrically into a Euclidean space with the help of the Cartan–Janet local embedding theorem, so that they can patch these embedded neighborhoods together and apply the above theorem of Allendoerfer and Fenchel to establish the global result. This is, of course, unsatisfactory for the reason that the theorem only involves intrinsic invariants of the manifold, then the validity of the theorem should not rely on its embedding into a Euclidean space. Weil met Chern in Princeton after Chern arrived in August 1943. He told Chern that he believed there should be an intrinsic proof, which Chern was able to obtain within two weeks. The result is Chern's classic paper "A simple intrinsic proof of the Gauss–Bonnet formula for closed Riemannian manifolds" published in the Annals of Mathematics the next year. The earlier work of Allendoerfer, Fenchel, Allendoerfer and Weil were cited by Chern in this paper. The work of Allendoerfer and Weil was also cited by Chern in his second paper related to the same topic. See also Chern–Weil homomorphism Chern class Chern–Simons form Chern–Simons theory Chern's conjecture (affine geometry) Pontryagin number Pontryagin class De Rham cohomology Berry's phase Atiyah–Singer index theorem Riemann–Roch theorem References ^ Gilkey, P.; Park, J. H. (2014-09-16). "A proof of the Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem for indefinite signature metrics using analytic continuation". arXiv:1405.7613 . ^ Buzano, Reto; Nguyen, Huy The (2019-04-01). "The Higher-Dimensional Chern–Gauss–Bonnet Formula for Singular Conformally Flat Manifolds". The Journal of Geometric Analysis. 29 (2): 1043–1074. doi:10.1007/s12220-018-0029-z. hdl:2318/1701050. ISSN 1559-002X. ^ a b Berwick-Evans, Daniel (2013-10-20). "The Chern-Gauss-Bonnet Theorem via supersymmetric Euclidean field theories". arXiv:1310.5383 . ^ a b Chern, Shiing-shen (October 1945). "On the Curvatura Integra in a Riemannian Manifold". The Annals of Mathematics. 46 (4): 674–684. doi:10.2307/1969203. JSTOR 1969203. S2CID 123348816. ^ a b Morita, Shigeyuki (2001-08-28). Geometry of Differential Forms. Translations of Mathematical Monographs. Vol. 201. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. doi:10.1090/mmono/201. ISBN 9780821810453. ^ a b c d Schrödinger operators, with applications to quantum mechanics and global geometry. Cycon, H. L. (Hans Ludwig), 1942-, Simon, Barry, 1946-, Beiglböck, E., 1939-. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 1987. ISBN 978-0387167589. OCLC 13793017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Bell, Denis (September 2006). "The Gauss–Bonnet theorem for vector bundles". Journal of Geometry. 85 (1–2): 15–21. arXiv:math/0702162. doi:10.1007/s00022-006-0037-1. S2CID 6856000. ^ Chern, Shiing-Shen (October 1944). "A Simple Intrinsic Proof of the Gauss-Bonnet Formula for Closed Riemannian Manifolds". The Annals of Mathematics. 45 (4): 747–752. doi:10.2307/1969302. ISSN 0003-486X. JSTOR 1969302. ^ Guillemin, V.; Pollack, A. (1974). Differential topology. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-13-212605-2. ^ "Why does the Gauss-Bonnet theorem apply only to even number of dimensons?". Mathematics Stack Exchange. June 26, 2012. Retrieved 2019-05-08. ^ Li, Yin (2011). "The Gauss–Bonnet–Chern Theorem on Riemannian Manifolds". arXiv:1111.4972 . ^ "Is there a Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem for orbifolds?". MathOverflow. June 26, 2011. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"Shiing-Shen Chern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern"},{"link_name":"Carl Friedrich Gauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss"},{"link_name":"Pierre Ossian Bonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ossian_Bonnet"},{"link_name":"Euler–Poincaré characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Poincar%C3%A9_characteristic"},{"link_name":"topological invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_invariant"},{"link_name":"Betti numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betti_number"},{"link_name":"topological space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space"},{"link_name":"closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_manifold"},{"link_name":"Riemannian manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral"},{"link_name":"Euler class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_class"},{"link_name":"curvature form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature_of_Riemannian_manifolds"},{"link_name":"analytical invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analytical_invariant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gauss–Bonnet theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Bonnet_theorem"},{"link_name":"surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Carl B. Allendoerfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_B._Allendoerfer"},{"link_name":"André Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil"},{"link_name":"Shiing-Shen Chern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Riemann–Roch theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Roch_theorem"},{"link_name":"Atiyah–Singer index theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah%E2%80%93Singer_index_theorem"}],"text":"In mathematics, the Chern theorem (or the Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem[1][2][3] after Shiing-Shen Chern, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and Pierre Ossian Bonnet) states that the Euler–Poincaré characteristic (a topological invariant defined as the alternating sum of the Betti numbers of a topological space) of a closed even-dimensional Riemannian manifold is equal to the integral of a certain polynomial (the Euler class) of its curvature form (an analytical invariant).It is a highly non-trivial generalization of the classic Gauss–Bonnet theorem (for 2-dimensional manifolds / surfaces) to higher even-dimensional Riemannian manifolds. In 1943, Carl B. Allendoerfer and André Weil proved a special case for extrinsic manifolds. In a classic paper published in 1944, Shiing-Shen Chern proved the theorem in full generality connecting global topology with local geometry.[4]The Riemann–Roch theorem and the Atiyah–Singer index theorem are other generalizations of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem.","title":"Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Euler characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_characteristic"},{"link_name":"Euler class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_class"},{"link_name":"Pfaffian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfaffian"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"orientable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientability"},{"link_name":"Riemannian manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(of_a_manifold)"},{"link_name":"curvature form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature_form"},{"link_name":"Levi-Civita connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi-Civita_connection"},{"link_name":"metric connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_connection"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2-differential form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-form"},{"link_name":"special orthogonal group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group"},{"link_name":"commutative ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring"},{"link_name":"invariant polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant_polynomial"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"cap product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_product"},{"link_name":"Euler class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_class"},{"link_name":"tangent bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_bundle"}],"text":"One useful form of the Chern theorem is that[5][6]χ\n (\n M\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n M\n \n \n e\n (\n Ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi (M)=\\int _{M}e(\\Omega )}where \n \n \n \n χ\n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi (M)}\n \n denotes the Euler characteristic of \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n. The Euler class is defined ase\n (\n Ω\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n (\n 2\n π\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n Pf\n ⁡\n (\n Ω\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e(\\Omega )={\\frac {1}{(2\\pi )^{n}}}\\operatorname {Pf} (\\Omega ).}where we have the Pfaffian \n \n \n \n Pf\n ⁡\n (\n Ω\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Pf} (\\Omega )}\n \n. Here \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is a compact orientable 2n-dimensional Riemannian manifold without boundary, and \n \n \n \n Ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Omega }\n \n is the associated curvature form of the Levi-Civita connection. In fact, the statement holds with \n \n \n \n Ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Omega }\n \n the curvature form of any metric connection on the tangent bundle, as well as for other vector bundles over \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n.[7]Since the dimension is 2n, we have that \n \n \n \n Ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Omega }\n \n is an \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n o\n \n \n (\n 2\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {s}}{\\mathfrak {o}}(2n)}\n \n-valued 2-differential form on \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n (see special orthogonal group). So \n \n \n \n Ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Omega }\n \n can be regarded as a skew-symmetric 2n × 2n matrix whose entries are 2-forms, so it is a matrix over the commutative ring \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋀\n \n \n even\n \n \n \n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\bigwedge }^{\\text{even}}\\,T^{*}M}\n \n. Hence the Pfaffian is a 2n-form. It is also an invariant polynomial.However, Chern's theorem in general is that for any closed \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C^{\\infty }}\n \n orientable n-dimensional \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n,[5]χ\n (\n M\n )\n =\n (\n e\n (\n T\n M\n )\n ,\n [\n M\n ]\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi (M)=(e(TM),[M])}where the above pairing (,) denotes the cap product with the Euler class of the tangent bundle \n \n \n \n T\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle TM}\n \n.","title":"Statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S. S. Chern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.-S._Chern"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"supersymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry"},{"link_name":"Euclidean field theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_field_theory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"}],"sub_title":"Proofs","text":"In 1944, the general theorem was first proved by S. S. Chern in a classic paper published by the Princeton University math department.[8]In 2013, a proof of the theorem via supersymmetric Euclidean field theories was also found.[3]","title":"Statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"characteristic classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_classes"},{"link_name":"Euler class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_class"},{"link_name":"naturality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturality"},{"link_name":"Riemannian metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_metric"},{"link_name":"cohomology class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomology_class"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"adiabatic phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_phase"},{"link_name":"Berry's phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry%27s_phase"},{"link_name":"string theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory"},{"link_name":"condensed matter physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics"},{"link_name":"topological quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"topological phases of matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_phases_of_matter"},{"link_name":"Duncan Haldane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Haldane"}],"text":"The Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem can be seen as a special instance in the theory of characteristic classes. The Chern integrand is the Euler class. Since it is a top-dimensional differential form, it is closed. The naturality of the Euler class means that when changing the Riemannian metric, one stays in the same cohomology class. That means that the integral of the Euler class remains constant as the metric is varied and is thus a global invariant of the smooth structure.[6]The theorem has also found numerous applications in physics, including:[6]adiabatic phase or Berry's phase,\nstring theory,\ncondensed matter physics,\ntopological quantum field theory,\ntopological phases of matter (see the 2016 Nobel Prize in physics by Duncan Haldane et al.).","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Special cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riemann curvature tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_curvature_tensor"},{"link_name":"Ricci curvature tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci_curvature"},{"link_name":"scalar curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_curvature"},{"link_name":"general relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity"},{"link_name":"Ricci decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci_decomposition"},{"link_name":"Weyl tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_tensor"}],"sub_title":"Four-dimensional manifolds","text":"In dimension \n \n \n \n 2\n n\n =\n 4\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2n=4}\n \n, for a compact oriented manifold, we getχ\n (\n M\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 32\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n M\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n |\n \n \n Riem\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 4\n \n |\n \n \n Ric\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n d\n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi (M)={\\frac {1}{32\\pi ^{2}}}\\int _{M}\\left(|{\\text{Riem}}|^{2}-4|{\\text{Ric}}|^{2}+R^{2}\\right)\\,d\\mu }where \n \n \n \n \n Riem\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{Riem}}}\n \n is the full Riemann curvature tensor, \n \n \n \n \n Ric\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{Ric}}}\n \n is the Ricci curvature tensor, and \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n is the scalar curvature. This is particularly important in general relativity, where spacetime is viewed as a 4-dimensional manifold.In terms of the orthogonal Ricci decomposition of the Riemann curvature tensor, this formula can also be written asχ\n (\n M\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 8\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n M\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n |\n \n W\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n Z\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 24\n \n \n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n d\n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi (M)={\\frac {1}{8\\pi ^{2}}}\\int _{M}\\left({\\frac {1}{4}}|W|^{2}-{\\frac {1}{2}}|Z|^{2}+{\\frac {1}{24}}R^{2}\\right)\\,d\\mu }where \n \n \n \n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W}\n \n is the Weyl tensor and \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z}\n \n is the traceless Ricci tensor.","title":"Special cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypersurface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersurface"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"volume element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_element"},{"link_name":"Jacobian determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobian_matrix_and_determinant"},{"link_name":"Gauss map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss_map#Generalizations"},{"link_name":"surface area of the unit n-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-sphere#Volume_and_surface_area"}],"sub_title":"Even-dimensional hypersurfaces","text":"For a compact, even-dimensional hypersurface \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n in \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n+1}}\n \n we get[9]∫\n \n M\n \n \n K\n \n d\n V\n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n γ\n \n n\n \n \n \n χ\n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{M}K\\,dV={\\frac {1}{2}}\\gamma _{n}\\,\\chi (M)}where \n \n \n \n d\n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle dV}\n \n is the volume element of the hypersurface, \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n is the Jacobian determinant of the Gauss map, and \n \n \n \n \n γ\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma _{n}}\n \n is the surface area of the unit n-sphere.","title":"Special cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gauss–Bonnet theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Bonnet_theorem"},{"link_name":"Betti numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betti_number"},{"link_name":"manifold with boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"}],"sub_title":"Gauss–Bonnet theorem","text":"The Gauss–Bonnet theorem is a special case when \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is a 2-dimensional manifold. It arises as the special case where the topological index is defined in terms of Betti numbers and the analytical index is defined in terms of the Gauss–Bonnet integrand.As with the two-dimensional Gauss–Bonnet theorem, there are generalizations when \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is a manifold with boundary.","title":"Special cases"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further generalizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atiyah–Singer Index Theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah%E2%80%93Singer_index_theorem"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"elliptic differential operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_differential_operator"},{"link_name":"principal symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_of_a_differential_operator"},{"link_name":"isomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism"},{"link_name":"positive-definite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-definite"},{"link_name":"adjoint operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_operator"},{"link_name":"characteristic classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_class"},{"link_name":"Euler class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_class"},{"link_name":"Dirac operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_operator"}],"sub_title":"Atiyah–Singer","text":"A far-reaching generalization of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem is the Atiyah–Singer Index Theorem.[6]Let \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D}\n \n be a weakly elliptic differential operator between vector bundles. That means that the principal symbol is an isomorphism. Strong ellipticity would furthermore require the symbol to be positive-definite.Let \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D^{*}}\n \n be its adjoint operator. Then the analytical index is defined asdim\n ⁡\n (\n ker\n ⁡\n (\n D\n )\n )\n −\n dim\n ⁡\n (\n ker\n ⁡\n (\n \n D\n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\dim(\\ker(D))-\\dim(\\ker(D^{*}))}By ellipticity this is always finite. The index theorem says that this is constant as the elliptic operator is varied smoothly. It is equal to a topological index, which can be expressed in terms of characteristic classes like the Euler class.The Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem is derived by considering the Dirac operatorD\n =\n d\n +\n \n d\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D=d+d^{*}}","title":"Further generalizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euler characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_characteristic"},{"link_name":"K-theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"orbifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbifold"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Odd dimensions","text":"The Chern formula is only defined for even dimensions because the Euler characteristic vanishes for odd dimensions. There is some research being done on 'twisting' the index theorem in K-theory to give non-trivial results for odd dimensions.[10][11]There is also a version of Chern's formula for orbifolds.[12]","title":"Further generalizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shiing-Shen Chern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"hypersurface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersurface"},{"link_name":"H. Hopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Hopf"},{"link_name":"Nash embedding theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_embedding_theorem"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Shiing-Shen Chern published his proof of the theorem in 1944 while at the Institute for Advanced Study. This was historically the first time that the formula was proven without assuming the manifold to be embedded in a Euclidean space, which is what it means by \"intrinsic\". The special case for a hypersurface (an (n-1)-dimensional submanifolds in an n-dimensional Euclidean space) was proved by H. Hopf in which the integrand is the Gauss–Kronecker curvature (the product of all principal curvatures at a point of the hypersurface). This was generalized independently by Allendoerfer in 1939 and Fenchel in 1940 to a Riemannian submanifold of a Euclidean space of any codimension, for which they used the Lipschitz–Killing curvature (the average of the Gauss–Kronecker curvature along each unit normal vector over the unit sphere in the normal space; for an even dimensional submanifold, this is an invariant only depending on the Riemann metric of the submanifold). Their result would be valid for the general case if the Nash embedding theorem can be assumed. However, this theorem was not available then, as John Nash published his famous embedding theorem for Riemannian manifolds in 1956. In 1943 Allendoerfer and Weil published their proof for the general case, in which they first used an approximation theorem of H. Whitney to reduce the case to analytic Riemannian manifolds, then they embedded \"small\" neighborhoods of the manifold isometrically into a Euclidean space with the help of the Cartan–Janet local embedding theorem, so that they can patch these embedded neighborhoods together and apply the above theorem of Allendoerfer and Fenchel to establish the global result. This is, of course, unsatisfactory for the reason that the theorem only involves intrinsic invariants of the manifold, then the validity of the theorem should not rely on its embedding into a Euclidean space. Weil met Chern in Princeton after Chern arrived in August 1943. He told Chern that he believed there should be an intrinsic proof, which Chern was able to obtain within two weeks. The result is Chern's classic paper \"A simple intrinsic proof of the Gauss–Bonnet formula for closed Riemannian manifolds\" published in the Annals of Mathematics the next year. The earlier work of Allendoerfer, Fenchel, Allendoerfer and Weil were cited by Chern in this paper. The work of Allendoerfer and Weil was also cited by Chern in his second paper related to the same topic.[4]","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Chern–Weil homomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Weil_homomorphism"},{"title":"Chern class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern_class"},{"title":"Chern–Simons form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Simons_form"},{"title":"Chern–Simons theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Simons_theory"},{"title":"Chern's conjecture (affine geometry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern%27s_conjecture_(affine_geometry)"},{"title":"Pontryagin number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontryagin_number"},{"title":"Pontryagin class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontryagin_class"},{"title":"De Rham cohomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rham_cohomology"},{"title":"Berry's phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry%27s_phase"},{"title":"Atiyah–Singer index theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah%E2%80%93Singer_index_theorem"},{"title":"Riemann–Roch theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Roch_theorem"}]
[{"reference":"Gilkey, P.; Park, J. H. (2014-09-16). \"A proof of the Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem for indefinite signature metrics using analytic continuation\". arXiv:1405.7613 [math.DG].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.7613","url_text":"1405.7613"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.DG","url_text":"math.DG"}]},{"reference":"Buzano, Reto; Nguyen, Huy The (2019-04-01). \"The Higher-Dimensional Chern–Gauss–Bonnet Formula for Singular Conformally Flat Manifolds\". The Journal of Geometric Analysis. 29 (2): 1043–1074. doi:10.1007/s12220-018-0029-z. hdl:2318/1701050. ISSN 1559-002X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12220-018-0029-z","url_text":"\"The Higher-Dimensional Chern–Gauss–Bonnet Formula for Singular Conformally Flat Manifolds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12220-018-0029-z","url_text":"10.1007/s12220-018-0029-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F1701050","url_text":"2318/1701050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-002X","url_text":"1559-002X"}]},{"reference":"Berwick-Evans, Daniel (2013-10-20). \"The Chern-Gauss-Bonnet Theorem via supersymmetric Euclidean field theories\". arXiv:1310.5383 [math.AT].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.5383","url_text":"1310.5383"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.AT","url_text":"math.AT"}]},{"reference":"Chern, Shiing-shen (October 1945). \"On the Curvatura Integra in a Riemannian Manifold\". The Annals of Mathematics. 46 (4): 674–684. doi:10.2307/1969203. JSTOR 1969203. S2CID 123348816.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annals_of_Mathematics","url_text":"The Annals of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1969203","url_text":"10.2307/1969203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1969203","url_text":"1969203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123348816","url_text":"123348816"}]},{"reference":"Morita, Shigeyuki (2001-08-28). Geometry of Differential Forms. Translations of Mathematical Monographs. Vol. 201. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. doi:10.1090/mmono/201. ISBN 9780821810453.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/geometryofdiffer00mori","url_text":"Geometry of Differential Forms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fmmono%2F201","url_text":"10.1090/mmono/201"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821810453","url_text":"9780821810453"}]},{"reference":"Schrödinger operators, with applications to quantum mechanics and global geometry. Cycon, H. L. (Hans Ludwig), 1942-, Simon, Barry, 1946-, Beiglböck, E., 1939-. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 1987. ISBN 978-0387167589. OCLC 13793017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387167589","url_text":"978-0387167589"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13793017","url_text":"13793017"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Denis (September 2006). \"The Gauss–Bonnet theorem for vector bundles\". Journal of Geometry. 85 (1–2): 15–21. arXiv:math/0702162. doi:10.1007/s00022-006-0037-1. S2CID 6856000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Geometry","url_text":"Journal of Geometry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0702162","url_text":"math/0702162"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00022-006-0037-1","url_text":"10.1007/s00022-006-0037-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6856000","url_text":"6856000"}]},{"reference":"Chern, Shiing-Shen (October 1944). \"A Simple Intrinsic Proof of the Gauss-Bonnet Formula for Closed Riemannian Manifolds\". The Annals of Mathematics. 45 (4): 747–752. doi:10.2307/1969302. ISSN 0003-486X. JSTOR 1969302.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1969302","url_text":"\"A Simple Intrinsic Proof of the Gauss-Bonnet Formula for Closed Riemannian Manifolds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1969302","url_text":"10.2307/1969302"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-486X","url_text":"0003-486X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1969302","url_text":"1969302"}]},{"reference":"Guillemin, V.; Pollack, A. (1974). Differential topology. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-13-212605-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-212605-2","url_text":"978-0-13-212605-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Why does the Gauss-Bonnet theorem apply only to even number of dimensons?\". Mathematics Stack Exchange. June 26, 2012. Retrieved 2019-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://math.stackexchange.com/q/163287","url_text":"\"Why does the Gauss-Bonnet theorem apply only to even number of dimensons?\""}]},{"reference":"Li, Yin (2011). \"The Gauss–Bonnet–Chern Theorem on Riemannian Manifolds\". arXiv:1111.4972 [math.DG].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.4972","url_text":"1111.4972"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.DG","url_text":"math.DG"}]},{"reference":"\"Is there a Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem for orbifolds?\". MathOverflow. June 26, 2011. Retrieved 2019-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://mathoverflow.net/q/53302","url_text":"\"Is there a Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem for orbifolds?\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSF_World_Shooting_Championships
ISSF World Shooting Championships
["1 ISSF World Shooting Championships","1.1 Before World War I (1897 to 1914) and Interwar period (1921 to 1939)","1.2 After World War II","2 Special shotgun and running target championships","2.1 Shotgun","2.2 Running target","3 Special airgun championships","4 Rifle/Pistol World championships","5 Junior championships","6 Target Sprint","7 Current individual events","7.1 Total medals by country (senior current events only)","8 Discontinued events","9 Medals","9.1 Nations","9.2 Individual","9.3 Individual and team","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
World championship in shooting ISSF World Shooting ChampionshipsStatusactiveGenreShooting sport World championshipDate(s)varyingFrequencyannualCountryvaryingInaugurated1897 (1897)Most recent2022Next event2023Organised byISSFWebsitewww.issf-sports.org The ISSF World Shooting Championships are governed by the International Shooting Sport Federation. World Shooting Championships began in 1897, after the successful 1896 Summer Olympics, and although the ISSF was not founded until 1907, these early competitions are still seen by the organization as the beginning of a continuous row of championships. By this logic, the 2006 competition in Zagreb was called the 49th ISSF World Shooting Championships. These championships, including all ISSF shooting events, are held every four years since 1954. For the shotgun events only, there is an additional World Championship competition in odd-numbered years. These extra competitions are not numbered. In running target, there will be World Championships in Olympic years. ISSF World Shooting Championships The World Championships were held each year from 1897 to 1931, with the exception of the years 1915–1920 (interruption by World War I) and 1926. From 1933 to 1949, they were held biennially, although the 1941–1945 competitions were canceled (again, because of world war). The current schedule, with large World Championships only every four years, was adapted in 1954. Originally, 300 metre rifle (in various positions) was the only discipline on the programme, despite many other events having been included in the Olympics. In 1900, 50 metre pistol was added. This programme was in use until 1929, the only change being the addition of 300 metre army rifle, with mandatory use of the host nation's army weapon, in 1911. The 1929 championships in Stockholm saw the addition of most of the remaining events from the Olympic programme: 100 metre running deer, 50 metre rifle and trap. 25 metre rapid fire pistol had to wait until 1933. Immediately after World War II, 300 metre standard rifle (with more strict rules than 300 metre rifle but less than 300 metre army rifle) was added along with 25 metre center-fire pistol and skeet. There was also briefly a combined 50 and 100 m rifle competition. Specific women's events began to be slowly added from 1958, although women had previously, and at times successfully, been allowed to compete alongside the men. The last remaining army rifle event and 100 metre running deer were dropped in 1966, the latter in favour of 50 metre running target. 50 metre standard rifle was also added for both men and women, but was soon dropped for the men due to the similarity to 50 metre rifle. The 1970 World Championships in Phoenix added airgun events, 25 metre standard pistol and the mixed running target competition. 10 metre running target was added in 1981. For the 1994 competitions in Milan, a number of profound changes were made. First, junior competitions were added (like the senior championships, these are only held every four years); they had previously been tested in the special shotgun and airgun championships. Second, there were no longer medals awarded in single positions in the 300 metre and 50 metre rifle matches (except for the prone position, which has its own match). Third, double trap had been introduced five years earlier in Montecatini Terme and now made its way into the large championships. With only minor additions, the 1994 programme is still in use. Before World War I (1897 to 1914) and Interwar period (1921 to 1939) Number Year Venue Individual events Team events Total Medal count winner Rifle Pistol SG RT Total Rifle Pistol SG RT Total 1 1897 Lyon 4 4 1 1 5  Switzerland 2 1898 Turin 4 4 1 1 5  France 3 1899 Loosduinen 4 4 1 1 5  Switzerland 4 1900 Paris 4 1 5 1 1 2 7  Switzerland 5 1901 Lucerne 4 1 5 1 1 2 7  Switzerland 6 1902 Rome 4 1 5 1 1 2 7  Switzerland 7 1903 Buenos Aires 4 1 5 1 1 2 7  Switzerland 8 1904 Lyon (2) 4 1 5 1 1 2 7  Switzerland 9 1905 Brussels 4 1 5 1 1 2 7  Belgium 10 1906 Milan 4 1 5 1 1 2 7  France 11 1907 Zürich 4 1 5 1 1 2 7  Switzerland 12 1908 Vienna 4 1 5 1 1 2 7  Italy 13 1909 Hamburg 4 1 5 1 1 2 7  Switzerland 14 1910 Loosduinen (2) 4 1 5 1 1 2 7  Switzerland 15 1911 Rome (2) 8 1 9 1 1 2 11  Switzerland 16 1912 Bayonne-Biarritz 8 1 9 1 1 2 11  Switzerland 17 1913 Camp Perry 8 1 9 1 1 2 11  Switzerland 18 1914 Viborg 8 1 9 1 1 2 11  France 19 1921 Lyon (3) 8 1 9 1 1 2 11  United States 20 1922 Milan (2) 8 1 9 1 1 2 11  Switzerland 21 1923 Camp Perry (2) 8 1 9 1 1 2 11  United States 22 1924 Reims 8 1 9 1 1 2 11  United States 23 1925 St. Gallen 8 1 9 1 1 2 11  Switzerland 24 1927 Rome (3) 8 1 9 1 1 2 11  Switzerland 25 1928 Loosduinen (3) 8 1 9 1 1 2 11  Switzerland 26 1929 Stockholm 9 1 1 2 13 3 1 1 2 7 20  Switzerland 27 1930 Antwerp 11 1 13 4 1 5 18  United States Rome (4) 1 28 1931 Lwów 12 1 1 2 16 4 1 1 2 8 24  Switzerland 29 1933 Granada 11 2 14 4 1 6 20  Sweden Vienna (2) 1 1 30 1935 Rome (5) 11 2 14 5 1 7 21  Finland Brussels (2) 1 1 31 1937 Helsinki 12 2 1 2 17 11 2 1 14 31  Finland 32 1939 Lucerne (2) 13 2 16 5 2 8 24  Estonia Berlin 1 1 After World War II Number Year Venue Men's events Women's events Junior events Team events Total Medal count winner Ri Pi SG RT Σ Ri Pi SG RT Σ Ri Pi SG RT Σ Ri Pi SG RT Σ 33 1947 Stockholm (2) 10 3 2 2 17 7 3 1 11 28  Sweden 34 1949 Buenos Aires (2) 11 3 1 3 18 5 3 1 1 10 28  Finland 35 1952 Oslo 10 3 2 2 17 7 3 1 2 13 30  United States 36 1954 Caracas 10 3 2 2 17 7 3 1 2 13 30  Soviet Union 37 1958 Moscow 11 3 2 2 18 2 2 1 1 10 3 2 2 17 38  Soviet Union 38 1962 Cairo 10 3 2 2 17 2 2 2 6 6 3 2 2 13 36  Soviet Union 39 1966 Wiesbaden 10 3 2 1 16 2 1 2 5 8 3 2 1 14 35  United States 40 1970 Phoenix 12 5 2 2 21 3 3 2 8 14 8 2 2 26 55  Soviet Union 41 1974 Bern-Thun 11 5 2 2 20 3 2 2 7 14 6 2 2 24 51  Soviet Union 42 1978 Seoul 10 5 2 2 19 3 2 2 7 13 7 4 2 26 52  United States 43 1982 Caracas (2) 10 5 2 3 20 3 2 2 7 13 7 4 3 27 54  Soviet Union 44 1986 Suhl 5 5 2 3 21 3 2 2 7 8 7 4 3 28 56  Soviet Union Skövde 6 6 45 1990 Moscow (2) 10 5 3 3 21 3 2 3 8 13 7 6 3 29 58  Soviet Union 46 1994 Milan-Tolmezzo-Fagnano (2) 6 5 3 4 18 3 2 3 1 9 6 7 3 5 21 15 14 6 8 43 91  United States 47 1998 Barcelona-Zaragoza 6 5 3 2 16 3 2 3 1 9 6 7 3 3 19 15 14 6 6 41 85  China 48 2002 Lahti 6 5 3 4 18 5 2 3 2 12 6 7 6 6 25 17 14 10 12 53 108  Russia 49 2006 Zagreb 6 5 3 4 18 5 2 3 2 12 6 7 5 6 24 17 14 8 12 51 105  China 50 2010 Munich 6 5 3 4 18 5 2 3 2 12 6 7 5 6 24 17 14 10 12 53 107  China 51 2014 Granada 6 5 3 4 18 5 2 2 2 11 6 7 5 6 24 17 14 10 8 49 102  China 52 2018 Changwon 6 5 3 4 18 5 2 2 2 11 6 7 4 4 21 19 16 6 11 52 102  China 53 2023 Baku Special shotgun and running target championships Special shotgun championships were first held in 1934, and since 1959 they are held biennially so that in these events, there are either Olympic Games or World Championships each year. The original event was trap; skeet was added in 1950 and double trap in 1989. It was in this kind of championship that the first woman won a World Championship medal in shooting: Carola Mandel (USA) in 1950. Women got their own competitions in 1967. Running target events have been sporadically included; the last time was 1983. As a compensation for the 2005 loss of Olympic status for 10 metre running target however, it has been decided to hold provisional World Championships in 10 metre running target and 50 metre running target in Olympic years, starting in 2008. 5 Edition (1961, 1967, 1973, 1975, 1983) of shotgun and running target was held simultaneously. Shotgun Number Year Venue Men's events Women's events Junior events Team events Total Medal count winner SG RT Σ SG RT Σ SG RT Σ SG RT Σ 1 1934 Budapest 1 1 1 1 2  Hungary 2 1936 Berlin 1 1 1 1 2  Hungary 3 1938 Luhačovice 1 1 1 1 2  Hungary 4 1950 Madrid 2 2 2  Italy 5 1959 Cairo 2 2 1 1 3  Italy and  Soviet Union 6 1961* Oslo 2 2 4 2 2 6  United States 7 1965 Santiago de Chile 2 2 2  Chile 8 1967* Bologna 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 3 8  Soviet Union 9 1969 San Sebastián 2 2 2 2 2 2 6  Italy 10 1971 Bologna (2) 2 2 2 2 2 2 6  Soviet Union 11 1973* Melbourne 2 2 4 2 2 4 8  Soviet Union 12 1975* Munich 2 1 3 2 2 4 1 5 10  Soviet Union 13 1977 Antibes 2 2 2 2 4 4 8  Italy 14 1979 Montecatini Terme 2 2 2 2 4 4 8  Soviet Union 15 1981 Tucumán 2 2 2 2 4 4 8  Soviet Union 16 1983* Edmonton 2 3 5 2 2 4 3 7 14  Soviet Union 17 1985 Montecatini Terme (2) 2 2 2 2 4 4 8  China 18 1987 Valencia 2 2 2 2 2 2 6  China 19 1989 Montecatini Terme (3) 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 16  Italy 20 1991 Perth 3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 18  United States 21 1993 Barcelona 3 3 2 2 3 3 8 8 16  Italy 22 1995 Nicosia 3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 18  Italy 23 1997 Lima 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 17  Italy 24 1999 Tampere 3 3 3 3 5 5 9 9 20  Italy 25 2001 Cairo (2) 3 3 3 3 6 6 9 9 21  United States 26 2003 Nicosia (2) 3 3 3 3 6 6 11 11 23  United States 27 2005 Lonato 3 3 3 3 5 5 8 8 19  Italy 28 2007 Nicosia (3) 3 3 2 2 5 5 9 9 19  Italy 29 2009 Maribor 3 3 2 2 5 5 10 10 20  Italy 30 2011 Belgrade 3 3 2 2 5 5 10 10 20  Russia 31 2013 Lima (2) 3 3 2 2 5 5 10 10 20  Italy 32 2015 Lonato (2) 3 3 2 2 5 5 10 10 20  Italy 33 2017 Moscow 3 3 2 2 5 5 10 10 20  Italy 34 2019 Lonato (3) 3 3 2 2 4 4 12 12 21  Italy 35 2022 Osijek 2 2 2 2 10 10 6 6 20  Italy shotgun and running target simultaneously Running target Number Year Venue Men's events Women's events Junior events Team events Total Medal count winner SG RT Σ SG RT Σ SG RT Σ SG RT Σ 1 1961* Oslo 2 2 4 2 2 6  United States 2 1967* Bologna 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 3 8  Soviet Union 3 1969 Sandviken 1 1 1 1 2  Soviet Union 4 1973* Melbourne 2 2 4 2 2 4 8  Soviet Union 5 1975* Munich 2 1 3 2 2 4 1 5 10  Soviet Union 6 1979 Linz 2 2 2 2 4  Soviet Union 7 1981 Mala (Tucumán and Buenos Aires) 2 2 2 2 4  Soviet Union 8 1983* Edmonton 2 3 5 2 2 4 3 7 14  Soviet Union 9 2008 Plzeň 4 4 2 2 6 6 10 10 22  Russia 10 2009 Heinola 20  Russia 11 2012 Stockholm 24  Finland 12 2016 Suhl 24  Ukraine 13 2021 Châteauroux shotgun and running target simultaneously Special airgun championships From 1979 to 1991, there were seven special airgun championships, including 10 metre air rifle, 10 metre air pistol and sometimes also 10 metre running target. This kind of championship has been discontinued. Number Year Venue Men's events Women's events Junior events Team events Total Medal count winner Ri Pi RT Σ Ri Pi RT Σ Ri Pi RT Σ Ri Pi RT Σ 1 1979 Seoul 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 4 8  United States 2 1981 Santo Domingo 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 5 10  Soviet Union 3 1983 Innsbruck 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 4 8  Sweden 4 1985 Mexico City 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 4 8  Soviet Union 5 1987 Budapest 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 5 10  Soviet Union 6 1989 Sarajevo 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 5 4 4 2 10 20  Soviet Union 7 1991 Stavanger 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 5 4 4 2 10 20  Soviet Union Rifle/Pistol World championships In 2022, ISSF organized the first Rifle/Pistol World Championships, separate from the Shotgun and Running target events. Number Year Venue Men's events Women's events Mixed events Junior events Total Medal count winner Ri Pi Σ Ri Pi Σ Ri Pi Σ Ri Pi Σ 1 2022 Cairo 9 7 16 9 6 15 5 4 9 15 15 30 70  China Junior championships Number Year Place Top-ranked nation 1 2017  Moscow (RUS) China 2 2021  Lima (PER) India 3 2023  Changwon (KOR) China Target Sprint 2017 World Target Sprint Championships Current individual events Main article: ISSF shooting events 300 meter rifle three positions 300 meter rifle prone 300 meter standard rifle 50 meter rifle three positions 50 meter rifle prone 10 meter air rifle 50 meter pistol 25 meter pistol 25 meter standard pistol 25 meter rapid fire pistol 25 meter center-fire pistol 10 meter air pistol 50 meter running target 50 meter running target mixed 10 meter running target 10 meter running target mixed Trap Double trap Skeet Total medals by country (senior current events only) This table was calculated for the senior current events only. Last updated after 2009 World Running Target Championships. RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Soviet Union207128874222 United States1301421193913 Italy8971762364 Switzerland8567532055 China7468521946 Russia4940411307 Sweden4052621548 Finland3745511339 France33556114910 Hungary31354511111 Germany2828369212 West Germany2727328613 Norway1719286414 Belgium1712174615 Czech Republic152394716 Poland1518144717 Czechoslovakia1416174718 East Germany1319245619 Ukraine1317225220 India1312154021 Bulgaria1311113522 Australia1220104223 Canada91042324 South Korea99203825 Denmark96193426 Argentina9461927 Great Britain814214328 Spain814173929 Yugoslavia71242330 Kuwait6141131 Estonia5231032 Belarus4781933 Kazakhstan414934 Romania311102435 Austria37142436 Mexico323837 Cyprus320538 Slovakia27122139 Azerbaijan230540 Venezuela222641 Colombia214742 Chile210343 Portugal1631044 Egypt125845 Chinese Taipei1124 Slovenia112447 Ireland111348 Israel1102 South Africa1102 United Arab Emirates110251 Mongolia102352 Armenia1001 Latvia100154 Japan053855 Netherlands0461056 Lithuania041557 Cuba035858 Greece0213 Thailand021360 Brazil0123 North Korea012362 Georgia0112 Turkey011264 Lebanon0101 Serbia and Montenegro010166 San Marino003367 Albania0011 Croatia0011 Peru0011 Puerto Rico0011 Uruguay0011Totals (71 entries)1083108110833247 Discontinued events Main article: Discontinued ISSF shooting events Medals Nations This table was calculated for the senior events only, including both current and discontinued events. Last updated after 2019 World Shotgun Championships. RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Soviet Union2571621065252 United States2081911815803 Switzerland1751501314564 Italy1281031053365 China117111712996 Russia8679752407 Sweden841131193168 Finland7593942629 France649410626410 Germany51494314311 Norway45596416812 Hungary36425413213 West Germany32304010214 Poland2626197115 Great Britain2419378016 South Korea2322368117 Belgium2317307018 Estonia2012164819 Czech Republic1928216820 Ukraine1825418421 Denmark1824287022 Spain1820246223 Australia1722125124 Czechoslovakia1623256425 Argentina167103326 East Germany1422316727 India1312154028 Bulgaria1312113629 Canada111352930 Slovakia713214131 Kuwait7391932 Austria612163433 Yugoslavia61152234 Belarus58142735 Netherlands412143036 Romania412112737 Cyprus4341138 Kazakhstan4161139 North Korea3691840 Mexico323841 Serbia2741342 Japan2631143 Azerbaijan230544 Brazil224845 Slovenia223746 South Africa2226 Turkey2226 Venezuela222649 Colombia214750 Chile210351 Portugal1831252 Greece121453 Chinese Taipei113554 Mongolia112455 Ireland1113 United Arab Emirates111357 Independent Olympic Participants (IOP)1102 Israel1102 Latvia110260 United Arab Republic103461 Armenia100162 Croatia045963 Lithuania041564 Cuba035865 Egypt023566 Georgia0213 Thailand021368 Lebanon0101 Serbia and Montenegro010170 San Marino006671 Albania0011 Guatemala0011 Peru0011 Puerto Rico0011 Uruguay0011Totals (75 entries)1731172717275185 Individual In this list the multiple medalists (only individual) of all-time who won at least 7 gold medals.   Still active # Name Nation Years Total Discipline 1 Konrad Staeheli  Switzerland 1898-1914 22 13 9 44 Pistol/Rifle 2 Karl Zimmermann  Switzerland 1921-1947 19 9 13 41 Rifle 3 Josias Hartmann  Switzerland 1921-1933 8 8 10 26 Rifle 4 Emil Kellenberger  Switzerland 1899-1922 8 7 0 15 Rifle 5 Łukasz Czapla  Poland 2006-2018 8 3 0 11 Running target 6 Torsten Ullman  Sweden 1933-1954 8 2 0 10 Pistol 7 Paul Van Asbroeck  Belgium 1900-1925 7 5 8 20 Pistol/Rifle 8 Emil Martinsson  Sweden 2002-2018 7 5 3 15 Running target 9 Walter Stokes  United States 1921-1924 7 5 1 13 Rifle 10 Gary Anderson  United States 1962-1966 7 2 1 10 Rifle Individual and team In this list the multiple medalists (individual and team) of all-time. # Name Nation Years Total Discipline 1 Konrad Staeheli  Switzerland 1898-1914 41 17 11 69 Pistol/Rifle 2 Karl Zimmermann  Switzerland 1921-1947 30 17 20 67 Rifle 3 Lones Wigger  United States 1966-1986 22 22 7 51 Rifle 4 Kullervo Leskinen  Finland 1930-1952 15 19 11 45 Rifle 5 Josias Hartmann  Switzerland 1921-1939 15 12 11 38 Rifle 6 Wilhelm Schnyder  Switzerland 1922-1933 14 2 3 19 Pistol/Rifle 7 John Robert Foster  United States 1961-1974 13 15 2 30 Rifle/Running Deer 8 Paul Van Asbroeck  Belgium 1900-1930 13 9 13 35 Pistol/Rifle 9 Emil Kellenberger  Switzerland 1899-1922 13 7 0 20 Rifle 10 Gennadi Lushikov  Soviet Union 1974-1990 13 6 2 21 Rifle 11 Lubos Racansky  Czech Republic 1986-2008 13 5 1 19 Running Target 12 Louis Richardet  Switzerland 1897-1909 13 4 5 22 Pistol/Rifle 13 Moysey Itkis  Soviet Union 1954-1962 13 1 5 19 Rifle 14 Walter Lienhard  Switzerland 1922-1939 12 11 3 26 Rifle 15 Otto Horber  Switzerland 1935-1952 12 9 12 33 Rifle See also Shooting at the Summer Olympics ISSF World Cup ISSF Junior World Cup European Shooting Championships Asian Shooting Championships 1973 American Shooting Championships References ^ "ISSF - International Shooting Sport Federation - issf-sports.org". www.issf-sports.org. Retrieved 8 March 2023. ^ "Medals". Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2020-03-13. ^ "Multi-Medalists World Championships Men Individual". issf-sports.org. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Multi-Medalists Top 15" (PDF). issf-sports.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2012. External links ISSF Results Overview World Championships archive results (1929-2003) at Sport-komplett.de vteISSF World Shooting ChampionshipsMain 1897 1898 1899 1900 (Olympics) 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1947 1949 1952 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2023 Shotgun 1934 1936 1938 1950 1959 1961 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2022 Running target 1961 1967 1969 1973 1975 1979 1981 1983 2008 2009 2012 2016 2022 Airgun 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 Junior 2017 2021 2023 vteISSF shooting competitionsWorld World Championships World Cup Junior World Championships Junior World Cup World Shooting Para Sport Championships Continental African Championships American Championships Asian Championships European Championships European Junior Shooting Championships Oceanian Championships Multi-sport Olympics Paralympics Asian Games Pan American Games Universiade Youth Olympic Games Other Commonwealth Championships vteWorld championships List of world sports championships Olympic sportsTeam Association football men men's club women women's club Baseball men women Basketball men women 3x3 basketball club Beach volleyball Curling mixed doubles mixed Field hockey men women Handball men women Ice hockey men women Rugby 7s Softball men women Volleyball men men's club women women's club Water polo men women Individual Aquatic sports Archery Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing (amateur) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling BMX mountain biking road track urban Dance sport breakdancing Equestrianism dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Ice skating figure short track speed Judo Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Olympic Class Combined Worlds Shooting Skateboarding Skiing alpine Nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis men women Triathlon mixed relay Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Croquet singles team Karate Lacrosse men women Polo Rackets Real tennis Tug of war outdoor indoor Paralympic sportsTeam Blind football Para Ice Hockey men women Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair handball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling mixed team Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Bobsleigh and skeleton Climbing Cycling track cycling road cycling Powerlifting Shooting Snowboard Skiing alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Combat sports Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Ju-Jitsu World Championships Kendo Kickboxing (amateur) Muaythai Sambo Sumo men women Wrestling beach wrestling Wushu Cue sports Carom billiards Three-cushion men women team Five-pins individual team artistic English billiards amateurs women Pool blackball chinese eight ball eight-ball men nine-ball women nine-ball team nine-ball pyramid ten-ball straight pool Snooker men women team amateurs six-red Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women team Draughts men women checkers draughts-64 draughts-64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi MotorsportAuto racing Formula E Formula One Hill climb Karting Rallying Rallycross Rally raid Bajas Sports Car Endurance Touring Car Motorcycle sports Endurance Enduro SuperEnduro Hard Enduro team endurance Ice racing individual team Grand Prix MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 MotoE Motocross individual women nations Supercross SuperMotocross Sidecarcross Snowcross Production Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Rally raid Bajas Sidecar Speedway individual team long track team long track flat track Supermoto team Trial nations E-Bike cross Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Powerboating Aquabike F1 F4s offshore Radio-controlled racing 1:10 electric off-road 1:8 nitro off-road Tank biathlon Other sportsTeam American football men women Australian football Baseball5 Ball hockey Bandy men men's club women women's club Cricket Test ODI (men) ODI (women) T20 (men) T20 (women) Beach handball Beach soccer Beach tennis Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Dodgeball Fistball Flag football Floorball men women Futsal men women men's club women Indoor hockey men women Inline hockey Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse indoor Life saving Minifootball Netball Padel tennis Quidditch/Quadball Ringette Rogaining Roll Ball Roller derby men women Roller hockey men women Rugby league men men's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Socca Synchronized skating Tchoukball Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Individual Air sports ballooning gliding parachuting paragliding Aquatics water skiing Armwrestling Archery indoor 3D field Athletics cross country half marathon indoor relays 100 km mountain running long distance mountain running snowshoe running skyrunning trail running Bowling Tenpin Ninepin (singles, team) Bowls indoor outdoor Canoeing marathon ocean race wildwater SUP canoe sailing freestyle waveski Crokinole Cycling cyclo-cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts BDO PDC team Finswimming Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic parkour Ice Climbing Modern pentathlon biathle triathle laser run Mounted games Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Racquetball Roller Sports artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline speed skating roller freestyle scooter Rowing coastal indoor Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying speed ski mountaineering telemarking Squash individual doubles team Summer biathlon Surfing short board long board big wave SUP/paddleboard Swimming short course Teqball Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Ironman 70.3 cross cross duathlon long distance long distance duathlon sprint winter Yo-yo Esports Call of Duty Counter-Strike Dota 2 eSailing FIFA Fortnite League of Legends Mobile Legends: Bang Bang NES Tetris Overwatch Pro Evolution Soccer Rainbow Six Siege Rocket League Smite StarCraft II Valorant See also: World cups
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Shooting Sport Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Shooting_Sport_Federation"},{"link_name":"1896 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"ISSF shooting events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSF_shooting_events"}],"text":"The ISSF World Shooting Championships are governed by the International Shooting Sport Federation. World Shooting Championships began in 1897, after the successful 1896 Summer Olympics, and although the ISSF was not founded until 1907, these early competitions are still seen by the organization as the beginning of a continuous row of championships. By this logic, the 2006 competition in Zagreb was called the 49th ISSF World Shooting Championships. These championships, including all ISSF shooting events, are held every four years since 1954. For the shotgun events only, there is an additional World Championship competition in odd-numbered years. These extra competitions are not numbered. In running target, there will be World Championships in Olympic years.","title":"ISSF World Shooting Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"300 metre rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_metre_rifle_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"50 metre pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_metre_pistol"},{"link_name":"300 metre army rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_metre_army_rifle"},{"link_name":"100 metre running deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metre_running_deer"},{"link_name":"50 metre rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_metre_rifle_prone"},{"link_name":"trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Trap"},{"link_name":"25 metre rapid fire pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_metre_rapid_fire_pistol"},{"link_name":"300 metre standard rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_metre_standard_rifle"},{"link_name":"25 metre center-fire pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_metre_center-fire_pistol"},{"link_name":"skeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Skeet"},{"link_name":"50 metre running target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_metre_running_target"},{"link_name":"25 metre standard pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_metre_standard_pistol"},{"link_name":"10 metre running target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_metre_running_target"},{"link_name":"prone position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prone_position"},{"link_name":"double trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_trap"}],"text":"The World Championships were held each year from 1897 to 1931, with the exception of the years 1915–1920 (interruption by World War I) and 1926. From 1933 to 1949, they were held biennially, although the 1941–1945 competitions were canceled (again, because of world war). The current schedule, with large World Championships only every four years, was adapted in 1954.Originally, 300 metre rifle (in various positions) was the only discipline on the programme, despite many other events having been included in the Olympics. In 1900, 50 metre pistol was added. This programme was in use until 1929, the only change being the addition of 300 metre army rifle, with mandatory use of the host nation's army weapon, in 1911. The 1929 championships in Stockholm saw the addition of most of the remaining events from the Olympic programme: 100 metre running deer, 50 metre rifle and trap. 25 metre rapid fire pistol had to wait until 1933.Immediately after World War II, 300 metre standard rifle (with more strict rules than 300 metre rifle but less than 300 metre army rifle) was added along with 25 metre center-fire pistol and skeet. There was also briefly a combined 50 and 100 m rifle competition. Specific women's events began to be slowly added from 1958, although women had previously, and at times successfully, been allowed to compete alongside the men. The last remaining army rifle event and 100 metre running deer were dropped in 1966, the latter in favour of 50 metre running target. 50 metre standard rifle was also added for both men and women, but was soon dropped for the men due to the similarity to 50 metre rifle. The 1970 World Championships in Phoenix added airgun events, 25 metre standard pistol and the mixed running target competition. 10 metre running target was added in 1981.For the 1994 competitions in Milan, a number of profound changes were made. First, junior competitions were added (like the senior championships, these are only held every four years); they had previously been tested in the special shotgun and airgun championships. Second, there were no longer medals awarded in single positions in the 300 metre and 50 metre rifle matches (except for the prone position, which has its own match). Third, double trap had been introduced five years earlier in Montecatini Terme and now made its way into the large championships. With only minor additions, the 1994 programme is still in use.","title":"ISSF World Shooting Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Before World War I (1897 to 1914) and Interwar period (1921 to 1939)","title":"ISSF World Shooting Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"After World War II","title":"ISSF World Shooting Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Trap"},{"link_name":"skeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Skeet"},{"link_name":"double trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_trap"},{"link_name":"Carola Mandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carola_Mandel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10 metre running target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_metre_running_target"},{"link_name":"50 metre running target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_metre_running_target"}],"text":"Special shotgun championships were first held in 1934, and since 1959 they are held biennially so that in these events, there are either Olympic Games or World Championships each year. The original event was trap; skeet was added in 1950 and double trap in 1989.It was in this kind of championship that the first woman won a World Championship medal in shooting: Carola Mandel (USA) in 1950. Women got their own competitions in 1967.Running target events have been sporadically included; the last time was 1983. As a compensation for the 2005 loss of Olympic status for 10 metre running target however, it has been decided to hold provisional World Championships in 10 metre running target and 50 metre running target in Olympic years, starting in 2008.5 Edition (1961, 1967, 1973, 1975, 1983) of shotgun and running target was held simultaneously.","title":"Special shotgun and running target championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shotgun","text":"shotgun and running target simultaneously","title":"Special shotgun and running target championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Running target","text":"shotgun and running target simultaneously","title":"Special shotgun and running target championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10 metre air rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_metre_air_rifle"},{"link_name":"10 metre air pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_metre_air_pistol"},{"link_name":"10 metre running target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_metre_running_target"}],"text":"From 1979 to 1991, there were seven special airgun championships, including 10 metre air rifle, 10 metre air pistol and sometimes also 10 metre running target. This kind of championship has been discontinued.","title":"Special airgun championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2022, ISSF organized the first Rifle/Pistol World Championships, separate from the Shotgun and Running target events.","title":"Rifle/Pistol World championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Junior championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 World Target Sprint Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_ISSF_Junior_World_Championships#Target_Sprint"}],"text":"2017 World Target Sprint Championships","title":"Target Sprint"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"300 meter rifle three positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_meter_rifle_three_positions"},{"link_name":"300 meter rifle prone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_meter_rifle_prone"},{"link_name":"300 meter standard rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_meter_standard_rifle"},{"link_name":"50 meter rifle three positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_meter_rifle_three_positions"},{"link_name":"50 meter rifle prone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_meter_rifle_prone"},{"link_name":"10 meter air rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_meter_air_rifle"},{"link_name":"50 meter pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_meter_pistol"},{"link_name":"25 meter pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_meter_pistol"},{"link_name":"25 meter standard pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_meter_standard_pistol"},{"link_name":"25 meter rapid fire pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_meter_rapid_fire_pistol"},{"link_name":"25 meter center-fire pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_meter_center-fire_pistol"},{"link_name":"10 meter air pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_meter_air_pistol"},{"link_name":"50 meter running target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_meter_running_target"},{"link_name":"50 meter running target mixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_meter_running_target_mixed"},{"link_name":"10 meter running target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_meter_running_target"},{"link_name":"10 meter running target mixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_meter_running_target_mixed"},{"link_name":"Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_trap"},{"link_name":"Double trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_trap"},{"link_name":"Skeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_skeet"}],"text":"300 meter rifle three positions\n300 meter rifle prone\n300 meter standard rifle\n50 meter rifle three positions\n50 meter rifle prone\n10 meter air rifle\n50 meter pistol\n25 meter pistol\n25 meter standard pistol\n25 meter rapid fire pistol\n25 meter center-fire pistol\n10 meter air pistol\n50 meter running target\n50 meter running target mixed\n10 meter running target\n10 meter running target mixed\nTrap\nDouble trap\nSkeet","title":"Current individual events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009 World Running Target Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Running_Target_Championships"}],"sub_title":"Total medals by country (senior current events only)","text":"This table was calculated for the senior current events only. Last updated after 2009 World Running Target Championships.","title":"Current individual events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discontinued events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 World Shotgun Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Shotgun_Championships"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Nations","text":"This table was calculated for the senior events only, including both current and discontinued events. Last updated after 2019 World Shotgun Championships.[2]","title":"Medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"In this list the multiple medalists (only individual) of all-time who won at least 7 gold medals.[3]Still active","title":"Medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Individual and team","text":"In this list the multiple medalists (individual and team) of all-time.[4]","title":"Medals"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet_Anderson
Garnet Anderson
["1 Education and career","2 Recognition","3 References","4 External links"]
American biostatistician Garnet Larae Anderson is an American biostatistician, known for her research on the health risks caused by side effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy, and more generally as one of the leading researchers in the Women's Health Initiative. She is a senior vice president at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, where she directs the Public Health Sciences Division and holds the Fred Hutch 40th Anniversary Endowed Chair; she is also an affiliate professor of biostatistics at the University of Washington. Education and career Anderson grew up in Colorado; her mother had been a teacher in a one-room school before raising her. She majored in mathematics at Northwest Nazarene College in Idaho, graduating in 1981, and earned a master's degree in mathematics from Binghamton University in New York in 1983. She completed her Ph.D. in 1989, at the University of Washington. Her dissertation, Mismodelling Covariates in Cox Regression, was supervised by Thomas R. Fleming. She joined the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in 1989, after completing her doctorate, and in 1992 became principal investigator for the center's Women's Health Initiative Clinical Coordinating Center. She took her present position at the center, as senior vice president and director of the Public Health Sciences Division, in 2013. Recognition Anderson was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2020. References ^ Garnet L. Anderson, University of Washington Biostatistics, retrieved 2022-08-10 ^ a b Spotlight on Garnet Anderson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, retrieved 2022-08-10 ^ Garnet Anderson, Ph.D., Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, retrieved 2022-08-10 ^ Garnet Anderson at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ Garnet Anderson Selected to Become New Director of Public Health Sciences Division at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 6 December 2012, retrieved 2022-08-10 – via Newswise ^ ASA Fellows, American Statistical Association, retrieved 2022-08-10 External links Garnet Anderson publications indexed by Google Scholar Authority control databases: Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Memory
Computer memory
["1 History","1.1 MOS memory","2 Volatile memory","3 Non-volatile memory","4 Semi-volatile memory","5 Management","5.1 Bugs","5.2 Virtual memory","5.3 Protected memory","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading"]
Computer component that stores information for immediate use DDR4 SDRAM module. As of 2021, over 90 percent of computer memory used in PCs and servers was of this type. Computer memory and Computer data storage types General Memory cell Memory coherence Cache coherence Memory hierarchy Memory access pattern Memory map Secondary storage MOS memory floating-gate Continuous availability Areal density (computer storage) Block (data storage) Object storage Direct-attached storage Network-attached storage Storage area network Block-level storage Single-instance storage Data Structured data Unstructured data Big data Metadata Data compression Data corruption Data cleansing Data degradation Data integrity Data security Data validation Data validation and reconciliation Data recovery Storage Data cluster Directory Shared resource File sharing File system Clustered file system Distributed file system Distributed file system for cloud Distributed data store Distributed database Database Data bank Data storage Data store Data deduplication Data structure Data redundancy Replication (computing) Memory refresh Storage record Information repository Knowledge base Computer file Object file File deletion File copying Backup Core dump Hex dump Data communication Information transfer Temporary file Copy protection Digital rights management Volume (computing) Boot sector Master boot record Volume boot record Disk array Disk image Disk mirroring Disk aggregation Disk partitioning Memory segmentation Locality of reference Logical disk Storage virtualization Virtual memory Memory-mapped file Software entropy Software rot In-memory database In-memory processing Persistence (computer science) Persistent data structure RAID Non-RAID drive architectures Memory paging Bank switching Grid computing Cloud computing Cloud storage Fog computing Edge computing Dew computing Amdahl's law Moore's law Kryder's law Volatile RAM Hardware cache CPU cache Scratchpad memory DRAM eDRAM SDRAM SGRAM LPDDR QDRSRAM EDO DRAM XDR DRAM RDRAM DDR GDDR HBM SRAM 1T-SRAM ReRAM QRAM Content-addressable memory (CAM) Computational RAM VRAM Dual-ported RAM Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM) Historical Williams–Kilburn tube (1946–1947) Delay-line memory (1947) Mellon optical memory (1951) Selectron tube (1952) Dekatron T-RAM (2009) Z-RAM (2002–2010) Non-volatile ROM Diode matrix MROM PROM EPROM EEPROM ROM cartridge Solid-state storage (SSS) Flash memory is used in: Solid-state drive (SSD) Solid-state hybrid drive (SSHD) USB flash drive IBM FlashSystem Flash Core Module Memory card Memory Stick CompactFlash PC Card MultiMediaCard SD card SIM card SmartMedia Universal Flash Storage SxS MicroP2 XQD card Programmable metallization cell NVRAM Memistor Memristor PCM (3D XPoint) MRAM Electrochemical RAM (ECRAM) Nano-RAM CBRAM Early-stage NVRAM FeRAM ReRAM FeFET memory Analog recording Phonograph cylinder Phonograph record Quadruplex videotape Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus Magnetic recording Magnetic storage Magnetic tape Magnetic-tape data storage Tape drive Tape library Digital Data Storage (DDS) Videotape Videocassette Cassette tape Linear Tape-Open Betamax 8 mm video format DV MiniDV MicroMV U-matic VHS S-VHS VHS-C D-VHS Hard disk drive Optical 3D optical data storage Optical disc LaserDisc Compact Disc Digital Audio (CDDA) CD CD Video CD-R CD-RW Video CD Super Video CD Mini CD Nintendo optical discs CD-ROM Hyper CD-ROM DVD DVD+R DVD-Video DVD card DVD-RAM MiniDVD HD DVD Blu-ray Ultra HD Blu-ray Holographic Versatile Disc WORM In development CBRAM Racetrack memory NRAM Millipede memory ECRAM Patterned media Holographic data storage Electronic quantum holography 5D optical data storage DNA digital data storage Universal memory Time crystal Quantum memory UltraRAM Historical Paper data storage (1725) Punched card (1725) Punched tape (1725) Plugboard Drum memory (1932) Magnetic-core memory (1949) Plated-wire memory (1957) Core rope memory (1960s) Thin-film memory (1962) Disk pack (1962) Twistor memory (~1968) Bubble memory (~1970) Floppy disk (1971) vte Computer memory stores information, such as data and programs, for immediate use in the computer. The term memory is often synonymous with the terms RAM, main memory, or primary storage. Archaic synonyms for main memory include core (for magnetic core memory) and store. Main memory operates at a high speed compared to mass storage which is slower but less expensive per bit and higher in capacity. Besides storing opened programs and data being actively processed, computer memory serves as a mass storage cache and write buffer to improve both reading and writing performance. Operating systems borrow RAM capacity for caching so long as not needed by running software. If needed, contents of the computer memory can be transferred to storage; a common way of doing this is through a memory management technique called virtual memory. Modern computer memory is implemented as semiconductor memory, where data is stored within memory cells built from MOS transistors and other components on an integrated circuit. There are two main kinds of semiconductor memory: volatile and non-volatile. Examples of non-volatile memory are flash memory and ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM memory. Examples of volatile memory are dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) used for primary storage and static random-access memory (SRAM) used mainly for CPU cache. Most semiconductor memory is organized into memory cells each storing one bit (0 or 1). Flash memory organization includes both one bit per memory cell and a multi-level cell capable of storing multiple bits per cell. The memory cells are grouped into words of fixed word length, for example, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits. Each word can be accessed by a binary address of N bits, making it possible to store 2N words in the memory. History Historical lowest retail price of computer memory and storage Electromechanical memory used in the IBM 602, an early punch multiplying calculator Detail of the back of a section of ENIAC, showing vacuum tubes Williams tube used as memory in the IAS computer c. 1951 8 GB microSDHC card on top of 8 bytes of magnetic-core memory (1 core is 1 bit.) In the early 1940s, memory technology often permitted a capacity of a few bytes. The first electronic programmable digital computer, the ENIAC, using thousands of vacuum tubes, could perform simple calculations involving 20 numbers of ten decimal digits stored in the vacuum tubes. The next significant advance in computer memory came with acoustic delay-line memory, developed by J. Presper Eckert in the early 1940s. Through the construction of a glass tube filled with mercury and plugged at each end with a quartz crystal, delay lines could store bits of information in the form of sound waves propagating through the mercury, with the quartz crystals acting as transducers to read and write bits. Delay-line memory was limited to a capacity of up to a few thousand bits. Two alternatives to the delay line, the Williams tube and Selectron tube, originated in 1946, both using electron beams in glass tubes as means of storage. Using cathode-ray tubes, Fred Williams invented the Williams tube, which was the first random-access computer memory. The Williams tube was able to store more information than the Selectron tube (the Selectron was limited to 256 bits, while the Williams tube could store thousands) and was less expensive. The Williams tube was nevertheless frustratingly sensitive to environmental disturbances. Efforts began in the late 1940s to find non-volatile memory. Magnetic-core memory allowed for recall of memory after power loss. It was developed by Frederick W. Viehe and An Wang in the late 1940s, and improved by Jay Forrester and Jan A. Rajchman in the early 1950s, before being commercialized with the Whirlwind I computer in 1953. Magnetic-core memory was the dominant form of memory until the development of MOS semiconductor memory in the 1960s. The first semiconductor memory was implemented as a flip-flop circuit in the early 1960s using bipolar transistors. Semiconductor memory made from discrete devices was first shipped by Texas Instruments to the United States Air Force in 1961. The same year, the concept of solid-state memory on an integrated circuit (IC) chip was proposed by applications engineer Bob Norman at Fairchild Semiconductor. The first bipolar semiconductor memory IC chip was the SP95 introduced by IBM in 1965. While semiconductor memory offered improved performance over magnetic-core memory, it remain larger and more expensive and did not displace magnetic-core memory until the late 1960s. MOS memory Main article: MOS memory The invention of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) enabled the practical use of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) transistors as memory cell storage elements. MOS memory was developed by John Schmidt at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1964. In addition to higher performance, MOS semiconductor memory was cheaper and consumed less power than magnetic core memory. In 1965, J. Wood and R. Ball of the Royal Radar Establishment proposed digital storage systems that use CMOS (complementary MOS) memory cells, in addition to MOSFET power devices for the power supply, switched cross-coupling, switches and delay-line storage. The development of silicon-gate MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC) technology by Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968 enabled the production of MOS memory chips. NMOS memory was commercialized by IBM in the early 1970s. MOS memory overtook magnetic core memory as the dominant memory technology in the early 1970s. The two main types of volatile random-access memory (RAM) are static random-access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). Bipolar SRAM was invented by Robert Norman at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1963, followed by the development of MOS SRAM by John Schmidt at Fairchild in 1964. SRAM became an alternative to magnetic-core memory, but requires six transistors for each bit of data. Commercial use of SRAM began in 1965, when IBM introduced their SP95 SRAM chip for the System/360 Model 95. Toshiba introduced bipolar DRAM memory cells for its Toscal BC-1411 electronic calculator in 1965. While it offered improved performance, bipolar DRAM could not compete with the lower price of the then dominant magnetic-core memory. MOS technology is the basis for modern DRAM. In 1966, Robert H. Dennard at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center was working on MOS memory. While examining the characteristics of MOS technology, he found it was possible to build capacitors, and that storing a charge or no charge on the MOS capacitor could represent the 1 and 0 of a bit, while the MOS transistor could control writing the charge to the capacitor. This led to his development of a single-transistor DRAM memory cell. In 1967, Dennard filed a patent for a single-transistor DRAM memory cell based on MOS technology. This led to the first commercial DRAM IC chip, the Intel 1103 in October 1970. Synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) later debuted with the Samsung KM48SL2000 chip in 1992. The term memory is also often used to refer to non-volatile memory including read-only memory (ROM) through modern flash memory. Programmable read-only memory (PROM) was invented by Wen Tsing Chow in 1956, while working for the Arma Division of the American Bosch Arma Corporation. In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon Sze of Bell Labs proposed that the floating gate of a MOS semiconductor device could be used for the cell of a reprogrammable ROM, which led to Dov Frohman of Intel inventing EPROM (erasable PROM) in 1971. EEPROM (electrically erasable PROM) was developed by Yasuo Tarui, Yutaka Hayashi and Kiyoko Naga at the Electrotechnical Laboratory in 1972. Flash memory was invented by Fujio Masuoka at Toshiba in the early 1980s. Masuoka and colleagues presented the invention of NOR flash in 1984, and then NAND flash in 1987. Toshiba commercialized NAND flash memory in 1987. Developments in technology and economies of scale have made possible so-called very large memory (VLM) computers. Volatile memory Various memory modules containing different types of DRAM (from top to bottom): DDR SDRAM, SDRAM, EDO DRAM, and FPM DRAM Main article: Volatile memory Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information. Most modern semiconductor volatile memory is either static RAM (SRAM) or dynamic RAM (DRAM). DRAM dominates for desktop system memory. SRAM is used for CPU cache. SRAM is also found in small embedded systems requiring little memory. SRAM retains its contents as long as the power is connected and may use a simpler interface, but commonly uses six transistors per bit. Dynamic RAM is more complicated for interfacing and control, needing regular refresh cycles to prevent losing its contents, but uses only one transistor and one capacitor per bit, allowing it to reach much higher densities and much cheaper per-bit costs. Non-volatile memory Main article: Non-volatile memory Non-volatile memory can retain the stored information even when not powered. Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory, flash memory, most types of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g. hard disk drives, floppy disks and magnetic tape), optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as magnetic drum, paper tape and punched cards. Non-volatile memory technologies under development include ferroelectric RAM, programmable metallization cell, Spin-transfer torque magnetic RAM, SONOS, resistive random-access memory, racetrack memory, Nano-RAM, 3D XPoint, and millipede memory. Semi-volatile memory A third category of memory is semi-volatile. The term is used to describe a memory that has some limited non-volatile duration after power is removed, but then data is ultimately lost. A typical goal when using a semi-volatile memory is to provide the high performance and durability associated with volatile memories while providing some benefits of non-volatile memory. For example, some non-volatile memory types experience wear when written. A worn cell has increased volatility but otherwise continues to work. Data locations which are written frequently can thus be directed to use worn circuits. As long as the location is updated within some known retention time, the data stays valid. After a period of time without update, the value is copied to a less-worn circuit with longer retention. Writing first to the worn area allows a high write rate while avoiding wear on the not-worn circuits. As a second example, an STT-RAM can be made non-volatile by building large cells, but doing so raises the cost per bit and power requirements and reduces the write speed. Using small cells improves cost, power, and speed, but leads to semi-volatile behavior. In some applications, the increased volatility can be managed to provide many benefits of a non-volatile memory, for example by removing power but forcing a wake-up before data is lost; or by caching read-only data and discarding the cached data if the power-off time exceeds the non-volatile threshold. The term semi-volatile is also used to describe semi-volatile behavior constructed from other memory types, such as nvSRAM, which combines SRAM and a non-volatile memory on the same chip, where an external signal copies data from the volatile memory to the non-volatile memory, but if power is removed before the copy occurs, the data is lost. Another example is battery-backed RAM, which uses an external battery to power the memory device in case of external power loss. If power is off for an extended period of time, the battery may run out, resulting in data loss. Management Main article: Memory management Proper management of memory is vital for a computer system to operate properly. Modern operating systems have complex systems to properly manage memory. Failure to do so can lead to bugs or slow performance. Bugs Improper management of memory is a common cause of bugs and security vulnerabilities, including the following types: A memory leak occurs when a program requests memory from the operating system and never returns the memory when it is done with it. A program with this bug will gradually require more and more memory until the program fails as the operating system runs out. A segmentation fault results when a program tries to access memory that it does not have permission to access. Generally, a program doing so will be terminated by the operating system. A buffer overflow occurs when a program writes data to the end of its allocated space and then continues to write data beyond this to memory that has been allocated for other purposes. This may result in erratic program behavior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, a crash, or a breach of system security. They are thus the basis of many software vulnerabilities and can be maliciously exploited. Virtual memory Main article: Virtual memory Virtual memory is a system where physical memory is managed by the operating system typically with assistance from a memory management unit, which is part of many modern CPUs. It allows multiple types of memory to be used. For example, some data can be stored in RAM while other data is stored on a hard drive (e.g. in a swapfile), functioning as an extension of the cache hierarchy. This offers several advantages. Computer programmers no longer need to worry about where their data is physically stored or whether the user's computer will have enough memory. The operating system will place actively used data in RAM, which is much faster than hard disks. When the amount of RAM is not sufficient to run all the current programs, it can result in a situation where the computer spends more time moving data from RAM to disk and back than it does accomplishing tasks; this is known as thrashing. Protected memory Main article: Memory protection Protected memory is a system where each program is given an area of memory to use and is prevented from going outside that range. If the operating system detects that a program has tried to alter memory that does not belong to it, the program is terminated (or otherwise restricted or redirected). This way, only the offending program crashes, and other programs are not affected by the misbehavior (whether accidental or intentional). Use of protected memory greatly enhances both the reliability and security of a computer system. Without protected memory, it is possible that a bug in one program will alter the memory used by another program. This will cause that other program to run off of corrupted memory with unpredictable results. If the operating system's memory is corrupted, the entire computer system may crash and need to be rebooted. At times programs intentionally alter the memory used by other programs. This is done by viruses and malware to take over computers. It may also be used benignly by desirable programs which are intended to modify other programs, debuggers, for example, to insert breakpoints or hooks. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer memory. Memory geometry Memory hierarchy Memory organization Processor registers store data but normally are not considered as memory, since they only store one word and do not include an addressing mechanism. Notes ^ Other volatile memory technologies that have attempted to compete or replace SRAM and DRAM include Z-RAM and A-RAM. References ^ Read, Jennifer (5 November 2020). "DDR5 Era To Officially Begin In 2021, With DRAM Market Currently Transitioning Between Generations, Says TrendForce". EMSNow. Retrieved 2 November 2022. ^ a b Hemmendinger, David (February 15, 2016). "Computer memory". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 October 2019. ^ A.M. Turing and R.A. Brooker (1952). Programmer's Handbook for Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II Archived 2014-01-02 at the Wayback Machine. University of Manchester. ^ "Documentation for /proc/sys/vm/". ^ "The MOS Memory Market" (PDF). Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation. Smithsonian Institution. 1997. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2003-07-25. Retrieved 16 October 2019. ^ "MOS Memory Market Trends" (PDF). Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation. Smithsonian Institution. 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-16. Retrieved 16 October 2019. ^ "1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated". The Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum. ^ "1953: Whirlwind computer debuts core memory". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ a b c d e f "1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 19 June 2019. ^ "1953: Transistors make fast memories | The Storage Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2019-11-14. ^ Orton, John W. (2009). Semiconductors and the Information Revolution: Magic Crystals that made IT Happen. Academic Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-08-096390-7. ^ Solid State Design - Vol. 6. Horizon House. 1965. ^ a b c "1970: MOS Dynamic RAM Competes with Magnetic Core Memory on Price". