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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790_imperial_election
1790 imperial election
["1 Background","1.1 War of the Bavarian Succession","1.2 Election of 1790","2 Elected","3 References"]
Imperial election held to select emperor of Holy Roman Empire This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1790 imperial election" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "1790 imperial election" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The imperial election of 1790 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on 30 September. Background Maximilian III Joseph, the elector of Bavaria, died of smallpox on 30 December 1777, leaving no immediate heirs. He was succeeded by his distant cousin Charles Theodore, then elector of the Electoral Palatinate. Under the provisions of the Peace of Westphalia covering a merger of family lines, the vote of the Palatinate was suppressed, and Charles Theodore, while ruling both territories, would hold one vote as elector of Bavaria. War of the Bavarian Succession Main article: War of the Bavarian Succession As Charles Theodore also had no immediate legitimate heirs, his cousin Charles II August, the duke of Zweibrücken, was entitled to inherit both Bavaria and the Palatinate. When Charles Theodore, who preferred to live in the Palatinate, offered southern Bavaria to Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in exchange for part of the Austrian Netherlands, Charles August objected. He was joined in this objection by Prussia and Saxony, both of whom were wary of any increase in Austrian power in Central Europe. The resulting War of the Bavarian Succession was settled by the Treaty of Teschen of 13 May 1779, which granted the Innviertel to Austria, affirmed Charles Theodore's inheritance of the entire Bavarian electorate, and recognized some Prussian territorial claims. Election of 1790 Joseph died on 20 February 1790. The electors called to Frankfurt to choose his successor were: Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, elector of Mainz Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, elector of Trier Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria, elector of Cologne and youngest brother of Joseph II Leopold, king of Bohemia and brother of Joseph II Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria Frederick Augustus I, elector of Saxony Frederick William II of Prussia, elector of Brandenburg George III of Great Britain, elector of Hanover Leopold was also king of Hungary and until earlier in the year had been Grand Duke of Tuscany. In the latter role, he had been a reformer and constitutionalist, and his election offered the potential of the spread of similar reforms in Austria and the broader empire. Elected Leopold was elected and became emperor. References vte Elections in the Holy Roman Empire 983 1002 1024 1028 1051 1075 1077 1081 1098 1125 1127 1138 1147 1152 1169 1196 (1198) 1198 (Mar) 1198 (Jun) 1208 1220 1237 Vienna 1246 1247 1252 1257 1273 1292 1298 1308 1314 (19 Oct) 1314 (20 Oct) 1346 1349 (January) 1349 (June) 1376 1400 (May) 1400 (Aug) 1410 (Sep) 1410 (Oct) 1411 1438 1440 1486 1519 1531 1562 1575 1612 1619 1636 1653 1658 1690 1711 1742 1745 1764 1790 1792
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It took place in Frankfurt on 30 September.","title":"1790 imperial election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maximilian III Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_III_Joseph,_Elector_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"elector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Charles Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Theodore,_Elector_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Electoral Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Peace of Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia"}],"text":"Maximilian III Joseph, the elector of Bavaria, died of smallpox on 30 December 1777, leaving no immediate heirs. He was succeeded by his distant cousin Charles Theodore, then elector of the Electoral Palatinate. Under the provisions of the Peace of Westphalia covering a merger of family lines, the vote of the Palatinate was suppressed, and Charles Theodore, while ruling both territories, would hold one vote as elector of Bavaria.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles II August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_August,_Duke_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke"},{"link_name":"Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Austrian Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"War of the Bavarian Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Bavarian_Succession"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Teschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Teschen"},{"link_name":"Innviertel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innviertel"}],"sub_title":"War of the Bavarian Succession","text":"As Charles Theodore also had no immediate legitimate heirs, his cousin Charles II August, the duke of Zweibrücken, was entitled to inherit both Bavaria and the Palatinate. When Charles Theodore, who preferred to live in the Palatinate, offered southern Bavaria to Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in exchange for part of the Austrian Netherlands, Charles August objected. He was joined in this objection by Prussia and Saxony, both of whom were wary of any increase in Austrian power in Central Europe. The resulting War of the Bavarian Succession was settled by the Treaty of Teschen of 13 May 1779, which granted the Innviertel to Austria, affirmed Charles Theodore's inheritance of the entire Bavarian electorate, and recognized some Prussian territorial claims.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_Joseph_von_Erthal"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Wenceslaus_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier"},{"link_name":"Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Francis_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Frederick Augustus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Frederick William II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"constitutionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalism"}],"sub_title":"Election of 1790","text":"Joseph died on 20 February 1790. The electors called to Frankfurt to choose his successor were:Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, elector of Mainz\nClemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, elector of Trier\nArchduke Maximilian Francis of Austria, elector of Cologne and youngest brother of Joseph II\nLeopold, king of Bohemia and brother of Joseph II\nCharles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria\nFrederick Augustus I, elector of Saxony\nFrederick William II of Prussia, elector of Brandenburg\nGeorge III of Great Britain, elector of HanoverLeopold was also king of Hungary and until earlier in the year had been Grand Duke of Tuscany. In the latter role, he had been a reformer and constitutionalist, and his election offered the potential of the spread of similar reforms in Austria and the broader empire.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Leopold was elected and became emperor.","title":"Elected"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Berggruen
Olivier Berggruen
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Selected publications","5 References","6 External links"]
German-American art historian and curator Olivier BerggruenBornOlivier Berggruen (1963-09-14) 14 September 1963 (age 60)Winterthur, SwitzerlandCitizenship United States Germany EducationÉcole alsacienneAlma materBrown University (AB)Courtauld Institute of Art (AM)University of London (AM)Occupation(s)Art historian, curatorPolitical partyDemocraticSpouse Desiree Hayford-Welsing ​ ​(m. 1998)​Children2ParentsHeinz Berggruen (father)Bettina Moissi (mother)Relatives Nicolas Berggruen (brother) John Berggruen (half-brother) Helen Berggruen (half-sister) WebsiteOfficial website Olivier Berggruen (born 14 September 1963) is a German-American art historian and curator, described by the Wall Street Journal as playing "a pivotal role in the art world." Early life and education Born in Winterthur, Switzerland, Berggruen is the son of noted German art collector Heinz Berggruen and actress Bettina Moissi. He graduated from Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and completed his graduate studies at the Courtauld Institute of Art at the University of London, where he studied with Anita Brookner, who was his advisor. Career He briefly worked at the auction house Sotheby's in London, before serving as curator at the Schirn Kunsthalle in Frankfurt. He has lectured at numerous institutions, including Carnegie Mellon University, the Frick Collection, The National Gallery in London, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C., the 92nd Street Y, the National Gallery of Canada, NYU's Global Institute for Advanced Study, and the Paris Institute of Political Studies. He currently serves as chairman of the Thomas J. Watson Library at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and was the recipient of the 2009 Berliner Zeitung Media Award. Berggruen has curated a number of international exhibitions, such as a retrospective of Yves Klein at the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao and one of Beatrice Caracciolo at the French Academy in Rome. He is a contributor to the Huffington Post, for which he writes articles on art, literature, and philosophy. Additionally, he has written extensively on Picasso, Yves Klein, and Henri Matisse, among others, for organizations including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, publications such as Artforum and The Print Quarterly, and for Gagosian Gallery, for which he contributed with University of Cambridge professor Mary Jacobus. His first book, The Writing of Art, is a series of essays, which explores aesthetics through the lens of twentieth-century art, tracing movements and trends such as the ontological discontinuity of modernism in Picasso's ballets. In 2016, the Italian government commissioned Berggruen to curate an exhibition to celebrate the centennial of Picasso's Italian journey. “Picasso: From Cubism to Classicism, 1915 to 1925,” was held at Rome's Scuderie del Quirinale from September 22, 2017, through January 21st, 2018. In 2019, he co-curated an exhibition on Picasso and antiquity at the Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art in Athens, which won a 2019 Global Fine Art Award. Berggruen was guest editor for the July/August 2020 edition of The Brooklyn Rail, and in 2021 curated a Picasso exhibition at Acquavella Galleries. He is an artistic adviser to the Menuhin Festival Gstaad. Personal life Berggruen lives in New York City with his wife, Desiree, whom he met while both were studying at Brown. She is a physician, and together they have two children, Tobias and Ana. Berggruen has additional homes in Paris and Gstaad, Switzerland. His brother is billionaire and philanthropist Nicolas Berggruen; he additionally has two half-siblings, John, a San Francisco-based art dealer, and Helen, a painter. He serves on various committees at institutions across the world, including Brown University, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Tate Modern, Picasso Museum in Paris, Courtauld Institute, Museum Berggruen, and Mariinsky Ballet. He additionally sits on the Board of Trustees of Carnegie Hall, the Berggruen Institute, and Brown University's John Carter Brown Library. He has also donated to the campaigns of several Democratic Party candidates, including Barack Obama and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Selected publications The Writing of Art, Pushkin Press, 2012. "The Fragmented Self" in Dieter Buchart ed., Jean-Michel Basquiat: Now's the Time, Prestel, 2015. "The Theater as Metaphor" in Olivier Berggruen and Max Hollein eds., Picasso and the Theater, Hantje Cantz, 2007. Editor (with Max Holbein), Henri Matisse: Drawing with Scissors: Masterpieces from the Late Years, Prestel, 2006. “Ed Ruscha: Ribbon of Words” in Ed Ruscha: The Drawn Word, Edited with Essay, Windsor Press (2004), pp. 1 – 7 “The Prints of Jean-Michel Basquiat”, Print Quarterly, XXVI (2009): pp. 28 – 38 “The Future of Painting” in Portraits Lost in Space: George Condo, Pace Wildenstein, New York (1999), pp. 30 – 34 “The Realm of Pure Sensations” in Playing With Form: Neoconcrete Art From Brazil, Edited with Essay, Dickinson New York (2011), pp. 19 – 27 “Picasso & Bacon: Painting the Other Self” in Francis Bacon and the Tradition of Art, Edited by Wilfried Seipel, Barbara Steffen, Christoph Vitali, Skira Editore S.p.A. (2003), pp. 71 – 83 “The Summons to Living Things to Return Home” in Cy Twombly: Bacchus, Gagosian Gallery, 2005, pp. 5 –15 “The Landscape of the Mind” in Agnes Martin, Thomas Ammann Fine Art AG Zurich (2008) References ^ A. K. Thomson, "'Homeless billionaire' Nicolas Berggruen on putting down LA roots", The Financial Times, November 13, 2017. "Olivier, Berggruen's brother, is an influential New York-based art historian and curator." ^ Allen, Greg (5 November 2006). "Rule No. 1: Don't Yell, 'My Kid Could Do That'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 January 2019. ^ Mary M. Lane, "A Family's Legacy Grows in Berlin", The Wall Street Journal ^ "venetia kapernekas gallery". Venetiakapernekas.com. 13 June 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2016. ^ "Olivier Berggruen on Anita Brookner (1928–2016) - artforum.com / passages". Artforum.com. Retrieved 21 June 2016. ^ Korman, Sam (14 October 2011). "The Brazilian Form - News - Art in America". Artinamericamagazine.com. Retrieved 21 June 2016. ^ "Arts & Sociétés". Artsetsocietes.org. 29 June 2006. Retrieved 21 June 2016. ^ Poggi, Christine (2 January 2019). "Stage at the Edge of the Sea: Picasso's Scenographic Imagination". The Art Bulletin. 101 (1): 90–118. doi:10.1080/00043079.2018.1504550. ISSN 0004-3079. S2CID 192534803. ^ "In Conversation: Olivier Berggruen and Anabelle Kienle Poňka". www.gallery.ca. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ ""Goncourt Brothers and the Taste for the Eighteenth Century," Tuesday, January 28, 2020, 5:30 – 7:30 p.m. | H-Announce | H-Net". networks.h-net.org. Retrieved 25 February 2020. ^ "The Future of Classical Music". Global Institute for Advanced Study. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2021. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.metmuseum.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Guggenheim Museum Bilbao" (PDF). Sismus.org. Retrieved 21 June 2016. ^ "Olivier Berggruen". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 21 June 2016. ^ "Picasso Black and White". Guggenheim.org. 24 December 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2016. ^ "Cy Twombly". Gagosian.com. 11 December 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2016. ^ Alexandra Wolfe."Picasso's Productive Roman Holiday, Wall Street Journal, September 8th, 2017. ^ McDonald, Alison (9 October 2017). "Picasso in Italy: An Interview with Olivier Berggruen". Gagosian Quarterly. ^ "'Picasso and Antiquity. Line and Clay' attracted 20K visitors in the first two months". Museum of Cycladic Art. Retrieved 22 September 2019. ^ "2019 Award Winners and Honorable Mentions". Global Fine Art Awards. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ Berggruen, Olivier (9 July 2020). "State of Affairs". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ Rhodes, David (2 November 2021). "Picasso: Seven Decades of Drawing". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 31 May 2024. ^ Bors, Chris (3 November 2021). "Pablo Picasso". Artforum. Retrieved 31 May 2024. ^ "The Critic's Notebook | The New Criterion". 26 October 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2024. ^ "Organisation of the Gstaad Menuhin Festival & Academy". www.gstaadmenuhinfestival.ch. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "The Curator — Olivier Berggruen - Steinway & Sons". www.steinway.com. Retrieved 22 March 2018. ^ Tschanz, Hans-Ueli. "The Berggruen Family and the Gstaad Connection to the Art World: An Encounter with Olivier Berggruen". Gstaad My Love. ^ Riding, Alan (27 February 2007). "Heinz Berggruen, Influential Picasso Collector, Dies at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 June 2016. ^ Ward, Vicky (11 May 2016). "Nicolas Berggreun Interview- Why Nicolas Berggreun is Creating an Institute for Geniuses". Townandcountrymag.com. Retrieved 21 June 2016. ^ "Jacques Herzog explains the spheres in his design for the Berggruen Institute | Design & Architecture". blogs.kcrw.com. 5 September 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2018. " Berggruen son of the late Heinz Berggruen, a prominent art dealer, and brother of art critic and historian Olivier Berggruen." ^ "The T&C 50: The Most Influential Families in Media, Art, and Culture". Town & Country. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018. ^ "Mariinsky Foundation of America". mariinsky.us. Retrieved 24 June 2016. ^ Board of Governors, John Carter Brown Library of Brown University ^ "Board of Directors Archives". Berggruen Institute. Retrieved 22 June 2020. ^ "Board of Trustees". www.carnegiehall.org. Retrieved 14 June 2019. ^ "Board of Governors | John Carter Brown Library". jcblibrary.org. Retrieved 22 June 2020. ^ "Browse Individual contributions". FEC.gov. Retrieved 5 August 2019. ^ "Olivier Berggruen, The Writing of Art". PhilPapers.org. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2016. External links Olivier Berggruen official website Profile of Olivier Berggruen in the Wall Street Journal Obituary of Anita Brookner by Olivier Berggruen in Artforum "Collecting Art: Philanthropy or Self-Glorification?" by Olivier Berggruen in the Huffington Post "Ludwig Wittgenstein and the World of Objects" by Olivier Berggruen, lecture delivered at Sciences Po, October 19, 2016. "Réelle Présences: Des Éléments Décoratifs des Ballets Parades et Mercure Considérés en tant que Sculptures", by Olivier Berggruen, lecture delivered at the Musée Picasso's colloquium on sculpture, March 24, 2016. (In French.) Berggruen speaking on Picasso and antiquity, Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef
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He graduated from Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and completed his graduate studies at the Courtauld Institute of Art at the University of London, where he studied with Anita Brookner, who was his advisor.[4][5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sotheby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby%27s"},{"link_name":"Schirn Kunsthalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schirn_Kunsthalle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"Frick Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frick_Collection"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"the 92nd Street Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_Street_Y"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"NYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU"},{"link_name":"Paris Institute of Political Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Institute_of_Political_Studies"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Watson Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Library"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Berliner Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_in_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"French Academy in Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_in_Rome"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huff-14"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso"},{"link_name":"Yves Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Klein"},{"link_name":"Henri Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse"},{"link_name":"Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum"},{"link_name":"Artforum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artforum"},{"link_name":"The Print Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"Gagosian Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagosian_Gallery"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulandris_Museum_of_Cycladic_Art"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Brooklyn Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Rail"},{"link_name":"Acquavella Galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquavella_Galleries"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Menuhin Festival Gstaad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menuhin_Festival_Gstaad"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"He briefly worked at the auction house Sotheby's in London, before serving as curator at the Schirn Kunsthalle in Frankfurt.[6][7][8] He has lectured at numerous institutions, including Carnegie Mellon University, the Frick Collection, The National Gallery in London, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C., the 92nd Street Y, the National Gallery of Canada, NYU's Global Institute for Advanced Study, and the Paris Institute of Political Studies.[9][10][11] He currently serves as chairman of the Thomas J. Watson Library at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and was the recipient of the 2009 Berliner Zeitung Media Award.[12]Berggruen has curated a number of international exhibitions, such as a retrospective of Yves Klein at the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao and one of Beatrice Caracciolo at the French Academy in Rome.[13] He is a contributor to the Huffington Post, for which he writes articles on art, literature, and philosophy.[14] Additionally, he has written extensively on Picasso, Yves Klein, and Henri Matisse, among others, for organizations including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, publications such as Artforum and The Print Quarterly, and for Gagosian Gallery, for which he contributed with University of Cambridge professor Mary Jacobus.[15][16] His first book, The Writing of Art, is a series of essays, which explores aesthetics through the lens of twentieth-century art, tracing movements and trends such as the ontological discontinuity of modernism in Picasso's ballets. In 2016, the Italian government commissioned Berggruen to curate an exhibition to celebrate the centennial of Picasso's Italian journey. “Picasso: From Cubism to Classicism, 1915 to 1925,” was held at Rome's Scuderie del Quirinale from September 22, 2017, through January 21st, 2018.[17][18] In 2019, he co-curated an exhibition on Picasso and antiquity at the Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art in Athens, which won a 2019 Global Fine Art Award.[19][20]Berggruen was guest editor for the July/August 2020 edition of The Brooklyn Rail, and in 2021 curated a Picasso exhibition at Acquavella Galleries.[21][22][23][24] He is an artistic adviser to the Menuhin Festival Gstaad.[25]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Gstaad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gstaad"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Berggruen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Berggruen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Tate Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Modern"},{"link_name":"Picasso Museum in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Courtauld Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtauld_Institute"},{"link_name":"Museum Berggruen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Berggruen"},{"link_name":"Mariinsky Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariinsky_Ballet"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Berggruen Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berggruen_Institute"},{"link_name":"John Carter Brown Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter_Brown_Library"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Berggruen lives in New York City with his wife, Desiree, whom he met while both were studying at Brown. She is a physician, and together they have two children, Tobias and Ana.[26] Berggruen has additional homes in Paris and Gstaad, Switzerland.[27] His brother is billionaire and philanthropist Nicolas Berggruen; he additionally has two half-siblings, John, a San Francisco-based art dealer, and Helen, a painter.[28][29][30][31] He serves on various committees at institutions across the world, including Brown University, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Tate Modern, Picasso Museum in Paris, Courtauld Institute, Museum Berggruen, and Mariinsky Ballet.[32][33] He additionally sits on the Board of Trustees of Carnegie Hall, the Berggruen Institute, and Brown University's John Carter Brown Library.[34][35][36] He has also donated to the campaigns of several Democratic Party candidates, including Barack Obama and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.[37]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pushkin Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin_Press"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Prestel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestel"},{"link_name":"Max Hollein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hollein"}],"text":"The Writing of Art, Pushkin Press, 2012.[38]\n\"The Fragmented Self\" in Dieter Buchart ed., Jean-Michel Basquiat: Now's the Time, Prestel, 2015.\n\"The Theater as Metaphor\" in Olivier Berggruen and Max Hollein eds., Picasso and the Theater, Hantje Cantz, 2007.\nEditor (with Max Holbein), Henri Matisse: Drawing with Scissors: Masterpieces from the Late Years, Prestel, 2006.\n“Ed Ruscha: Ribbon of Words” in Ed Ruscha: The Drawn Word, Edited with Essay, Windsor Press (2004), pp. 1 – 7\n“The Prints of Jean-Michel Basquiat”, Print Quarterly, XXVI (2009): pp. 28 – 38\n“The Future of Painting” in Portraits Lost in Space: George Condo, Pace Wildenstein, New York (1999), pp. 30 – 34\n“The Realm of Pure Sensations” in Playing With Form: Neoconcrete Art From Brazil, Edited with Essay, Dickinson New York (2011), pp. 19 – 27\n“Picasso & Bacon: Painting the Other Self” in Francis Bacon and the Tradition of Art, Edited by Wilfried Seipel, Barbara Steffen, Christoph Vitali, Skira Editore S.p.A. (2003), pp. 71 – 83\n“The Summons to Living Things to Return Home” in Cy Twombly: Bacchus, Gagosian Gallery, 2005, pp. 5 –15\n“The Landscape of the Mind” in Agnes Martin, Thomas Ammann Fine Art AG Zurich (2008)","title":"Selected publications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Allen, Greg (5 November 2006). \"Rule No. 1: Don't Yell, 'My Kid Could Do That'\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/arts/design/05alle.html","url_text":"\"Rule No. 1: Don't Yell, 'My Kid Could Do That'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"venetia kapernekas gallery\". Venetiakapernekas.com. 13 June 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.venetiakapernekas.com/htdocs/picasso.php","url_text":"\"venetia kapernekas gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olivier Berggruen on Anita Brookner (1928–2016) - artforum.com / passages\". Artforum.com. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://artforum.com/passages/id=60245","url_text":"\"Olivier Berggruen on Anita Brookner (1928–2016) - artforum.com / passages\""}]},{"reference":"Korman, Sam (14 October 2011). \"The Brazilian Form - News - Art in America\". Artinamericamagazine.com. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/news/playing-with-form/","url_text":"\"The Brazilian Form - News - Art in America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arts & Sociétés\". Artsetsocietes.org. 29 June 2006. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artsetsocietes.org/a/a-berggruen.html","url_text":"\"Arts & Sociétés\""}]},{"reference":"Poggi, Christine (2 January 2019). \"Stage at the Edge of the Sea: Picasso's Scenographic Imagination\". The Art Bulletin. 101 (1): 90–118. doi:10.1080/00043079.2018.1504550. ISSN 0004-3079. S2CID 192534803.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.2018.1504550","url_text":"10.1080/00043079.2018.1504550"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079","url_text":"0004-3079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192534803","url_text":"192534803"}]},{"reference":"\"In Conversation: Olivier Berggruen and Anabelle Kienle Poňka\". www.gallery.ca. Retrieved 28 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gallery.ca/whats-on/calendar/in-conversation-olivier-berggruen-and-anabelle-kienle-ponka","url_text":"\"In Conversation: Olivier Berggruen and Anabelle Kienle Poňka\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Goncourt Brothers and the Taste for the Eighteenth Century,\" Tuesday, January 28, 2020, 5:30 – 7:30 p.m. | H-Announce | H-Net\". networks.h-net.org. Retrieved 25 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://networks.h-net.org/node/73374/announcements/5691467/goncourt-brothers-and-taste-eighteenth-century-tuesday-january","url_text":"\"\"Goncourt Brothers and the Taste for the Eighteenth Century,\" Tuesday, January 28, 2020, 5:30 – 7:30 p.m. | H-Announce | H-Net\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Future of Classical Music\". Global Institute for Advanced Study. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://gias.nyu.edu/projects/the-future-of-classical-music/","url_text":"\"The Future of Classical Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). www.metmuseum.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160804201828/http://www.metmuseum.org/~/media/Files/About/Annual%20Reports/2014-2015/Annual%20Report%202015%20Visiting%20Committees.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.metmuseum.org/~/media/Files/About/Annual%20Reports/2014-2015/Annual%20Report%202015%20Visiting%20Committees.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guggenheim Museum Bilbao\" (PDF). Sismus.org. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sismus.org/museums/budget/Guggenheim/GMB.pdf","url_text":"\"Guggenheim Museum Bilbao\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olivier Berggruen\". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/olivier-berggruen","url_text":"\"Olivier Berggruen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Picasso Black and White\". Guggenheim.org. 24 December 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guggenheim.org/publication/picasso-black-and-white","url_text":"\"Picasso Black and White\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cy Twombly\". Gagosian.com. 11 December 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gagosian.com/now/cy-twombly","url_text":"\"Cy Twombly\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Alison (9 October 2017). \"Picasso in Italy: An Interview with Olivier Berggruen\". Gagosian Quarterly.","urls":[{"url":"https://gagosian.com/quarterly/2017/10/09/picasso-italy-interview-olivier-berggruen/","url_text":"\"Picasso in Italy: An Interview with Olivier Berggruen\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Picasso and Antiquity. Line and Clay' attracted 20K visitors in the first two months\". Museum of Cycladic Art. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cycladic.gr/en/page/20-000-episkeptes-stin-ekthesi-pikaso-kai-archaiotita-grammi-kai-pilos","url_text":"\"'Picasso and Antiquity. Line and Clay' attracted 20K visitors in the first two months\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Award Winners and Honorable Mentions\". Global Fine Art Awards. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalfineartawards.org/index.php/2019-award-winners/","url_text":"\"2019 Award Winners and Honorable Mentions\""}]},{"reference":"Berggruen, Olivier (9 July 2020). \"State of Affairs\". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://brooklynrail.org/2020/07/editorsmessage/State-of-Affairs","url_text":"\"State of Affairs\""}]},{"reference":"Rhodes, David (2 November 2021). \"Picasso: Seven Decades of Drawing\". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 31 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://brooklynrail.org/2021/11/artseen/Pablo-Picasso-Seven-Decades-of-Drawings","url_text":"\"Picasso: Seven Decades of Drawing\""}]},{"reference":"Bors, Chris (3 November 2021). \"Pablo Picasso\". Artforum. Retrieved 31 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artforum.com/events/pablo-picasso-4-249117/","url_text":"\"Pablo Picasso\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Critic's Notebook | The New Criterion\". 26 October 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://newcriterion.com/2021/10/the-critics-notebook-12299/","url_text":"\"The Critic's Notebook | The New Criterion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Organisation of the Gstaad Menuhin Festival & Academy\". www.gstaadmenuhinfestival.ch. Retrieved 8 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gstaadmenuhinfestival.ch/en/about-us/organisation","url_text":"\"Organisation of the Gstaad Menuhin Festival & Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Curator — Olivier Berggruen - Steinway & Sons\". www.steinway.com. 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Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/27/arts/design/27berggruen.html","url_text":"\"Heinz Berggruen, Influential Picasso Collector, Dies at 93\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Vicky (11 May 2016). \"Nicolas Berggreun Interview- Why Nicolas Berggreun is Creating an Institute for Geniuses\". Townandcountrymag.com. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a5994/nicolas-berggreun-interview/","url_text":"\"Nicolas Berggreun Interview- Why Nicolas Berggreun is Creating an Institute for Geniuses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jacques Herzog explains the spheres in his design for the Berggruen Institute | Design & Architecture\". blogs.kcrw.com. 5 September 2017. 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Retrieved 22 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berggruen.org/people/group/board/","url_text":"\"Board of Directors Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Trustees\". www.carnegiehall.org. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carnegiehall.org/en/About/Leadership-and-Staff/Board-of-Trustees","url_text":"\"Board of Trustees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Governors | John Carter Brown Library\". jcblibrary.org. Retrieved 22 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://jcblibrary.org/about/leadership/board-governors","url_text":"\"Board of Governors | John Carter Brown Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Browse Individual contributions\". FEC.gov. Retrieved 5 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fec.gov/","url_text":"\"Browse Individual contributions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olivier Berggruen, The Writing of Art\". PhilPapers.org. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://philpapers.org/rec/BERTWO-8","url_text":"\"Olivier Berggruen, The Writing of Art\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abukuma_Express_Line
Abukuma Express Line
["1 Station list","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
Railway line in Fukushima & Miyagi Prefectures, Japan This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Abukuma Express Line" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) Abukuma Express LineAbukuma Express train at Abukuma Station, August 2006OverviewStatusOperationalOwnerAbukuma ExpressLocaleTohoku regionTerminiFukushimaTsukinokiStations23ServiceTypeHeavy railHistoryOpened1 April 1968TechnicalLine length54.9 km (34.1 mi)Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)Minimum radius500 mElectrification20 kV AC (50 Hz) overhead catenaryOperating speed95 km/h (60 mph) vteAbukuma Express Line Legend Tōhoku Main Line Tōhoku Shinkansen 0.0 Fukushima Yamagata Shinkansen Yamagata Line ＝Ōu Main Line Fukushima Kōtsū Iizaka Line 4.7 Yanome Signal Tōhoku Main Line Tōhoku Shinkansen 5.6 Oroshimachi 6.5 Fukushima Gakuin-mae 7.5 Senoue Abukuma River 8.6 Mukaisenoue Tsukinorin Tunnel Takakonuma Tunnel 10.1 Takako 11.5 Kamihobara 12.8 Hobara] 13.9 Ōizumi 15.4 Niida 17.0 Nitta 18.3 Yanagawa 20.0 Yanagawa Kibōnomori Kōen-mae 22.1 Tomino 25.2 Kabuto Hadeniwa Tunnel 2281m 29.4 Abukuma Abukuma River 37.5 Marumori 39.2 Kita-Marumori 41.6 Minami-Kakuda 43.3 Kakuda 45.2 Yokokura 47.7 Oka 51.3 Higashi-Funaoka Momoishi River Tōhoku Main Line 54.9 Tsukinoki Tōhoku Main Line The Abukuma Express Line (阿武隈急行線, Abukuma Kyūkō sen) is a railway line in Japan, owned and operated by the third sector operator AbukumaExpress. The line connects Fukushima Station in Fukushima Prefecture and Tsukinoki Station in Miyagi Prefecture. Both of these stations are also on the Tōhoku Main Line operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East). Station list Station Japanese Distance (km) Transfers Location Fukushima 福島 0.0 Tōhoku Main Line, Tōhoku Shinkansen, Ōu Main Line, Yamagata Shinkansen, Iizaka Line Fukushima Fukushima Prefecture Oroshimachi 卸町 5.6 Fukushima Gakuin-mae 福島学院前 6.5 Senoue 瀬上 7.5 Mukaisenoue 向瀬上 8.6 Takako 高子 10.1 Date Kamihobara 上保原 11.5 Hobara 保原 12.8 Ōizumi 大泉 13.9 Niida 二井田 15.4 Nitta 新田 17.0 Yanagawa 梁川 18.3 Yanagawa Kibōnomori Kōen-mae やながわ希望の森公園前 20.0 Tomino 富野 22.1 Kabuto 兜 25.2 Abukuma あぶくま 29.4 Marumori Miyagi Prefecture Marumori 丸森 37.5 Kita-Marumori 北丸森 39.2 Minami-Kakuda 南角田 41.6 Kakuda Kakuda 角田 43.3 Yokokura 横倉 45.2 Oka 岡 47.7 Higashi-Funaoka 東船岡 51.3 Shibata Tsukinoki 槻木 54.9 Tōhoku Main Line History The line first opened on 1 April 1968 as the Marumori Line (丸森線), operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR) between Tsukinoki and Marumori. The original plan was to create a bypass route to relieve overcrowding on the Tōhoku Main Line, but work to extend the line was suspended following the quadrupling of tracks on the Tōhoku Main Line. In September 1981, the line was proposed for possible closure. Ownership of the line was transferred to the third-sector Abukuma Express operator from 1 July 1986, initially using former JNR KiHa 22 diesel trains. Festival Celebrating the Abukuma Express Line's 30th Anniversary. The entire line was opened and electrified between Tsukino and Fukushima from 1 July 1988. On 14 February 2021, all services were suspended due to the 2021 Fukushima earthquake. References ^ a b c d e f Terada, Hirokazu (July 2002). データブック日本の私鉄 . Japan: Neko Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 4-87366-874-3. ^ "東北新幹線 運転見合わせ 全線での再開は10日前後かかる見込み" . NHK Japan (in Japanese). February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021. External links Official website (in Japanese) Video of the "Masamune Date ni Kuru" anime themed train wrapping in 2016 vteTransit in the Greater Sendai AreaJR East lines ■ Tohoku (Rifu) ■ Joban ■ Senzan ■ Senseki ■ Senseki-Tohoku Sendai Subway lines ■ Namboku ■ Tozai Other rail Sendai Airport Abukuma Express Terminals Rail Sendai Izumi-Chuo Aoba-dori Natori Iwanuma Ports Ishinomaki Sendai Airport Miscellaneous Suica Rail transport in Japan Japan transit: Tokyo Keihanshin Nagoya Fukuoka Hakone Fuji Izu Hokkaido Aomori Sendai Akita Niigata Toyama Nagano Okayama Hiroshima Shikoku Metro systems Shinkansen trams (list) aerial lifts (list)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-Private_Partnerships_In_Japan"},{"link_name":"AbukumaExpress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbukumaExpress"},{"link_name":"Fukushima Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Station_(Fukushima)"},{"link_name":"Fukushima Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Tsukinoki Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukinoki_Station"},{"link_name":"Miyagi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Tōhoku Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"East Japan Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company"}],"text":"The Abukuma Express Line (阿武隈急行線, Abukuma Kyūkō sen) is a railway line in Japan, owned and operated by the third sector operator AbukumaExpress. The line connects Fukushima Station in Fukushima Prefecture and Tsukinoki Station in Miyagi Prefecture. Both of these stations are also on the Tōhoku Main Line operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).","title":"Abukuma Express Line"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Station list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese National Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2002-1"},{"link_name":"Tōhoku Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2002-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2002-1"},{"link_name":"KiHa 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KiHa_22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2002-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abukuma_Express_Line%27S_Anniversary_Festival.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2002-1"},{"link_name":"2021 Fukushima earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Fukushima_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"}],"text":"The line first opened on 1 April 1968 as the Marumori Line (丸森線), operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR) between Tsukinoki and Marumori.[1] The original plan was to create a bypass route to relieve overcrowding on the Tōhoku Main Line, but work to extend the line was suspended following the quadrupling of tracks on the Tōhoku Main Line.[1]In September 1981, the line was proposed for possible closure.[1]Ownership of the line was transferred to the third-sector Abukuma Express operator from 1 July 1986, initially using former JNR KiHa 22 diesel trains.[1]Festival Celebrating the Abukuma Express Line's 30th Anniversary.The entire line was opened and electrified between Tsukino and Fukushima from 1 July 1988.[1]On 14 February 2021, all services were suspended due to the 2021 Fukushima earthquake.[2]","title":"History"}]
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[{"reference":"Terada, Hirokazu (July 2002). データブック日本の私鉄 [Databook: Japan's Private Railways]. Japan: Neko Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 4-87366-874-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-87366-874-3","url_text":"4-87366-874-3"}]},{"reference":"\"東北新幹線 運転見合わせ 全線での再開は10日前後かかる見込み\" [Tohoku Shinkansen operation suspension It is expected that it will take about 10 days to restart all lines.]. NHK Japan (in Japanese). February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20210214/k10012866691000.html","url_text":"\"東北新幹線 運転見合わせ 全線での再開は10日前後かかる見込み\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Martin_(cricketer)
Marcus Martin (cricketer)
["1 References"]
English first-class cricketer Marcus Trevelyan Martin (29 April 1842 – 5 June 1908) was an English first-class cricketer active 1861–70 who played for Middlesex, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and Cambridge University. He was born in Barrackpore; he died in Marylebone. References ^ Marcus Martin at CricketArchive This biographical article related to an English cricket person born in the 1840s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_and_Doncaster_branch
York and Doncaster branch
["1 History","2 Stations","3 Accidents","4 Partial closure","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Sources"]
Railway line in Yorkshire, England York and Doncaster branchThe roadbridge over the Trans-Pennine Trail at EscrickOverviewOther name(s)York and Doncaster branch lineEast Coast Main Line (old route)StatusPartially closedOwnerNetwork RailLocaleYorkshireTerminiYork (historical)Selby (current)DoncasterStations11/12ServiceTypeHeavy railHigh speed railOperator(s) CrossCountry East Midlands Railway Grand Central Hull Trains LNER Northern HistoryOpened2 January 1871 (1871-01-02)TechnicalLine length33.5 mi (53.9 km)Track length27 mi (43 km)Number of tracks2Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeElectrification25 kV overhead (partial) vteYork and Doncaster Line Legend East Coast Main Line York–Scarborough line York Dringhouses up and down yards Chaloners Whin Junction Copmanthorpe Colton Junction to Leeds and Pontefract Baghill Selby Diversion (ECML) Naburn Swing Bridgeover River Ouse Naburn Escrick Riccall Selby to Hull line Selby Swing Bridgeover River Ouse Selby to Leeds via Micklefield Temple Hirst Selby Diversion (ECML) River Aire Temple Hirst Junction to Knottingley disused chord to Goole M62 motorway Heck Balne Moss Joan Croft Halt to KnottingleyJoan Croft Junction Thorpe Marsh Junctionto Hatfield and Stainforth Shaftholme Junctionto Wakefield Line Arksey to Wakefield Line South Humberside Main Line Doncaster to Rotherham East Coast Main Line The York and Doncaster branch was a railway line that opened in 1871 connecting Doncaster with York via Selby in Yorkshire, England. This line later became part of the East Coast Main Line (ECML) and was the route that express trains took between London King's Cross, the north of England and Scotland. It was opened by the North Eastern Railway (NER) between York and Shaftholme Junction, some 4.5 miles (7.2 km) north of Doncaster railway station. Between its opening in 1871 and the grouping in 1923, the line was used by both the NER, and the Great Northern Railway (GNR). All of the intermediate local stations that had opened with the line in 1871 closed down in the 1950s and 1960s leaving just Selby open between the town of Doncaster and the city of York. In the 1970s, a plan for extracting the coal from underneath the northern section of the line between Selby and York, led to British Rail building an avoiding line, the Selby Diversion, which fully opened to traffic in October 1983. The southern section of the line between Doncaster and Selby is still open to enable trains from Doncaster to access the East Riding of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. The trackbed of the line between Selby and York is now used partly by the A19 (as a bypass at Riccall), whilst the rest of the route forms part of the Trans-Pennine Trail and National Cycle Route 65. History At least two routes were available from the region of South Yorkshire northwards into York by the time that the York to Doncaster Branch was opened in January 1871. George Hudson had already promoted his venture, the York and North Midland Railway, whilst the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&Y) had their line which went through Knottingley. The L&Y were against the NER building what would be a shorter line (by 10.5 miles (16.9 km)), between Doncaster and York as it would take traffic away from their line. Nevertheless, the plan was approved in March 1864, and despite some financial problems, the line opened to traffic in January 1871. The Great Northern Railway achieved running powers over the line from the NER which allowed a mutually beneficial service for both companies. The GNR would run the long distance trains and the NER would operate the local services. As the new line connected with Shaftholme Junction, the section south from there to Doncaster was controlled by the GNR, so the NER needed their permission to run into Doncaster. The works included an entirely new section of railway south from Chaloners Whin Junction, south of York, to Barlby Junction on the eastern side of Selby. The route then used the Hull and Selby line across the River Ouse on Selby Swing Bridge and into Selby railway station. The second part of the route was another new build going due south from Selby to Shaftholme Junction north of Doncaster. The whole route between York and Doncaster consisted of 2 miles (3.2 km) from York to Chaloners Whin Junction (already in existence), 12.5 miles (20.1 km) of new railway to Barlby Junction at Selby, 14.5 miles (23.3 km) from Selby to Shaftholme Junction, and then the last 4.5 miles (7.2 km) section to Doncaster on the existing GNR metals. The cost of the new railway was £239,500 in 1871. There were no major engineering obstacles on the line apart from a swing bridge over the River Ouse at Naburn, just to the north of Naburn station. Built to a design by Thomas Elliott Harrison, it was constructed of wrought iron which had two sections spanning 176 feet (54 m). Only one of the spans was able to swing, this being the one that had a control tower on top of it. In the first few years of operation, the bridge would be swung open to allow the passage of river traffic, and would only be moved into alignment with the railway when a train was due to pass. During the National Railway strike of 1911, the bridge and its signal box were overrun with striking railwaymen. The military were sent in to retake the bridge. The span was fixed in place by British Rail in 1956 as river traffic lessened in favour of ports downstream. Another bridge spanned the River Ouse at Selby, just east of the station. This was originally a bascule bridge, that was replaced in 1891 with a swing bridge. The 1871 line also brought a new build station and Selby became an important junction on the routes between London and Edinburgh, and also on the Transpennine route to and from Hull. The station at Selby had four through tracks, with the middle tracks having no platforms. The westbound and eastbound tracks were gauntletted over the bridge and were reformed from two lines over the bridge, to four on either side. The gauntletting was removed in 1960, 23 years before the old ECML branch through Riccall was closed because of the Selby Diversion. Railway swing bridge, Naburn The original bascule bridge at Selby The replacement swing bridge at Selby In 1989, the route northwards via the Selby Diversion was electrified, whilst the former line to Selby northwards from Temple Hirst Junction remains un-electrified. Stations The York to Doncaster line served the following stations; Name Coordinates Notes York 53°57′30″N 1°05′35″W / 53.9583°N 1.0930°W / 53.9583; -1.0930 The original formation had trains that used the old York railway station. In 1877, a through station at York was built. Naburn 53°54′32″N 1°05′09″W / 53.9089°N 1.0859°W / 53.9089; -1.0859 New build station opened by the NER 2 January 1871. Closed in June 1953. Escrick 53°52′11″N 1°02′48″W / 53.8697°N 1.0467°W / 53.8697; -1.0467 New build station opened by the NER 2 January 1871. Closed in June 1953. Riccall 53°49′53″N 1°03′11″W / 53.8314°N 1.0531°W / 53.8314; -1.0531 New build station opened by the NER 2 January 1871. Closed in September 1958. Selby 53°46′59″N 1°03′48″W / 53.7830°N 1.0634°W / 53.7830; -1.0634 First station on the west bank of the River Ouse opened in 1834, replaced by a new station with tracks across the Ouse in 1840. The opening of the new York and Doncaster Branch line led to a new station being built to a design by Thomas Prosser in January 1871. Temple Hirst 53°43′04″N 1°05′21″W / 53.7179°N 1.0893°W / 53.7179; -1.0893 New build station opened by the NER in 1871. Closed to passengers in June 1961, goods traffic ceased in 1964. Heck 53°40′58″N 1°05′58″W / 53.6828°N 1.0994°W / 53.6828; -1.0994 New build station opened by the NER in 1871. Closed in September 1958. Balne 53°39′51″N 1°06′20″W / 53.6641°N 1.1056°W / 53.6641; -1.1056 New build station opened by the NER in 1871. Closed in September 1958. Moss 53°37′19″N 1°06′47″W / 53.6220°N 1.1131°W / 53.6220; -1.1131 New build station opened by the NER in 1871. Closed in June 1953. Joan Croft Halt 53°35′16″N 1°07′18″W / 53.5878°N 1.1218°W / 53.5878; -1.1218 Non-public station in use by crossing keepers and their families. Quick states the halt was in use between 1920 and 1955, but that it only appeared in the Working Timetable (WTT) in 1939, 1940 and lastly in June 1955. Arksey 53°33′05″N 1°07′59″W / 53.5515°N 1.1331°W / 53.5515; -1.1331 Opened by the Great Northern Railway 6 June 1848; closed to passenger traffic 5 August 1952. Doncaster 53°31′21″N 1°08′22″W / 53.5225°N 1.1395°W / 53.5225; -1.1395 Opened between 1850 and 1852. Aside from the express trains that used the route, the timetable from 1910 shows that the section north of Selby had eight stopping services per day, this had dropped by the 1930s, with three trains per day calling at all stations. In 1946, the Bradshaws timetable shows some six local trains per day each way, though only one stopped at all of the stations on the line. Accidents 18 May 1883 - The station master at Escrick station was crossing the line as a freight train was engaged in the shunting of the goods sidings. The driver of the train whistled and threw the engine into reverse, but it knocked the station master down and removed both his legs below the knee. A passing express was stopped and took the injured man to York, but he died before it reached its destination. 8 September 1896 - The signalman at the Naburn Bridge control cabin, was found dead on the track with his body "horribly mangled". A resultant inquiry surmised that as he was walking to work along the railway track, he crossed to the other line to avoid a train when he was hit by another train coming the other way. 16 July 1952 - Riccall Gates Crossing was worked by one man who opened and closed the gates as well as setting the signals. The job was demanding because of the traffic, but also because the busy A19 was the road that used the crossing. The crossing keeper also had to communicate with the signal boxes which were next up and down the line and to manage the demands of the busy road traffic on the A19, who were impatient to get on their way. One car driver who parped his horn after a goods train had passed, was killed along with his wife when the confused signalman allowed him to start across the level crossing. On realising that a train was approaching from the north, the signalman waved his arms in a gesture which one witness said was encouraging the driver to speed up. Instead, the driver stopped on the level crossing and his car was crushed. The signalman was later found to have been negligent in his duties as he was discussing the cricket with a friend in the signal box whilst working the signals and the gates across the busy road. He was later jailed for manslaughter. 15 November 1980 - a car drove around the automatic half Barriers of Riccall Turnhead Crossing just after midnight. An overnight container train heading south from Edinburgh was approaching the crossing and the driver of the locomotive testified that he saw the red lights of the crossing flashing and the barriers were down. For some reason, the car was driven around the barriers and the driver of the train observed the cars' headlights shine towards him, and then away from him, as it tried to negotiate its way around the barriers. The two occupants of the car were killed. 28 February 2001 - the Great Heck rail crash. A Land Rover vehicle crashed off of the M62 motorway and onto the railway line at Great Heck. The vehicle was hit by a southbound passenger train, which derailed the train. The wreckage was then hit by a freight train carrying a load of coal weighing 1,800 tonnes (2,000 tons) going northwards. Ten people died with over 80 being injured. The Land Rover driver was later sentenced to five years in prison on ten counts of causing death by dangerous driving, as it was proven in court that he had fallen asleep at the wheel. Partial closure Naburn railway bridge near York In the 1970s, British Coal set about developing a working coalfield (the Selby Coalfield) to the north of Selby. To avoid subsidence on this section of line, a 14.5-mile (23.3 km) diversion (the Selby Diversion) was opened between Temple Hirst Junction, just south of Temple Hirst railway station and Colton Junction, some 6 miles (9.7 km) south of York railway station. Both junctions were new to the railway and the whole cost of the project was £60 million, which was paid for entirely by British Coal. This was seen as a good compromise as the estimated value of the coal underneath the railway was thought to have been worth over £1,000 million. At its furthest point away from the original formation, the Selby Diversion was still only 5 miles (8 km) west of Riccall. The stretch of trackbed between the sites of Riccall railway station and Barlby Junction is now the site of at the widened A19 road. The section between Riccall and York now forms part of the Trans-Pennine Trail, and the National Route 65 which Sustrans purchased for the price of £1. The route has a scale model of the solar system, with each planet staggered along the path at the correct proportional distances from each other. The swing bridge at Naburn also has a sculpture of a man fishing on the top of it; he is known as The Fisher of Dreams, and is constructed of galvanised steel. The section of line between York and Riccall, was featured on the TV series Walks Around Britain in 2017, complete with a CGI film of how the railway would have looked in the days of steam. Notes ^ See the stations section; Joan Croft Halt was not officially a public station. ^ The northern section of the line between York and Hambleton Junction opened earlier in 1983 to allow for York to Hull trains to traverse the section. ^ There is another line between Doncaster and the East Riding of Yorkshire which goes via Goole (the Hull and Doncaster Branch). Hull Trains services use the former York and Doncaster line via Selby ^ At that time, the area was in the West Riding of Yorkshire. References ^ Hoole 1985, p. 47. ^ a b Hoole 1983, p. 20. ^ a b Batty 1991, p. 41. ^ Joy 1984, p. 213. ^ Allen, Cecil J (1964). The North Eastern Railway. London: Ian Allan. p. 137. OCLC 1068170488. ^ Taylor, J P G (2015). Riccall : a village history. Wetherby: Oblong Creative. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-9575992-6-0. ^ Tomlinson 1914, p. 644. ^ Welbourn, Nigel (2018). Lost Lines Railway Treasures. Manchester: Crecy. p. 39. ISBN 9780860936916. ^ "History of Naburn Swing Bridge - Railway to Greenway". railwaytogreenway.org. Retrieved 5 September 2019. ^ Lewis, Stephen (15 April 2019). "The 1911 rail strike that almost caused a disaster at Scarborough Bridge". infoweb.newsbank.com. Retrieved 5 September 2019. ^ Appleby 1993, p. 75. ^ a b Body 1989, p. 152. ^ "A booklet to mark the 175th anniversary of the opening of the Hull to Selby railway" (PDF). scs.statementcms.co.uk. July 2015. p. 8. Retrieved 9 August 2019. ^ Historic England. "Selby Railway Station building on Up Platform, Canopies on Both PLatforms Footbridge and Benches (Grade II) (1365687)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 September 2019. ^ Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (2016). Railway track diagrams. Book 2, Eastern (4 ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. 38A. ISBN 978-0-9549866-8-1. ^ Chapman 2002, p. 33. ^ "ECML: Electrification as it used to be". railengineer.co.uk. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2019. ^ Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (2016). Railway track diagrams. Book 2, Eastern (4 ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. 18A. ISBN 978-0-9549866-8-1. ^ "England's oldest railway stations as they used to look". The Telegraph. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ Quick 2009, p. 284. ^ a b Burgess, Neil (2011). The lost railways of Yorkshire's East Riding. Catrine: Stenlake. p. 43. ISBN 9781840335521. ^ Quick 2009, p. 166. ^ Ellis, Norman (1995). North Yorkshire railway stations. Ochiltree: Stenlake. p. 53. ISBN 1-872074-63-4. ^ Quick 2009, p. 330. ^ Hoole 1985, p. 192. ^ a b c d Burgess, Neil (2014). The lost railways of Yorkshire's West Riding. The central section : Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Leeds, Wakefield. Catrine: Stenlake. p. 83. ISBN 9781840336573. ^ Body 1989, p. 169. ^ Hoole 1985, p. 169. ^ Hoole 1985, p. 152. ^ Hoole 1985, p. 177. ^ Quick 2009, p. 227. ^ Young, Alan (2015). Lost stations of Yorkshire; the West Riding. Kettering: Silver Link. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-85794-438-9. ^ Body, Geoffrey (1986). Railways of the Eastern Region. Vol. 1, Southern operating area. London: Guild. p. 55. ISBN 0850597129. ^ Suggitt 2007, p. 119. ^ Body 1989, p. 154. ^ 1946 June Bradshaw's Railway Timetable - British Isles at the Internet Archive ^ "The Escrick Railway Station Fatality". The York Herald. No. 9,979. Col F. 22 May 1883. p. 3. OCLC 877360086. ^ "Fatalities to Signalmen". The York Herald. No. 14,125. Col F. 12 September 1896. p. 13. OCLC 877360086. ^ Gray 2013, pp. 79–80. ^ Gray 2013, p. 88. ^ "Rail deaths driver blames 'fate'". BBC News. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2019. ^ Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (2016). Railway track diagrams. Book 2, Eastern (4 ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-9549866-8-1. ^ Suggitt 2007, p. 118. ^ Hoole 1983, p. 22. ^ Taylor, J P G (2015). Riccall : a village history. Wetherby: Oblong Creative. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-9575992-6-0. ^ Appleby 1993, p. 74. ^ "York to Selby". sustrans.org.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2019. ^ Suggitt 2007, p. 120. ^ "Sculpture dream comes true". York Press. 2 August 2001. Retrieved 3 September 2019. ^ "Cycle guide: York to Selby". The Guardian. 3 March 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2019. ^ Laycock, Mike (5 December 2016). "Film-maker recreates age of steam on closed York-Selby rail line". infoweb.newsbank.com. Retrieved 5 September 2019. Sources Appleby, Ken (1993). Britain's Rail Super Centres: York. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2072-8. Batty, Stephen R (1991). Rail Centres: Doncaster. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2004-3. Body, Geoffrey (1989). Railways of the Eastern Region Volume 2: Northern Operating Area. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 1-85260-072-1. Chapman, Stephen (2002). Railway Memories No. 14; Selby and Goole. Todmorden: Bellcode Books. ISBN 1-871233-14-3. Gray, Adrian (2013). East Coast Main Line Disasters. Easingwold: Pendragon. ISBN 978-1-899816-19-4. Hoole, Ken (1985). Railway Stations of the North East. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8527-5. Hoole, Ken (1983). Rail Centres: York. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1320-9. Joy, David (1984). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain Volume 8: South and West Yorkshire (2 ed.). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-946537-11-9. Quick, Michael (2009). Railway Passenger Stations in Great Britain (4 ed.). Oxford: Railway and Canal Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-901461-57-5. Suggitt, Gordon (2007). Lost Railways of North & East Yorkshire. Newbury: Countryside Books. ISBN 978-1-85306-918-5. Tomlinson, William Weaver (1914). The North Eastern Railway; its Rise and Development. London: Longmans & Co. OCLC 1049905072. vteRailway lines in Yorkshire and the HumberPrimaryTo London East Coast Main Line Midland Main Line To Exeter Cross Country Route OthersInter-regional Hallam Line Hope Valley line Leeds–Morecambe line Doncaster–Lincoln line Northallerton–Eaglescliffe line Sheffield–Lincoln line Settle–Carlisle line Intra-regional Airedale line Askern branch line Barton line Calder Valley line Dearne Valley line Esk Valley line Harrogate line Huddersfield line Hull–Scarborough Leeds–Bradford lines Leeds–Northallerton railway Penistone Line Pontefract line Selby Diversion Selby Line South Humberside Main Line Stocksbridge Railway Swinton–Doncaster Wakefield line Wharfedale line York–Scarborough Defunct Barnsley–Doncaster Bradford–Leeds & Wakefield Brockholes–Holmfirth Clayton West branch Dearne Valley Railway Gilling and Pickering Harrogate–Church Fenton Harrogate Gasworks Railway Huddersfield–Kirkburton Hull–Barnsley (Cudworth) Hull and Holderness Hull and Hornsea Knaresborough–York Leeds–Harrogate Low Moor–Mirfield Malton–Driffield Middlesbrough–Guisborough Middlesbrough–Guisborough–Normanby Huddersfield–Bradford Lockwood–Meltham Nunthorpe–Battersby Otley–Ilkley Pilmoor–Knaresborough Queensbury lines Rosedale Railway Royston to Thornhill Scarborough–Whitby Seamer–Pickering Selby–Driffield Selby–Goole Shipley Great Northern Railway branch line Sowerby Bridge–Rishworth Skipton–Grassington Skipton–Ilkley Spurn railway Thirsk and Malton line Wetherby–Cross Gates (Leeds) Whitby–Loftus Woodhead line York–Market Weighton–Beverley York–York (Foss Island) Heritage Derwent Valley Light Railway Elsecar Heritage Railway Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway Keighley & Worth Valley Railway Middleton Railway North Bay Railway North Yorkshire Moors Railway Wensleydale Railway Light railways Colsterdale Light Railway Nidd Valley Light Railway North Holderness Light Railway Sand Hutton Light Railway Whistlestop Valley