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 29 July 2019. ^ Wood, J.; Ball, R. (February 1965). "The use of insulated-gate field-effect transistors in digital storage systems". 1965 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. 1965 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. Vol. VIII. pp. 82–83. doi:10.1109/ISSCC.1965.1157606. ^ "1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 10 August 2019. ^ Critchlow, D. L. (2007). "Recollections on MOSFET Scaling". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter. 12 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785536. ^ a b "DRAM". IBM100. IBM. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2019. ^ "Spec Sheet for Toshiba "TOSCAL" BC-1411". Old Calculator Web Museum. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018. ^ "Toshiba "Toscal" BC-1411 Desktop Calculator". Archived from the original on 2007-05-20. ^ "1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs". Computer History Museum. ^ "Robert Dennard". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 July 2019. ^ "Intel: 35 Years of Innovation (1968–2003)" (PDF). Intel. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2019. ^ a b The DRAM memory of Robert Dennard history-computer.com ^ Lojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 362–363. ISBN 9783540342588. The i1103 was manufactured on a 6-mask silicon-gate P-MOS process with 8 μm minimum features. The resulting product had a 2,400 µm, 2 memory cell size, a die size just under 10 mm², and sold for around $21. ^ "KM48SL2000-7 Datasheet". Samsung. August 1992. Retrieved 19 June 2019. ^ "Electronic Design". Electronic Design. 41 (15–21). Hayden Publishing Company. 1993. The first commercial synchronous DRAM, the Samsung 16-Mbit KM48SL2000, employs a single-bank architecture that lets system designers easily transition from asynchronous to synchronous systems. ^ Han-Way Huang (5 December 2008). Embedded System Design with C805. Cengage Learning. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-111-81079-5. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. ^ Marie-Aude Aufaure; Esteban Zimányi (17 January 2013). Business Intelligence: Second European Summer School, eBISS 2012, Brussels, Belgium, July 15-21, 2012, Tutorial Lectures. Springer. p. 136. ISBN 978-3-642-36318-4. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. ^ "1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 19 June 2019. ^ Tarui, Y.; Hayashi, Y.; Nagai, K. (1972). "Electrically reprogrammable nonvolatile semiconductor memory". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 7 (5): 369–375. Bibcode:1972IJSSC...7..369T. doi:10.1109/JSSC.1972.1052895. ISSN 0018-9200. ^ Fulford, Benjamin (24 June 2002). "Unsung hero". Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008. ^ US 4531203  Fujio Masuoka ^ "Toshiba: Inventor of Flash Memory". Toshiba. Retrieved 20 June 2019. ^ Masuoka, F.; Momodomi, M.; Iwata, Y.; Shirota, R. (1987). "1987 International Electron Devices Meeting". Electron Devices Meeting, 1987 International. IEDM 1987. IEEE. pp. 552–555. doi:10.1109/IEDM.1987.191485. ^ "1987: Toshiba Launches NAND Flash". eWeek. April 11, 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2019. ^ "1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 19 June 2019. ^ a b c d e Stanek, William R. (2009). Windows Server 2008 Inside Out. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 1520. ISBN 978-0-7356-3806-8. Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2012-08-20. Windows Server Enterprise supports clustering with up to eight-node clusters and very large memory (VLM) configurations of up to 32 GB on 32-bit systems and 2 TB on 64-bit systems. ^ Montierth, Briggs, Keithley. "Semi-volatile NAND flash memory". Retrieved 20 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Keppel, Naeimi, Nasrullah. "Method and apparatus for managing a spin-transfer torque memory". Google Patents. Retrieved 20 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Further reading Miller, Stephen W. (1977), Memory and Storage Technology, Montvale.: AFIPS Press Memory and Storage Technology, Alexandria, Virginia.: Time Life Books, 1988 Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States vteBasic computer componentsInput devicesPointing devices Graphics tablet Game controller Light pen Mouse Optical Optical trackpad Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Other Keyboard Image scanner Graphics card GPU Microphone Refreshable braille display Sound card Sound chip Webcam Softcam Output devices Monitor Screen Refreshable braille display Printer Plotter Speakers Sound card Graphics card Removable data storage Disk pack Floppy disk Optical disc CD DVD Blu-ray Flash memory Memory card USB flash drive Computer case Central processing unit Microprocessor Motherboard Memory RAM BIOS Data storage HDD SSD (SATA / NVMe) SSHD Power supply SMPS MOSFET Power MOSFET VRM Network interface controller Fax modem Expansion card PortsCurrent Ethernet USB Thunderbolt Analog audio jack DisplayPort HDMI Obsolete FireWire (IEEE 1394) Parallel port Serial port Game port PS/2 port eSATA DVI VGA Related History of computing hardware History of computing hardware (1960s–present) List of pioneers in computer science vteProcessing benchmarksConcepts Free software Proprietary software Performance per watt Data center infrastructure efficiency Giga-updates per second (memory) CPU power dissipation Organizations BAPCo consortium EEMBC Futuremark Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC) ProcessorFloating-point unit (FLOPS) SPECfp LINPACK LAPACK Prime95 Super PI SuperPrime Whetstone IBM iSeries benchmarks (Computational Intensive Workload) Integer (ALU) Dhrystone Fhourstones SPECint CoreMark Digital signal processor (DSP) BTDi Graphics processing unit (GPU) BRL-CAD Parallel computing DEISA Benchmark Suite Livermore loops NAS Parallel Benchmarks HPC Challenge Benchmark Princeton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers (PARSEC) PeripheralsNetwork BreakingPoint Systems SUPS Filesystems and storage Bonnie++ HD Tach IOzone Diskspd Computer memory BSS Random Access benchmark HPC Challenge Random Memory Access Input/output Iometer Ioblazer IBM iSeries benchmarks (Commercial Processing Workload) Computer system (entire) Hierarchical INTegration (HINT) NBench (CPU, memory) Energy consumption Average CPU power (x86) EEMBC (embedded systems) Data center infrastructure efficiency SPECpower (Java software) Server Efficiency Rating Tool (SERT) SoftwareJavaScript engine Browser speed test Cryptography Cycles per byte Multiuser system SDET AIM Multiuser Benchmark Virtual machine VMmark SPECvirt Physics engine Physics Abstraction Layer API Bench Recursion performance Tak (function) Database transactions TATP Benchmark Transaction Processing over XML (TPoX) YCSB (NoSQL) Web server benchmarking Apache JMeter Curl-loader httperf OpenSTA TPC-W Tsung X Window System Xmark93 Platform specific Adjusted Peak Performance (Nuclear weapon simulation) AnTuTu (ARM) BogoMips (Linux) Coremark (embedded systems) iCOMP (index) (Intel) Novabench (Windows and macOS) Phoronix Test Suite (Linux) Performance Rating (AMD) Sysinfo & SysSpeed (Motorola 68k) WorldBench (Windows)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAM_Module_(SDRAM-DDR4).jpg"},{"link_name":"DDR4 SDRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR4_SDRAM"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_memory&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"main memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_memory"},{"link_name":"primary storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_storage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"mass storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_storage"},{"link_name":"mass storage cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_cache"},{"link_name":"write buffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_buffer"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"virtual memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory"},{"link_name":"semiconductor memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_memory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"memory cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)"},{"link_name":"MOS transistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_transistor"},{"link_name":"integrated circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computerhistory-7"},{"link_name":"volatile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_memory"},{"link_name":"non-volatile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory"},{"link_name":"non-volatile memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory"},{"link_name":"flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"},{"link_name":"ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"PROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"EPROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROM"},{"link_name":"EEPROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM"},{"link_name":"volatile memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_memory"},{"link_name":"dynamic random-access memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"static random-access memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"CPU cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"memory cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)"},{"link_name":"bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"Flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"},{"link_name":"multi-level cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-level_cell"},{"link_name":"word length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_length"}],"text":"DDR4 SDRAM module. As of 2021[update], over 90 percent of computer memory used in PCs and servers was of this type.[1]Computer memory stores information, such as data and programs, for immediate use in the computer.[2] The term memory is often synonymous with the terms RAM, main memory, or primary storage. Archaic synonyms for main memory include core (for magnetic core memory) and store.[3]Main memory operates at a high speed compared to mass storage which is slower but less expensive per bit and higher in capacity. Besides storing opened programs and data being actively processed, computer memory serves as a mass storage cache and write buffer to improve both reading and writing performance. Operating systems borrow RAM capacity for caching so long as not needed by running software.[4] If needed, contents of the computer memory can be transferred to storage; a common way of doing this is through a memory management technique called virtual memory.Modern computer memory is implemented as semiconductor memory,[5][6] where data is stored within memory cells built from MOS transistors and other components on an integrated circuit.[7] There are two main kinds of semiconductor memory: volatile and non-volatile. Examples of non-volatile memory are flash memory and ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM memory. Examples of volatile memory are dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) used for primary storage and static random-access memory (SRAM) used mainly for CPU cache.Most semiconductor memory is organized into memory cells each storing one bit (0 or 1). Flash memory organization includes both one bit per memory cell and a multi-level cell capable of storing multiple bits per cell. The memory cells are grouped into words of fixed word length, for example, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits. Each word can be accessed by a binary address of N bits, making it possible to store 2N words in the memory.","title":"Computer memory"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Historical_cost_of_computer_memory_and_storage.svg"},{"link_name":"storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memoria_elettromeccanica_per_il_calcolatore_IBM_602A_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_D1191.jpg"},{"link_name":"IBM 602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_602"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ENIAC_Penn2.jpg"},{"link_name":"ENIAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC"},{"link_name":"vacuum tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Pomerene_IAS_machine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Williams tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube"},{"link_name":"IAS computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAS_machine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:8_bytes_vs._8Gbytes.jpg"},{"link_name":"GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibibyte"},{"link_name":"microSDHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSDHC"},{"link_name":"bytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytes"},{"link_name":"magnetic-core memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory"},{"link_name":"bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"digital computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_computer"},{"link_name":"ENIAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC"},{"link_name":"vacuum tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"delay-line memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay-line_memory"},{"link_name":"J. Presper Eckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"bits of information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bits_of_information"},{"link_name":"transducers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer"},{"link_name":"Williams tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube"},{"link_name":"Selectron tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectron_tube"},{"link_name":"cathode-ray tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube"},{"link_name":"random-access computer memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"non-volatile memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory"},{"link_name":"Magnetic-core memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory"},{"link_name":"An Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Wang"},{"link_name":"Jay Forrester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Forrester"},{"link_name":"Jan A. Rajchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_A._Rajchman"},{"link_name":"Whirlwind I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlwind_I"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"MOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET"},{"link_name":"semiconductor memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_memory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computerhistory1966-9"},{"link_name":"semiconductor memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_memory"},{"link_name":"flip-flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"bipolar transistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_transistors"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computerhistory1966-9"},{"link_name":"discrete devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_device"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"solid-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_electronics"},{"link_name":"integrated circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"applications engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_engineers"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computerhistory1966-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computerhistory1966-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Historical lowest retail price of computer memory and storageElectromechanical memory used in the IBM 602, an early punch multiplying calculatorDetail of the back of a section of ENIAC, showing vacuum tubesWilliams tube used as memory in the IAS computer c. 19518 GB microSDHC card on top of 8 bytes of magnetic-core memory (1 core is 1 bit.)In the early 1940s, memory technology often permitted a capacity of a few bytes. The first electronic programmable digital computer, the ENIAC, using thousands of vacuum tubes, could perform simple calculations involving 20 numbers of ten decimal digits stored in the vacuum tubes.The next significant advance in computer memory came with acoustic delay-line memory, developed by J. Presper Eckert in the early 1940s. Through the construction of a glass tube filled with mercury and plugged at each end with a quartz crystal, delay lines could store bits of information in the form of sound waves propagating through the mercury, with the quartz crystals acting as transducers to read and write bits. Delay-line memory was limited to a capacity of up to a few thousand bits.Two alternatives to the delay line, the Williams tube and Selectron tube, originated in 1946, both using electron beams in glass tubes as means of storage. Using cathode-ray tubes, Fred Williams invented the Williams tube, which was the first random-access computer memory. The Williams tube was able to store more information than the Selectron tube (the Selectron was limited to 256 bits, while the Williams tube could store thousands) and was less expensive. The Williams tube was nevertheless frustratingly sensitive to environmental disturbances.Efforts began in the late 1940s to find non-volatile memory. Magnetic-core memory allowed for recall of memory after power loss. It was developed by Frederick W. Viehe and An Wang in the late 1940s, and improved by Jay Forrester and Jan A. Rajchman in the early 1950s, before being commercialized with the Whirlwind I computer in 1953.[8] Magnetic-core memory was the dominant form of memory until the development of MOS semiconductor memory in the 1960s.[9]The first semiconductor memory was implemented as a flip-flop circuit in the early 1960s using bipolar transistors.[9] Semiconductor memory made from discrete devices was first shipped by Texas Instruments to the United States Air Force in 1961. The same year, the concept of solid-state memory on an integrated circuit (IC) chip was proposed by applications engineer Bob Norman at Fairchild Semiconductor.[10] The first bipolar semiconductor memory IC chip was the SP95 introduced by IBM in 1965.[9] While semiconductor memory offered improved performance over magnetic-core memory, it remain larger and more expensive and did not displace magnetic-core memory until the late 1960s.[9][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MOSFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET"},{"link_name":"metal–oxide–semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor"},{"link_name":"memory cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"semiconductor memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_memory"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computerhistory1970-13"},{"link_name":"Royal Radar Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment"},{"link_name":"CMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS"},{"link_name":"power devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_devices"},{"link_name":"power supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply"},{"link_name":"switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switches"},{"link_name":"delay-line storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay-line_memory"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"silicon-gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon-gate"},{"link_name":"MOS integrated circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"Federico Faggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Faggin"},{"link_name":"memory chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_chip"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"NMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMOS_logic"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computerhistory1970-13"},{"link_name":"random-access memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"static random-access memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"dynamic random-access memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computerhistory1966-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computerhistory1970-13"},{"link_name":"bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibm100-17"},{"link_name":"System/360 Model 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computerhistory1966-9"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"memory cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)"},{"link_name":"electronic calculator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_calculator"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-spec-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Robert H. Dennard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Dennard"},{"link_name":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"capacitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitors"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibm100-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Intel 1103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_1103"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intel2003-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lojek-1103-24"},{"link_name":"Synchronous dynamic random-access memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electronic-design-26"},{"link_name":"non-volatile memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory"},{"link_name":"read-only memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"},{"link_name":"Programmable read-only memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"Wen Tsing Chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Tsing_Chow"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huang2008-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AufaureZim%C3%A1nyi2013-28"},{"link_name":"Simon Sze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Sze"},{"link_name":"floating gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_gate_MOSFET"},{"link_name":"semiconductor device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device"},{"link_name":"Dov Frohman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dov_Frohman"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"EPROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROM"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-computerhistory1971-29"},{"link_name":"EEPROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM"},{"link_name":"Electrotechnical Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrotechnical_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Fujio Masuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujio_Masuoka"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"NOR flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_flash"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"NAND flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_flash"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-37"}],"sub_title":"MOS memory","text":"The invention of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) enabled the practical use of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) transistors as memory cell storage elements. MOS memory was developed by John Schmidt at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1964.[12] In addition to higher performance, MOS semiconductor memory was cheaper and consumed less power than magnetic core memory.[13] In 1965, J. Wood and R. Ball of the Royal Radar Establishment proposed digital storage systems that use CMOS (complementary MOS) memory cells, in addition to MOSFET power devices for the power supply, switched cross-coupling, switches and delay-line storage.[14] The development of silicon-gate MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC) technology by Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968 enabled the production of MOS memory chips.[15] NMOS memory was commercialized by IBM in the early 1970s.[16] MOS memory overtook magnetic core memory as the dominant memory technology in the early 1970s.[13]The two main types of volatile random-access memory (RAM) are static random-access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). Bipolar SRAM was invented by Robert Norman at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1963,[9] followed by the development of MOS SRAM by John Schmidt at Fairchild in 1964.[13] SRAM became an alternative to magnetic-core memory, but requires six transistors for each bit of data.[17] Commercial use of SRAM began in 1965, when IBM introduced their SP95 SRAM chip for the System/360 Model 95.[9]Toshiba introduced bipolar DRAM memory cells for its Toscal BC-1411 electronic calculator in 1965.[18][19] While it offered improved performance, bipolar DRAM could not compete with the lower price of the then dominant magnetic-core memory.[20] MOS technology is the basis for modern DRAM. In 1966, Robert H. Dennard at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center was working on MOS memory. While examining the characteristics of MOS technology, he found it was possible to build capacitors, and that storing a charge or no charge on the MOS capacitor could represent the 1 and 0 of a bit, while the MOS transistor could control writing the charge to the capacitor. This led to his development of a single-transistor DRAM memory cell.[17] In 1967, Dennard filed a patent for a single-transistor DRAM memory cell based on MOS technology.[21] This led to the first commercial DRAM IC chip, the Intel 1103 in October 1970.[22][23][24] Synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) later debuted with the Samsung KM48SL2000 chip in 1992.[25][26]The term memory is also often used to refer to non-volatile memory including read-only memory (ROM) through modern flash memory. Programmable read-only memory (PROM) was invented by Wen Tsing Chow in 1956, while working for the Arma Division of the American Bosch Arma Corporation.[27][28] In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon Sze of Bell Labs proposed that the floating gate of a MOS semiconductor device could be used for the cell of a reprogrammable ROM, which led to Dov Frohman of Intel inventing EPROM (erasable PROM) in 1971.[29] EEPROM (electrically erasable PROM) was developed by Yasuo Tarui, Yutaka Hayashi and Kiyoko Naga at the Electrotechnical Laboratory in 1972.[30] Flash memory was invented by Fujio Masuoka at Toshiba in the early 1980s.[31][32] Masuoka and colleagues presented the invention of NOR flash in 1984,[33] and then NAND flash in 1987.[34] Toshiba commercialized NAND flash memory in 1987.[35][36][37]Developments in technology and economies of scale have made possible so-called very large memory (VLM) computers.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinds-of-RAM.JPG"},{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"static RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_RAM"},{"link_name":"dynamic RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_RAM"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"CPU cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"embedded systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"commonly uses six transistors per bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random-access_memory#Design"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC-23"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-37"}],"text":"Various memory modules containing different types of DRAM (from top to bottom): DDR SDRAM, SDRAM, EDO DRAM, and FPM DRAMVolatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information. Most modern semiconductor volatile memory is either static RAM (SRAM) or dynamic RAM (DRAM).[a] DRAM dominates for desktop system memory. SRAM is used for CPU cache. SRAM is also found in small embedded systems requiring little memory.SRAM retains its contents as long as the power is connected and may use a simpler interface, but commonly uses six transistors per bit. Dynamic RAM is more complicated for interfacing and control, needing regular refresh cycles to prevent losing its contents, but uses only one transistor and one capacitor per bit, allowing it to reach much higher densities and much cheaper per-bit costs.[2][23][37]","title":"Volatile memory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"read-only memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"},{"link_name":"hard disk drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"},{"link_name":"floppy disks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk"},{"link_name":"magnetic tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tape"},{"link_name":"optical discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc"},{"link_name":"magnetic drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_drum"},{"link_name":"paper tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_tape"},{"link_name":"punched cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-37"},{"link_name":"ferroelectric RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroelectric_RAM"},{"link_name":"programmable metallization cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_metallization_cell"},{"link_name":"Spin-transfer torque magnetic RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-transfer_torque_magnetic_RAM"},{"link_name":"SONOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SONOS"},{"link_name":"resistive random-access memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistive_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"racetrack memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racetrack_memory"},{"link_name":"Nano-RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-RAM"},{"link_name":"3D XPoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_XPoint"},{"link_name":"millipede memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millipede_memory"}],"text":"Non-volatile memory can retain the stored information even when not powered. Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory, flash memory, most types of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g. hard disk drives, floppy disks and magnetic tape), optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as magnetic drum, paper tape and punched cards.[37]Non-volatile memory technologies under development include ferroelectric RAM, programmable metallization cell, Spin-transfer torque magnetic RAM, SONOS, resistive random-access memory, racetrack memory, Nano-RAM, 3D XPoint, and millipede memory.","title":"Non-volatile memory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"STT-RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-transfer_torque#Spin-transfer_torque_memory"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"nvSRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NvSRAM"},{"link_name":"SRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip"},{"link_name":"battery-backed RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery-backed_memory"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_battery"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-37"}],"text":"A third category of memory is semi-volatile. The term is used to describe a memory that has some limited non-volatile duration after power is removed, but then data is ultimately lost. A typical goal when using a semi-volatile memory is to provide the high performance and durability associated with volatile memories while providing some benefits of non-volatile memory.For example, some non-volatile memory types experience wear when written. A worn cell has increased volatility but otherwise continues to work. Data locations which are written frequently can thus be directed to use worn circuits. As long as the location is updated within some known retention time, the data stays valid. After a period of time without update, the value is copied to a less-worn circuit with longer retention. Writing first to the worn area allows a high write rate while avoiding wear on the not-worn circuits.[38]As a second example, an STT-RAM can be made non-volatile by building large cells, but doing so raises the cost per bit and power requirements and reduces the write speed. Using small cells improves cost, power, and speed, but leads to semi-volatile behavior. In some applications, the increased volatility can be managed to provide many benefits of a non-volatile memory, for example by removing power but forcing a wake-up before data is lost; or by caching read-only data and discarding the cached data if the power-off time exceeds the non-volatile threshold.[39]The term semi-volatile is also used to describe semi-volatile behavior constructed from other memory types, such as nvSRAM, which combines SRAM and a non-volatile memory on the same chip, where an external signal copies data from the volatile memory to the non-volatile memory, but if power is removed before the copy occurs, the data is lost. Another example is battery-backed RAM, which uses an external battery to power the memory device in case of external power loss. If power is off for an extended period of time, the battery may run out, resulting in data loss.[37]","title":"Semi-volatile memory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"}],"text":"Proper management of memory is vital for a computer system to operate properly. Modern operating systems have complex systems to properly manage memory. Failure to do so can lead to bugs or slow performance.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"memory leak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_leak"},{"link_name":"segmentation fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault"},{"link_name":"buffer overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overflow"}],"sub_title":"Bugs","text":"Improper management of memory is a common cause of bugs and security vulnerabilities, including the following types:A memory leak occurs when a program requests memory from the operating system and never returns the memory when it is done with it. A program with this bug will gradually require more and more memory until the program fails as the operating system runs out.\nA segmentation fault results when a program tries to access memory that it does not have permission to access. Generally, a program doing so will be terminated by the operating system.\nA buffer overflow occurs when a program writes data to the end of its allocated space and then continues to write data beyond this to memory that has been allocated for other purposes. This may result in erratic program behavior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, a crash, or a breach of system security. They are thus the basis of many software vulnerabilities and can be maliciously exploited.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physical memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_memory"},{"link_name":"memory management unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit"},{"link_name":"CPUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU"},{"link_name":"hard drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drive"},{"link_name":"swapfile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swapfile"},{"link_name":"cache hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_hierarchy"},{"link_name":"thrashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrashing_(computer_science)"}],"sub_title":"Virtual memory","text":"Virtual memory is a system where physical memory is managed by the operating system typically with assistance from a memory management unit, which is part of many modern CPUs. It allows multiple types of memory to be used. For example, some data can be stored in RAM while other data is stored on a hard drive (e.g. in a swapfile), functioning as an extension of the cache hierarchy. This offers several advantages. Computer programmers no longer need to worry about where their data is physically stored or whether the user's computer will have enough memory. The operating system will place actively used data in RAM, which is much faster than hard disks. When the amount of RAM is not sufficient to run all the current programs, it can result in a situation where the computer spends more time moving data from RAM to disk and back than it does accomplishing tasks; this is known as thrashing.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rebooted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot_(computing)"},{"link_name":"debuggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger"}],"sub_title":"Protected memory","text":"Protected memory is a system where each program is given an area of memory to use and is prevented from going outside that range. If the operating system detects that a program has tried to alter memory that does not belong to it, the program is terminated (or otherwise restricted or redirected). This way, only the offending program crashes, and other programs are not affected by the misbehavior (whether accidental or intentional). Use of protected memory greatly enhances both the reliability and security of a computer system.Without protected memory, it is possible that a bug in one program will alter the memory used by another program. This will cause that other program to run off of corrupted memory with unpredictable results. If the operating system's memory is corrupted, the entire computer system may crash and need to be rebooted. At times programs intentionally alter the memory used by other programs. This is done by viruses and malware to take over computers. It may also be used benignly by desirable programs which are intended to modify other programs, debuggers, for example, to insert breakpoints or hooks.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Z-RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-RAM"},{"link_name":"A-RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-RAM"}],"text":"^ Other volatile memory technologies that have attempted to compete or replace SRAM and DRAM include Z-RAM and A-RAM.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5830907#identifiers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940192f"},{"link_name":"BnF 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power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_CPU_power"},{"link_name":"x86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86"},{"link_name":"EEMBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEMBC"},{"link_name":"embedded systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systems"},{"link_name":"Data center infrastructure efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center_infrastructure_efficiency"},{"link_name":"SPECpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECpower"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform)"},{"link_name":"Server Efficiency Rating Tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Efficiency_Rating_Tool"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"},{"link_name":"Browser speed test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_speed_test"},{"link_name":"Cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"Cycles per byte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycles_per_byte"},{"link_name":"Multiuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiuser"},{"link_name":"SDET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDET"},{"link_name":"AIM Multiuser Benchmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM_Multiuser_Benchmark"},{"link_name":"Virtual machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine"},{"link_name":"VMmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMmark"},{"link_name":"SPECvirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECvirt"},{"link_name":"Physics engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_engine"},{"link_name":"Physics Abstraction Layer API Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Abstraction_Layer#Benchmark"},{"link_name":"Recursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion"},{"link_name":"Tak (function)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak_(function)"},{"link_name":"Database transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction"},{"link_name":"TATP Benchmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATP_Benchmark"},{"link_name":"Transaction Processing over XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Processing_over_XML"},{"link_name":"YCSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCSB"},{"link_name":"NoSQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL"},{"link_name":"Web server benchmarking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server_benchmarking"},{"link_name":"Apache JMeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_JMeter"},{"link_name":"Curl-loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl-loader"},{"link_name":"httperf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Httperf"},{"link_name":"OpenSTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSTA"},{"link_name":"TPC-W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPC-W"},{"link_name":"Tsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung"},{"link_name":"X Window System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System"},{"link_name":"Xmark93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xmark93"},{"link_name":"Adjusted Peak Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjusted_Peak_Performance"},{"link_name":"Nuclear weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"AnTuTu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnTuTu"},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family"},{"link_name":"BogoMips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BogoMips"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Coremark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coremark"},{"link_name":"embedded systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systems"},{"link_name":"iCOMP (index)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICOMP_(index)"},{"link_name":"Novabench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novabench"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"Phoronix Test Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronix_Test_Suite"},{"link_name":"Performance Rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Rating"},{"link_name":"Sysinfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysinfo"},{"link_name":"SysSpeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SysSpeed"},{"link_name":"Motorola 68k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68k"},{"link_name":"WorldBench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldBench"}],"text":"Miller, Stephen W. (1977), Memory and Storage Technology, Montvale.: AFIPS Press\nMemory and Storage Technology, Alexandria, Virginia.: Time Life Books, 1988Authority control databases: National \nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited StatesvteBasic computer componentsInput devicesPointing devices\nGraphics tablet\nGame controller\nLight pen\nMouse\nOptical\nOptical trackpad\nPointing stick\nTouchpad\nTouchscreen\nTrackball\nOther\nKeyboard\nImage scanner\nGraphics card\nGPU\nMicrophone\nRefreshable braille display\nSound card\nSound chip\nWebcam\nSoftcam\nOutput devices\nMonitor\nScreen\nRefreshable braille display\nPrinter\nPlotter\nSpeakers\nSound card\nGraphics card\nRemovable data storage\nDisk pack\nFloppy disk\nOptical disc\nCD\nDVD\nBlu-ray\nFlash memory\nMemory card\nUSB flash drive\nComputer case\nCentral processing unit\nMicroprocessor\nMotherboard\nMemory\nRAM\nBIOS\nData storage\nHDD\nSSD (SATA / NVMe)\nSSHD\nPower supply\nSMPS\nMOSFET\nPower MOSFET\nVRM\nNetwork interface controller\nFax modem\nExpansion card\nPortsCurrent\nEthernet\nUSB\nThunderbolt\nAnalog audio jack\nDisplayPort\nHDMI\nObsolete\nFireWire (IEEE 1394)\nParallel port\nSerial port\nGame port\nPS/2 port\neSATA\nDVI\nVGA\nRelated\nHistory of computing hardware\nHistory of computing hardware (1960s–present)\nList of pioneers in computer sciencevteProcessing benchmarksConcepts\nFree software\nProprietary software\nPerformance per watt\nData center infrastructure efficiency\nGiga-updates per second (memory)\nCPU power dissipation\nOrganizations\nBAPCo consortium\nEEMBC\nFuturemark\nStandard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC)\nTransaction Processing Performance Council (TPC)\nProcessorFloating-point unit (FLOPS)\nSPECfp\nLINPACK\nLAPACK\nPrime95\nSuper PI\nSuperPrime\nWhetstone\nIBM iSeries benchmarks (Computational Intensive Workload)\nInteger (ALU)\nDhrystone\nFhourstones\nSPECint\nCoreMark\nDigital signal processor (DSP)\nBTDi\nGraphics processing unit (GPU)\nBRL-CAD\nParallel computing\nDEISA Benchmark Suite\nLivermore loops\nNAS Parallel Benchmarks\nHPC Challenge Benchmark\nPrinceton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers (PARSEC)\nPeripheralsNetwork\nBreakingPoint Systems\nSUPS\nFilesystems and storage\nBonnie++\nHD Tach\nIOzone\nDiskspd\nComputer memory\nBSS Random Access benchmark\nHPC Challenge Random Memory Access\nInput/output\nIometer\nIoblazer\nIBM iSeries benchmarks (Commercial Processing Workload)\nComputer system (entire)\nHierarchical INTegration (HINT)\nNBench (CPU, memory)\nEnergy consumption\nAverage CPU power (x86)\nEEMBC (embedded systems)\nData center infrastructure efficiency\nSPECpower (Java software)\nServer Efficiency Rating Tool (SERT)\nSoftwareJavaScript engine\nBrowser speed test\nCryptography\nCycles per byte\nMultiuser system\nSDET\nAIM Multiuser Benchmark\nVirtual machine\nVMmark\nSPECvirt\nPhysics engine\nPhysics Abstraction Layer API Bench\nRecursion performance\nTak (function)\nDatabase transactions\nTATP Benchmark\nTransaction Processing over XML (TPoX)\nYCSB (NoSQL)\nWeb server benchmarking\nApache JMeter\nCurl-loader\nhttperf\nOpenSTA\nTPC-W\nTsung\nX Window System\nXmark93\nPlatform specific\nAdjusted Peak Performance (Nuclear weapon simulation)\nAnTuTu (ARM)\nBogoMips (Linux)\nCoremark (embedded systems)\niCOMP (index) (Intel)\nNovabench (Windows and macOS)\nPhoronix Test Suite (Linux)\nPerformance Rating (AMD)\nSysinfo & SysSpeed (Motorola 68k)\nWorldBench (Windows)","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"DDR4 SDRAM module. As of 2021[update], over 90 percent of computer memory used in PCs and servers was of this type.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RAM_Module_%28SDRAM-DDR4%29.jpg/220px-RAM_Module_%28SDRAM-DDR4%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historical lowest retail price of computer memory and storage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Historical_cost_of_computer_memory_and_storage.svg/220px-Historical_cost_of_computer_memory_and_storage.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Electromechanical memory used in the IBM 602, an early punch multiplying calculator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Memoria_elettromeccanica_per_il_calcolatore_IBM_602A_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_D1191.jpg/220px-Memoria_elettromeccanica_per_il_calcolatore_IBM_602A_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_D1191.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of the back of a section of ENIAC, showing vacuum tubes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ENIAC_Penn2.jpg/220px-ENIAC_Penn2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Williams tube used as memory in the IAS computer c. 1951","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/James_Pomerene_IAS_machine.jpg/170px-James_Pomerene_IAS_machine.jpg"},{"image_text":"8 GB microSDHC card on top of 8 bytes of magnetic-core memory (1 core is 1 bit.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/8_bytes_vs._8Gbytes.jpg/220px-8_bytes_vs._8Gbytes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Various memory modules containing different types of DRAM (from top to bottom): DDR SDRAM, SDRAM, EDO DRAM, and FPM DRAM","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kinds-of-RAM.JPG/220px-Kinds-of-RAM.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Computer memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_memory"},{"title":"Memory geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_geometry"},{"title":"Memory hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_hierarchy"},{"title":"Memory organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_organization"},{"title":"Processor registers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register"}]
[{"reference":"Read, Jennifer (5 November 2020). \"DDR5 Era To Officially Begin In 2021, With DRAM Market Currently Transitioning Between Generations, Says TrendForce\". EMSNow. Retrieved 2 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emsnow.com/ddr5-era-to-officially-begin-in-2021-with-dram-market-currently-transitioning-between-generations-says-trendforce/","url_text":"\"DDR5 Era To Officially Begin In 2021, With DRAM Market Currently Transitioning Between Generations, Says TrendForce\""}]},{"reference":"Hemmendinger, David (February 15, 2016). \"Computer memory\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-memory","url_text":"\"Computer memory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopedia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Documentation for /proc/sys/vm/\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html","url_text":"\"Documentation for /proc/sys/vm/\""}]},{"reference":"\"The MOS Memory Market\" (PDF). Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation. Smithsonian Institution. 1997. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2003-07-25. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/ice/cd/MEMORY97/SEC01.PDF","url_text":"\"The MOS Memory Market\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030725103322/http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/ice/cd/MEMORY97/SEC01.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MOS Memory Market Trends\" (PDF). Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation. Smithsonian Institution. 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-16. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/ice/cd/STATUS98/SEC07.PDF","url_text":"\"MOS Memory Market Trends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191016225542/http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/ice/cd/STATUS98/SEC07.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated\". The Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/","url_text":"\"1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum","url_text":"Computer History Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"1953: Whirlwind computer debuts core memory\". Computer History Museum. 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Retrieved 2019-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/transistors-make-fast-memories/","url_text":"\"1953: Transistors make fast memories | The Storage Engine | Computer History Museum\""}]},{"reference":"Orton, John W. (2009). Semiconductors and the Information Revolution: Magic Crystals that made IT Happen. Academic Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-08-096390-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6YLL9197NfMC&pg=PA104","url_text":"Semiconductors and the Information Revolution: Magic Crystals that made IT Happen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press","url_text":"Academic Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096390-7","url_text":"978-0-08-096390-7"}]},{"reference":"Solid State Design - Vol. 6. Horizon House. 1965.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kG4rAQAAIAAJ&q=John+Schmidt","url_text":"Solid State Design - Vol. 6"}]},{"reference":"\"1970: MOS Dynamic RAM Competes with Magnetic Core Memory on Price\". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 29 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/mos-dynamic-ram-competes-with-magnetic-core-memory-on-price/","url_text":"\"1970: MOS Dynamic RAM Competes with Magnetic Core Memory on Price\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum","url_text":"Computer History Museum"}]},{"reference":"Wood, J.; Ball, R. (February 1965). \"The use of insulated-gate field-effect transistors in digital storage systems\". 1965 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. 1965 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. Vol. VIII. pp. 82–83. doi:10.1109/ISSCC.1965.1157606.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FISSCC.1965.1157606","url_text":"10.1109/ISSCC.1965.1157606"}]},{"reference":"\"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs\". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 10 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/silicon-gate-technology-developed-for-ics/","url_text":"\"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum","url_text":"Computer History Museum"}]},{"reference":"Critchlow, D. L. (2007). \"Recollections on MOSFET Scaling\". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter. 12 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785536.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FN-SSC.2007.4785536","url_text":"10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785536"}]},{"reference":"\"DRAM\". IBM100. IBM. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/dram/","url_text":"\"DRAM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"}]},{"reference":"\"Spec Sheet for Toshiba \"TOSCAL\" BC-1411\". Old Calculator Web Museum. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/s-toshbc1411.html","url_text":"\"Spec Sheet for Toshiba \"TOSCAL\" BC-1411\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170703071307/http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/s-toshbc1411.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Toshiba \"Toscal\" BC-1411 Desktop Calculator\". Archived from the original on 2007-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070520202433/http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/toshbc1411.html","url_text":"\"Toshiba \"Toscal\" BC-1411 Desktop Calculator\""},{"url":"http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/toshbc1411.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs\". Computer History Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/semiconductor-rams-serve-high-speed-storage-needs/","url_text":"\"1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Dennard\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Dennard","url_text":"\"Robert Dennard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopedia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Intel: 35 Years of Innovation (1968–2003)\" (PDF). Intel. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211104070452/https://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/General/35yrs.pdf","url_text":"\"Intel: 35 Years of Innovation (1968–2003)\""},{"url":"https://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/General/35yrs.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 362–363. ISBN 9783540342588. The i1103 was manufactured on a 6-mask silicon-gate P-MOS process with 8 μm minimum features. The resulting product had a 2,400 µm, 2 memory cell size, a die size just under 10 mm², and sold for around $21.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2cu1Oh_COv8C&pg=PA362","url_text":"History of Semiconductor Engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media","url_text":"Springer Science & Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540342588","url_text":"9783540342588"}]},{"reference":"\"KM48SL2000-7 Datasheet\". Samsung. August 1992. Retrieved 19 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.datasheetarchive.com/KM48SL2000-7-datasheet.html","url_text":"\"KM48SL2000-7 Datasheet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung","url_text":"Samsung"}]},{"reference":"\"Electronic Design\". Electronic Design. 41 (15–21). Hayden Publishing Company. 1993. The first commercial synchronous DRAM, the Samsung 16-Mbit KM48SL2000, employs a single-bank architecture that lets system designers easily transition from asynchronous to synchronous systems.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QmpJAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Electronic Design\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Design","url_text":"Electronic Design"}]},{"reference":"Han-Way Huang (5 December 2008). Embedded System Design with C805. Cengage Learning. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-111-81079-5. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3zRtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22","url_text":"Embedded System Design with C805"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-81079-5","url_text":"978-1-111-81079-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180427092847/https://books.google.com/books?id=3zRtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marie-Aude Aufaure; Esteban Zimányi (17 January 2013). Business Intelligence: Second European Summer School, eBISS 2012, Brussels, Belgium, July 15-21, 2012, Tutorial Lectures. Springer. p. 136. ISBN 978-3-642-36318-4. 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IEEE. pp. 552–555. doi:10.1109/IEDM.1987.191485.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electron_Devices_Meeting","url_text":"IEDM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE","url_text":"IEEE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEDM.1987.191485","url_text":"10.1109/IEDM.1987.191485"}]},{"reference":"\"1987: Toshiba Launches NAND Flash\". eWeek. April 11, 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eweek.com/storage/1987-toshiba-launches-nand-flash","url_text":"\"1987: Toshiba Launches NAND Flash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EWeek","url_text":"eWeek"}]},{"reference":"\"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced\". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 19 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/reusable-semiconductor-rom-introduced/","url_text":"\"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum","url_text":"Computer History Museum"}]},{"reference":"Stanek, William R. (2009). Windows Server 2008 Inside Out. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 1520. ISBN 978-0-7356-3806-8. Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Fury
Billy Fury
["1 Early years","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 UK chart and film success","2.3 Later years","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 Legacy","6 References in popular culture","7 Discography","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
British rock and roll musician (1940–1983) Billy FuryFury photographed by Allan Warren in 1968Background informationBirth nameRonald WycherleyBorn(1940-04-17)17 April 1940Liverpool, EnglandDied28 January 1983(1983-01-28) (aged 42)London, EnglandGenres Rock and roll pop pop rock rockabilly Occupation(s)MusicianInstrumentsVocals, guitar, piano, drumsYears active1958–1983Labels Decca Parlophone Polydor Warner Bros. Formerly of The Beatles Joe Brown Vince Eager Georgie Fame Johnny Gentle Billy J. Kramer Dickie Pride the Puppets the Searchers The Tornados Marty Wilde Websitebillyfury.co.ukMusical artist Ronald Wycherley (17 April 1940 – 28 January 1983), better known by his stage name Billy Fury, was an English musician. An early star of rock and roll, he equalled the Beatles' record of 24 hits in the 1960s and spent 332 weeks on the UK chart. His hit singles include "Wondrous Place", "Halfway to Paradise" and "Jealousy". Fury also maintained a film career, notably playing rock performers in Play It Cool in 1962 and That'll Be the Day in 1973. AllMusic journalist Bruce Eder stated that Fury's "mix of rough-hewn good looks and unassuming masculinity, coupled with an underlying vulnerability, all presented with a good voice and some serious musical talent, helped turn into a major rock and roll star in short order". Others have suggested that his rapid rise to prominence was due to his "Elvis-influenced hip swivelling and, at times, highly suggestive stage act". Early years Fury was born Ronald Wycherley at Smithdown Hospital (later known as Sefton General Hospital, since demolished) on Smithdown Road in Liverpool on 17 April 1940. He commenced music lessons on the piano before he was a teenager and was bought his first guitar by the age of 14. Wycherley fronted his own group in 1955 but simultaneously worked full-time on a tugboat and later as a docker. He entered and won a talent competition and by 1958 had started composing his own songs. Career Early career Wycherley went to meet pop manager and impresario Larry Parnes at the Essoldo Theatre in Birkenhead, hoping to interest one of Parnes' protégés, singer Marty Wilde, in some of the songs he had written. Instead, in an episode that has since become pop music legend, Parnes pushed young Wycherley up on stage right away. He was such an immediate success that Parnes signed him, added him to his tour, and renamed him "Billy Fury". However, his early sexual and provocative stage performances received censure, and he was forced to tone them down. In October 1959, the UK music magazine, NME, commented that Fury's stage antics had been drawing much press criticism. He released his first hit single for Decca, "Maybe Tomorrow", in 1959. He also appeared in a televised play Strictly for Sparrows, and subsequently on Oh Boy! In March 1960, he reached No. 9 in the UK Singles Chart with his own composition "Colette", followed by "That's Love" and his first album The Sound of Fury (1960), which featured a young Joe Brown on lead guitar, with backup vocals by the Four Jays. After securing more hits and splitting from his band Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames, Parnes held auditions in Liverpool for a new group. Among those who auditioned were the Beatles, who at this time were still calling themselves the Silver Beetles. They were offered the job for £20 a week on condition that they sacked their bassist Stuart Sutcliffe. John Lennon refused and the band left after Lennon had secured Fury's autograph. UK chart and film success Fury concentrated less on rock and roll and more on mainstream ballads, such as "Halfway to Paradise" and "Jealousy" (which reached No. 3 and No. 2 respectively in the UK Singles Chart in 1961). Fury confessed to the NME that "I wanted people to think of me simply as a singer – and not, more specifically, as a rock singer. I'm growing up, and I want to broaden my scope. I shall continue to sing rock songs, but at the same time my stage act is not going to be as wild in the future". It was Decca's decision to mould Fury into a teen idol after his last self-penned song, "My Christmas Prayer", had failed to chart. The years 1961 through 1963 were Fury's best years chartwise. In 1962, he appeared in his first film, Play It Cool, modelled on the Elvis films. It featured Helen Shapiro, Danny Williams, Shane Fenton and Bobby Vee, who appeared with the Vernons Girls. The hit single from the film was "Once Upon a Dream". There were other notable performances by several British actors and performers such as Richard Wattis, Lionel Blair and Dennis Price. Fury's We Want Billy! (1963) was one of the first live albums in UK rock history, and featured renditions of his hits and cover versions of several R&B songs such as "Unchain My Heart". In 1965 he appeared in the film I've Gotta Horse, which also featured his backing group the Gamblers, the Bachelors, Amanda Barrie, Michael Medwin and Jon Pertwee. The album from the film was made available in stereo. Fury left Decca Records in 1966, after signing to a five-year recording contract with Parlophone. Having had more UK hits, such as "It's Only Make Believe" and "I Will" (written by Dick Glasser, not to be confused with the Paul McCartney song), both in 1964, and "In Thoughts of You" (1965), Fury began a lengthy absence from the charts in 1967, and underwent surgery for heart problems in 1972 and 1976 which led to his abandoning touring. Despite spending many weeks in the charts, Fury never achieved a number one single, but he remained popular even after his hits stopped. "I Will" became a US hit for Dean Martin (1965) and for Ruby Winters (1977). Later years In 1973, Fury emerged from a period of semi-retirement to appear as 'Stormy Tempest' in the film That'll Be the Day. The film starred David Essex and Ringo Starr; it was roughly based on the early days of the Beatles. Starr was from the Dingle area of Liverpool, as was Fury, and had originally played drums for Rory Storm & the Hurricanes, whom the Stormy Tempest group were said to be modelled on. In the mid-1970s, Fury went out on the road with Marty Wilde. Away from the spotlight, he focused on wildlife preservation. Fury's health deteriorated and he underwent two open heart surgeries—the first in 1972 and the second in 1976. In 1978, Fury was declared bankrupt for unpaid taxes to the Inland Revenue. The taxes dated back to 1962, and amounted to £16,780. Fury was also forced to sign over his royalties and publishing income. A new release, "Be Mine Tonight" (1981), failed to make an appearance in the UK Singles Chart. Worse was to follow in March 1981 when Fury, working on his own farm, collapsed and almost died. He returned to touring later that year, and his next two singles, "Love or Money" and "Devil or Angel", barely dented the UK chart. In 1981 and 1982, Fury was signed to Polydor Records by A&R man Frank Neilson, and he recorded a comeback album, The One and Only (released posthumously), with Shakin' Stevens' producer Stuart Colman. Owing to his health, Fury did little touring to promote the new album. His last public appearance was at the Sunnyside pub, Northampton, on 4 December 1982. A few days before he died, Fury recorded a live performance for the Channel 4 television show Unforgettable, featuring six of his old hits; however, at the request of his mother, only four of them were broadcast. Personal life Fury was a keen birdwatcher. He lived with businesswoman Lee Everett Alkin, better known as "Lady Lee" Middleton, from 1959 to 1967. During this time, he had a short relationship with actress Amanda Barrie, his co-star in I've Gotta Horse. Fury went from Liverpool to London (like the Beatles) and he lived in Number 1 Cavendish Avenue, the same street as Paul McCartney. He is remembered and honoured with a Blue Plaque there. Fury married Judith Hall in May 1969, but later left her for heiress Lisa Voice. They lived together in London, and sometimes on Fury's farm in Wales, from 1971 until his death, although they were leading separate lives for the last two years. Death Billy Fury's grave at Mill Hill Cemetery After returning from a recording session in the early hours of 28 January 1983, Fury collapsed from a heart attack at his home in London. His manager Tony Read found him unconscious the next morning. He was taken to St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, but died later in the afternoon, aged 42. Rheumatic fever, which he first contracted as a child, damaged his heart and ultimately contributed to his death. A week after his death, a funeral service was held at the St John's Wood church in London, for which his body was embalmed by Desmond Henley. Among the mourners were Larry Parnes, Marty Wilde, Jess Conrad, Eden Kane, Tony Read, Hal Carter and Mick Green, in addition to family members, friends and fans. The choir sang a special version of Billy's Decca hit "I'm Lost Without You". After the service Fury's body was buried at Mill Hill cemetery, in North London. A song issued posthumously entitled "Forget Him" became his final chart hit. Legacy Statue by Tom Murphy at the Albert Dock, taken in April 2024The statue's plaque, featuring a small biography about Fury's life In 1999, a TV documentary about Fury called Halfway to Paradise was broadcast on the BBC channel, narrated by Ian Dury. Between 1999 and 2000, the song "Wondrous Place", a favourite of Fury's (he re-recorded it at least three times during his career), later received wide airplay on British television when it was used as the theme for a Toyota Yaris car advertisement. In 2005, Spencer Leigh from BBC Radio Merseyside published a biography book about Fury called Wondrous Face – The Billy Fury Story. In 2008, a biographical documentary film Billy Fury: His Wondrous Story was released on DVD. On 19 April 2003, a bronze statue of Fury was unveiled by Jack Good at the National Museum of Liverpool Life. The sculpture, by Tom Murphy, a Liverpool sculptor, was donated by 'The Sound of Fury' fan club after the money was raised by fans. In 2010, Camden Council named a previously unnamed alleyway "Billy Fury Way" in his honour. It starts just off Finchley Road near Finchley Road & Frognal station and runs to West Hampstead Station. He had recorded at the nearby Decca Studios. The alleyway was decorated with a large mural of his face (at the West Hampstead end), which was unveiled and blessed on Friday 29 July 2011. Eight of Fury's EMI recordings remained unreleased on mainstream CD until June 2010, when they appeared on a 29-track issue, The Complete Parlophone Singles, released by Peaksoft (PEA009). The singer's estate licensed the tracks to benefit his memorial fund, which finances equipment purchases for hospital heart units. In November 2011, further co-operation between the estate and Peaksoft resulted in the issuing of a second CD, The Lost Album (PEA014), which attempted to construct the format of an album recorded by Fury in 1967–71, but which was never released. Fury's backing band from 1970 until 1976, when he stopped touring due to ill health, were Fury's Tornados, named by Fury and his then manager Hal Carter. They continue to tour in the theatre show Halfway to Paradise: The Billy Fury Story. Fury is also remembered in the work of tribute bands such as another theatre show called The Billy Fury Years. The film Play It Cool was first released on DVD on 10 February 2014. References in popular culture This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Billy Fury" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fury's life was dramatised for BBC Radio 4 in 1994 as a play called The Sound of Fury, written by Mike Walker and starred Anton Lesser as Fury. Rock band Devilish Presley recorded a song "Billy Fury is Dead" on their 2008 album Flesh Ride. They were interviewed about it in the "Tributes" section of the official Fury website. Bernie Taupin included the song "Billy Fury" on his album Tribe, released in 1986. Sound effects at the beginning of the song gave the impression that it is being played on a jukebox, and the "imaginary" vocalist sang about his desire to "be like Billy Fury" and have the trappings of a rock singer. Long-time Taupin collaborator Elton John appeared towards the end of the song, contributing some backing vocals. In 1987, Fury was featured on the cover of the Smiths' last single, "Last Night I Dreamt That Somebody Loved Me". Mark Knopfler mentions Fury in "We Can Get Wild" off his 2007 album Kill to Get Crimson. In the 2009 film Telstar: The Joe Meek Story, Fury was played by Jon Lee. Discography Main article: Billy Fury discography The Sound of Fury (1960) Billy Fury (1960) Halfway to Paradise (1961) Billy (1963) The Golden Years (1979), re-released in 1983 as Memories The One and Only (1983) See also List of people from Merseyside List of Decca Records artists List of rockabilly musicians List of performers on Top of the Pops References ^ "Billy Fury - Biography, Albums, Streaming Links - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 January 2018. ^ Wright, Jade (1 June 2015). "Watch: Billy Fury to be celebrated in new film premiering in Liverpool". Liverpoolecho.co.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2018. ^ a b "Billy Fury - Biography & History - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 January 2018. ^ a b c Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 217. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Biography by Bruce Eder". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 July 2009. ^ Goldman, Lawrence et al. (editors) (2009) "Fury, Billy" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, electronic resource Archived 3 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine requires subscription, OCLC 56707601 ^ "Liverpool – Entertainment – Billy Fury". BBC. 1 October 1958. Retrieved 19 October 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i Roberts, David (1998). Guinness Rockopedia (1st ed.). London: Guinness Publishing Ltd. p. 124. ISBN 0-85112-072-5. ^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 73. CN 5585. ^ "The Beatles Bible - Live: Blue Angel, Liverpool – audition for Larry Parnes". The Beatles Bible. 10 May 1960. Retrieved 7 December 2019. ^ "John Lennon photographed getting Billy Fury's autograph, 10 May 1960". Beatles Source. Retrieved 7 December 2019. ^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 95. CN 5585. ^ "Final Days". Billyfury.com. Retrieved 12 September 2017. ^ a b Billy Fury – His Wondrous Story (DVD). Odeon International. 2007. ^ "the story. Your 60s site since 1998". Billy Fury. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2013. ^ "Billy Fury, 42, British Singer; Is Called Heart Attack Victim". The New York Times. 29 January 1983. ^ "In memoriam Desmond C. Henley". Christopherhenleylimited.com. ^ Archived 9 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ "West Hampstead Life". Westhampsteadlife.com. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2014. ^ "Billy Fury tribute show in Rhyl - Daily Post". Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "The Sound Of Fury Radio Play(By Mike Walker)". Soundcloud.com. Retrieved 27 April 2021. ^ "The story. Your '60s site since 1998". Billyfury.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2011. ^ Kill To Get Crimson | MarkKnopfler.com Further reading Wondrous Face – The Billy Fury Story (2005) by Spencer Leigh Halfway to Paradise - The Life of Billy Fury (2018) by David Stafford and Caroline Stafford External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billy Fury. Billy Fury at IMDb Billy Fury at AllMusic Fan website 'Sound of Fury' fan club The Billy Fury Story, a show featuring Fury's Tornados Billy Fury Years 1959–1983 BBC Archive – Mersey – BBC Interview with Fury Billy Fury Way, West Hampstead. The New Billy Fury Website vteBilly FuryStudio albums The Sound of Fury Live albums We Want Billy! Singles "Maybe Tomorrow" "Colette" "That's Love" "Wondrous Place" "A Thousand Stars" "Halfway to Paradise" "Jealousy" "I'd Never Find Another You" "Letter Full of Tears" "Last Night Was Made for Love" "Once Upon a Dream" "Because of Love" "Like I've Never Been Gone" "When Will You Say I Love You" "In Summer" "Do You Really Love Me Too (Fool's Errand)" "I Will" "It's Only Make Believe" "The Hippy Hippy Shake" "I'm Lost Without You" "In Thoughts of You" "Run to My Lovin' Arms" "Give Me Your Word" "Loving You" "Lady" "Devil or Angel" "Forget Him" Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz
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An early star of rock and roll, he equalled the Beatles' record of 24 hits in the 1960s and spent 332 weeks on the UK chart.[4] His hit singles include \"Wondrous Place\", \"Halfway to Paradise\" and \"Jealousy\". Fury also maintained a film career, notably playing rock performers in Play It Cool in 1962 and That'll Be the Day in 1973.AllMusic journalist Bruce Eder stated that Fury's \"mix of rough-hewn good looks and unassuming masculinity, coupled with an underlying vulnerability, all presented with a good voice and some serious musical talent, helped turn [him] into a major rock and roll star in short order\".[5] Others have suggested that his rapid rise to prominence was due to his \"Elvis-influenced hip swivelling and, at times, highly suggestive stage act\".[6]","title":"Billy Fury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smithdown Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithdown_Road,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"tugboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"docker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevedore"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"}],"text":"Fury was born Ronald Wycherley at Smithdown Hospital (later known as Sefton General Hospital, since demolished) on Smithdown Road in Liverpool on 17 April 1940. He commenced music lessons on the piano before he was a teenager and was bought his first guitar by the age of 14. Wycherley fronted his own group in 1955 but simultaneously worked full-time on a tugboat and later as a docker. He entered and won a talent competition and by 1958 had started composing his own songs.[5]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Parnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Parnes"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Marty Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Wilde"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guinness_Rockopedia-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME_Rock_'N'_Roll_Years-9"},{"link_name":"hit single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_single"},{"link_name":"Decca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Maybe Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybe_Tomorrow_(Billy_Fury_song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guinness_Rockopedia-8"},{"link_name":"Oh Boy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Boy!_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Colette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette_(song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-4"},{"link_name":"That's Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_Love_(Billy_Fury_song)"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Fury_(album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guinness_Rockopedia-8"},{"link_name":"Joe Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Brown_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"},{"link_name":"backup vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocalist"},{"link_name":"Four Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourmost"},{"link_name":"Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Fame_and_the_Blue_Flames"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guinness_Rockopedia-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Stuart Sutcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Sutcliffe"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"autograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Wycherley went to meet pop manager and impresario Larry Parnes at the Essoldo Theatre in Birkenhead,[7] hoping to interest one of Parnes' protégés, singer Marty Wilde, in some of the songs he had written. Instead, in an episode that has since become pop music legend, Parnes pushed young Wycherley up on stage right away.[5] He was such an immediate success that Parnes signed him, added him to his tour, and renamed him \"Billy Fury\".[8]However, his early sexual and provocative stage performances received censure, and he was forced to tone them down.[5] In October 1959, the UK music magazine, NME, commented that Fury's stage antics had been drawing much press criticism.[9]He released his first hit single for Decca, \"Maybe Tomorrow\", in 1959.[8] He also appeared in a televised play Strictly for Sparrows, and subsequently on Oh Boy![5] In March 1960, he reached No. 9 in the UK Singles Chart with his own composition \"Colette\",[4] followed by \"That's Love\" and his first album The Sound of Fury (1960),[8] which featured a young Joe Brown on lead guitar,[5] with backup vocals by the Four Jays. After securing more hits and splitting from his band Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames,[8] Parnes held auditions in Liverpool for a new group. Among those who auditioned were the Beatles,[5] who at this time were still calling themselves the Silver Beetles.[10] They were offered the job for £20 a week on condition that they sacked their bassist Stuart Sutcliffe. John Lennon refused and the band left[citation needed] after Lennon had secured Fury's autograph.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"Halfway to Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfway_to_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Jealousy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalousie_%27Tango_Tzigane%27"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guinness_Rockopedia-8"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME_Rock_'N'_Roll_Years_2-12"},{"link_name":"teen idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_idol"},{"link_name":"Play It Cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_It_Cool_(film)"},{"link_name":"Elvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"},{"link_name":"Helen Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Shapiro"},{"link_name":"Danny Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Williams_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Shane Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Stardust"},{"link_name":"Bobby Vee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Vee"},{"link_name":"the Vernons Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vernons_Girls"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Dream_(Billy_Fury_song)"},{"link_name":"Richard Wattis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wattis"},{"link_name":"Lionel Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Blair"},{"link_name":"Dennis Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Price"},{"link_name":"We Want Billy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Want_Billy!"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"Unchain My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unchain_My_Heart_(song)"},{"link_name":"I've Gotta Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Gotta_Horse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guinness_Rockopedia-8"},{"link_name":"the Bachelors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bachelors"},{"link_name":"Amanda Barrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Barrie"},{"link_name":"Michael Medwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Medwin"},{"link_name":"Jon Pertwee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pertwee"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"recording contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_contract"},{"link_name":"Parlophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlophone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"},{"link_name":"It's Only Make Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Only_Make_Believe"},{"link_name":"I Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Will_(Dick_Glasser_song)"},{"link_name":"Dick Glasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Glasser"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"In Thoughts of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Thoughts_of_You"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guinness_Rockopedia-8"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"Ruby Winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Winters"}],"sub_title":"UK chart and film success","text":"Fury concentrated less on rock and roll and more on mainstream ballads, such as \"Halfway to Paradise\" and \"Jealousy\"[8] (which reached No. 3 and No. 2 respectively in the UK Singles Chart in 1961). Fury confessed to the NME that \"I wanted people to think of me simply as a singer – and not, more specifically, as a rock singer. I'm growing up, and I want to broaden my scope. I shall continue to sing rock songs, but at the same time my stage act is not going to be as wild in the future\".[12] It was Decca's decision to mould Fury into a teen idol after his last self-penned song, \"My Christmas Prayer\", had failed to chart. The years 1961 through 1963 were Fury's best years chartwise. In 1962, he appeared in his first film, Play It Cool, modelled on the Elvis films.[5] It featured Helen Shapiro, Danny Williams, Shane Fenton and Bobby Vee, who appeared with the Vernons Girls. The hit single from the film was \"Once Upon a Dream\". There were other notable performances by several British actors and performers such as Richard Wattis, Lionel Blair and Dennis Price.Fury's We Want Billy! (1963) was one of the first live albums in UK rock history, and featured renditions of his hits and cover versions of several R&B songs such as \"Unchain My Heart\".In 1965 he appeared in the film I've Gotta Horse,[8] which also featured his backing group the Gamblers, the Bachelors, Amanda Barrie, Michael Medwin and Jon Pertwee. The album from the film was made available in stereo. Fury left Decca Records in 1966, after signing to a five-year recording contract with Parlophone.[5]Having had more UK hits, such as \"It's Only Make Believe\" and \"I Will\" (written by Dick Glasser, not to be confused with the Paul McCartney song), both in 1964, and \"In Thoughts of You\" (1965), Fury began a lengthy absence from the charts in 1967, and underwent surgery for heart problems in 1972 and 1976 which led to his abandoning touring.[5][8] Despite spending many weeks in the charts, Fury never achieved a number one single, but he remained popular even after his hits stopped. \"I Will\" became a US hit for Dean Martin (1965) and for Ruby Winters (1977).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"That'll Be the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27ll_Be_the_Day_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guinness_Rockopedia-8"},{"link_name":"David Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Essex"},{"link_name":"Ringo Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingle,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Rory Storm & the Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Storm"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guinness_Rockopedia-8"},{"link_name":"Inland Revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Revenue"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"},{"link_name":"Polydor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26R"},{"link_name":"Shakin' Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakin%27_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Stuart Colman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Colman"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Later years","text":"In 1973, Fury emerged from a period of semi-retirement to appear as 'Stormy Tempest' in the film That'll Be the Day.[8] The film starred David Essex and Ringo Starr; it was roughly based on the early days of the Beatles. Starr was from the Dingle area of Liverpool, as was Fury, and had originally played drums for Rory Storm & the Hurricanes, whom the Stormy Tempest group were said to be modelled on.In the mid-1970s, Fury went out on the road with Marty Wilde. Away from the spotlight, he focused on wildlife preservation.[5] Fury's health deteriorated and he underwent two open heart surgeries—the first in 1972 and the second in 1976.[8] In 1978, Fury was declared bankrupt for unpaid taxes to the Inland Revenue. The taxes dated back to 1962, and amounted to £16,780. Fury was also forced to sign over his royalties and publishing income. A new release, \"Be Mine Tonight\" (1981), failed to make an appearance in the UK Singles Chart. Worse was to follow in March 1981 when Fury, working on his own farm, collapsed and almost died. He returned to touring later that year, and his next two singles, \"Love or Money\" and \"Devil or Angel\", barely dented the UK chart.[5]In 1981 and 1982, Fury was signed to Polydor Records by A&R man Frank Neilson, and he recorded a comeback album, The One and Only (released posthumously), with Shakin' Stevens' producer Stuart Colman. Owing to his health, Fury did little touring to promote the new album. His last public appearance was at the Sunnyside pub, Northampton, on 4 December 1982. A few days before he died, Fury recorded a live performance for the Channel 4 television show Unforgettable, featuring six of his old hits;[13] however, at the request of his mother, only four of them were broadcast.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birdwatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWS-14"},{"link_name":"\"Lady Lee\" Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Everett_Alkin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Amanda Barrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Barrie"},{"link_name":"I've Gotta Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Gotta_Horse"},{"link_name":"Cavendish Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Blue Plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Plaque"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"heiress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficiary"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billy-15"}],"text":"Fury was a keen birdwatcher.[14] He lived with businesswoman Lee Everett Alkin, better known as \"Lady Lee\" Middleton, from 1959 to 1967.[citation needed]During this time, he had a short relationship with actress Amanda Barrie, his co-star in I've Gotta Horse. Fury went from Liverpool to London (like the Beatles) and he lived in Number 1 Cavendish Avenue, the same street as Paul McCartney. He is remembered and honoured with a Blue Plaque there.[citation needed]Fury married Judith Hall in May 1969, but later left her for heiress Lisa Voice. They lived together in London, and sometimes on Fury's farm in Wales, from 1971 until his death, although they were leading separate lives for the last two years.[15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mill_Hill_Cemetery_%E2%80%94Billy_Fury%27s_grave_2.jpeg"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Hospital,_London"},{"link_name":"Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington"},{"link_name":"Rheumatic fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatic_fever"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-5"},{"link_name":"St John's Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood"},{"link_name":"Desmond Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Henley"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christopherhenley-17"},{"link_name":"Marty Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Jess Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Eden Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Kane"},{"link_name":"Mick Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Green"},{"link_name":"I'm Lost Without You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Without_You_(Teddy_Randazzo_song)"},{"link_name":"Mill Hill cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Hill,_London,_England"}],"text":"Billy Fury's grave at Mill Hill CemeteryAfter returning from a recording session in the early hours of 28 January 1983, Fury collapsed from a heart attack at his home in London.[16] His manager Tony Read found him unconscious the next morning. He was taken to St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, but died later in the afternoon, aged 42. Rheumatic fever, which he first contracted as a child, damaged his heart and ultimately contributed to his death.[5] A week after his death, a funeral service was held at the St John's Wood church in London, for which his body was embalmed by Desmond Henley.[17] Among the mourners were Larry Parnes, Marty Wilde, Jess Conrad, Eden Kane, Tony Read, Hal Carter and Mick Green, in addition to family members, friends and fans. The choir sang a special version of Billy's Decca hit \"I'm Lost Without You\". After the service Fury's body was buried at Mill Hill cemetery, in North London. A song issued posthumously entitled \"Forget Him\" became his final chart hit.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billy_Fury_statue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albert Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Dock,_Liverpool"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billy_Fury_statue_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Ian Dury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Dury"},{"link_name":"Wondrous Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wondrous_Place"},{"link_name":"Toyota Yaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Yaris"},{"link_name":"Spencer Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Leigh_(radio_presenter)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWS-14"},{"link_name":"Jack Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Good_(producer)"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Liverpool Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museums_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Play It Cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_It_Cool_(film)"}],"text":"Statue by Tom Murphy at the Albert Dock, taken in April 2024The statue's plaque, featuring a small biography about Fury's lifeIn 1999, a TV documentary about Fury called Halfway to Paradise was broadcast on the BBC channel, narrated by Ian Dury. Between 1999 and 2000, the song \"Wondrous Place\", a favourite of Fury's (he re-recorded it at least three times during his career), later received wide airplay on British television when it was used as the theme for a Toyota Yaris car advertisement. In 2005, Spencer Leigh from BBC Radio Merseyside published a biography book about Fury called Wondrous Face – The Billy Fury Story. In 2008, a biographical documentary film Billy Fury: His Wondrous Story was released on DVD.[14]On 19 April 2003, a bronze statue of Fury was unveiled by Jack Good at the National Museum of Liverpool Life.[4] The sculpture, by Tom Murphy, a Liverpool sculptor, was donated by 'The Sound of Fury' fan club after the money was raised by fans.In 2010, Camden Council named a previously unnamed alleyway \"Billy Fury Way\" in his honour. It starts just off Finchley Road near Finchley Road & Frognal station and runs to West Hampstead Station.[18] He had recorded at the nearby Decca Studios. The alleyway was decorated with a large mural of his face (at the West Hampstead end), which was unveiled and blessed on Friday 29 July 2011.[19]Eight of Fury's EMI recordings remained unreleased on mainstream CD until June 2010, when they appeared on a 29-track issue, The Complete Parlophone Singles, released by Peaksoft (PEA009). The singer's estate licensed the tracks to benefit his memorial fund, which finances equipment purchases for hospital heart units. In November 2011, further co-operation between the estate and Peaksoft resulted in the issuing of a second CD, The Lost Album (PEA014), which attempted to construct the format of an album recorded by Fury in 1967–71, but which was never released.Fury's backing band from 1970 until 1976, when he stopped touring due to ill health, were Fury's Tornados, named by Fury and his then manager Hal Carter. They continue to tour in the theatre show Halfway to Paradise: The Billy Fury Story. Fury is also remembered in the work of tribute bands such as another theatre show called The Billy Fury Years.[20] The film Play It Cool was first released on DVD on 10 February 2014.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Mike Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Walker_(radio_dramatist)"},{"link_name":"Anton Lesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Lesser"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Devilish Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devilish_Presley"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bernie Taupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Taupin"},{"link_name":"Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_(Bernie_Taupin_album)"},{"link_name":"jukebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukebox"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"the Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smiths"},{"link_name":"Last Night I Dreamt That Somebody Loved Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Night_I_Dreamt_That_Somebody_Loved_Me"},{"link_name":"Mark Knopfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"Kill to Get Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_to_Get_Crimson"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Telstar: The Joe Meek Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstar:_The_Joe_Meek_Story"},{"link_name":"Jon Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Lee_(singer)"}],"text":"Fury's life was dramatised for BBC Radio 4 in 1994 as a play called The Sound of Fury, written by Mike Walker and starred Anton Lesser as Fury.[21]\nRock band Devilish Presley recorded a song \"Billy Fury is Dead\" on their 2008 album Flesh Ride. They were interviewed about it in the \"Tributes\" section of the official Fury website.[22]\nBernie Taupin included the song \"Billy Fury\" on his album Tribe, released in 1986. Sound effects at the beginning of the song gave the impression that it is being played on a jukebox, and the \"imaginary\" vocalist sang about his desire to \"be like Billy Fury\" and have the trappings of a rock singer. Long-time Taupin collaborator Elton John appeared towards the end of the song, contributing some backing vocals.\nIn 1987, Fury was featured on the cover of the Smiths' last single, \"Last Night I Dreamt That Somebody Loved Me\".\nMark Knopfler mentions Fury in \"We Can Get Wild\" off his 2007 album Kill to Get Crimson.[23]\nIn the 2009 film Telstar: The Joe Meek Story, Fury was played by Jon Lee.","title":"References in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sound of Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Fury_(album)"}],"text":"The Sound of Fury (1960)\nBilly Fury (1960)\nHalfway to Paradise (1961)\nBilly (1963)\nThe Golden Years (1979), re-released in 1983 as Memories\nThe One and Only (1983)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spencer Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Leigh_(radio_presenter)"},{"link_name":"David Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stafford_(writer)"}],"text":"Wondrous Face – The Billy Fury Story (2005) by Spencer Leigh\nHalfway to Paradise - The Life of Billy Fury (2018) by David Stafford and Caroline Stafford","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Billy Fury's grave at Mill Hill Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mill_Hill_Cemetery_%E2%80%94Billy_Fury%27s_grave_2.jpeg/220px-Mill_Hill_Cemetery_%E2%80%94Billy_Fury%27s_grave_2.jpeg"}]