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"East Coast Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"London King's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"North Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_railway_station"},{"link_name":"grouping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_Act_1921"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"British Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"},{"link_name":"Selby Diversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby_Diversion"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"East Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"A19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A19_road"},{"link_name":"Riccall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccall"},{"link_name":"Trans-Pennine Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pennine_Trail"},{"link_name":"National Cycle Route 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_65"}],"text":"The York and Doncaster branch was a railway line that opened in 1871 connecting Doncaster with York via Selby in Yorkshire, England. This line later became part of the East Coast Main Line (ECML) and was the route that express trains took between London King's Cross, the north of England and Scotland. It was opened by the North Eastern Railway (NER) between York and Shaftholme Junction, some 4.5 miles (7.2 km) north of Doncaster railway station. Between its opening in 1871 and the grouping in 1923, the line was used by both the NER, and the Great Northern Railway (GNR). All of the intermediate local stations that had opened with the line in 1871 closed down in the 1950s and 1960s leaving just Selby open between the town of Doncaster and the city of York.In the 1970s, a plan for extracting the coal from underneath the northern section of the line between Selby and York, led to British Rail building an avoiding line, the Selby Diversion, which fully opened to traffic in October 1983.[note 2] The southern section of the line between Doncaster and Selby is still open to enable trains from Doncaster to access the East Riding of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.[note 3]The trackbed of the line between Selby and York is now used partly by the A19 (as a bypass at Riccall), whilst the rest of the route forms part of the Trans-Pennine Trail and National Cycle Route 65.","title":"York and Doncaster branch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"George Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hudson"},{"link_name":"York and North Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_and_North_Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway"},{"link_name":"Knottingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knottingley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoole198547-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoole198320-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty199141-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoole198320-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoy1984213-8"},{"link_name":"Hull and Selby line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_and_Selby_line"},{"link_name":"River Ouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Selby Swing Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby_swing_bridge_(1840)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty199141-7"},{"link_name":"Naburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naburn_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Thomas Elliott Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Elliott_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlinson1914644-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"National Railway strike of 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_strike_of_1911"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleby199375-15"},{"link_name":"bascule bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascule_bridge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBody1989152-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"gauntletted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauntlet_track"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Riccall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccall_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman200233-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railway_swing_bridge,_Naburn.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selby_bascule_railway_bridge.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railway_Bridge_over_the_River_Ouse,_Selby_(6953143783).jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"At least two routes were available from the region of South Yorkshire[note 4] northwards into York by the time that the York to Doncaster Branch was opened in January 1871. George Hudson had already promoted his venture, the York and North Midland Railway, whilst the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&Y) had their line which went through Knottingley.[1] The L&Y were against the NER building what would be a shorter line (by 10.5 miles (16.9 km)),[2] between Doncaster and York as it would take traffic away from their line. Nevertheless, the plan was approved in March 1864, and despite some financial problems, the line opened to traffic in January 1871.[3]The Great Northern Railway achieved running powers over the line from the NER which allowed a mutually beneficial service for both companies. The GNR would run the long distance trains and the NER would operate the local services.[2] As the new line connected with Shaftholme Junction, the section south from there to Doncaster was controlled by the GNR, so the NER needed their permission to run into Doncaster.[4]The works included an entirely new section of railway south from Chaloners Whin Junction, south of York, to Barlby Junction on the eastern side of Selby. The route then used the Hull and Selby line across the River Ouse on Selby Swing Bridge and into Selby railway station. The second part of the route was another new build going due south from Selby to Shaftholme Junction north of Doncaster. The whole route between York and Doncaster consisted of 2 miles (3.2 km) from York to Chaloners Whin Junction (already in existence), 12.5 miles (20.1 km) of new railway to Barlby Junction at Selby, 14.5 miles (23.3 km) from Selby to Shaftholme Junction, and then the last 4.5 miles (7.2 km) section to Doncaster on the existing GNR metals.[5] The cost of the new railway was £239,500 in 1871.[3]There were no major engineering obstacles on the line apart from a swing bridge over the River Ouse at Naburn, just to the north of Naburn station.[6] Built to a design by Thomas Elliott Harrison, it was constructed of wrought iron which had two sections spanning 176 feet (54 m).[7] Only one of the spans was able to swing, this being the one that had a control tower on top of it.[8] In the first few years of operation, the bridge would be swung open to allow the passage of river traffic, and would only be moved into alignment with the railway when a train was due to pass.[9] During the National Railway strike of 1911, the bridge and its signal box were overrun with striking railwaymen. The military were sent in to retake the bridge.[10] The span was fixed in place by British Rail in 1956 as river traffic lessened in favour of ports downstream.[11]Another bridge spanned the River Ouse at Selby, just east of the station. This was originally a bascule bridge,[12] that was replaced in 1891 with a swing bridge.[13] The 1871 line also brought a new build station and Selby became an important junction on the routes between London and Edinburgh, and also on the Transpennine route to and from Hull.[14] The station at Selby had four through tracks, with the middle tracks having no platforms. The westbound and eastbound tracks were gauntletted over the bridge and were reformed from two lines over the bridge, to four on either side.[15] The gauntletting was removed in 1960, 23 years before the old ECML branch through Riccall was closed because of the Selby Diversion.[16]Railway swing bridge, Naburn\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe original bascule bridge at Selby\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe replacement swing bridge at SelbyIn 1989, the route northwards via the Selby Diversion was electrified,[17] whilst the former line to Selby northwards from Temple Hirst Junction remains un-electrified.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuggitt2007119-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBody1989154-39"},{"link_name":"Bradshaws timetable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradshaw_Timetables"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"The York to Doncaster line served the following stations;Aside from the express trains that used the route, the timetable from 1910 shows that the section north of Selby had eight stopping services per day,[34] this had dropped by the 1930s, with three trains per day calling at all stations.[35] In 1946, the Bradshaws timetable shows some six local trains per day each way, though only one stopped at all of the stations on the line.[36]","title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Escrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrick_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"A19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A19_road"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray201379%E2%80%9380-43"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray201388-44"},{"link_name":"Great Heck rail crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Heck_rail_crash"},{"link_name":"M62 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M62_motorway"},{"link_name":"Great Heck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Heck"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"18 May 1883 - The station master at Escrick station was crossing the line as a freight train was engaged in the shunting of the goods sidings. The driver of the train whistled and threw the engine into reverse, but it knocked the station master down and removed both his legs below the knee. A passing express was stopped and took the injured man to York, but he died before it reached its destination.[37]\n8 September 1896 - The signalman at the Naburn Bridge control cabin, was found dead on the track with his body \"horribly mangled\". A resultant inquiry surmised that as he was walking to work along the railway track, he crossed to the other line to avoid a train when he was hit by another train coming the other way.[38]\n16 July 1952 - Riccall Gates Crossing was worked by one man who opened and closed the gates as well as setting the signals. The job was demanding because of the traffic, but also because the busy A19 was the road that used the crossing. The crossing keeper also had to communicate with the signal boxes which were next up and down the line and to manage the demands of the busy road traffic on the A19, who were impatient to get on their way. One car driver who parped his horn after a goods train had passed, was killed along with his wife when the confused signalman allowed him to start across the level crossing. On realising that a train was approaching from the north, the signalman waved his arms in a gesture which one witness said was encouraging the driver to speed up. Instead, the driver stopped on the level crossing and his car was crushed. The signalman was later found to have been negligent in his duties as he was discussing the cricket with a friend in the signal box whilst working the signals and the gates across the busy road. He was later jailed for manslaughter.[39]\n15 November 1980 - a car drove around the automatic half Barriers of Riccall Turnhead Crossing just after midnight. An overnight container train heading south from Edinburgh was approaching the crossing and the driver of the locomotive testified that he saw the red lights of the crossing flashing and the barriers were down. For some reason, the car was driven around the barriers and the driver of the train observed the cars' headlights shine towards him, and then away from him, as it tried to negotiate its way around the barriers. The two occupants of the car were killed.[40]\n28 February 2001 - the Great Heck rail crash. A Land Rover vehicle crashed off of the M62 motorway and onto the railway line at Great Heck. The vehicle was hit by a southbound passenger train, which derailed the train. The wreckage was then hit by a freight train carrying a load of coal weighing 1,800 tonnes (2,000 tons) going northwards. Ten people died with over 80 being injured. The Land Rover driver was later sentenced to five years in prison on ten counts of causing death by dangerous driving, as it was proven in court that he had fallen asleep at the wheel.[41]","title":"Accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naburn_railway_bridge_near_York.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Coal"},{"link_name":"Selby Coalfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby_Coalfield"},{"link_name":"Temple Hirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Hirst_railway_station"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuggitt2007118-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoole198322-48"},{"link_name":"Riccall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccall_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleby199374-50"},{"link_name":"Trans-Pennine Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pennine_Trail"},{"link_name":"National Route 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_65"},{"link_name":"Sustrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustrans"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuggitt2007120-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Walks Around Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walks_Around_Britain_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Naburn railway bridge near YorkIn the 1970s, British Coal set about developing a working coalfield (the Selby Coalfield) to the north of Selby. To avoid subsidence on this section of line, a 14.5-mile (23.3 km) diversion (the Selby Diversion) was opened between Temple Hirst Junction, just south of Temple Hirst railway station and Colton Junction, some 6 miles (9.7 km) south of York railway station.[42] Both junctions were new to the railway and the whole cost of the project was £60 million, which was paid for entirely by British Coal.[43] This was seen as a good compromise as the estimated value of the coal underneath the railway was thought to have been worth over £1,000 million.[44]At its furthest point away from the original formation, the Selby Diversion was still only 5 miles (8 km) west of Riccall.[45]The stretch of trackbed between the sites of Riccall railway station and Barlby Junction is now the site of at the widened A19 road.[46] The section between Riccall and York now forms part of the Trans-Pennine Trail, and the National Route 65 which Sustrans purchased for the price of £1.[47] The route has a scale model of the solar system, with each planet staggered along the path at the correct proportional distances from each other. The swing bridge at Naburn also has a sculpture of a man fishing on the top of it; he is known as The Fisher of Dreams,[48][49] and is constructed of galvanised steel.[50]The section of line between York and Riccall, was featured on the TV series Walks Around Britain in 2017, complete with a CGI film of how the railway would have looked in the days of steam.[51]","title":"Partial closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Joan Croft Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Croft_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Goole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goole_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hull and Doncaster Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_and_Doncaster_Branch"},{"link_name":"Hull Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Trains"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"West Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"}],"text":"^ See the stations section; Joan Croft Halt was not officially a public station.\n\n^ The northern section of the line between York and Hambleton Junction opened earlier in 1983 to allow for York to Hull trains to traverse the section.\n\n^ There is another line between Doncaster and the East Riding of Yorkshire which goes via Goole (the Hull and Doncaster Branch). Hull Trains services use the former York and Doncaster line via Selby\n\n^ At that time, the area was in the West Riding of Yorkshire.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Naburn railway bridge near York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Naburn_railway_bridge_near_York.jpg/220px-Naburn_railway_bridge_near_York.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Allen, Cecil J (1964). The North Eastern Railway. London: Ian Allan. p. 137. OCLC 1068170488.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1068170488","url_text":"1068170488"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, J P G (2015). Riccall : a village history. Wetherby: Oblong Creative. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-9575992-6-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9575992-6-0","url_text":"978-0-9575992-6-0"}]},{"reference":"Welbourn, Nigel (2018). Lost Lines Railway Treasures. Manchester: Crecy. p. 39. ISBN 9780860936916.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860936916","url_text":"9780860936916"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Naburn Swing Bridge - Railway to Greenway\". railwaytogreenway.org. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://railwaytogreenway.org/archive-items/railway-archive/127-2/","url_text":"\"History of Naburn Swing Bridge - Railway to Greenway\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Stephen (15 April 2019). \"The 1911 rail strike that almost caused a disaster at Scarborough Bridge\". infoweb.newsbank.com. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&t=&sort=_rank_%3AD&fld-base-0=alltext&maxresults=20&val-base-0=%22Naburn%20Bridge%22&docref=news/172D0916A5A2C7E8","url_text":"\"The 1911 rail strike that almost caused a disaster at Scarborough Bridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"A booklet to mark the 175th anniversary of the opening of the Hull to Selby railway\" (PDF). scs.statementcms.co.uk. July 2015. p. 8. Retrieved 9 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://scs.statementcms.com/uploads/selby_civic_society/files/Beeching_report_27_July.pdf","url_text":"\"A booklet to mark the 175th anniversary of the opening of the Hull to Selby railway\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Selby Railway Station building on Up Platform, Canopies on Both PLatforms Footbridge and Benches (Grade II) (1365687)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1365687","url_text":"\"Selby Railway Station building on Up Platform, Canopies on Both PLatforms Footbridge and Benches (Grade II) (1365687)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (2016). Railway track diagrams. Book 2, Eastern (4 ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. 38A. ISBN 978-0-9549866-8-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549866-8-1","url_text":"978-0-9549866-8-1"}]},{"reference":"\"ECML: Electrification as it used to be\". railengineer.co.uk. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railengineer.co.uk/2017/11/27/ecml-electrification-as-it-used-to-be/","url_text":"\"ECML: Electrification as it used to be\""}]},{"reference":"Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (2016). Railway track diagrams. Book 2, Eastern (4 ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. 18A. ISBN 978-0-9549866-8-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549866-8-1","url_text":"978-0-9549866-8-1"}]},{"reference":"\"England's oldest railway stations as they used to look\". The Telegraph. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/rail-journeys/england-oldest-railway-stations/york/","url_text":"\"England's oldest railway stations as they used to look\""}]},{"reference":"Burgess, Neil (2011). The lost railways of Yorkshire's East Riding. Catrine: Stenlake. p. 43. ISBN 9781840335521.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840335521","url_text":"9781840335521"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Norman (1995). North Yorkshire railway stations. Ochiltree: Stenlake. p. 53. ISBN 1-872074-63-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872074-63-4","url_text":"1-872074-63-4"}]},{"reference":"Burgess, Neil (2014). The lost railways of Yorkshire's West Riding. The central section : Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Leeds, Wakefield. Catrine: Stenlake. p. 83. ISBN 9781840336573.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840336573","url_text":"9781840336573"}]},{"reference":"Young, Alan (2015). Lost stations of Yorkshire; the West Riding. Kettering: Silver Link. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-85794-438-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85794-438-9","url_text":"978-1-85794-438-9"}]},{"reference":"Body, Geoffrey (1986). Railways of the Eastern Region. Vol. 1, Southern operating area. London: Guild. p. 55. ISBN 0850597129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850597129","url_text":"0850597129"}]},{"reference":"\"The Escrick Railway Station Fatality\". The York Herald. No. 9,979. Col F. 22 May 1883. p. 3. OCLC 877360086.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877360086","url_text":"877360086"}]},{"reference":"\"Fatalities to Signalmen\". The York Herald. No. 14,125. Col F. 12 September 1896. p. 13. OCLC 877360086.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877360086","url_text":"877360086"}]},{"reference":"\"Rail deaths driver blames 'fate'\". BBC News. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-12591249","url_text":"\"Rail deaths driver blames 'fate'\""}]},{"reference":"Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (2016). Railway track diagrams. Book 2, Eastern (4 ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-9549866-8-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549866-8-1","url_text":"978-0-9549866-8-1"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, J P G (2015). Riccall : a village history. Wetherby: Oblong Creative. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-9575992-6-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9575992-6-0","url_text":"978-0-9575992-6-0"}]},{"reference":"\"York to Selby\". sustrans.org.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sustrans.org.uk/find-a-route-on-the-national-cycle-network/york-to-selby/","url_text":"\"York to Selby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sculpture dream comes true\". York Press. 2 August 2001. Retrieved 3 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7939258.sculpture-dream-comes-true/","url_text":"\"Sculpture dream comes true\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cycle guide: York to Selby\". The Guardian. 3 March 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/mar/03/cyclingholidays.yorkshire1","url_text":"\"Cycle guide: York to Selby\""}]},{"reference":"Laycock, Mike (5 December 2016). \"Film-maker recreates age of steam on closed York-Selby rail line\". infoweb.newsbank.com. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&t=&sort=_rank_%3AD&fld-base-0=alltext&maxresults=20&val-base-0=%22Naburn%20Swing%20Bridge%22&docref=news/161169766494E9F8","url_text":"\"Film-maker recreates age of steam on closed York-Selby rail line\""}]},{"reference":"Appleby, Ken (1993). Britain's Rail Super Centres: York. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2072-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2072-8","url_text":"0-7110-2072-8"}]},{"reference":"Batty, Stephen R (1991). Rail Centres: Doncaster. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2004-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2004-3","url_text":"0-7110-2004-3"}]},{"reference":"Body, Geoffrey (1989). Railways of the Eastern Region Volume 2: Northern Operating Area. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 1-85260-072-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-072-1","url_text":"1-85260-072-1"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Stephen (2002). Railway Memories No. 14; Selby and Goole. Todmorden: Bellcode Books. ISBN 1-871233-14-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871233-14-3","url_text":"1-871233-14-3"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Adrian (2013). East Coast Main Line Disasters. Easingwold: Pendragon. ISBN 978-1-899816-19-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899816-19-4","url_text":"978-1-899816-19-4"}]},{"reference":"Hoole, Ken (1985). Railway Stations of the North East. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8527-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8527-5","url_text":"0-7153-8527-5"}]},{"reference":"Hoole, Ken (1983). Rail Centres: York. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1320-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1320-9","url_text":"0-7110-1320-9"}]},{"reference":"Joy, David (1984). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain Volume 8: South and West Yorkshire (2 ed.). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-946537-11-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/southwestyorkshi0000joyd","url_text":"A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain Volume 8: South and West Yorkshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946537-11-9","url_text":"0-946537-11-9"}]},{"reference":"Quick, Michael (2009). Railway Passenger Stations in Great Britain (4 ed.). Oxford: Railway and Canal Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-901461-57-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901461-57-5","url_text":"978-0-901461-57-5"}]},{"reference":"Suggitt, Gordon (2007). Lost Railways of North & East Yorkshire. Newbury: Countryside Books. ISBN 978-1-85306-918-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85306-918-5","url_text":"978-1-85306-918-5"}]},{"reference":"Tomlinson, William Weaver (1914). The North Eastern Railway; its Rise and Development. London: Longmans & Co. OCLC 1049905072.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1049905072","url_text":"1049905072"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetsop
Annona squamosa
["1 Description","1.1 Stems and leaves","1.2 Flowers","1.3 Fruits and reproduction","2 Nutrition and uses","2.1 Chemistry","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Climate and cultivation","5 Ecology","6 Uses","7 Gallery","8 References","9 External links"]
Species of tree Annona squamosa Cross section of the fruit shown on right Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Magnoliids Order: Magnoliales Family: Annonaceae Genus: Annona Species: A. squamosa Binomial name Annona squamosaL. Synonyms Annona asiatica L. Annona cinerea Dunal Guanabanus squamosus (L.)M.Gómez Xylopia glabra L. Annona forskahlii DC. Annona squamosa is a small, well-branched tree or shrub from the family Annonaceae that bears edible fruits called sugar apples or sweetsops. It tolerates a tropical lowland climate better than its relatives Annona reticulata and Annona cherimola (whose fruits often share the same name) helping make it the most widely cultivated of these species. Annona squamosa is a small, semi-(or late) deciduous, much-branched shrub or small tree 3 to 8 metres (10 to 26 feet) tall similar to soursop (Annona muricata). It is a native of tropical climate in the Americas and West Indies, and Spanish traders aboard the Manila galleons docking in the Philippines brought it to Asia. Michał Boym's drawing of, probably, the sugar-apple, in his Flora Sinensis (1655) The fruit is spherical-conical, 5–10 centimetres (2–4 inches) in diameter and 6–10 cm (2+1⁄4–4 in) long, and weighing 100–240 grams (3.5–8.5 ounces), with a thick rind composed of knobby segments. The colour is typically pale green through blue-green, with a deep pink blush in certain varieties, and typically has a bloom. It is unique among Annona fruits in being segmented; the segments tend to separate when ripe, exposing the innards. The flesh is fragrant and sweet, creamy white through light yellow, and resembles and tastes like custard. The seeds are coated with the flesh, It is found adhering to 13-to-16-millimetre-long (1⁄2 to 5⁄8 in) seeds forming individual segments arranged in a single layer around a conical core. It is soft, slightly grainy, and slippery. The hard, shiny seeds may number 20–40 or more per fruit and have a brown to black coat, although varieties exist that are almost seedless. The seeds can be ground for use as an insecticide.The stems run through the centre of the fruit connecting it to the outside. The skin is shaped like a Reuleaux triangle coloured green and rough in texture. Due to the soft flesh and structure of the sugar apple it is very fragile to pressure when ripe. New varieties are also being developed in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The atemoya or "pineapple sugar-apple", a hybrid between the sugar-apple and the cherimoya, is popular in Taiwan, although it was first developed in the United States in 1908. The fruit is similar in sweetness to the sugar-apple, but has a very different taste. As its name suggests, it tastes like pineapple. Description Flower Seedling Branches The fruit of A. squamosa (sugar-apple) has sweet whitish pulp, and is popular in tropical markets. In bengal it is called Ata phal. Stems and leaves A. squamosa leaves Branches with light brown bark and visible leaf scars; inner bark light yellow and slightly bitter; twigs become brown with light brown dots (lenticels – small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue). Thin, simple, alternate leaves occur singly, 5 to 17 centimetres (2 to 6+3⁄4 inches) long and 2 to 6 cm (3⁄4 to 2+3⁄8 in) wide; rounded at the base and pointed at the tip (oblong-lanceolate). They are pale green on both surfaces and mostly hairless with slight hairs on the underside when young. The sides sometimes are slightly unequal and the leaf edges are without teeth, inconspicuously hairy when young. The leaf stalks are 0.4 to 2.2 cm (1⁄8 to 7⁄8 in) long, green, and sparsely pubescent. Flowers Solitary or in short lateral clusters of 2–4 about 2.5 cm (1 in) long, greenish-yellow flowers on a hairy, slender 2 cm (3⁄4 in) long stalk. Three green outer petals, purplish at the base, oblong, 1.6 to 2.5 cm (5⁄8 to 1 in) long, and 0.6 to 0.75 cm (1⁄4 to 5⁄16 in) wide, three inner petals reduced to minute scales or absent. Very numerous stamens; crowded, white, less than 1.6 cm (5⁄8 in) long; ovary light green. Styles white, crowded on the raised axis. Each pistil forms a separate tubercle (small rounded wartlike protuberance), mostly 1.3 to 1.9 cm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in) long and 0.6 to 1.3 cm (1⁄4 to 1⁄2 in) wide which matures into the aggregate fruit. Flowering occurs in spring-early summer and flowers are pollinated by nitidulid beetles. Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. Fruits and reproduction Fruits ripen 3 to 4 months after flowering. Aggregate and soft fruits form from the numerous and loosely united pistils of a flower which become enlarged and mature into fruits which are distinct from fruits of other species of genus (and more like a giant raspberry instead). The round or heart-shaped greenish yellow, ripened aggregate fruit is pendulous on a thickened stalk; 5 to 10 cm (2 to 3+7⁄8 in) in diameter with many round protuberances and covered with a powdery bloom. Fruits are formed of loosely cohering or almost free carpels (the ripened pistels). The pulp is white tinged yellow, edible and sweetly aromatic. Each carpel containing an oblong, shiny and smooth, dark brown to black, 1.3 to 1.6 cm (1⁄2 to 5⁄8 in) long seed. Nutrition and uses Sugar-apples, (sweetsop), rawNutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy393 kJ (94 kcal)Carbohydrates23.64 gDietary fiber4.4 g Fat0.29 g Protein2.06 g VitaminsQuantity %DV†Thiamine (B1)9% 0.11 mgRiboflavin (B2)9% 0.113 mgNiacin (B3)6% 0.883 mgPantothenic acid (B5)5% 0.226 mgVitamin B612% 0.2 mgFolate (B9)4% 14 μgVitamin C40% 36.3 mg MineralsQuantity %DV†Calcium2% 24 mgIron3% 0.6 mgMagnesium5% 21 mgManganese18% 0.42 mgPhosphorus3% 32 mgPotassium8% 247 mgSodium0% 9 mgZinc1% 0.1 mg Link to USDA Database entry†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. Sugar-apple is high in energy, an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese, a good source of thiamine and vitamin B6, and provides vitamin B2, B3 B5, B9, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium in fair quantities. Chemistry The diterpenoid alkaloid atisine is the most abundant alkaloid in the root. Other constituents of Annona squamosa include the alkaloids oxophoebine, reticuline, isocorydine, and methylcorydaldine, and the flavonoid quercetin-3-O-glucoside. Bayer AG has patented the extraction process and molecular identity of the annonaceous acetogenin annonin, as well as its use as a biopesticide. Other acetogenins have been isolated from the seeds, bark, and leaves. Distribution and habitat Annona squamosa is native to the tropical Americas and West Indies, but the exact origin is unknown. It is now the most widely cultivated of all the species of Annona, being grown for its fruit throughout the tropics and warmer subtropics, such as Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, and China as far north as Suzhou; it was introduced to southern Asia before 1590. It is naturalized as far north as southern Florida in the United States and as south as Bahia in Brazil, Bangladesh, and is an invasive species in some areas. Native Neotropic Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands. Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Northern South America: Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela Western South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Southern South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay Naturalised Pacific: Samoa, Tonga North America: Mexico, Belize Afrotropic: Angola, Namibia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zanzibar, Kenya Australasia: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Indomalaya: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam Palearctic: Cyprus, Greece, Lebanon, Malta, Israel Climate and cultivation This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Like most species of Annona, it requires a tropical or subtropical climate with summer temperatures from 25 °C (77 °F) to 41 °C (106 °F), and mean winter temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F). It is sensitive to cold and frost, being defoliated below 10 °C (50 °F) and killed by temperatures of a couple of degrees below freezing. It is only moderately drought-tolerant, requiring at least 700 millimetres (28 in) of annual rainfall, and does not produce fruit well during droughts. It will grow from sea level to an altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) and thrives in hot dry climates, differing in its tolerance of lowland tropics from many of the other fruit bearers in the Annona family. It is quite a prolific bearer, and it produces fruit within as little as two to three years. A five-year-old tree can produce as many as 50 sugar apples. Poor fruit production has been reported in Florida because there are few natural pollinators (honeybees have a difficult time penetrating the tightly closed female flowers); however, hand pollination with a natural fibre brush is effective in increasing yield. Natural pollinators include beetles (coleoptera) of the families Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae and Scarabaeidae. Ecology In the Philippines, the fruit is commonly eaten by the Philippine fruit bat (kabag or kabog), which then spreads the seeds from island to island. It is a host plant for larvae of the butterfly Graphium agamemnon (tailed jay). Uses In traditional Indian, Thai, and Native American medicines, the leaves are boiled down with water, possibly mixed with other specific botanicals, and used in a decoction to treat dysentery and urinary tract infection. In traditional Indian medicine, the leaves are also crushed for use as a poultice, and applied to wounds. In Mexico, the leaves are rubbed on floors and put in hens' nests, to repel lice. In Haiti, the fruit is known as cachiman and is used to simply make juice. In Lebanon and Syria, it is made into a variety of desserts and sweets, referred to as ashta. Gallery Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar Sugar apple (right), with Taiwanese "pineapple shijia" (atemoya) (left) The sugar apple readily breaks open when ripe. A deconstruction of a sugar apple shows a lobe of fruit and pulpy segments with seeds. A sugar apple ready to eat Sugar apple (Annona squamosa) seeds Red sugar apples from Myanmar Sugar apples in Taitung, Taiwan A sugar apple in Goiânia, Brazil Sugar apple tree in Philippines Two sugar apples in Bangladesh A sugar apple in tree in Terai of Nepal References ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI); IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Annona squamosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T146787183A146787185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022. ^ Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "PLANTS Profile, Annona squamosa L". The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-17. ^ a b "Annona squamosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-17. ^ Dr. Richard Wunderlin, Dr. Bruce Hansen. "synonyms of Annona squamosa". Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Institute for Systematic Botany, University of Florida. Retrieved 2008-04-17. ^ Missouri Botanical Garden (1753). "Annona squamosa L". Tropicos. Retrieved 2008-04-17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Current name: Annona squamosa". AgroForestryTree Database. International Center For Research In Agroforestry. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2008-04-17. ^ a b c d e f g h "Compilation: Annona squamosa". Global Plants. JSTOR. Retrieved 2019-09-05. ^ a b The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ a b c d Morton, Julia (1987). "Sugar Apple Annona squamosa". Fruits of warm climates. Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. p. 69. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kral, Robert. "Annona squamosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 3. Retrieved 2019-09-05. ^ a b c d e "Annona squamosa". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). 2008-01-05. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-17. ^ a b Morton, Julia (1987). "Annona squamosa". Fruits of warm climates. p. 69. Retrieved 6 March 2013. ^ a b "Annona squamosa". AgroForestryTree Database. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2013. ^ McGregor, S.E. Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants USDA, 1976 ^ Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130. ^ Grant, Amy (2021). "What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples". Gardening Know How. Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. ^ "Benefits of Custard apple". 22 December 2014. ^ a b Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N; et al. (2013). "Potential applications for Annona squamosa leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease". Natural Product Communications. 8 (3): 385–388. doi:10.1177/1934578X1300800327. PMID 23678817. ^ a b Yadav DK, Singh N; et al. (2011). "Anti-ulcer constituents of Annona squamosa twigs". Fitoterapia. 82 (4): 666–675. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.005. PMID 21342663. ^ Panda S, Kar A (2007). "Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of Annona squamosa leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside". BioFactors. 31 (3–4): 201–210. doi:10.1002/biof.5520310307. PMID 18997283. S2CID 38336427. ^ Moeschler HF, Pfluger W; et al. (August 1987). "Insecticide US 4689232 A". Retrieved 2014-12-03. ^ Chen Y, Xu SS; et al. (2012). "Anti-tumor activity of Annona squamosa seeds extract containing annonaceous acetogenin compounds". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 142 (2): 462–466. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019. PMID 22609808. ^ Li XH, Hui YH; et al. (1990). "Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of Annona squamosa". Journal of Natural Products. 53 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1021/np50067a010. PMID 2348205. ^ "Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)". January 2020. ^ a b Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N; et al. (2016). "Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant Annona squamosa Linn". Journal of Herbal Medicine. 7: 31–36. doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003. ^ "Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.)". Carib Fruits. Retrieved 8 November 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Annona squamosa. Data related to Annona squamosa at Wikispecies "Annona squamosa L." Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 March 2008. David Lee. "Photographs of trees Annona squamosa". The Miami Tree Puzzle. Florida International University. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-17. Annona squamosa L. Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (in Chinese) (in English) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Sweet-sop". Flora of North America: Annona squamosa "Annona squamosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Fruits from Americas: Annona squamosa Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: Annona squamosa Growing Sugar Apple Annona squamosa Taxon identifiersAnnona squamosa Wikidata: Q275620 Wikispecies: Annona squamosa AoFP: 1995 APDB: 6481 APNI: 117106 APSA: 96-8-1 ATRF: Annona_squamosa CoL: 674D7 Ecocrop: 414 EoL: 1054831 EPPO: ANUSQ FNA: 200008509 FoAO2: Annona squamosa FoC: 200008509 GBIF: 5407099 GISD: 1314 GRIN: 3503 iNaturalist: 69973 IPNI: 72319-1 IRMNG: 10592991 ISC: 5820 ITIS: 18100 IUCN: 146787183 NatureServe: 2.151462 NCBI: 301693 NTFlora: 24355 NZOR: e6b4d6a6-bd80-4f80-ada7-b0bcfdc41a7b Observation.org: 198546 Open Tree of Life: 915056 Plant List: kew-2641034 PLANTS: ANSQ POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1 Tropicos: 1600002 uBio: 447334 WFO: wfo-0000537947
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aluka-7"},{"link_name":"Annonaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonaceae"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Annona reticulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona_reticulata"},{"link_name":"Annona cherimola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona_cherimola"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRIN-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purdue-9"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aluka-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"soursop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soursop"},{"link_name":"Annona muricata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona_muricata"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIER-11"},{"link_name":"tropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Filipino"},{"link_name":"Manila galleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_galleons"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morton-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flora_Sinensis_-_Custard_Apple.JPG"},{"link_name":"Michał Boym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Boym"},{"link_name":"Flora Sinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Sinensis"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicuticular_wax"},{"link_name":"custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morton-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFTDB-13"},{"link_name":"insecticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Reuleaux triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux_triangle"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"atemoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atemoya"},{"link_name":"cherimoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherimoya"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Annona squamosa is a small, well-branched tree or shrub[7] from the family Annonaceae that bears edible fruits called sugar apples or sweetsops.[8] It tolerates a tropical lowland climate better than its relatives Annona reticulata and Annona cherimola[6] (whose fruits often share the same name)[3] helping make it the most widely cultivated of these species.[9]\nAnnona squamosa is a small, semi-(or late) deciduous,[10]\nmuch-branched shrub or small tree 3 to 8 metres (10 to 26 feet) tall[7][10]\nsimilar to soursop (Annona muricata).[11] It is a native of tropical climate in the Americas and West Indies, and Spanish traders aboard the Manila galleons docking in the Philippines brought it to Asia.[12]Michał Boym's drawing of, probably, the sugar-apple, in his Flora Sinensis (1655)The fruit is spherical-conical, 5–10 centimetres (2–4 inches) in diameter and 6–10 cm (2+1⁄4–4 in) long, and weighing 100–240 grams (3.5–8.5 ounces), with a thick rind composed of knobby segments. The colour is typically pale green through blue-green, with a deep pink blush in certain varieties, and typically has a bloom. It is unique among Annona fruits in being segmented; the segments tend to separate when ripe, exposing the innards.The flesh is fragrant and sweet, creamy white through light yellow, and resembles and tastes like custard. The seeds are coated with the flesh, It is found adhering to 13-to-16-millimetre-long (1⁄2 to 5⁄8 in) seeds forming individual segments arranged in a single layer around a conical core. It is soft, slightly grainy, and slippery. The hard, shiny seeds may number 20–40 or more per fruit and have a brown to black coat, although varieties exist that are almost seedless.[12][13] The seeds can be ground for use as an insecticide.[8]The stems run through the centre of the fruit connecting it to the outside. The skin is shaped like a Reuleaux triangle coloured green and rough in texture. Due to the soft flesh and structure of the sugar apple it is very fragile to pressure when ripe.New varieties are also being developed in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The atemoya or \"pineapple sugar-apple\", a hybrid between the sugar-apple and the cherimoya, is popular in Taiwan, although it was first developed in the United States in 1908. The fruit is similar in sweetness to the sugar-apple, but has a very different taste. As its name suggests, it tastes like pineapple.","title":"Annona squamosa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annona_squamosa_(Custurd_Apple)_flower_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_9352.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_sugar_apple_seedling.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annona_squamosa_(Custurd_Apple)_plant_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_9354.jpg"},{"link_name":"sugar-apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar-apple"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"}],"text":"FlowerSeedlingBranchesThe fruit of A. squamosa (sugar-apple) has sweet whitish pulp, and is popular in tropical markets.[10] In bengal it is called Ata phal.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annona_squamosa_at_Kampung_Bukit_Jagong_20230629_174058.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIER-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aluka-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIER-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"}],"sub_title":"Stems and leaves","text":"A. squamosa leavesBranches with light brown bark and visible leaf scars; inner bark light yellow and slightly bitter; twigs become brown with light brown dots (lenticels – small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue).[6]Thin, simple, alternate leaves[11] occur singly,[6] 5 to 17 centimetres (2 to 6+3⁄4 inches) long and 2 to 6 cm (3⁄4 to 2+3⁄8 in) wide;[10][6] rounded at the base and pointed at the tip (oblong-lanceolate).[10] They are pale green on both surfaces and mostly hairless[6] with slight hairs on the underside when young.[7] The sides sometimes are slightly unequal and the leaf edges are without teeth, inconspicuously hairy when young.[6][11]The leaf stalks are 0.4 to 2.2 cm (1⁄8 to 7⁄8 in) long,[10] green, and sparsely pubescent.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aluka-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"nitidulid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitidulidae"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Flowers","text":"Solitary or in short lateral clusters of 2–4 about 2.5 cm (1 in) long,[10] greenish-yellow flowers on a hairy, slender[6] 2 cm (3⁄4 in) long stalk.[10] Three green outer petals, purplish at the base, oblong, 1.6 to 2.5 cm (5⁄8 to 1 in) long, and 0.6 to 0.75 cm (1⁄4 to 5⁄16 in) wide, three inner petals reduced to minute scales or absent.[7][10] Very numerous stamens; crowded, white, less than 1.6 cm (5⁄8 in) long; ovary light green. Styles white, crowded on the raised axis. Each pistil forms a separate tubercle (small rounded wartlike protuberance), mostly 1.3 to 1.9 cm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in) long and 0.6 to 1.3 cm (1⁄4 to 1⁄2 in) wide which matures into the aggregate fruit.[6]Flowering occurs in spring-early summer[10] and flowers are pollinated by nitidulid beetles.[14] Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads.[15]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grant2021-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"raspberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aluka-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIER-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aluka-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aluka-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aluka-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"}],"sub_title":"Fruits and reproduction","text":"Fruits ripen 3 to 4 months after flowering.[16]Aggregate and soft fruits form from the numerous and loosely united pistils of a flower[6] which become enlarged[10] and mature into fruits which are distinct from fruits of other species of genus[6] (and more like a giant raspberry instead).The round or heart-shaped[6] greenish yellow, ripened aggregate fruit is pendulous[10] on a thickened stalk; 5 to 10 cm (2 to 3+7⁄8 in)[6][7] in diameter[10][11] with many round protuberances[6] and covered with a powdery bloom. Fruits are formed of loosely cohering or almost free carpels (the ripened pistels).[7]The pulp is white tinged yellow,[7] edible and sweetly aromatic. Each carpel containing an oblong, shiny and smooth,[6] dark brown[7] to black, 1.3 to 1.6 cm (1⁄2 to 5⁄8 in) long seed.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy"},{"link_name":"vitamin C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Sugar-apple is high in energy, an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese, a good source of thiamine and vitamin B6, and provides vitamin B2, B3 B5, B9, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium in fair quantities.[19]","title":"Nutrition and uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diterpenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diterpenoid"},{"link_name":"alkaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"atisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atisine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"oxophoebine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxophoebine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23678817-20"},{"link_name":"reticuline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticuline"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23678817-20"},{"link_name":"isocorydine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isocorydine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21342663-21"},{"link_name":"methylcorydaldine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methylcorydaldine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21342663-21"},{"link_name":"flavonoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid"},{"link_name":"quercetin-3-O-glucoside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin-3-O-glucoside"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18997283-22"},{"link_name":"Bayer AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG"},{"link_name":"acetogenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetogenin"},{"link_name":"annonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonin"},{"link_name":"biopesticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopesticide"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22609808-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2348205-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Chemistry","text":"The diterpenoid alkaloid atisine is the most abundant alkaloid in the root. Other constituents of Annona squamosa include the alkaloids oxophoebine,[20] reticuline,[20] isocorydine,[21] and methylcorydaldine,[21] and the flavonoid quercetin-3-O-glucoside.[22]Bayer AG has patented the extraction process and molecular identity of the annonaceous acetogenin annonin, as well as its use as a biopesticide.[23] Other acetogenins have been isolated from the seeds,[24] bark,[25] and leaves.[citation needed]","title":"Nutrition and uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Suzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"naturalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purdue-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIER-11"},{"link_name":"Neotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropic"},{"link_name":"Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua"},{"link_name":"Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"St Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"St Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Lucia"},{"link_name":"St Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Afrotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrotropic"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Indomalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomalaya"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Palearctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aft-6"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"}],"text":"Annona squamosa is native to the tropical Americas and West Indies, but the exact origin is unknown. It is now the most widely cultivated of all the species of Annona, being grown for its fruit throughout the tropics and warmer subtropics, such as Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, and China as far north as Suzhou;[26] it was introduced to southern Asia before 1590. It is naturalized as far north as southern Florida in the United States and as south as Bahia in Brazil, Bangladesh, and is an invasive species in some areas.[6][9][11]Native\nNeotropic\nCaribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands.\nCentral America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama\nNorthern South America: Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela\nWestern South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru\nSouthern South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay[6]Naturalised\n\nPacific: Samoa, Tonga\nNorth America: Mexico, Belize\nAfrotropic: Angola, Namibia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zanzibar, Kenya\nAustralasia: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands\nIndomalaya: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam\nPalearctic: Cyprus, Greece, Lebanon, Malta,[6] Israel","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drought-tolerant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought-tolerant"},{"link_name":"Annona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona"},{"link_name":"Nitidulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitidulidae"},{"link_name":"Staphylinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylinidae"},{"link_name":"Chrysomelidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysomelidae"},{"link_name":"Curculionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curculionidae"},{"link_name":"Scarabaeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarabaeidae"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purdue-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFTDB-13"}],"text":"Like most species of Annona, it requires a tropical or subtropical climate with summer temperatures from 25 °C (77 °F) to 41 °C (106 °F), and mean winter temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F). It is sensitive to cold and frost, being defoliated below 10 °C (50 °F) and killed by temperatures of a couple of degrees below freezing. It is only moderately drought-tolerant, requiring at least 700 millimetres (28 in) of annual rainfall, and does not produce fruit well during droughts.It will grow from sea level to an altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) and thrives in hot dry climates, differing in its tolerance of lowland tropics from many of the other fruit bearers in the Annona family.It is quite a prolific bearer, and it produces fruit within as little as two to three years. A five-year-old tree can produce as many as 50 sugar apples. Poor fruit production has been reported in Florida because there are few natural pollinators (honeybees have a difficult time penetrating the tightly closed female flowers); however, hand pollination with a natural fibre brush is effective in increasing yield. Natural pollinators include beetles (coleoptera) of the families Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae and Scarabaeidae.[9][13]","title":"Climate and cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Short-nosed_Fruit_Bat"},{"link_name":"Graphium agamemnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphium_agamemnon"}],"text":"In the Philippines, the fruit is commonly eaten by the Philippine fruit bat (kabag or kabog), which then spreads the seeds from island to island.It is a host plant for larvae of the butterfly Graphium agamemnon (tailed jay).","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decoction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoction"},{"link_name":"dysentery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery"},{"link_name":"urinary tract infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003-27"},{"link_name":"traditional Indian medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doi10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003-27"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purdue-9"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In traditional Indian, Thai, and Native American medicines, the leaves are boiled down with water, possibly mixed with other specific botanicals, and used in a decoction to treat dysentery and urinary tract infection.[27] In traditional Indian medicine, the leaves are also crushed for use as a poultice, and applied to wounds.[27] In Mexico, the leaves are rubbed on floors and put in hens' nests, to repel lice.[9]\nIn Haiti, the fruit is known as cachiman and is used to simply make juice.[28]\nIn Lebanon and Syria, it is made into a variety of desserts and sweets, referred to as ashta.[citation needed]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annona_squamosa_fruit_from_Myanmar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pineapple_shijia.jpg"},{"link_name":"atemoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atemoya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugar_Apple_(Annona_squamosa)_interior.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugar_Apple_deconstructed.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugar_Apple_pulp.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugar-apple_(Annona_squamosa)_seeds.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Sugar_Apple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugar-apples_5,_Taitung_County,_Dec_06.JPG"},{"link_name":"Taitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taitung_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ata_Sugar-apple_Pinha_Fruta_do_conde.JPG"},{"link_name":"Goiânia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugar_Apple_Tree.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aata_by_Mayeenul_Islam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarifa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"}],"text":"Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSugar apple (right), with Taiwanese \"pineapple shijia\" (atemoya) (left)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe sugar apple readily breaks open when ripe.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA deconstruction of a sugar apple shows a lobe of fruit and pulpy segments with seeds.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA sugar apple ready to eat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSugar apple (Annona squamosa) seeds\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRed sugar apples from Myanmar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSugar apples in Taitung, Taiwan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA sugar apple in Goiânia, Brazil\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSugar apple tree in Philippines\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTwo sugar apples in Bangladesh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA sugar apple in tree in Terai of Nepal","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Michał Boym's drawing of, probably, the sugar-apple, in his Flora Sinensis (1655)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flora_Sinensis_-_Custard_Apple.JPG/237px-Flora_Sinensis_-_Custard_Apple.JPG"},{"image_text":"Flower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Annona_squamosa_%28Custurd_Apple%29_flower_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9352.jpg/220px-Annona_squamosa_%28Custurd_Apple%29_flower_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9352.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seedling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Young_sugar_apple_seedling.jpg/220px-Young_sugar_apple_seedling.jpg"},{"image_text":"Branches","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Annona_squamosa_%28Custurd_Apple%29_plant_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9354.jpg/220px-Annona_squamosa_%28Custurd_Apple%29_plant_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9354.jpg"},{"image_text":"A. squamosa leaves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Annona_squamosa_at_Kampung_Bukit_Jagong_20230629_174058.jpg/220px-Annona_squamosa_at_Kampung_Bukit_Jagong_20230629_174058.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI); IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). \"Annona squamosa\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T146787183A146787185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/146787183/146787185","url_text":"\"Annona squamosa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en"}]},{"reference":"Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). \"PLANTS Profile, Annona squamosa L\". The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service","url_text":"Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)"},{"url":"https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANSQ","url_text":"\"PLANTS Profile, Annona squamosa L\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"\"Annona squamosa\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=3503","url_text":"\"Annona squamosa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"Dr. Richard Wunderlin, Dr. Bruce Hansen. \"synonyms of Annona squamosa\". Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Institute for Systematic Botany, University of Florida. Retrieved 2008-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida","url_text":"Dr. Richard Wunderlin, Dr. Bruce Hansen"},{"url":"http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/synonyms.asp?plantID=1995","url_text":"\"synonyms of Annona squamosa\""}]},{"reference":"Missouri Botanical Garden (1753). \"Annona squamosa L\". Tropicos. Retrieved 2008-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden","url_text":"Missouri Botanical Garden"},{"url":"http://www.tropicos.org/NameSynonyms.aspx?nameid=1600002","url_text":"\"Annona squamosa L\""}]},{"reference":"\"Current name: Annona squamosa\". AgroForestryTree Database. International Center For Research In Agroforestry. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2008-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526114153/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214","url_text":"\"Current name: Annona squamosa\""},{"url":"http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=214","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Compilation: Annona squamosa\". Global Plants. JSTOR. Retrieved 2019-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Annona.squamosa","url_text":"\"Compilation: Annona squamosa\""}]},{"reference":"The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364","url_text":"The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army","url_text":"United States Department of the Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing","url_text":"Skyhorse Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-692-0","url_text":"978-1-60239-692-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364","url_text":"277203364"}]},{"reference":"Morton, Julia (1987). \"Sugar Apple Annona squamosa\". Fruits of warm climates. Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. p. 69. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Morton","url_text":"Morton, Julia"},{"url":"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html","url_text":"\"Sugar Apple Annona squamosa\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080405173228/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sugar_apple.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kral, Robert. \"Annona squamosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753\". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 3. Retrieved 2019-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Annona_squamosa","url_text":"\"Annona squamosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annona squamosa\". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). 2008-01-05. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. 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PMID 22609808.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2012.05.019","url_text":"10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609808","url_text":"22609808"}]},{"reference":"Li XH, Hui YH; et al. (1990). \"Bullatacin, bullatacinone, and squamone, a new bioactive acetogenin, from the bark of Annona squamosa\". Journal of Natural Products. 53 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1021/np50067a010. PMID 2348205.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp50067a010","url_text":"10.1021/np50067a010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2348205","url_text":"2348205"}]},{"reference":"\"Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)\". January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://inaturalist.ca/observations/37152727","url_text":"\"Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)\""}]},{"reference":"Dholvitayakhun A, Trachoo N; et al. (2016). \"Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant Annona squamosa Linn\". Journal of Herbal Medicine. 7: 31–36. doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/884833","url_text":"\"Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of action of the medicinal plant Annona squamosa Linn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.hermed.2016.10.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003"}]},{"reference":"\"Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.)\". Carib Fruits. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://caribfruits.cirad.fr/fruits_tropicaux/cachiman","url_text":"\"Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annona squamosa L.\" Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=18100","url_text":"\"Annona squamosa L.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"David Lee. \"Photographs of trees Annona squamosa\". The Miami Tree Puzzle. Florida International University. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_International_University","url_text":"David Lee"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072812/http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html","url_text":"\"Photographs of trees Annona squamosa\""},{"url":"http://bio.fiu.edu/trees/sp_pages/Annona_squamosa.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annona squamosa\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Kingshill