[{"title":"List of people from Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Merseyside"},{"title":"List of Decca Records artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Decca_Records_artists"},{"title":"List of rockabilly musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rockabilly_musicians"},{"title":"List of performers on Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_performers_on_Top_of_the_Pops"}]
[{"reference":"\"Billy Fury - Biography, Albums, Streaming Links - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/billy-fury-mn0000080537","url_text":"\"Billy Fury - Biography, Albums, Streaming Links - AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Jade (1 June 2015). \"Watch: Billy Fury to be celebrated in new film premiering in Liverpool\". Liverpoolecho.co.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/watch-billy-fury-celebrated-new-9370180","url_text":"\"Watch: Billy Fury to be celebrated in new film premiering in Liverpool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Fury - Biography & History - AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/billy-fury-mn0000080537/biography","url_text":"\"Billy Fury - Biography & History - AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 217. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography by Bruce Eder\". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/billy-fury-mn0000080537/biography","url_text":"\"Biography by Bruce Eder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool – Entertainment – Billy Fury\". BBC. 1 October 1958. Retrieved 19 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2005/12/12/billyfury_book_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"Liverpool – Entertainment – Billy Fury\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (1998). Guinness Rockopedia (1st ed.). London: Guinness Publishing Ltd. p. 124. ISBN 0-85112-072-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guinnessrockoped0000unse/page/124","url_text":"Guinness Rockopedia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guinnessrockoped0000unse/page/124","url_text":"124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-072-5","url_text":"0-85112-072-5"}]},{"reference":"Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 73. CN 5585.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Beatles Bible - Live: Blue Angel, Liverpool – audition for Larry Parnes\". The Beatles Bible. 10 May 1960. Retrieved 7 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beatlesbible.com/1960/05/10/live-blue-angel-liverpool-audition-for-larry-parnes/","url_text":"\"The Beatles Bible - Live: Blue Angel, Liverpool – audition for Larry Parnes\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Lennon photographed getting Billy Fury's autograph, 10 May 1960\". Beatles Source. Retrieved 7 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beatlesource.com/savage/1960/60.05.10%20larry%20parnes/60.05.10larryparnes.html","url_text":"\"John Lennon photographed getting Billy Fury's autograph, 10 May 1960\""}]},{"reference":"Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 95. CN 5585.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Final Days\". Billyfury.com. Retrieved 12 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billyfury.com/finaldays.htm","url_text":"\"Final Days\""}]},{"reference":"Billy Fury – His Wondrous Story (DVD). Odeon International. 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"the story. Your 60s site since 1998\". Billy Fury. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080610171825/http://www.billyfury.com/","url_text":"\"the story. Your 60s site since 1998\""},{"url":"http://www.billyfury.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Fury, 42, British Singer; Is Called Heart Attack Victim\". The New York Times. 29 January 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/29/obituaries/billy-fury-42-british-singer-is-called-heart-attack-victim.html","url_text":"\"Billy Fury, 42, British Singer; Is Called Heart Attack Victim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"In memoriam Desmond C. Henley\". Christopherhenleylimited.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://christopherhenleylimited.com/inmemoriam.htm","url_text":"\"In memoriam Desmond C. Henley\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Hampstead Life\". Westhampsteadlife.com. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westhampsteadlife.com/2011/07/billy-fury-way-officially-opens.html","url_text":"\"West Hampstead Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Fury tribute show in Rhyl - Daily Post\". Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174640/https://www.dailypost.co.uk/whats-on/find-things-to-do/billy-fury-tribute-show-rhyl-2640624","url_text":"\"Billy Fury tribute show in Rhyl - Daily Post\""},{"url":"https://www.dailypost.co.uk/whats-on/find-things-to-do/billy-fury-tribute-show-rhyl-2640624","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sound Of Fury Radio Play(By Mike Walker)\". Soundcloud.com. Retrieved 27 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/illyuryrchive/the-sound-of-fury-radio-playby-mike-walker","url_text":"\"The Sound Of Fury Radio Play(By Mike Walker)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The story. Your '60s site since 1998\". Billyfury.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080610171825/http://www.billyfury.com/","url_text":"\"The story. Your '60s site since 1998\""},{"url":"http://www.billyfury.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splash_About_International
Splash About International
["1 History","2 Work with the ASA and BSI","3 Media","4 External links","5 References"]
Baby swimwear brand Splash About InternationalCompany typeLimited companyFounded2001ProductsSwim diaper, Buoyancy aid, SwimwearWebsiteSplash About Splash About International Limited, usually referred to as Splash About, is best known as a designer, manufacturer and retailer of swimwear and swimming aids for children and babies, however the company also designs and makes maternity swimsuits. It operates from the United Kingdom. History Splash About was founded by Desri and Robin Goodwin in 2001 with Desri's first creation, a wrap around baby wetsuit, the BabyWrap. This was followed later by her newborn wetsuit, the BabySnug and the Happy Nappy and then the float jacket and float suit which were designed by Robin. The company is best known for developing the Happy Nappy system (in Britain, a nappy is a diaper), which comprises waterproof neoprene outer layers with leak-restricting grip and an inner absorbent layer. The idea is to allow babies to swim without contaminating the pool. In 2011, Warrington-based private equity firm Energize Capital acquired a majority stake in the company. Work with the ASA and BSI In 2014 Splash About announced that it was working alongside the Amateur Swimming Association and Water Babies to create a new British Standard for baby and Toddler Swimming. In September 2015, the company was one of the sponsors of the BSI Group's Publicly Available Specification "Safeguarding 0 to 4 year old children within the teaching of swimming, including any associated professional photography. Code of practice" (PAS 520:2015), which aims "to tackle codifying best practice in how very young children should be taught to swim and professionally photographed during lessons." Media In 2015 US singer Beyoncé released a vacation video on Instagram in which her daughter Blue Ivy was wearing one of Splash About's float suits. External links Official website References ^ a b "Majority stake sold in Splash About". Insider Media Ltd. ^ "Children's notebook: Swim stars". Telegraph. 10 May 2014. ^ "Deals". Manchester Evening News. ^ "British Standards For Baby Swimming". ^ "PAS 520:2015 Safeguarding 0 to 4 year old children within the teaching of swimming, including any associated professional photography. Code of practice". BSI Group. ^ "Beyonce on Instagram". Archived from the original on 2021-12-26.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Perry
Kendrick Perry
["1 High school career","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 2014–15 season","3.2 Europe","4 Personal","5 References","6 External links"]
American basketball player (born 1992) Kendrick PerryNo. 55 – UnicajaPositionPoint guardLeagueLiga ACBPersonal informationBorn (1992-12-23) December 23, 1992 (age 31)Ocoee, Florida, U.S.NationalityAmerican / MontenegrinListed height6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Listed weight180 lb (82 kg)Career informationHigh schoolEdgewater (Orlando, Florida)CollegeYoungstown State (2010–2014)NBA draft2014: undraftedPlaying career2014–presentCareer history2014–2015Sydney Kings2015Iowa Energy2015–2016Körmend2016–2017Karpoš Sokoli2017–2018Szolnoki Olaj2018–2019Nizhny Novgorod2019Metropolitans 922019–2020Mega Bemax2020–2021Cedevita Olimpija2021–2022Panathinaikos2022Budućnost VOLI2022–presentUnicaja Career highlights and awards FIBA Champions League champion (2024) FIBA Champions League Final Four MVP (2024) All-FIBA Champions League First Team (2024) All-FIBA Champions League Second Team (2023) All-FIBA Champions League Defensive Team (2019) Montenegrin League champion (2022) Slovenian League champion (2021) Slovenian League Finals MVP (2021) King's Cup winner (2023) Slovenian Supercup winner (2020) Macedonian Cup winner (2017) Hungarian Cup winner (2016) 3× First-team All-Horizon League (2012–2014) 2× Horizon League All-Defensive Team (2013, 2014) Greek Super Cup winner (2021) Kendrick Perry (born December 23, 1992) is an American-born naturalized Montenegrin professional basketball player for Unicaja of the Spanish Liga ACB and the Basketball Champions League. He played college basketball at Youngstown State University. High school career Perry attended Edgewater High School in Orlando, Florida where he was a three-year letter winner and a two-time captain. As a senior, he averaged 16 points and eight assists per game, helping Edgewater to the FHSAA District 6A-4 championship. He was a second-team Class 6A selection by the Florida Sports Writers and a third-team choice by FloridaHoops.com. He was also first-team all-area and all-metro area selection. College career In his freshman season at Youngstown State, Perry scored in double figures in 15 games with a then career-high 21-point performance against Loyola on January 27, 2011. In 30 games (23 starts), he averaged 9.0 points, 3.6 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 1.3 steals in 29.2 minutes per game. In his sophomore season, he was named to the All-Horizon League first team and the NABC All-District second team. In 31 games (all starts), he averaged 16.8 points, 3.3 rebounds, 3.9 assists and 2.4 steals in 34.8 minutes per game. In his junior season, he was named to the All-Horizon League first team and the NABC All-District first team. In 30 games (29 starts), he averaged 17.3 points, 5.5 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 1.9 steals in 35.4 minutes per game. In his senior season, he was named to the All-Horizon League first team for the third year in a row. He was also named to the NABC All-District first team and the Capital One Academic All-America second team. On March 4, 2014, he tied a career-high 35 points in the first round of the Horizon League Tournament against Oakland. In 32 games (all starts), he averaged 21.3 points, 4.1 rebounds, 4.4 assists and 2.4 steals in 36.5 minutes per game. Professional career 2014–15 season After going undrafted in the 2014 NBA draft, Perry joined the Orlando Magic for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On July 23, 2014, he signed with the Sydney Kings for the 2014–15 NBL season. In 28 games for the Kings, Perry averaged 10.4 points, 3.6 rebounds, 2.4 assists and 1.1 steals per game. On March 19, 2015, Perry was acquired by the Iowa Energy of the NBA Development League. He made his debut for the Energy the following day, scoring two points in 15 minutes of action in a win over the Fort Wayne Mad Ants. Europe On August 12, 2015, Perry signed with BC Körmend of the Hungarian Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A. On September 6, 2016, Perry signed with Macedonian club Karpoš Sokoli for the 2016–17 season. On July 3, 2018, he signed with Nizhny Novgorod. On July 20, 2019, he has signed with Levallois Metropolitans of the LNB Pro A. On December 18, 2019, Perry signed with Mega Bemax of the ABA League. On May 22, 2020, he signed with Cedevita Olimpija. On June 30, 2021, he signed with Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League and the EuroLeague. In 19 EuroLeague games, Perry played 16.4 minutes per contest and averaged a paltry 4.8 points, 1.7 rebounds, and 1.6 assists, shooting with 32.1% from the field and 32.6% from beyond the 3-point arc. On January 23, 2022, Perry transferred from Panathinaikos to the Montenegrin club Budućnost VOLI for the rest of the season. On June 13, 2022, Perry signed with Unicaja of the Spanish Liga ACB. Personal Perry is the son of Deborah and Aubrey Perry, Jr., and has a brother also named Aubrey. References ^ a b c d e f "3 - Kendrick Perry". ysusports.com. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ a b c d "Kendrick Perry Stats". Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ "Kendrick Perry Named All-Horizon League First-Team For Third Straight Season". ysusports.com. March 3, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ "Orlando Magic Announce Roster for Southwest Airlines Orlando Pro Summer League". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. July 1, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ "KINGS SIGN EXPLOSIVE POINT GUARD". NBL.com.au. July 23, 2014. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014. ^ Player statistics for Kendrick Perry ^ 2014-2015 Iowa Energy Transactions History ^ Fort Wayne Mad Ants @ Iowa Energy – March 20, 2015 ^ "Kendrick Perry agreed terms with Kormend". Eurobasket.com. August 12, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2015. ^ "New American players at Karpoš Sokoli". Aba-liga.com. September 6, 2016. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016. ^ "Kendrick Perry signs with Nizhny Novgorod". sportando.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018. ^ "Metropolitans sign Kendrick Perry". Sportando. July 20, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019. ^ "Kendrick Perry is the new Mega Bemax reinforcement". aba-liga.com. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "Kendrick Perry joins Cedevita Olimpija". aba-liga.com. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ Mammides, Chris (June 30, 2021). "Kendrick Perry (ex Cedevita Ol.) is a newcomer at Panathinaikos". Eurobasket. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ "Kendrick Perry, un base explosivo para el Unicaja / Web Oficial del Unicaja Baloncesto". www.unicajabaloncesto.com. Retrieved 2022-06-13. External links FIBA profile Youngstown State bio vteUnicaja current roster 1 Osetkowski 3 Ejim 4 Kalinoski 6 Taylor 7 Barreiro 9 Díaz (C) 11 Carter 14 Đedović 23 Lima 34 Thomas 45 Kravish 55 Perry 77 Sima Head coach: Navarro Links to related articles vteBasketball Champions League Final Four MVP 2017: Grigonis 2018: Green 2019: Punter 2020: McFadden 2021: Benite 2022: Huertas 2023: Shorts 2024: Perry vteUnicaja Málaga 2023–24 Basketball Champions League champions 1 Osetkowski 3 Ejim 4 Kalinoski 6 Taylor 7 Barreiro 9 Díaz (C) 11 Carter 14 Đedović 23 Lima 34 Thomas 45 Kravish 55 Perry 77 Sima Head coach: Navarro
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montenegrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Unicaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloncesto_M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Liga ACB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_ACB"},{"link_name":"Basketball Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Youngstown State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown_State_University"}],"text":"Kendrick Perry (born December 23, 1992) is an American-born naturalized Montenegrin professional basketball player for Unicaja of the Spanish Liga ACB and the Basketball Champions League. He played college basketball at Youngstown State University.","title":"Kendrick Perry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgewater High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater_High_School"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"Perry attended Edgewater High School in Orlando, Florida where he was a three-year letter winner and a two-time captain. As a senior, he averaged 16 points and eight assists per game, helping Edgewater to the FHSAA District 6A-4 championship. He was a second-team Class 6A selection by the Florida Sports Writers and a third-team choice by FloridaHoops.com. He was also first-team all-area and all-metro area selection.[1]","title":"High school career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Youngstown State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown_State_Penguins_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-2"}],"text":"In his freshman season at Youngstown State, Perry scored in double figures in 15 games with a then career-high 21-point performance against Loyola on January 27, 2011. In 30 games (23 starts), he averaged 9.0 points, 3.6 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 1.3 steals in 29.2 minutes per game.[1][2]In his sophomore season, he was named to the All-Horizon League first team and the NABC All-District second team. In 31 games (all starts), he averaged 16.8 points, 3.3 rebounds, 3.9 assists and 2.4 steals in 34.8 minutes per game.[1][2]In his junior season, he was named to the All-Horizon League first team and the NABC All-District first team. In 30 games (29 starts), he averaged 17.3 points, 5.5 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 1.9 steals in 35.4 minutes per game.[1][2]In his senior season, he was named to the All-Horizon League first team for the third year in a row.[3] He was also named to the NABC All-District first team and the Capital One Academic All-America second team. On March 4, 2014, he tied a career-high 35 points in the first round of the Horizon League Tournament against Oakland. In 32 games (all starts), he averaged 21.3 points, 4.1 rebounds, 4.4 assists and 2.4 steals in 36.5 minutes per game.[1][2]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"2014 NBA Summer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NBA_Summer_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sydney Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Kings"},{"link_name":"2014–15 NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Iowa Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Energy"},{"link_name":"NBA Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne Mad Ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Mad_Ants"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2014–15 season","text":"After going undrafted in the 2014 NBA draft, Perry joined the Orlando Magic for the 2014 NBA Summer League.[4] On July 23, 2014, he signed with the Sydney Kings for the 2014–15 NBL season.[5] In 28 games for the Kings, Perry averaged 10.4 points, 3.6 rebounds, 2.4 assists and 1.1 steals per game.[6]On March 19, 2015, Perry was acquired by the Iowa Energy of the NBA Development League.[7] He made his debut for the Energy the following day, scoring two points in 15 minutes of action in a win over the Fort Wayne Mad Ants.[8]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BC Körmend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_K%C3%B6rmend"},{"link_name":"Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I/A_(men%27s_basketball)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Karpoš Sokoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Karpo%C5%A1_Sokoli"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nizhny Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Nizhny_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Levallois Metropolitans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levallois_Metropolitans"},{"link_name":"LNB Pro A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNB_Pro_A"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mega Bemax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Mega_Basket"},{"link_name":"ABA League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABA_League"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cedevita Olimpija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Cedevita_Olimpija"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_B.C."},{"link_name":"Greek Basket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"Budućnost VOLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Budu%C4%87nost"},{"link_name":"Unicaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloncesto_M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Liga ACB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_ACB"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"On August 12, 2015, Perry signed with BC Körmend of the Hungarian Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A.[9]On September 6, 2016, Perry signed with Macedonian club Karpoš Sokoli for the 2016–17 season.[10] On July 3, 2018, he signed with Nizhny Novgorod.[11] On July 20, 2019, he has signed with Levallois Metropolitans of the LNB Pro A. [12]On December 18, 2019, Perry signed with Mega Bemax of the ABA League.[13] On May 22, 2020, he signed with Cedevita Olimpija.[14]On June 30, 2021, he signed with Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League and the EuroLeague.[15] In 19 EuroLeague games, Perry played 16.4 minutes per contest and averaged a paltry 4.8 points, 1.7 rebounds, and 1.6 assists, shooting with 32.1% from the field and 32.6% from beyond the 3-point arc.On January 23, 2022, Perry transferred from Panathinaikos to the Montenegrin club Budućnost VOLI for the rest of the season.On June 13, 2022, Perry signed with Unicaja of the Spanish Liga ACB.[16]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"Perry is the son of Deborah and Aubrey Perry, Jr., and has a brother also named Aubrey.[1]","title":"Personal"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupondius
Dupondius
["1 See also","2 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dupondius" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) O: Trajan wearing radiate crown IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P R: Tropaion SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI / S C Orichalcum dupondius struck in Rome 104 ref.: RIC 586 O: Draped bust of Faustina the Younger FAVSTINAE AVG PII AVG FIL R: Sitting Pudicitia PVDICITIA; S C (below) Orichalcum dupondius struck in Rome c. 147–150 ref.: RIC 1404(b) O: Didius Julianus wearing radiate crown IMP CAES M DID IVLIANVS AVG R: Fortuna holding cornucopia and gubernaculum (rudder) on globe P M TR P COS / S C Very rare dupondius struck in Rome 193 ref.: RIC 12. The dupondius (Latin two-pounder) was a brass coin used during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire valued at 2 asses (4/5 of a sestertius or 1/5 of a denarius during the Republic and 1/2 of a sestertius or 1/8 of a denarius during the time of Augustus). The dupondius was introduced during the Roman Republic as a large bronze cast coin, although even at introduction it weighed less than 2 Roman pounds (librae). The initial coins featured the bust of Roma on the obverse and a six-spoked wheel on the reverse. A loaf of bread or a sextarius (c. 0.5 L) of wine cost roughly one dupondius at the height of the Roman Empire, though due to the debasement of the denarius over the following century, the dupondius was discarded. With the coinage reform of Augustus in about 23 BC, the sestertius and dupondius were produced in a type of brass called orichalcum by the Romans and numismatists, while lower denominations were produced out of reddish copper. However, some dupondii were made entirely from copper under Augustus, while under Nero some asses were made from both orichalcum and copper, instead of only copper for asses coined until then. Therefore, the latter can only be distinguished from dupondii by their smaller size instead of by also the appearance of the metal. The dupondius was normally further distinguished from the similarly sized as with the addition of a radiate crown to the bust of the emperor in 66 AD during the reign of Nero. Using a radiate crown to indicate double value was also markedly used on the antoninianus (double denarius) introduced by Caracalla and the double sestertius. Since dupondii minted prior to and during the reign of Nero, and occasionally under later rulers, lack the radiate crown, it is often hard to distinguish between the as and the dupondius due to heavy patina which often obscures the coin's original color. An extremely rare dupondius from the reign of Marcus Aurelius, dated to 154 or 155 and in excellent condition, was discovered in 2007 at the archaeological site in Draper's Gardens, London. Sestertius of Hadrian, dupondius of Antoninus Pius, and as of Marcus Aurelius Dupondius of Vespasian (69–79), struck at Lyon in about 72–73. This coin seems to have escaped the serious corrosion typically observed in ancient coins and thus retains nearly its original appearance and colour, showing why the Romans sometimes also called this alloy aurichalcum, from aurum for gold in Latin+"-chalcum" as in the most widely used orichalcum. The coin measures about 29mm in diameter. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dupondius. Numismatics portal Roman currency References ^ Louvet, Edouard. "Roman Coinage, Chapter III: Augustus Reform". Edouard Louvet. Monedas Romanas. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2015. ^ "Ancient Coin Vocabulary". www.forumancientcoins.com. Retrieved 2019-05-06. ^ "index". augustuscoins.com. Retrieved 2019-05-06. ^ Louvet, Edouard. "Roman Coinage, Crowns". Edouard Louvet. Monedas Romanas. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2015. vteCoinage of Ancient RomeProto-currency Bronze Aes rude Aes signatum Republican era Gold Aureus Silver Denarius Sestertius Victoriatus Quadrigatus Bronze and copper Dupondius (2 asses) As (1) Dodrans (3⁄4) Bes (2⁄3) Semis (1⁄2) Quincunx (5⁄12) Triens (1⁄3) Quadrans (1⁄4) Sextans (1⁄6) Uncia (1⁄12) Semuncia (1⁄24) Early Empire Gold Aureus Dacicus Silver Antoninianus (32 asses) Denarius (16) Quinarius (8) Copper Double sestertius (8) Sestertius (2+1⁄2; later 4) Dupondius (2) As (1) Semis (1⁄2) Quadrans (1⁄4) Diocletian era Gold Solidus Silver Argenteus Nummus Copper Radiate Laureate Denarius Late Empire Gold Solidus Tremissis Silver Miliarense Siliqua Copper and bronze Follis Nummus Constantinian bronzes Centenionalis Notable series Coinage of the Social War Denarius of L. Censorinus Ides of March coinage Fleet coinage Antony's Legionary denarii Roman Judaea Tribute penny Judaea Capta coinage Ancient Rome Portal Numismatics Portal
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The initial coins featured the bust of Roma on the obverse and a six-spoked wheel on the reverse. A loaf of bread or a sextarius (c. 0.5 L) of wine cost roughly one dupondius at the height of the Roman Empire, though due to the debasement of the denarius over the following century, the dupondius was discarded.With the coinage reform of Augustus in about 23 BC, the sestertius and dupondius were produced in a type of brass called orichalcum[1] by the Romans and numismatists, while lower denominations were produced out of reddish copper. However, some dupondii were made entirely from copper under Augustus, while under Nero some asses were made from both orichalcum and copper, instead of only copper for asses coined until then. Therefore, the latter can only be distinguished from dupondii by their smaller size instead of by also the appearance of the metal.[2][3]The dupondius was normally further distinguished from the similarly sized as with the addition of a radiate crown to the bust of the emperor in 66 AD during the reign of Nero. Using a radiate crown to indicate double value was also markedly used on the antoninianus (double denarius) introduced by Caracalla and the double sestertius.[4] Since dupondii minted prior to and during the reign of Nero, and occasionally under later rulers, lack the radiate crown, it is often hard to distinguish between the as and the dupondius due to heavy patina which often obscures the coin's original color[citation needed].An extremely rare dupondius from the reign of Marcus Aurelius, dated to 154 or 155 and in excellent condition, was discovered in 2007 at the archaeological site in Draper's Gardens, London[citation needed].Sestertius of Hadrian, dupondius of Antoninus Pius, and as of Marcus AureliusDupondius of Vespasian (69–79), struck at Lyon in about 72–73. This coin seems to have escaped the serious corrosion typically observed in ancient coins and thus retains nearly its original appearance and colour, showing why the Romans sometimes also called this alloy aurichalcum, from aurum for gold in Latin+\"-chalcum\" as in the most widely used orichalcum. The coin measures about 29mm in diameter.","title":"Dupondius"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives_at_the_Asian_Games
Maldives at the Asian Games
["1 Medal tables","1.1 Medals by Asian Games","2 References"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Maldives at the Asian Games" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sporting event delegationMaldives at theAsian GamesIOC codeMDVNOCMaldives Olympic CommitteeMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances19821986199019941998200220062010201420182022 Maldives first competed at the Asian Games in 1990. Medal tables Medals by Asian Games See also: Asian Games and Asian Games medal count References vteNations that have competed at the Asian Games Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Chinese Taipei East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen vte National sports teams of the Maldives Badminton Basketball M WU-17 Cricket M W Football M MU-23 MU-20 MU-17 W Futsal Volleyball Olympics Asian Games Commonwealth Games This Asian Games article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevil_Shute_Norway
Nevil Shute
["1 Early life","2 Career in aviation","3 Second World War","4 Literary career","5 Activities after the war","6 Honours","7 Works","8 References","9 External links"]
English aeronautical engineer and writer (1899–1960) Nevil ShuteShute, pictured in 1949BornNevil Shute Norway(1899-01-17)17 January 1899Ealing, Middlesex, EnglandDied12 January 1960(1960-01-12) (aged 60)Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaOccupationNovelistaeronautical engineerNationalityEnglishGenreFiction Nevil Shute Norway (17 January 1899 – 12 January 1960) was an English novelist and aeronautical engineer who spent his later years in Australia. He used his full name in his engineering career and Nevil Shute as his pen name, in order to protect his engineering career from inferences by his employers (Vickers) or from fellow engineers that he was "not a serious person" or from potentially adverse publicity in connection with his novels, which included On the Beach and A Town Like Alice. Early life Shute was born in Somerset Road, Ealing (which was then in Middlesex), in the house described in his novel Trustee from the Toolroom. He was educated at the Dragon School, Shrewsbury School and Balliol College, Oxford; he graduated from Oxford in 1922 with a third-class degree in engineering science. Shute was the son of Arthur Hamilton Norway, who became head of the Post Office in Ireland before the First World War and was based at the General Post Office, Dublin in 1916 at the time of the Easter Rising, and his wife Mary Louisa Gadsden. Shute himself was later commended for his role as a stretcher-bearer during the rising. His grandmother Georgina Norway was a novelist. Shute attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and trained as a gunner. He was unable to take up a commission in the Royal Flying Corps in the First World War, which he believed was because of his stammer. He served as a soldier in the Suffolk Regiment, enlisting in the ranks in August 1918. He guarded the Isle of Grain in the Thames Estuary, and served in military funeral parties in Kent during the 1918 flu pandemic. Career in aviation An aeronautical engineer as well as a pilot, Shute began his engineering career with the de Havilland Aircraft Company. He used his pen-name as an author to protect his engineering career from any potentially adverse publicity in connection with his novels. Dissatisfied with the lack of opportunities for advancement, he took a position in 1924 with Vickers Ltd., where he was involved with the development of airships, working as Chief Calculator (stress engineer) on the R100 airship project for the Vickers subsidiary Airship Guarantee Company. In 1929, he was promoted to deputy chief engineer of the R100 project under Barnes Wallis. When Wallis left the project, Shute became the chief engineer. The R100 was a prototype for passenger-carrying airships that would serve the needs of Britain's empire. The government-funded but privately developed R100 made a successful 1930 round trip to Canada. While in Canada it made trips from Montreal to Ottawa, Toronto, and Niagara Falls. The fatal 1930 crash near Beauvais, France, of its government-developed counterpart R101 ended British interest in dirigibles. The R100 was immediately grounded and subsequently scrapped. Shute gives a detailed account of the development of the two airships in his 1954 autobiographical work, Slide Rule: Autobiography of an Engineer. When he started, he wrote that he was shocked to find that before building the R38 the civil servants concerned '"had made no attempt to calculate the aerodynamic forces acting on the ship"' but had just copied the size of girders in German airships. The calculations for just one transverse frame of the R100 could take two or three months, and the solution '"almost amounted to a religious experience." But later he wrote that '"the disaster was the product of the system rather than the men at Cardington"; the one thing that was proved is that "government officials are totally ineffective in engineering development" and any weapons (they develop) will be bad weapons. The R101 made one short test flight in perfect weather, and was given an airworthiness certificate for her flight to India to meet the minister’s deadline. Norway thought it probable that a new outer cover for the R101 was taped on with rubber adhesive which reacted with the dope. His account is very critical of the R101 design and management team, and strongly hints that senior team members were complicit in concealing flaws in the airship's design and construction. In The Tender Ship, Manhattan Project engineer and Virginia Tech professor Arthur Squires used Shute's account of the R100 and R101 as a primary illustration of his thesis that governments are usually incompetent managers of technology projects. In 1931, with the cancellation of the R100 project, Shute teamed up with the talented de Havilland-trained designer A. Hessell Tiltman to found the aircraft construction company Airspeed Ltd. A site was available in a former trolleybus garage on Piccadilly, York. Despite setbacks, including the usual problems of a new business, Airspeed Limited eventually gained recognition when its Envoy aircraft was chosen for the King's Flight. With the approach of the Second World War, a military version of the Envoy was developed, to be called the Airspeed Oxford. The Oxford became the standard advanced multi-engined trainer for the RAF and British Commonwealth, with over 8,500 being built. For the innovation of developing a hydraulic retractable undercarriage for the Airspeed Courier, and his work on R100, Shute was made a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. On 7 March 1931, Shute married Frances Mary Heaton, a 28-year-old medical practitioner. They had two daughters, (Heather) Felicity and Shirley. Second World War By the outbreak of the Second World War, Shute was a rising novelist. Even as war seemed imminent he was working on military projects with his former boss at Vickers, Sir Dennistoun Burney. He was commissioned into the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) as a sub-lieutenant, having joined as an 'elderly yachtsman' and expected to be in charge of a drifter or minesweeper, but after two days he was asked about his career and technical experience. He reached the "dizzy rank" of lieutenant-commander, knowing nothing about "Sunday Divisions" and secretly fearing when he went on a little ship that he would be the senior naval officer and "have to do something". So he ended up in the Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development. There he was a head of engineering, working on secret weapons such as Panjandrum, a job that appealed to the engineer in him. He also developed the Rocket Spear, an anti-submarine missile with a fluted cast iron head. After the first U-boat was sunk by it, Charles Goodeve sent him a message concluding "I am particularly pleased as it fully substantiates the foresight you showed in pushing this in its early stages. My congratulations." His celebrity as a writer caused the Ministry of Information to send him to the Normandy Landings on 6 June 1944 and later to Burma as a correspondent. He finished the war with the rank of lieutenant commander in the RNVR. Literary career Shute's first novel, Stephen Morris, was written in 1923, but not published until 1961 (with its 1924 sequel, Pilotage). His first published novel was Marazan, which came out in 1926. After that he averaged one novel every two years through the 1950s, with the exception of a six-year hiatus while he was establishing his own aircraft construction company, Airspeed Ltd. Sales of his books grew slowly with each novel, but he became much better known after the publication of his third to last book, On the Beach, in 1957. Shute's novels are written in a simple, highly readable style, with clearly delineated plot lines. Where there is a romantic element, sex is referred to only obliquely. Many of the stories are introduced by a narrator who is not a character in the story. The most common theme in Shute's novels is the dignity of work, spanning all classes, whether a Spanish bar hostess in the Balkans (Ruined City) or a brilliant but unworldly boffin (No Highway). His novels are in three main clusters: early pre-war flying adventures; Second World War tales; and stories set in Australia. Another recurrent theme is the bridging of social barriers such as class (Lonely Road and Landfall), race (The Chequer Board), or religion (Round the Bend). The Australian novels are individual hymns to that country, with subtle disparagement of the mores of the United States (Beyond the Black Stump) and overt antipathy towards the post-World War II socialist government of Shute's native Britain (The Far Country and In the Wet). Shute's heroes tended to be like himself: middle-class solicitors, doctors, accountants, bank managers, and engineers—generally university graduates. However (as in Trustee from the Toolroom), Shute valued the honest artisans and their social integrity and contributions to society more than the contributions of the upper classes. Aviation and engineering provide the backdrop for many of Shute's novels. He identified how engineering, science, and design could improve human life and more than once used the anonymous epigram, "It has been said an engineer is a man who can do for ten shillings what any fool can do for a pound." Several of Shute's novels explored the boundary between accepted science and rational belief, on the one hand, and mystical or paranormal possibilities, including reincarnation, on the other hand. Shute did this by including elements of fantasy and science fiction in novels that were considered mainstream. They included Buddhist astrology and folk prophecy in The Chequer Board; the effective use of a planchette in No Highway; a messiah figure in Round the Bend; reincarnation, science fiction, and Aboriginal psychic powers in In the Wet. Twenty-four of his novels and novellas have been published. Many of his books have been adapted for the screen, including Lonely Road in 1936; Landfall: A Channel Story in 1949; Pied Piper in 1942 and again in 1959, and also as Crossing to Freedom, a CBS made-for-television movie, in 1990; On the Beach in 1959 and again in 2000 as a two-part miniseries; and No Highway in 1951. A Town Like Alice was adapted into a film in 1956, serialised for Australian television in 1981, and also broadcast on BBC Radio 2 in 1997 starring Jason Connery, Becky Hindley, Bernard Hepton and Virginia McKenna. Shute's 1952 novel The Far Country was filmed for television as six one-hour episodes in 1972, and as a two-part miniseries in 1987. Vintage Books reprinted all 23 of his books in 2009. Shute's final work was published more than 40 years after his death. The Seafarers was first drafted in 1946–47, rewritten, and then put aside. In 1948, Shute again rewrote it, changing the title to Blind Understanding, but he left the manuscript incomplete. According to Dan Telfair in the foreword of the 2002 edition, some of the themes in The Seafarers and Blind Understanding were used in Shute's 1955 novel Requiem for a Wren. Activities after the war In 1948, Shute flew his own Percival Proctor aeroplane to Australia and back, accompanied by the writer James Riddell, who published a book, Flight of Fancy, based on the trip, in 1950. On his return, concerned about what he saw as he "felt oppressed by British taxation", he decided that he and his family would move to Australia. In 1950, he settled with his wife and two daughters on farmland at Langwarrin, south-east of Melbourne. Remembering his 1930 trip to Canada and his decision to immigrate to Australia, he wrote, in 1954, "For the first time in my life I saw how people live in an English-speaking country outside England." Although he intended to remain in Australia, he did not apply for Australian citizenship, which was at that time a mere formality because he was a British subject. In the 1950s and 1960s he was one of the world's best-selling novelists. Between 1956 and 1958 in Australia, he took up car racing as a hobby, driving a white Jaguar XK140. Some of this experience found its way into his book On the Beach. Shute died in Melbourne in 1960 after a stroke. Honours "BIG Books" at the Nevil Shute Memorial Library, Alice Springs (2018). Norway Road and Nevil Shute Road at Portsmouth Airport, Hampshire were both named after him. Shute Avenue in Berwick, Victoria was named after him, when the farm used for filming the 1959 film On the Beach was subdivided for housing. The public library in Alice Springs, Northern Territory is the Nevil Shute Memorial Library. In the Readers' List of the Modern Library 100 Best Novels of the 20th century, A Town Like Alice came in at number 17, Trustee from the Toolroom at 27, and On the Beach at 56. Works Stephen Morris (1923, published 1961) ISBN 1-84232-297-4 (with Pilotage). A young pilot takes on a daring and dangerous mission. Pilotage (1924, published 1961): a continuation of Stephen Morris. Marazan (1926) ISBN 1-84232-265-6. A convict rescues a downed pilot who helps him break up a drug ring. So Disdained (1928) ISBN 1-84232-294-X. Published in the U.S. as The Mysterious Aviator, and written soon after the General Strike of 1926, it reflected the debate in British society about socialism. The principled narrator initially chooses loyalty to a friend who betrayed Britain to Russia, over loyalty to his King and country. The book concludes with the narrator joining forces with Italian Fascists against a group of Russian spies. Lonely Road (1932) ISBN 1-84232-261-3. This novel deals with conspiracies and counterconspiracies, and experiments with writing styles. Ruined City (1938) ISBN 1-84232-290-7: U.S. title: Kindling. A rich banker revives a town economically with a shipbuilding company through questionable financial dealings. He goes to jail for fraud, but the shipyard revives. Ruined City was distilled from Shute's experiences in trying to set up his own aircraft company. What Happened to the Corbetts (1938) ISBN 1-84232-302-4. U.S. title: Ordeal. Foretells the German bombing of Southampton early in WWII. An Old Captivity (1940) ISBN 1-84232-275-3. The story of a pilot hired to take aerial photographs of a site in Greenland, who suffers a drug-induced flashback to Viking times. Landfall: A Channel Story (1940) ISBN 1-84232-258-3. A young RAF pilot and a British barmaid fall in love. His career suffers a setback when he is thought to have sunk a British submarine in error, but he is vindicated. Pied Piper (1942) ISBN 1-84232-278-8. An old man rescues seven children (one of them the niece of a Gestapo officer) from France during the Nazi invasion. Most Secret (1942, published 1945) ISBN 1-84232-269-9. Unconventional attacks on German forces during WWII, using a French fishing boat. Pastoral (1944) ISBN 1-84232-277-X. Crew relations and love at an airbase in rural surroundings in wartime England. Vinland the Good (film script, 1946) ISBN 1-889439-11-8 The Seafarers (1946–7, published 2002) ISBN 1-889439-32-0. The story of a dashing British naval Lieutenant and a Wren who meet right at the end of the Second World War. Their romance is blighted by differences in social background and economic constraints; in unhappiness each turns to odd jobs in boating circles. The Chequer Board (1947) ISBN 1-84232-248-6. A dying man looks up three wartime comrades, one of whom sees Burma during Japanese occupation and in its independence period after the war. The novel contains a discussion of racism in the US and in the US Army stationed in Britain: British townsfolk prefer the company of black soldiers. No Highway (1948) ISBN 1-84232-273-7. Set in Britain and Canada; an eccentric "boffin" at RAE Farnborough predicts metal fatigue in a new airliner, but is not believed. The Comet failed for just this reason several years later, in 1954. A Town Like Alice (1950) ISBN 1-84232-300-8: U.S. title: The Legacy. The hero and heroine meet while both are prisoners of the Japanese in Malaya (now Malaysia). After the war they seek each other out and reunite in a small Australian town that would have no future if not for her plans to turn it into "a town like Alice". Round the Bend (1951) ISBN 1-84232-289-3. About a new religion developing around an aircraft mechanic. Shute considered this his best novel. It tackles racism, condemning the White Australia policy. The Far Country (1952) ISBN 1-84232-251-6. A young woman travels to Australia. About the economic plight of Britain after WWII, in light of high wool prices providing prosperity to sheep farmers in Australia in the same period. A doctor condemns the National Health Service, another overcomes prejudice to operate. In the Wet (1953) ISBN 1-84232-254-0. An Anglican priest tells the story of an Australian aviator. This embraces a drug-induced flash forward to Britain in the 1980s. The novel criticises British socialism and anti-monarchist democratic sentiment. Shute, Nevil (1954). Slide Rule: Autobiography of an Engineer. London: William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 1-84232-291-5. & ISBN 1-84232-291-5; (1964: Ballantine, New York) Requiem for a Wren (1955) ISBN 1-84232-286-9. U.S. title: The Breaking Wave. The story of a young British woman who, plagued with guilt after shooting down a plane carrying Polish refugees in World War II, moves to Australia to work anonymously for the parents of her (now deceased) Australian lover, whilst the lover's brother searches for her in Britain. The title echoes William Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun. Beyond the Black Stump (1956) ISBN 1-84232-246-X. The ethical standards of an unconventional family living in a remote part of Australia are compared with those of a conventional family living in Oregon. On the Beach (1957) ISBN 1-84232-276-1. Shute's best-known novel, set in Melbourne, whose population are awaiting death from the effects of an atomic war. It was serialised in more than 40 newspapers, and adapted into a 1959 film starring Gregory Peck and Ava Gardner. In 2007, Gideon Haigh wrote an article in The Monthly arguing that On the Beach is Australia's most important novel: "Most novels of apocalypse posit at least a group of survivors and the semblance of hope. On The Beach allows nothing of the kind". The Rainbow and the Rose (1958) ISBN 1-84232-283-4. One man's three love stories; narration shifts from the narrator to the main character and back. Trustee from the Toolroom (1960) ISBN 1-84232-301-6. Shute's last novel, about the recovery of a lost legacy of diamonds from a wrecked yacht. Set in Britain, the Pacific Islands, and the American northwest. References ^ Shute1954, p. 65. ^ a b c d Ryan, A. P. "Extract from the Dictionary of National Biography 1951–1960". Nevil Shute Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 September 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015. ^ "Photo Timeline: 1911–1920 page 2". Nevil Shute Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2016. ^ a b Shute 1954, p. 63. ^ Shute 1954, pp. 54–149. ^ Shute 1954, p. 55. ^ Shute 1954, p. 76. ^ Shute 1954, pp. 128, 129. ^ Squires, Arthur M. (1986). The Tender Ship. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1926-0. ISBN 978-0-8176-3312-7. ^ Stead, Mark (26 October 2013). "New aviation museum planned for city centre". The Press. York. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. ^ Shute 1954, p. 3. ^ Gerald Pawle (1957), Secret Weapons of World War II (original title, The Secret War), 1967 reprint, New York: Ballantine, Part II, "The Enemy under the Waters", Ch. 18, "Harrying the U-boats", pp. 183-186. ^ Murray, Scott (1996). Australia on the small screen, 1970-1995: The complete guide to tele-features and mini-series. Oxford University Press. p. 193. ^ Hensher, Philip (4 December 2009). "Nevil Shute: profile". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ Telfair, Dan (2002). Foreword. The Seafarers. By Shute, Nevil. Paper Tiger Books. ISBN 9781889439327. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2021. ^ "Nevil Shute Foundation—Title". Nevil Shute Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017. ^ Croft (2002) ^ Shute 1954, pp. 113–114. ^ "Citizenship in Australia – Fact sheet 187". National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012. ^ Meacham, Steve (25 July 2003). "Remaindered with little honour in his adopted land". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. ^ "Photo Timeline 1951–1960 page 5". Nevil Shute Norway Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2013. ^ "Books: The Two Lives of Nevil Shute" Archived 20 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Time, 25 January 1960. Retrieved 24 April 2011. ^ Alice Springs public library history Archived 28 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 29 April 2013 ^ "The Modern Library's 100 Best Novels: The Reader's List | Book awards | LibraryThing". www.librarything.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021. ^ Milgram, Shoshana. "The Seafarers". Book Review. Nevil Shute Norway Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011. ^ Haigh, Gideon (June 2007). "Shute the Messenger – How the end of the world came to Melbourne (6800 words)". The Monthly (24). Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013. ^ Haigh, Gideon (1 June 2007). "Shute's sands of time". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2013. Smith, Julian Nevil Shute: A Biography The Paper Tiger, Creskill, NJ (2002) ISBN 1-889439-30-4. (First published in 1976 as part of Twayne's English Author Series) Croft, Julian (2000) 'Norway, Nevil Shute (1899–1960)' in Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 15 Melbourne University Press, pp 498–499 Accessed 14 June 2007 Giffuni, Cathy (1988) Nevil Shute, a bibliography Adelaide: Auslib Press ISBN 0-9589895-7-5. Haigh, Gideon (2007) 'Shute's sands of time' in The Daily Telegraph http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,,21826948-5001031,00.html Archived 3 July 2012 at archive.today Accessed 14 June 2007 Anderson, John, Parallel Motion – a biography of Nevil Shute Norway The Paper Tiger, (2011) ISBN 978-1-889439-37-2 Thorn, Richard, "Shute:The engineer who became a prince of storytellers" Matador, (2017) (ISBN 9781788032575) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Nevil Shute. The Nevil Shute Foundation The Nevil Shute Book Page – General Nevil Shute biographical information and extensive first edition collection tips A Brief Account of the Engineer and Novelist, Nevil Shute from ibooknet Works by Nevil Shute Norway at Faded Page (Canada) vteBooks by Nevil Shute Stephen Morris and Pilotage (1923) Marazan (1926) So Disdained (1928) Lonely Road (1932) Ruined City (1938) What Happened to the Corbetts (1939) An Old Captivity (1940) Landfall: A Channel Story (1940) Pied Piper (1942) Most Secret (1945) Pastoral (1944) Vinland the Good (1946) The Chequer Board (1947) No Highway (1948) A Town Like Alice (1950) Round the Bend (1951) The Far Country (1952) In the Wet (1953) Slide Rule: Autobiography of an Engineer (1954) Requiem for a Wren (1955) Beyond the Black Stump (1956) On the Beach (1957) The Rainbow and the Rose (1958) Trustee from the Toolroom (1960) The Seafarers (2002) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii People Australia Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aeronautical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_engineer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShute195465-1"},{"link_name":"On the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beach_(novel)"},{"link_name":"A Town Like Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Town_Like_Alice"}],"text":"Nevil Shute Norway (17 January 1899 – 12 January 1960) was an English novelist and aeronautical engineer who spent his later years in Australia. He used his full name in his engineering career and Nevil Shute as his pen name, in order to protect his engineering career from inferences by his employers (Vickers) or from fellow engineers that he was \"not a serious person\"[1] or from potentially adverse publicity in connection with his novels, which included On the Beach and A Town Like Alice.","title":"Nevil Shute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"Trustee from the Toolroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustee_from_the_Toolroom"},{"link_name":"Dragon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_School"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_School"},{"link_name":"Balliol College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"General Post Office, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A._P._Ryan-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Georgina Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Norway"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy, Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Suffolk Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Isle of Grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Grain"},{"link_name":"1918 flu pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A._P._Ryan-2"}],"text":"Shute was born in Somerset Road, Ealing (which was then in Middlesex), in the house described in his novel Trustee from the Toolroom. He was educated at the Dragon School, Shrewsbury School and Balliol College, Oxford; he graduated from Oxford in 1922 with a third-class degree in engineering science.Shute was the son of Arthur Hamilton Norway, who became head of the Post Office in Ireland before the First World War and was based at the General Post Office, Dublin in 1916 at the time of the Easter Rising, and his wife Mary Louisa Gadsden. Shute himself was later commended for his role as a stretcher-bearer during the rising.[2][3] His grandmother Georgina Norway was a novelist.Shute attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and trained as a gunner. He was unable to take up a commission in the Royal Flying Corps in the First World War, which he believed was because of his stammer. He served as a soldier in the Suffolk Regiment, enlisting in the ranks in August 1918. He guarded the Isle of Grain in the Thames Estuary, and served in military funeral parties in Kent during the 1918 flu pandemic.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aeronautical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShute195463-4"},{"link_name":"Vickers Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers#Aviation"},{"link_name":"airships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"},{"link_name":"stress engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_engineer"},{"link_name":"R100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R100"},{"link_name":"chief engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_engineer"},{"link_name":"Barnes Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_Wallis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A._P._Ryan-2"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls"},{"link_name":"Beauvais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauvais"},{"link_name":"R101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R101"},{"link_name":"dirigibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirigibles"},{"link_name":"autobiographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography"},{"link_name":"Slide Rule: Autobiography of an Engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_Rule:_Autobiography_of_an_Engineer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShute195454%E2%80%93149-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShute195455-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShute195476-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShute1954128,_129-8"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"Arthur Squires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Squires"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"A. Hessell Tiltman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._Tiltman"},{"link_name":"Airspeed Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A._P._Ryan-2"},{"link_name":"trolleybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Envoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Envoy"},{"link_name":"King's Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Flight"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Airspeed Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Airspeed Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Courier"},{"link_name":"Royal Aeronautical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society"}],"text":"An aeronautical engineer as well as a pilot, Shute began his engineering career with the de Havilland Aircraft Company. He used his pen-name as an author to protect his engineering career from any potentially adverse publicity in connection with his novels.[4]Dissatisfied with the lack of opportunities for advancement, he took a position in 1924 with Vickers Ltd., where he was involved with the development of airships, working as Chief Calculator (stress engineer) on the R100 airship project for the Vickers subsidiary Airship Guarantee Company. In 1929, he was promoted to deputy chief engineer of the R100 project under Barnes Wallis. When Wallis left the project, Shute became the chief engineer.[2]The R100 was a prototype for passenger-carrying airships that would serve the needs of Britain's empire. The government-funded but privately developed R100 made a successful 1930 round trip to Canada. While in Canada it made trips from Montreal to Ottawa, Toronto, and Niagara Falls. The fatal 1930 crash near Beauvais, France, of its government-developed counterpart R101 ended British interest in dirigibles. The R100 was immediately grounded and subsequently scrapped.Shute gives a detailed account of the development of the two airships in his 1954 autobiographical work, Slide Rule: Autobiography of an Engineer.[5] When he started, he wrote that he was shocked to find that before building the R38 the civil servants concerned '\"had made no attempt to calculate the aerodynamic forces acting on the ship\"' but had just copied the size of girders in German airships.[6] The calculations for just one transverse frame of the R100 could take two or three months, and the solution '\"almost amounted to a religious experience.\"[7] But later he wrote that '\"the disaster was the product of the system rather than the men at Cardington\"; the one thing that was proved is that \"government officials are totally ineffective in engineering development\" and any weapons (they develop) will be bad weapons. The R101 made one short test flight in perfect weather, and was given an airworthiness certificate for her flight to India to meet the minister’s deadline. Norway thought it probable that a new outer cover for the R101 was taped on with rubber adhesive which reacted with the dope.[8] His account is very critical of the R101 design and management team, and strongly hints that senior team members were complicit in concealing flaws in the airship's design and construction. In The Tender Ship, Manhattan Project engineer and Virginia Tech professor Arthur Squires used Shute's account of the R100 and R101 as a primary illustration of his thesis that governments are usually incompetent managers of technology projects.[9]In 1931, with the cancellation of the R100 project, Shute teamed up with the talented de Havilland-trained designer A. Hessell Tiltman to found the aircraft construction company Airspeed Ltd.[2] A site was available in a former trolleybus garage on Piccadilly, York.[10] Despite setbacks, including the usual problems of a new business, Airspeed Limited eventually gained recognition when its Envoy aircraft was chosen for the King's Flight. With the approach of the Second World War, a military version of the Envoy was developed, to be called the Airspeed Oxford. The Oxford became the standard advanced multi-engined trainer for the RAF and British Commonwealth, with over 8,500 being built.For the innovation of developing a hydraulic retractable undercarriage for the Airspeed Courier, and his work on R100, Shute was made a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society.On 7 March 1931, Shute married Frances Mary Heaton, a 28-year-old medical practitioner. They had two daughters, (Heather) Felicity and Shirley.","title":"Career in aviation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Dennistoun Burney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dennistoun_Burney"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShute19543-11"},{"link_name":"Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Miscellaneous_Weapons_Development"},{"link_name":"Panjandrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjandrum"},{"link_name":"Rocket Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP-3#Anti-submarine"},{"link_name":"Charles Goodeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Goodeve"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Normandy Landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_Landings"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"}],"text":"By the outbreak of the Second World War, Shute was a rising novelist. Even as war seemed imminent he was working on military projects with his former boss at Vickers, Sir Dennistoun Burney. He was commissioned into the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) as a sub-lieutenant, having joined as an 'elderly yachtsman' and expected to be in charge of a drifter or minesweeper, but after two days he was asked about his career and technical experience. He reached the \"dizzy rank\" of lieutenant-commander, knowing nothing about \"Sunday Divisions\" and secretly fearing when he went on a little ship that he would be the senior naval officer and \"have to do something\".[11]So he ended up in the Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development. There he was a head of engineering, working on secret weapons such as Panjandrum, a job that appealed to the engineer in him. He also developed the Rocket Spear, an anti-submarine missile with a fluted cast iron head. After the first U-boat was sunk by it, Charles Goodeve sent him a message concluding \"I am particularly pleased as it fully substantiates the foresight you showed in pushing this in its early stages. My congratulations.\"[12]His celebrity as a writer caused the Ministry of Information to send him to the Normandy Landings on 6 June 1944 and later to Burma as a correspondent. He finished the war with the rank of lieutenant commander in the RNVR.","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Morris_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Marazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marazan"},{"link_name":"On the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beach_(novel)"},{"link_name":"dignity of work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignity_of_work"},{"link_name":"Ruined City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruined_City"},{"link_name":"boffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boffin"},{"link_name":"No Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Highway"},{"link_name":"Lonely Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Road_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Chequer Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chequer_Board"},{"link_name":"Round the Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_the_Bend_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Black Stump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Black_Stump"},{"link_name":"The Far Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Far_Country_(1952_novel)"},{"link_name":"In the Wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Wet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShute195463-4"},{"link_name":"mystical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystical"},{"link_name":"paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal"},{"link_name":"reincarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation"},{"link_name":"Buddhist astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_astrology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"planchette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planchette"},{"link_name":"messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"Lonely Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Road_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Landfall: A Channel Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall:_A_Channel_Story"},{"link_name":"Pied Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_Piper_(novel)"},{"link_name":"made-for-television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made-for-television"},{"link_name":"On the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beach_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"No Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Highway"},{"link_name":"A Town Like Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Town_Like_Alice"},{"link_name":"Australian television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_television"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"},{"link_name":"Jason Connery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Connery"},{"link_name":"Becky Hindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Hindley"},{"link_name":"Bernard Hepton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hepton"},{"link_name":"Virginia McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_McKenna"},{"link_name":"The Far Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Far_Country_(novel)"},{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Vintage Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph_London-14"},{"link_name":"The Seafarers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seafarers_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Wren"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Shute's first novel, Stephen Morris, was written in 1923, but not published until 1961 (with its 1924 sequel, Pilotage).His first published novel was Marazan, which came out in 1926. After that he averaged one novel every two years through the 1950s, with the exception of a six-year hiatus while he was establishing his own aircraft construction company, Airspeed Ltd. Sales of his books grew slowly with each novel, but he became much better known after the publication of his third to last book, On the Beach, in 1957.Shute's novels are written in a simple, highly readable style, with clearly delineated plot lines. Where there is a romantic element, sex is referred to only obliquely. Many of the stories are introduced by a narrator who is not a character in the story. The most common theme in Shute's novels is the dignity of work, spanning all classes, whether a Spanish bar hostess in the Balkans (Ruined City) or a brilliant but unworldly boffin (No Highway). His novels are in three main clusters: early pre-war flying adventures; Second World War tales; and stories set in Australia.Another recurrent theme is the bridging of social barriers such as class (Lonely Road and Landfall), race (The Chequer Board), or religion (Round the Bend). The Australian novels are individual hymns to that country, with subtle disparagement of the mores of the United States (Beyond the Black Stump) and overt antipathy towards the post-World War II socialist government of Shute's native Britain (The Far Country and In the Wet).Shute's heroes tended to be like himself: middle-class solicitors, doctors, accountants, bank managers, and engineers—generally university graduates. However (as in Trustee from the Toolroom), Shute valued the honest artisans and their social integrity and contributions to society more than the contributions of the upper classes.Aviation and engineering provide the backdrop for many of Shute's novels. He identified how engineering, science, and design could improve human life and more than once used the anonymous epigram, \"It has been said an engineer is a man who can do for ten shillings what any fool can do for a pound.\"[4]Several of Shute's novels explored the boundary between accepted science and rational belief, on the one hand, and mystical or paranormal possibilities, including reincarnation, on the other hand. Shute did this by including elements of fantasy and science fiction in novels that were considered mainstream. They included Buddhist astrology and folk prophecy in The Chequer Board; the effective use of a planchette in No Highway; a messiah figure in Round the Bend; reincarnation, science fiction, and Aboriginal psychic powers in In the Wet.Twenty-four of his novels and novellas have been published. Many of his books have been adapted for the screen, including Lonely Road in 1936; Landfall: A Channel Story in 1949; Pied Piper in 1942 and again in 1959, and also as Crossing to Freedom, a CBS made-for-television movie, in 1990; On the Beach in 1959 and again in 2000 as a two-part miniseries; and No Highway in 1951. A Town Like Alice was adapted into a film in 1956, serialised for Australian television in 1981, and also broadcast on BBC Radio 2 in 1997 starring Jason Connery, Becky Hindley, Bernard Hepton and Virginia McKenna. Shute's 1952 novel The Far Country was filmed for television as six one-hour episodes in 1972, and as a two-part miniseries in 1987.[13]Vintage Books reprinted all 23 of his books in 2009.[14]Shute's final work was published more than 40 years after his death. The Seafarers was first drafted in 1946–47, rewritten, and then put aside. In 1948, Shute again rewrote it, changing the title to Blind Understanding, but he left the manuscript incomplete. According to Dan Telfair in the foreword of the 2002 edition, some of the themes in The Seafarers and Blind Understanding were used in Shute's 1955 novel Requiem for a Wren.[15]","title":"Literary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Percival Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Proctor"},{"link_name":"James Riddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Riddell_(skier)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Langwarrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langwarrin"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShute1954113%E2%80%93114-18"},{"link_name":"Australian citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_citizenship"},{"link_name":"British subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_subject"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Jaguar XK140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XK140"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 1948, Shute flew his own Percival Proctor aeroplane to Australia and back, accompanied by the writer James Riddell, who published a book, Flight of Fancy, based on the trip, in 1950.[16]On his return, concerned about what he saw as he \"felt oppressed by British taxation\", he decided that he and his family would move to Australia. In 1950, he settled with his wife and two daughters on farmland at Langwarrin, south-east of Melbourne.[17] Remembering his 1930 trip to Canada and his decision to immigrate to Australia, he wrote, in 1954, \"For the first time in my life I saw how people live in an English-speaking country outside England.\" [18] Although he intended to remain in Australia, he did not apply for Australian citizenship, which was at that time a mere formality because he was a British subject.[19] In the 1950s and 1960s he was one of the world's best-selling novelists.[20] Between 1956 and 1958 in Australia, he took up car racing as a hobby, driving a white Jaguar XK140.[21] Some of this experience found its way into his book On the Beach.Shute died in Melbourne in 1960 after a stroke.[22]","title":"Activities after the war"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Springs_-_BIG_Books.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Airport, Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Airport,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Berwick, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Modern Library 100 Best Novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Library_100_Best_Novels"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"\"BIG Books\" at the Nevil Shute Memorial Library, Alice Springs (2018).Norway Road and Nevil Shute Road at Portsmouth Airport, Hampshire were both named after him. Shute Avenue in Berwick, Victoria was named after him, when the farm used for filming the 1959 film On the Beach was subdivided for housing.The public library in Alice Springs, Northern Territory is the Nevil Shute Memorial Library.[23]In the Readers' List of the Modern Library 100 Best Novels of the 20th century, A Town Like Alice came in at number 17, Trustee from the Toolroom at 27, and On the Beach at 56.[24]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Morris_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-297-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-297-4"},{"link_name":"Pilotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilotage_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Marazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marazan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-265-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-265-6"},{"link_name":"So Disdained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Disdained"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-294-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-294-X"},{"link_name":"Italian Fascists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism"},{"link_name":"Lonely Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Road_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-261-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-261-3"},{"link_name":"Ruined City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruined_City"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-290-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-290-7"},{"link_name":"What Happened to the Corbetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Happened_to_the_Corbetts"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-302-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-302-4"},{"link_name":"An Old Captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Old_Captivity"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-275-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-275-3"},{"link_name":"Landfall: A Channel Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall:_A_Channel_Story"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-258-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-258-3"},{"link_name":"Pied Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_Piper_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-278-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-278-8"},{"link_name":"Most Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Secret"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-269-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-269-9"},{"link_name":"Pastoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_(1944_novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-277-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-277-X"},{"link_name":"Vinland the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinland_the_Good"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-889439-11-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-889439-11-8"},{"link_name":"The Seafarers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seafarers_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-889439-32-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-889439-32-0"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Chequer Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chequer_Board"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-248-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-248-6"},{"link_name":"No Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Highway"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-273-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-273-7"},{"link_name":"RAE Farnborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"metal fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_fatigue"},{"link_name":"Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet"},{"link_name":"A Town Like Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Town_Like_Alice"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-300-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-300-8"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Round the Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_the_Bend_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-289-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-289-3"},{"link_name":"White Australia policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia_policy"},{"link_name":"The Far Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Far_Country_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-251-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-251-6"},{"link_name":"In the Wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Wet"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-254-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-254-0"},{"link_name":"British socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_socialism"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-291-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-291-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-291-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-291-5"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Wren"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-286-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-286-9"},{"link_name":"William Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Nun"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Black Stump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Black_Stump"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-246-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-246-X"},{"link_name":"On the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beach_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-276-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-276-1"},{"link_name":"atomic war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_war"},{"link_name":"1959 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beach_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"Gregory Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Peck"},{"link_name":"Ava Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Gideon Haigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Haigh"},{"link_name":"The Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gideon-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-27"},{"link_name":"The Rainbow and the Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainbow_and_the_Rose"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-283-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-283-4"},{"link_name":"Trustee from the Toolroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustee_from_the_Toolroom"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84232-301-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-301-6"}],"text":"Stephen Morris (1923, published 1961) ISBN 1-84232-297-4 (with Pilotage). A young pilot takes on a daring and dangerous mission.\nPilotage (1924, published 1961): a continuation of Stephen Morris.\nMarazan (1926) ISBN 1-84232-265-6. A convict rescues a downed pilot who helps him break up a drug ring.\nSo Disdained (1928) ISBN 1-84232-294-X. Published in the U.S. as The Mysterious Aviator, and written soon after the General Strike of 1926, it reflected the debate in British society about socialism. The principled narrator initially chooses loyalty to a friend who betrayed Britain to Russia, over loyalty to his King and country. The book concludes with the narrator joining forces with Italian Fascists against a group of Russian spies.\nLonely Road (1932) ISBN 1-84232-261-3. This novel deals with conspiracies and counterconspiracies, and experiments with writing styles.\nRuined City (1938) ISBN 1-84232-290-7: U.S. title: Kindling. A rich banker revives a town economically with a shipbuilding company through questionable financial dealings. He goes to jail for fraud, but the shipyard revives. Ruined City was distilled from Shute's experiences in trying to set up his own aircraft company.\nWhat Happened to the Corbetts (1938) ISBN 1-84232-302-4. U.S. title: Ordeal. Foretells the German bombing of Southampton early in WWII.\nAn Old Captivity (1940) ISBN 1-84232-275-3. The story of a pilot hired to take aerial photographs of a site in Greenland, who suffers a drug-induced flashback to Viking times.\nLandfall: A Channel Story (1940) ISBN 1-84232-258-3. A young RAF pilot and a British barmaid fall in love. His career suffers a setback when he is thought to have sunk a British submarine in error, but he is vindicated.\nPied Piper (1942) ISBN 1-84232-278-8. An old man rescues seven children (one of them the niece of a Gestapo officer) from France during the Nazi invasion.\nMost Secret (1942, published 1945) ISBN 1-84232-269-9. Unconventional attacks on German forces during WWII, using a French fishing boat.\nPastoral (1944) ISBN 1-84232-277-X. Crew relations and love at an airbase in rural surroundings in wartime England.\nVinland the Good (film script, 1946) ISBN 1-889439-11-8\nThe Seafarers (1946–7, published 2002) ISBN 1-889439-32-0. The story of a dashing British naval Lieutenant and a Wren who meet right at the end of the Second World War. Their romance is blighted by differences in social background and economic constraints; in unhappiness each turns to odd jobs in boating circles.[25]\nThe Chequer Board (1947) ISBN 1-84232-248-6. A dying man looks up three wartime comrades, one of whom sees Burma during Japanese occupation and in its independence period after the war. The novel contains a discussion of racism in the US and in the US Army stationed in Britain: British townsfolk prefer the company of black soldiers.\nNo Highway (1948) ISBN 1-84232-273-7. Set in Britain and Canada; an eccentric \"boffin\" at RAE Farnborough predicts metal fatigue in a new airliner, but is not believed. The Comet failed for just this reason several years later, in 1954.\nA Town Like Alice (1950) ISBN 1-84232-300-8: U.S. title: The Legacy. The hero and heroine meet while both are prisoners of the Japanese in Malaya (now Malaysia). After the war they seek each other out and reunite in a small Australian town that would have no future if not for her plans to turn it into \"a town like Alice\".\nRound the Bend (1951) ISBN 1-84232-289-3. About a new religion developing around an aircraft mechanic. Shute considered this his best novel. It tackles racism, condemning the White Australia policy.\nThe Far Country (1952) ISBN 1-84232-251-6. A young woman travels to Australia. About the economic plight of Britain after WWII, in light of high wool prices providing prosperity to sheep farmers in Australia in the same period. A doctor condemns the National Health Service, another overcomes prejudice to operate.\nIn the Wet (1953) ISBN 1-84232-254-0. An Anglican priest tells the story of an Australian aviator. This embraces a drug-induced flash forward to Britain in the 1980s. The novel criticises British socialism and anti-monarchist democratic sentiment.\nShute, Nevil (1954). Slide Rule: Autobiography of an Engineer. London: William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 1-84232-291-5. & ISBN 1-84232-291-5; (1964: Ballantine, New York)\nRequiem for a Wren (1955) ISBN 1-84232-286-9. U.S. title: The Breaking Wave. The story of a young British woman who, plagued with guilt after shooting down a plane carrying Polish refugees in World War II, moves to Australia to work anonymously for the parents of her (now deceased) Australian lover, whilst the lover's brother searches for her in Britain. The title echoes William Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun.\nBeyond the Black Stump (1956) ISBN 1-84232-246-X. The ethical standards of an unconventional family living in a remote part of Australia are compared with those of a conventional family living in Oregon.\nOn the Beach (1957) ISBN 1-84232-276-1. Shute's best-known novel, set in Melbourne, whose population are awaiting death from the effects of an atomic war. It was serialised in more than 40 newspapers, and adapted into a 1959 film starring Gregory Peck and Ava Gardner. In 2007, Gideon Haigh wrote an article in The Monthly arguing that On the Beach is Australia's most important novel: \"Most novels of apocalypse posit at least a group of survivors and the semblance of hope. On The Beach allows nothing of the kind\".[26][27]\nThe Rainbow and the Rose (1958) ISBN 1-84232-283-4. One man's three love stories; narration shifts from the narrator to the main character and back.\nTrustee from the Toolroom (1960) ISBN 1-84232-301-6. Shute's last novel, about the recovery of a lost legacy of diamonds from a wrecked yacht. Set in Britain, the Pacific Islands, and the American northwest.","title":"Works"}]