Great Kingshill
["1 Village","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°40′22″N 0°43′51″W / 51.6729°N 0.7308°W / 51.6729; -0.7308 Human settlement in EnglandGreat KingshillThe Common, Great Kingshill, 2006Great KingshillLocation within BuckinghamshireOS grid referenceSU877979Civil parishHughendenUnitary authorityBuckinghamshireCeremonial countyBuckinghamshireRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townHIGH WYCOMBEPostcode districtHP15Dialling code01494PoliceThames ValleyFireBuckinghamshireAmbulanceSouth Central UK ParliamentAylesbury List of places UK England Buckinghamshire 51°40′22″N 0°43′51″W / 51.6729°N 0.7308°W / 51.6729; -0.7308 Great Kingshill is a small village in the parish of Hughenden in Buckinghamshire, England. It is located in the Chiltern Hills, about five miles west of Amersham and two and a half miles south of Great Missenden. Village The village name 'Kingshill' is fairly self-explanatory, meaning a hill in possession of the king. Local folklore suggests it was King John who provided the name; there is certainly evidence of King John granting the manor at Kingshill to Hugh de Gournay in 1213, although this same document states that the land was previously possessed by Geoffrey fitzPeter. The affix 'Great' was added later to differentiate between Great Kingshill and neighbouring Little Kingshill. There is some evidence of a settlement called Pirenore that was granted to Missenden Abbey in 1275. The settlement was discovered in Brand's Fee in Great Kingshill, and evidence suggests it was settled between the 11th and 16th centuries. It is possible that the settlement was wiped out by bubonic plague. Great Kingshill has a small local common, forming the heart of the village. It contains a younger children's playground, an older children's playground, football goals and a cricket area which is use by the Great Kingshill Cricket Club in the summer. There are also small festivals held here on evenings during the summer. The village has its own primary school. Many of the village children attend Great Kingshill school, as do children from a wide surrounding area. The school's most recent Ofsted report judged the school to be "Good" overall and "Outstanding" in some areas. Great Kingshill school is geographically located in the neighbouring hamlet of Cryers Hill. Great Kingshill is also home to Pipers Corner School, an all girl private school. According to the 2001 census by the Hughenden Parish Council (a parish of the Wycombe District Council), Great Kingshill had a population of 1,170 in an area of 35 hectares. See also Heath End, Buckinghamshire References ^ "The Lands of the Normans in England: Document Item 154 Details". HRI Online. Retrieved 7 June 2012. ^ "Monument Record ID 0212801000". Buckinghamshire County Council. Retrieved 7 June 2012. ^ Taylor, Andy (July 2005). "Grange Farm, Widmer End, Hughenden, Buckinghamshire: An Archaeological Evaluation for British Flora" (PDF). Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd. Retrieved 7 June 2012. ^ "History of the Parish". Hughenden Parish Council. Retrieved 7 June 2012. External links Great Kingshill Primary School Great Kingshill village website Great Kingshill Cricket Club Pipers Corner School vteWycombe District Buckinghamshire Unitary Council elections County Council elections District Council elections Aylesbury Constituency Beaconsfield Constituency Buckingham Constituency Wycombe Constituency Towns(component areasand hamlets) High Wycombe Cressex Micklefield Sands Terriers Totteridge Wycombe Marsh Marlow Forty Green Princes Risborough Alscot Askett Cadsden Flowers Bottom Loosley Row Lower North Dean Monks Risborough North Dean Redland End Speen Upper North Dean Whiteleaf Other civil parishes(component villagesand hamlets) Bledlow-cum-Saunderton Bledlow Bledlow Ridge Crownfield Forty Green Holly Green Pitch Green Rout's Green Saunderton Saunderton Lee Skittle Green Bradenham Bradenham Walters Ash Chepping Wycombe Flackwell Heath Loudwater Tylers Green Downley Ellesborough Butlers Cross Chalkshire Coombe Dunsmore Ellesborough Nash Lee North Lee Terrick Fawley Fawley Fawley Bottom Great and Little Hampden Great Hampden Green Hailey Hampden Row Little Hampden Great and Little Kimble cum Marsh Great Kimble Kimble Wick Little Kimble Marsh Smoky Row Great Marlow Bovingdon Green Burroughs Grove Chisbridge Cross Danesfield Marlow Common Hambleden Colstrope Fingest Frieth Hambleden Mill End Parmoor Pheasant's Hill Skirmett Hazlemere Hedsor Hedsor Widmoor Hughenden Cryers Hill Four Ashes Great Kingshill Hughenden Valley Hunt's Hill Naphill Naphill Common Widmer End Ibstone Lacey Green Lacey Green Parslow's Hillock Wardrobes Lane End Cadmore Ditchfield Lane End Moor Common Moor End Little Marlow Coldmoorholme Fern Handy Cross Little Marlow Sheepridge Well End Winchbottom Longwick-cum-Ilmer Horsenden Ilmer Little Meadle Longwick Meadle Owlswick Marlow Bottom Medmenham Bockmer End Lower Woodend Medmenham Rockwell End Piddington and Wheeler End Piddington Wheeler End Radnage Bennett End Radnage The City Stokenchurch Beacon's Bottom Bolter End Horsleys Green Stokenchurch Studley Green Waterend Turville Northend Southend Turville Turville Heath West Wycombe Booker West Wycombe Wooburn Berghers Hill Bourne End Cores End Hawks Hill Widmoor Wooburn Wooburn Green Wooburn Moor Former districtsand boroughs Marlow Urban District Wycombe Rural District Formerconstituencies Buckinghamshire County Constituency Great Marlow Constituency Parliamentary constituencies in Buckinghamshire Places in Buckinghamshire Civil parishes in Buckinghamshire
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[]
[{"title":"Heath End, Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_End,_Buckinghamshire"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Roberts_(first_lady)
Jane Roberts (first lady)
["1 Early life","1.1 Emigration to Liberia","2 Marriage and family","3 Political life","4 Widowhood and death","5 References"]
First Lady of Liberia For other people named Jane Roberts, see Jane Roberts (disambiguation). Jane RobertsRoberts in 1854BornJane Rose Waringc. 1819Virginia, United StatesDied(1914-01-10)January 10, 1914 (aged 94–95)London, EnglandResting placeStreatham CemeteryLondon, EnglandNationalityAmerican (Before 1824)Liberian (After 1824)Spouse Joseph Jenkins Roberts ​ ​(m. 1836; d. 1876)​ Jane Rose Waring Roberts (née Waring; c. 1819 – January 10, 1914) emigrated as a child with her free African-American family to the Colony of Liberia, where she was educated and grew up as a member of the Americo-Liberian community. She married politician Joseph Jenkins Roberts, also an American immigrant, who was appointed as governor of the colony. When he was elected President after Liberia's independence, she served as the first First Lady of the Republic of Liberia from 1848 to 1856. After he was re-elected, she served again from 1872 to 1876. She accompanied him on numerous diplomatic trips to other nations. She also promoted women's education. As a widow, Roberts traveled to the United Kingdom in the late nineteenth century to raise funds to build a hospital in Monrovia; she met with Queen Victoria for a second time. From 1906 to her death, she lived in London with a political black couple, former mayor John Archer and his wife. She was interred at Streatham Cemetery in the city. Early life Jane Rose Waring was born free in the American state of Virginia around 1819. She was one of several children in the Waring family, which was prominent in Virginia's sizeable free black community. Her father, Colston Waring, was a minister and a successful businessman. He sold his notable holdings in the United States in order to emigrate via the American Colonization Society to Liberia, a newly established colony in West Africa. Emigration to Liberia Jane's mother and her six children, including four-year-old Jane, followed Colston Waring and arrived in Liberia on February 13, 1824, having sailed on the Cyrus. Two of Jane's brothers, one older and one younger, died of "fever" in the first year. Another older brother and an older sister died in 1828. The family settled in Monrovia, where her father established a profitable commercial firm. Colston Waring was appointed as vice colonial agent of Liberia and died in 1838. Jane Waring was educated in Monrovia. She learned to read and write, and speak fluent French as well as English. She dedicated her life to Christian charities and the promotion of women's education. Marriage and family President Joseph Jenkins Roberts, c. 1851 In 1836, Waring at about the age of 17 married Joseph Jenkins Roberts. A widower, he was a free-born merchant from Virginia who had immigrated in 1829 to Liberia with his young family. His first wife and infant child died within the first year of their arriving at Monrovia. Waring's marriage to Roberts connected the two families, consolidating their wealth and social status. The couple had one child together, Sarah Ann Roberts, in 1838. They sent her to England for much of her education. Sarah Ann married William A. Johnson. Political life Joseph Jenkins Roberts advanced as a political leader and served as governor of Liberia from 1842 to 1848. Jane Roberts effectively served as the first First Lady. She also made contributions to farming, such as raising turkeys. She took a role in educating some Liberian children. In 1847, the Republic of Liberia declared independence from the United States, and Joseph Roberts was elected as the first president. He served until 1856. This lengthy tenure enlarged his wife's influence as the first First Lady of the nation. President Roberts made diplomatic visits to several countries and met with several heads of state, in an effort to gain recognition for the Republic of Liberia. His wife Jane sometimes accompanied him, including to Barbados, the United States, England, Belgium, and France. When they made a state visit to England, Queen Victoria received the couple on her royal yacht and honored them with a seventeen-gun salute. The couple returned to Monrovia on a British warship. French President Louis Napoleon III met with the couple twice, including in 1851. Later his government donated equipment to the Liberian military. In 1856, Joseph left the presidency. He was selected as president of the newly established Liberia College, serving until 1872. That year he returned to politics and was re-elected to Liberia's presidency. Jane Roberts again served as first lady. In 1872, Roberts lost both a sister, Susannah (Waring) Lewis, and their mother, Harriet (Graves) Waring Brander. After being widowed, her mother had remarried by 1847 to Nathaniel Brander, who also was a politician. He served with Joseph Roberts as vice president. Joseph Roberts died in 1876, soon after he resigned from the presidency. Jane had tried unsuccessfully to nurse him back to health when he was ill. Widowhood and death Jane Roberts, widow of Joseph Jenkins Roberts, in London, 1905 The widowed Jane Roberts continued to be active in her community. In 1887, she started a project to construct a hospital in Monrovia. While raising money, she visited the United States, where she dined with President Grover Cleveland and his wife at the White House. She was the only black woman to do so. President Cleveland contributed money to the hospital project. In 1891, she spoke at the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Colonization Society, which had been one of the state societies supporting American settlement in Liberia. In July 1892, Jane Roberts represented her government in meeting a second time with Queen Victoria, at Windsor Castle. She was to present a quilt for the queen, made by Americo-Liberian Martha Ricks over a period of twenty-five years. Roberts and the Liberian ambassador arranged for Ricks to accompany her and present the quilt personally to Victoria. Decades later, African-American artist Elton Fax drew a quick illustration of this Roberts/Ricks-Queen Victoria meeting and a larger portrait of Roberts, based on the 1905 photograph on this page, and entitled "They'll Never Die". The brief piece was published in 1949 in local newspapers. Roberts returned to England after the turn of the century. From 1906 until her death, she lived in London with a British couple, politician John Archer, the first black mayor of Battersea, a borough of London, and his wife Bertha. In England, she continued to raise funds for the Monrovia hospital, often through gifts from friends. Hallie Quinn Brown noted in a 1910 visit that Roberts at ninety-one years old was still "clear in mind and wonderfully active." On January 10, 1914, Jane Roberts died in the Archer home. She was one of the oldest members of the Liberian community. She was interred at Streatham Cemetery in London. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gates, Henry Louis and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (2008). The African American National Biography: Moore, Lenny-Romain. Oxford University Press. pp. 620–621. ISBN 978-0-19-516019-2. ^ Woodson, C. G. (October 1947 – June 1948). Negro history bulletin v.11. pp. 99–100. ^ a b "ROLL OF EMIGRANTS THAT HAVE BEEN SENT TO THE COLONY OF LIBERIA, WESTERN AFRICA, BY THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY AND ITS AUXILIARIES, TO SEPTEMBER, 1843, &c". Christine's African American Genealogy Website. Retrieved May 24, 2021. ^ a b Sawyer, Amos (1992). The emergence of autocracy in Liberia: tragedy and challenge. Institute for Contemporary Studies. p. 110. ISBN 9781558151918. ^ a b c Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2011). Life Upon These Shores: Looking at African American History, 1513-2008. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 59. ISBN 9780307593429. ^ "Roberts Family". University of Virginia. Retrieved May 24, 2021. ^ Shick, Tom W. (2008). Behold the promised land: a history of Afro-American settler society in nineteenth-century Liberia. Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780801823091. ^ a b Harris, Joseph E. (1993). Global dimensions of the African diaspora. Howard University Press. pp. 374, 379. ISBN 9780882581491. ^ a b c Brown, Hallie Q. (1971). Homespun heroines and other women of distinction. Black heritage library collection. Books for Libraries Press. pp. 47–49. ISBN 9780836987614. ^ "American Colonization Society". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 24, 2021. ^ Benberr, Cuesta (1992). Always there: the African-American presence in American quilts. Kentucky Quilt Project. p. 36. ISBN 9781880584026. ^ Dale, Penny (7 July 2017). "A quilt fit for a queen". BBC News. ^ Fax, Elton (19 February 1949). "They'll Never Die". Jackson Advocate. Jackson, Mississippi. p. 5. Retrieved 24 May 2021. ^ "Race News". The Colorado Statesman. Denver, Colorado. 24 January 1914. p. 5. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Roberts (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Roberts_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Colony of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Americo-Liberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americo-Liberian"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jenkins Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Republic of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"John Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archer_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Streatham Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_Cemetery"}],"text":"For other people named Jane Roberts, see Jane Roberts (disambiguation).Jane Rose Waring Roberts (née Waring; c. 1819 – January 10, 1914) emigrated as a child with her free African-American family to the Colony of Liberia, where she was educated and grew up as a member of the Americo-Liberian community.She married politician Joseph Jenkins Roberts, also an American immigrant, who was appointed as governor of the colony. When he was elected President after Liberia's independence, she served as the first First Lady of the Republic of Liberia from 1848 to 1856. After he was re-elected, she served again from 1872 to 1876. She accompanied him on numerous diplomatic trips to other nations. She also promoted women's education.As a widow, Roberts traveled to the United Kingdom in the late nineteenth century to raise funds to build a hospital in Monrovia; she met with Queen Victoria for a second time. From 1906 to her death, she lived in London with a political black couple, former mayor John Archer and his wife. She was interred at Streatham Cemetery in the city.","title":"Jane Roberts (first lady)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"},{"link_name":"free black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_black"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin-2"},{"link_name":"Colston Waring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colston_Waring&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Colonization Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society"}],"text":"Jane Rose Waring was born free in the American state of Virginia around 1819.[1] She was one of several children in the Waring family, which was prominent in Virginia's sizeable free black community.[2] Her father, Colston Waring, was a minister and a successful businessman. He sold his notable holdings in the United States in order to emigrate via the American Colonization Society to Liberia, a newly established colony in West Africa.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccharity-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccharity-3"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sawyer-4"},{"link_name":"vice colonial agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agents_and_governors_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shores-5"}],"sub_title":"Emigration to Liberia","text":"Jane's mother and her six children, including four-year-old Jane, followed Colston Waring and arrived in Liberia on February 13, 1824, having sailed on the Cyrus.[3] Two of Jane's brothers, one older and one younger, died of \"fever\" in the first year. Another older brother and an older sister died in 1828.[3]The family settled in Monrovia, where her father established a profitable commercial firm.[4] Colston Waring was appointed as vice colonial agent of Liberia and died in 1838.Jane Waring was educated in Monrovia. She learned to read and write, and speak fluent French as well as English.[1] She dedicated her life to Christian charities and the promotion of women's education.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jenkins Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edu-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sawyer-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Behold-7"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"}],"text":"President Joseph Jenkins Roberts, c. 1851In 1836, Waring at about the age of 17 married Joseph Jenkins Roberts. A widower, he was a free-born merchant from Virginia who had immigrated in 1829 to Liberia with his young family.[1] His first wife and infant child died within the first year of their arriving at Monrovia.[6]Waring's marriage to Roberts connected the two families, consolidating their wealth and social status.[4][7] The couple had one child together, Sarah Ann Roberts, in 1838. They sent her to England for much of her education. Sarah Ann married William A. Johnson.[1]","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global-8"},{"link_name":"declared independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_Liberian_general_election"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"},{"link_name":"state visit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-9"},{"link_name":"Louis Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"},{"link_name":"Liberia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia_College"},{"link_name":"re-elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_Liberian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Brander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Brander"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"}],"text":"Joseph Jenkins Roberts advanced as a political leader and served as governor of Liberia from 1842 to 1848. Jane Roberts effectively served as the first First Lady. She also made contributions to farming, such as raising turkeys.[8] She took a role in educating some Liberian children.[8]In 1847, the Republic of Liberia declared independence from the United States, and Joseph Roberts was elected as the first president. He served until 1856.[1] This lengthy tenure enlarged his wife's influence as the first First Lady of the nation.President Roberts made diplomatic visits to several countries and met with several heads of state, in an effort to gain recognition for the Republic of Liberia. His wife Jane sometimes accompanied him, including to Barbados, the United States, England, Belgium, and France.[1] When they made a state visit to England, Queen Victoria received the couple on her royal yacht and honored them with a seventeen-gun salute. The couple returned to Monrovia on a British warship.[9] French President Louis Napoleon III met with the couple twice, including in 1851. Later his government donated equipment to the Liberian military.[1]In 1856, Joseph left the presidency. He was selected as president of the newly established Liberia College, serving until 1872. That year he returned to politics and was re-elected to Liberia's presidency. Jane Roberts again served as first lady.In 1872, Roberts lost both a sister, Susannah (Waring) Lewis, and their mother, Harriet (Graves) Waring Brander. After being widowed, her mother had remarried by 1847 to Nathaniel Brander, who also was a politician. He served with Joseph Roberts as vice president.[1]Joseph Roberts died in 1876, soon after he resigned from the presidency. Jane had tried unsuccessfully to nurse him back to health when he was ill.[1]","title":"Political life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mrs_Jane_Robert,_1905,_London.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shores-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library-10"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shores-5"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"},{"link_name":"Martha Ricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Ann_Erskine_Ricks"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quilt-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"Elton Fax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Fax"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news1-13"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"John Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archer_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Battersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"},{"link_name":"Hallie Quinn Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallie_Quinn_Brown"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news2-14"},{"link_name":"Streatham Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aabio-1"}],"text":"Jane Roberts, widow of Joseph Jenkins Roberts, in London, 1905The widowed Jane Roberts continued to be active in her community.[1] In 1887, she started a project to construct a hospital in Monrovia.[5][10] While raising money, she visited the United States, where she dined with President Grover Cleveland and his wife at the White House.[5] She was the only black woman to do so. President Cleveland contributed money to the hospital project. In 1891, she spoke at the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Colonization Society, which had been one of the state societies supporting American settlement in Liberia.[1]In July 1892, Jane Roberts represented her government in meeting a second time with Queen Victoria, at Windsor Castle.[1] She was to present a quilt for the queen, made by Americo-Liberian Martha Ricks over a period of twenty-five years. Roberts and the Liberian ambassador arranged for Ricks to accompany her and present the quilt personally to Victoria.[9][11][12]Decades later, African-American artist Elton Fax drew a quick illustration of this Roberts/Ricks-Queen Victoria meeting and a larger portrait of Roberts, based on the 1905 photograph on this page, and entitled \"They'll Never Die\". The brief piece was published in 1949 in local newspapers.[13]Roberts returned to England after the turn of the century. From 1906 until her death, she lived in London with a British couple, politician John Archer, the first black mayor of Battersea, a borough of London, and his wife Bertha.[1] In England, she continued to raise funds for the Monrovia hospital, often through gifts from friends. Hallie Quinn Brown noted in a 1910 visit that Roberts at ninety-one years old was still \"clear in mind and wonderfully active.\"[9]On January 10, 1914, Jane Roberts died in the Archer home.[14] She was one of the oldest members of the Liberian community. She was interred at Streatham Cemetery in London.[1]","title":"Widowhood and death"}]
[{"image_text":"President Joseph Jenkins Roberts, c. 1851","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts.jpg/110px-Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jane Roberts, widow of Joseph Jenkins Roberts, in London, 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mrs_Jane_Robert%2C_1905%2C_London.jpg/220px-Mrs_Jane_Robert%2C_1905%2C_London.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Gates, Henry Louis and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (2008). The African American National Biography: Moore, Lenny-Romain. Oxford University Press. pp. 620–621. ISBN 978-0-19-516019-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yCoOAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The African American National Biography: Moore, Lenny-Romain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516019-2","url_text":"978-0-19-516019-2"}]},{"reference":"Woodson, C. G. (October 1947 – June 1948). Negro history bulletin v.11. pp. 99–100.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210016282194","url_text":"Negro history bulletin v.11"}]},{"reference":"\"ROLL OF EMIGRANTS THAT HAVE BEEN SENT TO THE COLONY OF LIBERIA, WESTERN AFRICA, BY THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY AND ITS AUXILIARIES, TO SEPTEMBER, 1843, &c\". Christine's African American Genealogy Website. Retrieved May 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ccharity.com/contents/roll-emigrants-have-been-sent-colony-liberia-western-africa/emigrants-to-liberia-ship-lists/cyruscompany1824/","url_text":"\"ROLL OF EMIGRANTS THAT HAVE BEEN SENT TO THE COLONY OF LIBERIA, WESTERN AFRICA, BY THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY AND ITS AUXILIARIES, TO SEPTEMBER, 1843, &c\""}]},{"reference":"Sawyer, Amos (1992). The emergence of autocracy in Liberia: tragedy and challenge. Institute for Contemporary Studies. p. 110. ISBN 9781558151918.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002545317","url_text":"The emergence of autocracy in Liberia: tragedy and challenge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558151918","url_text":"9781558151918"}]},{"reference":"Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2011). Life Upon These Shores: Looking at African American History, 1513-2008. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 59. ISBN 9780307593429.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dmJfdgw639MC","url_text":"Life Upon These Shores: Looking at African American History, 1513-2008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307593429","url_text":"9780307593429"}]},{"reference":"\"Roberts Family\". University of Virginia. Retrieved May 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/liberia/index.php?page=Stories&section=The%20Roberts%20Family","url_text":"\"Roberts Family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia","url_text":"University of Virginia"}]},{"reference":"Shick, Tom W. (2008). Behold the promised land: a history of Afro-American settler society in nineteenth-century Liberia. Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780801823091.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000028231","url_text":"Behold the promised land: a history of Afro-American settler society in nineteenth-century Liberia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801823091","url_text":"9780801823091"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Joseph E. (1993). Global dimensions of the African diaspora. Howard University Press. pp. 374, 379. ISBN 9780882581491.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002817643","url_text":"Global dimensions of the African diaspora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882581491","url_text":"9780882581491"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Hallie Q. (1971). Homespun heroines and other women of distinction. Black heritage library collection. Books for Libraries Press. pp. 47–49. ISBN 9780836987614.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000361166","url_text":"Homespun heroines and other women of distinction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836987614","url_text":"9780836987614"}]},{"reference":"\"American Colonization Society\". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/collections/daguerreotypes/articles-and-essays/mirror-images-daguerreotypes-at-the-library-of-congress/american-colonization-society/","url_text":"\"American Colonization Society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"Benberr, Cuesta (1992). Always there: the African-American presence in American quilts. Kentucky Quilt Project. p. 36. ISBN 9781880584026.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002595250","url_text":"Always there: the African-American presence in American quilts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781880584026","url_text":"9781880584026"}]},{"reference":"Dale, Penny (7 July 2017). \"A quilt fit for a queen\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40500884","url_text":"\"A quilt fit for a queen\""}]},{"reference":"Fax, Elton (19 February 1949). \"They'll Never Die\". Jackson Advocate. Jackson, Mississippi. p. 5. Retrieved 24 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn79000083/1949-02-19/ed-1/seq-5/","url_text":"\"They'll Never Die\""}]},{"reference":"\"Race News\". The Colorado Statesman. Denver, Colorado. 24 January 1914. p. 5. Retrieved 24 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025514/1914-01-24/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Race News\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perley_A._Pitcher
Perley A. Pitcher
["1 Life","2 Sources"]
American politician Perley A. Pitcher (January 27, 1877 in Pamelia, Jefferson County, New York – February 20, 1939 in Albany, New York) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was Temporary President of the New York State Senate in 1939. Life He was the son of John P. Pitcher and Mary Olive Delia (Root) Pitcher. He studied law in Watertown. He married Louella Northup Cox (1876–1947). He was a member of the New York State Senate (37th D.) from 1925 until his death in 1939, sitting in the 148th, 149th, 150th, 151st, 152nd, 153rd, 154th, 155th, 156th, 157th, 158th, 159th, 160th, 161st and 162nd New York State Legislatures. He was the Republican Floor Leader at the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1938 and was elected Temporary President of the State Senate at the beginning of the session, in 1939. Less than two months into the legislative session, he died in his hotel room in Albany, New York. He was buried at the North Watertown Cemetery in Watertown. Sources Obituary in New York Times on February 21, 1939 (subscription required) The Pitcher Book:A Genealogical History of the Descendants of Andrew Pitcher and Margaret Russell Who Settled in Milton, Massachusetts, 1634-2007 by William Richard Phipps (pages 301f; Heritage Books, 2007, ISBN 0-7884-4482-4, ISBN 978-0-7884-4482-1 ) (stating wrong birthplace and dying place) New York State Senate Preceded byWillard S. Augsbury New York State Senate 37th District 1925–1939 Succeeded byIsaac B. Mitchell Political offices Preceded byGeorge R. Fearon Minority Leader in the New York State Senate 1937–1938 Succeeded byJohn J. Dunnigan Preceded byJohn J. Dunnigan Temporary President of the New York State Senate 1939 Succeeded byJoe R. Hanley vtePresidents pro tempore and majority leaders of the New York State Senate Robertson McCarthy vacant (1882) Jacobs McCarthy Pitts Low Fassett Cantor Saxton O'Connor Ellsworth Raines Allds Cobb Wagner Wagner/Murtaugh Brown Walters Lusk Walker Knight Fearon Dunnigan Pitcher Hanley Feinberg Wicks Mahoney Zaretzki Brydges Anderson Marino Bruno Skelos Smith Espada/Skelos Leadership crisis Smith/Espada Skelos Skelos/Klein Skelos Flanagan Stewart-Cousins