[{"image_text":"\"BIG Books\" at the Nevil Shute Memorial Library, Alice Springs (2018).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alice_Springs_-_BIG_Books.jpg/220px-Alice_Springs_-_BIG_Books.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Shute, Nevil (1954). Slide Rule: Autobiography of an Engineer. London: William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 1-84232-291-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84232-291-5","url_text":"1-84232-291-5"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, A. P. \"Extract from the Dictionary of National Biography 1951–1960\". Nevil Shute Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 September 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevilshute.org/Biography/dictionarynationalbio.php","url_text":"\"Extract from the Dictionary of National Biography 1951–1960\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150902014922/http://www.nevilshute.org/Biography/dictionarynationalbio.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Photo Timeline: 1911–1920 page 2\". Nevil Shute Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevilshute.org/PhotoLine/PLD-1911-1920/pl-1911-1920-02.php","url_text":"\"Photo Timeline: 1911–1920 page 2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120419073441/http://www.nevilshute.org/PhotoLine/PLD-1911-1920/pl-1911-1920-02.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Squires, Arthur M. (1986). The Tender Ship. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1926-0. ISBN 978-0-8176-3312-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4757-1926-0","url_text":"The Tender Ship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-1926-0","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4757-1926-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3312-7","url_text":"978-0-8176-3312-7"}]},{"reference":"Stead, Mark (26 October 2013). \"New aviation museum planned for city centre\". The Press. York. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/10765852.New_aviation_museum_planned_for_city_centre/","url_text":"\"New aviation museum planned for city centre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_(York)","url_text":"The Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150714012006/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/10765852.New_aviation_museum_planned_for_city_centre/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Scott (1996). Australia on the small screen, 1970-1995: The complete guide to tele-features and mini-series. Oxford University Press. p. 193.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Hensher, Philip (4 December 2009). \"Nevil Shute: profile\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/6718768/Nevil-Shute-profile.html","url_text":"\"Nevil Shute: profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130602021929/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/6718768/Nevil-Shute-profile.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Telfair, Dan (2002). Foreword. The Seafarers. By Shute, Nevil. Paper Tiger Books. ISBN 9781889439327. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fMgUPQAACAAJ","url_text":"The Seafarers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Tiger_Books","url_text":"Paper Tiger Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889439327","url_text":"9781889439327"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231022210403/https://books.google.com/books?id=fMgUPQAACAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nevil Shute Foundation—Title\". Nevil Shute Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nevilshute.org/Reviews/flightoffancy.php","url_text":"\"Nevil Shute Foundation—Title\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171207140722/https://www.nevilshute.org/Reviews/flightoffancy.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Citizenship in Australia – Fact sheet 187\". National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs187.aspx","url_text":"\"Citizenship in Australia – Fact sheet 187\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130122112713/http://naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs187.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Meacham, Steve (25 July 2003). \"Remaindered with little honour in his adopted land\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/24/1058853193968.html","url_text":"\"Remaindered with little honour in his adopted land\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080507021356/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/24/1058853193968.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Photo Timeline 1951–1960 page 5\". Nevil Shute Norway Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevilshute.org/PhotoLine/PLD-1951-1960/pl-1951-1960-05.php","url_text":"\"Photo Timeline 1951–1960 page 5\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419180231/http://www.nevilshute.org/PhotoLine/PLD-1951-1960/pl-1951-1960-05.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Modern Library's 100 Best Novels: The Reader's List | Book awards | LibraryThing\". www.librarything.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.librarything.com/bookaward/The+Modern+Library%27s+100+Best+Novels%3A+The+Reader%27s+List","url_text":"\"The Modern Library's 100 Best Novels: The Reader's List | Book awards | LibraryThing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211122145302/https://www.librarything.com/bookaward/The+Modern+Library%27s+100+Best+Novels%3A+The+Reader%27s+List","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Milgram, Shoshana. \"The Seafarers\". Book Review. Nevil Shute Norway Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevilshute.org/Reviews/seafarers1.php","url_text":"\"The Seafarers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928181511/http://www.nevilshute.org/Reviews/seafarers1.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haigh, Gideon (June 2007). \"Shute the Messenger – How the end of the world came to Melbourne (6800 words)\". The Monthly (24). Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2007/june/1268876839/gideon-haigh/shute-messenger","url_text":"\"Shute the Messenger – How the end of the world came to Melbourne (6800 words)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly","url_text":"The Monthly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723215906/http://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2007/june/1268876839/gideon-haigh/shute-messenger","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haigh, Gideon (1 June 2007). \"Shute's sands of time\". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/opinion/shutes-sands-of-time/story-e6frezz0-1111113652431","url_text":"\"Shute's sands of time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811230306/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/opinion/shutes-sands-of-time/story-e6frezz0-1111113652431","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A0
Macron (diacritic)
["1 Uses","1.1 Syllable weight","1.2 Vowel length","1.3 Tone","1.4 Omission","1.5 Letter extension","1.6 Other uses","1.7 Medicine","1.8 Mathematics and science","1.9 Music","2 Letters with macron","3 Technical notes","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Diacritical mark Not to be confused with overline or bar (diacritic). "O macron", "O-", and "Ū" redirect here. For the Greek letter, see omicron. For the o- prefix in Japanese, see Japanese honorifics. For the Indic vowel, see Ū (Indic). ◌̄MacronU+0304 ◌̄ COMBINING MACRONSee alsoU+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW A macron (/ˈmækrɒn, ˈmeɪ-/ MAK-ron, MAY-) is a diacritical mark: it is a straight bar ¯ placed above a letter, usually a vowel. Its name derives from Ancient Greek μακρόν (makrón) 'long' because it was originally used to mark long or heavy syllables in Greco-Roman metrics. It now more often marks a long vowel. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the macron is used to indicate a mid-tone; the sign for a long vowel is instead a modified triangular colon ⟨ː⟩. The opposite is the breve ⟨˘⟩, which marks a short or light syllable or a short vowel. Uses Syllable weight In Greco-Roman metrics and in the description of the metrics of other literatures, the macron was introduced and is still widely used in dictionaries and educational materials to mark a long (heavy) syllable. Even relatively recent classical Greek and Latin dictionaries are still concerned with indicating only the length (weight) of syllables; that is why most still do not indicate the length of vowels in syllables that are otherwise metrically determined. Many textbooks about Ancient Rome and Greece use the macron, even if it was not actually used at that time (an apex was used if vowel length was marked in Latin). Vowel length The following languages or transliteration systems use the macron to mark long vowels: Slavicists use the macron to indicate a non-tonic long vowel, or a non-tonic syllabic liquid, such as on l, lj, m, n, nj, and r. Languages with this feature include standard and dialect varieties of Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, and Bulgarian. Transcriptions of Arabic typically use macrons to indicate long vowels – ا (alif when pronounced /aː/), و (waw, when pronounced /uː/ or /oː/), and ي (ya', when pronounced /iː/ or /eː/). Thus the Arabic word ثلاثة (three) is transliterated thalāthah. Transcriptions of Sanskrit typically use a macron over ā, ī, ū, ṝ, and ḹ in order to mark a long vowel (e and o are always long and consequently do not need any macron). In Latin, many of the more recent dictionaries and learning materials use the macron as the modern equivalent of the ancient Roman apex to mark long vowels. Any of the six vowel letters (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ) can bear it. It is sometimes used in conjunction with the breve, especially to distinguish the short vowels /i/ and /u/ from their semi-vowel counterparts /j/ and /w/, originally, and often to this day, spelt with the same letters. However, the older of these editions are not always explicit on whether they mark long vowels or heavy syllables – a confusion that is even found in some modern learning materials. In addition, most of the newest academic publications use both the macron and the breve sparingly, mainly when vowel length is relevant to the discussion. In romanization of classical Greek, the letters η (eta) and ω (omega) are transliterated, respectively, as ē and ō, representing the long vowels of classical Greek, whereas the short vowels ε (epsilon) and ο (omicron) are always transliterated as plain e and o. The other long vowel phonemes do not have dedicated letters in the Greek alphabet, being indicated by digraphs (transliterated likewise as digraphs) or by the letters α, ι , υ – represented as ā, ī, ū. The same three letters are transliterated as plain a, i, u when representing short vowels. The Hepburn romanization system of Japanese, for example, kōtsū (交通, こうつう) "traffic" as opposed to kotsu (骨, こつ) "bone". The Syriac language uses macrons to indicate long vowels in its romanized transliteration: ā for /aː/, ē for /eː/, ū for /uː/ and ō for /ɔː/. Baltic languages and Baltic-Finnic languages: Latvian. ā, ē, ī, ū are separate letters but are given the same position in collation as a, e, i, u respectively. Ō was also used in Latvian, but it was discarded as of 1946. Some usage remains in Latgalian. Lithuanian. ū is a separate letter but is given the same position in collation as the unaccented u. It marks a long vowel; other long vowels are indicated with an ogonek (which used to indicate nasalization, but it no longer does): ą, ę, į, ų and o being always long in Lithuanian except for some recent loanwords. For the long counterpart of i, y is used. Livonian. ā, ǟ, ē, ī, ō, ȱ, ȭ and ū are separate letters that sort in alphabetical order immediately after a, ä, e, i, o, ȯ, õ, and u, respectively. Samogitian. ā, ē, ė̄, ī, ū and ō are separate letters that sort in alphabetical order immediately after a, e, ė, i, u and o respectively. Transcriptions of Nahuatl, the Aztecs' language, spoken in Mexico. When the Spanish conquistadors arrived, they wrote the language in their own alphabet without distinguishing long vowels. Over a century later, in 1645, Horacio Carochi defined macrons to mark long vowels ā, ē, ī and ō, and short vowels with grave (`) accents. This is rare nowadays since many people write Nahuatl without any orthographic sign and with the letters k, s and w, not present in the original alphabet. Modern transcriptions of Old English, for long vowels. Latin transliteration of Pali and Sanskrit, and in the IAST and ISO 15919 transcriptions of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages. Polynesian languages: Cook Islands Māori. In Cook Islands Māori, the macron or mākarōna is not commonly used in writing, but is used in references and teaching materials for those learning the language. Hawaiian. The macron is called kahakō, and it indicates vowel length, which changes meaning and the placement of stress. Māori. In modern written Māori, the macron is used to designate long vowels, with the trema mark sometimes used if the macron is unavailable (e.g. "Mäori"). The Māori word for macron is tohutō. The term pōtae ("hat") is also used. In the past, writing in Māori either did not distinguish vowel length, or doubled long vowels (e.g. "Maaori"), as some iwi dialects still do. Niuean. In Niuean, "popular spelling" does not worry too much about vowel quantity (length), so the macron is primarily used in scholarly study of the language. Tahitian. The use of the macron is comparatively recent in Tahitian. The Fare Vānaʻa or Académie Tahitienne (Tahitian Academy) recommends using the macron, called the tārava, to represent long vowels in written text, especially for scientific or teaching texts and it has widespread acceptance. (In the past, written Tahitian either did not distinguish vowel length, or used multiple other ways). Tongan and Samoan. The macron is called the toloi/fakamamafa or fa'amamafa, respectively. Its usage is similar to that in Māori, including its substitution by a trema. Its usage is not universal in Samoan, but recent academic publications and advanced study textbooks promote its use. The macron is used in Fijian language dictionaries, in instructional materials for non-Fijian speakers, and in books and papers on Fijian linguistics. It is not typically used in Fijian publications intended for fluent speakers, where context is usually sufficient for a reader to distinguish between heteronyms. Both Cyrillic and Latin transcriptions of Udege. The Latin and Cyrillic alphabet transcriptions of the Tsebari dialect of Tsez. In western Cree, Sauk, and Saulteaux, the Algonquianist Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) indicates long vowels either with a circumflex ⟨â ê î ô⟩ or with a macron ⟨ā ē ī ō⟩. Tone The following languages or alphabets use the macron to mark tones: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, a macron over a vowel indicates a mid-level tone. In Yoruba an optional macron can be used to indicate mid-level tone if it would otherwise be ambiguous. In Pinyin, the official Romanization of Mandarin Chinese, macrons over a, e, i, o, u, ü (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ǖ) indicate the high level tone of Mandarin Chinese. The alternative to the macron is the number 1 after the syllable (for example, tā = ta1). Similarly in the Yale romanization of Cantonese, macrons over a, e, i, o, u, m, n (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, m̄, n̄) indicate the high level tone of Cantonese. Like Mandarin, the alternative to the macron is the number 1 after the syllable (for example, tā = ta1). In Pe̍h-ōe-jī romanization of Hokkien, macrons over a, e, i, m, n, o, o͘, u, (ā, ē, ī, m̄, n̄, ō, ō͘, ū) indicate the mid level tone ("light departing" or 7th tone) of Hokkien. Omission Sometimes the macron marks an omitted n or m, like the tilde: In Old English texts a macron above a letter indicates the omission of an m or n that would normally follow that letter. In older handwriting such as the German Kurrentschrift, the macron over an a-e-i-o-u or ä-ö-ü stood for an n, or over an m or an n meant that the letter was doubled. This continued into print in English in the sixteenth century, and to some extent in German. Over a u at the end of a word, the macron indicated um as a form of scribal abbreviation. Letter extension "p̄" redirects here. For the subatomic particle, see Antiproton. "n̄" redirects here. For the subatomic particle, see Antineutron. In romanizations of Hebrew, the macron below is typically used to mark the begadkefat consonant lenition. However, for typographical reasons a regular macron is used on p and g instead: p̄, ḡ. The macron is used in the orthography of a number of vernacular languages of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, particularly those first transcribed by Anglican missionaries. The macron has no unique value, and is simply used to distinguish between two different phonemes. Thus, in several languages of the Banks Islands, including Mwotlap, the simple m stands for /m/, but an m with a macron (m̄) is a rounded labial-velar nasal /ŋ͡mʷ/; while the simple n stands for the common alveolar nasal /n/, an n with macron (n̄) represents the velar nasal /ŋ/; the vowel ē stands for a (short) higher /ɪ/ by contrast with plain e /ɛ/; likewise ō /ʊ/ contrasts with plain o /ɔ/. In Hiw orthography, the consonant r̄ stands for the prestopped velar lateral approximant /ᶢʟ/. In Araki, the same symbol r̄ encodes the alveolar trill /r/ – by contrast with r, which encodes the alveolar flap /ɾ/. In Bislama (orthography before 1995), Lamenu and Lewo, a macron is used on two letters m̄ p̄. m̄ represents /mʷ/, and p̄ represents /pʷ/. The orthography after 1995 (which has no diacritics) has these written as mw and pw. In Kokota, ḡ is used for the velar stop /ɡ/, but g without macron is the voiced velar fricative /ɣ/. In Marshallese, a macron is used on four letters – ā n̄ ō ū – whose pronunciations differ from the unmarked a n o u. Marshallese uses a vertical vowel system with three to four vowel phonemes, but traditionally their allophones have been written out, so vowel letters with macron are used for some of these allophones. Though the standard diacritic involved is a macron, there are no other diacritics used above letters, so in practice other diacritics can and have been used in less polished writing or print, yielding nonstandard letters like ã ñ õ û, depending on displayability of letters in computer fonts. The letter ā is pronounced , the palatalized allophone of the phoneme /a/. The letter n̄ represents the velar nasal phoneme /ŋ/ and the labialized velar nasal phoneme /ŋʷ/, depending on context. The standard letter does not exist as a precombined glyph in Unicode, so the nonstandard variant ñ is often used in its place. The letter ō is pronounced or , which are the unrounded velarized allophones of the phonemes /ɜ/ and /ɘ/ respectively. The letter ū is pronounced , the unrounded velarized allophone of the phoneme /ɨ/. In Obolo, the simple n stands for the common alveolar nasal /n/, while an n with macron (n̄) represents the velar nasal /ŋ/. Other uses In older German and in the German Kurrent handwriting, as well as older Danish, a macron is used on some consonants, especially n and m, as a short form for a double consonant (for example, n̄ instead of nn). A signature of Fyodor Dostoevsky showing a stylized macron above the ⟨т⟩ in "Достоевскій" In Russian cursive, as well as in some others based on the Cyrillic script (for example, Bulgarian), a lowercase Т looks like a lowercase m, and a macron is often used to distinguish it from Ш, which looks like a lowercase w (see Т). Some writers also underline the letter ш to reduce ambiguity further. Also, in some instances, a diacritic will be written like a macron, although it represents another diacritic whose standard form is different: In some Finnish, Estonian and Swedish comic books that are hand-lettered, or in handwriting, a macron-style umlaut is used for ä or ö (also õ and ü in Estonian), sometimes known colloquially as a "lazy man's umlaut". This can also be seen in some modern handwritten German. In Norwegian ū, ā, ī, ē and ō can be used for decorative purposes both in handwritten and computed Bokmål and Nynorsk or to denote vowel length such as in dū (you), lā (infinitive form of to let), lēser (present form of "to read") and lūft (air). The diacritic is entirely optional, carries no IPA value and is seldom used in modern Norwegian outside of handwriting. In informal Hungarian handwriting, a macron is often a substitute for either a double acute accent or an umlaut (e.g., ö or ő). Because of this ambiguity, using it is often regarded as bad practice. In informal handwriting, the Spanish ñ is sometimes written with a macron-shaped tilde: (n̄). Medicine Main articles: overline, bar (diacritic), scribal abbreviation, and medical abbreviation Continuing previous Latin scribal abbreviations, letters with combining macron can be used in various European languages to represent the overlines indicating various medical abbreviations, particularly including: ā for ante ("before") c̄ for cum ("with") p̄ for post ("after") q̄ for quisque and its inflections ("every", "each") s̄ for sine ("without") x̄ for exceptus and its inflections ("except") Note, however, that abbreviations involving the letter h take their macron halfway up the ascending line rather than at the normal height for unicode macrons and overlines: ħ. This is separately encoded in Unicode with the symbols using bar diacritics and appears shorter than other macrons in many fonts. Mathematics and science The overline is a typographical symbol similar to the macron, used in a number of ways in mathematics and science. For example, it is used to represent complex conjugation: z = a + b i ; z ¯ = a − b i {\displaystyle z=a+bi;\quad {\overline {z}}=a-bi} and to represent a line segment in geometry (e.g., A B ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {AB}}} ), sample means in statistics (e.g., X ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {X}}} ) and negations in logic. It is also used in Hermann–Mauguin notation. Music In music, the tenuto marking resembles the macron. The macron is also used in German lute tablature to distinguish repeating alphabetic characters. Letters with macron  Macron ◌̄    Latin: Ā āĀ́ ā́Ā̀ ā̀Ā̂ ā̂Ā̃ ā̃Ǟ ǟĀ̈ ā̈Ǡ ǡA̱ a̱Å̄ å̄Ǣ ǣB̄ b̄Ḇ ḇC̄ c̄C̱ c̱D̄ d̄Ḏ ḏĒ ēḖ ḗḔ ḕĒ̂ ē̂Ē̃ ē̃Ê̄ ê̄E̱ e̱Ë̄ ë̄E̊̄ e̊̄F̄ f̄Ḡ ḡG̱ g̱H̱ ẖĪ īĪ́ ī́Ī̀ ī̀Ī̂ ī̂Ī̃ ī̃I̱ i̱J̄ j̄J̱ j̱Ḵ ḵL̄ l̄Ḹ ḹḺ ḻM̄ m̄M̱ m̱N̄ n̄Ṉ ṉŌ ōṒ ṓṐ ṑŌ̂ ō̂Ō̃ ō̃Ȫ ȫŌ̈ ō̈Ǭ ǭȬ ȭȰ ȱO̱ o̱Ø̄ ø̄Œ̄ œ̄P̄ p̄P̱ p̱Q̄ q̄R̄ r̄Ṟ ṟṜ ṝS̄ s̄S̱ s̱T̄ t̄Ṯ ṯŪ ūŪ́ ū́Ū̀ ū̀Ū̂ ū̂Ū̃ ū̃U̇̄ u̇̄Ǖ ǖṺ ṻṲ̄ ṳ̄U̱ u̱V̄ v̄W̄ w̄X̄ x̄X̱ x̱Ȳ ȳȲ́ ȳ́Ȳ̀ ȳ̀Ȳ̃ ȳ̃Y̱ y̱Z̄ z̄Ẕ ẕ    Greek: Ᾱ ᾱΕ̄ ε̄Ῑ ῑῩ ῡ    Cyrillic: А̄ а̄Ӣ ӣӮ ӯ Technical notes The Unicode Standard encodes combining and precomposed macron characters: Description Macrons Character Unicode HTML Character Unicode HTML Macronabove Combining Spacing ◌̄single U+0304 ̄ ¯mark U+00AF ¯¯ ◌͞◌double U+035E ͞ ˉletter U+02C9 ˉ Macronbelow (see macron below) Additionaldiacritic Latin Upper case Lower case — Ā U+0100 Ā ā U+0101 ā Ǣ U+01E2 Ǣ ǣ U+01E3 ǣ Ē U+0112 Ē ē U+0113 ē Ḡ U+1E20 Ḡ ḡ U+1E21 ḡ Ī U+012A Ī ī U+012B ī Ō U+014C Ō ō U+014D ō Ū U+016A Ū ū U+016B ū Ȳ U+0232 Ȳ ȳ U+0233 ȳ Diaeresis Ǟ U+01DE Ǟ ǟ U+01DF ǟ Ȫ U+022A Ȫ ȫ U+022B ȫ Ǖ U+01D5 Ǖ ǖ U+01D6 ǖ Ṻ U+1E7A Ṻ ṻ U+1E7B ṻ Dot above Ǡ U+01E0 Ǡ ǡ U+01E1 ǡ Ȱ U+0230 Ȱ ȱ U+0231 ȱ Dot below Ḹ U+1E38 Ḹ ḹ U+1E39 ḹ Ṝ U+1E5C Ṝ ṝ U+1E5D ṝ Ogonek Ǭ U+01EC Ǭ ǭ U+01ED ǭ Tilde Ȭ U+022C Ȭ ȭ U+022D ȭ Acute Ḗ U+1E16 Ḗ ḗ U+1E17 ḗ Ṓ U+1E52 Ṓ ṓ U+1E53 ṓ Grave Ḕ U+1E14 Ḕ ḕ U+1E15 ḕ Ṑ U+1E50 Ṑ ṑ U+1E51 ṑ Cyrillic — Ӣ U+04E2 Ӣ ӣ U+04E3 ӣ Ӯ U+04EE Ӯ ӯ U+04EF ӯ Greek — Ᾱ U+1FB9 Ᾱ ᾱ U+1FB1 ᾱ Ῑ U+1FD9 Ῑ ῑ U+1FD1 ῑ Ῡ U+1FE9 Ῡ ῡ U+1FE1 ῡ Macron-related Unicode characters not included in the table above: CJK fullwidth variety: U+FFE3 ￣ FULLWIDTH MACRON Kazakhstani tenge U+20B8 ₸ TENGE SIGN Overlines Characters using a macron below instead of above Tone contour transcription characters incorporating a macron: U+1DC4 ◌᷄ COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE U+1DC5 ◌᷅ COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON U+1DC6 ◌᷆ COMBINING MACRON-GRAVE U+1DC7 ◌᷇ COMBINING ACUTE-MACRON Two intonation marks historically used by Antanas Baranauskas for Lithuanian dialectology: U+1DCB ◌᷋ COMBINING BREVE-MACRON U+1DCC ◌᷌ COMBINING MACRON-BREVE In LaTeX a macron is created with the command "\=", for example: M\=aori for Māori. In OpenOffice, if the extension Compose Special Characters is installed, a macron may be added by following the letter with a hyphen and pressing the user's predefined shortcut key for composing special characters. A macron may also be added by following the letter with the character's four-digit hex-code, and pressing the user's predefined shortcut key for adding unicode characters. See also Macron below Vinculum (symbol) References ^ P.G.W. Glare (ed.), Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1990), p. xxiii: Vowel quantities. Normally, only long vowels in a metrically indeterminate position are marked. ^ Годечкият Говор от Михаил Виденов,Издателство на българската академия на науките,София, 1978, p. 19: ...характерни за всички селища от годечкия говор....Подобни случай са характерни и за книжовния език-Ст.Стойков, Увод във фонетиката на българския език , стр. 151.. (in Bulgarian) ^ Iluta Dalbiņa un Inese Lāčauniece (2001). Latviešu valoda vidusskolām. Rīga: RaKa. p. 110. ISBN 978-9984-46-130-4. ^ Buse, Jasper with Taringa, Raututi (Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moekaʻa, eds.). (1996). Cook Islands Maori Dictionary with English-Cook Islands Maori Finder List. Avarua, Rarotonga: The Ministry of Education, Government of the Cook Islands; The School of Oriental and African Studies, The University of London; The Institute of Pacific Studies, The University of the South Pacific; The Centre for Pacific Studies, The University of Auckland; Pacific Linguistics, The Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. ^ Carpentier, Tai Tepuaoterā Turepu and Beaumont, Clive. (1995). Kai kōrero: A Cook Islands Maori Language Coursebook. Auckland, New Zealand: Pasifika Press. ^ "Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori". www.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2008-09-02. ^ "Macrons". kupu.maori.nz. Retrieved 2017-10-08. ^ Sperlich, Wolfgang B. (ed.) (1997). Tohi vagahau Niue – Niue language dictionary: Niuen-English with English-Niuean finderlist. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Linguistics. ^ Académie Tahitienne. (1986). Grammaire de la langue tahitienne. Papeete, Tahiti: Fare Vānaʻa. ^ Académie Tahitienne. (1999). Dictionnaire tahitien-français: Faʻatoro parau tahiti-farāni. Papeete, Tahiti: Fare Vānaʻa. ^ LeMaître, Yves. (1995). Lexique du tahitien contemporain: tahitien-français français-tahitien. Paris: Éditions de l'IRD (ex-Orstom). ^ Montillier, Pierre. (1999). Te reo tahiti ʻāpi: Dictionnaire du tahitien nouveau et biblique. Papeete, Tahiti: STP Multipress. ^ Jaussen, Mgr Tepano. (2001). Dictionnaire de la langue Tahitienne (10ème édition, revue et augmentée). Papeete, Tahiti: Société des Études Océaniennes. ^ Académie Tahitienne (6 January 2003). Graphie et graphies de la langue tahitienne. ^ Simanu, Aumua Mata'itusi. 'O si Manu a Ali'i: A Text for the Advanced Study of Samoan Language and Culture ^ François, Alexandre (2005), "A typological overview of Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu", Linguistic Typology, 9 (1): 115–146 , doi:10.1515/lity.2005.9.1.115, S2CID 55878308 ^ François, Alexandre (2010), "Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment", Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/s0952675710000205, S2CID 62628417, p. 421. ^ François, Alexandre (2008). "The alphabet of Araki". ^ "Letter Database". eki.ee. ^ Smith, Rachel E. (2016). "The Goal of the Good House": Seasonal Work and Seeking a Good Life in Lamen and Lamen Bay, Epi, Vanuatu (PDF) (PhD). University of Manchester. p. 439. ^ Palmer, Bill. A grammar of the Kokota language, Santa Isabel, Solomon Islands Archived 2009-12-29 at the Wayback Machine. PhD dissertation. ^ OLBTO (2011) "Reading and Writing Obolo: Obolo Alphabet" in "A Workshop Manual for Teaching Obolo." Obolo Language and Bible Translation Organisation (OLBTO). p.1 ^ Cappelli, Adriano (1961). Manuali Hoepli Lexicon Abbreviature Dizionario Di Abbreviature Latine ed Italiane. Milan: Editore Ulrico Hoepli Milano. p. 256. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Macron". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-08-24. ^ "N3048: Proposal to encode two combining characters in the UCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2006-03-02. ^ "N3861: Resolutions of the WG 2 meeting 48 held in Mountain View, CA, USA, 2006-04-24/27" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2006-04-27. ^ "Compose Special Characters". openoffice.org. External links Diacritics Project – All you need to design a font with correct accents Kupu o te Rā How to set up the keyboard to type macrons in various operating systems. vteDiacriticsIn Latin, Cyrillic and Greek   ◌́   ◌̋  acute, double acute    ◌᷄  apex    ◌̆   ◌̑  breve, inverted breve    ◌̌  caron, háček    ◌̧  cedilla    ◌̂  circumflex    ◌̈  diaeresis, umlaut, other    ◌̇   ◌̣  dot    ◌̀   ◌̏  grave, double grave    ◌̉  hook above    ◌̡   ◌̢  palatal hook, retroflex hook    ◌̛  horn    ◌ͅ  iota subscript    ◌̄  macron    ◌̨  ogonek, nosinė    ◌̊   ◌̥  overring, underring    ◌͂  perispomene    ◌͗  sicilicus    ◌̃  tilde    ◌῾   ◌᾿  rough breathing, smooth breathing  In Early Cyrillic   ◌҄  kamora    ◌҇  pokrytie    ◌҃  titlo  In Indic   ं   ং   ଂ   ം  anusvara    ऽ   ঽ   ଽ   ఽ   ഽ   ྅  avagraha    ँ    ఁ   ྃ  chandrabindu    ़  nuqta    ्    ്    ్    ್   ්   ်  virama    ः   ঃ   ଃ   ஃ  visarga  In other scripts Arabic diacritics Greek diacritics Gurmukhī diacritics Hebrew diacritics diacritics in IPA Japanese kana diacritics   ◌゙   ◌゚  dakuten, handakuten  Khmer diacritics Syriac diacritics Thai diacritics Marks used as diacritics   ◌’  apostrophe    ◌̸  bar    ◌:  colon    ◌,  comma    ◌.  full stop/period    ◌˗  hyphen    ◌′  prime  Non-diacritic uses   ^  caret (computing)    °  degree symbol    ~  tilde § Mathematics  In Unicode   ◌  dotted circle (placeholder glyph character)  combining character § Unicode ranges See also: English terms with diacritical marks Metal umlaut Punctuation marks  Category: Diacritics vteLatin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Ligatures Alphabets (list) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet Phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters (list) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Letters using macron sign ( ◌̄, ◌̱ ) Āā Ḇḇ Ḏḏ Ēē Ḡḡ H̱ẖ Ī ī Ḵḵ Ḻḻ Ṉṉ Ōō Ṟṟ Ṯṯ Ūū X̱x̱ Ȳȳ Ẕẕ MultigraphsDigraphs Ch Dz Dž Gh IJ Lj Ll Ly Nh Nj Ny Sh Sz Th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough PentagraphstzschKeyboard layouts (list) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak BÉPO Neo Standards ISO/IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe Lists Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode Letters used in mathematics List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks Diacritics Palaeography
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overline"},{"link_name":"bar (diacritic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"omicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicron"},{"link_name":"Japanese honorifics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_honorifics"},{"link_name":"Ū (Indic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AA_(Indic)"},{"link_name":"/ˈmækrɒn, ˈmeɪ-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"MAK-ron, MAY-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"diacritical mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritical_mark"},{"link_name":"vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"long or heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_weight#Classical_poetry"},{"link_name":"syllables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable"},{"link_name":"Greco-Roman metrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(poetry)#Greek_and_Latin"},{"link_name":"long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length"},{"link_name":"vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"mid-tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage"},{"link_name":"breve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breve"}],"text":"Not to be confused with overline or bar (diacritic).\"O macron\", \"O-\", and \"Ū\" redirect here. For the Greek letter, see omicron. For the o- prefix in Japanese, see Japanese honorifics. For the Indic vowel, see Ū (Indic).A macron (/ˈmækrɒn, ˈmeɪ-/ MAK-ron, MAY-) is a diacritical mark: it is a straight bar ¯ placed above a letter, usually a vowel. Its name derives from Ancient Greek μακρόν (makrón) 'long' because it was originally used to mark long or heavy syllables in Greco-Roman metrics. It now more often marks a long vowel. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the macron is used to indicate a mid-tone; the sign for a long vowel is instead a modified triangular colon ⟨ː⟩.The opposite is the breve ⟨˘⟩, which marks a short or light syllable or a short vowel.","title":"Macron (diacritic)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greco-Roman metrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(poetry)#Greek_and_Latin"},{"link_name":"long (heavy) syllable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_weight#Classical_poetry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(diacritic)"}],"sub_title":"Syllable weight","text":"In Greco-Roman metrics and in the description of the metrics of other literatures, the macron was introduced and is still widely used in dictionaries and educational materials to mark a long (heavy) syllable. Even relatively recent classical Greek and Latin dictionaries[1] are still concerned with indicating only the length (weight) of syllables; that is why most still do not indicate the length of vowels in syllables that are otherwise metrically determined. Many textbooks about Ancient Rome and Greece use the macron, even if it was not actually used at that time (an apex was used if vowel length was marked in Latin).","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long vowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length"},{"link_name":"Slavicists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavicist"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"alif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph"},{"link_name":"waw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waw_(letter)"},{"link_name":"ya'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodh"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"breve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breve"},{"link_name":"romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"classical Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"η","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97"},{"link_name":"ω","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9"},{"link_name":"ε","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95"},{"link_name":"ο","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F"},{"link_name":"Greek alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet"},{"link_name":"α","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha"},{"link_name":"ι","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota"},{"link_name":"υ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsilon"},{"link_name":"Hepburn romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Syriac language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"Baltic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_languages"},{"link_name":"Baltic-Finnic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic-Finnic_languages"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language"},{"link_name":"collation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Latgalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgalian_language"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"collation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collation"},{"link_name":"ogonek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogonek"},{"link_name":"Livonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_language"},{"link_name":"Samogitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitian_language"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Aztecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecs"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Horacio Carochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Carochi"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"IAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration"},{"link_name":"ISO 15919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_15919"},{"link_name":"Indo-Aryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages"},{"link_name":"Dravidian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages"},{"link_name":"Polynesian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language#Long_vowels"},{"link_name":"trema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"iwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwi"},{"link_name":"Niuean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuean_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tahitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_language"},{"link_name":"Samoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Fijian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_language"},{"link_name":"heteronyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronym_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Udege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udege_language"},{"link_name":"Tsez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsez_language"},{"link_name":"Cree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_language"},{"link_name":"Sauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_language_(Algonquian)"},{"link_name":"Saulteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteaux_language"},{"link_name":"circumflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex"}],"sub_title":"Vowel length","text":"The following languages or transliteration systems use the macron to mark long vowels:Slavicists use the macron to indicate a non-tonic long vowel, or a non-tonic syllabic liquid, such as on l, lj, m, n, nj, and r. Languages with this feature include standard and dialect varieties of Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, and Bulgarian.[2]\nTranscriptions of Arabic typically use macrons to indicate long vowels – ا (alif when pronounced /aː/), و (waw, when pronounced /uː/ or /oː/), and ي (ya', when pronounced /iː/ or /eː/). Thus the Arabic word ثلاثة (three) is transliterated thalāthah.\nTranscriptions of Sanskrit typically use a macron over ā, ī, ū, ṝ, and ḹ in order to mark a long vowel (e and o are always long and consequently do not need any macron).[citation needed]\nIn Latin, many of the more recent dictionaries and learning materials use the macron as the modern equivalent of the ancient Roman apex to mark long vowels. Any of the six vowel letters (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ) can bear it. It is sometimes used in conjunction with the breve, especially to distinguish the short vowels /i/ and /u/ from their semi-vowel counterparts /j/ and /w/, originally, and often to this day, spelt with the same letters. However, the older of these editions are not always explicit on whether they mark long vowels or heavy syllables – a confusion that is even found in some modern learning materials. In addition, most of the newest academic publications use both the macron and the breve sparingly, mainly when vowel length is relevant to the discussion.\nIn romanization of classical Greek, the letters η (eta) and ω (omega) are transliterated, respectively, as ē and ō, representing the long vowels of classical Greek, whereas the short vowels ε (epsilon) and ο (omicron) are always transliterated as plain e and o. The other long vowel phonemes do not have dedicated letters in the Greek alphabet, being indicated by digraphs (transliterated likewise as digraphs) or by the letters α, ι , υ – represented as ā, ī, ū. The same three letters are transliterated as plain a, i, u when representing short vowels.\nThe Hepburn romanization system of Japanese, for example, kōtsū (交通, こうつう) \"traffic\" as opposed to kotsu (骨, こつ) \"bone\".\nThe Syriac language uses macrons to indicate long vowels in its romanized transliteration: ā for /aː/, ē for /eː/, ū for /uː/ and ō for /ɔː/.\nBaltic languages and Baltic-Finnic languages:\nLatvian. ā, ē, ī, ū are separate letters but are given the same position in collation as a, e, i, u respectively. Ō was also used in Latvian, but it was discarded as of 1946.[3] Some usage remains in Latgalian.\nLithuanian. ū is a separate letter but is given the same position in collation as the unaccented u. It marks a long vowel; other long vowels are indicated with an ogonek (which used to indicate nasalization, but it no longer does): ą, ę, į, ų and o being always long in Lithuanian except for some recent loanwords. For the long counterpart of i, y is used.\nLivonian. ā, ǟ, ē, ī, ō, ȱ, ȭ and ū are separate letters that sort in alphabetical order immediately after a, ä, e, i, o, ȯ, õ, and u, respectively.\nSamogitian. ā, ē, ė̄, ī, ū and ō are separate letters that sort in alphabetical order immediately after a, e, ė, i, u and o respectively.\nTranscriptions of Nahuatl, the Aztecs' language, spoken in Mexico. When the Spanish conquistadors arrived, they wrote the language in their own alphabet without distinguishing long vowels. Over a century later, in 1645, Horacio Carochi defined macrons to mark long vowels ā, ē, ī and ō, and short vowels with grave (`) accents. This is rare nowadays since many people write Nahuatl without any orthographic sign and with the letters k, s and w, not present in the original alphabet.\nModern transcriptions of Old English, for long vowels.\nLatin transliteration of Pali and Sanskrit, and in the IAST and ISO 15919 transcriptions of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages.\nPolynesian languages:\nCook Islands Māori. In Cook Islands Māori, the macron or mākarōna is not commonly used in writing, but is used in references and teaching materials for those learning the language.[4][5]\n Hawaiian. The macron is called kahakō, and it indicates vowel length, which changes meaning and the placement of stress.\nMāori. In modern written Māori, the macron is used to designate long vowels, with the trema mark sometimes used if the macron is unavailable (e.g. \"Mäori\").[6] The Māori word for macron is tohutō. The term pōtae (\"hat\") is also used.[7] In the past, writing in Māori either did not distinguish vowel length, or doubled long vowels (e.g. \"Maaori\"), as some iwi dialects still do.\nNiuean. In Niuean, \"popular spelling\" does not worry too much about vowel quantity (length), so the macron is primarily used in scholarly study of the language.[8]\nTahitian. The use of the macron is comparatively recent in Tahitian. The Fare Vānaʻa or Académie Tahitienne (Tahitian Academy) recommends using the macron, called the tārava, to represent long vowels in written text, especially for scientific or teaching texts[9][10] and it has widespread acceptance.[11][12][13] (In the past, written Tahitian either did not distinguish vowel length, or used multiple other ways).[14]\nTongan and Samoan. The macron is called the toloi/fakamamafa or fa'amamafa, respectively. Its usage is similar to that in Māori, including its substitution by a trema. Its usage is not universal in Samoan, but recent academic publications and advanced study textbooks promote its use.[15]\nThe macron is used in Fijian language dictionaries, in instructional materials for non-Fijian speakers, and in books and papers on Fijian linguistics. It is not typically used in Fijian publications intended for fluent speakers, where context is usually sufficient for a reader to distinguish between heteronyms.\nBoth Cyrillic and Latin transcriptions of Udege.\nThe Latin and Cyrillic alphabet transcriptions of the Tsebari dialect of Tsez.\nIn western Cree, Sauk, and Saulteaux, the Algonquianist Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) indicates long vowels [aː eː iː oː~uː] either with a circumflex ⟨â ê î ô⟩ or with a macron ⟨ā ē ī ō⟩.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"},{"link_name":"Pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Romanization of Mandarin Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Mandarin Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Yale romanization of Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Hokkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)"}],"sub_title":"Tone","text":"The following languages or alphabets use the macron to mark tones:In the International Phonetic Alphabet, a macron over a vowel indicates a mid-level tone.\nIn Yoruba an optional macron can be used to indicate mid-level tone if it would otherwise be ambiguous.\nIn Pinyin, the official Romanization of Mandarin Chinese, macrons over a, e, i, o, u, ü (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ǖ) indicate the high level tone of Mandarin Chinese. The alternative to the macron is the number 1 after the syllable (for example, tā = ta1).\nSimilarly in the Yale romanization of Cantonese, macrons over a, e, i, o, u, m, n (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, m̄, n̄) indicate the high level tone of Cantonese. Like Mandarin, the alternative to the macron is the number 1 after the syllable (for example, tā = ta1).\nIn Pe̍h-ōe-jī romanization of Hokkien, macrons over a, e, i, m, n, o, o͘, u, (ā, ē, ī, m̄, n̄, ō, ō͘, ū) indicate the mid level tone (\"light departing\" or 7th tone) of Hokkien.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilde"},{"link_name":"Kurrentschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurrent"},{"link_name":"scribal abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation"}],"sub_title":"Omission","text":"Sometimes the macron marks an omitted n or m, like the tilde:In Old English texts a macron above a letter indicates the omission of an m or n that would normally follow that letter.\nIn older handwriting such as the German Kurrentschrift, the macron over an a-e-i-o-u or ä-ö-ü stood for an n, or over an m or an n meant that the letter was doubled. This continued into print in English in the sixteenth century, and to some extent in German. Over a u at the end of a word, the macron indicated um as a form of scribal abbreviation.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antiproton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiproton"},{"link_name":"Antineutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antineutron"},{"link_name":"romanizations of Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"macron below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron_below"},{"link_name":"begadkefat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begadkefat"},{"link_name":"lenition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenition"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Anglican missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesian_Mission"},{"link_name":"Banks Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banks_Islands"},{"link_name":"Mwotlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwotlap"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"rounded labial-velar nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial-velar_nasal#Rounded_variant"},{"link_name":"alveolar nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_nasal"},{"link_name":"velar nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasal"},{"link_name":"Hiw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiw_language"},{"link_name":"velar lateral approximant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_lateral_approximant"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Araki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araki_language"},{"link_name":"alveolar trill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_trill"},{"link_name":"alveolar flap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_flap"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bislama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama_language"},{"link_name":"Lamenu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamenu_language"},{"link_name":"Lewo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewo_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kokota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokota_language"},{"link_name":"velar stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop"},{"link_name":"voiced velar fricative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Marshallese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallese_language"},{"link_name":"vertical vowel system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_vowel_system"},{"link_name":"computer fonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_font"},{"link_name":"palatalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)"},{"link_name":"allophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone"},{"link_name":"velar nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasal"},{"link_name":"labialized velar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant"},{"link_name":"precombined glyph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precombined_glyph"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"unrounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundedness"},{"link_name":"velarized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarization"},{"link_name":"Obolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obolo_language"},{"link_name":"alveolar nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_nasal"},{"link_name":"velar nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Letter extension","text":"\"p̄\" redirects here. For the subatomic particle, see Antiproton.\"n̄\" redirects here. For the subatomic particle, see Antineutron.In romanizations of Hebrew, the macron below is typically used to mark the begadkefat consonant lenition. However, for typographical reasons a regular macron is used on p and g instead: p̄, ḡ.The macron is used in the orthography of a number of vernacular languages of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, particularly those first transcribed by Anglican missionaries. The macron has no unique value, and is simply used to distinguish between two different phonemes.Thus, in several languages of the Banks Islands, including Mwotlap,[16] the simple m stands for /m/, but an m with a macron (m̄) is a rounded labial-velar nasal /ŋ͡mʷ/; while the simple n stands for the common alveolar nasal /n/, an n with macron (n̄) represents the velar nasal /ŋ/; the vowel ē stands for a (short) higher /ɪ/ by contrast with plain e /ɛ/; likewise ō /ʊ/ contrasts with plain o /ɔ/.In Hiw orthography, the consonant r̄ stands for the prestopped velar lateral approximant /ᶢʟ/.[17]\nIn Araki, the same symbol r̄ encodes the alveolar trill /r/ – by contrast with r, which encodes the alveolar flap /ɾ/.[18]In Bislama (orthography before 1995), Lamenu and Lewo, a macron is used on two letters m̄ p̄.[19][20] m̄ represents /mʷ/, and p̄ represents /pʷ/. The orthography after 1995 (which has no diacritics) has these written as mw and pw.In Kokota, ḡ is used for the velar stop /ɡ/, but g without macron is the voiced velar fricative /ɣ/.[21]In Marshallese, a macron is used on four letters – ā n̄ ō ū – whose pronunciations differ from the unmarked a n o u. Marshallese uses a vertical vowel system with three to four vowel phonemes, but traditionally their allophones have been written out, so vowel letters with macron are used for some of these allophones. Though the standard diacritic involved is a macron, there are no other diacritics used above letters, so in practice other diacritics can and have been used in less polished writing or print, yielding nonstandard letters like ã ñ õ û, depending on displayability of letters in computer fonts.The letter ā is pronounced [æ~ɛ], the palatalized allophone of the phoneme /a/.\nThe letter n̄ represents the velar nasal phoneme /ŋ/ and the labialized velar nasal phoneme /ŋʷ/, depending on context. The standard letter does not exist as a precombined glyph in Unicode, so the nonstandard variant ñ is often used in its place.\nThe letter ō is pronounced [ʌ] or [ɤ], which are the unrounded velarized allophones of the phonemes /ɜ/ and /ɘ/ respectively.\nThe letter ū is pronounced [ɯ], the unrounded velarized allophone of the phoneme /ɨ/.In Obolo, the simple n stands for the common alveolar nasal /n/, while an n with macron (n̄) represents the velar nasal /ŋ/.[22]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Kurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurrent"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky"},{"link_name":"т","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2"},{"link_name":"Russian cursive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cursive"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Т","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2"},{"link_name":"Ш","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8"},{"link_name":"Т","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_(Cyrillic)#Form"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"ä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84"},{"link_name":"ö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96"},{"link_name":"õ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95"},{"link_name":"ü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Bokmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"Nynorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"double acute accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_acute_accent"},{"link_name":"umlaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"ö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"ő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_acute_accent"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"}],"sub_title":"Other uses","text":"In older German and in the German Kurrent handwriting, as well as older Danish, a macron is used on some consonants, especially n and m, as a short form for a double consonant (for example, n̄ instead of nn).\nA signature of Fyodor Dostoevsky showing a stylized macron above the ⟨т⟩ in \"Достоевскій\" In Russian cursive, as well as in some others based on the Cyrillic script (for example, Bulgarian), a lowercase Т looks like a lowercase m, and a macron is often used to distinguish it from Ш, which looks like a lowercase w (see Т). Some writers also underline the letter ш to reduce ambiguity further.Also, in some instances, a diacritic will be written like a macron, although it represents another diacritic whose standard form is different:In some Finnish, Estonian and Swedish comic books that are hand-lettered, or in handwriting, a macron-style umlaut is used for ä or ö (also õ and ü in Estonian), sometimes known colloquially as a \"lazy man's umlaut\". This can also be seen in some modern handwritten German.\nIn Norwegian ū, ā, ī, ē and ō can be used for decorative purposes both in handwritten and computed Bokmål and Nynorsk or to denote vowel length such as in dū (you), lā (infinitive form of to let), lēser (present form of \"to read\") and lūft (air). The diacritic is entirely optional, carries no IPA value and is seldom used in modern Norwegian outside of handwriting.\nIn informal Hungarian handwriting, a macron is often a substitute for either a double acute accent or an umlaut (e.g., ö or ő). Because of this ambiguity, using it is often regarded as bad practice.\nIn informal handwriting, the Spanish ñ is sometimes written with a macron-shaped tilde: (n̄).","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"scribal abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation"},{"link_name":"overlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overline"},{"link_name":"medical abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_abbreviation"},{"link_name":"ante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ante"},{"link_name":"cum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cum"},{"link_name":"post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/post"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"quisque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quisque"},{"link_name":"sine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sine"},{"link_name":"exceptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exceptus"},{"link_name":"ħ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"bar diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_diacritic"}],"sub_title":"Medicine","text":"Continuing previous Latin scribal abbreviations, letters with combining macron can be used in various European languages to represent the overlines indicating various medical abbreviations, particularly including:ā for ante (\"before\")\nc̄ for cum (\"with\")\np̄ for post (\"after\")[23]\nq̄ for quisque and its inflections (\"every\", \"each\")\ns̄ for sine (\"without\")\nx̄ for exceptus and its inflections (\"except\")Note, however, that abbreviations involving the letter h take their macron halfway up the ascending line rather than at the normal height for unicode macrons and overlines: ħ. This is separately encoded in Unicode with the symbols using bar diacritics and appears shorter than other macrons in many fonts.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overline"},{"link_name":"complex conjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugate"},{"link_name":"line segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_segment"},{"link_name":"sample means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_means"},{"link_name":"negations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hermann–Mauguin notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%E2%80%93Mauguin_notation"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Mathematics and science","text":"The overline is a typographical symbol similar to the macron, used in a number of ways in mathematics and science. For example, it is used to represent complex conjugation:z\n =\n a\n +\n b\n i\n ;\n \n \n \n z\n ¯\n \n \n =\n a\n −\n b\n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=a+bi;\\quad {\\overline {z}}=a-bi}and to represent a line segment in geometry (e.g., \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n B\n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overline {AB}}}\n \n), sample means in statistics (e.g., \n \n \n \n \n \n X\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overline {X}}}\n \n) and negations in logic.[24] It is also used in Hermann–Mauguin notation.[how?]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tenuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenuto"},{"link_name":"lute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute"},{"link_name":"tablature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablature"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"In music, the tenuto marking resembles the macron.The macron is also used in German lute tablature to distinguish repeating alphabetic characters.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ā ā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80"},{"link_name":"Ǟ ǟ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%9E"},{"link_name":"Ǡ ǡ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%A0"},{"link_name":"Ǣ ǣ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%A2"},{"link_name":"Ḇ ḇ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%86"},{"link_name":"C̄ c̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%CC%84"},{"link_name":"Ḏ ḏ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%8E"},{"link_name":"Ē ē","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92"},{"link_name":"Ḗ ḗ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%96"},{"link_name":"Ḕ ḕ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%94"},{"link_name":"Ê̄ ê̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8A%CC%84"},{"link_name":"Ḡ ḡ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A0"},{"link_name":"H̱ ẖ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%CC%B1"},{"link_name":"Ī ī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AA"},{"link_name":"Ḵ ḵ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%B4"},{"link_name":"Ḹ ḹ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%B8"},{"link_name":"Ḻ ḻ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%BA"},{"link_name":"M̄ m̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%CC%84"},{"link_name":"N̄ n̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%84"},{"link_name":"Ṉ ṉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%88"},{"link_name":"Ō ō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8C"},{"link_name":"Ṓ ṓ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%92"},{"link_name":"Ṑ ṑ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%90"},{"link_name":"Ȫ ȫ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%AA"},{"link_name":"Ǭ ǭ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%AC"},{"link_name":"Ȭ ȭ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%AC"},{"link_name":"Ȱ ȱ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%B0"},{"link_name":"R̄ r̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%CC%84"},{"link_name":"Ṟ ṟ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%9E"},{"link_name":"Ṝ ṝ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%9C"},{"link_name":"T̄ t̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%CC%84"},{"link_name":"Ṯ ṯ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AE"},{"link_name":"Ū ū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AA"},{"link_name":"Ǖ ǖ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%95"},{"link_name":"Ṻ ṻ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%BA"},{"link_name":"V̄ v̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%CC%84"},{"link_name":"W̄ w̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%CC%84"},{"link_name":"X̄ x̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%CC%84"},{"link_name":"Ȳ ȳ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%B2"},{"link_name":"Ẕ ẕ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%94"},{"link_name":"Ᾱ ᾱ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BE%B9"},{"link_name":"Ῑ ῑ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BF%99"},{"link_name":"Ῡ ῡ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BF%A9"},{"link_name":"А̄ а̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%CC%84"},{"link_name":"Ӣ ӣ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A2"},{"link_name":"Ӯ ӯ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%AE"}],"text":"Macron ◌̄    Latin: Ā āĀ́ ā́Ā̀ ā̀Ā̂ ā̂Ā̃ ā̃Ǟ ǟĀ̈ ā̈Ǡ ǡA̱ a̱Å̄ å̄Ǣ ǣB̄ b̄Ḇ ḇC̄ c̄C̱ c̱D̄ d̄Ḏ ḏĒ ēḖ ḗḔ ḕĒ̂ ē̂Ē̃ ē̃Ê̄ ê̄E̱ e̱Ë̄ ë̄E̊̄ e̊̄F̄ f̄Ḡ ḡG̱ g̱H̱ ẖĪ īĪ́ ī́Ī̀ ī̀Ī̂ ī̂Ī̃ ī̃I̱ i̱J̄ j̄J̱ j̱Ḵ ḵL̄ l̄Ḹ ḹḺ ḻM̄ m̄M̱ m̱N̄ n̄Ṉ ṉŌ ōṒ ṓṐ ṑŌ̂ ō̂Ō̃ ō̃Ȫ ȫŌ̈ ō̈Ǭ ǭȬ ȭȰ ȱO̱ o̱Ø̄ ø̄Œ̄ œ̄P̄ p̄P̱ p̱Q̄ q̄R̄ r̄Ṟ ṟṜ ṝS̄ s̄S̱ s̱T̄ t̄Ṯ ṯŪ ūŪ́ ū́Ū̀ ū̀Ū̂ ū̂Ū̃ ū̃U̇̄ u̇̄Ǖ ǖṺ ṻṲ̄ ṳ̄U̱ u̱V̄ v̄W̄ w̄X̄ x̄X̱ x̱Ȳ ȳȲ́ ȳ́Ȳ̀ ȳ̀Ȳ̃ ȳ̃Y̱ y̱Z̄ z̄Ẕ ẕ\n   Greek: Ᾱ ᾱΕ̄ ε̄Ῑ ῑῩ ῡ\n   Cyrillic: А̄ а̄Ӣ ӣӮ ӯ","title":"Letters with macron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unicode Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"combining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_character"},{"link_name":"precomposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precomposed_character"},{"link_name":"fullwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstani tenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge"},{"link_name":"Overlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overline"},{"link_name":"macron below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron_below"},{"link_name":"Tone contour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_contour"},{"link_name":"Antanas Baranauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Baranauskas"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"LaTeX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX"},{"link_name":"OpenOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The Unicode Standard encodes combining and precomposed macron characters:Macron-related Unicode characters not included in the table above:CJK fullwidth variety:\nU+FFE3 ￣ FULLWIDTH MACRON\nKazakhstani tenge\nU+20B8 ₸ TENGE SIGN\nOverlines\nCharacters using a macron below instead of above\nTone contour transcription characters incorporating a macron:\nU+1DC4 ◌᷄ COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE\nU+1DC5 ◌᷅ COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON\nU+1DC6 ◌᷆ COMBINING MACRON-GRAVE\nU+1DC7 ◌᷇ COMBINING ACUTE-MACRON\nTwo intonation marks historically used by Antanas Baranauskas for Lithuanian dialectology:[25][26]\nU+1DCB ◌᷋ COMBINING BREVE-MACRON\nU+1DCC ◌᷌ COMBINING MACRON-BREVEIn LaTeX a macron is created with the command \"\\=\", for example: M\\=aori for Māori.\nIn OpenOffice, if the extension Compose Special Characters is installed,[27] a macron may be added by following the letter with a hyphen and pressing the user's predefined shortcut key for composing special characters. A macron may also be added by following the letter with the character's four-digit hex-code, and pressing the user's predefined shortcut key for adding unicode characters.","title":"Technical notes"}]
[{"image_text":"A signature of Fyodor Dostoevsky showing a stylized macron above the ⟨т⟩ in \"Достоевскій\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg/300px-%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Macron below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron_below"},{"title":"Vinculum (symbol)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinculum_(symbol)"}]
[{"reference":"Iluta Dalbiņa un Inese Lāčauniece (2001). Latviešu valoda vidusskolām. Rīga: RaKa. p. 110. ISBN 978-9984-46-130-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-46-130-4","url_text":"978-9984-46-130-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori\". www.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2008-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150113071200/http://www.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz/english/unicode/macrons_issues.shtml","url_text":"\"Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori\""},{"url":"http://www.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz/english/unicode/macrons_issues.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Macrons\". kupu.maori.nz. Retrieved 2017-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://kupu.maori.nz/about/macrons","url_text":"\"Macrons\""}]},{"reference":"François, Alexandre (2005), \"A typological overview of Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu\", Linguistic Typology, 9 (1): 115–146 [118], doi:10.1515/lity.2005.9.1.115, S2CID 55878308","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Flity.2005.9.1.115","url_text":"10.1515/lity.2005.9.1.115"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55878308","url_text":"55878308"}]},{"reference":"François, Alexandre (2010), \"Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment\", Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/s0952675710000205, S2CID 62628417","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Fran%C3%A7ois_(linguist)","url_text":"François, Alexandre"},{"url":"https://anu.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois/Papers/878193/Phonotactics_and_the_prestopped_velar_lateral_in_Hiw","url_text":"\"Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0952675710000205","url_text":"10.1017/s0952675710000205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62628417","url_text":"62628417"}]},{"reference":"François, Alexandre (2008). \"The alphabet of Araki\".","urls":[{"url":"http://alex.francois.free.fr/AF-Araki-pub.htm#a","url_text":"\"The alphabet of Araki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letter Database\". eki.ee.","urls":[{"url":"http://eki.ee/letter/chardata.cgi?lang=bi+Bislama&script=latin","url_text":"\"Letter Database\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Rachel E. (2016). \"The Goal of the Good House\": Seasonal Work and Seeking a Good Life in Lamen and Lamen Bay, Epi, Vanuatu (PDF) (PhD). University of Manchester. p. 439.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54584756/FULL_TEXT.PDF","url_text":"\"The Goal of the Good House\": Seasonal Work and Seeking a Good Life in Lamen and Lamen Bay, Epi, Vanuatu"}]},{"reference":"Cappelli, Adriano (1961). Manuali Hoepli Lexicon Abbreviature Dizionario Di Abbreviature Latine ed Italiane. Milan: Editore Ulrico Hoepli Milano. p. 256.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Macron\". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Macron.html","url_text":"\"Macron\""}]},{"reference":"\"N3048: Proposal to encode two combining characters in the UCS\" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2006-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06214-n3048.pdf","url_text":"\"N3048: Proposal to encode two combining characters in the UCS\""}]},{"reference":"\"N3861: Resolutions of the WG 2 meeting 48 held in Mountain View, CA, USA, 2006-04-24/27\" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2006-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06174-02n3861.pdf","url_text":"\"N3861: Resolutions of the WG 2 meeting 48 held in Mountain View, CA, USA, 2006-04-24/27\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compose Special Characters\". openoffice.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://extensions.openoffice.org/en/project/compose-special-characters","url_text":"\"Compose Special Characters\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_machines
Machine
["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Simple machines","4 Mechanical systems","5 Power sources","6 Mechanisms","6.1 Gears and gear trains","6.2 Cam and follower mechanisms","6.3 Linkages","6.4 Planar mechanism","6.5 Spherical mechanism","6.6 Spatial mechanism","6.7 Flexure mechanisms","7 Machine elements","7.1 Structural components","8 Controllers","9 Computing machines","10 Molecular machines","11 Impact","11.1 Mechanization and automation","11.2 Automata","12 Mechanics","12.1 Dynamics of machines","12.2 Kinematics of machines","13 Machine design","14 See also","15 References","16 Further reading","17 External links"]
Powered mechanical device This article is about devices designed to perform tasks. For other uses, see Machine (disambiguation). "Machinery" redirects here. For other uses, see Machinery (disambiguation). A Honda F1 racecar engine A machine is a physical system that uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an action. The term is commonly applied to artificial devices, such as those employing engines or motors, but also to natural biological macromolecules, such as molecular machines. Machines can be driven by animals and people, by natural forces such as wind and water, and by chemical, thermal, or electrical power, and include a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement. They can also include computers and sensors that monitor performance and plan movement, often called mechanical systems. Renaissance natural philosophers identified six simple machines which were the elementary devices that put a load into motion, and calculated the ratio of output force to input force, known today as mechanical advantage. Modern machines are complex systems that consist of structural elements, mechanisms and control components and include interfaces for convenient use. Examples include: a wide range of vehicles, such as trains, automobiles, boats and airplanes; appliances in the home and office, including computers, building air handling and water handling systems; as well as farm machinery, machine tools and factory automation systems and robots. Etymology The English word machine comes through Middle French from Latin machina, which in turn derives from the Greek (Doric μαχανά makhana, Ionic μηχανή mekhane 'contrivance, machine, engine', a derivation from μῆχος mekhos 'means, expedient, remedy'). The word mechanical (Greek: μηχανικός) comes from the same Greek roots. A wider meaning of 'fabric, structure' is found in classical Latin, but not in Greek usage. This meaning is found in late medieval French, and is adopted from the French into English in the mid-16th century. In the 17th century, the word machine could also mean a scheme or plot, a meaning now expressed by the derived machination. The modern meaning develops out of specialized application of the term to stage engines used in theater and to military siege engines, both in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The OED traces the formal, modern meaning to John Harris' Lexicon Technicum (1704), which has: Machine, or Engine, in Mechanicks, is whatsoever hath Force sufficient either to raise or stop the Motion of a Body. Simple Machines are commonly reckoned to be Six in Number, viz. the Ballance, Leaver, Pulley, Wheel, Wedge, and Screw. Compound Machines, or Engines, are innumerable. The word engine used as a (near-) synonym both by Harris and in later language derives ultimately (via Old French) from Latin ingenium 'ingenuity, an invention'. History A flint hand axe was found in Winchester. The hand axe, made by chipping flint to form a wedge, in the hands of a human transforms force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting forces and movement of the workpiece. The hand axe is the first example of a wedge, the oldest of the six classic simple machines, from which most machines are based. The second oldest simple machine was the inclined plane (ramp), which has been used since prehistoric times to move heavy objects. The other four simple machines were invented in the ancient Near East. The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. The lever mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance scale, and to move large objects in ancient Egyptian technology. The lever was also used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia c. 3000 BC, and then in ancient Egyptian technology c. 2000 BC. The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC, and ancient Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 BC). The screw, the last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in Mesopotamia during the Neo-Assyrian period (911-609) BC. The Egyptian pyramids were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever. Three of the simple machines were studied and described by Greek philosopher Archimedes around the 3rd century BC: the lever, pulley and screw. Archimedes discovered the principle of mechanical advantage in the lever. Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the inclined plane) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage. Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–75 AD) in his work Mechanics lists five mechanisms that can "set a load in motion"; lever, windlass, pulley, wedge, and screw, and describes their fabrication and uses. However, the Greeks' understanding was limited to statics (the balance of forces) and did not include dynamics (the tradeoff between force and distance) or the concept of work. This ore crushing machine is powered by a water wheel. The earliest practical wind-powered machines, the windmill and wind pump, first appeared in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD. The earliest practical steam-powered machine was a steam jack driven by a steam turbine, described in 1551 by Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf in Ottoman Egypt. The cotton gin was invented in India by the 6th century AD, and the spinning wheel was invented in the Islamic world by the early 11th century, both of which were fundamental to the growth of the cotton industry. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the spinning jenny. The earliest programmable machines were developed in the Muslim world. A music sequencer, a programmable musical instrument, was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated flute player invented by the Banu Musa brothers, described in their Book of Ingenious Devices, in the 9th century. In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable automata/robots. He described four automaton musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable drum machine, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns. During the Renaissance, the dynamics of the Mechanical Powers, as the simple machines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how much useful work they could perform, leading eventually to the new concept of mechanical work. In 1586 Flemish engineer Simon Stevin derived the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane, and it was included with the other simple machines. The complete dynamic theory of simple machines was worked out by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei in 1600 in Le Meccaniche ("On Mechanics"). He was the first to understand that simple machines do not create energy, they merely transform it. The classic rules of sliding friction in machines were discovered by Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks. They were rediscovered by Guillaume Amontons (1699) and were further developed by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785). James Watt patented his parallel motion linkage in 1782, which made the double acting steam engine practical. The Boulton and Watt steam engine and later designs powered steam locomotives, steam ships, and factories. James Albert Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine was invented in 1880 and patented in 1881. The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Simple machines Main article: Simple machine Chambers' Cyclopædia (1728) has a table of simple mechanisms. Simple machines provide a "vocabulary" for understanding more complex machines. The idea that a machine can be decomposed into simple movable elements led Archimedes to define the lever, pulley and screw as simple machines. By the time of the Renaissance this list increased to include the wheel and axle, wedge and inclined plane. The modern approach to characterizing machines focusses on the components that allow movement, known as joints. Wedge (hand axe): Perhaps the first example of a device designed to manage power is the hand axe, also called biface and Olorgesailie. A hand axe is made by chipping stone, generally flint, to form a bifacial edge, or wedge. A wedge is a simple machine that transforms lateral force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting force and movement of the workpiece. The available power is limited by the effort of the person using the tool, but because power is the product of force and movement, the wedge amplifies the force by reducing the movement. This amplification, or mechanical advantage is the ratio of the input speed to output speed. For a wedge this is given by 1/tanα, where α is the tip angle. The faces of a wedge are modeled as straight lines to form a sliding or prismatic joint. Lever: The lever is another important and simple device for managing power. This is a body that pivots on a fulcrum. Because the velocity of a point farther from the pivot is greater than the velocity of a point near the pivot, forces applied far from the pivot are amplified near the pivot by the associated decrease in speed. If a is the distance from the pivot to the point where the input force is applied and b is the distance to the point where the output force is applied, then a/b is the mechanical advantage of the lever. The fulcrum of a lever is modeled as a hinged or revolute joint. Wheel: The wheel is an important early machine, such as the chariot. A wheel uses the law of the lever to reduce the force needed to overcome friction when pulling a load. To see this notice that the friction associated with pulling a load on the ground is approximately the same as the friction in a simple bearing that supports the load on the axle of a wheel. However, the wheel forms a lever that magnifies the pulling force so that it overcomes the frictional resistance in the bearing. The Kinematics of Machinery (1876) has an illustration of a four-bar linkage. The classification of simple machines to provide a strategy for the design of new machines was developed by Franz Reuleaux, who collected and studied over 800 elementary machines. He recognized that the classical simple machines can be separated into the lever, pulley and wheel and axle that are formed by a body rotating about a hinge, and the inclined plane, wedge and screw that are similarly a block sliding on a flat surface. Simple machines are elementary examples of kinematic chains or linkages that are used to model mechanical systems ranging from the steam engine to robot manipulators. The bearings that form the fulcrum of a lever and that allow the wheel and axle and pulleys to rotate are examples of a kinematic pair called a hinged joint. Similarly, the flat surface of an inclined plane and wedge are examples of the kinematic pair called a sliding joint. The screw is usually identified as its own kinematic pair called a helical joint. This realization shows that it is the joints, or the connections that provide movement, that are the primary elements of a machine. Starting with four types of joints, the rotary joint, sliding joint, cam joint and gear joint, and related connections such as cables and belts, it is possible to understand a machine as an assembly of solid parts that connect these joints called a mechanism . Two levers, or cranks, are combined into a planar four-bar linkage by attaching a link that connects the output of one crank to the input of another. Additional links can be attached to form a six-bar linkage or in series to form a robot. Mechanical systems The Boulton & Watt Steam Engine, 1784 A mechanical system manages power to accomplish a task that involves forces and movement. Modern machines are systems consisting of (i) a power source and actuators that generate forces and movement, (ii) a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement, (iii) a controller with sensors that compare the output to a performance goal and then directs the actuator input, and (iv) an interface to an operator consisting of levers, switches, and displays. This can be seen in Watt's steam engine in which the power is provided by steam expanding to drive the piston. The walking beam, coupler and crank transform the linear movement of the piston into rotation of the output pulley. Finally, the pulley rotation drives the flyball governor which controls the valve for the steam input to the piston cylinder. The adjective "mechanical" refers to skill in the practical application of an art or science, as well as relating to or caused by movement, physical forces, properties or agents such as is dealt with by mechanics. Similarly Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines "mechanical" as relating to machinery or tools. Power flow through a machine provides a way to understand the performance of devices ranging from levers and gear trains to automobiles and robotic systems. The German mechanician Franz Reuleaux wrote, "a machine is a combination of resistant bodies so arranged that by their means the mechanical forces of nature can be compelled to do work accompanied by certain determinate motion." Notice that forces and motion combine to define power. More recently, Uicker et al. stated that a machine is "a device for applying power or changing its direction."McCarthy and Soh describe a machine as a system that "generally consists of a power source and a mechanism for the controlled use of this power." Power sources This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Machine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Diesel engine, friction clutch and gear transmission of an automobile Early Ganz Electric Generator in Zwevegem, West Flanders, Belgium Human and animal effort were the original power sources for early machines. Waterwheel: Waterwheels appeared around the world around 300 BC to use flowing water to generate rotary motion, which was applied to milling grain, and powering lumber, machining and textile operations. Modern water turbines use water flowing through a dam to drive an electric generator. Windmill: Early windmills captured wind power to generate rotary motion for milling operations. Modern wind turbines also drives a generator. This electricity in turn is used to drive motors forming the actuators of mechanical systems. Engine: The word engine derives from "ingenuity" and originally referred to contrivances that may or may not be physical devices. A steam engine uses heat to boil water contained in a pressure vessel; the expanding steam drives a piston or a turbine. This principle can be seen in the aeolipile of Hero of Alexandria. This is called an external combustion engine. An automobile engine is called an internal combustion engine because it burns fuel (an exothermic chemical reaction) inside a cylinder and uses the expanding gases to drive a piston. A jet engine uses a turbine to compress air which is burned with fuel so that it expands through a nozzle to provide thrust to an aircraft, and so is also an "internal combustion engine." Power plant: The heat from coal and natural gas combustion in a boiler generates steam that drives a steam turbine to rotate an electric generator. A nuclear power plant uses heat from a nuclear reactor to generate steam and electric power. This power is distributed through a network of transmission lines for industrial and individual use. Motors: Electric motors use either AC or DC electric current to generate rotational movement. Electric servomotors are the actuators for mechanical systems ranging from robotic systems to modern aircraft. Fluid Power: Hydraulic and pneumatic systems use electrically driven pumps to drive water or air respectively into cylinders to power linear movement. Electrochemical: Chemicals and materials can also be sources of power. They may chemically deplete or need re-charging, as is the case with batteries, or they may produce power without changing their state, which is the case for solar cells and thermoelectric generators. All of these, however, still require their energy to come from elsewhere. With batteries, it is the already existing chemical potential energy inside. In solar cells and thermoelectrics, the energy source is light and heat respectively. Mechanisms The mechanism of a mechanical system is assembled from components called machine elements. These elements provide structure for the system and control its movement. The structural components are, generally, the frame members, bearings, splines, springs, seals, fasteners and covers. The shape, texture and color of covers provide a styling and operational interface between the mechanical system and its users. The assemblies that control movement are also called "mechanisms." Mechanisms are generally classified as gears and gear trains, which includes belt drives and chain drives, cam and follower mechanisms, and linkages, though there are other special mechanisms such as clamping linkages, indexing mechanisms, escapements and friction devices such as brakes and clutches. The number of degrees of freedom of a mechanism, or its mobility, depends on the number of links and joints and the types of joints used to construct the mechanism. The general mobility of a mechanism is the difference between the unconstrained freedom of the links and the number of constraints imposed by the joints. It is described by the Chebychev–Grübler–Kutzbach criterion. Gears and gear trains The Antikythera mechanism (main fragment) The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the south-pointing chariot of China. Illustrations by the renaissance scientist Georgius Agricola show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The implementation of the involute tooth yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant speed ratio. Some important features of gears and gear trains are: The ratio of the pitch circles of mating gears defines the speed ratio and the mechanical advantage of the gear set. A planetary gear train provides high gear reduction in a compact package. It is possible to design gear teeth for gears that are non-circular, yet still transmit torque smoothly. The speed ratios of chain and belt drives are computed in the same way as gear ratios. See bicycle gearing. Cam and follower mechanisms A cam and follower is formed by the direct contact of two specially shaped links. The driving link is called the cam (also see cam shaft) and the link that is driven through the direct contact of their surfaces is called the follower. The shape of the contacting surfaces of the cam and follower determines the movement of the mechanism. Linkages Schematic of the actuator and four-bar linkage that position an aircraft landing gear A linkage is a collection of links connected by joints. Generally, the links are the structural elements and the joints allow movement. Perhaps the single most useful example is the planar four-bar linkage. However, there are many more special linkages: Watt's linkage is a four-bar linkage that generates an approximate straight line. It was critical to the operation of his design for the steam engine. This linkage also appears in vehicle suspensions to prevent side-to-side movement of the body relative to the wheels. Also see the article Parallel motion. The success of Watt's linkage lead to the design of similar approximate straight-line linkages, such as Hoeken's linkage and Chebyshev's linkage. The Peaucellier linkage generates a true straight-line output from a rotary input. The Sarrus linkage is a spatial linkage that generates straight-line movement from a rotary input. The Klann linkage and the Jansen linkage are recent inventions that provide interesting walking movements. They are respectively a six-bar and an eight-bar linkage. Planar mechanism A planar mechanism is a mechanical system that is constrained so the trajectories of points in all the bodies of the system lie on planes parallel to a ground plane. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system are perpendicular to this ground plane. Spherical mechanism A spherical mechanism is a mechanical system in which the bodies move in a way that the trajectories of points in the system lie on concentric spheres. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system pass through the center of these circle. Spatial mechanism A spatial mechanism is a mechanical system that has at least one body that moves in a way that its point trajectories are general space curves. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system form lines in space that do not intersect and have distinct common normals. Flexure mechanisms A flexure mechanism consists of a series of rigid bodies connected by compliant elements (also known as flexure joints) that is designed to produce a geometrically well-defined motion upon application of a force. Machine elements The elementary mechanical components of a machine are termed machine elements. These elements consist of three basic types (i) structural components such as frame members, bearings, axles, splines, fasteners, seals, and lubricants, (ii) mechanisms that control movement in various ways such as gear trains, belt or chain drives, linkages, cam and follower systems, including brakes and clutches, and (iii) control components such as buttons, switches, indicators, sensors, actuators and computer controllers. While generally not considered to be a machine element, the shape, texture and color of covers are an important part of a machine that provide a styling and operational interface between the mechanical components of a machine and its users. Structural components A number of machine elements provide important structural functions such as the frame, bearings, splines, spring and seals. The recognition that the frame of a mechanism is an important machine element changed the name three-bar linkage into four-bar linkage. Frames are generally assembled from truss or beam elements. Bearings are components designed to manage the interface between moving elements and are the source of friction in machines. In general, bearings are designed for pure rotation or straight line movement. Splines and keys are two ways to reliably mount an axle to a wheel, pulley or gear so that torque can be transferred through the connection. Springs provides forces that can either hold components of a machine in place or acts as a suspension to support part of a machine. Seals are used between mating parts of a machine to ensure fluids, such as water, hot gases, or lubricant do not leak between the mating surfaces. Fasteners such as screws, bolts, spring clips, and rivets are critical to the assembly of components of a machine. Fasteners are generally considered to be removable. In contrast, joining methods, such as welding, soldering, crimping and the application of adhesives, usually require cutting the parts to disassemble the components Controllers Controllers combine sensors, logic, and actuators to maintain the performance of components of a machine. Perhaps the best known is the flyball governor for a steam engine. Examples of these devices range from a thermostat that as temperature rises opens a valve to cooling water to speed controllers such as the cruise control system in an automobile. The programmable logic controller replaced relays and specialized control mechanisms with a programmable computer. Servomotors that accurately position a shaft in response to an electrical command are the actuators that make robotic systems possible. Computing machines The arithmometre was designed by Charles Xavier Thomas, c. 1820, for the four rules of arithmetic. It was manufactured 1866-1870 AD and exhibited in the Tekniska museet, Stockholm, Sweden. Charles Babbage designed machines to tabulate logarithms and other functions in 1837. His Difference engine can be considered an advanced mechanical calculator and his Analytical Engine a forerunner of the modern computer, though none of the larger designs were completed in Babbage's lifetime. The Arithmometer and the Comptometer are mechanical computers that are precursors to modern digital computers. Models used to study modern computers are termed State machine and Turing machine. Molecular machines A ribosome is a biological machine that utilizes protein dynamics. The biological molecule myosin reacts to ATP and ADP to alternately engage with an actin filament and change its shape in a way that exerts a force, and then disengage to reset its shape, or conformation. This acts as the molecular drive that causes muscle contraction. Similarly the biological molecule kinesin has two sections that alternately engage and disengage with microtubules causing the molecule to move along the microtubule and transport vesicles within the cell, and dynein, which moves cargo inside cells towards the nucleus and produces the axonemal beating of motile cilia and flagella. "In effect, the motile cilium is a nanomachine composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines. Flexible linkers allow the mobile protein domains connected by them to recruit their binding partners and induce long-range allostery via protein domain dynamics. " Other biological machines are responsible for energy production, for example ATP synthase which harnesses energy from proton gradients across membranes to drive a turbine-like motion used to synthesise ATP, the energy currency of a cell. Still other machines are responsible for gene expression, including DNA polymerases for replicating DNA, RNA polymerases for producing mRNA, the spliceosome for removing introns, and the ribosome for synthesising proteins. These machines and their nanoscale dynamics are far more complex than any molecular machines that have yet been artificially constructed. These molecules are increasingly considered to be nanomachines. Researchers have used DNA to construct nano-dimensioned four-bar linkages. Impact Mechanization and automation Main articles: Mechanization and Automation This water-powered mine hoist was used for raising ore. This woodblock is from De re metallica by Georg Bauer (Latinized name Georgius Agricola, c. 1555), an early mining textbook that contains numerous drawings and descriptions of mining equipment. Mechanization (or mechanisation in BE) is providing human operators with machinery that assists them with the muscular requirements of work or displaces muscular work. In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools. In modern usage, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies machinery more complex than hand tools and would not include simple devices such as an un-geared horse or donkey mill. Devices that cause speed changes or changes to or from reciprocating to rotary motion, using means such as gears, pulleys or sheaves and belts, shafts, cams and cranks, usually are considered machines. After electrification, when most small machinery was no longer hand powered, mechanization was synonymous with motorized machines. Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automata Main article: Automaton An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine. The word is sometimes used to describe a robot, more specifically an autonomous robot. A Toy Automaton was patented in 1863. Mechanics Usher reports that Hero of Alexandria's treatise on Mechanics focussed on the study of lifting heavy weights. Today mechanics refers to the mathematical analysis of the forces and movement of a mechanical system, and consists of the study of the kinematics and dynamics of these systems. Dynamics of machines The dynamic analysis of machines begins with a rigid-body model to determine reactions at the bearings, at which point the elasticity effects are included. The rigid-body dynamics studies the movement of systems of interconnected bodies under the action of external forces. The assumption that the bodies are rigid, which means that they do not deform under the action of applied forces, simplifies the analysis by reducing the parameters that describe the configuration of the system to the translation and rotation of reference frames attached to each body. The dynamics of a rigid body system is defined by its equations of motion, which are derived using either Newtons laws of motion or Lagrangian mechanics. The solution of these equations of motion defines how the configuration of the system of rigid bodies changes as a function of time. The formulation and solution of rigid body dynamics is an important tool in the computer simulation of mechanical systems. Kinematics of machines The dynamic analysis of a machine requires the determination of the movement, or kinematics, of its component parts, known as kinematic analysis. The assumption that the system is an assembly of rigid components allows rotational and translational movement to be modeled mathematically as Euclidean, or rigid, transformations. This allows the position, velocity and acceleration of all points in a component to be determined from these properties for a reference point, and the angular position, angular velocity and angular acceleration of the component. Machine design Machine design refers to the procedures and techniques used to address the three phases of a machine's lifecycle: invention, which involves the identification of a need, development of requirements, concept generation, prototype development, manufacturing, and verification testing; performance engineering involves enhancing manufacturing efficiency, reducing service and maintenance demands, adding features and improving effectiveness, and validation testing; recycle is the decommissioning and disposal phase and includes recovery and reuse of materials and components. See also Main articles: Outline of machines and Outline of industrial machinery Automaton Gear train History of technology Linkage (mechanical) List of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing companies by revenue Mechanism (engineering) Mechanical advantage Outline of automation Outline of machines Power (physics) Simple machines Technology Virtual work Work (physics) References ^ a b Usher, Abbott Payson (1988). A History of Mechanical Inventions. USA: Courier Dover Publications. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-486-25593-4. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary, Second College Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1985. ^ "μηχανή" Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus project ^ "μῆχος" Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus project ^ Oxford Dictionaries, machine ^ Karl von Langsdorf (1826) Machinenkunde, quoted in Reuleaux, Franz (1876). The kinematics of machinery: Outlines of a theory of machines. MacMillan. pp. 604. ^ Therese McGuire, Light on Sacred Stones, in Conn, Marie A.; Therese Benedict McGuire (2007). Not etched in stone: essays on ritual memory, soul, and society. University Press of America. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7618-3702-2. ^ Dutch, Steven (1999). "Pre-Greek Accomplishments". Legacy of the Ancient World. Prof. Steve Dutch's page, Univ. of Wisconsin at Green Bay. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2012. ^ Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060422. ^ D.T. Potts (2012). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. p. 285. ^ a b Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010). The Genius of Archimedes -- 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8-10, 2010. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 416. ISBN 9789048190911. ^ Clarke, Somers; Engelbach, Reginald (1990). Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture. Courier Corporation. pp. 86–90. ISBN 9780486264851. ^ Faiella, Graham (2006). The Technology of Mesopotamia. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 27. ISBN 9781404205604. ^ a b Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Eisenbrauns. p. 4. ISBN 9781575060422. ^ Arnold, Dieter (1991). Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry. Oxford University Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780195113747. ^ Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000). Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58. ISBN 0-8225-2994-7. ^ Wood, Michael (2000). Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti. Minneapolis, MN: Runestone Press. pp. 35, 36. ISBN 0-8225-2996-3. ^ Asimov, Isaac (1988), Understanding Physics, New York, New York, USA: Barnes & Noble, p. 88, ISBN 978-0-88029-251-1, archived from the original on 2016-08-18. ^ a b Chiu, Y. C. (2010), An introduction to the History of Project Management, Delft: Eburon Academic Publishers, p. 42, ISBN 978-90-5972-437-2, archived from the original on 2016-08-18 ^ Ostdiek, Vern; Bord, Donald (2005). Inquiry into Physics. Thompson Brooks/Cole. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-534-49168-0. Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2008-05-22. ^ Strizhak, Viktor; Igor Penkov; Toivo Pappel (2004). "Evolution of design, use, and strength calculations of screw threads and threaded joints". HMM2004 International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms. Kluwer Academic publishers. p. 245. ISBN 1-4020-2203-4. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2008-05-21. ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Donald Routledge Hill (1986). Islamic Technology: An illustrated history, p. 54. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42239-6. ^ Lucas, Adam (2006), Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, Brill Publishers, p. 65, ISBN 90-04-14649-0 ^ Eldridge, Frank (1980). Wind Machines (2nd ed.). New York: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. p. 15. ISBN 0-442-26134-9. ^ Shepherd, William (2011). Electricity Generation Using Wind Power (1 ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 4. ISBN 978-981-4304-13-9. ^ Taqi al-Din and the First Steam Turbine, 1551 A.D. Archived 2008-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, web page, accessed on line 23 October 2009; this web page refers to Ahmad Y Hassan (1976), Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34-5, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo. ^ Ahmad Y. Hassan (1976), Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, p. 34-35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo ^ Lakwete, Angela (2003). Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6. ISBN 9780801873942. ^ Pacey, Arnold (1991) . Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History (First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. 23–24. ^ Žmolek, Michael Andrew (2013). Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England. BRILL. p. 328. ISBN 9789004251793. The spinning jenny was basically an adaptation of its precursor the spinning wheel ^ Koetsier, Teun (2001), "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators", Mechanism and Machine Theory, 36 (5), Elsevier: 589–603, doi:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2. ^ Kapur, Ajay; Carnegie, Dale; Murphy, Jim; Long, Jason (2017). "Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music". Organised Sound. 22 (2). Cambridge University Press: 195–205. doi:10.1017/S1355771817000103. ISSN 1355-7718. ^ Professor Noel Sharkey, A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive), University of Sheffield. ^ a b Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-313-32433-8. Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2008-05-21. ^ Stephen, Donald; Lowell Cardwell (2001). Wheels, clocks, and rockets: a history of technology. USA: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 85–87. ISBN 978-0-393-32175-3. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. ^ Armstrong-Hélouvry, Brian (1991). Control of machines with friction. USA: Springer. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7923-9133-3. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. ^ Pennock, G. R., James Watt (1736-1819), Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science, ed. M. Ceccarelli, Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4020-6365-7 (Print) 978-1-4020-6366-4 (Online). ^ Beck B., Roger (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal Littell. ^ Chambers, Ephraim (1728), "Table of Mechanicks", Cyclopaedia, A Useful Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, vol. 2, London, England, p. 528, Plate 11. ^ Moon, F. C., The Reuleaux Collection of Kinematic Mechanisms at Cornell University, 1999 Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ Hartenberg, R.S. & J. Denavit (1964) Kinematic synthesis of linkages Archived 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine, New York: McGraw-Hill, online link from Cornell University. ^ a b c J. J. Uicker, G. R. Pennock, and J. E. Shigley, 2003, Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Oxford University Press, New York. ^ "mechanical". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary Definition of mechanical Archived 2011-10-20 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Reuleaux, F., 1876 The Kinematics of Machinery Archived 2013-06-02 at the Wayback Machine (trans. and annotated by A. B. W. Kennedy), reprinted by Dover, New York (1963) ^ J. M. McCarthy and G. S. Soh, 2010, Geometric Design of Linkages, Archived 2016-08-19 at the Wayback Machine Springer, New York. ^ Merriam-Webster's definition of engine ^ "Internal combustion engine", Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Third Edition, Sybil P. Parker, ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994, p. 998 . ^ Brett, Christopher M. A; Brett, Ana Maria Oliveira (1993). Electrochemistry: principles, methods, and applications. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855389-2. OCLC 26398887. ^ a b Crompton, T. R. (2000-03-20). Battery Reference Book. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-049995-6. ^ a b "Solar Cells -- Performance And Use". ^ a b Fernández-Yáñez, P.; Romero, V.; Armas, O.; Cerretti, G. (2021-09-01). "Thermal management of thermoelectric generators for waste energy recovery". Applied Thermal Engineering. 196: 117291. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117291. ISSN 1359-4311. ^ J. J. Uicker, G. R. Pennock, and J. E. Shigley, 2003, Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Oxford University Press, New York. ^ Robert L. Norton, Machine Design, (4th Edition), Prentice-Hall, 2010 ^ Satir, Peter; Søren T. Christensen (2008-03-26). "Structure and function of mammalian cilia". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 129 (6): 687–93. doi:10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9. PMC 2386530. PMID 18365235. 1432-119X. ^ Kinbara, Kazushi; Aida, Takuzo (2005-04-01). "Toward Intelligent Molecular Machines: Directed Motions of Biological and Artificial Molecules and Assemblies". Chemical Reviews. 105 (4): 1377–1400. doi:10.1021/cr030071r. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 15826015. ^ Bu Z, Callaway DJ (2011). "Proteins MOVE! Protein dynamics and long-range allostery in cell signaling". Protein Structure and Diseases. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. Vol. 83. pp. 163–221. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-381262-9.00005-7. ISBN 9780123812629. PMID 21570668. ^ Marras, A., Zhou, L., Su, H., and Castro, C.E. Programmable motion of DNA origami mechanisms, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015 Archived 2017-08-04 at the Wayback Machine ^ McCarthy, C, DNA Origami Mechanisms and Machines | Mechanical Design 101, 2014 Archived 2017-09-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ Jerome (1934) gives the industry classification of machine tools as being "other than hand power". Beginning with the 1900 U.S. census, power use was part of the definition of a factory, distinguishing it from a workshop. ^ "U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Patent# 40891, Toy Automaton". Google Patents. Retrieved 2007-01-07. ^ A. P. Usher, 1929, A History of Mechanical Inventions Archived 2013-06-02 at the Wayback Machine, Harvard University Press (reprinted by Dover Publications 1968). ^ B. Paul, Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery, Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1979 ^ L. W. Tsai, Robot Analysis: The mechanics of serial and parallel manipulators, John-Wiley, NY, 1999. Further reading Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. McCauley; Riccardo Heald; Muhammed Iqbal Hussain (eds.). Machinery's Handbook (26th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 978-0-8311-2635-3. Reuleaux, Franz (1876). The Kinematics of Machinery. Trans. and annotated by A. B. W. Kennedy. New York: reprinted by Dover (1963). Uicker, J. J.; G. R. Pennock; J. E. Shigley (2003). Theory of Machines and Mechanisms. New York: Oxford University Press. Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. McCauley; Riccardo Heald; Muhammed Iqbal Hussain (eds.). Machinery's Handbook (30th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 9780831130992. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Machine (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Machinery (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinery_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Honda_RA168E_engine_rear_Honda_Collection_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Honda F1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_F1"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)"},{"link_name":"forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion"},{"link_name":"engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine"},{"link_name":"molecular machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_machine"},{"link_name":"animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_power"},{"link_name":"people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_power"},{"link_name":"wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_power"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy"},{"link_name":"thermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy"},{"link_name":"electrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity"},{"link_name":"mechanisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"actuator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator"},{"link_name":"computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers"},{"link_name":"mechanical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_system"},{"link_name":"simple machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machine"},{"link_name":"mechanical advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Usher-1"},{"link_name":"mechanisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle"},{"link_name":"trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train"},{"link_name":"automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat"},{"link_name":"airplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane"},{"link_name":"appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_appliance"},{"link_name":"air handling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_handler"},{"link_name":"water handling systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing"},{"link_name":"farm machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_machinery"},{"link_name":"machine tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool"},{"link_name":"factory automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation"},{"link_name":"robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot"}],"text":"Powered mechanical deviceThis article is about devices designed to perform tasks. For other uses, see Machine (disambiguation).\"Machinery\" redirects here. For other uses, see Machinery (disambiguation).A Honda F1 racecar engineA machine is a physical system that uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an action. The term is commonly applied to artificial devices, such as those employing engines or motors, but also to natural biological macromolecules, such as molecular machines. Machines can be driven by animals and people, by natural forces such as wind and water, and by chemical, thermal, or electrical power, and include a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement. They can also include computers and sensors that monitor performance and plan movement, often called mechanical systems.Renaissance natural philosophers identified six simple machines which were the elementary devices that put a load into motion, and calculated the ratio of output force to input force, known today as mechanical advantage.[1]Modern machines are complex systems that consist of structural elements, mechanisms and control components and include interfaces for convenient use. Examples include: a wide range of vehicles, such as trains, automobiles, boats and airplanes; appliances in the home and office, including computers, building air handling and water handling systems; as well as farm machinery, machine tools and factory automation systems and robots.","title":"Machine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_French"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHD-2"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_Greek"},{"link_name":"Ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_Greek"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"machination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/machination"},{"link_name":"stage engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecraft"},{"link_name":"theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_theater"},{"link_name":"siege engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_engine"},{"link_name":"OED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OED"},{"link_name":"John Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harris_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Lexicon Technicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon_Technicum"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/engine"},{"link_name":"Old French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"}],"text":"The English word machine comes through Middle French from Latin machina,[2] which in turn derives from the Greek (Doric μαχανά makhana, Ionic μηχανή mekhane 'contrivance, machine, engine',[3] a derivation from μῆχος mekhos 'means, expedient, remedy'[4]).[5] The word mechanical (Greek: μηχανικός) comes from the same Greek roots. A wider meaning of 'fabric, structure' is found in classical Latin, but not in Greek usage. This meaning is found in late medieval French, and is adopted from the French into English in the mid-16th century.In the 17th century, the word machine could also mean a scheme or plot, a meaning now expressed by the derived machination. The modern meaning develops out of specialized application of the term to stage engines used in theater and to military siege engines, both in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The OED traces the formal, modern meaning to John Harris' Lexicon Technicum (1704), which has:Machine, or Engine, in Mechanicks, is whatsoever hath Force sufficient either to raise or stop the Motion of a Body. Simple Machines are commonly reckoned to be Six in Number, viz. the Ballance, Leaver, Pulley, Wheel, Wedge, and Screw. Compound Machines, or Engines, are innumerable.The word engine used as a (near-) synonym both by Harris and in later language derives ultimately (via Old French) from Latin ingenium 'ingenuity, an invention'.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flint_hand_axe.JPG"},{"link_name":"hand axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_axe"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"hand axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_axe"},{"link_name":"wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)"},{"link_name":"wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge"},{"link_name":"simple machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machine"},{"link_name":"inclined plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclined_plane"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuleaux-6"},{"link_name":"prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conn-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dutch-8"},{"link_name":"ancient Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_East"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel"},{"link_name":"wheel and axle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_and_axle"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever"},{"link_name":"Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East"},{"link_name":"balance scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_scale"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paipetis-11"},{"link_name":"ancient Egyptian technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"shadoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadoof"},{"link_name":"crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paipetis-11"},{"link_name":"ancient Egyptian technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pulleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisenbrauns-14"},{"link_name":"ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_(simple_machine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-16"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisenbrauns-14"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Archimedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asimov1988-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiu-19"},{"link_name":"mechanical advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Usher-1"},{"link_name":"Hero of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"windlass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windlass"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiu-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"statics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statics"},{"link_name":"dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agricola_Stamp_ore_crusher.png"},{"link_name":"wind-powered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind-power"},{"link_name":"windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill"},{"link_name":"wind pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_pump"},{"link_name":"Muslim world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"},{"link_name":"Islamic Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"steam-powered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam-power"},{"link_name":"steam jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_jack"},{"link_name":"steam turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"cotton gin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"spinning wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_wheel"},{"link_name":"Islamic world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pacey-29"},{"link_name":"cotton industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_industry"},{"link_name":"spinning jenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_jenny"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"programmable machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_(machine)"},{"link_name":"music sequencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_sequencer"},{"link_name":"musical instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"Banu Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Musa"},{"link_name":"Book of Ingenious Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ingenious_Devices"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koetsier-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"automata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata"},{"link_name":"robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot"},{"link_name":"automaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton"},{"link_name":"drum machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharkey-33"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Simon Stevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stevin"},{"link_name":"Galileo Galilei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krebs-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephen-35"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krebs-34"},{"link_name":"friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Amontons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Amontons"},{"link_name":"Charles-Augustin de Coulomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"James Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watt"},{"link_name":"parallel motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_motion"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Boulton and Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulton_and_Watt"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"steam ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"factories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonsack_machine.png"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"iron-making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-making"},{"link_name":"refined coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_History:_Patterns_of_Interaction-38"}],"text":"A flint hand axe was found in Winchester.The hand axe, made by chipping flint to form a wedge, in the hands of a human transforms force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting forces and movement of the workpiece. The hand axe is the first example of a wedge, the oldest of the six classic simple machines, from which most machines are based. The second oldest simple machine was the inclined plane (ramp),[6] which has been used since prehistoric times to move heavy objects.[7][8]The other four simple machines were invented in the ancient Near East.[9] The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC.[10] The lever mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance scale,[11] and to move large objects in ancient Egyptian technology.[12] The lever was also used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia c. 3000 BC,[11] and then in ancient Egyptian technology c. 2000 BC.[13] The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC,[14] and ancient Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 BC).[15] The screw, the last of the simple machines to be invented,[16] first appeared in Mesopotamia during the Neo-Assyrian period (911-609) BC.[14] The Egyptian pyramids were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever.[17]Three of the simple machines were studied and described by Greek philosopher Archimedes around the 3rd century BC: the lever, pulley and screw.[18][19] Archimedes discovered the principle of mechanical advantage in the lever.[20] Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the inclined plane) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage.[1] Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–75 AD) in his work Mechanics lists five mechanisms that can \"set a load in motion\"; lever, windlass, pulley, wedge, and screw,[19] and describes their fabrication and uses.[21] However, the Greeks' understanding was limited to statics (the balance of forces) and did not include dynamics (the tradeoff between force and distance) or the concept of work.[citation needed]This ore crushing machine is powered by a water wheel.The earliest practical wind-powered machines, the windmill and wind pump, first appeared in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD.[22][23][24][25] The earliest practical steam-powered machine was a steam jack driven by a steam turbine, described in 1551 by Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf in Ottoman Egypt.[26][27]The cotton gin was invented in India by the 6th century AD,[28] and the spinning wheel was invented in the Islamic world by the early 11th century,[29] both of which were fundamental to the growth of the cotton industry. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the spinning jenny.[30]The earliest programmable machines were developed in the Muslim world. A music sequencer, a programmable musical instrument, was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated flute player invented by the Banu Musa brothers, described in their Book of Ingenious Devices, in the 9th century.[31][32] In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable automata/robots. He described four automaton musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable drum machine, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns.[33]During the Renaissance, the dynamics of the Mechanical Powers, as the simple machines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how much useful work they could perform, leading eventually to the new concept of mechanical work. In 1586 Flemish engineer Simon Stevin derived the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane, and it was included with the other simple machines. The complete dynamic theory of simple machines was worked out by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei in 1600 in Le Meccaniche (\"On Mechanics\").[34][35] He was the first to understand that simple machines do not create energy, they merely transform it.[34]The classic rules of sliding friction in machines were discovered by Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks. They were rediscovered by Guillaume Amontons (1699) and were further developed by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785).[36]James Watt patented his parallel motion linkage in 1782, which made the double acting steam engine practical.[37] The Boulton and Watt steam engine and later designs powered steam locomotives, steam ships, and factories.James Albert Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine was invented in 1880 and patented in 1881.The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world.Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Table_of_Mechanicks,_Cyclopaedia,_Volume_2.png"},{"link_name":"Chambers' Cyclopædia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mechanicks-39"},{"link_name":"Archimedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes"},{"link_name":"lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever"},{"link_name":"pulley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley"},{"link_name":"screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw"},{"link_name":"simple machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machines"},{"link_name":"wheel and axle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_and_axle"},{"link_name":"wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)"},{"link_name":"inclined plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclined_plane"},{"link_name":"joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"hand axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_axe"},{"link_name":"biface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biface"},{"link_name":"Olorgesailie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olorgesailie"},{"link_name":"wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)"},{"link_name":"mechanical advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage"},{"link_name":"prismatic joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prismatic_joint"},{"link_name":"lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever"},{"link_name":"mechanical advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage"},{"link_name":"revolute joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolute_joint"},{"link_name":"wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel"},{"link_name":"chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot"},{"link_name":"friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Kinematics of Machinery (1876)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Kinematics_of_Machinery"},{"link_name":"four-bar linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar_linkage"},{"link_name":"simple machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machine"},{"link_name":"Franz Reuleaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Reuleaux"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"simple machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machine"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"kinematic chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_chain"},{"link_name":"linkages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"mechanical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_systems"},{"link_name":"kinematic pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_pair"},{"link_name":"kinematic pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_pair"},{"link_name":"mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uicker2003-42"},{"link_name":"four-bar linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar_linkage"},{"link_name":"six-bar linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-bar_linkage"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uicker2003-42"}],"text":"Chambers' Cyclopædia (1728) has a table of simple mechanisms.[39] Simple machines provide a \"vocabulary\" for understanding more complex machines.The idea that a machine can be decomposed into simple movable elements led Archimedes to define the lever, pulley and screw as simple machines. By the time of the Renaissance this list increased to include the wheel and axle, wedge and inclined plane. The modern approach to characterizing machines focusses on the components that allow movement, known as joints.Wedge (hand axe): Perhaps the first example of a device designed to manage power is the hand axe, also called biface and Olorgesailie. A hand axe is made by chipping stone, generally flint, to form a bifacial edge, or wedge. A wedge is a simple machine that transforms lateral force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting force and movement of the workpiece. The available power is limited by the effort of the person using the tool, but because power is the product of force and movement, the wedge amplifies the force by reducing the movement. This amplification, or mechanical advantage is the ratio of the input speed to output speed. For a wedge this is given by 1/tanα, where α is the tip angle. The faces of a wedge are modeled as straight lines to form a sliding or prismatic joint.Lever: The lever is another important and simple device for managing power. This is a body that pivots on a fulcrum. Because the velocity of a point farther from the pivot is greater than the velocity of a point near the pivot, forces applied far from the pivot are amplified near the pivot by the associated decrease in speed. If a is the distance from the pivot to the point where the input force is applied and b is the distance to the point where the output force is applied, then a/b is the mechanical advantage of the lever. The fulcrum of a lever is modeled as a hinged or revolute joint.Wheel: The wheel is an important early machine, such as the chariot. A wheel uses the law of the lever to reduce the force needed to overcome friction when pulling a load. To see this notice that the friction associated with pulling a load on the ground is approximately the same as the friction in a simple bearing that supports the load on the axle of a wheel. However, the wheel forms a lever that magnifies the pulling force so that it overcomes the frictional resistance in the bearing.The Kinematics of Machinery (1876) has an illustration of a four-bar linkage.The classification of simple machines to provide a strategy for the design of new machines was developed by Franz Reuleaux, who collected and studied over 800 elementary machines.[40] He recognized that the classical simple machines can be separated into the lever, pulley and wheel and axle that are formed by a body rotating about a hinge, and the inclined plane, wedge and screw that are similarly a block sliding on a flat surface.[41]Simple machines are elementary examples of kinematic chains or linkages that are used to model mechanical systems ranging from the steam engine to robot manipulators. The bearings that form the fulcrum of a lever and that allow the wheel and axle and pulleys to rotate are examples of a kinematic pair called a hinged joint. Similarly, the flat surface of an inclined plane and wedge are examples of the kinematic pair called a sliding joint. The screw is usually identified as its own kinematic pair called a helical joint.This realization shows that it is the joints, or the connections that provide movement, that are the primary elements of a machine. Starting with four types of joints, the rotary joint, sliding joint, cam joint and gear joint, and related connections such as cables and belts, it is possible to understand a machine as an assembly of solid parts that connect these joints called a mechanism .[42]Two levers, or cranks, are combined into a planar four-bar linkage by attaching a link that connects the output of one crank to the input of another. Additional links can be attached to form a six-bar linkage or in series to form a robot.[42]","title":"Simple machines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)"},{"link_name":"actuators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator"},{"link_name":"system of mechanisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merriam-mechanical-44"},{"link_name":"Franz Reuleaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Reuleaux"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuleaux1876-45"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uicker2003-42"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCarthy2010-46"},{"link_name":"mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)"}],"text":"The Boulton & Watt Steam Engine, 1784A mechanical system manages power to accomplish a task that involves forces and movement. Modern machines are systems consisting of (i) a power source and actuators that generate forces and movement, (ii) a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement, (iii) a controller with sensors that compare the output to a performance goal and then directs the actuator input, and (iv) an interface to an operator consisting of levers, switches, and displays. This can be seen in Watt's steam engine in which the power is provided by steam expanding to drive the piston. The walking beam, coupler and crank transform the linear movement of the piston into rotation of the output pulley. Finally, the pulley rotation drives the flyball governor which controls the valve for the steam input to the piston cylinder.The adjective \"mechanical\" refers to skill in the practical application of an art or science, as well as relating to or caused by movement, physical forces, properties or agents such as is dealt with by mechanics.[43] Similarly Merriam-Webster Dictionary[44] defines \"mechanical\" as relating to machinery or tools.Power flow through a machine provides a way to understand the performance of devices ranging from levers and gear trains to automobiles and robotic systems. The German mechanician Franz Reuleaux[45] wrote, \"a machine is a combination of resistant bodies so arranged that by their means the mechanical forces of nature can be compelled to do work accompanied by certain determinate motion.\" Notice that forces and motion combine to define power.More recently, Uicker et al.[42] stated that a machine is \"a device for applying power or changing its direction.\"McCarthy and Soh[46] describe a machine as a system that \"generally consists of a power source and a mechanism for the controlled use of this power.\"","title":"Mechanical systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Model_Engine_Luc_Viatour.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generator-20071117.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ganz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganz"},{"link_name":"Zwevegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwevegem"},{"link_name":"West Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Waterwheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterwheel"},{"link_name":"milling grain, and powering lumber, machining and textile operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill"},{"link_name":"water turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbine"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"electric generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator"},{"link_name":"windmills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_mill"},{"link_name":"wind turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine"},{"link_name":"motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"aeolipile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolipile"},{"link_name":"external combustion engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_combustion_engine"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"internal combustion engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine"},{"link_name":"exothermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic"},{"link_name":"piston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston"},{"link_name":"jet engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler"},{"link_name":"steam turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"electric generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator"},{"link_name":"nuclear power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant"},{"link_name":"nuclear reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"},{"link_name":"electric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power"},{"link_name":"network of transmission lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid"},{"link_name":"Electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"servomotors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism"},{"link_name":"robotic systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"modern aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-by-wire"},{"link_name":"Hydraulic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder"},{"link_name":"pneumatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_cylinder"},{"link_name":"pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump"},{"link_name":"linear movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_actuator"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_battery"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-50"},{"link_name":"solar cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell"},{"link_name":"thermoelectric generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_generator"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-52"},{"link_name":"chemical potential energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-52"}],"text":"Diesel engine, friction clutch and gear transmission of an automobileEarly Ganz Electric Generator in Zwevegem, West Flanders, BelgiumHuman and animal effort were the original power sources for early machines.[citation needed]Waterwheel: Waterwheels appeared around the world around 300 BC to use flowing water to generate rotary motion, which was applied to milling grain, and powering lumber, machining and textile operations. Modern water turbines use water flowing through a dam to drive an electric generator.Windmill: Early windmills captured wind power to generate rotary motion for milling operations. Modern wind turbines also drives a generator. This electricity in turn is used to drive motors forming the actuators of mechanical systems.Engine: The word engine derives from \"ingenuity\" and originally referred to contrivances that may or may not be physical devices.[47] A steam engine uses heat to boil water contained in a pressure vessel; the expanding steam drives a piston or a turbine. This principle can be seen in the aeolipile of Hero of Alexandria. This is called an external combustion engine.An automobile engine is called an internal combustion engine because it burns fuel (an exothermic chemical reaction) inside a cylinder and uses the expanding gases to drive a piston. A jet engine uses a turbine to compress air which is burned with fuel so that it expands through a nozzle to provide thrust to an aircraft, and so is also an \"internal combustion engine.\" [48]Power plant: The heat from coal and natural gas combustion in a boiler generates steam that drives a steam turbine to rotate an electric generator. A nuclear power plant uses heat from a nuclear reactor to generate steam and electric power. This power is distributed through a network of transmission lines for industrial and individual use.Motors: Electric motors use either AC or DC electric current to generate rotational movement. Electric servomotors are the actuators for mechanical systems ranging from robotic systems to modern aircraft.Fluid Power: Hydraulic and pneumatic systems use electrically driven pumps to drive water or air respectively into cylinders to power linear movement.Electrochemical: Chemicals and materials can also be sources of power.[49] They may chemically deplete or need re-charging, as is the case with batteries,[50] or they may produce power without changing their state, which is the case for solar cells and thermoelectric generators.[51][52] All of these, however, still require their energy to come from elsewhere. With batteries, it is the already existing chemical potential energy inside.[50] In solar cells and thermoelectrics, the energy source is light and heat respectively.[51][52]","title":"Power sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"machine elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_element"},{"link_name":"fasteners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastener"},{"link_name":"styling and operational interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design"},{"link_name":"mechanisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuleaux1876-45"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"gears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear"},{"link_name":"gear trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_train"},{"link_name":"belt drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_drive"},{"link_name":"chain drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drive"},{"link_name":"cam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)"},{"link_name":"follower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_follower"},{"link_name":"linkages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"indexing mechanisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_drive"},{"link_name":"escapements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapement"},{"link_name":"brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake"},{"link_name":"clutches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch"},{"link_name":"Chebychev–Grübler–Kutzbach criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebychev%E2%80%93Gr%C3%BCbler%E2%80%93Kutzbach_criterion"}],"text":"The mechanism of a mechanical system is assembled from components called machine elements. These elements provide structure for the system and control its movement.The structural components are, generally, the frame members, bearings, splines, springs, seals, fasteners and covers. The shape, texture and color of covers provide a styling and operational interface between the mechanical system and its users.The assemblies that control movement are also called \"mechanisms.\"[45][53] Mechanisms are generally classified as gears and gear trains, which includes belt drives and chain drives, cam and follower mechanisms, and linkages, though there are other special mechanisms such as clamping linkages, indexing mechanisms, escapements and friction devices such as brakes and clutches.The number of degrees of freedom of a mechanism, or its mobility, depends on the number of links and joints and the types of joints used to construct the mechanism. The general mobility of a mechanism is the difference between the unconstrained freedom of the links and the number of constraints imposed by the joints. It is described by the Chebychev–Grübler–Kutzbach criterion.","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antikythera mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism"},{"link_name":"Antikythera mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism"},{"link_name":"south-pointing chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-pointing_chariot"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Georgius Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Agricola"},{"link_name":"involute tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involute_gear"},{"link_name":"speed ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_ratio"},{"link_name":"mechanical advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage"},{"link_name":"planetary gear train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing"},{"link_name":"non-circular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-circular_gear"},{"link_name":"chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drive"},{"link_name":"belt drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"bicycle gearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_gearing"}],"sub_title":"Gears and gear trains","text":"The Antikythera mechanism (main fragment)The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the south-pointing chariot of China. Illustrations by the renaissance scientist Georgius Agricola show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The implementation of the involute tooth yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant speed ratio. Some important features of gears and gear trains are:The ratio of the pitch circles of mating gears defines the speed ratio and the mechanical advantage of the gear set.\nA planetary gear train provides high gear reduction in a compact package.\nIt is possible to design gear teeth for gears that are non-circular, yet still transmit torque smoothly.\nThe speed ratios of chain and belt drives are computed in the same way as gear ratios. See bicycle gearing.","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)"},{"link_name":"follower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_follower"},{"link_name":"cam shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camshaft"},{"link_name":"cam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)"},{"link_name":"follower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_follower"}],"sub_title":"Cam and follower mechanisms","text":"A cam and follower is formed by the direct contact of two specially shaped links. The driving link is called the cam (also see cam shaft) and the link that is driven through the direct contact of their surfaces is called the follower. The shape of the contacting surfaces of the cam and follower determines the movement of the mechanism.","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landing_gear_schematic.svg"},{"link_name":"linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"four-bar linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar_linkage"},{"link_name":"Watt's linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage"},{"link_name":"Parallel motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_motion"},{"link_name":"Hoeken's linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoekens_linkage"},{"link_name":"Chebyshev's linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_linkage"},{"link_name":"Peaucellier linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaucellier-Lipkin_linkage"},{"link_name":"Sarrus linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarrus_linkage"},{"link_name":"Klann linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klann_linkage"},{"link_name":"Jansen linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Jansen"}],"sub_title":"Linkages","text":"Schematic of the actuator and four-bar linkage that position an aircraft landing gearA linkage is a collection of links connected by joints. Generally, the links are the structural elements and the joints allow movement. Perhaps the single most useful example is the planar four-bar linkage. However, there are many more special linkages:Watt's linkage is a four-bar linkage that generates an approximate straight line. It was critical to the operation of his design for the steam engine. This linkage also appears in vehicle suspensions to prevent side-to-side movement of the body relative to the wheels. Also see the article Parallel motion.\nThe success of Watt's linkage lead to the design of similar approximate straight-line linkages, such as Hoeken's linkage and Chebyshev's linkage.\nThe Peaucellier linkage generates a true straight-line output from a rotary input.\nThe Sarrus linkage is a spatial linkage that generates straight-line movement from a rotary input.\nThe Klann linkage and the Jansen linkage are recent inventions that provide interesting walking movements. They are respectively a six-bar and an eight-bar linkage.","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Planar mechanism","text":"A planar mechanism is a mechanical system that is constrained so the trajectories of points in all the bodies of the system lie on planes parallel to a ground plane. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system are perpendicular to this ground plane.","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spherical mechanism","text":"A spherical mechanism is a mechanical system in which the bodies move in a way that the trajectories of points in the system lie on concentric spheres. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system pass through the center of these circle.","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spatial mechanism","text":"A spatial mechanism is a mechanical system that has at least one body that moves in a way that its point trajectories are general space curves. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system form lines in space that do not intersect and have distinct common normals.","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Flexure mechanisms","text":"A flexure mechanism consists of a series of rigid bodies connected by compliant elements (also known as flexure joints) that is designed to produce a geometrically well-defined motion upon application of a force.","title":"Mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"machine elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_element"},{"link_name":"fasteners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastener"},{"link_name":"mechanisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"gear trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_train"},{"link_name":"belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"chain drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drive"},{"link_name":"linkages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"cam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)"},{"link_name":"follower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_follower"},{"link_name":"brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake"},{"link_name":"clutches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"styling and operational interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design"}],"text":"The elementary mechanical components of a machine are termed machine elements. These elements consist of three basic types (i) structural components such as frame members, bearings, axles, splines, fasteners, seals, and lubricants, (ii) mechanisms that control movement in various ways such as gear trains, belt or chain drives, linkages, cam and follower systems, including brakes and clutches, and (iii) control components such as buttons, switches, indicators, sensors, actuators and computer controllers.[54] While generally not considered to be a machine element, the shape, texture and color of covers are an important part of a machine that provide a styling and operational interface between the mechanical components of a machine and its users.","title":"Machine elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"three-bar linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-bar_linkage"},{"link_name":"four-bar linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar_linkage"},{"link_name":"truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)"},{"link_name":"Bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction"},{"link_name":"straight line movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear-motion_bearing"},{"link_name":"Splines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spline_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"axle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle"},{"link_name":"Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)"},{"link_name":"suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"Fasteners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastener"},{"link_name":"screws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw"},{"link_name":"rivets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivet"},{"link_name":"welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding"},{"link_name":"soldering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldering"},{"link_name":"crimping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp_(joining)"},{"link_name":"adhesives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive"}],"sub_title":"Structural components","text":"A number of machine elements provide important structural functions such as the frame, bearings, splines, spring and seals.The recognition that the frame of a mechanism is an important machine element changed the name three-bar linkage into four-bar linkage. Frames are generally assembled from truss or beam elements.\nBearings are components designed to manage the interface between moving elements and are the source of friction in machines. In general, bearings are designed for pure rotation or straight line movement.\nSplines and keys are two ways to reliably mount an axle to a wheel, pulley or gear so that torque can be transferred through the connection.\nSprings provides forces that can either hold components of a machine in place or acts as a suspension to support part of a machine.\nSeals are used between mating parts of a machine to ensure fluids, such as water, hot gases, or lubricant do not leak between the mating surfaces.\nFasteners such as screws, bolts, spring clips, and rivets are critical to the assembly of components of a machine. Fasteners are generally considered to be removable. In contrast, joining methods, such as welding, soldering, crimping and the application of adhesives, usually require cutting the parts to disassemble the components","title":"Machine elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"actuators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator"},{"link_name":"flyball governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_governor"},{"link_name":"thermostat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostat"},{"link_name":"cruise control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_control"},{"link_name":"programmable logic controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller"},{"link_name":"Servomotors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomotor"},{"link_name":"robotic systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot"}],"text":"Controllers combine sensors, logic, and actuators to maintain the performance of components of a machine. Perhaps the best known is the flyball governor for a steam engine. Examples of these devices range from a thermostat that as temperature rises opens a valve to cooling water to speed controllers such as the cruise control system in an automobile. The programmable logic controller replaced relays and specialized control mechanisms with a programmable computer. Servomotors that accurately position a shaft in response to an electrical command are the actuators that make robotic systems possible.","title":"Controllers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arithmometre,_designed_by_Charles_Xavier_Thomas,_c._1820,_for_the_four_rules_of_arithmetic,_manufactured_1866-1870_AD,_TM10901_-_Tekniska_museet_-_Stockholm,_Sweden_-_DSC01567.JPG"},{"link_name":"Charles Babbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage"},{"link_name":"Difference engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine"},{"link_name":"mechanical calculator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_calculator"},{"link_name":"Analytical Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Engine"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"Arithmometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmometer"},{"link_name":"Comptometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptometer"},{"link_name":"modern digital computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"State machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine"},{"link_name":"Turing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine"}],"text":"The arithmometre was designed by Charles Xavier Thomas, c. 1820, for the four rules of arithmetic. It was manufactured 1866-1870 AD and exhibited in the Tekniska museet, Stockholm, Sweden.Charles Babbage designed machines to tabulate logarithms and other functions in 1837. His Difference engine can be considered an advanced mechanical calculator and his Analytical Engine a forerunner of the modern computer, though none of the larger designs were completed in Babbage's lifetime.The Arithmometer and the Comptometer are mechanical computers that are precursors to modern digital computers. Models used to study modern computers are termed State machine and Turing machine.","title":"Computing machines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gif"},{"link_name":"ribosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome"},{"link_name":"biological machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_machine"},{"link_name":"protein dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_dynamics"},{"link_name":"myosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin"},{"link_name":"kinesin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesin"},{"link_name":"dynein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynein"},{"link_name":"motile cilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilia#Motile_cilia"},{"link_name":"flagella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagella"},{"link_name":"Flexible linkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_linker"},{"link_name":"mobile protein domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain#Domains_and_protein_flexibility"},{"link_name":"allostery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allostery"},{"link_name":"protein domain dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_dynamics#Global_flexibility:_multiple_domains"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Satir2008-55"},{"link_name":"ATP synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_synthase"},{"link_name":"proton gradients across membranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-motive_force"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"gene expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"DNA polymerases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"mRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"spliceosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spliceosome"},{"link_name":"introns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron"},{"link_name":"ribosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome"},{"link_name":"synthesising proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis"},{"link_name":"nanoscale dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_dynamics"},{"link_name":"molecular machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_machine"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21570668-57"},{"link_name":"nanomachines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomachines"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"four-bar linkages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-bar_linkage"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"A ribosome is a biological machine that utilizes protein dynamics.The biological molecule myosin reacts to ATP and ADP to alternately engage with an actin filament and change its shape in a way that exerts a force, and then disengage to reset its shape, or conformation. This acts as the molecular drive that causes muscle contraction. Similarly the biological molecule kinesin has two sections that alternately engage and disengage with microtubules causing the molecule to move along the microtubule and transport vesicles within the cell, and dynein, which moves cargo inside cells towards the nucleus and produces the axonemal beating of motile cilia and flagella. \"In effect, the motile cilium is a nanomachine composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines. Flexible linkers allow the mobile protein domains connected by them to recruit their binding partners and induce long-range allostery via protein domain dynamics. \"[55] Other biological machines are responsible for energy production, for example ATP synthase which harnesses energy from proton gradients across membranes to drive a turbine-like motion used to synthesise ATP, the energy currency of a cell.[56] Still other machines are responsible for gene expression, including DNA polymerases for replicating DNA,[citation needed] RNA polymerases for producing mRNA,[citation needed] the spliceosome for removing introns, and the ribosome for synthesising proteins. These machines and their nanoscale dynamics are far more complex than any molecular machines that have yet been artificially constructed.[57] These molecules are increasingly considered to be nanomachines.[citation needed]Researchers have used DNA to construct nano-dimensioned four-bar linkages.[58][59]","title":"Molecular machines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agricola1.jpg"},{"link_name":"mine hoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist_(device)#Mine_hoists"},{"link_name":"De re metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_re_metallica"},{"link_name":"Georgius Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Agricola"},{"link_name":"BE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"gears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear"},{"link_name":"pulleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley"},{"link_name":"sheaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_shaft"},{"link_name":"shafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_shaft"},{"link_name":"cams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)"},{"link_name":"cranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"control systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_system"},{"link_name":"information technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"industrialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization"},{"link_name":"mechanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanization"},{"link_name":"world economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_economy"}],"sub_title":"Mechanization and automation","text":"This water-powered mine hoist was used for raising ore. This woodblock is from De re metallica by Georg Bauer (Latinized name Georgius Agricola, c. 1555), an early mining textbook that contains numerous drawings and descriptions of mining equipment.Mechanization (or mechanisation in BE) is providing human operators with machinery that assists them with the muscular requirements of work or displaces muscular work. In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools. In modern usage, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies machinery more complex than hand tools and would not include simple devices such as an un-geared horse or donkey mill. Devices that cause speed changes or changes to or from reciprocating to rotary motion, using means such as gears, pulleys or sheaves and belts, shafts, cams and cranks, usually are considered machines. After electrification, when most small machinery was no longer hand powered, mechanization was synonymous with motorized machines.[60]Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience.","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot"},{"link_name":"autonomous robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Automata","text":"An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine. The word is sometimes used to describe a robot, more specifically an autonomous robot. A Toy Automaton was patented in 1863.[61]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Hero of Alexandria's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics"},{"link_name":"kinematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematics"},{"link_name":"dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_dynamics"}],"text":"Usher[62] reports that Hero of Alexandria's treatise on Mechanics focussed on the study of lifting heavy weights. Today mechanics refers to the mathematical analysis of the forces and movement of a mechanical system, and consists of the study of the kinematics and dynamics of these systems.","title":"Mechanics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid-body_dynamics"},{"link_name":"rigid-body dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid-body_dynamics"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"equations of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equations_of_motion"},{"link_name":"Newtons laws of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtons_laws_of_motion"},{"link_name":"Lagrangian mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics"},{"link_name":"mechanical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_systems"}],"sub_title":"Dynamics of machines","text":"The dynamic analysis of machines begins with a rigid-body model to determine reactions at the bearings, at which point the elasticity effects are included. The rigid-body dynamics studies the movement of systems of interconnected bodies under the action of external forces. The assumption that the bodies are rigid, which means that they do not deform under the action of applied forces, simplifies the analysis by reducing the parameters that describe the configuration of the system to the translation and rotation of reference frames attached to each body.[63][64]The dynamics of a rigid body system is defined by its equations of motion, which are derived using either Newtons laws of motion or Lagrangian mechanics. The solution of these equations of motion defines how the configuration of the system of rigid bodies changes as a function of time. The formulation and solution of rigid body dynamics is an important tool in the computer simulation of mechanical systems.","title":"Mechanics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kinematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematics"},{"link_name":"Euclidean, or rigid, transformations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid_transformation"},{"link_name":"angular velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_velocity"},{"link_name":"angular acceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_acceleration"}],"sub_title":"Kinematics of machines","text":"The dynamic analysis of a machine requires the determination of the movement, or kinematics, of its component parts, known as kinematic analysis. The assumption that the system is an assembly of rigid components allows rotational and translational movement to be modeled mathematically as Euclidean, or rigid, transformations. This allows the position, velocity and acceleration of all points in a component to be determined from these properties for a reference point, and the angular position, angular velocity and angular acceleration of the component.","title":"Mechanics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"machine's lifecycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_lifecycle_management"}],"text":"Machine design refers to the procedures and techniques used to address the three phases of a machine's lifecycle:invention, which involves the identification of a need, development of requirements, concept generation, prototype development, manufacturing, and verification testing;\nperformance engineering involves enhancing manufacturing efficiency, reducing service and maintenance demands, adding features and improving effectiveness, and validation testing;\nrecycle is the decommissioning and disposal phase and includes recovery and reuse of materials and components.","title":"Machine design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Machinery's Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinery%27s_Handbook"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8311-2635-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-2635-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780831130992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780831130992"}],"text":"Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. McCauley; Riccardo Heald; Muhammed Iqbal Hussain (eds.). Machinery's Handbook (26th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 978-0-8311-2635-3.\nReuleaux, Franz (1876). The Kinematics of Machinery. Trans. and annotated by A. B. W. Kennedy. New York: reprinted by Dover (1963).\nUicker, J. J.; G. R. Pennock; J. E. Shigley (2003). Theory of Machines and Mechanisms. New York: Oxford University Press.Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. McCauley; Riccardo Heald; Muhammed Iqbal Hussain (eds.). Machinery's Handbook (30th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. ISBN 9780831130992.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A Honda F1 racecar engine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Honda_RA168E_engine_rear_Honda_Collection_Hall.jpg/220px-Honda_RA168E_engine_rear_Honda_Collection_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"A flint hand axe was found in Winchester.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flint_hand_axe.JPG/130px-Flint_hand_axe.JPG"},{"image_text":"This ore crushing machine is powered by a water wheel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Agricola_Stamp_ore_crusher.png/220px-Agricola_Stamp_ore_crusher.png"},{"image_text":"James Albert Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine was invented in 1880 and patented in 1881.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bonsack_machine.png/220px-Bonsack_machine.png"},{"image_text":"Chambers' Cyclopædia (1728) has a table of simple mechanisms.[39] Simple machines provide a \"vocabulary\" for understanding more complex machines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png/220px-Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png"},{"image_text":"The Kinematics of Machinery (1876) has an illustration of a four-bar linkage.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg/220px-Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Boulton & Watt Steam Engine, 1784","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png/260px-SteamEngine_Boulton%26Watt_1784.png"},{"image_text":"Diesel engine, friction clutch and gear transmission of an automobile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Model_Engine_Luc_Viatour.jpg/220px-Model_Engine_Luc_Viatour.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early Ganz Electric Generator in Zwevegem, West Flanders, Belgium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Generator-20071117.jpg/220px-Generator-20071117.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Antikythera mechanism (main fragment)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg/220px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schematic of the actuator and four-bar linkage that position an aircraft landing gear","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Landing_gear_schematic.svg/220px-Landing_gear_schematic.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The arithmometre was designed by Charles Xavier Thomas, c. 1820, for the four rules of arithmetic. It was manufactured 1866-1870 AD and exhibited in the Tekniska museet, Stockholm, Sweden.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arithmometre%2C_designed_by_Charles_Xavier_Thomas%2C_c._1820%2C_for_the_four_rules_of_arithmetic%2C_manufactured_1866-1870_AD%2C_TM10901_-_Tekniska_museet_-_Stockholm%2C_Sweden_-_DSC01567.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"A ribosome is a biological machine that utilizes protein dynamics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Protein_translation.gif/220px-Protein_translation.gif"},{"image_text":"This water-powered mine hoist was used for raising ore. This woodblock is from De re metallica by Georg Bauer (Latinized name Georgius Agricola, c. 1555), an early mining textbook that contains numerous drawings and descriptions of mining equipment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Agricola1.jpg/220px-Agricola1.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Automaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton"},{"title":"Gear train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_train"},{"title":"History of technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology"},{"title":"Linkage (mechanical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)"},{"title":"List of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing companies by revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mechanical,_electrical_and_electronic_equipment_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue"},{"title":"Mechanism (engineering)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)"},{"title":"Mechanical advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage"},{"title":"Outline of automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_automation"},{"title":"Outline of machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_machines"},{"title":"Power (physics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)"},{"title":"Simple machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machines"},{"title":"Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"title":"Virtual work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_work"},{"title":"Work (physics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)"}]