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pamelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamelia,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Temporary President of the New York State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_Leader_of_the_New_York_State_Senate"}],"text":"Perley A. Pitcher (January 27, 1877 in Pamelia, Jefferson County, New York – February 20, 1939 in Albany, New York) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was Temporary President of the New York State Senate in 1939.","title":"Perley A. Pitcher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Watertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"148th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/148th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"149th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/149th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"150th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/150th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"151st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/151st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"152nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/152nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"153rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/153rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"154th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/154th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"155th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/155th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"156th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/156th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"157th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/157th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"158th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/158th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"159th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/159th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"160th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"161st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/161st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"162nd New York State Legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/162nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"New York State Constitutional Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Constitutional_Convention"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Watertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown,_New_York"}],"text":"He was the son of John P. Pitcher and Mary Olive Delia (Root) Pitcher. He studied law in Watertown. He married Louella Northup Cox (1876–1947).He was a member of the New York State Senate (37th D.) from 1925 until his death in 1939, sitting in the 148th, 149th, 150th, 151st, 152nd, 153rd, 154th, 155th, 156th, 157th, 158th, 159th, 160th, 161st and 162nd New York State Legislatures. He was the Republican Floor Leader at the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1938 and was elected Temporary President of the State Senate at the beginning of the session, in 1939.Less than two months into the legislative session, he died in his hotel room in Albany, New York. He was buried at the North Watertown Cemetery in Watertown.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obituary in New York Times on February 21, 1939 (subscription required)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1939/02/21/archives/perley-a-pitcher-dies-alone-in-hotel-senate-majority-chief-found-by.html"},{"link_name":"The Pitcher Book:A Genealogical History of the Descendants of Andrew Pitcher and Margaret Russell Who Settled in Milton, Massachusetts, 1634-2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9_K6VOqajscC&pg=PA302&dq=perley+pitcher+1877+1939&lr=&hl=pt-BR&sig=ACfU3U2Lu1qtVcsW9i9g7Xp0UJeYChVOKA#PPA301,M1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7884-4482-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7884-4482-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7884-4482-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-4482-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Majority_leaders_of_the_New_York_Senate"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Majority_leaders_of_the_New_York_Senate"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Majority_leaders_of_the_New_York_Senate"},{"link_name":"Presidents pro tempore and majority leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_Leader_of_the_New_York_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"New York State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Robertson"},{"link_name":"McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_McCarthy_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Jacobs"},{"link_name":"McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_McCarthy_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"Pitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_L._Pitts"},{"link_name":"Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_R._Low"},{"link_name":"Fassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Sloat_Fassett"},{"link_name":"Cantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_A._Cantor"},{"link_name":"Saxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_T._Saxton"},{"link_name":"O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_E._Ellsworth"},{"link_name":"Raines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Raines"},{"link_name":"Allds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotham_P._Allds"},{"link_name":"Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Cobb"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner"},{"link_name":"Murtaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Murtaugh"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_R._Brown"},{"link_name":"Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Henry_Walters"},{"link_name":"Lusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_R._Lusk"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Walker"},{"link_name":"Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knight_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Fearon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Fearon"},{"link_name":"Dunnigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Dunnigan"},{"link_name":"Pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley"},{"link_name":"Feinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_F._Feinberg"},{"link_name":"Wicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_H._Wicks"},{"link_name":"Mahoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_J._Mahoney"},{"link_name":"Zaretzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Zaretzki"},{"link_name":"Brydges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Brydges"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_J._Marino"},{"link_name":"Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bruno"},{"link_name":"Skelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Skelos"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Smith_(U.S._politician)"},{"link_name":"Espada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Espada_Jr."},{"link_name":"Skelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Skelos"},{"link_name":"Leadership crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_New_York_State_Senate_leadership_crisis"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Smith_(U.S._politician)"},{"link_name":"Espada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Espada_Jr."},{"link_name":"Skelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Skelos"},{"link_name":"Skelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Skelos"},{"link_name":"Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_D._Klein"},{"link_name":"Skelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Skelos"},{"link_name":"Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Flanagan"},{"link_name":"Stewart-Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_New_York.svg"}],"text":"Obituary in New York Times on February 21, 1939 (subscription required)\nThe Pitcher Book:A Genealogical History of the Descendants of Andrew Pitcher and Margaret Russell Who Settled in Milton, Massachusetts, 1634-2007 by William Richard Phipps (pages 301f; Heritage Books, 2007, ISBN 0-7884-4482-4, ISBN 978-0-7884-4482-1 ) (stating wrong birthplace and dying place)vtePresidents pro tempore and majority leaders of the New York State Senate\nRobertson\nMcCarthy\nvacant (1882)\nJacobs\nMcCarthy\nPitts\nLow\nFassett\nCantor\nSaxton\nO'Connor\nEllsworth\nRaines\nAllds\nCobb\nWagner\nWagner/Murtaugh\nBrown\nWalters\nLusk\nWalker\nKnight\nFearon\nDunnigan\nPitcher\nHanley\nFeinberg\nWicks\nMahoney\nZaretzki\nBrydges\nAnderson\nMarino\nBruno\nSkelos\nSmith\nEspada/Skelos\nLeadership crisis\nSmith/Espada\nSkelos\nSkelos/Klein\nSkelos\nFlanagan\nStewart-Cousins","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeighborWorks_America
NeighborWorks America
["1 History","2 Community Leaders","3 Leaders in NeighborWorks History","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links"]
Nonprofit organization for community development This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) NeighborWorks AmericaCompany typeNonprofit - Congressionally CharteredIndustryAffordable Housing and Community DevelopmentFounded1978HeadquartersWashington, DC, USAKey peopleMarietta Rodriguez, President and CEO Susan M. Ifill, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Kemba Esmond, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Arturo Weldon, Executive Vice President & Chief Information OfficerProductsNeighborWorks CompassCounselorMaxOrganizational Assessment ServicesSuccess MeasuresTrainingAchieving Excellence ProgramOperating incomeUS $312,437,291 (FY 2015)Websitewww.neighborworks.org Part of a series onLiving spaces MainHouse (detached) • Apartment • Housing projects • Human outpost • Tenement • Condominium • Mixed-use development (live-work) • Hotel • Hostel (travellers' hotel) • Castles • Public housing • Squat • Flophouse • Green home • Shack • Slum • Shanty town IssuesAffordability • Executive housing • Environmental planning • Eviction • Fair housing • Healthiness • Homelessness • Housing discrimination • Housing inequality • Home ownership • Luxury apartments • Ownership equity • Permit • Rent • Subprime lending • Subsidized housing • Sustainable development • Vagrancy Society and politicsHousing First • NIMBY • Housing subsidy • Rent control • Real estate economics • Redlining • Right to housing • Rent strike • Tenants union • YIMBY OtherAssisted living • Cottage homes • Foster care • Group home • Halfway house • Homeless shelter • Hospital • Nursing home • Orphanage • Prison • Psychiatric hospital • Residential care • Retirement home • Residential treatment center • Retirement community • Supportive housing • Supported living Housing portal vte The Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, doing business as NeighborWorks America, is a congressionally chartered nonprofit organization that supports community development in the United States and Puerto Rico. The organization provides grants and technical assistance to more than 240 community development organizations. NeighborWorks America provides training for housing and community development professionals through its national training institutes. Since 2007, NeighborWorks America has administered the Congressionally created National Foreclosure Mitigation Counseling Program. The NeighborWorks network comprises more than 240 community development organizations working in urban, suburban and rural communities across the country. The Neighborhood Reinvestment board of directors consists of the Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, a member of the Chief Counsel Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Vice Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and a member of the Board of the National Credit Union Administration. History Early origins of the nonprofit NeighborWorks® America are traced to 1968, when Dorothy Mae Richardson, a Central North Side resident of Pittsburgh, started a campaign for better housing in her neighborhood. Dorothy Mae Richardson worked with city bankers and government officials to convince 16 financial institutions to give out conventional loans in the community. Her legacy was an organization named the Neighborhood Housing Services (NHS) of Pittsburgh. Eventually, Neighborhood Housing Services of Pittsburgh became the national model for community-based housing initiatives throughout the country. In 1970, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, became involved with Neighborhood Housing Services (NHS) of Pittsburgh, and started expanding the program by training savings and loan officers for urban areas nationally. In 1978, Congress chartered Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, with a mission to recreate Neighborhood Housing Services of Pittsburgh's housing program throughout the nation's cities. In 1984 the first Neighborhood Housing Week (now called NeighborWorks Week) was congressionally established. President Ronald Reagan proclaimed a national observance. During the 1980s, the Ad Council worked with Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation and created “NeighborWorks.” Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation began doing business as NeighborWorks America in 2005. In 2007, Congress selected NeighborWorks America to administer the National Foreclosure Mitigation Counseling program. In a continuing effort to assist in recovery from the housing crisis, in 2009 NeighborWorks launched the Loan Modification Scam Alert campaign and Stable Communities Initiative. In June 2011, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, in partnership with NeighborWorks America, launched the Emergency Homeowners' Loan Program to assist homeowners across the country at risk of foreclosure. There are now more than 240 NeighborWorks organizations operating in urban, suburban and rural communities in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. In the past five years, NeighborWorks organizations have generated more than $19.5 billion in reinvestment in these communities. NeighborWorks America has become a leading trainer of community development, financial capability and affordable housing professionals. NeighborWorks America has helped more than 1.7 million homeowners through its congressionally funded National Foreclosure Mitigation Counseling program. Community Leaders In honor of its namesake, NeighborWorks America nationally offers the Dorothy Richardson Award for Resident Leadership. Dorothy Richardson continued to live in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as an active community member and supervisor of the Pittsburgh Housing Clinic, until her death on April 28, 1991, at Allegheny General Hospital. She lived to 68. She graduated from Allegheny High in 1940. Leaders in NeighborWorks History Bill Whiteside, First Executive Director of Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation from 1978 to 1990 George Knight, executive director from 1990 to 2000, Inducted into the Affordable Housing Hall of Fame Ellen Lazar, executive director from 2000 to 2003 Kenneth Wade, CEO from 2004 to 2011 Eileen Fitzgerald, CEO from 2011 to 2014 Paul Weech, CEO from 2014 to 2017 Marietta Rodriguez, President and CEO from 2018 to present See also Title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations Notes ^ "Officers - NeighborWorks America". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29. ^ "Training and Professional Development - NeighborWorks America". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29. ^ "Homes & Finances - NeighborWorks America". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29. ^ "Our Network". NeighborWorks America. Retrieved August 28, 2023. ^ Roger Stuart (February 1967). "Our Housing Crisis:CASH carries the ball in War". Article. The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 20 December 2012. ^ "RightsGroup in Blast at Rosenbloom". Article. November 1967. Retrieved 20 December 2012. ^ "2 Blacks Added to Housing Authority Board". Article. November 1968. Retrieved 20 December 2012. ^ "Housing Group Reelects Officers". Article. October 1974. Retrieved 20 December 2012. ^ Squires, Gregory (1992). Redlining To Reinvestment (Conflicts in Urban and Regional Development). Temple University Press. pp. 288. ISBN 0877229856. ^ "2 advocates of better housing are outlived by efforts". Article. June 1991. Retrieved 20 December 2012. ^ "Dorothy Richardson". Article. June 1991. Retrieved 20 December 2012. ^ "City Woman's Volunteer Work honored with National Award". Article. November 1997. Retrieved 20 December 2012. ^ James Erickson, David (2009). The Housing Policy Revolution: Networks and Neighborhoods. The Urban Institute Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0877667605. ^ "Philadelphia City Planning Commission Report". Retrieved 21 December 2012. ^ "FDIC Law, Regulations, Related Acts". Retrieved 21 December 2012. ^ Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. "National Neighborhood Housing Services Week". Retrieved 20 December 2012. ^ "Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation". 20 September 2017. ^ a b "Our History - NeighborWorks America". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29. ^ "Dorothy Richardson Award for Resident Leadership". Retrieved 20 December 2012. ^ "Five Who Shaped the Industry". Affordable Housing Finance. Retrieved 29 August 2011. External links Official website Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation in the Federal Register vteContemporary social welfare programs in the United StatesTransfer payments Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Social Security Supplemental Security Income Social Security Disability Insurance Unemployment insurance Public housing Section 8 (housing) Office of Public and Indian Housing Food Commodity Supplemental Food Program Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program WIC Child and Adult Care Food Program Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico School meal programs in the United States School Breakfast Program Farmers' Market Nutrition Program Summer Food Service Program Special Milk Program Nutrition Assistance Grants Reduced-price meal Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations Education Head Start Program Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant Health Insurance Medicare Medicaid Children's Health Insurance Program Grants & subsidies Community Development Block Grant Community Services Block Grant Child care and development block grant HOME Investment Partnerships Program Housing trust fund Mutual self-help housing Single Family Housing Direct Home Loans (Section 502) NeighborWorks America Urban Partnership Bank HOPE VI Government National Mortgage Association FHA insured loan HUD Neighborhood Networks Renewal community Empowerment zone Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Lifeline State & territory California New York Puerto Rico vteHousing in the United States by state or territoryStates Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Non-states American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Washington, D.C. Related topics Architecture Economy Eviction Home ownership Homelessness California San Francisco Bay Area Colorado Florida Housing discrimination Housing insecurity California San Francisco Silicon Valley Mortgage industry Organizations Policy Homestead Acts Right to housing Slum clearance Subsidized housing Racism Segregation Squatting Zoning Missing middle housing NIMBY Parking mandates Single-family zoning YIMBY movement Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doing business as","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_business_as"},{"link_name":"congressionally chartered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_charter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Housing and Urban Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development"},{"link_name":"Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System"},{"link_name":"Comptroller of the Currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Currency"},{"link_name":"Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation"},{"link_name":"National Credit Union Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Credit_Union_Administration"}],"text":"The Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, doing business as NeighborWorks America, is a congressionally chartered nonprofit organization that supports community development in the United States and Puerto Rico. The organization provides grants and technical assistance to more than 240 community development organizations. NeighborWorks America provides training for housing and community development professionals through its national training institutes.[2] Since 2007, NeighborWorks America has administered the Congressionally created National Foreclosure Mitigation Counseling Program.[3]The NeighborWorks network comprises more than 240 community development organizations working in urban, suburban and rural communities across the country.[4]The Neighborhood Reinvestment board of directors consists of the Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, a member of the Chief Counsel Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Vice Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and a member of the Board of the National Credit Union Administration.","title":"NeighborWorks America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NeighborWorks® America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.NeighborWorks.org/"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Mae Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Mae_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Central North Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Northside_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"started a campaign for better housing in her neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Mae_Richardson#Activism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-David_James_Erickson-13"},{"link_name":"Federal Home Loan Bank Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Banks"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_American_Presidency_Project-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neighborworks.org-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neighborworks.org-18"}],"text":"Early origins of the nonprofit NeighborWorks® America are traced to 1968, when Dorothy Mae Richardson, a Central North Side resident of Pittsburgh, started a campaign for better housing in her neighborhood.[5][6][7][8] Dorothy Mae Richardson worked with city bankers and government officials to convince 16 financial institutions to give out conventional loans in the community.[9] Her legacy was an organization named the Neighborhood Housing Services (NHS) of Pittsburgh.[10] Eventually, Neighborhood Housing Services of Pittsburgh became the national model for community-based housing initiatives throughout the country.[11][12][13] In 1970, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, became involved with Neighborhood Housing Services (NHS) of Pittsburgh, and started expanding the program by training savings and loan officers for urban areas nationally.[14]In 1978, Congress chartered Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, with a mission to recreate Neighborhood Housing Services of Pittsburgh's housing program throughout the nation's cities.[15]In 1984 the first Neighborhood Housing Week[16] (now called NeighborWorks Week) was congressionally established. President Ronald Reagan proclaimed a national observance.During the 1980s, the Ad Council worked with Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation and created “NeighborWorks.”Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation began doing business as NeighborWorks America in 2005.[17]In 2007, Congress selected NeighborWorks America to administer the National Foreclosure Mitigation Counseling program. In a continuing effort to assist in recovery from the housing crisis, in 2009 NeighborWorks launched the Loan Modification Scam Alert campaign and Stable Communities Initiative. In June 2011, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, in partnership with NeighborWorks America, launched the Emergency Homeowners' Loan Program to assist homeowners across the country at risk of foreclosure.[18]There are now more than 240 NeighborWorks organizations operating in urban, suburban and rural communities in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. In the past five years, NeighborWorks organizations have generated more than $19.5 billion in reinvestment in these communities. NeighborWorks America has become a leading trainer of community development, financial capability and affordable housing professionals. NeighborWorks America has helped more than 1.7 million homeowners through its congressionally funded National Foreclosure Mitigation Counseling program.\n[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_NeighborWorks_Awards-19"},{"link_name":"Allegheny General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Allegheny High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_High_School"}],"text":"In honor of its namesake, NeighborWorks America nationally offers the Dorothy Richardson Award for Resident Leadership.[19]Dorothy Richardson continued to live in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as an active community member and supervisor of the Pittsburgh Housing Clinic, until her death on April 28, 1991, at Allegheny General Hospital. She lived to 68.She graduated from Allegheny High in 1940.","title":"Community Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.housingfinance.com/ahf/articles/2009/october/1009-specialfocus-Five-Who-Have-Shaped-the-Industry.htm"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Bill Whiteside, First Executive Director of Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation from 1978 to 1990\nGeorge Knight, executive director from 1990 to 2000, Inducted into the Affordable Housing Hall of Fame[20]\nEllen Lazar, executive director from 2000 to 2003\nKenneth Wade, CEO from 2004 to 2011\nEileen Fitzgerald, CEO from 2011 to 2014\nPaul Weech, CEO from 2014 to 2017\nMarietta Rodriguez, President and CEO from 2018 to present","title":"Leaders in NeighborWorks History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Officers - NeighborWorks America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.neighborworks.org/About-Us/Leadership/Officers"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Training and Professional Development - NeighborWorks America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.neighborworks.org/Training-Services/Training-Professional-Development"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Homes & Finances - NeighborWorks America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.neighborworks.org/Homes-Finances/Foreclosure/Foreclosure-Counseling-%28NFMC%29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Our Network\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.neighborworks.org/our-network"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Roger Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CASH_Carries_Ball_in_War&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"\"Our Housing Crisis:CASH carries the ball in War\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=7EgqAAAAIBAJ&dq=allintext%3A%20pittsburgh%20dorothy-richardson&pg=4795%2C1757768"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"RightsGroup in Blast at Rosenbloom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=DsdaAAAAIBAJ&dq=allintext%3A%20pittsburgh%20dorothy-richardson&pg=7156%2C3863136"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"2 Blacks Added to Housing Authority Board\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=SthaAAAAIBAJ&dq=allintext%3A%20pittsburgh%20dorothy-richardson&pg=6024%2C133381"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Housing Group Reelects Officers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=cMxRAAAAIBAJ&dq=allintext%3A%20pittsburgh%20dorothy-richardson&pg=4164%2C1558686"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Redlining To Reinvestment (Conflicts in Urban and Regional Development)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fromredliningtor00greg/page/288"},{"link_name":"288","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fromredliningtor00greg/page/288"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0877229856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877229856"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"2 advocates of better housing are outlived by efforts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=1OAcAAAAIBAJ&dq=2-advocates-of-better-housing-are-outlived-by-efforts%20g%3Alocpittsburgh%2C_pa&pg=2075%2C5335191"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Dorothy Richardson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=0XMdAAAAIBAJ&dq=dorothy%20richardson%20neighborhood-housing-services%20g%3Alocpittsburgh%2C_pa&pg=5401%2C8350780"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"City Woman's Volunteer Work honored with National Award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=fRsiAAAAIBAJ&dq=dorothy%20richardson%20neighborhood-housing-services%20g%3Alocpittsburgh%2C_pa&pg=2123%2C3087330"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-David_James_Erickson_13-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0877667605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877667605"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Philadelphia City Planning Commission Report\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//old.library.temple.edu/collections/urbana/pcpc-971.jsp;jsessionid=F4F026A72A1418FED7D13BC5D6782823?bhcp=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"FDIC Law, Regulations, Related Acts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/rules/8000-4600.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_American_Presidency_Project_16-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Neighborhood Housing Services Week\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=39172"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/hudprograms/nrc_nwa"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-neighborworks.org_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-neighborworks.org_18-1"},{"link_name":"\"Our History - NeighborWorks America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.neighborworks.org/About-Us/What-We-Do/History"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-National_NeighborWorks_Awards_19-0"},{"link_name":"\"Dorothy Richardson Award for Resident Leadership\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nw.org/network/neighborworksprogs/awards/aboutresidentawards.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Five Who Shaped the Industry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.housingfinance.com/ahf/articles/2009/october/1009-specialfocus-Five-Who-Have-Shaped-the-Industry.htm"}],"text":"^ \"Officers - NeighborWorks America\". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29.\n\n^ \"Training and Professional Development - NeighborWorks America\". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29.\n\n^ \"Homes & Finances - NeighborWorks America\". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29.\n\n^ \"Our Network\". NeighborWorks America. Retrieved August 28, 2023.\n\n^ Roger Stuart (February 1967). \"Our Housing Crisis:CASH carries the ball in War\". Article. The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 20 December 2012.\n\n^ \"RightsGroup in Blast at Rosenbloom\". Article. November 1967. Retrieved 20 December 2012.\n\n^ \"2 Blacks Added to Housing Authority Board\". Article. November 1968. Retrieved 20 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Housing Group Reelects Officers\". Article. October 1974. Retrieved 20 December 2012.\n\n^ Squires, Gregory (1992). Redlining To Reinvestment (Conflicts in Urban and Regional Development). Temple University Press. pp. 288. ISBN 0877229856.\n\n^ \"2 advocates of better housing are outlived by efforts\". Article. June 1991. Retrieved 20 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Dorothy Richardson\". Article. June 1991. Retrieved 20 December 2012.\n\n^ \"City Woman's Volunteer Work honored with National Award\". Article. November 1997. Retrieved 20 December 2012.\n\n^ James Erickson, David (2009). The Housing Policy Revolution: Networks and Neighborhoods. The Urban Institute Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0877667605.\n\n^ \"Philadelphia City Planning Commission Report\". Retrieved 21 December 2012.\n\n^ \"FDIC Law, Regulations, Related Acts\". Retrieved 21 December 2012.\n\n^ Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. \"National Neighborhood Housing Services Week\". Retrieved 20 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation\". 20 September 2017.\n\n^ a b \"Our History - NeighborWorks America\". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29.\n\n^ \"Dorothy Richardson Award for Resident Leadership\". Retrieved 20 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Five Who Shaped the Industry\". Affordable Housing Finance. Retrieved 29 August 2011.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_24_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations"}]
[{"reference":"\"Officers - NeighborWorks America\". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neighborworks.org/About-Us/Leadership/Officers","url_text":"\"Officers - NeighborWorks America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Training and Professional Development - NeighborWorks America\". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighborworks.org/Training-Services/Training-Professional-Development","url_text":"\"Training and Professional Development - NeighborWorks America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homes & Finances - NeighborWorks America\". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighborworks.org/Homes-Finances/Foreclosure/Foreclosure-Counseling-%28NFMC%29","url_text":"\"Homes & Finances - NeighborWorks America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Network\". NeighborWorks America. Retrieved August 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neighborworks.org/our-network","url_text":"\"Our Network\""}]},{"reference":"Roger Stuart (February 1967). \"Our Housing Crisis:CASH carries the ball in War\". Article. The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 20 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CASH_Carries_Ball_in_War&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Roger Stuart"},{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7EgqAAAAIBAJ&dq=allintext%3A%20pittsburgh%20dorothy-richardson&pg=4795%2C1757768","url_text":"\"Our Housing Crisis:CASH carries the ball in War\""}]},{"reference":"\"RightsGroup in Blast at Rosenbloom\". Article. November 1967. Retrieved 20 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DsdaAAAAIBAJ&dq=allintext%3A%20pittsburgh%20dorothy-richardson&pg=7156%2C3863136","url_text":"\"RightsGroup in Blast at Rosenbloom\""}]},{"reference":"\"2 Blacks Added to Housing Authority Board\". Article. November 1968. Retrieved 20 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SthaAAAAIBAJ&dq=allintext%3A%20pittsburgh%20dorothy-richardson&pg=6024%2C133381","url_text":"\"2 Blacks Added to Housing Authority Board\""}]},{"reference":"\"Housing Group Reelects Officers\". Article. October 1974. Retrieved 20 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cMxRAAAAIBAJ&dq=allintext%3A%20pittsburgh%20dorothy-richardson&pg=4164%2C1558686","url_text":"\"Housing Group Reelects Officers\""}]},{"reference":"Squires, Gregory (1992). Redlining To Reinvestment (Conflicts in Urban and Regional Development). Temple University Press. pp. 288. ISBN 0877229856.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fromredliningtor00greg/page/288","url_text":"Redlining To Reinvestment (Conflicts in Urban and Regional Development)"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fromredliningtor00greg/page/288","url_text":"288"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877229856","url_text":"0877229856"}]},{"reference":"\"2 advocates of better housing are outlived by efforts\". Article. June 1991. Retrieved 20 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1OAcAAAAIBAJ&dq=2-advocates-of-better-housing-are-outlived-by-efforts%20g%3Alocpittsburgh%2C_pa&pg=2075%2C5335191","url_text":"\"2 advocates of better housing are outlived by efforts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dorothy Richardson\". Article. June 1991. Retrieved 20 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0XMdAAAAIBAJ&dq=dorothy%20richardson%20neighborhood-housing-services%20g%3Alocpittsburgh%2C_pa&pg=5401%2C8350780","url_text":"\"Dorothy Richardson\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Woman's Volunteer Work honored with National Award\". Article. November 1997. Retrieved 20 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fRsiAAAAIBAJ&dq=dorothy%20richardson%20neighborhood-housing-services%20g%3Alocpittsburgh%2C_pa&pg=2123%2C3087330","url_text":"\"City Woman's Volunteer Work honored with National Award\""}]},{"reference":"James Erickson, David (2009). The Housing Policy Revolution: Networks and Neighborhoods. The Urban Institute Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0877667605.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877667605","url_text":"978-0877667605"}]},{"reference":"\"Philadelphia City Planning Commission Report\". Retrieved 21 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://old.library.temple.edu/collections/urbana/pcpc-971.jsp;jsessionid=F4F026A72A1418FED7D13BC5D6782823?bhcp=1","url_text":"\"Philadelphia City Planning Commission Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"FDIC Law, Regulations, Related Acts\". Retrieved 21 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/rules/8000-4600.html","url_text":"\"FDIC Law, Regulations, Related Acts\""}]},{"reference":"Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. \"National Neighborhood Housing Services Week\". Retrieved 20 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=39172","url_text":"\"National Neighborhood Housing Services Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation\". 20 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/hudprograms/nrc_nwa","url_text":"\"Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our History - NeighborWorks America\". Neighborworks.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighborworks.org/About-Us/What-We-Do/History","url_text":"\"Our History - NeighborWorks America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dorothy Richardson Award for Resident Leadership\". Retrieved 20 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nw.org/network/neighborworksprogs/awards/aboutresidentawards.asp","url_text":"\"Dorothy Richardson Award for Resident Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five Who Shaped the Industry\". Affordable Housing Finance. Retrieved 29 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.housingfinance.com/ahf/articles/2009/october/1009-specialfocus-Five-Who-Have-Shaped-the-Industry.htm","url_text":"\"Five Who Shaped the Industry\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bisignano
Frank Bisignano
["1 Career","2 Politics","3 References","4 External links"]
American businessman (born 1959) Frank BisignanoBorn (1959-08-09) August 9, 1959 (age 64)New York City, USAlma materBaker UniversityNewport University (also known as Janus University of California)OccupationBusinessmanTitlePresident and CEO, FiservWebsiteExecutive Leadership at Fiserv Frank J. Bisignano (born August 9, 1959) is an American businessman and the president and CEO of Fiserv. He previously was the CEO of First Data, and the COO of JPMorgan Chase. Career Based in New York City, Bisignano started his career as a VP of both Shearson Lehman Brothers and First Fidelity Bank. Starting in 1994, he held a number of executive positions at Citigroup, with American Banker writing that "he got his payments industry bona fides at Citi by running its massive global transaction services unit." In 2004 the publication Treasury and Risk named him one of the "100 most influential people in finance." Hired as CAO of JPMorgan Chase in 2005, CEO Jamie Dimon "trusted him with integrating the bank'’s purchases of a foundering Bear Stearns Cos. and bankrupt Washington Mutual Inc. during the crisis." Bisignano was also a primary negotiator in JPMorgan's acquisition of the Canary Wharf property in London, and CEO for several of JPMorgan's mortgage banking divisions. In 2012 he was promoted to co-COO, and the Financial Times called him "one of s most influential, yet least visible, executives." In 2013 Bisignano became chairman and CEO of First Data Corporation, and his tenure attracted a fair amount of coverage in the press. He oversaw a technological push at the company, and in 2014 First Data collaborated with Apple Inc. on Apple Pay. Bisignano is also on the boards of organizations such as Continuum Health Partners and the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. Following Fiserv's acquisition of First Data in 2019, Bisignano became Fiserv CEO in July 2020. A 2018 Bloomberg editorial suggested that in 2013, Bisignano might have been the source of a leak regarding a Federal investigation into possible manipulation of US energy markets by JP Morgan. Bisignano is consistently rated as one of the highest-paid CEOs in the United States. In 2017, the New York Times reported that his compensation exceeded $100 million. His compensation was rated at approximately $40 million in 2019. In December 2022 Bisignano signed a new contract with Fiserv to remain as president and CEO until 2027. Politics Bisignano is a long-time supporter of the Republican Party, and Donald Trump in particular. He has donated hundreds of thousands of dollars towards Republican campaigns, including a $125,000 contribution to Trump Victory in 2019. References ^ a b "Frank Bisignano Chairman and Chief Executive Officer". First Data. Retrieved 2015-02-21. ^ a b c d "Frank J. Bisignano". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015. Retrieved 2015-02-21. ^ Aspan, Maria (April 28, 2013). "JPMorgan Co-COO Bisignano Departs to Run First Data". American Banker. Retrieved 2015-02-21. ^ "100 Most Influential People In Finance". Treasury and Risk. June 1, 2004. Retrieved 2015-02-21. ^ a b Carey, David (September 16, 2014). "KKR Banks on Bisignano Forging Apple Deal at First Data". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2015-02-21. ^ "First Data's new CEO Frank Bisignano faces debt burden, needs growth". The Economic Times. April 30, 2013. Retrieved 2015-02-21. ^ Guerrera, Francesco (February 15, 2011). "'Frankie B' takes pivotal role in JPMorgan". Financial Times. Retrieved 2015-02-21. ^ "'Frankie B' takes pivotal role in JPMorgan". Financial Times. February 15, 2011. ^ "Top Lieutenant of Dimon Is Departing JPMorgan". The New York Times. April 28, 2013. ^ Swearngan, Chip (April 28, 2013). "First Data Names Frank Bisignano Chief Executive Officer". First Data. Retrieved 2015-02-21. ^ Sender, Henny (September 18, 2014). "KKR seeks to make the numbers work at First Data". Financial Times. Retrieved 2015-02-21. ^ "First Data's new CEO Frank Bisignano faces debt burden, needs growth". The Economic Times. April 30, 2013. ^ "First Data Reports First Quarterly Profit in More Than Seven Years". Wall Street Journal. February 10, 2015. ^ Sidel, Robin (February 10, 2015). "First Data Reports First Quarterly Profit in More Than Seven Years". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2015-02-21. ^ "KKR Banks on Bisignano Forging Apple Deal at First Data". Bloomberg Businessweek. September 16, 2014. ^ "First Data's new CEO focused on innovation". Atlanta Business Chronicle. May 31, 2013. ^ "Frank J. Bisignano President and Chief Executive Officer". Fiserv. Retrieved 2021-07-26. ^ "Peter Thiel's data-mining company is using War on Terror tools to track American citizens. The scary thing? Palantir is desperate for new customers". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2021-07-26. ^ "The Highest-Paid C.E.O.s in 2017". New York Times. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 2022-01-07. ^ "Fiserv COO Frank Bisignano's 2019 pay jumps 232% to $40M". Execpay.org. Retrieved 2021-07-26. ^ "Fiserv Enters into New Contract with Frank Bisignano". 21 December 2022. ^ FEC Public Election Contributions (Report). Federal Election Commission. Retrieved 2020-07-12. External links External videos Video of Bisignano on CNBC in February 2014, discussing First Data's partnership with VISA Frank Bisignano at First Data
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He previously was the CEO of First Data, and the COO of JPMorgan Chase.","title":"Frank Bisignano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shearson Lehman Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson_Lehman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tecfdatahome-1"},{"link_name":"Citigroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tedbb-2"},{"link_name":"American Banker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Banker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teuabanker-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-texmostinfluential-4"},{"link_name":"CAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_administrative_officer"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"Jamie Dimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dimon"},{"link_name":"Bear Stearns Cos.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Stearns_Cos."},{"link_name":"Washington Mutual Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Mutual_Inc."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teibbapple-5"},{"link_name":"Canary Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teretimes-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tedbb-2"},{"link_name":"COO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tedbb-2"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ftbisgnano-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"First Data Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Data"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tedbb-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teeprbusinesswire-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teibbapple-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teonumberfinancial-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Apple Pay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pay"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tezfirstprofit-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Continuum Health Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_Health_Partners"},{"link_name":"Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Atlanta_Chamber_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tecfdatahome-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiservhome-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palantir-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2017CEOpay-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-execpayreport-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Based in New York City, Bisignano started his career as a VP of both Shearson Lehman Brothers and First Fidelity Bank.[1] Starting in 1994, he held a number of executive positions at Citigroup,[2] with American Banker writing that \"he got his payments industry bona fides at Citi by running its massive global transaction services unit.\"[3] In 2004 the publication Treasury and Risk named him one of the \"100 most influential people in finance.\"[4]Hired as CAO of JPMorgan Chase in 2005, CEO Jamie Dimon \"trusted him with integrating the bank'’s purchases of a foundering Bear Stearns Cos. and bankrupt Washington Mutual Inc. during the crisis.\"[5] Bisignano was also a primary negotiator in JPMorgan's acquisition of the Canary Wharf property in London,[6] and CEO for several of JPMorgan's mortgage banking divisions.[2] In 2012 he was promoted to co-COO,[2] and the Financial Times called him \"one of [JPMorgan]s most influential, yet least visible, executives.\"[7][8][9]In 2013 Bisignano became chairman and CEO of First Data Corporation,[2][10] and his tenure attracted a fair amount of coverage in the press.[5][11][12][13] He oversaw a technological push at the company, and in 2014 First Data collaborated with Apple Inc. on Apple Pay.[14][15][16] Bisignano is also on the boards of organizations such as Continuum Health Partners and the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce.[1] Following Fiserv's acquisition of First Data in 2019, Bisignano became Fiserv CEO in July 2020.[17]A 2018 Bloomberg editorial suggested that in 2013, Bisignano might have been the source of a leak regarding a Federal investigation into possible manipulation of US energy markets by JP Morgan.[18]Bisignano is consistently rated as one of the highest-paid CEOs in the United States. In 2017, the New York Times reported that his compensation exceeded $100 million.[19] His compensation was rated at approximately $40 million in 2019.[20] In December 2022 Bisignano signed a new contract with Fiserv to remain as president and CEO until 2027.[21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Bisignano is a long-time supporter of the Republican Party, and Donald Trump in particular. He has donated hundreds of thousands of dollars towards Republican campaigns, including a $125,000 contribution to Trump Victory in 2019.[22]","title":"Politics"}]
[]
null
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February 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e6547a4a-3868-11e0-959c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3T3hJh0vb","url_text":"\"'Frankie B' takes pivotal role in JPMorgan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Lieutenant of Dimon Is Departing JPMorgan\". The New York Times. April 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/key-executive-said-to-be-leaving-jpmorgan-chase/?_r=0","url_text":"\"Top Lieutenant of Dimon Is Departing JPMorgan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Swearngan, Chip (April 28, 2013). \"First Data Names Frank Bisignano Chief Executive Officer\". First Data. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseillaise_Battalion
XIV International Brigade
["1 History and structure","1.1 Units","1.2 Engagements","2 See also","3 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "XIV International Brigade" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) XIV International BrigadeLa MarseillaiseActive1936–1939CountryMostly France and BelgiumAllegiance SpainBranch International BrigadesTypeMixed Brigade - InfantryRoleHome DefencePart of35th Division (1937-1938)45th Division (1938)Garrison/HQAlbaceteNickname(s)La MarsellesaEngagementsSpanish Civil War Battle of Lopera Second Battle of the Corunna Road Battle of Jarama Segovia Offensive Aragon Withdrawal Battle of the Ebro CommandersNotablecommandersGeneral WalterJules DumontJoseph PutzMilitary unit A memorial commemorating the International Brigades The XIV International Brigade was one of several international brigades that fought for the Spanish Second Republic during the Spanish Civil War. History and structure It was raised on 20 December 1936 with volunteers mainly from France and Belgium, under General "Walter" (Karol Świerczewski). This Brigade was the fourth of the international brigades, and it mixed veterans with new, idealistic volunteers. It was formally named the Marseillaise Brigade, after the French revolutionary song (and national anthem). Units With subsequent consolidations and reorganisations, the XIV International Brigade included, among others, the following battalions: all or elements of the following units: Commune de Paris Battalion Domingo Germinal Battalion Henri Barbusse Battalion Louise Michel (I) Battalion Louise Michel (II) Battalion Marsellaise Battalion Pierre Brachet Battalion Primera Unidad de Avance Battalion Nine Nations Battalion ("Sans nom" or "Neuf Nationalités") Sixth of February Battalion (Franco-Belgian) Vaillant-Couturier Battalion Engagements The brigade fought in the battles of Lopera, the Corunna Road, Jarama, and the Segovia Offensive. After the Nationalist strategic victory in the Battle of Brunete (6–25 July 1937), heavy losses reduced the brigade strength from four to two battalions. However, the brigade lived on and was able to take part in the last Republican offensive of the war. As with all of the volunteer international brigades, the members of the XIV International Brigade faced a dark future after the eventual Nationalist victory. See also International Brigades References ^ Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, Appendix III ^ Thomas, Hugh. (2003). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.480 ^ Thomas, Hugh. (2003). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.572 ^ Thomas, Hugh. (2003). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.668 ^ Beevor (2006) p 285 vteMixed brigades of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th XI XII XIII XIV XIV Bis XV 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th 81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th 98th 99th 100th 101st 102nd 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th 120th 121st 122nd 123rd 124th 125th 126th 127th 128th CXXIX 130th 131st 132nd 133rd 134th 135th 136th 137th 138th 139th 140th 141st 142nd 143rd 144th 145th 146th 147th 148th 149th 150th CL 151st 152nd 153rd 154th 155th 156th 157th 158th 159th 160th 161st 162nd 163rd 164th 165th 166th 167th 168th 169th 170th 171st 172nd 173rd 174th 175th 176th 177th 177th 179th 180th 181st 182nd 183rd 184th 185th 186th 187th 188th 189th 190th 191st 192nd 193rd 194th 195th 196th 197th 198th 199th 200th 201st 202nd 203rd 204th 205th 206th 207th 208th 209th 210th 211th 212th 213th 214th 215th 216th 217th 218th 219th 220th 221st 222nd 223rd 224th 225th 226th 227th 228th 229th 230th 231st 232nd 233rd 234th 235th 236th 237th 238th 239th 240th 241st 242nd 243rd 244th 245th 246th International Brigades (in Roman numerals) Fifth Regiment Central Region Army Group Eastern Region Army Group List of Spanish Republican divisions
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorindione
Clorindione
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
Chemical compound This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Clorindione" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ClorindioneClinical dataATC codeB01AA09 (WHO) Identifiers IUPAC name 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione CAS Number1146-99-2PubChem CID70846ChemSpider64010 YUNII541C7WS64RKEGGD07135 YChEMBLChEMBL278519 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID0046228 ECHA InfoCard100.013.230 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC15H9ClO2Molar mass256.69 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES Clc1ccc(cc1)C3C(=O)c2ccccc2C3=O InChI InChI=1S/C15H9ClO2/c16-10-7-5-9(6-8-10)13-14(17)11-3-1-2-4-12(11)15(13)18/h1-8,13H YKey:NJDUWAXIURWWLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y   (verify) Clorindione is a vitamin K antagonist. It is a derivative of phenindione. References ^ Shurrab M, Quinn KL, Kitchlu A, Jackevicius CA, Ko DT (September 2019). "Long-Term Vitamin K Antagonists and Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". American Journal of Clinical Oncology. 42 (9): 717–724. doi:10.1097/COC.0000000000000571. PMID 31313676. S2CID 197421591. Further reading Elks J, Ganellin CR (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data. Springer-Science + Business Media, BV. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. vteAntithrombotics (thrombolytics, anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs) (B01)Antiplatelet drugsGlycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors Abciximab Eptifibatide Orbofiban Roxifiban Sibrafiban§ Tirofiban ADP receptor/P2Y12 inhibitors Thienopyridines Clopidogrel Prasugrel Ticlopidine Nucleotide/nucleoside analogs Cangrelor Elinogrel Ticagrelor Prostaglandin analogue (PGI2) Beraprost Iloprost Prostacyclin Treprostinil COX inhibitors Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin# Aloxiprin Carbasalate calcium Indobufen Triflusal Thromboxane inhibitors Thromboxane synthase inhibitors Dipyridamole (+ aspirin) Picotamide Terbogrel Receptor antagonists Terbogrel Terutroban§ Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Cilostazol Dipyridamole Triflusal Other Cloricromen Ditazole Vorapaxar AnticoagulantsVitamin K antagonists(inhibit II, VII, IX, X) Coumarins: Acenocoumarol Coumatetralyl Dicoumarol Ethyl biscoumacetate Phenprocoumon Warfarin# 1,3-Indandiones: Clorindione Diphenadione Phenindione Other: Tioclomarol Factor Xa inhibitors(with some II inhibition)Heparin group/glycosaminoglycans/(bind antithrombin) Low-molecular-weight heparin Bemiparin Certoparin Dalteparin Enoxaparin Nadroparin Parnaparin Reviparin Tinzaparin Oligosaccharides Fondaparinux Idraparinux§ Heparinoids Danaparoid Dermatan sulfate Sulodexide Direct Xa inhibitors ("xabans") Apixaban Betrixaban Darexaban§ Edoxaban Otamixaban§ Rivaroxaban Direct thrombin (IIa) inhibitors Bivalent: Hirudin Bivalirudin Desirudin Lepirudin‡ Univalent: Argatroban Dabigatran Efegatran Inogatran§ Melagatran‡ Ximelagatran‡ Other Abelacimab Antithrombin III Defibrotide Nafamostat Protein C Drotrecogin alfa‡ Ramatroban REG1 Thrombolytic drugs/fibrinolytics Plasminogen activators: r-tPA Alteplase# Reteplase Tenecteplase Desmoteplase† UPA Saruplase Urokinase Anistreplase Monteplase Streptokinase# Other serine endopeptidases: Ancrod‡ Brinase Fibrinolysin Non-medicinal Citrate EDTA Oxalate #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III This drug article relating to the blood and blood forming organs is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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antagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K_antagonist"},{"link_name":"II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombin"},{"link_name":"VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_VII"},{"link_name":"IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_IX"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_X"},{"link_name":"Coumarins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumarin"},{"link_name":"Acenocoumarol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenocoumarol"},{"link_name":"Coumatetralyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumatetralyl"},{"link_name":"Dicoumarol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicoumarol"},{"link_name":"Ethyl 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inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_thrombin_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"Bivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_thrombin_inhibitor#Bivalent"},{"link_name":"Hirudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirudin"},{"link_name":"Bivalirudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalirudin"},{"link_name":"Desirudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desirudin"},{"link_name":"Lepirudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepirudin"},{"link_name":"Univalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_thrombin_inhibitor#Univalent"},{"link_name":"Argatroban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argatroban"},{"link_name":"Dabigatran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabigatran"},{"link_name":"Efegatran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efegatran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inogatran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inogatran"},{"link_name":"Melagatran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melagatran"},{"link_name":"Ximelagatran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximelagatran"},{"link_name":"Abelacimab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelacimab"},{"link_name":"Antithrombin 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activators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasminogen_activator"},{"link_name":"r-tPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_tissue_plasminogen_activators"},{"link_name":"Alteplase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alteplase"},{"link_name":"Reteplase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reteplase"},{"link_name":"Tenecteplase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenecteplase"},{"link_name":"Desmoteplase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmoteplase"},{"link_name":"Saruplase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saruplase"},{"link_name":"Urokinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urokinase"},{"link_name":"Anistreplase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anistreplase"},{"link_name":"Monteplase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteplase"},{"link_name":"Streptokinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptokinase"},{"link_name":"serine endopeptidases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine_endopeptidase"},{"link_name":"Ancrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancrod"},{"link_name":"Brinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinase"},{"link_name":"Fibrinolysin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinolysin"},{"link_name":"Non-medicinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant"},{"link_name":"Citrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate"},{"link_name":"EDTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid"},{"link_name":"Oxalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalate"},{"link_name":"WHO-EM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines"},{"link_name":"Withdrawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs"},{"link_name":"Clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"Phase III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warfarin-from-xtal-3D-vdW.png"},{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"blood forming organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesis"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clorindione&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Blood-drug-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Blood-drug-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Blood-drug-stub"}],"text":"Elks J, Ganellin CR (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data. Springer-Science + Business Media, BV. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.[full citation needed]vteAntithrombotics (thrombolytics, anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs) (B01)Antiplatelet drugsGlycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors\nAbciximab\nEptifibatide\nOrbofiban\nRoxifiban\nSibrafiban§\nTirofiban\nADP receptor/P2Y12 inhibitors\nThienopyridines\nClopidogrel\nPrasugrel\nTiclopidine\nNucleotide/nucleoside analogs\nCangrelor\nElinogrel\nTicagrelor\nProstaglandin analogue (PGI2)\nBeraprost\nIloprost\nProstacyclin\nTreprostinil\nCOX inhibitors\nAcetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin#\nAloxiprin\nCarbasalate calcium\nIndobufen\nTriflusal\nThromboxane inhibitors\nThromboxane synthase inhibitors\nDipyridamole (+ aspirin)\nPicotamide\nTerbogrel\nReceptor antagonists\nTerbogrel\nTerutroban§\nPhosphodiesterase inhibitors\nCilostazol\nDipyridamole\nTriflusal\nOther\nCloricromen\nDitazole\nVorapaxar\nAnticoagulantsVitamin K antagonists(inhibit II, VII, IX, X)\nCoumarins: Acenocoumarol\nCoumatetralyl\nDicoumarol\nEthyl biscoumacetate\nPhenprocoumon\nWarfarin#\n1,3-Indandiones: Clorindione\nDiphenadione\nPhenindione\nOther: Tioclomarol\nFactor Xa inhibitors(with some II inhibition)Heparin group/glycosaminoglycans/(bind antithrombin)\nLow-molecular-weight heparin\nBemiparin\nCertoparin\nDalteparin\nEnoxaparin\nNadroparin\nParnaparin\nReviparin\nTinzaparin\nOligosaccharides\nFondaparinux\nIdraparinux§\nHeparinoids\nDanaparoid\nDermatan sulfate\nSulodexide\nDirect Xa inhibitors (\"xabans\")\nApixaban\nBetrixaban\nDarexaban§\nEdoxaban\nOtamixaban§\nRivaroxaban\nDirect thrombin (IIa) inhibitors\nBivalent: Hirudin\nBivalirudin\nDesirudin\nLepirudin‡\nUnivalent: Argatroban\nDabigatran\nEfegatran\nInogatran§\nMelagatran‡\nXimelagatran‡\nOther\nAbelacimab\nAntithrombin III\nDefibrotide\nNafamostat\nProtein C\nDrotrecogin alfa‡\nRamatroban\nREG1\nThrombolytic drugs/fibrinolytics\nPlasminogen activators: r-tPA\nAlteplase#\nReteplase\nTenecteplase\nDesmoteplase†\nUPA\nSaruplase\nUrokinase\nAnistreplase\nMonteplase\nStreptokinase#\nOther serine endopeptidases: Ancrod‡\nBrinase\nFibrinolysin\nNon-medicinal\nCitrate\nEDTA\nOxalate\n\n#WHO-EM\n‡Withdrawn from market\nClinical trials:\n†Phase III\n§Never to phase IIIThis drug article relating to the blood and blood forming organs is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRI1-associated_receptor_kinase_1
BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1
["1 Structure","2 Roles in plant development","2.1 Brassinosteroid signalling","2.2 Defense signalling","2.3 Regulation of stomatal development","3 Molecular basis for diverse functional roles","4 References","5 External links"]