[{"reference":"Usher, Abbott Payson (1988). A History of Mechanical Inventions. USA: Courier Dover Publications. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-486-25593-4. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA196","url_text":"A History of Mechanical Inventions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25593-4","url_text":"978-0-486-25593-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160818135506/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA196","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reuleaux, Franz (1876). The kinematics of machinery: Outlines of a theory of machines. MacMillan. pp. 604.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kinematicsmachi01reulgoog","url_text":"The kinematics of machinery: Outlines of a theory of machines"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kinematicsmachi01reulgoog/page/n524","url_text":"604"}]},{"reference":"Conn, Marie A.; Therese Benedict McGuire (2007). Not etched in stone: essays on ritual memory, soul, and society. University Press of America. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7618-3702-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kEPkDyvek3sC&pg=PA23","url_text":"Not etched in stone: essays on ritual memory, soul, and society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3702-2","url_text":"978-0-7618-3702-2"}]},{"reference":"Dutch, Steven (1999). \"Pre-Greek Accomplishments\". Legacy of the Ancient World. Prof. Steve Dutch's page, Univ. of Wisconsin at Green Bay. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160821064729/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/xancient.htm","url_text":"\"Pre-Greek Accomplishments\""},{"url":"http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/xancient.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060422.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenbrauns","url_text":"Eisenbrauns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060422","url_text":"9781575060422"}]},{"reference":"D.T. Potts (2012). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. p. 285.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010). The Genius of Archimedes -- 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8-10, 2010. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 416. ISBN 9789048190911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media","url_text":"Springer Science & Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048190911","url_text":"9789048190911"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Somers; Engelbach, Reginald (1990). Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture. Courier Corporation. pp. 86–90. ISBN 9780486264851.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_Corporation","url_text":"Courier Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486264851","url_text":"9780486264851"}]},{"reference":"Faiella, Graham (2006). The Technology of Mesopotamia. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 27. ISBN 9781404205604.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bGMyBTS0-v0C&pg=PA27","url_text":"The Technology of Mesopotamia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rosen_Publishing_Group","url_text":"The Rosen Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404205604","url_text":"9781404205604"}]},{"reference":"Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Eisenbrauns. p. 4. ISBN 9781575060422.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenbrauns","url_text":"Eisenbrauns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060422","url_text":"9781575060422"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Dieter (1991). Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry. Oxford University Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780195113747.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195113747","url_text":"9780195113747"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000). Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58. 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ISSN 1359-4311.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.applthermaleng.2021.117291","url_text":"\"Thermal management of thermoelectric generators for waste energy recovery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.applthermaleng.2021.117291","url_text":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117291"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1359-4311","url_text":"1359-4311"}]},{"reference":"Satir, Peter; Søren T. Christensen (2008-03-26). \"Structure and function of mammalian cilia\". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 129 (6): 687–93. doi:10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9. PMC 2386530. PMID 18365235. 1432-119X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386530","url_text":"\"Structure and function of mammalian cilia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00418-008-0416-9","url_text":"10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386530","url_text":"2386530"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18365235","url_text":"18365235"}]},{"reference":"Kinbara, Kazushi; Aida, Takuzo (2005-04-01). \"Toward Intelligent Molecular Machines: Directed Motions of Biological and Artificial Molecules and Assemblies\". Chemical Reviews. 105 (4): 1377–1400. doi:10.1021/cr030071r. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 15826015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr030071r","url_text":"10.1021/cr030071r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2665","url_text":"0009-2665"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15826015","url_text":"15826015"}]},{"reference":"Bu Z, Callaway DJ (2011). \"Proteins MOVE! Protein dynamics and long-range allostery in cell signaling\". Protein Structure and Diseases. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. Vol. 83. pp. 163–221. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-381262-9.00005-7. ISBN 9780123812629. PMID 21570668.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-381262-9.00005-7","url_text":"10.1016/B978-0-12-381262-9.00005-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123812629","url_text":"9780123812629"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21570668","url_text":"21570668"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Patent# 40891, Toy Automaton\". Google Patents. Retrieved 2007-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US40891","url_text":"\"U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Patent# 40891, Toy Automaton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Patents","url_text":"Google Patents"}]},{"reference":"Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. 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ISBN 9780831130992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780831130992","url_text":"9780831130992"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Kindt
Adèle Kindt
["1 Biography","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]
Belgian painter You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (January 2017) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Adèle Kindt}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Marie-Adélaïde KindtSelf-portrait (c.1820)Born(1804-12-16)16 December 1804Brussels, France (now in Belgium)Died8 May 1893(1893-05-08) (aged 88)Brussels, BelgiumNationalityBelgianKnown forPaintingMovementRomanticism Part of Kindt's Épisode des journées de septembre 1830. Adèle Kindt (16 December 1804 – 8 May 1893) was a Belgian painter; known primarily for portraits and genre scenes. Biography Born in Brussels into a family that produced many female artists, Marie-Adélaïde Kindt was trained in drawing by engraver Antoine Cardon. She studied painting under Sophie Rude and François-Joseph Navez and was encouraged by Jacques-Louis David. Although trained as a neoclassicist, Kindt produced work informed by Romanticism. Her early works included many historical scenes. Her Épisode des journées de septembre 1830, portraying a scene from the Belgian Revolution of 1830, is considered her masterpiece and is on display in the Brussels city museum on the Grand-Place. After the 1840s, Kindt painted much less ambitious works, largely portraiture and genre scenes. Although she adapted her style to suit the changing tastes of the public, she never recaptured the success of her early career. She died in Brussels. Her date of death is usually said to have been in 1884, but this has also been described as a "stubborn error" that should be corrected to 8 May 1893. Her death was reported in the newspaper Le Patriote on 12 May 1893, in coverage of registrations of births, deaths and marriages in the city of Brussels. Her younger sisters Clara and Laurence were landscape painters, as was her sister-in-law Isabelle Kindt-Van Assche. Gallery A portrait of a young girl and her dog, 1877 The Fortune Teller, 1828 A young girl in a white dress with a pink veil and flowers in her hair, holding a bird's nest with two eggs, 1853 Faith, Hope and Charity, 1840 Paul and Virginie, 1840 References ^ a b "État civil: Bruxelles – Déclarations des 7 et 8 mai". Le Patriote. 12 May 1893. p. 3. ^ a b Paul De Zuttere, "Quelques remarques à propos de l'exposition '1770–1830: Autour du Néo-Classicisme en Belgique' et notes additionnelles au catalogue", Etudes sur le XVIIIe siècle, 13 (1986), p. 132. ^ Kindt, Marie Adélaïde. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 2011-10-31. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00098713. ^ a b c d Creusen, Alexia, "Kindt, Marie-Adélaïde, dite Adèle" in E. Gubin, C. Jacques, V. Piette & J. Puissant (eds), Dictionnaire des femmes belges: XIXe et XXe siècles. Bruxelles: Éditions Racine, 2006. ISBN 2-87386-434-6 External links Media related to Adèle Kindt at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF Artists RKD Artists ULAN People Netherlands This article about a Belgian painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_ED76
JNR Class ED76
["1 Variants","2 ED76-0","3 ED76-500","4 ED76-1000","5 Preserved examples","6 Classification","7 References"]
Japanese electric locomotive class Class ED76JR Kyushu ED76 70 on Naha sleeping car service in September 2006Type and originPower typeElectricBuilderHitachi, Mitsubishi, ToshibaBuild date1965–1979Total produced139SpecificationsConfiguration:​ • UICBo'2Bo' • CommonwealthBo-2-BoGauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)BogiesDT129, TR103DWheel diameter1,120 mm (44.09 in)Length17,400 mm (57 ft 1 in)Width2,805 mm (9 ft 2+3⁄8 in)Loco weight87.0 t(85.6 long tons; 95.9 short tons)Electric system/s20 kV AC at 50/60 Hz overhead wireCurrent pickup(s)PantographTraction motorsMT52 x 4Performance figuresMaximum speed100 km/h (60 mph)Power output1,900 kW (2,500 hp)CareerOperators JNR (1965–1987) JR Hokkaido (1987–2001) JR Kyushu (1987–2012) JR Freight (1987–) Number in class10 (as of 1 April 2016)Delivered1965Preserved5DispositionOperational The Class ED76 (ED76形) is a Bo-2-Bo wheel arrangement AC electric locomotive type operated on passenger and freight services in Japan since 1965, originally by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and later by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido), Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) and Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight). As of 1 April 2016, just 10 locomotives remained in service, all operated by JR Freight. Variants ED76-0 ED76-500 ED76-1000 ED76-0 94 class ED76-0 locomotives were built from 1965 to 1976 and numbered ED76 1 to ED76 94. As of 1 April 2016, the remaining fleet consists of two locomotives, ED76 81 and ED76 83, operated by JR Freight. Specially repainted ED76 78 for use with the Southern Cross Joyful Train set in 1987 ED76-500 22 class ED76-500 locomotives were built from 1968 for use in Hokkaido, numbered ED76 501 to ED76 522. These locomotives included larger water and fuel tanks for the train heating steam generator and had accordingly longer bodies. They were intended to be used in pairs, and featured cab gangway doors. ED76 514 was modified for used in the Seikan Tunnel and renumbered ED76 551. All ED76-500s except for the unique ED76 551 were withdrawn by 1994. ED76 551 was withdrawn in 2001. ED76 501 on a local passenger service in Hokkaido in 1986 ED76 522 on a local passenger service (date unknown) ED76 551 carrying the Elm sleeper service headboard (date unknown) ED76-1000 23 class ED76-1000 locomotives were built from 1970 to 1979 for express freight use and numbered ED76 1001 to ED76 1023. As of 1 April 2016, the remaining fleet consists of eight locomotives, operated by JR Freight. JR Freight refurbished locomotive ED76 1013 in June 2009 Experimentally painted JR Freight ED76 1008 on Nichinan express at Kokura Station (date unknown) Preserved examples The following examples have been preserved. ED76 1: Kyushu Railway Heritage Museum, (cab end only, previously stored inside JR Kyushu Kokura Works, Kitakyushu) ED76 91: Hita Tenryosui no Sato, Hita, Oita ED76 505: Mikasa Railway Village, Mikasa, Hokkaido ED76 509: Otaru Transport Museum, Otaru, Hokkaido ED76 1006: JR Freight Moji Depot (stored for training purposes) The cab end of ED76 1 at Kokura Works, October 2008 The cab end of ED76 1 at Kyushu Railway Heritage Museum, August 2013 ED76 91 preserved at Hita Tenryosui no Sato, June 2012 ED76 505 preserved at Mikasa Railway Village, May 2007 ED76 509 preserved at Otaru Transport Museum, July 2007 Classification Main article: Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification The ED76 classification for this locomotive type is explained below. E: Electric locomotive D: Four driving axles 7x: AC locomotive with maximum speed exceeding 85 km/h (55 mph) References ^ a b c d e Inoue, Kōichi (1999). 国鉄機関車事典: 蒸気・電気・ディーゼル機関車66形式 国鉄機関車辞典 . Japan: Sankaido. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-4-381-10338-3. ^ Jēāru zensharyō handobukku: Rail Magazine 2009 JR全車輌ハンドブック2009 . Japan: Neko Publishing. 2009. p. 45. ISBN 978-4-7770-0836-0. ^ Miyahara, Masakazu, ed. (December 2016). 国鉄最終章LAST (鉄道ジャーナル2017年2月号別冊) . Tetsudō Jānaru (in Japanese). Japan: Railway Journal: 31. ASIN B01N59AJPB. ISSN 0288-2337. ^ a b Shibata, Togo (August 2016). 最新JR貨物の電気機関車と話題の貨物列車 . Tetsudo Daiya Joho Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 45, no. 388. Japan: Kotsu Shimbun. p. 33. ^ a b Jr機関車カタログ: Jr7社の現有30形式を詳しく解說 JR機関車カタログ . Japan: Ikaros Publications Ltd. 20 June 2013. pp. 56–59. ISBN 9784863207271. ^ Sasada, Masahiro (September 2012). 国鉄&JR保存車大全 . Tokyo, Japan: Ikaros Publications Ltd. p. 126. ISBN 978-4863206175. Wikimedia Commons has media related to JNR ED76. vte Japanese National Railway Electric LocomotivesOld typesTwo-axle EB10/AB10 Four-axle ED10 ED11 ED12 ED13 ED14 ED15 ED16 ED17 ED18 ED19 ED20 ED21 ED22 ED23 ED24 ED25 I ED26 I ED27 I ED28 I ED29 I ED30→ED25 II ED31 ED32 ED33→ED26 II ED34→ED27 II ED35→ED28 II ED36 ED37→ED29 II ED38 ED50 · ED51 · ED52 ED53 ED54 ED55 (proposed) ED56 ED57 ケED10 Six-axle EF10 EF11 EF12 EF13 EF14 EF15 EF16 EF18 EF50 EF51 EF52 EF53 EF55 EF56 EF57 EF58 EF59 Eight-axle EH10 EH50 Abt-type EC40 ED40 ED41 ED42 New typesFour-axle DC ED60 ED61 ED62 ED63/ED95 Six-axle DC EF60 EF61 EF62 EF63 EF64 EF65 EF66/EF90 EF67 Four-axle AC ED44/ED90 · ED45/ED91 ED70 ED71 ED72 ED73 ED74 ED75 ED76 ED77/ED93 ED78/ED94 ED79 Six-axle AC EF70 EF71 AC/DC 2-system ED30 II ED46/ED92 EF30 EF80 EF81 vteJapanese railway locomotivesSteam locomotives 150 160 500 860 2120 3080 3150 3380 3800 3900 4100 4110 5100 5500 5700 6200 6700 7010 7100 7170 8150 8620 8700 8900 9550 9600 B20 C10 C11 C12 C50 C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 C57 C58 C59 C60 C61 C62 C63 D50 D51 D52 D60 D61 D62 E10 Diesel locomotives DB10 DB500 DC10 DC11 DD10 DD11 DD12 DD13 DD14 DD15 DD16 DD17 DD18 DD19 DD20 DD21 DD50 DD51 DD53 DD54 DD200 DE10 DE11 DE15 DE50 DF50 DF200 HD300 KiYa 143 KiYa 291 Seibu D15 Seibu D21 Ooikawa DB1 Ooikawa DB51 Ooikawa DD100 Ooikawa DD20 Electric locomotives EB10 ED10 ED15 ED16 ED17 ED18 ED19 ED60 ED61 ED62 ED70 ED71 ED72 ED73 ED74 ED75 ED76 ED77 ED78 ED79 EF10 EF13 EF15 EF16 EF30 EF50 EF51 EF52 EF53 EF55 EF56 EF57 EF58 EF59 EF60 EF61 EF62 EF63 EF64 EF65 EF66 EF67 EF70 EF71 EF80 EF81 EH10 EH50 ED500 EF200 EF210 EF500 EF510 EH200 EH500 EH800 Chichibu DeKi 1 Chichibu DeKi 100 Chichibu DeKi 200 Chichibu DeKi 300 Chichibu DeKi 500 Meitetsu DeKi 300 Meitetsu DeKi 400 Meitetsu DeKi 600 Meitetsu Class EL120 Tobu ED4010 Tobu ED5000 Tobu ED5010 Tobu ED5060 Seibu E31 Seibu E851 Ooikawa E10 Ooikawa ED90 Toei E5000 vte Japan Freight Railway Motive PowerElectricAC+DC ED500 EF81 EF500 EF510 EH500 DC ED62 EF61 EF64 EF65 EF66 EF67 EF200 EF210 EH200 AC ED75 ED76 ED79 EH800 Diesel DB500 DD51 DD200 DE10 DE11 DF200 Hybrid HD300 EMU M250 Note: Withdrawn locomotive classes are shown in italics vte Locomotives of Hokkaido Railway CompanyElectricAC ED76 ED79 Diesel DBR600 DD14 DD16 DD51 DE10 DE15 Steam C11 C62 Note: Withdrawn locomotive classes are shown in italics vte Locomotives of Kyūshū Railway CompanyElectricAC ED76 AC+DC EF30 EF81 Diesel DD16 DD51 DD200 DE10 DF200 Steam 8620 Note: Withdrawn locomotive classes are shown in italics vteToshibaDivisionsand subsidiariesCurrent Digital Products Group Electronic Devices & Components Group Infrastructure Systems Group Defunct Landis+Gyr Sord Computer Corporation2 Toshiba Information Systems Corporation2 Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation2 Toshiba Memory Corporation3 OCZ Storage Solutions Toshiba Telecommunication Systems Division Westinghouse Electric Company2 Joint venturesand shareholdingsCurrent Ikegami Tsushinki (20%) TMEIC Defunct Dynabook Inc.2 Toshiba EMI (Founded as Toshiba Music Industries)2 Youmex Co.1 Japan Display2 Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology2 Inside Films Inside The Beauty Inside The Power Inside Predecessors Hakunetsusha Shibaura Seisakusho Tanaka Seisakusho Products, servicesand standardsCurrent AP1000 Cell JNR locomotives Class ED76 Class EF58 Class EF60 Class EF64 Class EF65 Freight Class EH500 Freight Class EH200 Freight Class EH800 Freight Class HD300 Class EL120 Media-embedded processor Regza SpursEngine TG01 TOSLINK Past 902T DeKi 600 e310 HD DVD JNR locomotives Class EF62 Class EF63 Class EH10 Class ED75 Class ED79 SmartMedia Thrive TS921 Computers Libretto W100 Pasopia 5 7 16 IQ Portégé Qosmio Satellite Satellite Pro 400 series A series C series P series S series T1000 LE T1100 T1200 T3100 Tecra People Toshiwo Doko Tanaka Hisashige Places Lazona Kawasaki Plaza Umi-Shibaura Station Other HDMI Licensing Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor Time Sculpture Toshiba Brave Lupus Toshiba Classic Toshiba S.C. Toshiba Science Institute 1Now integrated into other Toshiba divisions or business groupings 2Sold 3Spun off Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bo-2-Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo-2-Bo"},{"link_name":"wheel arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_arrangement"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"Japanese National Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Kyushu Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Japan Freight Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Freight_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neko2009-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JNR_Class_ED76&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kokutetsu_last-3"}],"text":"The Class ED76 (ED76形) is a Bo-2-Bo wheel arrangement AC electric locomotive type operated on passenger and freight services in Japan since 1965, originally by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and later by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido), Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) and Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight).[2] As of 1 April 2016[update], just 10 locomotives remained in service, all operated by JR Freight.[3]","title":"JNR Class ED76"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"ED76-0\nED76-500\nED76-1000","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inoue1999-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JNR_Class_ED76&action=edit"},{"link_name":"JR Freight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dj388-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_kyusyu_ED76_78_Southern_Cross.jpg"}],"text":"94 class ED76-0 locomotives were built from 1965 to 1976 and numbered ED76 1 to ED76 94.[1]As of 1 April 2016[update], the remaining fleet consists of two locomotives, ED76 81 and ED76 83, operated by JR Freight.[4]Specially repainted ED76 78 for use with the Southern Cross Joyful Train set in 1987","title":"ED76-0"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrloco2013-5"},{"link_name":"Seikan Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikan_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inoue1999-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrloco2013-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JNR_ED76_501_sapporo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_hokkaido_ED76_522.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_hokkaido_ED76_551.jpg"}],"text":"22 class ED76-500 locomotives were built from 1968 for use in Hokkaido, numbered ED76 501 to ED76 522. These locomotives included larger water and fuel tanks for the train heating steam generator and had accordingly longer bodies. They were intended to be used in pairs, and featured cab gangway doors.[5]ED76 514 was modified for used in the Seikan Tunnel and renumbered ED76 551.[1]All ED76-500s except for the unique ED76 551 were withdrawn by 1994. ED76 551 was withdrawn in 2001.[5]ED76 501 on a local passenger service in Hokkaido in 1986\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tED76 522 on a local passenger service (date unknown)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tED76 551 carrying the Elm sleeper service headboard (date unknown)","title":"ED76-500"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inoue1999-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JNR_Class_ED76&action=edit"},{"link_name":"JR Freight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Freight"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dj388-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JRF_ED761013_Kagoshima_09sum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_Freight_ED76_1008_nichinan_kokura.jpg"}],"text":"23 class ED76-1000 locomotives were built from 1970 to 1979 for express freight use and numbered ED76 1001 to ED76 1023.[1]As of 1 April 2016[update], the remaining fleet consists of eight locomotives, operated by JR Freight.[4]JR Freight refurbished locomotive ED76 1013 in June 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExperimentally painted JR Freight ED76 1008 on Nichinan express at Kokura Station (date unknown)","title":"ED76-1000"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sasada2012-6"},{"link_name":"Kitakyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitakyushu"},{"link_name":"Hita, Oita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hita,_Oita"},{"link_name":"Mikasa, Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikasa,_Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Otaru, Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaru,_Hokkaido"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JNR_EL_ED761.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyushu_Railway_History_Museum_Cut_body_place.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JRKyushu_EL_ED7691.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JNR_ED76_505.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JNR_ED76_509.JPG"}],"text":"The following examples have been preserved.[6]ED76 1: Kyushu Railway Heritage Museum, (cab end only, previously stored inside JR Kyushu Kokura Works, Kitakyushu)\nED76 91: Hita Tenryosui no Sato, Hita, Oita\nED76 505: Mikasa Railway Village, Mikasa, Hokkaido\nED76 509: Otaru Transport Museum, Otaru, Hokkaido\nED76 1006: JR Freight Moji Depot (stored for training purposes)The cab end of ED76 1 at Kokura Works, October 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cab end of ED76 1 at Kyushu Railway Heritage Museum, August 2013\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tED76 91 preserved at Hita Tenryosui no Sato, June 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tED76 505 preserved at Mikasa Railway Village, May 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tED76 509 preserved at Otaru Transport Museum, July 2007","title":"Preserved examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The ED76 classification for this locomotive type is explained below.E: Electric locomotive\nD: Four driving axles\n7x: AC locomotive with maximum speed exceeding 85 km/h (55 mph)","title":"Classification"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Inoue, Kōichi (1999). 国鉄機関車事典: 蒸気・電気・ディーゼル機関車66形式 国鉄機関車辞典 [JNR Locomotive Encyclopedia]. Japan: Sankaido. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-4-381-10338-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-381-10338-3","url_text":"978-4-381-10338-3"}]},{"reference":"Jēāru zensharyō handobukku: Rail Magazine 2009 JR全車輌ハンドブック2009 [JR Rolling Stock Handbook 2009]. Japan: Neko Publishing. 2009. p. 45. ISBN 978-4-7770-0836-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7770-0836-0","url_text":"978-4-7770-0836-0"}]},{"reference":"Miyahara, Masakazu, ed. (December 2016). 国鉄最終章LAST (鉄道ジャーナル2017年2月号別冊) [JNR - The Final Chapter (Railway Journal February 2017 Extra issue)]. Tetsudō Jānaru (in Japanese). Japan: Railway Journal: 31. ASIN B01N59AJPB. ISSN 0288-2337.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01N59AJPB","url_text":"B01N59AJPB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0288-2337","url_text":"0288-2337"}]},{"reference":"Shibata, Togo (August 2016). 最新JR貨物の電気機関車と話題の貨物列車 [Latest: JR Freight electric locomotives and popular freight trains]. Tetsudo Daiya Joho Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 45, no. 388. Japan: Kotsu Shimbun. p. 33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jr機関車カタログ: Jr7社の現有30形式を詳しく解說 JR機関車カタログ [JR Locomotive Catalogue]. Japan: Ikaros Publications Ltd. 20 June 2013. pp. 56–59. ISBN 9784863207271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784863207271","url_text":"9784863207271"}]},{"reference":"Sasada, Masahiro (September 2012). 国鉄&JR保存車大全 [JNR & JR Preserved Rolling Stock Complete Guide]. Tokyo, Japan: Ikaros Publications Ltd. p. 126. ISBN 978-4863206175.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4863206175","url_text":"978-4863206175"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_6
Alfa Romeo Alfa 6
["1 History","1.1 Facelift","2 Specifications","2.1 Engines and production","3 References","4 External links"]
Motor vehicle Alfa Romeo Alfa 6Alfa Romeo Alfa 6 first series (1979–1983)OverviewManufacturerAlfa RomeoAlso calledAlfa SeiProduction1979–1986AssemblyArese (MI) Plant, Lombardy, ItalyBody and chassisClassExecutive sedan (E)Body style4-door saloonLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-driveRelatedAlfa Romeo AlfettaPowertrainEngine2.0 L Alfa Romeo V6 (petrol)2.5 L Alfa Romeo V6 (petrol)2.5 L VM HR588 I5 (turbocharged diesel)Transmission5-speed manual3-speed ZF automaticDimensionsWheelbase2,600 mm (102.4 in)Length4,760 mm (187.4 in)Width1,680 mm (66.1 in)Height1,420 mm (55.9 in)Kerb weight1,480 kg (3,263 lb) (petrol)1,580 kg (3,480 lb) (turbodiesel)ChronologyPredecessorAlfa Romeo 2600SuccessorAlfa Romeo 164 The Alfa Romeo Alfa 6 (Type 119) is an executive car produced by the Italian company Alfa Romeo from 1979 to 1986. Its name refers to the six cylinders of the Alfa Romeo V6 engine, which made its first appearance on this car. History On its launch in 1979, the Alfa 6 was the flagship of the Alfa Romeo range. The four-door body was fairly conventional and used a similar style to the existing Alfa Romeo Alfetta, and in fact both vehicles share a great number of parts, including door panels; Design work on the 6 was done prior to the Alfa Romeo Alfetta, but the fuel crisis of 1973 delayed further development and led to the 6's belated 1979 debut. The styling was not particularly aerodynamic but the drag coefficient was an acceptable 0.41. Power came from an all-new 2.5 V6 engine which generated 158 PS (116 kW; 156 hp) at 5600 rpm using a total of six carburettors and a single, belt driven camshaft in each cylinder head. Power steering, power windows, central locking, electric wing mirrors and a 25% limited slip differential were standard, making the Alfa 6 competitively priced compared to similar saloons of that time where such equipment typically was a costly extra. The car was also designed to set new standards in safety; for example it featured a shock sensor in the boot which would cut off the fuel supply in the event of a crash. Facelift In 1983, the car was revamped, with single rectangle headlights replacing the twin round units, new bumpers, a new grille and new trim around the rear lights. Minor interior changes were also carried out, whilst mechanically the engine's troublesome six carburettors were replaced by Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection, with the power remaining at 158 PS (116 kW; 156 hp). This revamp also saw the introduction of two new engines, a 2.0 version of the existing V6 engine (which retained the carburettors and was specific for the Italian market, where engines larger than two liters were heavily taxed) and a 2.5 litre VM 5 cylinder turbodiesel. The Bertone Delfino concept car in 1983 was based on an Alfa 6. Alfa Romeo Alfa 6 first series (left) and second series Specifications The engine and gearbox were situated at the front and a limited slip differential at the rear. The 6 was fitted with four disc brakes, with the rear ones inboard, to reduce unsprung weight. The 6 has De Dion tube at the rear and it has independent front corners, the gearbox was also located in the front. Two different 5-speed gearboxes were available: one with a "normal" layout, the other with "dog-leg" layout. A three speed automatic transmission from ZF was also available as an option and the ZF hydraulic power steering was the first to be fitted to an Alfa Romeo. Engines and production Model Engine Displacement Power Torque Years No. made Petrol engines Alfa 6 2.0 V6 V6 1,997 cc (6 single Dell'Orto carburetors) 99 kW (135 PS) at 5,600 rpm 178 N⋅m (131 lb⋅ft) at 4,500 rpm 1983–1986 1,771 Alfa 6 2.5 V6 2,492 cc (6 single Dell'Orto carburetors) 118 kW (160 PS) at 5,800 rpm 219 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm 1979–1982 5,748 Alfa 6 2.5 V6 QO V6 2,492 cc (Bosch L-Jetronic) 116 kW (158 PS) at 5,600 rpm 215 N⋅m (159 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm 1983–1986 1,574 Diesel engine Alfa 6 2.5 TD I5 2,494 cc VM turbodiesel 77 kW (105 PS) at 4,300 rpm 206 N⋅m (152 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm 1983–1986 2,977 Total production 12,070 References ^ a b "Alfa Romeo Alfa 6". carsfromitaly.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007. ^ "Automotive/Past vehicles/Alfa Romeo". vmmotori.it. VM Motori. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2007. ^ "cambioZF2.jpg". alfa6.net. Retrieved 5 June 2014. ^ World Cars 1982. Pelham, NY: L'Editrice dell'Automobile LEA/Herald Books. 1982. pp. 180–181. ISBN 0-910714-14-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfa Romeo Alfa 6. Alfa Sei website Alfa 6 Italian website French website vteAlfa RomeoA marque of StellantisBrandsMarques Active Alfa Romeo Defunct FNM Divisions, joint-ventures and subsidiariesFormer &defunct Fábrica Nacional de Motores (FNM) Alfa Romeo Avio Società Pompe Iniezione Cassani & Affini (SPICA) Società Franco Italiana Motori (Sofim) Alfa Romeo Nissan Autoveicoli S.p.A. Predecessors & old names Società Italiana Automobili Darracq (S.I.A.D.) (predecessor) Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili (A.L.F.A.) (old name) Current cars 33 Stradale Giulia Junior Stelvio Tonale Future cars Castello Historic and discontinued models 24 HP 40-60HP 20-30HP G1/G2 RM RL 4C 4C Spider 6C 8C 1900 Matta Giulietta 2000 Giulietta Sprint Speciale Giulia 2600 105/115 Series Coupés GTA Gran Sport Quattroruote Spider (105/115) 1750 Berlina 33 Stradale MiTo Montreal 2000 Berlina Alfasud Alfetta Alfetta GT Sprint Nuova Giulietta Giulietta Alfa 6 Arna 33 75 90 164 SZ RZ 155 GTV Spider (916) 145 146 156 166 147 GT 159 Brera Spider (939) 8C Competizione 8C Spider Concept cars 1000 Abarth 2000 Sportiva 2uettottanta 33.2 4C Concept BAT series Bella Brera Caimano Canguro Carabo Dardo Delfino Disco Volante Disco Volante (2013) Diva Eagle Giulia Sport Gloria Iguana Issima Kamal Monospider Navajo New York Taxi Nuvola Pandion Proteo Scarabeo Scarabeo II Scighera Tipo 103 Visconti TZ3 Vivace Vola Zeta 6 Tonale Concept Buses 40A 80A 85A 110A 140A 150A 430A 500A 800A 900A 902A 950A Mille Trolleybuses 110AF 140AF 800AF 900AF Mille AF Trucks 50 80 85 110 350 430 450 500 800 900 950 Mille A15 A19 A38 F20 Racing cars Grand Prix P1 P2 P3 Tipo A Tipo B (P3) Tipo C (8C-35) Tipo 308 Tipo 312 Tipo 316 Bimotore 12C Tipo 512 158/159 Alfetta TZ/TZ2 GTA Tipo 33 177 179 182 183T 184T 185T SE 048SP 155 V6 TI Vans Romeo A11/F11 A12/F12 AR6 AR8 Motorsport Alfa Romeo in motorsport Alfa Romeo in Formula One (Results) Scuderia Ferrari Alfa Corse Autodelta N.Technology Jolly Club Alfa GTV Cup Technologies Blue&Me Selespeed Multiair Alfa Romeo engines (aircraft engines) platforms Places and facilities Alfa Romeo Museum Alfa Romeo Arese Plant Alfa Romeo Cassino Plant Alfa Romeo Pomigliano d'Arco plant Alfa Romeo Portello Plant Balocco People Nicola Romeo Giuseppe Merosi Vittorio Jano Enzo Ferrari Rudolf Hruska Carlo Chiti Gioacchino Colombo Wifredo Ricart Orazio Satta Puliga Giuseppe Busso Ugo Gobbato Sergio Limone Drivers Formula One drivers Tazio Nuvolari Giuseppe Campari Achille Varzi Luigi Arcangeli Clemente Biondetti Antonio Ascari Ugo Sivocci Jean-Pierre Wimille Guy Moll Gastone Brilli-Peri Baconin Borzacchini Other Alfa Romeo I Alfa Romeo II Alfa Romeo III Alfa Romeo Racing Italiano History of Alfa Romeo Category Commons vte« previous — Alfa Romeo vehicle timeline, 1950s–1970s — next » Ownership IRI Type 1950s 1960s 1970s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Small family car Dauphine Alfasud Compact executive car Giulietta (750/101) Giulia Giulietta (116) Executive car 1750 Berlina Alfetta 2000 Berlina Alfetta 2000 1900 2000 2600 Alfa 6 Coupé Giulietta Sprint GT Junior Alfasud Sprint Giulia Sprint GT/GT Veloce Alfetta GT and GTV 1900 Sprint 2000 Sprint 2600 Sprint Cabriolet 1900 L Giulia GTC Spider Giulietta Spider Spider 2000 Spider 2600 Spider Roadster Gran Sport Quattroruote Sports car 6C 2500 Montreal 33 Stradale Racing car TZ GTA 158/159 Tipo 33 177/179 Off-road Matta LCV Romeo Romeo 2 Romeo 3 F11/F12/A11/A12 AR8 vte« previous — Alfa Romeo car timeline, 1980s–2010s — next » Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Supermini MiTo Small family car Arna 145 Alfasud 33 146 147 Giulietta (940) Compact executive car Giulietta (116) 75/Milano 155 156 159 Giulia (952) Executive car Alfetta 90 164 166 Alfa 6 Coupé Sprint GT GTV and GTV6 GTV (916) Brera Spider Spider (105/115) Spider (916) Spider (939) Sports car SZ 8C Competizione 4C RZ 8C Spider 4C Spider Crossover SUV Stelvio Racing car 179/182/183T/184T/185T GTV, GTV 6 75 Turbo SZ Trophy 155 GTA155 V6 TI GTV Cup 156 D2/GTA S2000 147 Cup147 GTA Cup TCR/WTCR Giulietta QVBTCC Giulietta LCV F11/F12/A11/A12 AR6 AR8 Ownership IRI Fiat S.p.A. FCA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"executive car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_car"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo V6 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_V6_engine"}],"text":"The Alfa Romeo Alfa 6 (Type 119) is an executive car produced by the Italian company Alfa Romeo from 1979 to 1986. Its name refers to the six cylinders of the Alfa Romeo V6 engine, which made its first appearance on this car.","title":"Alfa Romeo Alfa 6"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo Alfetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Alfetta"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo Alfetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Alfetta"},{"link_name":"drag coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_coefficient"},{"link_name":"camshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camshaft"},{"link_name":"Power steering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_steering"},{"link_name":"power windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_windows"},{"link_name":"limited slip differential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_slip_differential"}],"text":"On its launch in 1979, the Alfa 6 was the flagship of the Alfa Romeo range. The four-door body was fairly conventional and used a similar style to the existing Alfa Romeo Alfetta, and in fact both vehicles share a great number of parts, including door panels; Design work on the 6 was done prior to the Alfa Romeo Alfetta, but the fuel crisis of 1973 delayed further development and led to the 6's belated 1979 debut. The styling was not particularly aerodynamic but the drag coefficient was an acceptable 0.41. Power came from an all-new 2.5 V6 engine which generated 158 PS (116 kW; 156 hp) at 5600 rpm using a total of six carburettors and a single, belt driven camshaft in each cylinder head. Power steering, power windows, central locking, electric wing mirrors and a 25% limited slip differential were standard, making the Alfa 6 competitively priced compared to similar saloons of that time where such equipment typically was a costly extra. The car was also designed to set new standards in safety; for example it featured a shock sensor in the boot which would cut off the fuel supply in the event of a crash.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"headlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headlight"},{"link_name":"Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH"},{"link_name":"fuel injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection"},{"link_name":"VM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM_Motori"},{"link_name":"5 cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-5"},{"link_name":"turbodiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbodiesel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vmmotori.it-2"},{"link_name":"Bertone Delfino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Delfino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carsfromitaly.net-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikialf6204.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfa6wiki.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Facelift","text":"In 1983, the car was revamped, with single rectangle headlights replacing the twin round units, new bumpers, a new grille and new trim around the rear lights. Minor interior changes were also carried out, whilst mechanically the engine's troublesome six carburettors were replaced by Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection, with the power remaining at 158 PS (116 kW; 156 hp). This revamp also saw the introduction of two new engines, a 2.0 version of the existing V6 engine (which retained the carburettors and was specific for the Italian market, where engines larger than two liters were heavily taxed) and a 2.5 litre VM 5 cylinder turbodiesel.[2]The Bertone Delfino concept car in 1983 was based on an Alfa 6.[1]Alfa Romeo Alfa 6 first series (left) and second series","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disc brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brake"},{"link_name":"De Dion tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Dion_tube"},{"link_name":"dog-leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog-leg_gearbox"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ZF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF_Friedrichshafen"},{"link_name":"power steering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_steering"}],"text":"The engine and gearbox were situated at the front and a limited slip differential at the rear. The 6 was fitted with four disc brakes, with the rear ones inboard, to reduce unsprung weight. The 6 has De Dion tube at the rear and it has independent front corners, the gearbox was also located in the front. Two different 5-speed gearboxes were available: one with a \"normal\" layout, the other with \"dog-leg\" layout.[3] A three speed automatic transmission from ZF was also available as an option and the ZF hydraulic power steering was the first to be fitted to an Alfa Romeo.","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Engines and production","title":"Specifications"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Alfa Romeo Alfa 6\". carsfromitaly.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carsfromitaly.net/alfaromeo/index.html","url_text":"\"Alfa Romeo Alfa 6\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070731140300/http://carsfromitaly.net/alfaromeo/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Automotive/Past vehicles/Alfa Romeo\". vmmotori.it. VM Motori. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120937/http://www.vmmotori.it/en/01/02/01/dettaglio.jsp?id=20","url_text":"\"Automotive/Past vehicles/Alfa Romeo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM_Motori","url_text":"VM Motori"},{"url":"http://www.vmmotori.it/en/01/02/01/dettaglio.jsp?id=20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"cambioZF2.jpg\". alfa6.net. Retrieved 5 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alfa6.net/cambioZF2.jpg","url_text":"\"cambioZF2.jpg\""}]},{"reference":"World Cars 1982. Pelham, NY: L'Editrice dell'Automobile LEA/Herald Books. 1982. pp. 180–181. ISBN 0-910714-14-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910714-14-2","url_text":"0-910714-14-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janina_Coal_Mine
Janina Coal Mine
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°05′32″N 19°19′55″E / 50.0921°N 19.3320°E / 50.0921; 19.3320Janina coal mineJanina coal mine in 2013LocationLocationLibiążTownLesser Poland VoivodeshipCountryPolandProductionProductsCoalProduction2,800,000HistoryOpened1907OwnerCompanyTauron GroupWebsiteZakład Górniczy Janina The Janina coal mine is a large mine in the south of Poland in Libiąż, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, 350 km south-west of the capital, Warsaw. The mine has been erected by Compagnie Galicienne de Mines, a French mining company, in 1907. Between 1921 and 1939 the Janina mine was under management of its Polish chief executive, Zygmunt Szczotkowski. During World War II it was repurposed into one of the German Nazi concentration camps. After the war the Janina mine was nationalizated, as all enterprises with over 50 employees had been at that time. Janina represents one of the largest coal reserve in Poland having estimated reserves of 841 million tonnes of coal. The annual coal production is around 2.8 million tonnes. References ^ Grudziński, Zbigniew (2005). "Wystarczalność zasobów węgla kamiennego w Polsce w świetle planu dostępu do zasobów oraz prognoz zapotrzebowania na węgiel" (PDF). Polityka energetyczna (in Polish). 8 (2). ISSN 1429-6675. Retrieved November 8, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Janina coal mine. Official website (in Polish) vteResources in PolandOil B3 Barnówko-Mostno-Buszewo Dębno Lubiatów-Międzychód-Grotów Torzym-Cybinka Natural gas Daszawa Dzików Jasionka Jodłówka Kościan Przemyśl Radlin Terliczka Wola Obszańska Żołynia Coal 1 Maja Adamów Bełchatów Bielszowice Bogdanka Bolesław Śmiały Borynia Budryk Chwałowice Dęby Szlacheckie Drzewce Gubin Halemba Janina Jankowice Jas-Mos Jóźwin Konin Krupiński Legnica Marcel Mosty Murcki Mysłowice-Wesoła Piaski Piast Pniówek Sobieski Sośnica-Makoszowy Staszic Szczygłowice Tomisławice Trzcianka Turów Wujek Ziemowit Zofiówka Copper Bytom Odrzański Gaworzyce Głogów Głęboki-Przemysłowy Lubin Myszków Polkowice-Sieroszowice Retków Rudna Nickel Szklary Authority control databases International VIAF National United States 50°05′32″N 19°19′55″E / 50.0921°N 19.3320°E / 50.0921; 19.3320 This article about a specific mine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Lesser Poland Voivodeship location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Libiąż","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi%C4%85%C5%BC"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Szczotkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Szczotkowski"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"nationalizated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Janina coal mine is a large mine in the south of Poland in Libiąż, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, 350 km south-west of the capital, Warsaw. The mine has been erected by Compagnie Galicienne de Mines, a French mining company, in 1907. Between 1921 and 1939 the Janina mine was under management of its Polish chief executive, Zygmunt Szczotkowski. During World War II it was repurposed into one of the German Nazi concentration camps. After the war the Janina mine was nationalizated, as all enterprises with over 50 employees had been at that time.Janina represents one of the largest coal reserve in Poland having estimated reserves of 841 million tonnes of coal.[1] The annual coal production is around 2.8 million tonnes.","title":"Janina Coal Mine"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Grudziński, Zbigniew (2005). \"Wystarczalność zasobów węgla kamiennego w Polsce w świetle planu dostępu do zasobów oraz prognoz zapotrzebowania na węgiel\" [The availability of hard coal resources in Poland in light of the access plan for resources and forecasts for coal demand] (PDF). Polityka energetyczna (in Polish). 8 (2). ISSN 1429-6675. Retrieved November 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://min-pan.krakow.pl/se/publikacje/05_30zg_pe.pdf","url_text":"\"Wystarczalność zasobów węgla kamiennego w Polsce w świetle planu dostępu do zasobów oraz prognoz zapotrzebowania na węgiel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1429-6675","url_text":"1429-6675"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Janina_Coal_Mine&params=50.0921_N_19.3320_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"50°05′32″N 19°19′55″E / 50.0921°N 19.3320°E / 50.0921; 19.3320"},{"Link":"http://www.tauron-wydobycie.pl/spolka/zg-janina/charakterystyka-zakladu","external_links_name":"Zakład Górniczy Janina"},{"Link":"https://min-pan.krakow.pl/se/publikacje/05_30zg_pe.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Wystarczalność zasobów węgla kamiennego w Polsce w świetle planu dostępu do zasobów oraz prognoz zapotrzebowania na węgiel\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1429-6675","external_links_name":"1429-6675"},{"Link":"http://www.tauron-wydobycie.pl/spolka/zg-janina/charakterystyka-zakladu","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/173304394","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011105482","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Janina_Coal_Mine&params=50.0921_N_19.3320_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"50°05′32″N 19°19′55″E / 50.0921°N 19.3320°E / 50.0921; 19.3320"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janina_Coal_Mine&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janina_Coal_Mine&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_on_the_International_Space_Station
Christmas on the International Space Station
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Christmas traditions and celebration in the International Space Station Expedition 30 in a Christmas time crew photo, 25 December 2011 A Christmas tree floating in the Cupola, December 2015 Expedition 34 crew members assemble in Node 1 on Christmas Eve, 2012. Astronaut Scott Kelly with Santa Claus hat Christmas on the International Space Station covers the celebration of Christmas on the International Space Station. Christmas is celebrated each year by the International Space Station crew, their families, and ground-staff. Crew are given time off duty according to their respective culture, religion/faith and ethnicity. The Russian Orthodox Church celebrates Christmas according to the Julian calendar, whilst the Catholic Church and the various Protestant denominations use the Gregorian calendar so the crew may celebrate Christmas more than once on the station choosing between 25 December or 6, 7 or 19 January. Expedition 1 arrived on the ISS on 2 November 2000, celebrating their first Christmas on board the station later that year. Other celebrations included Expedition 30, with the arrival of Donald Pettit, Oleg Kononenko, and André Kuipers. The station has been continuously occupied since 2000, so every Christmas has been experienced by a crew. The holiday is popular enough that one of the traditions that has developed is having a Christmas dinner. On 25 December 2011 the crew of Expedition 30 took a break on Christmas to a take crew photo. This included Dan Burbank, Oleg Kononenko, Don Pettit, Anatoly Ivanishin, Andre Kuipers, and Anton Shkaplerov. On 24 December 2013, astronauts made a rare Christmas Eve extravehicular activity, installing a new ammonia pump for the station's cooling system. The faulty cooling system had failed earlier in the month, halting many of the station's science experiments. Astronauts had to brave a "mini blizzard" of noxious ammonia while installing the new pump. It was only the second Christmas Eve spacewalk in NASA history. On 25 December 2016 the crew celebrated Christmas by floating in micro-gravity and opening Christmas presents recently delivered on a Japanese cargo spacecraft. One astronaut wore a Santa hat in orbit. The French astronaut Thomas Pesquet shared special French food with station crew. Pesquet also made a Christmas-time special video for the ESA. See also Religion in space References ^ "Photo-iss034e010476". spaceflight.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. ^ McNicholl, Sinead (15 December 2010). "Christmas Day in Space". ArmaghPlanet.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011. ^ Moskowitz, Clara (23 December 2011). "3 Astronauts Arrive at Space Station for the Holidays". Space.com. Retrieved 31 December 2011. ^ Wall, Mike (24 December 2011). "How Astronauts Celebrate Christmas in Space". Space.com. Retrieved 31 December 2011. ^ a b c d "Christmas in space features French cuisine". 23 December 2016. ^ a b "Photo-iss030e015660". spaceflight.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-02-01. ^ AP (24 December 2013). "Astronauts Complete Rare Christmas Eve Spacewalk". Leaker. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013. ^ a b c "Christmas in Orbit: Astronauts Make Merry Aboard the Space Station". Space.com. 25 December 2016. External links DLR - Christmas in space vte... in spaceBiologyHuman The human body Hygiene Locomotion Medicine Neuroscience Psychology Psychological and sociological effects Sex Sleep Non-human Animals Cats Dogs Frogs Fruit flies Mice Primates Tortoises Extraterrestrial life Microorganisms Plants Astrobotany Environment Climate Corrosion Debris Dust Magnetosphere Weather Weathering Society Advertising Alcohol Archaeology of Earth of items in space Art Burial Colonization Economy Mining Trade Ethics Exploration Food Law Military Music Religion Christmas Selfies Tourism Voting War Women TechnologyHuman spaceflight Accidents Architecture Farming Food Carbonated drinks Toilets Writing Other technologies Logistics Manufacturing Mining Power Batteries Nuclear Solar for Earth for spacecraft Radar Telescopes Weapons Outer space portal
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Christmas is celebrated each year by the International Space Station crew, their families, and ground-staff. Crew are given time off duty according to their respective culture, religion/faith and ethnicity. The Russian Orthodox Church celebrates Christmas according to the Julian calendar, whilst the Catholic Church and the various Protestant denominations use the Gregorian calendar so the crew may celebrate Christmas more than once on the station choosing between 25 December or 6, 7 or 19 January.Expedition 1 arrived on the ISS on 2 November 2000, celebrating their first Christmas on board the station later that year.[2] Other celebrations included Expedition 30, with the arrival of Donald Pettit, Oleg Kononenko, and André Kuipers.[3][4] The station has been continuously occupied since 2000, so every Christmas has been experienced by a crew.[5] The holiday is popular enough that one of the traditions that has developed is having a Christmas dinner.[5]On 25 December 2011 the crew of Expedition 30 took a break on Christmas to a take crew photo.[6] This included Dan Burbank, Oleg Kononenko, Don Pettit, Anatoly Ivanishin, Andre Kuipers, and Anton Shkaplerov.[6]On 24 December 2013, astronauts made a rare Christmas Eve extravehicular activity, installing a new ammonia pump for the station's cooling system. The faulty cooling system had failed earlier in the month, halting many of the station's science experiments. Astronauts had to brave a \"mini blizzard\" of noxious ammonia while installing the new pump. It was only the second Christmas Eve spacewalk in NASA history.[7]On 25 December 2016 the crew celebrated Christmas by floating in micro-gravity and opening Christmas presents recently delivered on a Japanese cargo spacecraft.[8] One astronaut wore a Santa hat in orbit.[8] The French astronaut Thomas Pesquet shared special French food with station crew.[8][5] Pesquet also made a Christmas-time special video for the ESA.[5]","title":"Christmas on the International Space Station"}]
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[{"title":"Religion in space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_space"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Mader
Günther Mader
["1 Career","2 World Cup victories","2.1 Season titles","2.2 Individual races","3 References","4 External links"]
Austrian alpine skier Günther MaderPersonal informationBorn (1964-06-24) June 24, 1964 (age 59)Matrei am Brenner,Tyrol, AustriaOccupationAlpine skierHeight177 cm (5 ft 10 in)Skiing careerDisciplinesDownhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, combinedClubSC Gries Am BrennerWorld Cup debut22 December 1982(age 18)RetiredMarch 1998 (age 33)Websiteguenthermader.atOlympicsTeams4 - (1988-98)Medals1 (0 gold)World ChampionshipsTeams7 - (1985-97)Medals6 (0 gold)World CupSeasons16 - (1983-98)Wins14Podiums44Overall titles0 - (2nd in 1995 & 1996)Discipline titles2 - (1 GS, 1 K ) Medal record Men's alpine skiing Representing  Austria World Cup race podiums Event 1st 2nd 3rd Slalom 1 0 4 Giant slalom 2 3 3 Downhill 1 2 3 Super-G 6 4 2 Combined 4 2 4 Total 14 11 16 Olympic Games 1992 Albertville Downhill World Championships 1987 Crans-Montana Slalom 1987 Crans-Montana Combined 1989 Vail Combined 1991 Saalbach Combined 1996 Sierra Nevada Combined 1997 Sestriere Super-G Günther Mader (born 24 June 1964) is a former alpine ski racer and Olympic medalist from Austria. Born in Matrei am Brenner, Tyrol, he is one of only five men to have won World Cup races in all five alpine disciplines (downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, and combined). Career Mader made his World Cup debut at age 18 and competed for 16 seasons, including four Winter Olympics and seven world championships. He was the bronze medalist in the downhill at the 1992 Olympics and won a total of six medals in the world championships. He won his first championship medal, the silver medal in the slalom Race at Crans Montana in 1987, after only placing eighth after the first leg of the competition. Mader won two World Cup season titles, giant slalom in 1990 and combined in 1996, and placed second in the overall World Cup standings in 1995 and 1996, and third in 1990. Without his 14 wins, he did achieve another 27 places in World Cup races. His only World Cup victory in downhill was the prestigious Hahnenkamm in Kitzbühel, Austria, in 1996 at age 31. Mader retired from competition after the 1998 season with 14 World Cup victories, 44 podiums, and 146 top ten finishes. Only 13 days after his retirement in March 1998, he suffered a stroke: as a result the right side of his body was paralysed and he lost 85 percent of his vocabulary. However he recovered to the greatest possible extent. After convalescence, he wrote a book titled ÜberLeben which covered his career, the stroke and his work as director of racing at ski manufacturer Salomon in Austria, a position he took up during his recovery from his stroke. ÜberLeben has a double meaning in German, translatable as "about life" but also as "survival". World Cup victories Season titles Season Discipline 1990 Giant slalom 1996 Combined Individual races 14 victories - (1 DH, 6 SG, 2 GS, 1 SL, 4 K) 44 podiums - (6 DH, 12 SG, 8 GS, 5 SL, 13 K) Season Date Location Race 1986 21 Feb 1986 Wengen, Switzerland Combined 2 Mar 1986 Geilo, Norway Slalom 1988 20 Mar 1988 Åre, Sweden Combined 1990 2 Dec 1989 Mt. Ste. Anne, Canada Giant slalom 30 Jan 1990 Les Menuires, France Super-G 1991 6 Jan 1991 Garmisch, Germany Super-G 1992 8 Mar 1992 Panorama, Canada Super-G 1993 28 Mar 1993 Whistler, Canada Super-G 1994 27 Nov 1993 Park City, USA Giant slalom 12 Dec 1993 Val-d'Isère, France Super-G 1995 16 Jan 1995 Kitzbühel, Austria Super-G 1996 13 Jan 1996 Kitzbühel, Austria Downhill 14 Jan 1996 Combined 1997 12 Jan 1997 Chamonix, France Combined References ^ Ski-db.com - results - Günther Mader - accessed 2011-01-16 External links Günther Mader at FIS (alpine) Günther Mader at Olympedia Günther Mader at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database Official website (in German) vteFIS Alpine Ski World Cup – Men's giant slalom World Cup winners 1967: Jean-Claude Killy 1968: Jean-Claude Killy 1969: Karl Schranz 1970: Gustav Thöni 1971: Patrick Russel           Gustav Thöni 1972: Gustav Thöni 1973: Hansi Hinterseer 1974: Piero Gros 1975: Ingemar Stenmark 1976: Ingemar Stenmark 1977: Ingemar Stenmark             Heini Hemmi 1978: Ingemar Stenmark 1979: Ingemar Stenmark 1980: Ingemar Stenmark 1981: Ingemar Stenmark 1982: Phil Mahre 1983: Phil Mahre 1984: Ingemar Stenmark             Pirmin Zurbriggen   1985: Marc Girardelli 1986:    Joël Gaspoz 1987:    Pirmin Zurbriggen             Joël Gaspoz   1988: Alberto Tomba 1989: Ole Kristian Furuseth             Pirmin Zurbriggen   1990: Günther Mader           Ole Kristian Furuseth   1991: Alberto Tomba 1992: Alberto Tomba 1993:   Kjetil André Aamodt 1994: Christian Mayer 1995: Alberto Tomba 1996:    Michael von Grünigen 1997:    Michael von Grünigen 1998: Hermann Maier 1999:    Michael von Grünigen 2000: Hermann Maier 2001: Hermann Maier 2002: Frédéric Covili 2003:    Michael von Grünigen 2004: Bode Miller 2005: Benjamin Raich 2006: Benjamin Raich 2007:   Aksel Lund Svindal 2008: Ted Ligety 2009:    Didier Cuche 2010: Ted Ligety 2011: Ted Ligety 2012: Marcel Hirscher 2013: Ted Ligety 2014: Ted Ligety 2015: Marcel Hirscher 2016: Marcel Hirscher 2017: Marcel Hirscher 2018: Marcel Hirscher 2019: Marcel Hirscher 2020:   Henrik Kristoffersen 2021: Alexis Pinturault 2022:    Marco Odermatt 2023:    Marco Odermatt 2024:    Marco Odermatt World Cup winners: Overall • Downhill • Super-G • Giant Slalom • Slalom • Combined • Parallel vteFIS Alpine Ski World Cup – Men's combined World Cup winners 1975: Gustav Thöni 1976:    Walter Tresch 1977: Sepp Ferstl 1978: 0000Not contested 1979: Andreas Wenzel 1980: Phil Mahre 1981: Phil Mahre 1982: Phil Mahre 1983: Phil Mahre 1984: Andreas Wenzel 1985: Andreas Wenzel 1986:    Pirmin Zurbriggen 1987:    Pirmin Zurbriggen 1988: Hubert Strolz 1989: Marc Girardelli 1990:    Pirmin Zurbriggen 1991: Marc Girardelli 1992:    Paul Accola 1993: Marc Girardelli 1994:   Kjetil André Aamodt 1995: Marc Girardelli 1996: Günther Mader 1997:   Kjetil André Aamodt 1998: Werner Franz 1999:   Kjetil André Aamodt00000  Lasse Kjus 2000:   Kjetil André Aamodt 2001:   Lasse Kjus 2002:   Kjetil André Aamodt 2003: Bode Miller 2004: Bode Miller 2005: Benjamin Raich 2006: Benjamin Raich 2007:   Aksel Lund Svindal 2008: Bode Miller 2009:    Carlo Janka 2010: Benjamin Raich 2011: Ivica Kostelić 2012: Ivica Kostelić 2013: Ivica Kostelić00000 Alexis Pinturault 2014: Ted Ligety00000 Alexis Pinturault 2015:    Carlo Janka 2016: Alexis Pinturault 2017: Alexis Pinturault 2018: Peter Fill 2019: Alexis Pinturault 2020: Alexis Pinturault 2021: 0000Not contested 2022: 0000Not contested 2023: 0000Not contested World Cup winners: Overall • Downhill • Super-G • Giant Slalom • Slalom • Combined • Parallel Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alpine ski racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Matrei am Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrei_am_Brenner"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrol_(state)"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"super-G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-G"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined"}],"text":"Günther Mader (born 24 June 1964) is a former alpine ski racer and Olympic medalist from Austria. Born in Matrei am Brenner, Tyrol, he is one of only five men to have won World Cup races in all five alpine disciplines (downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, and combined).","title":"Günther Mader"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"world championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships"},{"link_name":"1992 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Crans Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crans_Montana"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_skiing"},{"link_name":"Hahnenkamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahnenkamm,_Kitzb%C3%BChel"},{"link_name":"Kitzbühel, Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitzb%C3%BChel,_Austria"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"Salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Group"}],"text":"Mader made his World Cup debut at age 18 and competed for 16 seasons, including four Winter Olympics and seven world championships. He was the bronze medalist in the downhill at the 1992 Olympics and won a total of six medals in the world championships. He won his first championship medal, the silver medal in the slalom Race at Crans Montana in 1987, after only placing eighth after the first leg of the competition. Mader won two World Cup season titles, giant slalom in 1990 and combined in 1996, and placed second in the overall World Cup standings in 1995 and 1996, and third in 1990. Without his 14 wins, he did achieve another 27 places in World Cup races.[clarification needed]His only World Cup victory in downhill was the prestigious Hahnenkamm in Kitzbühel, Austria, in 1996 at age 31. Mader retired from competition after the 1998 season with 14 World Cup victories, 44 podiums, and 146 top ten finishes.[1]Only 13 days after his retirement in March 1998, he suffered a stroke: as a result the right side of his body was paralysed and he lost 85 percent of his vocabulary. However he recovered to the greatest possible extent. After convalescence, he wrote a book titled ÜberLeben which covered his career, the stroke and his work as director of racing at ski manufacturer Salomon in Austria, a position he took up during his recovery from his stroke. ÜberLeben has a double meaning in German, translatable as \"about life\" but also as \"survival\".","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Cup victories"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season titles","title":"World Cup victories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_skiing"},{"link_name":"SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_giant_slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"GS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined"},{"link_name":"DH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_skiing"},{"link_name":"SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_giant_slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"GS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined"}],"sub_title":"Individual races","text":"14 victories - (1 DH, 6 SG, 2 GS, 1 SL, 4 K)\n44 podiums - (6 DH, 12 SG, 8 GS, 5 SL, 13 K)","title":"World Cup victories"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I_Wittelsbach,_Duke_of_Bavaria
Otto I, Duke of Bavaria
["1 Life","2 Issue","3 Ancestry","4 References","5 Sources"]
Duke of Bavaria For other people named Otto of Bavaria, see Otto of Bavaria (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Otto I, Duke of Bavaria" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of BavariaPortrait from Die Chronik BayernsBorn1117Kelheim, Duchy of Bavaria, Holy Roman EmpireDied(1183-07-11)11 July 1183Pfullendorf, Holy Roman EmpireNoble familyHouse of WittelsbachSpouse(s)Agnes of LoonIssueDetail Sophia Richardis Louis I FatherOtto IV, Count of ScheyernMotherHeilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld Statue of Otto I in front of the Bayerische Staatskanzlei, Munich. Otto I (1117 – 11 July 1183), called the Redhead (German: der Rotkopf), was Duke of Bavaria from 1180 until his death. He was also called Otto VI as Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1156 to 1180. He was the first Bavarian ruler from the House of Wittelsbach, a dynasty which reigned until the abdication of King Ludwig III of Bavaria in the German Revolution of 1918. Life Duke Otto I was probably born at Kelheim, the son of Count Palatine Otto IV of Wittelsbach and Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld, a granddaughter of the Hohenstaufen duke Frederick I of Swabia. He was the brother of Archbishop Conrad I of Mainz and Salzburg. Upon the death of his father in 1156, he succeeded him as Count palatine of the Bavarian duchy, then under the rule of Henry the Lion, a scion of the Welf dynasty. As one of the best knights in the employ of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1155 he had prevented a defeat of the Emperor near Verona, where the army caravan was ambushed on the way back to Germany after the coronation at Rome. In the Dominium mundi conflict between emperor and pope culminating at the 1157 Reichstag of Besançon, fiery Otto could only be kept from smiting the papal legate Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli with his battleaxe by the personal intervention of Frederick. He was rewarded with the duchy of Bavaria on 16 September 1180 at Altenburg in Thuringia, following the deposition of Henry the Lion, Duke of Bavaria, of the House of Welf. But he was so little regarded by many of the Bavarian aristocracy that they are said to have refused him the customary homage. They went so far as to refuse to attend his first court assembly at Regensburg. With the separation of Styria under Duke Ottokar IV in the same year, Bavaria lost the last of her southeastern territories. With the support of the emperor and his brother Conrad, Otto was able to secure the rule of his dynasty from the wary Bavarian nobility. His descendants ruled Bavaria for the next 738 years. In 1182 or 1183, Duke Otto bought Dachau castle, the ministeriales, and all other appurtenances for a large sum of cash from the widow of the last duke of Dachau and Merania, Conrad II, Duke of Merania. In 1183 Otto accompanied Emperor Frederick to sign the Peace of Constance with the Lombard League and died suddenly on the way back at Pfullendorf in Swabia. He was succeeded by his only surviving son Louis. Otto's mortal remains are buried in the crypt of Scheyern Abbey. Issue Otto von Wittelsbach, Wittelsbach Bridge in Munich, sculptor Georg Wrba About 1169 Otto married Agnes, a daughter of Count Louis I of Loon. Agnes and Otto had the following children: Otto (1169–1181) Ulrich († 29 May...) Agnes (1172 - 13 January 1200), married in 1186 to Henry von Plain Heilika I (1171-1200), married in 1184 to Hallgrave Dietrich of Wasserburg Agnes (1172–1200), married Count Henry of Plain (d. 1190) Richardis (1173–1231), married in 1186 to Count Otto I of Guelders and Zutphen Louis I (1173–1231), married in 1204 to Ludmilla of Bohemia Heilika II (1176-1214), married Count Adelbert III of Dillingen (d. 1214) Elisabeth (1178-1190), married Count Berthold II of Vohburg (d. 1209) Mechtild (1180–1231), married in 1209 to Count Rapoto II of Ortenburg (1164–1231). Sophia (1170–1238), married Landgrave Hermann I of Thuringia (1155–1217) Ancestry This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Ancestors of Otto I, Duke of Bavaria 8. Otto I of Scheyern 4. Eckhard I of Scheyern 2. Otto IV of Scheyern 10. Ulric I of Carniola 5. Richgard of Carniola 11. Sophia of Hungary 1. Otto I 12. Rudgar of Veltheim 6. Frederick III of Pettendorf 13. Isingardis of Pettendorf 3. Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld 14. Frederick I of Swabia 7. Heilika of Swabia 15. Agnes of Waiblingen References ^ Arnold 1991, p. 242. ^ Holzfurtner 2005, p. 22. ^ Arnold 1985, p. 64. ^ Freed 1984, p. 9. ^ a b c d e f g h Jeffery 2018, p. ii. Sources Arnold, Benjamin (1991). Princes and territories in medieval Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52148-3. Arnold, Benjamin (1985). German Knighthood 1050-1300. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821960-1. Freed, John B. (1984). The Counts of Falkenstein: Noble Self-consciousness in Twelfth-century Germany. The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 9780871697462. Holzfurtner, Ludwig (2005). Die Wittelsbacher: Staat und Dynastie in acht Jahrhunderten (Urban-Taschenbucher). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 978-3170181915. Jeffery, Renée (2018). Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia: The Philosopher Princess. Lexington Books. Vogel, Susanne (2012). Die Wittelsbacher: Herzöge – Kurfürsten – Könige in Bayern von 1180 bis 1918. Biografische Skizzen. Staackmann. ISBN 978-3886752485. Dahlem, Andreas (2009). The Wittelsbach Court in Munich: History and Authority in the Visual Arts (1460-1508). Glasgow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Otto I, Duke of Bavaria House of WittelsbachBorn: 1117 Died: 11 July 1183 Regnal titles Preceded byHenry XII Duke of Bavaria 1180–1183 Succeeded byLouis I Preceded byOtto V Count Palatine of Bavaria 1156–1180 Succeeded byOtto VII vteDukes of Bavaria Duchy of Bavaria Upper Bavaria Lower Bavaria Bavaria-Ingolstadt Bavaria-Landshut Bavaria-Munich Bavaria-Straubing Garibald I (555–591) Tassilo I (591–610) Garibald II (610–625) Theodo (c.680–716) Theodbert (c.716–c.719) Theobald (c.716–c.719) Tassilo II (c.716–c.719) Grimoald (715–725) Hugbert (725–736) Odilo (736–748) Grifo (748) Tassilo III (748–788) Louis II the German (King: 817–843) Carloman (King: 876–880) Louis III the Younger (King: 880–882) Charles the Fat (King: 882–887) Engeldeo (Margrave: 890–895) Luitpold (Margrave: 895–907) Arnulf (907–937) Eberhard (937–938) Berthold (938–947) Henry I (947–955) Henry II the Quarrelsome (955–976, 985–995) Otto I (976–982) Henry III the Younger (983–985) Henry IV (995–1004, 1009–1017) Henry V (1004–1009, 1017–1026) Henry VI (1026–1042) Henry VII (1042–1047) Conrad I (1049–1053) Henry VIII (1053–1054, 1055–1061) Conrad II (1054–1055) Otto of Nordheim (1061–1070) Welf I (1070–1077, 1096–1101) Henry VIII (1077–1096) Welf II (1101–1120) Henry IX the Black (1120–1126) Henry X (1126–1138) Leopold I (1139–1141) Henry XI Jasomirgott (1143–1156) Henry XII the Lion (1156–1180) Otto the Redhead (1180–1183) Agnes of Loon (Regent: 1183–1191) Louis I (1183–1231) Otto the Illustrious (1231–1253) Louis II the Strict (1253–1255; Upper: 1255–1294) Henry XIII (Lower: 1253–1290) Louis III (Lower: 1290–1296) Stephen I (Lower: 1290–1310) Otto III (Lower: 1290–1312) Matilda (Upper: Regent: 1294–1302) Rudolph I (Upper: 1294–1317) Henry XV the Natternberger (Lower: 1312–1333) Otto VI (Lower: 1310–1334) Henry XIV (Lower: 1310–1339) John I the Child (Lower: 1339–1340) Louis IV (Upper: 1301–1340; 1340–1347) Otto V, (1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1351; Landshut: 1373–1379) Louis V the Brandenburger, (1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1361) Meinhard I (Upper: 1361–1363) Louis VI, (1347–1365) Stephen II, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Landshut: 1353–1375; Upper: 1363) William I, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1388) Albert I, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1404) Albert II (Straubing: 1389–1397) William II (Straubing: 1404–1417) Jacqueline (Straubing: 1417-1429) John III the Pitiless (Straubing: 1417-1425) William III (Munich: 1397–1435; Straubing: 1429–1435) Ernest (Munich: 1397–1438; Straubing: 1429–1438) Frederick I the Wise (1375–1392; Landshut: 1392–1393) John II (1375–1392; Munich: 1392–1397) Stephen III the Magnificent (1375–1392; Ingolstadt: 1392–1413) Louis VII the Bearded (Ingolstadt: 1413–1443) Louis VIII the Hunchback (Ingolstadt: 1443–1445) Henry XVI the Rich (Landshut: 1393–1450; Ingolstadt: 1447–1450) Albert III (Munich: 1438–1460) John IV (Munich: 1460–1463) Sigismund (Munich: 1460–1467; Dachau: 1467–1501) Louis IX the Rich (Landshut: 1450–1479) George I the Rich (Landshut: 1479–1503) Albert IV the Wise (Munich: 1465–1505; 1505–1508) William IV the Steadfast (Munich: 1460–1508; Landshut: 1503–1508; 1508–1550) Louis X, Duke (1516–1545) Albert V the Magnanimous (1550–1579) William V the Pious (1579–1597) Maximilian I (1597–1623) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie
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He was also called Otto VI as Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1156 to 1180. He was the first Bavarian ruler from the House of Wittelsbach, a dynasty which reigned until the abdication of King Ludwig III of Bavaria in the German Revolution of 1918.","title":"Otto I, Duke of Bavaria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kelheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelheim"},{"link_name":"Otto IV of Wittelsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV,_Count_of_Wittelsbach"},{"link_name":"Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilika_of_Pettendorf-Lengenfeld"},{"link_name":"Hohenstaufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen"},{"link_name":"Frederick I of Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Conrad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_of_Wittelsbach"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Count palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_palatine"},{"link_name":"Henry the Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion"},{"link_name":"Welf dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Welf"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Dominium mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominium_mundi"},{"link_name":"Reichstag of Besançon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Besan%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"Rolando Bandinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III"},{"link_name":"Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenburg"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Henry the Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion"},{"link_name":"House of Welf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Welf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1991242-1"},{"link_name":"Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolzfurtner200522-2"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria"},{"link_name":"Ottokar IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottokar_IV,_Duke_of_Styria"},{"link_name":"Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad,_Count_Palatine_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Dachau castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_Palace"},{"link_name":"Conrad II, Duke of Merania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Merania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold198564-3"},{"link_name":"Peace of Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Constance"},{"link_name":"Lombard League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_League"},{"link_name":"Pfullendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfullendorf"},{"link_name":"Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Scheyern Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheyern_Abbey"}],"text":"Duke Otto I was probably born at Kelheim, the son of Count Palatine Otto IV of Wittelsbach and Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld, a granddaughter of the Hohenstaufen duke Frederick I of Swabia. He was the brother of Archbishop Conrad I of Mainz and Salzburg. Upon the death of his father in 1156, he succeeded him as Count palatine of the Bavarian duchy, then under the rule of Henry the Lion, a scion of the Welf dynasty.As one of the best knights in the employ of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1155 he had prevented a defeat of the Emperor near Verona, where the army caravan was ambushed on the way back to Germany after the coronation at Rome. In the Dominium mundi conflict between emperor and pope culminating at the 1157 Reichstag of Besançon, fiery Otto could only be kept from smiting the papal legate Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli with his battleaxe by the personal intervention of Frederick.He was rewarded with the duchy of Bavaria on 16 September 1180 at Altenburg in Thuringia, following the deposition of Henry the Lion, Duke of Bavaria, of the House of Welf. But he was so little regarded by many of the Bavarian aristocracy that they are said to have refused him the customary homage.[1] They went so far as to refuse to attend his first court assembly at Regensburg.[2]With the separation of Styria under Duke Ottokar IV in the same year, Bavaria lost the last of her southeastern territories. With the support of the emperor and his brother Conrad, Otto was able to secure the rule of his dynasty from the wary Bavarian nobility. His descendants ruled Bavaria for the next 738 years.In 1182 or 1183, Duke Otto bought Dachau castle, the ministeriales, and all other appurtenances for a large sum of cash from the widow of the last duke of Dachau and Merania, Conrad II, Duke of Merania.[3]In 1183 Otto accompanied Emperor Frederick to sign the Peace of Constance with the Lombard League and died suddenly on the way back at Pfullendorf in Swabia. He was succeeded by his only surviving son Louis. Otto's mortal remains are buried in the crypt of Scheyern Abbey.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wittelbacherbruecke_Muenchen-11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Georg Wrba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wrba"},{"link_name":"Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Loon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed19849-4"},{"link_name":"Louis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Count_of_Loon"},{"link_name":"Loon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Loon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2018ii-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2018ii-5"},{"link_name":"Richardis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardis_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2018ii-5"},{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Guelders"},{"link_name":"Louis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2018ii-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2018ii-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2018ii-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2018ii-5"},{"link_name":"Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_of_Wittelsbach"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery2018ii-5"},{"link_name":"Hermann I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_I,_Landgrave_of_Thuringia"}],"text":"Otto von Wittelsbach, Wittelsbach Bridge in Munich, sculptor Georg WrbaAbout 1169 Otto married Agnes,[4] a daughter of Count Louis I of Loon. Agnes and Otto had the following children:Otto (1169–1181)[5]\nUlrich († 29 May...)\nAgnes (1172 - 13 January 1200), married in 1186 to Henry von Plain\nHeilika I (1171-1200),[5] married in 1184 to Hallgrave Dietrich of Wasserburg\nAgnes (1172–1200), married Count Henry of Plain (d. 1190)\nRichardis (1173–1231),[5] married in 1186 to Count Otto I of Guelders and Zutphen\nLouis I (1173–1231),[5] married in 1204 to Ludmilla of Bohemia\nHeilika II (1176-1214),[5] married Count Adelbert III of Dillingen (d. 1214)\nElisabeth (1178-1190),[5] married Count Berthold II of Vohburg (d. 1209)\nMechtild (1180–1231),[5] married in 1209 to Count Rapoto II of Ortenburg (1164–1231).\nSophia (1170–1238),[5] married Landgrave Hermann I of Thuringia (1155–1217)","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto I of Scheyern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I_of_Scheyern"},{"link_name":"Eckhard I of Scheyern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckhard_I_of_Scheyern"},{"link_name":"Otto IV of Scheyern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV_of_Scheyern"},{"link_name":"Ulric I of Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulric_I_of_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Sophia of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilika_of_Pettendorf-Lengenfeld"},{"link_name":"Frederick I of Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Agnes of Waiblingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Waiblingen"}],"text":"Ancestors of Otto I, Duke of Bavaria 8. Otto I of Scheyern 4. Eckhard I of Scheyern 2. Otto IV of Scheyern 10. Ulric I of Carniola 5. Richgard of Carniola 11. Sophia of Hungary 1. Otto I 12. Rudgar of Veltheim 6. Frederick III of Pettendorf 13. Isingardis of Pettendorf 3. Heilika of Pettendorf-Lengenfeld 14. Frederick I of Swabia 7. Heilika of Swabia 15. Agnes of Waiblingen","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-52148-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52148-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-821960-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821960-1"},{"link_name":"The Counts of Falkenstein: Noble Self-consciousness in Twelfth-century Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/countsoffalkenst0000free"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780871697462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871697462"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Kohlhammer 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Magnanimous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"William V the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Elector_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60563#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/77239481"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/124104428"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811461697205606"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/132774"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124104428.html?language=en"}],"text":"Arnold, Benjamin (1991). Princes and territories in medieval Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52148-3.\nArnold, Benjamin (1985). German Knighthood 1050-1300. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821960-1.\nFreed, John B. (1984). The Counts of Falkenstein: Noble Self-consciousness in Twelfth-century Germany. The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 9780871697462.\nHolzfurtner, Ludwig (2005). Die Wittelsbacher: Staat und Dynastie in acht Jahrhunderten (Urban-Taschenbucher). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 978-3170181915.\nJeffery, Renée (2018). Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia: The Philosopher Princess. Lexington Books.\nVogel, Susanne (2012). Die Wittelsbacher: Herzöge – Kurfürsten – Könige in Bayern von 1180 bis 1918. Biografische Skizzen. Staackmann. ISBN 978-3886752485.\nDahlem, Andreas (2009). The Wittelsbach Court in Munich: History and Authority in the Visual Arts (1460-1508). Glasgow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)vteDukes of Bavaria\nDuchy of Bavaria\nUpper Bavaria\nLower Bavaria\nBavaria-Ingolstadt\nBavaria-Landshut\nBavaria-Munich\nBavaria-Straubing\n\nGaribald I (555–591)\nTassilo I (591–610)\nGaribald II (610–625)\nTheodo (c.680–716)\nTheodbert (c.716–c.719)\nTheobald (c.716–c.719)\nTassilo II (c.716–c.719)\nGrimoald (715–725)\nHugbert (725–736)\nOdilo (736–748)\nGrifo (748)\nTassilo III (748–788)\nLouis II the German (King: 817–843)\nCarloman (King: 876–880)\nLouis III the Younger (King: 880–882)\nCharles the Fat (King: 882–887)\nEngeldeo (Margrave: 890–895)\nLuitpold (Margrave: 895–907)\nArnulf (907–937)\nEberhard (937–938)\nBerthold (938–947)\nHenry I (947–955)\nHenry II the Quarrelsome (955–976, 985–995)\nOtto I (976–982)\nHenry III the Younger (983–985)\nHenry IV (995–1004, 1009–1017)\nHenry V (1004–1009, 1017–1026)\nHenry VI (1026–1042)\nHenry VII (1042–1047)\nConrad I (1049–1053)\nHenry VIII (1053–1054, 1055–1061)\nConrad II (1054–1055)\nOtto of Nordheim (1061–1070)\nWelf I (1070–1077, 1096–1101)\nHenry VIII (1077–1096)\nWelf II (1101–1120)\nHenry IX the Black (1120–1126)\nHenry X (1126–1138)\nLeopold I (1139–1141)\nHenry XI Jasomirgott (1143–1156)\nHenry XII the Lion (1156–1180)\nOtto the Redhead (1180–1183)\nAgnes of Loon (Regent: 1183–1191)\nLouis I (1183–1231)\nOtto the Illustrious (1231–1253)\nLouis II the Strict (1253–1255; Upper: 1255–1294)\nHenry XIII (Lower: 1253–1290)\nLouis III (Lower: 1290–1296)\nStephen I (Lower: 1290–1310)\nOtto III (Lower: 1290–1312)\nMatilda (Upper: Regent: 1294–1302)\nRudolph I (Upper: 1294–1317)\nHenry XV the Natternberger (Lower: 1312–1333)\nOtto VI (Lower: 1310–1334)\nHenry XIV (Lower: 1310–1339)\nJohn I the Child (Lower: 1339–1340)\nLouis IV (Upper: 1301–1340; 1340–1347)\nOtto V, (1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1351; Landshut: 1373–1379)\nLouis V the Brandenburger, (1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1361)\nMeinhard I (Upper: 1361–1363)\nLouis VI, (1347–1365)\nStephen II, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Landshut: 1353–1375; Upper: 1363)\nWilliam I, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1388)\nAlbert I, (1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1404)\nAlbert II (Straubing: 1389–1397)\nWilliam II (Straubing: 1404–1417)\nJacqueline (Straubing: 1417-1429)\nJohn III the Pitiless (Straubing: 1417-1425)\nWilliam III (Munich: 1397–1435; Straubing: 1429–1435)\nErnest (Munich: 1397–1438; Straubing: 1429–1438)\nFrederick I the Wise (1375–1392; Landshut: 1392–1393)\nJohn II (1375–1392; Munich: 1392–1397)\nStephen III the Magnificent (1375–1392; Ingolstadt: 1392–1413)\nLouis VII the Bearded (Ingolstadt: 1413–1443)\nLouis VIII the Hunchback (Ingolstadt: 1443–1445)\nHenry XVI the Rich (Landshut: 1393–1450; Ingolstadt: 1447–1450)\nAlbert III (Munich: 1438–1460)\nJohn IV (Munich: 1460–1463)\nSigismund (Munich: 1460–1467; Dachau: 1467–1501)\nLouis IX the Rich (Landshut: 1450–1479)\nGeorge I the Rich (Landshut: 1479–1503)\nAlbert IV the Wise (Munich: 1465–1505; 1505–1508)\nWilliam IV the Steadfast (Munich: 1460–1508; Landshut: 1503–1508; 1508–1550)\nLouis X, Duke (1516–1545)\nAlbert V the Magnanimous (1550–1579)\nWilliam V the Pious (1579–1597)\nMaximilian I (1597–1623)Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nPoland\nVatican\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Statue of Otto I in front of the Bayerische Staatskanzlei, Munich.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Otto_von_Wittelsbach%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Deutschland4.JPG/220px-Otto_von_Wittelsbach%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Deutschland4.JPG"},{"image_text":"Otto von Wittelsbach, Wittelsbach Bridge in Munich, sculptor Georg Wrba","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wittelbacherbruecke_Muenchen-11.jpg/250px-Wittelbacherbruecke_Muenchen-11.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_Heights,_Maryland
Friendship Heights Village, Maryland
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Village of Friendship Heights","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°57′45″N 77°5′25″W / 38.96250°N 77.09028°W / 38.96250; -77.09028 Census-designated place in Maryland, United StatesFriendship Heights VillageCensus-designated place FlagCoordinates: 38°57′45″N 77°5′25″W / 38.96250°N 77.09028°W / 38.96250; -77.09028CountryUnited StatesStateMarylandCountyMontgomeryArea • Total0.06 sq mi (0.15 km2) • Land0.06 sq mi (0.15 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation305 ft (93 m)Population (2020) • Total5,360 • Density90,847.46/sq mi (35,050.55/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP code20815Area code(s)240 and 301FIPS code24-30837GNIS feature ID1852591 Friendship Heights Village is an urbanized, unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is distinct from the Washington, D.C., neighborhood of Friendship Heights. Friendship Heights Village is a census-designated place (CDP), with a population of 5,360 at the 2020 census. Geography Friendship Heights Village is located at 38°57′45″N 77°5′25″W / 38.96250°N 77.09028°W / 38.96250; -77.09028 (38.962510, −77.090181). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.05503 square miles (0.1425 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 20104,698—20205,36014.1%source:2010–2020 Northbound on Wisconsin Ave in Friendship Heights Village Wisconsin Avenue in Friendship Heights Village As of the 2020 census, there were 5,360 people, 2,804 households, and 1,003 families residing in the area. The population density was 90,848/square mile: this is the highest population density of any incorporated or census-designated place in the United States. The racial makeup of the area was 67.2% White (alone, non-Hispanic),13.9% Hispanic or Latino, 11.2% Asian, 4.7% African American, 1.9% Native American, and 1.1% other race. In the area, the population was spread out, with 5.5% under the age of 5, 9.8% under the age of 18, and 32.5% are 65 years or older. The Village is composed of 60% women, 28% of all residents are foreign born, and 98% are high school grads, while 88% graduated from college. The median income for a household in the area was $106,771, with the per capita income equaling $91,197. Village of Friendship Heights Although not an incorporated municipality, the Village of Friendship Heights was established as a Special Tax District in 1914. Its boundaries—Wisconsin Avenue, Willard Avenue, and Somerset Terrace (with Little Falls Branch)—enclose 34 acres (140,000 m2) and is almost entirely occupied by high-rise residential buildings. It has the highest population density of any census-designated place or city in the United States. In fact, its density exceeds that of the New York City borough of Manhattan, which itself is coextensive with the United States' most dense county. The 2010 population of Friendship Village Heights was 4,698, giving it a population density of 88,432 per square mile, versus Manhattan's approximate 70,000. South Park Avenue in Friendship Heights Buildings: Highland House Apartments - 5480 Wisconsin Avenue Highland House West Apartments - 4450 S. Park Avenue The Willoughby Condominium - 4515 Willard Avenue The Carleton Condominium - 4550 N. Park Avenue Office Building - 5550 Friendship Blvd. The Elizabeth Condominium - 4601 N. Park Avenue 4615 North Park Apartments Police Field Office - 4602 N. Park Avenue 4620 N. Park Avenue Condominium Willard Towers - 4701 Willard Avenue Sunrise Brighton Gardens (Assisted Living Residence) - 5555 Friendship Blvd. Friendship Heights Village Center - 4433 S. Park Avenue Chevy Chase Office Building - 5530 Wisconsin Avenue Courtyard by Marriott Chevy Chase - 5520 Wisconsin Avenue Barlow Office Building - 5454 Wisconsin Avenue Chase Tower Office and Retail Building - 4445 Willard Avenue The Village is governed by a seven-member village council, which includes the mayor; each member is elected to a two-year term. The Village provides numerous services for its citizens, such as the following: Shuttle bus which circles the neighborhood, making stops at the major residential buildings, the Friendship Heights Village Center, nearby shopping centers, and the Friendship Heights stop of the Washington Metro. MVA on Wheels Visiting Nurse Permit Applications Police Field Office Mobile Commuter Store Shredding Truck Farmers' Market The Village also offer a wide variety of activities and events at its Village Center, such as classes, trainings, concerts, and programs on demand, just to name a few. Every year, the Village also hosts three large events for its residents: April 13 - Community Day to celebrate the Village's founding; July 4 - Independence Day Celebration; and mid-October - Fall festival. See also Maryland portal List of United States cities by population density References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022. ^ "Friendship Heights Village MD ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023. ^ a b "QuickFacts: Friendship Heights Village CDP, Maryland". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 17, 2021. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "G001. GEOGRAPHIC IDENTIFIERS; Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 28, 2009. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 19, 2007. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ List of United States cities by population density, separate Wikipedia entry with specific references from the US Census Bureau. ^ "About the Community". Town of Friendship Village. Retrieved April 2, 2008. ^ "State and County QuickFacts: New York (city), New York". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014. ^ "Population Density", Geographic Information Systems – GIS of Interest. Accessed June 30, 2009. "What I discovered is that out of the 3140 counties listed in the Census population data only 178 counties were calculated to have a population density over one person per acre. Not surprisingly, New York County (which contains Manhattan) had the highest population density with a calculated 104.218 persons per acre." ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 17, 2015. ^ "The Friendship Heights Sector Plan" (PDF). Montgomery County Planning Department. Retrieved July 7, 2014. ^ "The Council Report: 2007 Annual Report & Proposed Budget for Fiscal Year 2009" (PDF). Town of Friendship Village. Retrieved April 2, 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friendship Village, Maryland. Village of Friendship Heights vteMunicipalities and communities of Montgomery County, Maryland, United StatesCounty seat: RockvilleCities Gaithersburg Rockville Takoma Park Towns Barnesville Brookeville Chevy Chase Chevy Chase View Chevy Chase Village Garrett Park Glen Echo Kensington Laytonsville Poolesville Somerset Washington Grove Villages & Special Tax Districts Chevy Chase Section Three Chevy Chase Section Five Drummond Friendship Heights Martin's Additions North Chevy Chase Oakmont CDPs Ashton-Sandy Spring Aspen Hill Bethesda Brookmont Burnt Mills Burtonsville Cabin John Calverton‡ Chevy Chase Clarksburg Cloverly Colesville Damascus Darnestown Derwood Fairland Flower Hill Forest Glen Four Corners Friendship Heights Village Germantown Glenmont Hillandale‡ Kemp Mill Layhill Leisure World Montgomery Village North Bethesda North Kensington North Potomac Olney Potomac Redland Silver Spring South Kensington Spencerville Ten Mile Creek Travilah Wheaton White Oak Othercommunities Ashton Beallsville Boyds Brinklow Carderock Chevy Chase (area) Comus Dawsonville Dickerson Ednor Fairview Forest Glen Park Hyattstown Kentlands Norbeck Norwood Quince Orchard Scotland Seneca Sandy Spring Shady Grove Sherwood Forest Thompson's Corner Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Maryland portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montgomery County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C., neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Friendship Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_Heights"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuickFacts-3"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Maryland, United StatesFriendship Heights Village is an urbanized, unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is distinct from the Washington, D.C., neighborhood of Friendship Heights. Friendship Heights Village is a census-designated place (CDP), with a population of 5,360 at the 2020 census.[3]","title":"Friendship Heights Village, Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"38°57′45″N 77°5′25″W / 38.96250°N 77.09028°W / 38.96250; -77.09028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Friendship_Heights_Village,_Maryland&params=38_57_45_N_77_5_25_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-4"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Friendship Heights Village is located at 38°57′45″N 77°5′25″W / 38.96250°N 77.09028°W / 38.96250; -77.09028 (38.962510, −77.090181).[4]According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.05503 square miles (0.1425 km2), all land.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northbound_Wisconsin_Ave_in_Friendship_Village,_MD.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_01_05_-_355_in_Friendship_-_MD355_from_S_Park_Ave_to_Western_Ave,_SB_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Avenue"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-7"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-8"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"}],"text":"Northbound on Wisconsin Ave in Friendship Heights VillageWisconsin Avenue in Friendship Heights VillageAs of the 2020 census,[7] there were 5,360 people, 2,804 households, and 1,003 families residing in the area. The population density was 90,848/square mile: this is the highest population density of any incorporated or census-designated place in the United States.[8]The racial makeup of the area was 67.2% White (alone, non-Hispanic),13.9% Hispanic or Latino, 11.2% Asian, 4.7% African American, 1.9% Native American, and 1.1% other race.In the area, the population was spread out, with 5.5% under the age of 5, 9.8% under the age of 18, and 32.5% are 65 years or older. The Village is composed of 60% women, 28% of all residents are foreign born, and 98% are high school grads, while 88% graduated from college.The median income for a household in the area was $106,771, with the per capita income equaling $91,197.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(United_States)#Maryland"},{"link_name":"Special Tax District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_district"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"New York City borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_borough"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYCquickfacts-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFF2010-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019-06-12_12_46_40_View_west_along_South_Park_Avenue_at_The_Hills_Plaza_in_Friendship_Heights,_Montgomery_County,_Maryland.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Friendship Heights stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_Heights_station"},{"link_name":"Washington Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro"}],"text":"Although not an incorporated municipality, the Village of Friendship Heights was established as a Special Tax District in 1914. Its boundaries—Wisconsin Avenue, Willard Avenue, and Somerset Terrace (with Little Falls Branch)[9]—enclose 34 acres (140,000 m2) and is almost entirely occupied by high-rise residential buildings. It has the highest population density of any census-designated place or city in the United States. In fact, its density exceeds that of the New York City borough of Manhattan, which itself is coextensive with the United States' most dense county.[10][11] The 2010 population of Friendship Village Heights was 4,698,[12] giving it a population density of 88,432 per square mile, versus Manhattan's approximate 70,000.South Park Avenue in Friendship HeightsBuildings:[13]Highland House Apartments - 5480 Wisconsin Avenue\nHighland House West Apartments - 4450 S. Park Avenue\nThe Willoughby Condominium - 4515 Willard Avenue\nThe Carleton Condominium - 4550 N. Park Avenue\nOffice Building - 5550 Friendship Blvd.\nThe Elizabeth Condominium - 4601 N. Park Avenue\n4615 North Park Apartments\nPolice Field Office - 4602 N. Park Avenue\n4620 N. Park Avenue Condominium\nWillard Towers - 4701 Willard Avenue\nSunrise Brighton Gardens (Assisted Living Residence) - 5555 Friendship Blvd.\nFriendship Heights Village Center - 4433 S. Park Avenue\nChevy Chase Office Building - 5530 Wisconsin Avenue\nCourtyard by Marriott Chevy Chase - 5520 Wisconsin Avenue\nBarlow Office Building - 5454 Wisconsin Avenue\nChase Tower Office and Retail Building - 4445 Willard AvenueThe Village is governed by a seven-member village council, which includes the mayor;[14] each member is elected to a two-year term.The Village provides numerous services for its citizens, such as the following:Shuttle bus which circles the neighborhood, making stops at the major residential buildings, the Friendship Heights Village Center, nearby shopping centers, and the Friendship Heights stop of the Washington Metro.\nMVA on Wheels\nVisiting Nurse\nPermit Applications\nPolice Field Office\nMobile Commuter Store\nShredding Truck\nFarmers' MarketThe Village also offer a wide variety of activities and events at its Village Center, such as classes, trainings, concerts, and programs on demand, just to name a few. Every year, the Village also hosts three large events for its residents: April 13 - Community Day to celebrate the Village's founding; July 4 - Independence Day Celebration; and mid-October - Fall festival.","title":"Village of Friendship Heights"}]
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[{"title":"Maryland portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Maryland"},{"title":"List of United States cities by population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density"}]
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_24.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friendship Heights Village MD ZIP Code\". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zipdatamaps.com/20815","url_text":"\"Friendship Heights Village MD ZIP Code\""}]},{"reference":"\"QuickFacts: Friendship Heights Village CDP, Maryland\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/friendshipheightsvillagecdpmaryland/POP010220","url_text":"\"QuickFacts: Friendship Heights Village CDP, Maryland\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"G001. GEOGRAPHIC IDENTIFIERS; Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"G001. GEOGRAPHIC IDENTIFIERS; Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 19, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Community\". Town of Friendship Village. Retrieved April 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.friendshipheightsmd.gov/AboutCommty.html","url_text":"\"About the Community\""}]},{"reference":"\"State and County QuickFacts: New York (city), New York\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140720153020/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/3651000.html","url_text":"\"State and County QuickFacts: New York (city), New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/3651000.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"The Friendship Heights Sector Plan\" (PDF). Montgomery County Planning Department. Retrieved July 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.montgomeryplanning.org/community/plan_areas/bethesda_chevy_chase/related_reports/fh_%20housing_market/housing_market_fh.pdf","url_text":"\"The Friendship Heights Sector Plan\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Council Report: 2007 Annual Report & Proposed Budget for Fiscal Year 2009\" (PDF). Town of Friendship Village. Retrieved April 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.friendshipheightsmd.gov/PDFs/AnnlRpt07WEBSITE.pdf","url_text":"\"The Council Report: 2007 Annual Report & Proposed Budget for Fiscal Year 2009\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatian,_Victoria
Meatian
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 35°34′S 143°20′E / 35.567°S 143.333°E / -35.567; 143.333 Town in Victoria, AustraliaMeatianVictoriaMeatianCoordinates35°34′S 143°20′E / 35.567°S 143.333°E / -35.567; 143.333Population20  (2016 census)Postcode(s)3585Location 344 km (214 mi) from Melbourne 37 km (23 mi) from Swan Hill 146 km (91 mi) from Ouyen 250 km (155 mi) from Mildura LGA(s) Rural City of Swan Hill Shire of GannawarraFederal division(s)Mallee Localities around Meatian: Ultima Ultima Goschen Ultima Meatian Lalbert Murnungin Lalbert Lalbert Meatian is a locality in Victoria, Australia, located approximately 37 kilometers from Swan Hill, Victoria. Meatian is a small Victorian unbounded locality within the local government area of Gannawarra, it is located approximately 288 km from the capital Melbourne. The Meatian Post Office opened around 1904 and closed in 1972. References ^ "2016 Meatian, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". abs.gov.au. Retrieved 26 May 2022. ^ Travelmate Archived 2007-03-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ Phoenix Auctions History, Post Office List, retrieved 2 April 2021 vteLocalities in the Rural City of Swan HillCity Swan Hill Town Beverford Lake Boga Manangatang Nyah Nyah West Piangil Robinvale Tyntynder South Woorinen Woorinen South Locality Annuello Bannerton Beauchamp^ Bolton Boundary Bend Bulga Castle Donnington Chillingollah Chinangin Chinkapook Cocamba Fish Point Gerahmin Goschen Gowanford Happy Valley Kenley Kooloonong Kunat Lake Powell Liparoo Meatian^ Miralie Murnungin Murrawee Murraydale Narrung Natya Nowie Nyrraby Pental Island Pira Polisbet Speewa Swan Hill West Tol Tol Towan Tresco Tresco West Turoar Tyntynder Tyrrell^ Ultima Ultima East Vinifera Waitchie Wandown Wemen Winlaton Winnambool Wood Wood Woorinen North ^ - Territory divided with another LGA vteCities and towns in the Mallee and Sunraysia regions of Victoria, AustraliaCities Mildura Swan Hill Towns/Communities Annuello Arumpo Bambill Bambill South Bannerton Baring Benetook Berrook Berriwillock Beverford Bimbourie Birdwoodton Boeill Creek Boigbeat Boinka Bolton Boundary Bend Buckrabanyule Bunguluke Buronga Cabarita Cardross Carina Carwarp Castle Donnington Charlton Chillingollah Chinangin Chinkapook Cocamba Colignan Cope Cope Corack Corack East Cowangie Culgoa Cullulleraine Curyo Danyo Donald Dumosa Galah Gerahmin Glenloth Glenloth East Gol Gol Goschen Gowanford Hattah Iraak Irymple Jeffcott Kalpienung Karawinna Karween Kerang Kooloonong Koorlong Kulwin Kunat Kurnwill Lake Boga Lake Powell Lake Tyrrell Lascelles Lindsay Point Linga Liparoo Litchfield Manangatang Manya Merbein Merbein South Merbein West Meatian Menindee Meringur Merrinee Merrinee North Mittyack Monak Morkalla Mourquong Mulcra Murnungin Murrayville Nandaly Nangiloc Nandaly Natya Neds Corner Ngallo Nichols Point Ninda Nowie Nowingi Nullawil Nyah Nyah West Nyarrin Nyrraby Ouyen Palinyewah Panitya Patchewollock Piangil Pinnaroo Pira Pirlta Pooncarie Powell Red Cliffs Reedy Dam Robinvale Sea Lake Speed Speewa Springfield Sunnycliffs Tarrango Teddywaddy Tempy Tittybong Tol Tol Torrita Tragowel Trentham Cliffs Tresco Tunart Towaninny Tutye Tyntynder Ultima Underbool Vinifera Waitchie Walpeup Wandown Wargan Warmur Watchupga Watchem Wemen Werrimull Wentworth Winnambool Woomelang Wooroonook Woorinen South Wycheproof Wycheproof South Wymlet Yarrara Yelta Yeungroon This article about a location in the Mallee is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Swan Hill, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Hill,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Gannawarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannawarra"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-3"}],"text":"Town in Victoria, AustraliaMeatian is a locality in Victoria, Australia, located approximately 37 kilometers from Swan Hill, Victoria. Meatian is a small Victorian unbounded locality within the local government area of Gannawarra, it is located approximately 288 km from the capital Melbourne.The Meatian Post Office opened around 1904 and closed in 1972.[3]","title":"Meatian"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"2016 Meatian, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\". abs.gov.au. Retrieved 26 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC21625","url_text":"\"2016 Meatian, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Phoenix Auctions History, Post Office List, retrieved 2 April 2021","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&filter=*Meatian*","url_text":"Post Office List"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rumney,_Tasmania
Mount Rumney, Tasmania
["1 History","2 Geography","3 References"]
Coordinates: 42°51′41″S 147°27′11″E / 42.86139°S 147.45306°E / -42.86139; 147.45306 Suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, AustraliaMount RumneyHobart, TasmaniaMount RumneyCoordinates42°51′41″S 147°27′11″E / 42.86139°S 147.45306°E / -42.86139; 147.45306Population267 (2016 census)Postcode(s)7170Location7 km (4 mi) E of Rosny ParkLGA(s)City of ClarenceRegionHobartState electorate(s)FranklinFederal division(s)Franklin Suburbs around Mount Rumney: Cambridge Cambridge Acton Park Mornington Mount Rumney Acton Park Howrah Rokeby Clarendon Vale Mount Rumney is a semi-rural locality in the local government area (LGA) of Clarence in the Hobart LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) east of the town of Rosny Park. The 2016 census has a population of 267 for the state suburb of Mount Rumney. It is a suburb of Hobart. The suburb is based on the slopes of the mountain, Mount Rumney, part of the Meehan Range. History Mount Rumney was gazetted as a locality in 1999. Geography Mount Rumney (the mountain) is contained within the locality. References ^ a b "2016 Census Quick Stats Mount Rumney (Tas.)". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2020. ^ "Placenames Tasmania – Mount Rumney". Placenames Tasmania. Select "Search", enter "38098L", click "Search", select row, map is displayed, click "Details". Retrieved 13 September 2020. ^ Google (13 September 2020). "Mount Rumney, Tasmania" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 13 September 2020. vte Suburbs of Hobart, TasmaniaCity of Hobart Battery Point Cascades CBD Cornelian Bay Dynnyrne Fern Tree Glebe Lenah Valley Mount Nelson Mount Stuart New Town North Hobart Ridgeway Sandy Bay South Hobart Tolmans Hill West Hobart City of Glenorchy Austins Ferry Berriedale Chigwell Claremont Collinsvale Derwent Park Dowsing Point Glenlusk Glenorchy Goodwood Granton Lutana Montrose Moonah Rosetta West Moonah City of Clarence Acton Park Bellerive Cambridge Clarendon Vale Clifton Beach Cremorne Flagstaff Gully Geilston Bay Howrah Lauderdale Lindisfarne Montagu Bay Mornington Mount Rumney Oakdowns Opossum Bay Otago Risdon Risdon Vale Roches Beach Rokeby Rose Bay Rosny Rosny Park Sandford Seven Mile Beach South Arm Tranmere Warrane Kingborough Council Barretta Blackmans Bay Bonnet Hill Coningham Electrona Howden Huntingfield Kingston Kingston Beach Lower Snug Maranoa Heights Margate Snug Taroona Tinderbox Brighton Council Bridgewater Brighton Gagebrook Green Point Old Beach Sorell Council Dodges Ferry Midway Point Penna Sorell Derwent Valley Council New Norfolk This Clarence, Tasmania geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Clarence"},{"link_name":"Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_LGA_Region"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Rosny Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosny_Park,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016Y-1"},{"link_name":"Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart"},{"link_name":"Meehan Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meehan_Range"}],"text":"Suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, AustraliaMount Rumney is a semi-rural locality in the local government area (LGA) of Clarence in the Hobart LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) east of the town of Rosny Park. The 2016 census has a population of 267 for the state suburb of Mount Rumney.[1]\nIt is a suburb of Hobart.The suburb is based on the slopes of the mountain, Mount Rumney, part of the Meehan Range.","title":"Mount Rumney, Tasmania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Placename-2"}],"text":"Mount Rumney was gazetted as a locality in 1999.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mount Rumney (the mountain) is contained within the locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"2016 Census Quick Stats Mount Rumney (Tas.)\". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC60427?opendocument","url_text":"\"2016 Census Quick Stats Mount Rumney (Tas.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Placenames Tasmania – Mount Rumney\". Placenames Tasmania. Select \"Search\", enter \"38098L\", click \"Search\", select row, map is displayed, click \"Details\". Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.placenames.tas.gov.au/#p1","url_text":"\"Placenames Tasmania – Mount Rumney\""}]},{"reference":"Google (13 September 2020). \"Mount Rumney, Tasmania\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/mEh2xFioJYVb3nRu7","url_text":"\"Mount Rumney, Tasmania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marghzar,_Razavi_Khorasan
Marghzar, Razavi Khorasan
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 35°19′09″N 59°41′06″E / 35.31917°N 59.68500°E / 35.31917; 59.68500Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranMarghzar مرغزارvillageMarghzarCoordinates: 35°19′09″N 59°41′06″E / 35.31917°N 59.68500°E / 35.31917; 59.68500Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyZavehBakhshCentralRural DistrictSafaiyehPopulation (2006) • Total2,933Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Marghzar (Persian: مرغزار, also Romanized as Marghzār) is a village in Safaiyeh Rural District, in the Central District of Zaveh County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,933, in 663 families. References ^ Marghzar can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3074111" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Zaveh CountyCapital Dowlatabad DistrictsCentralCities Dowlatabad Rural Districts and villagesSafaiyeh Aliabad Baqi Berzu Chaqeh-ye Baluchha Heshmatabad Kariz-e Geli Marghzar Pa Godar Pa Qaleh Petrow Sadabad Safiabad Shestan Olya Shir Khun Zaveh Anbar Sara Deh Now Duruk-e Pain Esmailabad Golsara Gowji Hafizabad Hajjiabad Hesar Hoseynabad Kalateh-ye Said Kalateh-ye Zanganeh Kang-e Olya Kang-e Sofla Kang-e Zeytun Karizak-e Nagahani Kariz-e Bala Marjaneh Mirabad Nasrabad Niazabad Nurabad Qaleh Ney Sebi Shahnabad Siah Sang Sorkhi Talkhi Zaveh SoleymanCities none Rural Districts and villagesSoleyman Alamdar Aleyak Bidvey Chahuk Chakhmaq Dalaneh Firuzabad Jafarabad Kahijeh Kalateh-ye Khan Kalateh-ye Now Kashkak Mirpasand Mohammadabad Nasirabad Nirab-e Olya Qaleh Now-ye Safiabad Qaleh-ye Aqa Hasan Rahmatabad Rigan Saq Sar Galan Shahin-e Olya Shahvar Shurab Soltan Soleyman Zharf Iran portal This Zaveh County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Safaiyeh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safaiyeh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Zaveh_County)"},{"link_name":"Zaveh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaveh_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranMarghzar (Persian: مرغزار, also Romanized as Marghzār)[1] is a village in Safaiyeh Rural District, in the Central District of Zaveh County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,933, in 663 families.[2]","title":"Marghzar, Razavi Khorasan"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needmore,_West_Virginia
Needmore, West Virginia
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 39°3′2″N 78°47′12″W / 39.05056°N 78.78667°W / 39.05056; -78.78667 Unincorporated community in West Virginia, United StatesNeedmore, West VirginiaUnincorporated communityNeedmoreShow map of West VirginiaNeedmoreShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 39°3′2″N 78°47′12″W / 39.05056°N 78.78667°W / 39.05056; -78.78667CountryUnited StatesStateWest VirginiaCountyHardyTime zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)GNIS feature ID1555194 Needmore is an unincorporated community in Hardy County, West Virginia, United States. Needmore lies along West Virginia Route 55 to the west of Baker. The community most likely received its name because it needed more of everything. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Needmore, West Virginia ^ Kenny, Hamill (1945). West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. Piedmont, WV: The Place Name Press. p. 439. ^ Moyer, Armond; Moyer, Winifred (1958). The origins of unusual place-names. Keystone Pub. Associates. p. 90. vteMunicipalities and communities of Hardy County, West Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: MoorefieldTowns Moorefield Wardensville Map of West Virginia highlighting Hardy CountyUnincorporatedcommunities Arkansaw Baker Basore Bass Baughman Settlement Bean Settlement Brake Cunningham Durgon Fabius Fisher Flats Fort Run Furnace Inkerman Kessel Lost City Lost River Mathias McCauley McNeill Milam Needmore Old Fields Perry Peru Rig Rock Oak Rockland Tannery Taylor Walnut Bottom West Virginia portal United States portal This article about a location in Hardy County, West Virginia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Hardy County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia Route 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Route_55"},{"link_name":"Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in West Virginia, United StatesNeedmore is an unincorporated community in Hardy County, West Virginia, United States. Needmore lies along West Virginia Route 55 to the west of Baker.The community most likely received its name because it needed more of everything.[2][3]","title":"Needmore, West Virginia"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of West Virginia highlighting Hardy County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Hardy_County.svg/180px-Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Hardy_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Kenny, Hamill (1945). West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. Piedmont, WV: The Place Name Press. p. 439.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009099824;view=1up;seq=467;size=125","url_text":"West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains"}]},{"reference":"Moyer, Armond; Moyer, Winifred (1958). The origins of unusual place-names. Keystone Pub. Associates. p. 90.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89058322223;view=1up;seq=94","url_text":"The origins of unusual place-names"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalochori,_Methana
Megalochori, Methana
["1 Methana Volcano","2 Historical population","3 References"]
Coordinates: 37°35.5′N 23°21.3′E / 37.5917°N 23.3550°E / 37.5917; 23.3550Place in GreeceMegalochori ΜεγαλοχώριMegalochoriCoordinates: 37°35.5′N 23°21.3′E / 37.5917°N 23.3550°E / 37.5917; 23.3550CountryGreeceAdministrative regionAtticaRegional unitIslandsMunicipalityTroizinia-MethanaMunicipal unitMethanaElevation113 m (371 ft)Population (2011) • Rural115Community • Population290 (2011)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code180 30Area code(s)22980 Megalochori (Greek: Μεγαλοχώρι) is a village and a community in the western part of the volcanic Methana peninsula, Greece. It is located 3 km northwest of Methana town. The community consists of the villages Megalochori, Vathy, Kaimeni Chora and Megalo Potami. The ancient Acropolis of Methana, which was described by Pausanias, is located near Megalochori. Methana Volcano Near Megalochori is located the village Kameni Chora. In this place the last volcanic eruption of Methana Volcano happened between 277 and 240 B.C., during the times of Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. Historical population Year Village population Community population 1981 - 437 1991 226 - 2001 167 413 2011 115 290 References ^ a b "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. ^ "Μεγαλοχώρι". dimostroizinias-methanon.gr. Retrieved 15 July 2016. ^ "Το ηφαίστειο των Μεθάνων". troizinia-methana.gr. Retrieved 15 July 2016. vteSubdivisions of the municipality of Troizinia-MethanaMunicipal unit of Methana Kounoupitsa Kypseli Methana Megalochori Municipal unit of Troizina Ano Fanari Dryopi Galatas Karatzas Taktikoupoli Troizina
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Methana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methana"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Methana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dimostroizinias-2"},{"link_name":"Acropolis of Methana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis_Palaiokastro"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"}],"text":"Place in GreeceMegalochori (Greek: Μεγαλοχώρι) is a village and a community in the western part of the volcanic Methana peninsula, Greece. It is located 3 km northwest of Methana town. The community consists of the villages Megalochori, Vathy, Kaimeni Chora and Megalo Potami.[2] The ancient Acropolis of Methana, which was described by Pausanias, is located near Megalochori.","title":"Megalochori, Methana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methana Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methana_Volcano"},{"link_name":"Antigonus Gonatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonus_Gonatas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Near Megalochori is located the village Kameni Chora. In this place the last volcanic eruption of Methana Volcano happened between 277 and 240 B.C., during the times of Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia.[3]","title":"Methana Volcano"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical population"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1210503/resident_population_census2011rev.xls","url_text":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\""}]},{"reference":"\"Μεγαλοχώρι\". dimostroizinias-methanon.gr. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dimostroizinias-methanon.gr/gr_megalochori.html","url_text":"\"Μεγαλοχώρι\""}]},{"reference":"\"Το ηφαίστειο των Μεθάνων\". troizinia-methana.gr. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.troizinia-methana.gr/gr-ifestio.html","url_text":"\"Το ηφαίστειο των Μεθάνων\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron_Tenterden
Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Death","4 Personal life","5 Arms","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
British barrister and judge, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench (1762–1832) The Right HonourableThe Lord TenterdenPCPortrait by William OwenLord Chief JusticeIn office4 November 1818 – 4 November 1832Preceded byThe Lord EllenboroughSucceeded bySir Thomas Denman Personal detailsBorn7 October 1762 (1762-10-07)Canterbury, Kent, EnglandDied4 November 1832(1832-11-04) (aged 70)Bloomsbury, Middlesex, EnglandPolitical partyTorySpouseMary LamotteAlma materCorpus Christi College, OxfordProfessionBarrister, judge Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden PC (7 October 1762 – 4 November 1832), was a British barrister and judge who served as Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench between 1818 and 1832. Born in obscure circumstances to a barber and his wife in Canterbury, Abbott was educated initially at a dame school before moving to The King's School, Canterbury in 1769. He was noted as an excellent student, receiving an exhibition scholarship from the school in March 1781, when he matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Here he was elected a fellow, and also served as a tutor to the son of Sir Francis Buller, which first made him consider becoming a barrister. He joined the Middle Temple in 1787, transferring to the Inner Temple in 1793, and was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1796. Abbott was noted as an excellent barrister, earning more than any other during his time at the Bar, despite being considered unimaginative and a poor speaker. He was offered a position as a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 1808, which he turned down; he accepted the same offer in 1816, receiving the customary knighthood and being appointed a Serjeant-at-Law. Three months after he started sitting as a judge he was transferred to the Court of King's Bench, where he was initially rather poor, being unfamiliar with the court's business. Within two years he showed "the highest judicial excellence", and when Lord Ellenborough had a stroke in 1818, Abbott was chosen to replace him as Lord Chief Justice. His reign at the head of the Court of King's Bench saw the court flourish, with strong justices and his own much-admired abilities. He was appointed to the peerage in 1827, sitting as Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden, and initially attended the House of Lords regularly. His opposition to the Reform Act 1832, which he claimed treated city corporations "with absolute contempt", led to his refusal to attend the Lords. Continuing to sit as Lord Chief Justice, Abbott gradually grew weaker, and finally fell ill halfway through a two-day trial. His disease baffled doctors, and he died on 4 November 1832 at his home in Queen Square, London. Early life and education Abbott was born 7 October 1762 in Canterbury to John Abbott, a barber, and his wife Alice. Abbot lived in a "small, mean-looking house" near the Cathedral, and was initially educated at a dame school. During his childhood he was noted as "industrious, apprehensive, regular and correct in all his conduct". He attended The King's School, Canterbury, from 1769, where he was such a good student that he received an exhibition scholarship on his matriculation at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in March 1781. At the time there were only two awards at Oxford: the Chancellor's medals for English and Latin prose. After an initial attempt to win them which failed, he won the Latin prize in his second year and the English prize in the third. Abbot was then elected a fellow of Corpus Christi where, acting as a tutor to the son of Sir Francis Buller, he first considered becoming a barrister. On 16 November 1787 he became a member of the Middle Temple, transferring to the Inner Temple in 1793, and worked for two years under Sir George Wood as a special pleader; it was said that he had finished his work as a special pleader faster than "any man before or since". He was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1796. Career Abbott, after his ascension to the peerage Abbott began practising on the Oxford Circuit; while travelling there he had a fall from his horse, which broke his leg in two places and left him permanently lame. In 1802, he published a legal tract, On Merchants' Ships and Seamen, which was praised by his fellow lawyers and earned him a large amount of commercial work; it was later republished in the United States, where it was misattributed to Charles Abbot, the Speaker of the House of Commons. He would be "as eminent and prosperous as a counsel can be at the English bar", although he refused to apply for silk. From 1802 to 1816 he served as "Devil to the Attorney General", opening all government prosecutions, and was standing counsel for the Bank of England and many Deans and Prelates in the Church of England. By 1807, he was making £8,000 a year, and later exceeded this amount; it was remarked that he earned more money than any other barrister of that time. Abbott was not a "flashy" barrister; although known as an excellent lawyer, his speeches were monotonous and he lacked an imagination. In 1808 he was offered a position as a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, but refused it. After eight more years of work, however, he felt that his health could no longer take the strain, and accepted a position in the Court of Common Pleas on 24 January 1816, along with becoming a Serjeant-at-Law as required. Abbott was granted the customary knighthood, with the motto "Labore", which he also used for his peerage. He stayed in this post for barely three months, with no records of his work there surviving, before being transferred against his will to the Court of King's Bench on 3 May to replace Simon Le Blanc. Abbott, unfamiliar with the Court of King's Bench (having been a regional lawyer rather than a London-based one), was initially a disappointment, but soon improved. By 1818, he showed "the highest judicial excellence", although he was criticised for snapping at boring barristers and for taking the government's side in prosecutions. That year, the Lord Chief Justice Lord Ellenborough had a stroke, forcing his retirement. Most of the other judges and legal figures were inappropriate for the role; Sir Samuel Shepherd, for example, was while an able lawyer too deaf to sit as a judge. As a result, Abbott was appointed, and formally took up his position on 4 November 1818. As Lord Chief Justice he saw the Court of King's Bench flourish, with competent Justices and his own abilities; " had more knowledge of mankind than any of , and was more skilful as a moderator in forensic disputation". Abbott's central weakness as a judge was seen to be his support of James Scarlett, his leader when Abbott was a barrister; "The timid junior, become Chief Justice, still looked up to his old leader with dread, was afraid of offending him, and was always delighted when he could decide in his favour". On 30 April 1827, Abbott was made Baron Tenterden, of Hendon in the County of Middlesex; having feared that "Lord Abbott" would leave him open to ridicule, he instead picked the name of a Kentish town near his roots. On 24 May, Abbott formally took up his position, attending the House of Lords regularly, and was the last Chief Justice to wear his official robes to the Lords (other than those acting as interim Speakers). In 1830, he introduced several bills to Parliament following reports on the state of the Ecclesiastical Courts, common law courts and law of real property; all were passed, except the ecclesiastical bills, as Parliament ran out of time to hear them. They were heard during the next Parliamentary session in 1831, and both passed; they "by no means established for him the reputation of a skilful legislator... the judges have found it infinitely difficult to put a reasonable construction upon them". The Reform Act 1832 led to his departure from the Lords, and is considered to have greatly shortened his life; he fought strongly for the city corporations, which he claimed the bill treated "with absolute contempt", but would be defeated. Having threatened that, should it pass, "Never, never my Lords, shall I enter the doors of this House", he was true to his word, and never returned to politics, although from 8 August to 3 September 1827 he was interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, following the convention that, when vacant, the position should be held by the Lord Chief Justice. Death Abbott first began to grow ill in May 1832, when he wrote to Sir Egerton Brydges that "My spirit is so depressed, that when I am not strongly excited by some present object that admits of no delay, I sink into something very nearly approaching torpidity". Although he got somewhat better, giving his annual dinner to the King's Counsel, it was noticed that he was unable to drink his wine properly. He went to the Midland Circuit in June, as it was the easiest one, but he suffered from "a violent cough" and other symptoms, returning to his home in Hendon. After the first day of a two-day case he found himself losing his appetite and suffering from a fever, which caused him to talk incoherently and become delirious. The disease baffled doctors, and finally killed him on 4 November 1832 at his home in Queen Square, London; his last words were "and now, gentlemen of the jury, you will consider of your verdict". He was interred at the Foundling Hospital, of which he was a governor. Personal life Abbott married Mary Lamotte on 30 July 1795. He enjoyed the domestic element of his life, and records show love poetry written to his wife. Prior to their marriage Mary had sent him a lock of her hair; in exchange, he wrote a poem for her entitled "The Answer of a Lock of Hair to the Inquiries of its Former Mistress". The couple had two sons and two daughters; John (2nd Baron Tenterden), Charles, Mary, and Catherine. Catherine later married John Rowland Smyth. Abbott was considered cautious, with an "aversion to all that was experimental" and a "want of fancy" which were considered excellent traits for a judge, giving him "a very prominent rank indeed amongst our ablest judges". He possessed a violent disposition; "his temper was naturally bad; it was hasty and it was violent; forming a natural contrast with the rest of his mind", but he successfully controlled this. This occasionally came out in court, however, and he was noted as particularly caustic and intolerant of unnecessarily complex sentences. When one witness, an apothecary, used a particularly complex medical phrase, Abbott shouted that he should "Speak English sir, if you can, or I must swear in an interpreter". He was considered "dull in private life as well as in public; and neither crimes nor follies could ever be imputed upon him"; despite this he was "a great magistrate, and his judgments studied and admired". Edward Foss wrote of him that "no judge ever sat on the bench who displayed greater learning, cleverness and discrimination; nor whose judgments have ever been so undisputed. Arms Coat of arms of Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden Crest A fox statant per pale Or and Argent charged on the shoulder with a water bouget Sable. Escutcheon Purpure a pile wavy vairy Or and Gules in base two water bougets fesswise of the second on a canton Argent a crozier erect Azure. Supporters Dexter a dragon wings elevated Vert gorged with a collar of roses and portcullises alternately and charged on the wing with a water bouget Or; sinister a pelican wings elevated Or vulned and gorged with a wreath of roses Gules. Motto Labore (By Labour) References ^ a b Campbell (2006) p. 268. ^ a b Campbell (2006) p. 304. ^ Brightwell (1866) p. 228. ^ Brightwell (1866) p. 229. ^ Brightwell (1866) p. 230. ^ Foss (2000) p. 1. ^ Brightwell (1866) p. 235. ^ Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1842) p. 62. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 254. ^ a b Lobban, Michael (2004). "Abbott, Charles". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12. Retrieved 9 March 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Campbell (2006) p. 256. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 257. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 258. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine (1832) p. 568. ^ Grant (1837), p. 82. ^ "No. 17138". The London Gazette. 21 May 1816. p. 961. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine (1832) p. 569. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 267. ^ Foss (2000) p. 2. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 272. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 274. ^ "No. 18356". The London Gazette. 27 April 1827. p. 937. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 292. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 301. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 305. ^ Foss (1843) p. ^ a b Campbell (2006) p. 307. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography reports his words as "‘Gentlemen of the Jury, you are discharged.’" ^ Brightwell (1866) p. 238. ^ Brightwell (1866) p. 245. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 261. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 264. ^ Brightwell (1866) p. 239. ^ Brightwell (1866) p. 240. ^ Campbell (2006) p. 235. ^ Foss (1943) p. 179. ^ Debrett's Peerage. 1903. Bibliography Wikisource has original works by or about:Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden Brightwell, C.L. (1866). Memorials of the early lives and doings of great lawyers. T. Nelson and Sons. OCLC 60719249. Campbell, John (2006). The Lives of the Chief Justices of England: From the Norman Conquest till the death of Lord Tenterden. Vol. 3. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-95981-3. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tenterden, Charles Abbott, 1st Baron" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Foss, Edward (1843). The grandeur of the law; or, The legal peers of England;. E.Spettigue. OCLC 7599534. Foss, Edward (2000). Biographia Juridica: A Biographical Dictionary of the Judges of England from the Conquest to the Present Time, 1066-1870. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 1-886363-86-2. The Gentleman's magazine (1832). Lord Tenterden. Vol. 102. F. Jefferies. Grant, James (1837). The bench and the bar. Vol. 1. H. Colburn. OCLC 60718542. Macdonell, John (1885). "Abbott, Charles (1762-1832)" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1842). The biographical Dictionary of the Society for the diffusion of useful Knowledge. Longmans. OCLC 18067040. Townsend, William C. (1846). The lives of twelve eminent judges of the last and of the present century. Longman. OCLC 60719586. External links Hutchinson, John (1892). "Charles Abbott" . Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 1–2. Legal offices Preceded byThe Lord Ellenborough Lord Chief Justice, King's Bench 1818–1832 Succeeded bySir Thomas Denman Political offices Preceded byGeorge Canning Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer 1827 Succeeded byJohn Charles Herries Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Baron Tenterden 1827–1832 Succeeded byJohn Henry Abbott Portals: Biography LawCharles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from Wikisource vte Chancellors of the Exchequerof England Eustace of Fauconberg Maunsell Leicester Westminster Chishull W. Giffard G. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"dame school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_school"},{"link_name":"The King's School, Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"matriculated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Buller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Buller,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Middle Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Temple"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"called to the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_to_the_Bar"},{"link_name":"Court of Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)"},{"link_name":"Serjeant-at-Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-Law"},{"link_name":"Court of King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cam-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Ellenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Baron_Ellenborough"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Reform Act 1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cam2-2"},{"link_name":"Queen Square, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Square,_London"}],"text":"British barrister and judge, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench (1762–1832)Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden PC (7 October 1762 – 4 November 1832), was a British barrister and judge who served as Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench between 1818 and 1832. Born in obscure circumstances to a barber and his wife in Canterbury, Abbott was educated initially at a dame school before moving to The King's School, Canterbury in 1769. He was noted as an excellent student, receiving an exhibition scholarship from the school in March 1781, when he matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Here he was elected a fellow, and also served as a tutor to the son of Sir Francis Buller, which first made him consider becoming a barrister. He joined the Middle Temple in 1787, transferring to the Inner Temple in 1793, and was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1796. Abbott was noted as an excellent barrister, earning more than any other during his time at the Bar, despite being considered unimaginative and a poor speaker. He was offered a position as a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 1808, which he turned down; he accepted the same offer in 1816, receiving the customary knighthood and being appointed a Serjeant-at-Law.Three months after he started sitting as a judge he was transferred to the Court of King's Bench, where he was initially rather poor, being unfamiliar with the court's business. Within two years he showed \"the highest judicial excellence\",[1] and when Lord Ellenborough had a stroke in 1818, Abbott was chosen to replace him as Lord Chief Justice. His reign at the head of the Court of King's Bench saw the court flourish, with strong justices and his own much-admired abilities. He was appointed to the peerage in 1827, sitting as Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden, and initially attended the House of Lords regularly. His opposition to the Reform Act 1832, which he claimed treated city corporations \"with absolute contempt\", led to his refusal to attend the Lords.[2] Continuing to sit as Lord Chief Justice, Abbott gradually grew weaker, and finally fell ill halfway through a two-day trial. His disease baffled doctors, and he died on 4 November 1832 at his home in Queen Square, London.","title":"Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"dame school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_school"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The King's School, Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"matriculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Buller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Buller,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Middle Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Temple"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"Sir George Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wood_(judge)"},{"link_name":"special pleader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_pleader"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"called to the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_to_the_Bar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-10"}],"text":"Abbott was born 7 October 1762 in Canterbury to John Abbott, a barber, and his wife Alice.[3] Abbot lived in a \"small, mean-looking house\" near the Cathedral, and was initially educated at a dame school.[4] During his childhood he was noted as \"industrious, apprehensive, regular and correct in all his conduct\".[5] He attended The King's School, Canterbury, from 1769, where he was such a good student that he received an exhibition scholarship on his matriculation at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in March 1781.[6] At the time there were only two awards at Oxford: the Chancellor's medals for English and Latin prose. After an initial attempt to win them which failed, he won the Latin prize in his second year and the English prize in the third.[7] Abbot was then elected a fellow of Corpus Christi where, acting as a tutor to the son of Sir Francis Buller, he first considered becoming a barrister.[8] On 16 November 1787 he became a member of the Middle Temple, transferring to the Inner Temple in 1793, and worked for two years under Sir George Wood as a special pleader; it was said that he had finished his work as a special pleader faster than \"any man before or since\".[9] He was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1796.[10]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1stLordTenterden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_court#England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Charles Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Abbot,_1st_Baron_Colchester"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Court of Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)"},{"link_name":"Serjeant-at-Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-Law"},{"link_name":"knighthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Court of King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)"},{"link_name":"Simon Le Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Le_Blanc"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cam-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Ellenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Baron_Ellenborough"},{"link_name":"Sir Samuel Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"James Scarlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scarlett,_1st_Baron_Abinger"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Hendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon"},{"link_name":"County of Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Middlesex"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Speakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Reform Act 1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cam2-2"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-10"}],"text":"Abbott, after his ascension to the peerageAbbott began practising on the Oxford Circuit; while travelling there he had a fall from his horse, which broke his leg in two places and left him permanently lame.[11] In 1802, he published a legal tract, On Merchants' Ships and Seamen, which was praised by his fellow lawyers and earned him a large amount of commercial work; it was later republished in the United States, where it was misattributed to Charles Abbot, the Speaker of the House of Commons.[12] He would be \"as eminent and prosperous as a counsel can be at the English bar\", although he refused to apply for silk. From 1802 to 1816 he served as \"Devil to the Attorney General\", opening all government prosecutions, and was standing counsel for the Bank of England and many Deans and Prelates in the Church of England. By 1807, he was making £8,000 a year, and later exceeded this amount;[13] it was remarked that he earned more money than any other barrister of that time.[14] Abbott was not a \"flashy\" barrister; although known as an excellent lawyer, his speeches were monotonous and he lacked an imagination.[15]In 1808 he was offered a position as a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, but refused it. After eight more years of work, however, he felt that his health could no longer take the strain, and accepted a position in the Court of Common Pleas on 24 January 1816, along with becoming a Serjeant-at-Law as required. Abbott was granted the customary knighthood,[16] with the motto \"Labore\", which he also used for his peerage.[17] He stayed in this post for barely three months, with no records of his work there surviving, before being transferred against his will to the Court of King's Bench on 3 May to replace Simon Le Blanc.[18]Abbott, unfamiliar with the Court of King's Bench (having been a regional lawyer rather than a London-based one), was initially a disappointment, but soon improved. By 1818, he showed \"the highest judicial excellence\", although he was criticised for snapping at boring barristers and for taking the government's side in prosecutions.[1]That year, the Lord Chief Justice Lord Ellenborough had a stroke, forcing his retirement. Most of the other judges and legal figures were inappropriate for the role; Sir Samuel Shepherd, for example, was while an able lawyer too deaf to sit as a judge. As a result, Abbott was appointed, and formally took up his position on 4 November 1818.[19]As Lord Chief Justice he saw the Court of King's Bench flourish, with competent Justices and his own abilities; \"[Abbott] had more knowledge of mankind than any of [the Justices], and was more skilful as a moderator in forensic disputation\".[20] Abbott's central weakness as a judge was seen to be his support of James Scarlett, his leader when Abbott was a barrister; \"The timid junior, become Chief Justice, still looked up to his old leader with dread, was afraid of offending him, and was always delighted when he could decide in his favour\".[21]On 30 April 1827, Abbott was made Baron Tenterden, of Hendon in the County of Middlesex;[22] having feared that \"Lord Abbott\" would leave him open to ridicule, he instead picked the name of a Kentish town near his roots. On 24 May, Abbott formally took up his position, attending the House of Lords regularly, and was the last Chief Justice to wear his official robes to the Lords (other than those acting as interim Speakers).[23]In 1830, he introduced several bills to Parliament following reports on the state of the Ecclesiastical Courts, common law courts and law of real property; all were passed, except the ecclesiastical bills, as Parliament ran out of time to hear them. They were heard during the next Parliamentary session in 1831, and both passed; they \"by no means established for him the reputation of a skilful legislator... the judges have found it infinitely difficult to put a reasonable construction upon them\".[24] The Reform Act 1832 led to his departure from the Lords, and is considered to have greatly shortened his life; he fought strongly for the city corporations, which he claimed the bill treated \"with absolute contempt\", but would be defeated. Having threatened that, should it pass, \"Never, never my Lords, shall I enter the doors of this House\", he was true to his word, and never returned to politics,[2] although from 8 August to 3 September 1827 he was interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, following the convention that, when vacant, the position should be held by the Lord Chief Justice.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Egerton Brydges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Egerton_Brydges"},{"link_name":"King's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Queen Square, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Square,_London"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cam4-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Foundling Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundling_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cam4-27"}],"text":"Abbott first began to grow ill in May 1832, when he wrote to Sir Egerton Brydges that \"My spirit is so depressed, that when I am not strongly excited by some present object that admits of no delay, I sink into something very nearly approaching torpidity\". Although he got somewhat better, giving his annual dinner to the King's Counsel, it was noticed that he was unable to drink his wine properly.[25]He went to the Midland Circuit in June, as it was the easiest one, but he suffered from \"a violent cough\" and other symptoms, returning to his home in Hendon. After the first day of a two-day case he found himself losing his appetite and suffering from a fever, which caused him to talk incoherently and become delirious. The disease baffled doctors, and finally killed him on 4 November 1832 at his home in Queen Square, London;[26] his last words were \"and now, gentlemen of the jury, you will consider of your verdict\".[27][28] He was interred at the Foundling Hospital, of which he was a governor.[27]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"John Rowland Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rowland_Smyth"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Edward Foss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Foss"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Abbott married Mary Lamotte on 30 July 1795.[29] He enjoyed the domestic element of his life, and records show love poetry written to his wife.[30] Prior to their marriage Mary had sent him a lock of her hair; in exchange, he wrote a poem for her entitled \"The Answer of a Lock of Hair to the Inquiries of its Former Mistress\".[31] The couple had two sons and two daughters; John (2nd Baron Tenterden), Charles, Mary, and Catherine. Catherine later married John Rowland Smyth.[32]Abbott was considered cautious, with an \"aversion to all that was experimental\" and a \"want of fancy\" which were considered excellent traits for a judge, giving him \"a very prominent rank indeed amongst our ablest judges\". He possessed a violent disposition; \"his temper was naturally bad; it was hasty and it was violent; forming a natural contrast with the rest of his mind\", but he successfully controlled this.[33] This occasionally came out in court, however, and he was noted as particularly caustic and intolerant of unnecessarily complex sentences. When one witness, an apothecary, used a particularly complex medical phrase, Abbott shouted that he should \"Speak English sir, if you can, or I must swear in an interpreter\".[34] He was considered \"dull in private life as well as in public; and neither crimes nor follies could ever be imputed upon him\"; despite this he was \"a great magistrate, and his judgments [were] studied and admired\".[35]Edward Foss wrote of him that \"no judge ever sat on the bench who displayed greater learning, cleverness and discrimination; nor whose judgments have ever been so undisputed.[36]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Memorials of the early lives and doings of great lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/memorialsearlyl00briggoog"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"60719249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60719249"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-543-95981-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-95981-3"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Tenterden, Charles Abbott, 1st Baron\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tenterden,_Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7599534","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/7599534"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-886363-86-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886363-86-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"60718542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60718542"},{"link_name":"\"Abbott, Charles (1762-1832)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Abbott,_Charles_(1762-1832)"},{"link_name":"Stephen, Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18067040","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18067040"},{"link_name":"Townsend, William C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Charles_Townsend"},{"link_name":"The lives of twelve eminent judges of the last and of the present century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/livestwelveemin02towngoog"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"60719586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60719586"}],"text":"Wikisource has original works by or about:Charles Abbott, 1st Baron TenterdenBrightwell, C.L. (1866). Memorials of the early lives and doings of great lawyers. T. Nelson and Sons. OCLC 60719249.\nCampbell, John (2006). The Lives of the Chief Justices of England: From the Norman Conquest till the death of Lord Tenterden. Vol. 3. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-95981-3.\nChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Tenterden, Charles Abbott, 1st Baron\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.\nFoss, Edward (1843). The grandeur of the law; or, The legal peers of England;. E.Spettigue. OCLC 7599534.\nFoss, Edward (2000). Biographia Juridica: A Biographical Dictionary of the Judges of England from the Conquest to the Present Time, 1066-1870. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 1-886363-86-2.\nThe Gentleman's magazine (1832). Lord Tenterden. Vol. 102. F. Jefferies.\nGrant, James (1837). The bench and the bar. Vol. 1. H. Colburn. OCLC 60718542.\nMacdonell, John (1885). \"Abbott, Charles (1762-1832)\" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co.\nSociety for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1842). The biographical Dictionary of the Society for the diffusion of useful Knowledge. Longmans. OCLC 18067040.\nTownsend, William C. (1846). The lives of twelve eminent judges of the last and of the present century. Longman. OCLC 60719586.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Abbott, after his ascension to the peerage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/1stLordTenterden.jpg/220px-1stLordTenterden.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tenterden_Escutcheon.png/200px-Tenterden_Escutcheon.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Lobban, Michael (2004). \"Abbott, Charles\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/12","url_text":"\"Abbott, Charles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/12"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17138\". The London Gazette. 21 May 1816. p. 961.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17138/page/961","url_text":"\"No. 17138\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18356\". The London Gazette. 27 April 1827. p. 937.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18356/page/937","url_text":"\"No. 18356\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Debrett's Peerage. 1903.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brightwell, C.L. (1866). Memorials of the early lives and doings of great lawyers. T. Nelson and Sons. OCLC 60719249.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memorialsearlyl00briggoog","url_text":"Memorials of the early lives and doings of great lawyers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60719249","url_text":"60719249"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, John (2006). The Lives of the Chief Justices of England: From the Norman Conquest till the death of Lord Tenterden. Vol. 3. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-95981-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-95981-3","url_text":"0-543-95981-3"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Tenterden, Charles Abbott, 1st Baron\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tenterden,_Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron","url_text":"\"Tenterden, Charles Abbott, 1st Baron\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Foss, Edward (1843). The grandeur of the law; or, The legal peers of England;. E.Spettigue. OCLC 7599534.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7599534","url_text":"7599534"}]},{"reference":"Foss, Edward (2000). Biographia Juridica: A Biographical Dictionary of the Judges of England from the Conquest to the Present Time, 1066-1870. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 1-886363-86-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886363-86-2","url_text":"1-886363-86-2"}]},{"reference":"The Gentleman's magazine (1832). Lord Tenterden. Vol. 102. F. Jefferies.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grant, James (1837). The bench and the bar. Vol. 1. H. Colburn. OCLC 60718542.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60718542","url_text":"60718542"}]},{"reference":"Macdonell, John (1885). \"Abbott, Charles (1762-1832)\" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Abbott,_Charles_(1762-1832)","url_text":"\"Abbott, Charles (1762-1832)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1842). The biographical Dictionary of the Society for the diffusion of useful Knowledge. Longmans. OCLC 18067040.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18067040","url_text":"18067040"}]},{"reference":"Townsend, William C. (1846). The lives of twelve eminent judges of the last and of the present century. Longman. OCLC 60719586.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Charles_Townsend","url_text":"Townsend, William C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/livestwelveemin02towngoog","url_text":"The lives of twelve eminent judges of the last and of the present century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60719586","url_text":"60719586"}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, John (1892). \"Charles Abbott\" . Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 1–2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Men_of_Kent_and_Kentishmen/Charles_Abbott","url_text":"\"Charles Abbott\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Doblado,_Guanajuato
Manuel Doblado, Guanajuato
["1 Government and politics","2 References"]
Coordinates: 20°43′49″N 101°57′12″W / 20.73028°N 101.95333°W / 20.73028; -101.95333Municipality in Guanajuato, Mexico City in Guanajuato, MexicoManuel DobladoCity Coat of armsManuel DobladoLocation in MexicoShow map of GuanajuatoManuel DobladoManuel Doblado (Mexico)Show map of MexicoCoordinates: 20°43′49″N 101°57′12″W / 20.73028°N 101.95333°W / 20.73028; -101.95333CountryMexicoStateGuanajuatoElevation (of seat)1,900 m (6,200 ft)Time zoneUTC−06:00 (Central (US Central)) • Summer (DST)UTC−05:00 (Central) City Manuel Doblado is a Mexican municipality located in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico. Its municipal seat is the city of the same name. City Manuel Doblado has an area of 810.43 square kilometres (2.67% of the surface of the State) and is bordered to the north by Romita, Purísima del Rincón and San Francisco del Rincón, to the southeast by Cuerámaro, to the south by Pénjamo, and to the west by the state of Jalisco. The municipality had a population of 38,309 inhabitants according to the 2005 census. The municipality has been known at various times as Tierra Blanca(1680) Piedra Gorda (from 1681 to 1693), San Pedro Piedra Gorda (from 1693 to 1899), and since 1899 as City Manuel Doblado, in honor of a distinguished lawyer born in the municipality. The Municipal President of City Manuel Doblado and its many smaller outlying communities is politician PAN Blanca Haydeé Preciado Pérez (2021–2024). Official Web Site: cdmanueldoblado.com.mx Government and politics Chronology of the Municipal presidents First Name Period of Government Politic Party José de Jesús Jaime Ríos 1948 Felipe Flores 1949 Efrén Hernández Pérez 1950–1951 Felipe Flores 1952–1954 Enrique Raya Padilla 1955–1956 Juan Barajas Rodríguez 1958–1960 Félix Valdés Becerra 1960–1963 Tadeo Martínez Navarro 1964–1965 José Torres Vargas 1965–1966 Guadalupe Vargas 1967–1968 Crescencio López Bonilla 1968–1969 Tadeo Martínez Sáinz 1970–1972 Arnulfo Rea Estrada 1973 Jesús Maciel Ortiz 1974–1976 María del Rosario López Carmona 1979 Manuel Serna Arbieta 1980–1982 Profra. Beatriz Pérez Arellano 1983–1985 Lic. Rogelio Villanueva Fuentes 1986–1988 Pascual Ramírez Córdoba 1989–1991 PRI Filemón Ramírez Rodríguez 1992–1994 PRI Jorge Pérez Cabrera 1995–1997 PRI Pascual Ramírez Córdoba 1998–2000 PRI Alicia Villanueva Paz 2000–2003 PRI Ulises Magaña Hernández 2003–2006 PAN Leopoldo Villanueva Chávez 2006–2009 PRI Rodolfo Madrigal Ramirez 2009–2012 PAN Manuel Pedroza Ramírez 2012–2015 COAL, PRI– PVEM Juan Artemio León Zárate 2015–2018 PAN Gustavo Adolfo Alfaro Reyes 2018-2021 PRI Blanca Haydeé Preciado Pérez (2021–2024)  PAN References ^ "2005 Census". INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2007. ^ Guanajuato "Mexican Municipality Encyclopedia". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Retrieved 14 September 2007. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) ^ Instituto Electoral del Estado de Guanajuato. "Computos 2021 | Ayuntamientos | Manuel Doblado". Retrieved 4 February 2022. vte State of GuanajuatoGuanajuato (capital)Municipalities Abasolo Acámbaro San Miguel de Allende Altamirano Apaseo el Alto Apaseo el Grande Atarjea Celaya Manuel Doblado Comonfort Coroneo Cortázar Cuerámaro Doctor Mora Dolores Hidalgo Guanajuato Huanímaro Irapuato Jaral del Progreso Jerécuaro León Moroleón Ocampo Pénjamo Pueblo Nuevo Purísima del Rincón Romita Salamanca Salvatierra San Diego de la Unión San Felipe San Francisco del Rincón San José Iturbide San Luis de la Paz Santa Catarina Santa Cruz de Juventino Rosas Santiago Maravatío Silao Tarandacuao Tarimoro Tierra Blanca Uriangato Valle de Santiago Victoria Villagrán Xichú Yuriria Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
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[{"reference":"\"2005 Census\". INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130406130712/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/","url_text":"\"2005 Census\""},{"url":"http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guanajuato \"Mexican Municipality Encyclopedia\". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Retrieved 14 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_guanajuato","url_text":"Guanajuato \"Mexican Municipality Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"Instituto Electoral del Estado de Guanajuato. \"Computos 2021 | Ayuntamientos | Manuel Doblado\". Retrieved 4 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://computosgto2021.ieeg.mx/#/ayuntamientos/detalle/manueldoblado/votos-candidatura","url_text":"\"Computos 2021 | Ayuntamientos | Manuel Doblado\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajeh,_Qom
Sarajeh, Qom
["1 Notable people","2 References"]
Coordinates: 34°36′49″N 51°03′56″E / 34.61361°N 51.06556°E / 34.61361; 51.06556Village in Qom, IranSarajeh سراجهvillageSarajehCoordinates: 34°36′49″N 51°03′56″E / 34.61361°N 51.06556°E / 34.61361; 51.06556Country IranProvinceQomCountyQomBakhshCentralRural DistrictQanavatPopulation (2006) • Total369Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Sarajeh (Persian: سراجه, also Romanized as Sarājeh) is a village in Qanavat Rural District, in the Central District of Qom County, Qom Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 369, in 89 families. Notable people Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh, a war hero of Iran References ^ Sarajeh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3082492" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. ^ "یادواره شهید فهمیده و شهدای روستای سراجه و مومن آباد قم برگزار شد". vte Qom CountyCapital Qom DistrictsCentralCities Qom Qanavat Rural Districts and villagesQanavat Dowlatabad-e Aqa Eslamabad Hajjiabad-e Aqa Hoseynabad-e Mish Mast Jamkaran Jannatabad Langerud Mobarakabad Mowmenabad Navaran Sarajeh Shamsabad Zanburak Qomrud Abbasabad Alborz Aliabad Anjirli Baghak Bagh-e Now Baqerabad Cheshmeh Palang-e Pain Cheshmeh Shur Dulay Qarqi Farajabad Feyzabad Hajjiabad Ilikhi Bolaghi Jafarabad Kaj Kuh Sefid Kurgal Malekabad Mazraeh-ye Allahyar Mirabad Mohammadabad Moshkabad Qaleh Soltan Baji Qaleh-ye Sadri Qaleh-ye Sangi Qanbar Ali Qashqa Bolagh Qeshlaq-e Alborz Qeshlaq-e Malek Qaleh Qomrud Rahmatabad Safarabad Seydabad Seyfabad Shahrak-e Dam Sharifabad JafarabadCities Jafariyeh Rural Districts and villagesJafarabad Abdolabad-e Pain Aliabad-e Enqelab Aliabad-e Nazarali Khan Alvirabad Asgarli Baqerabad Bostanabad Dizar Dowlatabad Dowlatabad Golestan Heydarabad Hoseynabad-e Zand Jafarabad Kalagh Neshin Karimabad Khederabad Mahmudabad Masumabad Moqbelabad Najmabad Nurabad Pachian Pestagan Qezelabad Sadabad Safdar Seydabad Sharifabad-e Gavkhuni Sharifabad-e Zand Taghrud KahakCities Kahak Rural Districts and villagesFordo Abadi Emamzadeh Esmail Dastgerd Fordo Khaveh Meyyem Tireh Vayrij Veshnavah Kahak Abarjes Bidhand Kermejegan Khowrabad Qobad Bazn Sarm Shahzadeh Ebrahim Sīrū Varnavaj Verjan KhalajestanCities Dastjerd Rural Districts and villagesDastjerd Ahmadabad Amereh Fujerd Giv Hasanabad Hemmatabad Isaabad Jerik Aghaj Jowzeh Kondrud Mansurabad Maqbulabad Mujan Nayeh Nurabad Rastehgan Razband Sanavand Sefidaleh Seft Sorkh Deh Tinuj Varzaneh Veshareh Zizgan Qahan Ab Danak Aghelak Algan Alikhan Beyki Anjileh Banabar Chahak Chamanak Esfid Gazabad Jemezqan Kasva Kiab Kohandan Mehrzamin Mushakiyeh Nevis Qahan Rushagan Sulaqan Vasfownjerd Venan SalafcheganCities Salafchegan Rural Districts and villagesNeyzar Aliabad Chal Gonbad Cheshmeh Ali Dowlatabad Hajjiabad-e Neyzaz Hasanabad Hesar-e Sorkh Hoseynabad Khadijeh Khatun Khalajabad Khorramabad Majidabad Neyzar Qaleh Cham Sariyeh Khatun Tayqan Rahjerd-e Sharqi(Eastern Rahjerd) Anayit Beyk Bagh-e Yek Besharatabad Dizijan Eslamabad Jondab Mazraeh-ye Abbasabad Mazraeh-ye Hoseynabad Mazraeh-ye Seh Tan Mohammad Beyk Neyjeh Qaleh-ye Allahqolibeyk Qarah Su Qazi-ye Bala Qazi-ye Pain Rahjerd Sanjagan Seyyedabad Shurab Taj Khatun Tarlab Yekeh Bagh Zavarian Iran portal This Qom province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Qanavat Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanavat_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Qom_County)"},{"link_name":"Qom County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom_County"},{"link_name":"Qom Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Qom, IranSarajeh (Persian: سراجه, also Romanized as Sarājeh)[1] is a village in Qanavat Rural District, in the Central District of Qom County, Qom Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 369, in 89 families.[2]","title":"Sarajeh, Qom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hossein_Fahmideh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh, a war hero of Iran[3]","title":"Notable people"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/25.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/25.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"یادواره شهید فهمیده و شهدای روستای سراجه و مومن آباد قم برگزار شد\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defapress.ir/Fa/News/46074","url_text":"\"یادواره شهید فهمیده و شهدای روستای سراجه و مومن آباد قم برگزار شد\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakrzewo,_Gmina_Zakrzewo
Zakrzewo, Gmina Zakrzewo
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 52°46′N 18°37′E / 52.767°N 18.617°E / 52.767; 18.617For other places with the same name, see Zakrzewo. Village in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandZakrzewoVillageSt. Joseph's wooden church from 1746.ZakrzewoCoordinates: 52°46′N 18°37′E / 52.767°N 18.617°E / 52.767; 18.617Country PolandVoivodeshipKuyavian-PomeranianCountyAleksandrówGminaZakrzewo Zakrzewo is a village in Aleksandrów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Zakrzewo. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-west of Aleksandrów Kujawski and 30 km (19 mi) south of Toruń. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina ZakrzewoSeat Zakrzewo Other villages Bachorza Gęsin Gosławice Kobielice Kolonia Bodzanowska Kuczkowo Lepsze Michałowo Sędzin Sędzin-Kolonia Seroczki Siniarzewo Sinki Ujma Duża Wola Bachorna Zarębowo This Aleksandrów County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zakrzewo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakrzewo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[zaˈkʂɛvɔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Aleksandrów County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%C3%B3w_County"},{"link_name":"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"gmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina"},{"link_name":"Gmina Zakrzewo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Zakrzewo,_Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Aleksandrów Kujawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%C3%B3w_Kujawski"},{"link_name":"Toruń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Zakrzewo.Village in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandZakrzewo [zaˈkʂɛvɔ] is a village in Aleksandrów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.[1] It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Zakrzewo. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-west of Aleksandrów Kujawski and 30 km (19 mi) south of Toruń.","title":"Zakrzewo, Gmina Zakrzewo"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden,_Higham_%26_Wellingborough_Railway
Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway
["1 Rushden station","1.1 Rolling stock","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°17′41″N 0°35′52″W / 52.2946°N 0.5977°W / 52.2946; -0.5977Heritage railway in Northamptonshire, England This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article is about the present-day heritage railway. For the traditional railway line operating from 1893 to 1969, see Higham Ferrers branch line. Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough RailwayRunning line at Rushden, Higham & Wellingborough RailwayCommercial operationsNameBritish RailOriginal gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugePreserved operationsOperated byRushden Historical Transport SocietyStations1Length1⁄2 mile (0.8 km)Preserved gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeCommercial historyClosed1971Preservation historyHeadquartersRushden station vteRushden, Higham &Wellingborough Railway Legend Higham Ferrers Footpath crossing Prospect Avenue Shirley Road Bridge Midland Main Line Wellingborough Rushden Yard Footpath crossing Rushden Northampton andPeterborough Railway River Nene Bridge (Currently missing) Midland Main Line The Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway is a heritage railway operated by the Rushden Historical Transport Society in the town of Rushden in the county of Northamptonshire, England. The aim of the society was to reopen most of the former Midland Railway branch line from Wellingborough to Higham Ferrers, which had been closed completely in November 1969. As of April 2016, around 1⁄2 mile (0.8 km) stretch of the line is operated between Rushden station and Prospect Avenue. The society plans to extend the line to a halt at Higham Ferrers. They are unable to extend back towards Wellingborough due to developments that have taken place along the route of the old branch line. Rushden station Rushden station has been preserved by the Rushden Historical Transport Society. The station building is fully intact and open with no admission fee although donations are requested. The footbridge is currently missing, and a level crossing divides the platform into two sections. A replacement footbridge similar to the original is awaiting installation, at which point the missing section of platform will be replaced. On operating days trains use a separate platform slightly to the east. There is a signal box on site also. To the west immediately after the station there is a bridge missing. To the east, the line ends adjacent to Prospect Ave, and is used throughout the year. Rolling stock On site can be found a main-line diesel, Class 31, 31206, a number of Mark 1 carriages and a Gresley buffet car. In addition the line has a few industrial steam locomotives and some small diesel shunters. Frequently a number of preserved buses and coaches can also be found on the site. Steam Locomotives Andrew Barclay 0-4-0ST No 2168 "Edmundsons". Built in 1940. Undergoing overhaul. Bagnall 0-6-0ST No 2654 Cherwell. Awaiting funds for major restoration. Diesel locomotives BR A1A-A1A Class 31 no. 31206. Operational. BR Railfreight Built in 1960. BR 0-6-0DM Class 03 no. 03179 Clive. First Capital Connect purple. 4wDH Diesel-Hydraulic Sentinel shunter no. 10159. Operational. Diesel multiple units BR Class 121 no. 55029 (977968) Network Rail Yellow Built in 1960. BR Class 142 nos. 142084 and 142091. Coaching stock BR Post Office Sorting Van NSA 80334 built in 1969. BR Post Office Stowage Van NTA 80413 built in 1957. BR High-security General Utility Van NKA 94102 built in 1959. BR Brake Gangwayed NEX 92363. Used for passenger services. built in 1957. BR Mark 1 Tourist Second Open no. 3918 built in 1954. BR Mark 1 BSK no. 34004 built in 1951. BR Mark 2 Tourist Second Open no. 5166. Used for passenger services. built in 1966. LNER Gresley Buffet Carriage no. 24279 built in 1937. See also Rushden Parkway railway station References ^ "Preserved Railway stock list". UKLocos. Retrieved 22 June 2012. ^ "Class 142". Preserved Railcars. Retrieved 26 September 2020. External links The railway website vteHeritage railways, museums and preservation societies in EnglandOperational railwaysNarrow-gauge Amerton Railway Amberley Museum Railway Bredgar and Wormshill Light Railway Bure Valley Railway Cleethorpes Coast Light Railway Gartell Light Railway Great Whipsnade Railway Great Woburn Railway Hastings Miniature Railway Hayling Seaside Railway Hythe Pier, Railway and Ferry Launceston Steam Railway Leighton Buzzard Light Railway London Post Office Railway Lynton and Barnstaple Railway North Gloucestershire Railway Perrygrove Railway Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway Rudyard Lake Steam Railway Ruislip Lido Railway Seaton Tramway Sittingbourne and Kemsley Light Railway South Tynedale Railway Southend Pier Railway Steeple Grange Light Railway Volk's Electric Railway Wells and Walsingham Light Railway West Lancashire Light Railway Whistlestop Valley Yaxham Light Railway Standard-gauge Aln Valley Railway Appleby Frodingham Railway Avon Valley Railway Battlefield Line Railway Bluebell Railway Bodmin and Wenford Railway Bowes Railway Bristol Harbour Railway Cambrian Heritage Railways Chasewater Railway Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway Cholsey and Wallingford Railway Churnet Valley Railway Colne Valley Railway Dartmouth Steam Railway Dean Forest Railway Derwent Valley Light Railway East Kent Railway East Lancashire Railway East Somerset Railway Ecclesbourne Valley Railway Eden Valley Railway Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway Epping Ongar Railway Foxfield Railway Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway Great Central Railway Helston Railway Isle of Wight Steam Railway Keighley & Worth Valley Railway Kent and East Sussex Railway Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway Lavender Line Lincolnshire Wolds Railway Mid-Norfolk Railway Middleton Railway Midland Railway – Butterley Mountsorrel Railway Nene Valley Railway North Norfolk Railway North Tyneside Steam Railway North Yorkshire Moors Railway Northampton and Lamport Railway Northamptonshire Ironstone Railway Trust Nottingham Heritage Railway Peak Rail Plym Valley Railway Ribble Steam Railway Rother Valley Railway Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway Severn Valley Railway South Devon Railway Spa Valley Railway Stainmore Railway Swanage Railway Swindon and Cricklade Railway Tanfield Railway Telford Steam Railway Watercress Line Weardale Railway Wensleydale Railway West Somerset Railway Yorkshire Wolds Railway Centres and museums Barrow Hill Roundhouse & Railway Centre Bressingham Steam Museum Buckinghamshire Railway Centre Coleford Great Western Railway Museum Crewe Heritage Centre Crowle Peatland Railway Head of Steam (Darlington) Devon Railway Centre Didcot Railway Centre East Anglian Railway Museum Hollycombe Steam Collection London Museum of Water & Steam Mangapps Railway Museum Mid-Suffolk Light Railway Moseley Railway Trust Mountsorrel Railway National Railway Museum North Ings Farm Museum Nottingham Heritage Railway Rutland Railway Museum National Railway Museum Shildon Shillingstone Railway Project Somerset & Dorset Railway Heritage Trust Southall Railway Centre Stephenson Railway Museum Museum of the Great Western Railway (Swindon) Tyseley Locomotive Works Yeovil Railway Centre Planned railways Berkeley Vale Railway Bideford Railway Heritage Centre Combe Rail Don Valley Railway Lea Bailey Light Railway Norfolk Orbital Railway North Dorset Railway North Somerset Railway Poulton & Wyre Railway Southwold Railway Tarka Valley Railway Wisbech and March Bramley Line Closed sites Abbey Light Railway Ashford Steam Centre Cadeby Light Railway Dartmoor line (mainline service restored) Derbyshire Dales Narrow Gauge Railway Electric Railway Museum, Warwickshire Elsecar Heritage Railway Great Yorkshire Railway Preservation Society North Woolwich Old Station Museum Wells Harbour Railway Heritage railways: England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Isle of Man Channel Islands 52°17′41″N 0°35′52″W / 52.2946°N 0.5977°W / 52.2946; -0.5977
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Higham Ferrers branch line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higham_Ferrers_branch_line"},{"link_name":"heritage railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_railway"},{"link_name":"Rushden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Wellingborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellingborough"},{"link_name":"Higham Ferrers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higham_Ferrers"},{"link_name":"Rushden station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Higham Ferrers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higham_Ferrers"},{"link_name":"Wellingborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellingborough"}],"text":"Heritage railway in Northamptonshire, EnglandThis article is about the present-day heritage railway. For the traditional railway line operating from 1893 to 1969, see Higham Ferrers branch line.The Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway is a heritage railway operated by the Rushden Historical Transport Society in the town of Rushden in the county of Northamptonshire, England.The aim of the society was to reopen most of the former Midland Railway branch line from Wellingborough to Higham Ferrers, which had been closed completely in November 1969. As of April 2016, around 1⁄2 mile (0.8 km) stretch of the line is operated between Rushden station and Prospect Avenue. The society plans to extend the line to a halt at Higham Ferrers. They are unable to extend back towards Wellingborough due to developments that have taken place along the route of the old branch line.","title":"Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footbridge"},{"link_name":"level crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossing"},{"link_name":"signal box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_box"}],"text":"Rushden station has been preserved by the Rushden Historical Transport Society. The station building is fully intact and open with no admission fee although donations are requested.The footbridge is currently missing, and a level crossing divides the platform into two sections. A replacement footbridge similar to the original is awaiting installation, at which point the missing section of platform will be replaced.On operating days trains use a separate platform slightly to the east. There is a signal box on site also. To the west immediately after the station there is a bridge missing. To the east, the line ends adjacent to Prospect Ave, and is used throughout the year.","title":"Rushden station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways_Mark_1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stock-1"},{"link_name":"Andrew Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Barclay_Sons_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"0-4-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-4-0"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_tank_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Bagnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._G._Bagnall"},{"link_name":"0-6-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-6-0"},{"link_name":"ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_tank_locomotive"},{"link_name":"BR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"},{"link_name":"Class 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_31"},{"link_name":"BR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"},{"link_name":"0-6-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-6-0"},{"link_name":"DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93mechanical_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Class 03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_03"},{"link_name":"Class 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_121"},{"link_name":"Class 142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_142"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Post Office Sorting Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Sorting_Van"},{"link_name":"Post Office Stowage Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Stowage_Van"},{"link_name":"High-security General Utility Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Utility_Van"},{"link_name":"Brake Gangwayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_Gangwayed"},{"link_name":"Tourist Second Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_Second_Open"},{"link_name":"BSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Tourist Second Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_Second_Open"}],"sub_title":"Rolling stock","text":"On site can be found a main-line diesel, Class 31, 31206, a number of Mark 1 carriages and a Gresley buffet car. In addition the line has a few industrial steam locomotives and some small diesel shunters. Frequently a number of preserved buses and coaches can also be found on the site.[1]Steam Locomotives\nAndrew Barclay 0-4-0ST No 2168 \"Edmundsons\". Built in 1940. Undergoing overhaul.\nBagnall 0-6-0ST No 2654 Cherwell. Awaiting funds for major restoration.Diesel locomotives\nBR A1A-A1A Class 31 no. 31206. Operational. BR Railfreight Built in 1960.\nBR 0-6-0DM Class 03 no. 03179 Clive. First Capital Connect purple.\n4wDH Diesel-Hydraulic Sentinel shunter no. 10159. Operational.\nDiesel multiple units\nBR Class 121 no. 55029 (977968) Network Rail Yellow Built in 1960.\nBR Class 142 nos. 142084 and 142091.[2]Coaching stock\nBR Post Office Sorting Van NSA 80334 built in 1969.\nBR Post Office Stowage Van NTA 80413 built in 1957.\nBR High-security General Utility Van NKA 94102 built in 1959.\nBR Brake Gangwayed NEX 92363. Used for passenger services. built in 1957.\nBR Mark 1 Tourist Second Open no. 3918 built in 1954.\nBR Mark 1 BSK no. 34004 built in 1951.\nBR Mark 2 Tourist Second Open no. 5166. Used for passenger services. built in 1966.\nLNER Gresley Buffet Carriage no. 24279 built in 1937.","title":"Rushden station"}]
[]
[{"title":"Rushden Parkway railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden_Parkway_railway_station"}]
[{"reference":"\"Preserved Railway stock list\". UKLocos. Retrieved 22 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uklocos.com/preservedrailwaystocklist/","url_text":"\"Preserved Railway stock list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Class 142\". Preserved Railcars. Retrieved 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://preserved.railcar.co.uk/Class142.html","url_text":"\"Class 142\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Cairns,_6th_Earl_Cairns
Simon Cairns, 6th Earl Cairns
["1 Background and education","2 Career","3 Honours","4 Family","5 References","6 External links"]
The Right HonourableThe Earl CairnsCVO, CBEMember of the House of LordsLord TemporalIn office21 March 1989 – 11 November 1999Preceded byThe 5th Earl CairnsSucceeded bySeat abolished Personal detailsBornSimon Dallas Cairns (1939-05-27) 27 May 1939 (age 84)Political partyCrossbencherOccupationBusinessman, politician, peer Simon Dallas Cairns, 6th Earl Cairns, CVO, CBE (born 27 May 1939), styled Viscount Garmoyle between 1946 and 1989, is a British businessman. Background and education Cairns is the son of Rear-Admiral David Cairns, 5th Earl Cairns, and Barbara Jeanne Harrison Burgess. He was educated at Ludgrove, Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Career Cairns was Managing Director of S. G. Warburg & Co. between 1979 and 1985, of Mercury Securities plc between 1981 and 1984, Chairman of Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) between 1981 and 1992, Vice-Chairman of Mercury Securities plc between 1984 and 1986, and a Director of S. G. Warburg & Co. between 1985 and 1995. He succeeded his father in the earldom on 21 March 1989. He was Receiver-General of the Duchy of Cornwall between 1990 and 2000. He was Chief Executive of S. G. Warburg & Co. between 1991 and 1995. He was Chairman of CDC Group plc from 1995. He was chairman of BAT plc between 1995 and 1998, and was Vice-Chairman of Zurich Allied AG and Zurich Financial Services between 1998 and 2000. He was Chairman of Allied Zurich between 1998 and 2000. He was appointed Chairman of the African telecommunications company Celtel in October 2007 and was a board member of the charity The Mo Ibrahim Foundation until 2016, alongside Mary Robinson and Kofi Annan. Honours He was invested as a Commander, Order of the British Empire (CBE), in 1992. Cairns was invested as a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (C.V.O.) in 2000. Family Lord Cairns married Amanda Mary Heathcoat-Amory, daughter of Maj. Edward Fitzgerald Heathcoat-Amory (a son of Maj. Ludovic Heathcoat-Amory) and Sonia Myrtle Denison, on 4 February 1964. They have three sons: Hugh Sebastian Frederick Cairns, Viscount Garmoyle (born 26 March 1965). Hon. David Patrick Cairns (born 27 May 1967). Hon. Alistair Benedict Cairns (born 16 May 1969). References ^ Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003). ^ Barber, Richard (2004). The Story of Ludgrove. Oxford: Guidon Publishing. p. 259. ISBN 0-9543617-2-5. ^ a b c d e f g Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition, volume 1, p. 640. ^ Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition, volume 1, p. 641. ^ "Lord Cairns » Mo Ibrahim Foundation". Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Earl Cairns Peerage of the United Kingdom Preceded byDavid Cairns Earl Cairns 1989–present Member of the House of Lords(1989–1999) IncumbentHeir apparent:Hugh Cairns, Viscount Garmoyle Baron Cairns 1989–present vteCurrent earls in the peerages of Britain and IrelandSorted by (historical) entity at time of grantEngland Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 22nd Earl of Shrewsbury Edward Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby William Hastings-Bass, 17th Earl of Huntingdon William Herbert, 18th Earl of Pembroke Charles Courtenay, 19th Earl of Devon Robert Fiennes-Clinton, 19th Earl of Lincoln Alexander Howard, 22nd Earl of Suffolk William Herbert, 15th Earl of Montgomery Alexander Feilding, 12th Earl of Denbigh Anthony Fane, 16th Earl of Westmorland Alexander Howard, 15th Earl of Berkshire Richard Bertie, 14th Earl of Lindsey Daniel Finch-Hatton, 17th Earl of Winchilsea John Montagu, 11th Earl of Sandwich Paul Capell, 11th Earl of Essex George Howard, 13th Earl of Carlisle Nicholas Ashley-Cooper, 12th Earl of Shaftesbury Daniel Finch-Hatton, 12th Earl of Nottingham Richard Bertie, 9th Earl of Abingdon Timothy Bentinck, 12th Earl of Portland Richard Lumley, 13th Earl of Scarbrough Rufus Keppel, 10th Earl of Albemarle George Coventry, 13th Earl of Coventry William Child Villiers, 10th Earl of Jersey Scotland Alistair Sutherland, 25th Earl of Sutherland Anthony Lindsay, 30th Earl of Crawford Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll Malcolm Sinclair, 20th Earl of Caithness Stewart Douglas, 22nd Earl of Morton James Leslie, 22nd Earl of Rothes Henry Erskine, 18th Earl of Buchan Hugh Montgomerie, 19th Earl of Eglinton John Stuart, 21st Earl of Moray James Erskine, 14th Earl of Mar Michael Douglas-Home, 16th Earl of Home James David Drummond, 10th Earl of Perth Simon Bowes-Lyon, 19th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne James Erskine, 16th Earl of Kellie George Baillie-Hamilton, 14th Earl of Haddington Andrew Stewart, 14th Earl of Galloway Ian Maitland, 18th Earl of Lauderdale James Lindesay-Bethune, 16th Earl of Lindsay Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun Charles Hay, 16th Earl of Kinnoull Andrew Bruce, 11th Earl of Elgin James Charteris, 13th Earl of Wemyss James Ramsay, 17th Earl of Dalhousie David Ogilvy, 14th Earl of Airlie Alexander Leslie-Melville, 15th Earl of Leven John Grant, 13th Earl of Dysart John Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Earl of Selkirk Patrick Carnegy, 15th Earl of Northesk Andrew Bruce, 15th Earl of Kincardine Anthony Lindsay, 13th Earl of Balcarres Filippo Rospigliosi, 12th Earl of Newburgh Alexander Scrymgeour, 12th Earl of Dundee Patrick Hope-Johnstone, 11th Earl of Annandale and Hartfell Iain Cochrane, 15th Earl of Dundonald James Keith, 14th Earl of Kintore Malcolm Murray, 12th Earl of Dunmore Alexander Leslie-Melville, 14th Earl of Melville Peter St John, 9th Earl of Orkney James Charteris, 9th Earl of March Ian Ogilvie-Grant, 13th Earl of Seafield John Dalrymple, 14th Earl of Stair Neil Primrose, 7th Earl of Rosebery Patrick Boyle, 10th Earl of Glasgow GreatBritain Robert Shirley, 14th Earl Ferrers William Legge, 10th Earl of Dartmouth Peter Bennett, 10th Earl of Tankerville Charles Finch-Knightley, 12th Earl of Aylesford Richard Parker, 9th Earl of Macclesfield James Waldegrave, 13th Earl Waldegrave Charles Stanhope, 12th Earl of Harrington Quentin Wallop, 10th Earl of Portsmouth Guy Greville, 9th Earl Brooke George Hobart-Hampden, 10th Earl of Buckinghamshire Piers North, 10th Earl of Guilford Joseph Yorke, 10th Earl of Hardwicke Robin Fox-Strangways, 10th Earl of Ilchester Guy Greville, 9th Earl of Warwick William Sackville, 11th Earl De La Warr William Pleydell-Bouverie, 9th Earl of Radnor Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer Allen Bathurst, 9th Earl Bathurst George Villiers, 8th Earl of Clarendon Alexander Murray, 8th and 9th Earl of Mansfield Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 7th Earl Talbot Christopher Edgcumbe, 9th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Charles Fortescue, 8th Earl Fortescue Alexander Murray, 9th Earl of Mansfield George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon Edward Cadogan, 9th Earl Cadogan James Harris, 7th Earl of Malmesbury IrelandKingdom of Ireland Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 22nd Earl of Waterford John Boyle, 15th Earl of Cork William Anthony Nugent, 13th Earl of Westmeath John Brabazon, 15th Earl of Meath Alexander Feilding, 11th Earl of Desmond Roger Lambart, 13th Earl of Cavan John Boyle, 15th Earl of Orrery Derry Moore, 12th Earl of Drogheda Peter Forbes, 10th Earl of Granard Ivo Bligh, 12th Earl of Darnley Myles Ponsonby, 12th Earl of Bessborough Thomas Butler, 11th Earl of Carrick Henry Boyle, 10th Earl of Shannon Arthur Gore, 9th Earl of Arran Patrick Stopford, 9th Earl of Courtown John Savile, 8th Earl of Mexborough David Turnour, 8th Earl Winterton Robert King-Tenison, 12th Earl of Kingston Robert Jocelyn, 10th Earl of Roden David Vaughan, 9th Earl of Lisburne Patrick Meade, 8th Earl of Clanwilliam Randal McDonnell, 10th Earl of Antrim Thomas Pakenham, 8th Earl of Longford George Dawson-Damer, 7th Earl of Portarlington Charles Bourke, 11th Earl of Mayo Michael Annesley, 12th Earl Annesley Andrew Cole, 7th Earl of Enniskillen John Crichton, 7th Earl Erne George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan John Lowry-Corry, 8th Earl Belmore Andrew Stuart, 9th Earl Castle Stewart Nicholas Alexander, 7th Earl of Caledon Richard Hely-Hutchinson, 8th Earl of Donoughmore After 1801 Edmund Pery, 7th Earl of Limerick Nicholas Trench, 9th Earl of Clancarty Brendan Parsons, 7th Earl of Rosse Charles Acheson, 7th Earl of Gosford Shaun Agar, 6th Earl of Normanton Richard Needham, 6th Earl of Kilmorey Francis Hare, 6th Earl of Listowel Richard Graham-Toler, 7th Earl of Norbury Edward Knox, 8th Earl of Ranfurly UnitedKingdomKing George III Peter St Clair-Erskine, 7th Earl of Rosslyn Benjamin Craven, 9th Earl of Craven Rupert Onslow, 8th Earl of Onslow Julian Marsham, 8th Earl of Romney John Pelham, 9th Earl of Chichester Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton John Herbert, 8th Earl of Powis Simon Nelson, 10th Earl Nelson Philip Kent Grey, 7th Earl Grey William Lowther, 9th Earl of Lonsdale Conroy Ryder, 8th Earl of Harrowby Prince Regent David Lascelles, 8th Earl of Harewood Timothy Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 7th Earl of Minto Charles Cathcart, 7th Earl Cathcart John Grimston, 7th Earl of Verulam Albert Eliot, 11th Earl of St Germans Mark Parker, 7th Earl of Morley Richard Bridgeman, 7th Earl of Bradford King George IV John Scott, 6th Earl of Eldon Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe Keith Rous, 6th Earl of Stradbroke James Temple-Gore-Langton, 9th Earl Temple of Stowe Colin Campbell, 7th Earl Cawdor King William IV Thomas Anson, 6th Earl of Lichfield Edward Lambton, 7th Earl of Durham Fergus Leveson-Gower, 6th Earl Granville Edward Howard, 8th Earl of Effingham David Moreton, 7th Earl of Ducie Charles Pelham, 8th Earl of Yarborough Queen Victoria Thomas Coke, 8th Earl of Leicester Anthony Noel, 6th Earl of Gainsborough William Byng, 9th Earl of Strafford Mark Pepys, 9th Earl of Cottenham Graham Wellesley, 8th Earl Cowley David Ward, 5th Earl of Dudley Hugh Montgomerie, 7th Earl of Winton John Russell, 7th Earl Russell John Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Cromartie John Wodehouse, 5th Earl of Kimberley Richard Wortley, 5th Earl of Wharncliffe Simon Cairns, 6th Earl Cairns John Lytton, 5th Earl of Lytton William Palmer, 5th Earl of Selborne John Northcote, 5th Earl of Iddesleigh Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 5th Earl of Cranbrook King Edward VII Evelyn Baring, 4th Earl of Cromer Ivor Windsor-Clive, 4th Earl of Plymouth Edward Foljambe, 5th Earl of Liverpool King George V Neil Primrose, 3rd Earl of Midlothian Michael Hicks Beach, 3rd Earl St Aldwyn David Beatty, 3rd Earl Beatty Alexander Haig, 3rd Earl Haig Edward Guinness, 4th Earl of Iveagh Roderick Balfour, 5th Earl of Balfour Raymond Asquith, 3rd Earl of Oxford and Asquith Patrick Jellicoe, 3rd Earl Jellicoe Peter Mackay, 4th Earl of Inchcape William Peel, 3rd Earl Peel King George VI Simon Bowes-Lyon, 6th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne Benedict Baldwin, 5th Earl Baldwin of Bewdley Peter Wood, 3rd Earl of Halifax Brer Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie David Lloyd George, 4th Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma Queen Elizabeth II Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis Mark Cunliffe-Lister, 4th Earl of Swinton John Attlee, 3rd Earl Attlee Simon Marquis, 3rd Earl of Woolton David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon Alexander Macmillan, 2nd Earl of Stockton Italics in entries mean the peer also holds a previously listed earldom of higher precedence Authority control databases: People UK Parliament
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"}],"text":"Simon Dallas Cairns, 6th Earl Cairns, CVO, CBE (born 27 May 1939), styled Viscount Garmoyle between 1946 and 1989, is a British businessman.","title":"Simon Cairns, 6th Earl Cairns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rear-Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-Admiral"},{"link_name":"David Cairns, 5th Earl Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cairns,_5th_Earl_Cairns"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ludgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludgrove_School"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"}],"text":"Cairns is the son of Rear-Admiral David Cairns, 5th Earl Cairns, and Barbara Jeanne Harrison Burgess.[1] He was educated at Ludgrove, Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.[2][3]","title":"Background and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S. G. Warburg & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._G._Warburg_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Voluntary Service Overseas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Service_Overseas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"},{"link_name":"CDC Group plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"},{"link_name":"BAT plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_American_Tobacco"},{"link_name":"Zurich Allied AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Financial_Services"},{"link_name":"Zurich Financial Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Financial_Services"},{"link_name":"Allied Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Zurich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"},{"link_name":"Celtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtel"},{"link_name":"Mo Ibrahim Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Mary Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Cairns was Managing Director of S. G. Warburg & Co. between 1979 and 1985, of Mercury Securities plc between 1981 and 1984, Chairman of Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) between 1981 and 1992, Vice-Chairman of Mercury Securities plc between 1984 and 1986, and a Director of S. G. Warburg & Co. between 1985 and 1995.[3] He succeeded his father in the earldom on 21 March 1989.[4] He was Receiver-General of the Duchy of Cornwall between 1990 and 2000.[3] He was Chief Executive of S. G. Warburg & Co. between 1991 and 1995. He was Chairman of CDC Group plc from 1995.[3]He was chairman of BAT plc between 1995 and 1998, and was Vice-Chairman of Zurich Allied AG and Zurich Financial Services between 1998 and 2000. He was Chairman of Allied Zurich between 1998 and 2000.[3]He was appointed Chairman of the African telecommunications company Celtel in October 2007 and was a board member of the charity The Mo Ibrahim Foundation until 2016, alongside Mary Robinson and Kofi Annan.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"}],"text":"He was invested as a Commander, Order of the British Empire (CBE), in 1992. Cairns was invested as a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (C.V.O.) in 2000.[3]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludovic Heathcoat-Amory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Heathcoat-Amory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"}],"text":"Lord Cairns married Amanda Mary Heathcoat-Amory, daughter of Maj. Edward Fitzgerald Heathcoat-Amory (a son of Maj. Ludovic Heathcoat-Amory) and Sonia Myrtle Denison, on 4 February 1964.[3] They have three sons:Hugh Sebastian Frederick Cairns, Viscount Garmoyle (born 26 March 1965).\nHon. David Patrick Cairns (born 27 May 1967).\nHon. Alistair Benedict Cairns (born 16 May 1969).","title":"Family"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Barber, Richard (2004). The Story of Ludgrove. Oxford: Guidon Publishing. p. 259. ISBN 0-9543617-2-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9543617-2-5","url_text":"0-9543617-2-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Cairns » Mo Ibrahim Foundation\". Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100821011919/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/boardmember/about-mo-ibrahim-foundation/the-board/lordcairns.html","url_text":"\"Lord Cairns » Mo Ibrahim Foundation\""},{"url":"http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/boardmember/about-mo-ibrahim-foundation/the-board/lordcairns.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100821011919/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/boardmember/about-mo-ibrahim-foundation/the-board/lordcairns.html","external_links_name":"\"Lord Cairns » Mo Ibrahim Foundation\""},{"Link":"http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/boardmember/about-mo-ibrahim-foundation/the-board/lordcairns.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-simon-cairns","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by the Earl Cairns"},{"Link":"https://id.parliament.uk/eJZo1xh6","external_links_name":"UK Parliament"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Mount_Carmel,_Indiana
East Mount Carmel, Indiana
["1 History","2 Geography","3 References"]
Coordinates: 38°23′36″N 87°44′41″W / 38.39333°N 87.74472°W / 38.39333; -87.74472 Unincorporated community in Indiana, United StatesEast Mount Carmel, IndianaUnincorporated communityEast Mount CarmelShow map of IndianaEast Mount CarmelShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 38°23′36″N 87°44′41″W / 38.39333°N 87.74472°W / 38.39333; -87.74472CountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountyGibsonTownshipWhite RiverElevation390 ft (120 m)ZIP code47665FIPS code18-19918GNIS feature ID433922 East Mount Carmel is a small unincorporated community near the southwestern corner of White River Township in Gibson County, Indiana. The community is home to around 50 people. History East Mount Carmel was founded in ca. 1885. It lies east of Mount Carmel, Illinois, hence the name. The post office which East Mount Carmel once contained was called Fetters due to the similarity of the village's name to Carmel, Indiana. The Fetters post office operated from 1897 until 1907. Geography This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) East Mount Carmel is located at 38°23′36″N 87°44′41″W / 38.39333°N 87.74472°W / 38.39333; -87.74472, immediately across the Wabash River from Mount Carmel, Illinois. The Patoka River meets the Wabash just north of the community, and the Gibson Generating Station complex surrounds the community to the south and east. References ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "East Mount Carmel, Indiana". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 17, 2009. ^ Baker, Ronald L. (October 1995). From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History. Indiana University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-253-32866-3. This village was established about 1885... ^ a b Stormont, Gil R. (1914). History of Gibson County, Indiana: Her People, Industries and Institutions, with Biographical Sketches of Representative Citizens and Genealogical Records of Many of the Old Families. B.F.Bowen. p. 305. ^ "Gibson County". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014. vteMunicipalities and communities of Gibson County, Indiana, United StatesCounty seat: PrincetonCities Princeton Oakland City Map of Indiana highlighting Gibson CountyTowns Fort Branch Francisco Haubstadt Hazleton Mackey Owensville Patoka Somerville Townships Barton Center Columbia Johnson Montgomery Patoka Union Wabash Washington White River CDPs Buckskin Johnson Othercommunities Crawleyville Dongola Douglas Durham East Mount Carmel Giro Gudgel King Lyles Station McGary Mount Olympus Mounts Oatsville‡ Saint James Skelton Snake Run Warrenton Wheeling White River Ghost town Port Gibson Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Indiana portal United States portal Authority control databases VIAF This Gibson County, Indiana location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"White River Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_Township,_Gibson_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Gibson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Indiana, United StatesEast Mount Carmel is a small unincorporated community near the southwestern corner of White River Township in Gibson County, Indiana. The community is home to around 50 people.","title":"East Mount Carmel, Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mount Carmel, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stormont1914-4"},{"link_name":"Carmel, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stormont1914-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"East Mount Carmel was founded in ca. 1885.[3] It lies east of Mount Carmel, Illinois, hence the name.[4]The post office which East Mount Carmel once contained was called Fetters due to the similarity of the village's name to Carmel, Indiana.[4] The Fetters post office operated from 1897 until 1907.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"38°23′36″N 87°44′41″W / 38.39333°N 87.74472°W / 38.39333; -87.74472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_Mount_Carmel,_Indiana&params=38_23_36_N_87_44_41_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"Wabash River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_River"},{"link_name":"Mount Carmel, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Patoka River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoka_River"},{"link_name":"Gibson Generating Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Generating_Station"}],"text":"East Mount Carmel is located at 38°23′36″N 87°44′41″W / 38.39333°N 87.74472°W / 38.39333; -87.74472, immediately across the Wabash River from Mount Carmel, Illinois. The Patoka River meets the Wabash just north of the community, and the Gibson Generating Station complex surrounds the community to the south and east.","title":"Geography"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Indiana highlighting Gibson County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Gibson_County.svg/65px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Gibson_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"East Mount Carmel, Indiana\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/433922","url_text":"\"East Mount Carmel, Indiana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Ronald L. (October 1995). From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History. Indiana University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-253-32866-3. This village was established about 1885...","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fromneedmoretopr00bake","url_text":"From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fromneedmoretopr00bake/page/n137","url_text":"120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32866-3","url_text":"978-0-253-32866-3"}]},{"reference":"Stormont, Gil R. (1914). History of Gibson County, Indiana: Her People, Industries and Institutions, with Biographical Sketches of Representative Citizens and Genealogical Records of Many of the Old Families. B.F.Bowen. p. 305.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofgibsonc01stor","url_text":"History of Gibson County, Indiana: Her People, Industries and Institutions, with Biographical Sketches of Representative Citizens and Genealogical Records of Many of the Old Families"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofgibsonc01stor/page/305","url_text":"305"}]},{"reference":"\"Gibson County\". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140911105538/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=IN&county=Gibson","url_text":"\"Gibson County\""},{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=IN&county=Gibson","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone,_Arkansas
Ozone, Arkansas
["1 Demographics","1.1 2020 census","2 Notable people","3 References"]
Coordinates: 35°38′07″N 93°26′42″W / 35.63528°N 93.44500°W / 35.63528; -93.44500 Census-designated place in Arkansas, United StatesOzone, ArkansasCensus-designated placeOzoneShow map of ArkansasOzoneShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 35°38′07″N 93°26′42″W / 35.63528°N 93.44500°W / 35.63528; -93.44500CountryUnited StatesStateArkansasCountyJohnsonElevation1,880 ft (570 m)Population (2020) • Total92Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code72854Area code479GNIS feature ID2805673 Ozone is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Johnson County, Arkansas, United States. Ozone is located on Arkansas Highway 21, 11.5 miles (18.5 km) north of Clarksville. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 92. Ozone has a post office with ZIP code 72854. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 202092—U.S. Decennial Census 2020 2020 census Ozone CDP, Arkansas – Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic)Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. Race / Ethnicity Pop 2020 % 2020 White alone (NH) 78 84.78% Black or African American alone (NH) 0 0.00% Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 3 3.26% Asian alone (NH) 0 0.00% Pacific Islander alone (NH) 0 0.00% Some Other Race alone (NH) 0 0.00% Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 9 9.78% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 2 2.17% Total 92 100.00% Notable people Kenneth Henderson - Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives for Pope County; real estate developer in Russellville; former Ozone resident C.W. Melson - Republican state representative for Johnson County from 1977 until his death on June 19, 1981, resided in Ozone. References ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Ozone, Arkansas ^ "Ozone CDP, Arkansas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 7, 2022. ^ ZIP Code Lookup ^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". US Census Bureau. ^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Ozone CDP, Arkansas". United States Census Bureau. ^ "Kenneth L. Henderson". intelius.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015. ^ Arkansas Gazette, August 26, 1981. vteMunicipalities and communities of Johnson County, Arkansas, United StatesCounty seat: ClarksvilleCities Clarksville Coal Hill Hartman Lamar Map of Arkansas highlighting Johnson CountyTown Knoxville CDPs Hagarville Oark Ozone Other unincorporatedcommunities Gillian Settlement Harmony Hickeytown Montana Pittsburg Sulphur Springs Arkansas portal United States portal This article about a location in Johnson County, Arkansas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Johnson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Highway 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"Clarksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"ZIP code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_code"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Arkansas, United StatesOzone is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Johnson County, Arkansas, United States. Ozone is located on Arkansas Highway 21, 11.5 miles (18.5 km) north of Clarksville. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 92.[2] Ozone has a post office with ZIP code 72854.[3]","title":"Ozone, Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020 census","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Arkansas House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"real estate developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_developer"},{"link_name":"Russellville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russellville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"C.W. Melson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.W._Melson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Kenneth Henderson - Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives for Pope County; real estate developer in Russellville; former Ozone resident[6]\nC.W. Melson - Republican state representative for Johnson County from 1977 until his death on June 19, 1981, resided in Ozone.[7]","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Arkansas highlighting Johnson County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Johnson_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Johnson_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ozone CDP, Arkansas\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US0553060","url_text":"\"Ozone CDP, Arkansas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\". US Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html","url_text":"\"Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Census_Bureau","url_text":"US Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Ozone CDP, Arkansas\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US0553060&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Ozone CDP, Arkansas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenneth L. Henderson\". intelius.com. Retrieved April 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intelius.com/results.php?ReportType=1&formname=name&qf=Kenneth&qmi=L&qn=Henderson&qcs=Russellville%2C+AR&focusfirst=1","url_text":"\"Kenneth L. Henderson\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Tasmania
St Marys, Tasmania
["1 History","2 Geology","3 Tourism","4 References"]
Coordinates: 41°34′S 148°11′E / 41.567°S 148.183°E / -41.567; 148.183 Town in Tasmania, AustraliaSt MarysTasmaniaSt Marys HotelSt MarysCoordinates41°34′S 148°11′E / 41.567°S 148.183°E / -41.567; 148.183Population738 (2021 census)Postcode(s)7215Elevation258 m (846 ft)Location 18 km (11 mi) from Scamander 36 km (22 mi) from St Helens 128 km (80 mi) from Launceston 221 km (137 mi) from Hobart LGA(s)Break O'Day CouncilState electorate(s)LyonsFederal division(s)Lyons St Marys is a small township nestled at the junction of the Tasman Highway and the Esk Highway on the East Coast of Tasmania, Australia approximately 10 kilometres (six miles) from the coast. It had a population of 738 as of the 2021 census, although in the early 2000s it was one of the fastest growing areas of Tasmania. The town is part of the Break O'Day Council. Its amenities include a craft gallery, bakery, accommodation, shops and supermarkets, and the St Marys Hotel, built in 1916, which dominates the town centre. Located beneath a rocky outcrop, St Patricks Head (694 metres/2,277 feet), St Marys is a 240 kilometre/149 mile drive north east of Hobart, via Swansea and Bicheno or 130 kilometres/80 miles east of Launceston. It is possible to reach the town from the coast by crossing the mountains via St Marys Pass or Elephant Pass. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "St Marys, Tasmania" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The first European contact with the district occurred when Captain Tobias Furneaux sighted and named the 694 metre St Patrick's Head in 1773. The early settlement of Van Diemen's Land, which mostly occurred between Hobart and George Town, took little interest in the St Marys area. It wasn't until the 1840s that a probation station, housing 300 convicts, was built at Grassy Bottom between the town and St Marys Pass. They were assigned to build the road across the mountains to the east coast. This was done between 1843 and 1846. The arrival of the railway in 1886 led to the town's increasing importance as a service centre. The Elephant Pass route was completed in 1888, which resulted in goods moving across the mountains to the east coast settlements of Bicheno and Chain of Lagoons. In turn this resulted in a small increase in population as the town became a service centre for the surrounding dairy farms. St. Patrick's Head Post Office opened on 1 June 1835. It was renamed Cullenswood in 1849 and St Marys in 1869. The railway line which was once so vital to the health of the town is now closed, although the railway station still stands. Geology There were two volcanic eruptions of alkali-olivine basalt at 233 ± 5 million years ago. Tuff from calc-alkaline volcanoes to the east of Tasmania produced some layers in the upper sediments. An ashfall tuff in the Denison Rivulet area of eastern Tasmania is dated at 214 ± 1 million years ago (Late Triassic). Tourism St Marys is close to several local attractions, including a trail to the top of St Patricks Head, or the more accessible South Sister Peak, which have forest and coastal views. There are also views from Elephant Pass. The Coalminers' Heritage Wall and Heritage Walk at the tiny settlement of Cornwall is a monument to the miners who hand-tunnelled a coal mine beneath the Mount Nicholas Range. Tourists also visit the nearby waterfalls, fish at Lake Leake or go bushwalking in Douglas Apsley National Park. St Marys Camel Farm Aerial view from west Christ Church is an unusual little church standing in the middle of fields a few kilometres to the west of St Marys. The church was built in 1847 and was connected with the large property, 'Cullenswood', which was established in the late 1820s by Robert Vincent Legge who arrived in Van Diemen's Land in 1827. The main residence, 'Cullenswood', was built in 1845 and is located on Cornwall Road off the Esk Main Road. It is a two-storey rubblestone Georgian building with a columned verandah and iron-hipped roof. It is not open for inspection. There is a camel farm in St. Marys that offers interactions with camels, a museum and other activities. In December 2006, bushfires ravaged the nearby area. References ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "St Marys (Tas.)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 25 July 2022. ^ "St Marys (Clive Street)". Daily rainfall. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 29 December 2009. ^ Premier Postal History. "Post Office List". Premier Postal Auctions. Retrieved 16 June 2012. ^ Bacon, C.A.; Green, D.C. (1984). "A radiometric age for a Triassic tuff from eastern Tasmania" (PDF). Unpublished Report 1984/29. Department of Mines, Tasmania. Retrieved 28 June 2018. ^ Treacy, Alex (25 January 2023). "Tasmanian camels: Inside Jeff and Ros Wallace's St Marys Camel Farm". The Mercury. Retrieved 5 November 2023. vteEast Coast region of Tasmania, AustraliaSettlements Bicheno Binalong Bay Coles Bay Dunalley Fingal Orford Scamander St Helens St Marys Swansea Triabunna Governanceformer Lyons (federal) Lyons (state) McIntyre (state, legislative council) Prosser (state, legislative council) Break O'Day Council Glamorgan–Spring Bay Council Sorell Council Mountains The Hazards Protected areas,parks and reserves Freycinet National Park‎ Maria Island National Park Mount William National Park Friendly Beaches Reserve Harbours, bays, inlets and estuaries Bay of Fires Great Oyster Bay Honeymoon Bay Marion Bay LandmarksNatural Forestier Peninsula Freycinet Peninsula Jocks Lagoon Orielton Lagoon Tasman Peninsula Man-made Denison Canal St Helens Airport People of note Nicolas Baudin John Henry Cox René Maugé IslandsMaria Island Group Ile du Nord Lachlan Maria Schouten Island Group Governor des Phoques Picnic Schouten Taillefer Rocks Books and newspapers Tasmania's offshore islands Flora, fauna, and fishlife St Helens Important Bird Area Bioregions Ben Lomond (bioregion) South East (bioregion) Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tasman Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Highway"},{"link_name":"Esk Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esk_Highway"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"Break O'Day Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_O%27Day_Council"}],"text":"Town in Tasmania, AustraliaSt Marys is a small township nestled at the junction of the Tasman Highway and the Esk Highway on the East Coast of Tasmania, Australia approximately 10 kilometres (six miles) from the coast.It had a population of 738 as of the 2021 census, although in the early 2000s it was one of the fastest growing areas of Tasmania. The town is part of the Break O'Day Council. Its amenities include a craft gallery, bakery, accommodation, shops and supermarkets, and the St Marys Hotel, built in 1916, which dominates the town centre.Located beneath a rocky outcrop, St Patricks Head (694 metres/2,277 feet), St Marys is a 240 kilometre/149 mile drive north east of Hobart, via Swansea and Bicheno or 130 kilometres/80 miles east of Launceston. It is possible to reach the town from the coast by crossing the mountains via St Marys Pass or Elephant Pass.","title":"St Marys, Tasmania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post_Office-3"}],"text":"The first European contact with the district occurred when Captain Tobias Furneaux sighted and named the 694 metre St Patrick's Head in 1773. The early settlement of Van Diemen's Land, which mostly occurred between Hobart and George Town, took little interest in the St Marys area.It wasn't until the 1840s that a probation station, housing 300 convicts, was built at Grassy Bottom between the town and St Marys Pass. They were assigned to build the road across the mountains to the east coast. This was done between 1843 and 1846.The arrival of the railway in 1886 led to the town's increasing importance as a service centre. The Elephant Pass route was completed in 1888, which resulted in goods moving across the mountains to the east coast settlements of Bicheno and Chain of Lagoons. In turn this resulted in a small increase in population as the town became a service centre for the surrounding dairy farms.St. Patrick's Head Post Office opened on 1 June 1835. It was renamed Cullenswood in 1849 and St Marys in 1869.[3]The railway line which was once so vital to the health of the town is now closed, although the railway station still stands.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volcanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic"},{"link_name":"233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=233"},{"link_name":"Tuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff"},{"link_name":"214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=214"},{"link_name":"Late Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Triassic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaconAndGreen1984-4"}],"text":"There were two volcanic eruptions of alkali-olivine basalt at 233 ± 5 million years ago. Tuff from calc-alkaline volcanoes to the east of Tasmania produced some layers in the upper sediments. An ashfall tuff in the Denison Rivulet area of eastern Tasmania is dated at 214 ± 1 million years ago (Late Triassic).[4]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camels_Tasmania.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Marys_aerial.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercury1-5"},{"link_name":"bushfires ravaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006-07_Australian_bushfire_season#December_2006"}],"text":"St Marys is close to several local attractions, including a trail to the top of St Patricks Head, or the more accessible South Sister Peak, which have forest and coastal views. There are also views from Elephant Pass.[citation needed]The Coalminers' Heritage Wall and Heritage Walk at the tiny settlement of Cornwall is a monument to the miners who hand-tunnelled a coal mine beneath the Mount Nicholas Range.Tourists also visit the nearby waterfalls, fish at Lake Leake or go bushwalking in Douglas Apsley National Park.[citation needed]St Marys Camel FarmAerial view from westChrist Church is an unusual little church standing in the middle of fields a few kilometres to the west of St Marys. The church was built in 1847 and was connected with the large property, 'Cullenswood', which was established in the late 1820s by Robert Vincent Legge who arrived in Van Diemen's Land in 1827. The main residence, 'Cullenswood', was built in 1845 and is located on Cornwall Road off the Esk Main Road. It is a two-storey rubblestone Georgian building with a columned verandah and iron-hipped roof. It is not open for inspection.There is a camel farm in St. Marys that offers interactions with camels, a museum and other activities.[5]In December 2006, bushfires ravaged the nearby area.","title":"Tourism"}]
[{"image_text":"St Marys Camel Farm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Camels_Tasmania.jpg/220px-Camels_Tasmania.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view from west","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/St_Marys_aerial.jpg/220px-St_Marys_aerial.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"St Marys (Tas.)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 25 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL60634","url_text":"\"St Marys (Tas.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Marys (Clive Street)\". Daily rainfall. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 29 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=136&p_display_type=dailyDataFile&p_startYear=2009&p_stn_num=092034","url_text":"\"St Marys (Clive Street)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology","url_text":"Bureau of Meteorology"}]},{"reference":"Premier Postal History. \"Post Office List\". Premier Postal Auctions. Retrieved 16 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=Tas&country=","url_text":"\"Post Office List\""}]},{"reference":"Bacon, C.A.; Green, D.C. (1984). \"A radiometric age for a Triassic tuff from eastern Tasmania\" (PDF). Unpublished Report 1984/29. Department of Mines, Tasmania. Retrieved 28 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrt.tas.gov.au/mrtdoc/dominfo/download/UR1984_29/UR1984_29.pdf","url_text":"\"A radiometric age for a Triassic tuff from eastern Tasmania\""}]},{"reference":"Treacy, Alex (25 January 2023). \"Tasmanian camels: Inside Jeff and Ros Wallace's St Marys Camel Farm\". The Mercury. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themercury.com.au/news/east-coast/tasmanian-camels-inside-jeff-and-ros-wallaces-st-marys-camel-farm/news-story/a93a5a73b485837eeac7f3fce6831dc9","url_text":"\"Tasmanian camels: Inside Jeff and Ros Wallace's St Marys Camel Farm\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureya,_Russia
Bureya, Russia
["1 References","1.1 Notes","1.2 Sources"]
Coordinates: 49°48′37″N 129°48′41″E / 49.81028°N 129.81139°E / 49.81028; 129.81139For other uses, see Bureya. Work settlement in Amur Oblast, RussiaBureya Буреяwork settlementLocation of Bureya BureyaLocation of BureyaShow map of RussiaBureyaBureya (Amur Oblast)Show map of Amur OblastCoordinates: 49°48′37″N 129°48′41″E / 49.81028°N 129.81139°E / 49.81028; 129.81139CountryRussiaFederal subjectAmur OblastAdministrative districtBureysky DistrictPopulation (2010 Census) • Total4,833 • Estimate (2018)4,214 (−12.8%)Municipal status • Municipal districtBureysky Municipal District • Urban settlementWork Settlement Bureya Urban Settlement • Capital ofWork Settlement Bureya Urban SettlementTime zoneUTC+9 (MSK+6 )Postal code(s)676701OKTMO ID10615157051 Bureya (Russian: Бурея) is an urban locality (a work settlement) in Bureysky District of Amur Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,833 (2010 Census); 5,598 (2002 Census); 6,736 (1989 Census). References Notes ^ a b c Law #127-OZ ^ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 10 215 557 3», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 10 215 557 3, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ). ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ a b c Law #92-OZ ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian) ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly. Sources Амурский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №127-ОЗ от 23 декабря 2005 г. «О порядке решения вопросов административно-территориального устройства Амурской области», в ред. Закона №272-ОЗ от 11 ноября 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Амурской области "О порядке решения вопросов административно-территориального устройства Амурской области"». Вступил в силу со дня первого официального опубликования, за исключением подпункта "б" пункта 2 статьи 7, вступающего в силу с 1 января 2006 г. Опубликован: "Амурская правда", №11, 24 января 2006 г. (Amur Oblast Council of People's Deputies. Law #127-OZ of December 23, 2005 On the Procedures of Handling the Issues of the Administrative and Territorial Structure of Amur Oblast, as amended by the Law #272-OZ of November 11, 2013 On Amending the Law of Amur Oblast "On the Procedures of Handling the Issues of the Administrative and Territorial Structure of Amur Oblast". Effective as of the day of the first official publication, with the exception of subitem "b" of item 2 of Article 7, which is effective January 1, 2006.). Амурский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №92-ОЗ от 18 ноября 2005 г. «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Бурейского района и муниципальных образований в его составе», в ред. Закона №488-ОЗ от 10 февраля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты по вопросам административно-территориального устройства области». Вступил в силу со дня первого официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Амурская правда", №237, 3 декабря 2005 г. (Amur Oblast Council of People's Deputies. Law #92-OZ of November 18, 2005 On Establishing the Borders of and Granting a Corresponding Municipal Formation Status to Bureysky District and the Municipal Formations Which It Comprises, as amended by the Law #488-OZ of February 10, 2015 On Amending Various Legislative Acts on the Issues of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Oblast. Effective as of the day of the first official publication.). vteAdministrative divisions of Amur OblastAdministrative center: Blagoveshchensk • Rural localitiesDistricts Arkharinsky Belogorsky Blagoveshchensky Bureysky Ivanovsky Konstantinovsky Magdagachinsky Mazanovsky Mikhaylovsky Oktyabrsky Romnensky Selemdzhinsky Seryshevsky Shimanovsky Skovorodinsky Svobodnensky Tambovsky Tyndinsky Zavitinsky Zeysky Cities and towns Belogorsk Blagoveshchensk Progress Raychikhinsk Shimanovsk Skovorodino Svobodny Tsiolkovsky Tynda Zavitinsk Zeya Urban-type settlements Arkhara Bureya Ekimchan Fevralsk Magdagachi Novobureysky Novoraychikhinsk Progress Seryshevo Sivaki Talakan Tokur Urusha Ushumun Yerofey Pavlovich
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bureya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureya_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"urban locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"work settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"Bureysky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureysky_District"},{"link_name":"Amur Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-3"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-8"},{"link_name":"1989 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1989)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-9"}],"text":"For other uses, see Bureya.Work settlement in Amur Oblast, RussiaBureya (Russian: Бурея) is an urban locality (a work settlement) in Bureysky District of Amur Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,833 (2010 Census);[3] 5,598 (2002 Census);[8] 6,736 (1989 Census).[9]","title":"Bureya, Russia"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","url_text":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bureya,_Russia&params=49_48_37_N_129_48_41_E_type:city(4833)_region:RU","external_links_name":"49°48′37″N 129°48′41″E / 49.81028°N 129.81139°E / 49.81028; 129.81139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bureya,_Russia&params=49_48_37_N_129_48_41_E_type:city(4833)_region:RU","external_links_name":"49°48′37″N 129°48′41″E / 49.81028°N 129.81139°E / 49.81028; 129.81139"},{"Link":"http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=107426","external_links_name":"Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 10 215 557 3"},{"Link":"http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=107426","external_links_name":"Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 10 215 557 3"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","external_links_name":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""},{"Link":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","external_links_name":"\"Об исчислении времени\""},{"Link":"http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department","external_links_name":"Поиск объектов почтовой связи"},{"Link":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","external_links_name":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","external_links_name":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wolf,_Wisconsin
Black Wolf, Wisconsin
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Notable people","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°56′14″N 88°30′12″W / 43.93722°N 88.50333°W / 43.93722; -88.50333 Town in Wisconsin, United StatesBlack Wolf, WisconsinTownLocation of Black Wolf, WisconsinCoordinates: 43°56′14″N 88°30′12″W / 43.93722°N 88.50333°W / 43.93722; -88.50333Country United StatesState WisconsinCountyWinnebagoArea • Total41.7 sq mi (108.0 km2) • Land15.5 sq mi (40.1 km2) • Water26.2 sq mi (67.9 km2)Elevation748 ft (228 m)Population (2020) • Total2,429 • Density156/sq mi (60.1/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code920FIPS code55-08000GNIS feature ID1582824Websitewww.townofblackwolf.com Black Wolf is a town in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,429 at the 2020 census. The unincorporated communities of Black Wolf, Black Wolf Point, Little Point, Paukotuk, and Point Comfort are located in the town. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 41.7 square miles (108.0 km2), of which 15.5 square miles (40.1 km2) is land and 26.2 square miles (67.9 km2), or 62.88%, is water, consisting primarily of Lake Winnebago. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 20002,330—20102,4103.4%20202,4290.8%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 2,330 people, 916 households, and 716 families residing in the town. The population density was 149.7 people per square mile (57.8/km2). There were 1,010 housing units at an average density of 64.9 per square mile (25.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.06% White, 0.09% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.04% from other races, and 0.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population. There were 916 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.2% were married couples living together, 3.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.8% were non-families. 18.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.86. In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 32.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $53,405, and the median income for a family was $61,514. Males had a median income of $37,055 versus $26,420 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,769. About 1.3% of families and 1.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and 0.9% of those age 65 or over. Notable people Frederic A. Morgan, farmer and chairman of the Black Wolf town board, was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1871 Charles Neitzel, farmer, businessman, and politician, was born in the town, was on the town board, and lived here until he retired and moved to Oshkosh References ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved January 1, 2023. ^ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1909,' Biographical Sketch of Charles Neitzel, pg. 1145 External links Town of Black Wolf official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United StatesCounty seat: OshkoshCities Appleton‡ Menasha‡ Neenah Omro Oshkosh Villages Fox Crossing Winneconne Towns Algoma Black Wolf Clayton Neenah Nekimi Nepeuskun Omro Oshkosh Poygan Rushford Utica Vinland Winchester Winneconne Wolf River CDPs Butte des Morts Eureka Waukau Winchester Othercommunities Allenville Clarks Point Elo Fisk Fitzgerald Harbor Springs Highland Shore Indian Shores Island Park Larsen Lasleys Point Leonards Point Koro Medina Junction Metz‡ Mikesville Oakwood Orihula Piacenza Pickett Plummer Point Ricker Bay Reighmoor Ring Rivermoor Rush Lake Shangri La Point Snells Sunrise Bay Waverly Beach‡ Winnebago Zion Zittau Formercommunities Delhi Menasha (former town) Indian reservation Menominee Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Wisconsin portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnebago County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"text":"Town in Wisconsin, United StatesBlack Wolf is a town in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,429 at the 2020 census. The unincorporated communities of Black Wolf, Black Wolf Point, Little Point, Paukotuk, and Point Comfort are located in the town.","title":"Black Wolf, Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Lake Winnebago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Winnebago"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 41.7 square miles (108.0 km2), of which 15.5 square miles (40.1 km2) is land and 26.2 square miles (67.9 km2), or 62.88%, is water, consisting primarily of Lake Winnebago.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 2,330 people, 916 households, and 716 families residing in the town. The population density was 149.7 people per square mile (57.8/km2). There were 1,010 housing units at an average density of 64.9 per square mile (25.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.06% White, 0.09% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.04% from other races, and 0.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population.There were 916 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.2% were married couples living together, 3.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.8% were non-families. 18.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.86.In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 32.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.0 males.The median income for a household in the town was $53,405, and the median income for a family was $61,514. Males had a median income of $37,055 versus $26,420 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,769. About 1.3% of families and 1.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and 0.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederic A. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_A._Morgan"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Charles Neitzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Neitzel"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Frederic A. Morgan, farmer and chairman of the Black Wolf town board, was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1871\nCharles Neitzel, farmer, businessman, and politician, was born in the town, was on the town board, and lived here until he retired and moved to Oshkosh[4]","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Winnebago_County.svg/70px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Winnebago_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved January 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camon,_Somme
Camon, Somme
["1 Geography","2 Population","3 Places of interest","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 49°53′16″N 2°20′48″E / 49.8878°N 2.3467°E / 49.8878; 2.3467Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceCamonCommuneThe church in Camon Coat of armsLocation of Camon CamonShow map of FranceCamonShow map of Hauts-de-FranceCoordinates: 49°53′16″N 2°20′48″E / 49.8878°N 2.3467°E / 49.8878; 2.3467CountryFranceRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartmentSommeArrondissementAmiensCantonAmiens-3IntercommunalityAmiens MétropoleGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Jean-Claude RenauxArea112.9 km2 (5.0 sq mi)Population (2021)4,414 • Density340/km2 (890/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code80164 /80450Elevation22–84 m (72–276 ft) (avg. 30 m or 98 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Camon (French pronunciation: ; Picard: Canmon) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Geography The commune lies on the right bank of the river Somme, adjacent to the east of Amiens. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1936 1,800—    1946 1,764−0.20%1954 1,830+0.46%1962 2,110+1.80%1968 3,008+6.09%1975 4,350+5.41%YearPop.±% p.a.1982 4,214−0.45%1990 3,920−0.90%1999 4,366+1.20%2007 4,572+0.58%2012 4,444−0.57%2017 4,432−0.05%Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) Places of interest The sixteenth century church See also Communes of the Somme department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Camon, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camon (Somme). vteCommunes of the Somme department Abbevillesubpr Ablaincourt-Pressoir Acheux-en-Amiénois Acheux-en-Vimeu Agenville Agenvillers Aigneville Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher Ailly-sur-Noye Ailly-sur-Somme Airaines Aizecourt-le-Bas Aizecourt-le-Haut Albert Allaines Allenay Allery Allonville Amienspref Andainville Andechy Argœuves Argoules Arguel Armancourt Arquèves Arrest Arry Arvillers Assainvillers Assevillers Athies Aubercourt Aubigny Aubvillers Auchonvillers Ault Aumâtre Aumont Autheux Authie Authieule Authuille Avelesges Aveluy Avesnes-Chaussoy Ayencourt Bacouel-sur-Selle Bailleul Baizieux Balâtre Barleux Barly Bavelincourt Bayencourt Bayonvillers Bazentin Béalcourt Beaucamps-le-Jeune Beaucamps-le-Vieux Beauchamps Beaucourt-en-Santerre Beaucourt-sur-l'Ancre Beaucourt-sur-l'Hallue Beaufort-en-Santerre Beaumetz Beaumont-Hamel Beauquesne Beauval Bécordel-Bécourt Becquigny Béhen Béhencourt Bellancourt Belleuse Belloy-en-Santerre Belloy-Saint-Léonard Belloy-sur-Somme Bergicourt Bermesnil Bernâtre Bernaville Bernay-en-Ponthieu Bernes Berneuil Berny-en-Santerre Bertangles Berteaucourt-les-Dames Berteaucourt-lès-Thennes Bertrancourt Béthencourt-sur-Mer Béthencourt-sur-Somme Bettembos Bettencourt-Rivière Bettencourt-Saint-Ouen Beuvraignes Biaches Biarre Biencourt Billancourt Blangy-sous-Poix Blangy-Tronville Boisbergues Le Boisle Boismont Bonnay Bonneville Bosquel Bouchavesnes-Bergen Bouchoir Bouchon Boufflers Bougainville Bouillancourt-en-Séry Bouillancourt-la-Bataille Bouquemaison Bourdon Bourseville Boussicourt Bouttencourt Bouvaincourt-sur-Bresle Bouvincourt-en-Vermandois Bouzincourt Bovelles Boves Braches Brailly-Cornehotte Brassy Bray-lès-Mareuil Bray-sur-Somme Breilly Bresle Breuil Brévillers Brie Briquemesnil-Floxicourt Brocourt Brouchy Brucamps Brutelles Buigny-l'Abbé Buigny-lès-Gamaches Buigny-Saint-Maclou Buire-Courcelles Buire-sur-l'Ancre Bus-la-Mésière Bus-lès-Artois Bussu Bussus-Bussuel Bussy-lès-Daours Bussy-lès-Poix Buverchy Cachy Cagny Cahon Caix Cambron Camon Camps-en-Amiénois Canaples Canchy Candas Cannessières Cantigny Caours Cappy Cardonnette Le Cardonnois Carnoy-Mametz Carrépuis Cartigny Caulières Cavillon Cayeux-en-Santerre Cayeux-sur-Mer Cerisy Cerisy-Buleux Champien Chaulnes La Chaussée-Tirancourt Chaussoy-Epagny La Chavatte Chépy Chilly Chipilly Chirmont Chuignes Chuignolles Citerne Cizancourt Clairy-Saulchoix Cléry-sur-Somme Cocquerel Coigneux Coisy Colincamps Combles Condé-Folie Contalmaison Contay Conteville Contre Conty Corbie Cottenchy Coullemelle Coulonvillers Courcelette Courcelles-au-Bois Courcelles-sous-Moyencourt Courcelles-sous-Thoix Courtemanche Cramont Crécy-en-Ponthieu Crémery Cressy-Omencourt Creuse Croix-Moligneaux Croixrault Le Crotoy Crouy-Saint-Pierre Curchy Curlu Damery Dancourt-Popincourt Daours Dargnies Davenescourt Démuin Dernancourt Devise Doingt Domart-en-Ponthieu Domart-sur-la-Luce Domesmont Dominois Domléger-Longvillers Dommartin Dompierre-Becquincourt Dompierre-sur-Authie Domqueur Domvast Doudelainville Douilly Doullens Dreuil-lès-Amiens Driencourt Dromesnil Drucat Dury Eaucourt-sur-Somme L'Échelle-Saint-Aurin Éclusier-Vaux Embreville Englebelmer Ennemain Épagne-Épagnette Épaumesnil Épécamps Épehy Épénancourt Éplessier Eppeville Équancourt Équennes-Éramecourt Erches Ercheu Ercourt Ergnies Érondelle Esclainvillers Esmery-Hallon Essertaux Estrébœuf Estrées-Deniécourt Estrées-lès-Crécy Estrées-Mons Estrées-sur-Noye Étalon Ételfay Éterpigny Étinehem-Méricourt L'Étoile Étréjust Étricourt-Manancourt La Faloise Falvy Famechon Faverolles Favières Fay Ferrières Fescamps Feuillères Feuquières-en-Vimeu Fieffes-Montrelet Fienvillers Fignières Fins Flaucourt Flers Flers-sur-Noye Flesselles Fleury Flixecourt Fluy Folies Folleville Fonches-Fonchette Fontaine-le-Sec Fontaine-lès-Cappy Fontaine-sous-Montdidier Fontaine-sur-Maye Fontaine-sur-Somme Forceville Forceville-en-Vimeu Forest-l'Abbaye Forest-Montiers Fort-Mahon-Plage Fossemanant Foucaucourt-en-Santerre Foucaucourt-Hors-Nesle Fouencamps Fouilloy Fouquescourt Fourcigny Fourdrinoy Framerville-Rainecourt Framicourt Francières Franleu Franqueville Fransart Fransu Fransures Franvillers Fréchencourt Frémontiers Fresnes-Mazancourt Fresnes-Tilloloy Fresneville Fresnoy-Andainville Fresnoy-au-Val Fresnoy-en-Chaussée Fresnoy-lès-Roye Fressenneville Frettecuisse Frettemeule Friaucourt Fricamps Fricourt Frise Friville-Escarbotin Frohen-sur-Authie Froyelles Frucourt Gamaches Gapennes Gauville Gentelles Gézaincourt Ginchy Glisy Gorenflos Gorges Goyencourt Grandcourt Grand-Laviers Gratibus Grattepanche Grébault-Mesnil Grivesnes Grivillers Grouches-Luchuel Gruny Guerbigny Gueschart Gueudecourt Guignemicourt Guillaucourt Guillemont Guizancourt Guyencourt-Saulcourt Guyencourt-sur-Noye Hailles Hallencourt Hallivillers Halloy-lès-Pernois Hallu Ham Le Hamel Hamelet Hancourt Hangard Hangest-en-Santerre Hangest-sur-Somme Harbonnières Hardecourt-aux-Bois Harponville Hattencourt Hautvillers-Ouville Havernas Hébécourt Hédauville Heilly Hem-Hardinval Hem-Monacu Hénencourt Herbécourt Hérissart Herleville Herly Hervilly Hesbécourt Hescamps Heucourt-Croquoison Heudicourt Heuzecourt Hiermont Hombleux Hornoy-le-Bourg Huchenneville Humbercourt Huppy Hypercourt Ignaucourt Inval-Boiron Irles Jumel Laboissière-en-Santerre Lachapelle Lafresguimont-Saint-Martin Lahoussoye Laleu Lamaronde Lamotte-Brebière Lamotte-Buleux Lamotte-Warfusée Lanchères Lanches-Saint-Hilaire Languevoisin-Quiquery Laucourt Laviéville Lawarde-Mauger-l'Hortoy Léalvillers Lesbœufs Liancourt-Fosse Licourt Liéramont Liercourt Ligescourt Lignières Lignières-Châtelain Lignières-en-Vimeu Lihons Limeux Liomer Long Longavesnes Longpré-les-Corps-Saints Longueau Longueval Longuevillette Louvencourt Louvrechy Lucheux Machiel Machy Mailly-Maillet Mailly-Raineval Maisnières Maison-Ponthieu Maison-Roland Maizicourt Malpart Marcelcave Marché-Allouarde Marchélepot-Misery Marestmontiers Mareuil-Caubert Maricourt Marieux Marlers Marquaix Marquivillers Martainneville Matigny Maucourt Maurepas Le Mazis Méaulte Méharicourt Meigneux Le Meillard Méneslies Méréaucourt Mérélessart Méricourt-en-Vimeu Méricourt-l'Abbé Mers-les-Bains Le Mesge Mesnil-Bruntel Mesnil-Domqueur Mesnil-en-Arrouaise Mesnil-Martinsart Mesnil-Saint-Georges Mesnil-Saint-Nicaise Métigny Mézerolles Mézières-en-Santerre Miannay Millencourt Millencourt-en-Ponthieu Miraumont Mirvaux Moislains Molliens-au-Bois Molliens-Dreuil Monchy-Lagache Mons-Boubert Monsures Montagne-Fayel Montauban-de-Picardie Montdidiersubpr Montigny-les-Jongleurs Montigny-sur-l'Hallue Montonvillers Morchain Morcourt Moreuil Morisel Morlancourt Morvillers-Saint-Saturnin Mouflers Mouflières Moyencourt Moyencourt-lès-Poix Moyenneville Muille-Villette Nampont Namps-Maisnil Nampty Naours Nesle Nesle-l'Hôpital Neslette Neufmoulin Neuilly-le-Dien Neuilly-l'Hôpital Neuville-au-Bois Neuville-Coppegueule La Neuville-lès-Bray La Neuville-Sire-Bernard Neuvillette Nibas Nouvion Noyelles-en-Chaussée Noyelles-sur-Mer Nurlu Occoches Ochancourt Ô-de-Selle Offignies Offoy Oisemont Oissy Oneux Oresmaux Oust-Marest Outrebois Ovillers-la-Boisselle Pargny Parvillers-le-Quesnoy Pendé Pernois Péronnesubpr Picquigny Piennes-Onvillers Pierregot Pissy Plachy-Buyon Le Plessier-Rozainvillers Pœuilly Poix-de-Picardie Ponches-Estruval Pont-de-Metz Ponthoile Pont-Noyelles Pont-Remy Port-le-Grand Potte Poulainville Pozières Prouville Prouzel Proyart Puchevillers Punchy Puzeaux Pys Quend Querrieu Le Quesne Le Quesnel Quesnoy-le-Montant Quesnoy-sur-Airaines Quevauvillers Quiry-le-Sec Quivières Raincheval Rainneville Ramburelles Rambures Rancourt Regnière-Écluse Remaisnil Remaugies Remiencourt Rethonvillers Revelles Ribeaucourt Ribemont-sur-Ancre Riencourt Rivery Rogy Roiglise Roisel Rollot Ronssoy Rosières-en-Santerre Rouvrel Rouvroy-en-Santerre Rouy-le-Grand Rouy-le-Petit Roye Rubempré Rubescourt Rue Rumigny Saigneville Sailly-Flibeaucourt Sailly-Laurette Sailly-le-Sec Sailly-Saillisel Sains-en-Amiénois Saint-Acheul Saint-Aubin-Montenoy Saint-Aubin-Rivière Saint-Blimont Saint-Christ-Briost Sainte-Segrée Saint-Fuscien Saint-Germain-sur-Bresle Saint-Gratien Saint-Léger-lès-Authie Saint-Léger-lès-Domart Saint-Léger-sur-Bresle Saint-Mard Saint-Maulvis Saint-Maxent Saint-Ouen Saint-Quentin-en-Tourmont Saint-Quentin-la-Motte-Croix-au-Bailly Saint-Riquier Saint-Sauflieu Saint-Sauveur Saint-Vaast-en-Chaussée Saint-Valery-sur-Somme Saisseval Saleux Salouël Sancourt Saulchoy-sous-Poix Sauvillers-Mongival Saveuse Senarpont Senlis-le-Sec Sentelie Seux Sorel Sorel-en-Vimeu Soues Sourdon Soyécourt Surcamps Suzanne Tailly Talmas Templeux-la-Fosse Templeux-le-Guérard Terramesnil Tertry Thennes Thézy-Glimont Thiepval Thieulloy-l'Abbaye Thieulloy-la-Ville Thièvres Thoix Thory Tilloloy Tilloy-Floriville Tincourt-Boucly Le Titre Tœufles Tours-en-Vimeu Toutencourt Le Translay Treux Trois-Rivières Tully Ugny-l'Équipée Vadencourt Vaire-sous-Corbie Valines Varennes Vauchelles-lès-Authie Vauchelles-lès-Domart Vauchelles-les-Quesnoy Vaudricourt Vauvillers Vaux-en-Amiénois Vaux-Marquenneville Vaux-sur-Somme Vecquemont Velennes Vercourt Vergies Vermandovillers Verpillières Vers-sur-Selle La Vicogne Vignacourt Villecourt Ville-le-Marclet Villeroy Villers-aux-Érables Villers-Bocage Villers-Bretonneux Villers-Campsart Villers-Carbonnel Villers-Faucon Villers-lès-Roye Villers-sous-Ailly Villers-sur-Authie Villers-Tournelle Ville-sur-Ancre Vironchaux Vismes Vitz-sur-Authie Voyennes Vraignes-en-Vermandois Vraignes-lès-Hornoy Vrély Vron Wargnies Warloy-Baillon Warlus Warsy Warvillers Wiencourt-l'Équipée Wiry-au-Mont Woignarue Woincourt Woirel Y Yaucourt-Bussus Yonval Yvrench Yvrencheux Yzengremer Yzeux pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Arrondissement of Amiens geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kamɔ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hauts-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceCamon (French pronunciation: [kamɔ̃]; Picard: Canmon) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.","title":"Camon, Somme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme_(river)"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"}],"text":"The commune lies on the right bank of the river Somme, adjacent to the east of Amiens.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The sixteenth century church","title":"Places of interest"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Somme department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Somme_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-80164","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadencourt,_Aisne
Vadencourt, Aisne
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 49°55′48″N 3°34′47″E / 49.93°N 3.5797°E / 49.93; 3.5797 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|fr|Vadencourt (Aisne)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceVadencourtCommuneThe church of VadencourtLocation of Vadencourt VadencourtShow map of FranceVadencourtShow map of Hauts-de-FranceCoordinates: 49°55′48″N 3°34′47″E / 49.93°N 3.5797°E / 49.93; 3.5797CountryFranceRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartmentAisneArrondissementVervinsCantonGuiseIntercommunalityThiérache Sambre et OiseGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Patrick MariageArea112.24 km2 (4.73 sq mi)Population (2021)517 • Density42/km2 (110/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code02757 /02120Elevation82–152 m (269–499 ft) (avg. 88 m or 289 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Vadencourt (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 754—    1975 709−0.88%1982 664−0.93%1990 631−0.64%1999 605−0.47%2007 630+0.51%2012 598−1.04%2017 540−2.02%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Aisne department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vadencourt, Aisne. vte Communes of the Aisne department Abbécourt Achery Acy Agnicourt-et-Séchelles Aguilcourt Aisonville-et-Bernoville Aizelles Aizy-Jouy Alaincourt Allemant Ambleny Ambrief Amifontaine Amigny-Rouy Ancienville Andelain Anguilcourt-le-Sart Anizy-le-Grand Annois Any-Martin-Rieux Archon Arcy-Sainte-Restitue Armentières-sur-Ourcq Arrancy Artemps Assis-sur-Serre Athies-sous-Laon Attilly Aubencheul-aux-Bois Aubenton Aubigny-aux-Kaisnes Aubigny-en-Laonnois Audignicourt Audigny Augy Aulnois-sous-Laon Les Autels Autremencourt Autreppes Autreville Azy-sur-Marne Bagneux Bancigny Barenton-Bugny Barenton-Cel Barenton-sur-Serre Barisis-aux-Bois Barzy-en-Thiérache Barzy-sur-Marne Bassoles-Aulers Bazoches-et-Saint-Thibaut Beaumé Beaumont-en-Beine Beaurevoir Beaurieux Beautor Beauvois-en-Vermandois Becquigny Belleau Bellenglise Belleu Bellicourt Benay Bergues-sur-Sambre Berlancourt Berlise Bernot Bernoy-le-Château Berny-Rivière Berrieux Berry-au-Bac Bertaucourt-Epourdon Berthenicourt Bertricourt Besmé Besmont Besny-et-Loizy Béthancourt-en-Vaux Beugneux Beuvardes Bézu-le-Guéry Bézu-Saint-Germain Bichancourt Bieuxy Bièvres Billy-sur-Aisne Billy-sur-Ourcq Blanzy-lès-Fismes Blérancourt Blesmes Bohain-en-Vermandois Bois-lès-Pargny Boncourt Bonneil Bonnesvalyn Bony Bosmont-sur-Serre Bouconville-Vauclair Boué Bouffignereux Bouresches Bourg-et-Comin Bourguignon-sous-Coucy Bourguignon-sous-Montbavin La Bouteille Braine Brancourt-en-Laonnois Brancourt-le-Grand Brasles Braye Braye-en-Laonnois Braye-en-Thiérache Bray-Saint-Christophe Brécy Brenelle Breny Brie Brissay-Choigny Brissy-Hamégicourt Brumetz Brunehamel Bruyères-et-Montbérault Bruyères-sur-Fère Bruys Bucilly Bucy-le-Long Bucy-lès-Cerny Bucy-lès-Pierrepont Buire Buironfosse Burelles Bussiares Buzancy Caillouël-Crépigny Camelin La Capelle Castres Le Catelet Caulaincourt Caumont Celles-lès-Condé Celles-sur-Aisne Cerizy Cerny-en-Laonnois Cerny-lès-Bucy Cerseuil Cessières-Suzy Chacrise Chaillevois Chalandry Chambry Chamouille Champs Chaourse La Chapelle-sur-Chézy Charly-sur-Marne Le Charmel Charmes Chartèves Chassemy Château-Thierrysubpr Châtillon-lès-Sons Châtillon-sur-Oise Chaudardes Chaudun Chauny Chavignon Chavigny Chavonne Chérêt Chermizy-Ailles Chéry-Chartreuve Chéry-lès-Pouilly Chéry-lès-Rozoy Chevennes Chevregny Chevresis-Monceau Chézy-en-Orxois Chézy-sur-Marne Chierry Chigny Chivres-en-Laonnois Chivres-Val Chivy-lès-Étouvelles Chouy Cierges Cilly Ciry-Salsogne Clacy-et-Thierret Clairfontaine Clamecy Clastres Clermont-les-Fermes Cœuvres-et-Valsery Coincy Coingt Colligis-Crandelain Colonfay Commenchon Concevreux Condé-en-Brie Condé-sur-Aisne Condé-sur-Suippe Condren Connigis Contescourt Corbeny Corcy Coucy-la-Ville Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique Coucy-lès-Eppes Coulonges-Cohan Coupru Courbes Courboin Courcelles-sur-Vesle Courchamps Courmelles Courmont Courtemont-Varennes Courtrizy-et-Fussigny Couvrelles Couvron-et-Aumencourt Coyolles Cramaille Craonne Craonnelle Crécy-au-Mont Crécy-sur-Serre Crépy Crézancy Croix-Fonsomme La Croix-sur-Ourcq Crouttes-sur-Marne Crouy Crupilly Cuffies Cugny Cuirieux Cuiry-Housse Cuiry-lès-Chaudardes Cuiry-lès-Iviers Cuissy-et-Geny Cuisy-en-Almont Cutry Cys-la-Commune Dagny-Lambercy Dallon Dammard Dampleux Danizy Dercy Deuillet Dhuizel Dhuys-et-Morin-en-Brie Dizy-le-Gros Dohis Dolignon Dommiers Domptin Dorengt Douchy Dravegny Droizy Dury Ébouleau Effry Englancourt Épagny Éparcy Épaux-Bézu Épieds L'Épine-aux-Bois Eppes Erlon Erloy Esquéhéries Essigny-le-Grand Essigny-le-Petit Essises Essômes-sur-Marne Estrées Étampes-sur-Marne Étaves-et-Bocquiaux Étouvelles Étréaupont Étreillers Étrépilly Étreux Évergnicourt Faverolles Fayet La Fère Fère-en-Tardenois La Ferté-Chevresis La Ferté-Milon Fesmy-le-Sart Festieux Fieulaine Filain La Flamengrie Flavigny-le-Grand-et-Beaurain Flavy-le-Martel Fleury Fluquières Folembray Fonsomme Fontaine-lès-Clercs Fontaine-lès-Vervins Fontaine-Notre-Dame Fontaine-Uterte Fontenelle Fontenoy Foreste Fossoy Fourdrain Francilly-Selency Franqueville Fresnes-en-Tardenois Fresnes-sous-Coucy Fresnoy-le-Grand Fressancourt Frières-Faillouël Froidestrées Froidmont-Cohartille Gandelu Gauchy Gercy Gergny Germaine Gibercourt Gizy Gland Goudelancourt-lès-Berrieux Goudelancourt-lès-Pierrepont Goussancourt Gouy Grandlup-et-Fay Grandrieux Grand-Rozoy Grand-Verly Gricourt Grisolles Gronard Grougis Grugies Guise Guivry Guny Guyencourt Hannapes Happencourt Haramont Harcigny Hargicourt Harly Hartennes-et-Taux Hary Hautevesnes Hauteville Haution La Hérie Le Hérie-la-Viéville Hinacourt Hirson Holnon Homblières Houry Housset Iron Itancourt Iviers Jaulgonne Jeancourt Jeantes Joncourt Jouaignes Jumencourt Jumigny Jussy Juvigny Juvincourt-et-Damary Laffaux Laigny Lanchy Landifay-et-Bertaignemont Landouzy-la-Cour Landouzy-la-Ville Landricourt 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Ribeauville Ribemont Rocourt-Saint-Martin Rocquigny Rogécourt Rogny Romeny-sur-Marne Romery Ronchères Roucy Rougeries Roupy Rouvroy Rouvroy-sur-Serre Royaucourt-et-Chailvet Rozet-Saint-Albin Rozières-sur-Crise Rozoy-Bellevalle Rozoy-sur-Serre Saconin-et-Breuil Sains-Richaumont Saint-Algis Saint-Aubin Saint-Bandry Saint-Christophe-à-Berry Saint-Clément Sainte-Croix Sainte-Geneviève Sainte-Preuve Saint-Erme-Outre-et-Ramecourt Saint-Eugène Saint-Gengoulph Saint-Gobain Saint-Gobert Saint-Mard Saint-Martin-Rivière Saint-Michel Saint-Nicolas-aux-Bois Saint-Paul-aux-Bois Saint-Pierre-Aigle Saint-Pierre-lès-Franqueville Saint-Pierremont Saint-Quentinsubpr Saint-Rémy-Blanzy Saint-Simon Saint-Thomas Samoussy Sancy-les-Cheminots Saponay Saulchery Savy Seboncourt Selens La Selve Septmonts Les Septvallons Septvaux Sequehart Serain Seraucourt-le-Grand Serches Sergy Seringes-et-Nesles Sermoise Servais Serval Séry-lès-Mézières Silly-la-Poterie Sinceny Sissonne Sissy Soissonssubpr Soize Sommelans Sommeron Sommette-Eaucourt Sons-et-Ronchères Sorbais Soucy Soupir Le Sourd Surfontaine Taillefontaine Tannières Tartiers Tavaux-et-Pontséricourt Tergnier Terny-Sorny Thenailles Thenelles Thiernu Le Thuel Torcy-en-Valois Toulis-et-Attencourt Travecy Trefcon Trélou-sur-Marne Troësnes Trosly-Loire Trucy Tugny-et-Pont Tupigny Ugny-le-Gay Urcel Urvillers Vadencourt Vailly-sur-Aisne La Vallée-au-Blé La Vallée-Mulâtre Vallées en Champagne Variscourt Vassens Vasseny Vassogne Vaucelles-et-Beffecourt Vaudesson Vauxaillon Vaux-Andigny Vauxbuin Vaux-en-Vermandois Vauxrezis Vauxtin Vendelles Vendeuil Vendhuile Vendières Vendresse-Beaulne Vénérolles Venizel Verdilly Le Verguier Vermand Verneuil-sous-Coucy Verneuil-sur-Serre Versigny Vervinssubpr Vesles-et-Caumont Veslud Veuilly-la-Poterie Vézaponin Vézilly Vichel-Nanteuil Vic-sur-Aisne Viel-Arcy Viels-Maisons Vierzy Viffort Vigneux-Hocquet La Ville-aux-Bois-lès-Dizy La Ville-aux-Bois-lès-Pontavert Villemontoire Villeneuve-Saint-Germain Villeneuve-sur-Aisne Villeneuve-sur-Fère Villequier-Aumont Villeret Villers-Agron-Aiguizy Villers-Cotterêts Villers-Hélon Villers-le-Sec Villers-lès-Guise Villers-Saint-Christophe Villers-sur-Fère Ville-Savoye Villiers-Saint-Denis Vincy-Reuil-et-Magny Viry-Noureuil Vivaise Vivières Voharies Vorges Voulpaix Voyenne Vregny Vuillery Wassigny Watigny Wiège-Faty Wimy Wissignicourt pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture This Vervins arrondissement geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[vadɑ̃kuʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hauts-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceVadencourt (French pronunciation: [vadɑ̃kuʁ]) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.","title":"Vadencourt, Aisne"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Aisne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Aisne_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-02757","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Tillman_(American_football,_born_July_1970)
Cedric Tillman (American football, born July 1970)
["1 Personal life","2 References","3 External links"]
American football player (born 1970) Not to be confused with Cedric Tillman (arena football). American football player Cedric TillmanNo. 87Position:Wide receiverPersonal informationBorn: (1970-07-22) July 22, 1970 (age 53)Natchez, Mississippi, U.S.Height:6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight:219 lb (99 kg)Career informationHigh school:Gulfport (Gulfport, Mississippi)College:Alcorn StateNFL draft:1992 / Round: 11 / Pick: 305Career history Denver Broncos (1992–1994) Jacksonville Jaguars (1995) Las Vegas Outlaws (2001) Career NFL statisticsReceptions:87Receiving yards:1,227Touchdowns:7Player stats at NFL.com · PFR Cedric Cornell Tillman (born July 22, 1970) is a former professional American football player who played wide receiver for four seasons for the Denver Broncos and Jacksonville Jaguars. He was drafted by the Broncos in the 11th round of the 1992 NFL Draft. Pre-draft measurables Height Weight Arm length Hand span 40-yard dash 10-yard split 20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Vertical jump 6 ft 1+3⁄4 in(1.87 m) 207 lb(94 kg) 32+5⁄8 in(0.83 m) 10+3⁄4 in(0.27 m) 4.81 s 1.66 s 2.76 s 4.40 s 31.5 in(0.80 m) All values from NFL Combine Personal life Tillman has two sons, Jamir, who played wide receiver at Navy, and Cedric, who plays wide receiver for the Cleveland Browns. References ^ "Cedric Tillman". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved March 10, 2009. ^ "Broncos All-Time Roster S-V" (PDF). denverbroncos.com. Retrieved March 10, 2009. ^ "Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 Media Guide" (PDF). Retrieved March 10, 2009. ^ "1992 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 7, 2023. ^ "Cedric Tillman, Combine Results, WR - Alcorn State (MS)". nflcombineresults.com. Retrieved July 23, 2022. External links Just Sports Stats vteDenver Broncos 1992 NFL Draft selections Tommy Maddox Shane Dronett Chuck Johnson Frank Robinson Ron Geater Jim Johnson Jon Bostick Dietrich Lockridge Muhammad Oliver Bob Meeks Cedric Tillman John Granby vteJacksonville Jaguars 1995 inaugural season roster 1 Mike Hollis 4 Bryan Barker 7 Steve Beuerlein 8 Mark Brunell 11 Rob Johnson 20 Chris Hudson 21 Deral Boykin 21 Tommy Johnson 23 Randy Jordan 24 Harry Colon 25 Mickey Washington 26 Rogerick Green 27 Vinnie Clark 28 Monty Grow 29 Darren Carrington 30 Darren Studstill 32 Vaughn Dunbar 33 James Stewart 34 Reggie Cobb 35 Le'Shai Maston 36 Ryan Christopherson 38 Mike Dumas 40 Gordon Laro 41 Dave Thomas 45 Travis Davis 50 Tom Myslinski 51 Mark Williams 52 Brant Boyer 53 Santo Stephens 54 Keith Goganious 55 Tom McManus 56 Jeff Lageman 58 Bryan Schwartz 59 Reggie Clark 62 Ben Coleman 63 Frank Cornish 65 Bronzell Miller 66 Shawn Bouwens 67 Jeff Novak 68 Bruce Wilkerson 69 Eugene Chung 71 Tony Boselli 73 Brian DeMarco 78 Greg Huntington 79 Dave Widell 80 Willie Jackson 81 Desmond Howard 82 Jimmy Smith 83 Pete Mitchell 84 Ernest Givins 85 Rich Griffith 87 Cedric Tillman 88 Craig Keith 89 Curtis Marsh Sr. 90 James Williams 91 Paul Frase 92 Don Davey 93 Ernie Logan 94 Kelvin Pritchett 95 Mike Thompson 96 Bernard Carter 96 Ashley Sheppard 97 Ray Hall 98 Corey Mayfield 99 Joel Smeenge Brad Goebel Mazio Royster Head coach: Tom Coughlin Assistant coaches: Joe Baker Pete Carmichael Randy Edsall Fran Foley Kevin Gilbride Jeff Hurd Jerald Ingram Dick Jauron Mike Maser Nick Nicolau Jerry Palmieri Larry Pasquale John Pease Lucious Selmon Steve Szabo This biographical article relating to an American football wide receiver born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(footballer,_born_1987)
Stephen Turnbull (footballer, born 1987)
["1 Playing career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"]
English footballer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Stephen Turnbull" footballer, born 1987 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Stephen TurnbullPersonal informationDate of birth (1987-01-07) 7 January 1987 (age 37)Place of birth South Shields, EnglandHeight 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Position(s) MidfielderYouth career Hartlepool UnitedSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2004–2008 Hartlepool United 22 (0)2005–2006 → Gateshead (loan) 3 (0)2006–2007 → Bury (loan) 5 (0)2007 → Rochdale (loan) 4 (0)2008–2009 Gateshead 40 (2)2009–2011 Blyth Spartans 83 (11)2011–2012 Harrogate Town 19 (2)2013–2014 Blyth Spartans 16 (2)2014 Shildon 3 (0)2014–2017 Blyth Spartans 51 (7)Total 206 (24) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Stephen Turnbull (born 7 January 1987) is an English former footballer who last played for Blyth Spartans. He played in the Football League for Hartlepool United, Bury and Rochdale. Playing career Turnbull is a central midfield player. He captained the Hartlepool youth team during the Dallas Cup in 2005 where they achieved third place, and made 22 appearances for the first team the following season, earning his first professional contract. He joined Bury on loan in 2006, where he was picked by manager Chris Casper for their 3–1 FA Cup second round replay win at Chester City on 12 December; he was ineligible to play and Bury were therefore thrown out of the tournament. Danny Wilson recalled Turnbull to Hartlepool soon after this. He spent March 2007 on loan at Rochdale, playing in four matches. After leaving Hartlepool at the end of the 2007–08 season, he signed for Gateshead on 2 June 2008, teaming up with his brother. He was released by Gateshead on 14 May 2009 and signed for neighbours Blyth Spartans. Whilst at the club he was awarded the 2010–11 Supporters Player of the year award. In May 2011 he joined Harrogate Town, but left in February 2012 to move to Australia. In February 2013, Turnbull returned to England and rejoined Blyth Spartans. He played part-time and worked in the engine room of a cruise ship. He then left Spartans to join Shildon at the end of the 2013–14 season. In September 2014, he started his third spell at Blyth. In the 2014–15 season, he scored seven goals for the Spartans, one of them the famous free-kick at Hartlepool United in the second round of the FA Cup. He helped Blyth get to the third round proper as well as win the Northumberland Senior Cup. As of 22 August he has played a total of 150 appearances in three spells at Blyth Spartans. He announced on 1 February 2017, that he'd be ending his playing career to work full-time on the cruise-liner. He stated that, while he'd be back in England from "time-to-time", it was "largely the end" of his playing career. Personal life He is the twin brother of fellow midfielder Phil Turnbull who he played alongside at Hartlepool and Gateshead. References ^ "Chester take Bury's FA Cup place". BBC Sport. 20 December 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006. ^ Bowron, Jeff (3 June 2008). "Football: New signing Steven set to be Gateshead's star Turn". Evening Chronicle. Newcastle. ^ "Gateshead FC Squad update 2009-10". Gateshead F.C. 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2009. ^ "Harrogate bag Spartans duo". Football Conference. 31 May 2011. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2011. ^ "Stephen Turnbull leaves Town". Harrogate Town F.C. 26 February 2012. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2012. ^ "Spartans sign Turnbull". Blyth Spartans A.F.C. 18 February 2013. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013. ^ Castiaux, Phil (1 February 2017). "Departure: Ste swaps Spartans for cruise ship". Blyth Spartans A.F.C. Retrieved 1 February 2019. External links Profile at Blyth Spartans A.F.C. Profile at Hartlepool United F.C. Profile at In The Mad Crowd Stephen Turnbull at Soccerbase
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[]
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