Botanical messenger protein Brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1IdentifiersOrganismA. thaliana (thale cress)SymbolBAK1Entrez829480RefSeq (mRNA)NM_119497.4RefSeq (Prot)NP_567920.1UniProtQ94F62Other dataEC number2.7.1.37Chromosome4: 16.09 - 16.09 MbSearch forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1- also known as somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 3 or SERK3) is an important plant protein that has diverse functions in plant development. Structure BAK1 belongs to a large group of plant proteins known as the Leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs). In the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, BAK1 and 4 other closely related proteins form a sub-group within the LRR-RK family, known as the somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (SERKs). All 5 SERKs are transmembrane proteins. They consist of an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane pass and an intracellular domain. The extracellular domain is composed of several leucine rich repeats, and the intracellular domain functions as a protein kinase. BAK1 is thought to interact with many other LRR-RKs and the signalling output of BAK1 is dependent on its binding partner Roles in plant development Brassinosteroid signalling Diagram of BAK1 in complex with BRI1 during brassinosteroid signalling BAK1 was initially identified for its role in brassinosteroid signalling. Brassinosteroid is a major plant hormone that has many roles and is often associated with cell elongation. BAK1 binds to the brassinosteroid receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) and this then triggers a phosphorylation cascade that leads to a change in expression of multiple genes. Defense signalling BAK1 is also critical for plant immunity and plants the lack BAK1 show a much greater susceptibility to bacterial infections. Plants are able to perceive bacteria by recognizing specific molecular signatures or 'effectors'. One of these signatures is bacterial-derived flagellin. Plants perceive flagellin when it binds to the receptor FLS2. When flagellin is perceived by FLS2, this strongly promotes the interaction between FLS2 and BAK1 and this then leads to changes in gene expression that promote defense against bacteria. In addition to flagellin, plants are also able to perceive other bacterial effectors. One of these, EF-Tu is perceived by the EF-Tu receptor (EFR). Similar to FLS2, BAK1 is required for EFR function. The LRR-RK Erecta (ER) may also promote plant defense, in concert with BAK1. Regulation of stomatal development Along with its role in plant defense, the ER:BAK1 complex also repress the development of stomata in leaves. Mutations in BAK1 and ER lead in increase in the number of stomata. Molecular basis for diverse functional roles The diverse functional roles of BAK1 are brought about through its binding to a large number of receptors. However, many of the molecular components downstream of these receptor:BAK1 complexes are shared between these signalling pathways (for example, BR Signalling Kinase 1 (BSK1) is a positive regulator of both BRI1:BAK1 signalling and FLS2:BAK1 signalling). It is currently unclear how cells are able to distinguish between a BSK1 which has been activated by BRI1 or FLS2. One recent study has shown that BRI1 and FLS2 localize to different 'nano-domains' on the cell membrane and so it is possible that this spatial separation accounts for the very different signal outputs. References ^ a b Belkhadir Y, Jaillais Y (April 2015). "The molecular circuitry of brassinosteroid signaling". The New Phytologist. 206 (2): 522–40. doi:10.1111/nph.13269. PMID 25615890. ^ a b Smakowska-Luzan E, Mott GA, Parys K, Stegmann M, Howton TC, Layeghifard M, Neuhold J, Lehner A, Kong J, Grünwald K, Weinberger N, Satbhai SB, Mayer D, Busch W, Madalinski M, Stolt-Bergner P, Provart NJ, Mukhtar MS, Zipfel C, Desveaux D, Guttman DS, Belkhadir Y (January 2018). "An extracellular network of Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases". Nature. 553 (7688): 342–346. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..342S. doi:10.1038/nature25184. PMC 6485605. PMID 29320478. ^ a b Li J, Wen J, Lease KA, Doke JT, Tax FE, Walker JC (July 2002). "BAK1, an Arabidopsis LRR receptor-like protein kinase, interacts with BRI1 and modulates brassinosteroid signaling". Cell. 110 (2): 213–22. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00812-7. PMID 12150929. ^ a b Chinchilla D, Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Kemmerling B, Nürnberger T, Jones JD, Felix G, Boller T (July 2007). "A flagellin-induced complex of the receptor FLS2 and BAK1 initiates plant defence". Nature. 448 (7152): 497–500. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..497C. doi:10.1038/nature05999. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-3840-F. PMID 17625569. S2CID 2818791. ^ a b c Jordá L, Sopeña-Torres S, Escudero V, Nuñez-Corcuera B, Delgado-Cerezo M, Torii KU, Molina A (2016). "Erecta and BAK1 Receptor Like Kinases Interact to Regulate Immune Responses in Arabidopsis". Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 897. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00897. PMC 4923796. PMID 27446127. ^ Tang W, Kim TW, Oses-Prieto JA, Sun Y, Deng Z, Zhu S, Wang R, Burlingame AL, Wang ZY (July 2008). "BSKs mediate signal transduction from the receptor kinase BRI1 in Arabidopsis". Science. 321 (5888): 557–60. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..557T. doi:10.1126/science.1156973. PMC 2730546. PMID 18653891. ^ Shi H, Shen Q, Qi Y, Yan H, Nie H, Chen Y, Zhao T, Katagiri F, Tang D (March 2013). "BR-Signaling Kinase 1 physically associates with Flagellin Sensing 2 and regulates plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis". The Plant Cell. 25 (3): 1143–57. doi:10.1105/tpc.112.107904. PMC 3634682. PMID 23532072. ^ Bücherl CA, Jarsch IK, Schudoma C, Segonzac C, Mbengue M, Robatzek S, MacLean D, Ott T, Zipfel C (March 2017). "Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling components but localise to distinct plasma membrane nanodomains". eLife. 6. doi:10.7554/eLife.25114. PMC 5383397. PMID 28262094. External links BKI1+protein,+Arabidopsis at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"}],"text":"BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1- also known as somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 3 or SERK3) is an important plant protein that has diverse functions in plant development.","title":"BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leucine-rich repeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine-rich_repeat"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"transmembrane proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein"},{"link_name":"extracellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"intracellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular"},{"link_name":"leucine rich repeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine-rich_repeat"},{"link_name":"kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belkhadir_2015-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"BAK1 belongs to a large group of plant proteins known as the Leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs). In the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, BAK1 and 4 other closely related proteins form a sub-group within the LRR-RK family, known as the somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (SERKs). All 5 SERKs are transmembrane proteins. They consist of an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane pass and an intracellular domain. The extracellular domain is composed of several leucine rich repeats, and the intracellular domain functions as a protein kinase.[1] BAK1 is thought to interact with many other LRR-RKs and the signalling output of BAK1 is dependent on its binding partner[2]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roles in plant development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BRI1-BAK1_diagram.jpg"},{"link_name":"brassinosteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassinosteroid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"plant hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hormone"},{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belkhadir_2015-1"},{"link_name":"BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassinosteroid_Insensitive-1"},{"link_name":"phosphorylation cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation_cascade"},{"link_name":"expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"sub_title":"Brassinosteroid signalling","text":"Diagram of BAK1 in complex with BRI1 during brassinosteroid signallingBAK1 was initially identified for its role in brassinosteroid signalling.[3] Brassinosteroid is a major plant hormone that has many roles and is often associated with cell elongation.[1] BAK1 binds to the brassinosteroid receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) and this then triggers a phosphorylation cascade that leads to a change in expression of multiple genes.[3]","title":"Roles in plant development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plant immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17625569-4"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"effectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_effector_protein"},{"link_name":"flagellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellin"},{"link_name":"FLS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLS2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17625569-4"},{"link_name":"EF-Tu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF-Tu"},{"link_name":"EF-Tu receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF-Tu_receptor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"sub_title":"Defense signalling","text":"BAK1 is also critical for plant immunity and plants the lack BAK1 show a much greater susceptibility to bacterial infections.[4] Plants are able to perceive bacteria by recognizing specific molecular signatures or 'effectors'. One of these signatures is bacterial-derived flagellin. Plants perceive flagellin when it binds to the receptor FLS2. When flagellin is perceived by FLS2, this strongly promotes the interaction between FLS2 and BAK1 and this then leads to changes in gene expression that promote defense against bacteria.[4]In addition to flagellin, plants are also able to perceive other bacterial effectors. One of these, EF-Tu is perceived by the EF-Tu receptor (EFR). Similar to FLS2, BAK1 is required for EFR function.[5]The LRR-RK Erecta (ER) may also promote plant defense, in concert with BAK1.[5]","title":"Roles in plant development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"sub_title":"Regulation of stomatal development","text":"Along with its role in plant defense, the ER:BAK1 complex also repress the development of stomata in leaves. Mutations in BAK1 and ER lead in increase in the number of stomata.[5]","title":"Roles in plant development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The diverse functional roles of BAK1 are brought about through its binding to a large number of receptors.[2] However, many of the molecular components downstream of these receptor:BAK1 complexes are shared between these signalling pathways (for example, BR Signalling Kinase 1 (BSK1) is a positive regulator of both BRI1:BAK1 signalling[6] and FLS2:BAK1 signalling[7]). It is currently unclear how cells are able to distinguish between a BSK1 which has been activated by BRI1 or FLS2. One recent study has shown that BRI1 and FLS2 localize to different 'nano-domains' on the cell membrane and so it is possible that this spatial separation accounts for the very different signal outputs.[8]","title":"Molecular basis for diverse functional roles"}]
[{"image_text":"Diagram of BAK1 in complex with BRI1 during brassinosteroid signalling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BRI1-BAK1_diagram.jpg/300px-BRI1-BAK1_diagram.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Belkhadir Y, Jaillais Y (April 2015). \"The molecular circuitry of brassinosteroid signaling\". The New Phytologist. 206 (2): 522–40. doi:10.1111/nph.13269. PMID 25615890.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13269","url_text":"\"The molecular circuitry of brassinosteroid signaling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13269","url_text":"10.1111/nph.13269"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25615890","url_text":"25615890"}]},{"reference":"Smakowska-Luzan E, Mott GA, Parys K, Stegmann M, Howton TC, Layeghifard M, Neuhold J, Lehner A, Kong J, Grünwald K, Weinberger N, Satbhai SB, Mayer D, Busch W, Madalinski M, Stolt-Bergner P, Provart NJ, Mukhtar MS, Zipfel C, Desveaux D, Guttman DS, Belkhadir Y (January 2018). \"An extracellular network of Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases\". Nature. 553 (7688): 342–346. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..342S. doi:10.1038/nature25184. PMC 6485605. PMID 29320478.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485605","url_text":"\"An extracellular network of Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.553..342S","url_text":"2018Natur.553..342S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature25184","url_text":"10.1038/nature25184"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485605","url_text":"6485605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29320478","url_text":"29320478"}]},{"reference":"Li J, Wen J, Lease KA, Doke JT, Tax FE, Walker JC (July 2002). \"BAK1, an Arabidopsis LRR receptor-like protein kinase, interacts with BRI1 and modulates brassinosteroid signaling\". Cell. 110 (2): 213–22. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00812-7. PMID 12150929.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2802%2900812-7","url_text":"\"BAK1, an Arabidopsis LRR receptor-like protein kinase, interacts with BRI1 and modulates brassinosteroid signaling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2802%2900812-7","url_text":"10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00812-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12150929","url_text":"12150929"}]},{"reference":"Chinchilla D, Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Kemmerling B, Nürnberger T, Jones JD, Felix G, Boller T (July 2007). \"A flagellin-induced complex of the receptor FLS2 and BAK1 initiates plant defence\". Nature. 448 (7152): 497–500. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..497C. doi:10.1038/nature05999. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-3840-F. PMID 17625569. S2CID 2818791.","urls":[{"url":"http://edoc.mpg.de/318857","url_text":"\"A flagellin-induced complex of the receptor FLS2 and BAK1 initiates plant defence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.448..497C","url_text":"2007Natur.448..497C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05999","url_text":"10.1038/nature05999"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0012-3840-F","url_text":"11858/00-001M-0000-0012-3840-F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17625569","url_text":"17625569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2818791","url_text":"2818791"}]},{"reference":"Jordá L, Sopeña-Torres S, Escudero V, Nuñez-Corcuera B, Delgado-Cerezo M, Torii KU, Molina A (2016). \"Erecta and BAK1 Receptor Like Kinases Interact to Regulate Immune Responses in Arabidopsis\". Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 897. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00897. PMC 4923796. PMID 27446127.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4923796","url_text":"\"Erecta and BAK1 Receptor Like Kinases Interact to Regulate Immune Responses in Arabidopsis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00897","url_text":"10.3389/fpls.2016.00897"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4923796","url_text":"4923796"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27446127","url_text":"27446127"}]},{"reference":"Tang W, Kim TW, Oses-Prieto JA, Sun Y, Deng Z, Zhu S, Wang R, Burlingame AL, Wang ZY (July 2008). \"BSKs mediate signal transduction from the receptor kinase BRI1 in Arabidopsis\". Science. 321 (5888): 557–60. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..557T. doi:10.1126/science.1156973. PMC 2730546. PMID 18653891.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730546","url_text":"\"BSKs mediate signal transduction from the receptor kinase BRI1 in Arabidopsis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321..557T","url_text":"2008Sci...321..557T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1156973","url_text":"10.1126/science.1156973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730546","url_text":"2730546"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18653891","url_text":"18653891"}]},{"reference":"Shi H, Shen Q, Qi Y, Yan H, Nie H, Chen Y, Zhao T, Katagiri F, Tang D (March 2013). \"BR-Signaling Kinase 1 physically associates with Flagellin Sensing 2 and regulates plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis\". The Plant Cell. 25 (3): 1143–57. doi:10.1105/tpc.112.107904. PMC 3634682. PMID 23532072.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3634682","url_text":"\"BR-Signaling Kinase 1 physically associates with Flagellin Sensing 2 and regulates plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1105%2Ftpc.112.107904","url_text":"10.1105/tpc.112.107904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3634682","url_text":"3634682"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23532072","url_text":"23532072"}]},{"reference":"Bücherl CA, Jarsch IK, Schudoma C, Segonzac C, Mbengue M, Robatzek S, MacLean D, Ott T, Zipfel C (March 2017). \"Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling components but localise to distinct plasma membrane nanodomains\". eLife. 6. doi:10.7554/eLife.25114. PMC 5383397. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieber_%26_Son
Rieber & Søn
["1 References","2 External links"]
Norwegian food manufacturing company Rieber & Søn ASCompany typeAksjeselskapIndustryFoodFounded1839FounderPaul Gottlieb RieberHeadquartersBergen, NorwayArea servedNorwayKey peoplePatrik Andersson (CEO)Helge Midttun (Chairman)Number of employees3,558 (2009)ParentOrkla GroupWebsitewww.rieberson.no Rieber & Søn is a Norwegian food manufacturing company that owns and produces a wide range of products and brands. The company is based in Bergen with more than 25 brands in 12 countries, of which 7 have manufacturing plants. Brands owned by Rieber include Toro, Denja, Mr. Lee, Vossafår, Vestlandslefsa, Geisha, Ming, Trondhjems (Norway), Mrs. Cheng’s, Frödinge (Sweden), Puttkammer & Walke (P&W) (Germany), Wolfgang Kornke's Finest Food (Austria), K-Salat, Bähncke (Denmark), Vitana (Czech Republic and Slovakia), Chaka (Russia), Cronions and Rijnhout (the Netherlands). The company started as a trading company and vinegar plant in 1839 in Bergen. A new business area is acquired through the production of substitute coffee in 1933 and in 1946 the TORO brand is launched. In 1985 Rieber bought what would be the first of many acquired brands, Denja. Two years later it merged with the building materials companies Jacob Neumann and Nodest Industrier and floated on the Oslo Stock Exchange. Rieber entered Eastern Europe in 1992 when it bought the Czech brand Vitana. In 2000 the building materials section was sold and the company chose to concentrate only on food production. Rieber & Søn was acquired by Orkla Group in April 2013. References ^ "The Local Taste Champion" - Rieber & Søn ASA (Norwegian), Bergen Open Research Archive, June, 2008 ^ Konsernledelse (Norwegian), Rieber & Søn, 2008 ^ "Kjøpet av Rieber & Søn er nå gjennomført". Orkla Group. 26 April 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. External links Official site
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_One_Sky_(album)
Under One Sky (album)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Under One Sky" album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2009 studio album by John McCuskerUnder One SkyStudio album by John McCuskerReleasedFebruary 2009Recorded2008GenreFolkLabelNavigator RecordsProducerJohn McCuskerAndy SewardJohn McCusker chronology Before the Ruin(2008) Under One Sky(2009) Under One Sky is an hour-long vocal and instrumental suite composed by Scottish folk multi-instrumentalist John McCusker. A studio album was released in February 2009, through Navigator Records. According to a poster advertising the Under One Sky tour: "This large scale composition explores and interweaves the many different styles, genres and traditions at work in today's dynamic UK folk scene" John McCusker states: "When I started putting Under One Sky together the idea was to do two gigs, one at Celtic Connections and the other at Cambridge Folk Festival. It was such a magical experience though, that after the second gig I knew I really wanted to work with these amazing folks again. Every musician strives to keep doing exciting things, musically, and to play with great people to keep them inspired. Getting to collaborate with these musicians has been the highlight of my musical career so far, and we're all totally chuffed to be taking it on tour." Track listing "Under One Sky" - 9:50 "Under One Sky" "Tom Rose" "Eigg Bound" "With Her Tocher What a Lassie" (trad.) "Will I See Thee More/Hush a Bye" (McCusker/Tams) - 12:00 "'S Tusa Thilleas" - 15:35 "'S Tusa Thilleas"(McCusker/Fowlis) "Mornin Lion" "Banais Bhaile" (Fowlis/Carr) "Cher's Trip to Scotland" "Touche Pas" (McCusker/Carr) "Long Time Past/Lavender Hill" - 8:01 (McCusker/Woomble) "Jigs, Strathspey & Reel" - 9:01 "First Coast" "Theatre" (Cutting) "Nikki's Leap" (Carr) "The Witchery" "Billy's Reel" "All Has Gone" - 4:55 (Coxon) "Jack Seward's/Boys of the Puddle" - 4:00 Personnel John McCusker Andy Cutting - diatonic accordion Ian Carr - guitar Emma Reid - fiddle Iain MacDonald - bagpipes, whistles, flutes Ewen Vernal - bass Roy Dodds - percussion James Mackintosh - drums Roddy Woomble - vocals ("Long Time Past/Lavender Hill") Graham Coxon - vocals ("All Has Gone") John Tams - vocals ("Will I See Thee More/Hush A Bye") Jim Causley - vocals ("Will I See Thee More/Hush A Bye") Julie Fowlis - vocals ("'S Tusa Thilleas") Rod Jones - harmony vocals ("Long Time Past") References ^ Under One Sky tour poster ^ "Under One Sky | British Folk Music Suite by John McCusker | Home Page". www.underonesky.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_(Skins)
Naomi (Skins)
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
For the character, see Naomi Campbell (Skins). 6th episode of the 3rd season of Skins "Naomi"Skins episodeEpisode no.Season 3Episode 6Directed bySimon MasseyWritten byAtiha Sen GuptaJack ThorneOriginal air date26 February 2009 (2009-02-26)Guest appearances Rosie Allan as Jemima Olivia Colman as Gina Campbell Lauretta Gavin as Dopey Adam Jones as Naked Man Rory Lowings as Crispin Tom Meeten as Jesus Ardal O'Hanlon as Kieran Giles Thomas as Doug Victoria Wicks as College Director Episode chronology ← Previous"Freddie" Next →"JJ" List of episodes "Naomi" is the sixth episode of the third series of the British teen drama Skins, which first aired on 26 February 2009 on E4 in both Ireland and the United Kingdom. The episode was written by Atiha Sen Gupta and Jack Thorne, and was directed by Simon Massey. The episode focuses on the character of Naomi Campbell (Lily Loveless) as she competes against James Cook (Jack O'Connell) in their college's elections for Student President. She enters a romantic relationship with her classmate Emily Fitch (Kathryn Prescott) while also receiving affection from her teacher Kieran (Ardal O'Hanlon). The episode was filmed in October 2008. The weather was so cold during filming that one scene taking place in a lake had to be shortened when Prescott was taken to a standby ambulance with suspected hypothermia. "Naomi" brought in 957,000 viewers and was E4's highest-rated programme of the week. Critical reviews of the episode were generally positive. Plot Naomi lives with her hippy mother Gina (Olivia Colman) and fifteen other people in a communal living arrangement. This is a source of annoyance to Naomi, whose privacy is invaded when she wakes up one morning, naked, to discover that a male hippy is sleeping in her bed. At college, she avoids Emily to meet with her politics teacher Kieran instead. In the students' common room, they are informed of the upcoming elections for Student President. Emily encourages Naomi to run for president, but Naomi refuses. She later comes across Cook, who tries to persuade her to have sex with him. She jokingly tells him that he has a better chance of winning the student elections, which he sees as a challenge and decides to register. Kieran walks her home at the end of the day and urges her to run in the elections, giving her a registration form. When she arrives at her house, she finds Emily waiting in her bedroom with another registration form. Emily starts to leave when Naomi is rude and standoffish to her—despite taking Emily's advice to enter the elections—but returns and confronts her. She frankly tells her that she is not obsessed with pursuing a sexual relationship with her, and Naomi suggests she stay the night with her. The next morning, Naomi wakes up, with Emily asleep next to her. She is tempted to stroke her hair, but instead gets dressed and goes to college, leaving Emily in her bed. At college, she sees the massive presidential campaign staged by Cook and JJ (Ollie Barbieri). She launches her own campaign to rival Cook, but finds that most of her classmates' support is for Cook's anarchist ideas. She is doubly humiliated in front of the form when Cook ridicules her and Emily subsequently stands up for her. She flees to Kieran for comfort but leaves him, shocked and disgusted, when he kisses her. She goes home and, after finding a note from Emily in her bed, cries herself to sleep. Naomi and Emily escape to the countryside later that evening and cycle to one of Emily's favourite places by a lake before sunset. After swimming in the lake, they light a campfire, and share a cannabis joint. An act of blowbacking the joint leads the two to share a kiss and they proceed to make love. Emily wakes up the following morning to find Naomi preparing to leave. She pleads with Naomi not to leave her a second time and tells her that she should accept that she needs to be loved. Naomi goes home to find Kieran in bed with her mother, and leaves for college, devastated. She sees her teachers rigging the election to prevent Cook from winning, and reveals this to the form when she is announced the winner. As his first presidential act, Cook starts a riot. In the ensuing chaos, Naomi forgives Kieran, encouraging him that if he likes her mother, he should tell her so. Naomi begins to have sex with Cook before she realises that it "isn't right". Surprisingly, Cook doesn't seem to mind, as he says that she must have a good reason not to follow through because she's clever. Naomi leaves, with her and Cook now sharing a better understanding of each other. That night, she visits Emily's house, but Emily refuses to open the door, not wanting Naomi to see her after she had been crying. They sit on opposite sides of the door, and Naomi admits that she does need somebody to love her. Emily offers her hand through the door's cat flap to Naomi, who finally reciprocates Emily's feelings. Production "Naomi" was filmed in October 2008, in the same production block as the series' fourth episode, "Pandora", and the series' opening title sequence. The riot scene in front of the college was filmed with 100 extras; Cook's petrol-bombing of the car was described by costume assistant Ros Marshall as "probably the most hi-tech special effect we've had while filming Skins". The students' college common room was filmed in the show's production canteen. Originally, an entire scene was supposed to be filmed with Naomi and Emily in the lake, but the water was so cold that the actors were unable to stay in the water, and Kathryn Prescott was taken to a standby ambulance with suspected hypothermia. Director Simon Massey choreographed Naomi and Emily's sex scene prior to filming so that, on the set, the actions would come instinctively to the actors and they would be able to complete the scene in a limited number of takes. While Lily Loveless enjoyed filming those scenes because "stuff like that gives you experience", Prescott said that it concerned her, though she said that she was not pressured to do anything in the script that made her uncomfortable. Stylist Kirstie Stanway began to differentiate between Emily and her twin sister Katie's hair and makeup with this episode to show that the twins are starting to "move along their own paths". She re-styled Katie's character in particular to illustrate that she is now "desperate not to be lumped with her sister as she really doesn't approve of the new girl in her life". Ardal O'Hanlon grew a beard for his role as Kieran and was given a scar under one eye to give his character a "more rugged look". Ros Marshall said that Cook's mock-presentation of himself as "Cook Guevara" paid homage to The Clash's Joe Strummer and "the youth cultures of days gone by", and that his Dr. Martens brogues were a reference to skinheads of the 1980s. Marshall made Cook and JJ's campaign rosettes by hand from Rizla rolling papers. Reception "Naomi" drew 957,000 viewers and was E4's highest-rated programme of the week. Sarah Warn, editor-in-chief of lesbian-based website AfterEllen.com, wrote that the episode's focus on Naomi and Emily "was one of the best-developed and most honest depictions of a lesbian teenage relationship that I've ever seen on TV." A critic for PopSugar.com thought both Naomi and Cook to be more likable after the episode and enjoyed the development of their friendship throughout. They found Emily's plea to Naomi as Naomi left the campsite "heartbreaking" and called Kieran "one of my favourite recurring characters this series". Digital Spy's Dan French gave the episode a positive review, describing it as "chaotic" and "full of lady-lovin'". He praised Naomi's relationship with Kieran, which he saw as a reference to the affair between Chris Miles, a first generation character from Skins' first and second series, and his teacher Angie. The entertainment editor for eurOut.org, a website for European lesbians, thought that Naomi and Emily's storyline was "definitely one of the best portrayals of teenage lesbians I've ever seen", writing that "when the focus is more on cute girls falling for each other, this show isn't half bad". Another eurOut.org writer, Cate O'Neil, said that "Naomi" was "probably the best individual lesbian episode I have seen on TV. Ever." References ^ a b c d Marshall, Ros (27 February 2009). "The Ros blog - episodes 4 and 6". E4.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ Backwell, Lisa (12 February 2009). "Lisa Backwell's episode 4 blog". E4.com. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ a b "Online extras - episode 6". E4.com. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ a b Skins: The Complete Third Series – Making of episode 6 (DVD). Channel 4 DVD. ^ "Interview: The New Skins Girls". tv.sky.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ French, Dan (18 March 2009). "A chat with Emily from 'Skins'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ a b Stanway, Kirstie. "Episode 6 look book". E4.com. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes (week ending 1 March 2009)" (Press release). Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ Warn, Sarah (27 February 2009). "Best. Lesbian. Week. Ever". AfterEllen.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ "Series Three, Episode Six "Naomi"". PopSugar. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ French, Dan (25 February 2009). "Same-sex scandals in 'Skins'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ "Skins recap Episode 3.06: "Naomi" (aka Lesbian cuteness and sexy times)". eurOut.org. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ O'Neil, Cate (5 April 2009). "Skins Season 3 overview: All about Naomily". eurOut.org. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009. External links "Naomi" at IMDb vteSkinsEpisodesSeries 1 "Tony" "Jal" "Sid" "Maxxie and Anwar" "Effy" "Everyone" Series 2 "Tony" Series 3 "Pandora" "Naomi" "JJ" "Katie and Emily" Series 4 "Emily" "Everyone" Series 5 "Franky" "Rich" "Mini" "Liv" "Nick" "Alo" "Grace" "Everyone" Series 6 "Everyone" "Rich" "Franky" "Mini" "Nick" "Alo" "Liv" "Mini and Franky" "Finale" Series 7 "Skins Fire" "Skins Pure" "Skins Rise" CharactersFirst generation Tony Stonem Michelle Richardson Sid Jenkins Cassie Ainsworth Chris Miles Jal Fazer Maxxie Oliver Anwar Kharral Lucy "Sketch" Second generation Effy Stonem Pandora Moon Thomas Tomone James Cook Freddie McClair JJ Jones Naomi Campbell Katie Fitch Emily Fitch Third generation Franky Fitzgerald Alo Creevey Rich Hardbeck Mini McGuinness Liv Malone Grace Blood Nick Levan Matty Levan See also Recurring characters U.S. version Category
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The episode was written by Atiha Sen Gupta and Jack Thorne, and was directed by Simon Massey. The episode focuses on the character of Naomi Campbell (Lily Loveless) as she competes against James Cook (Jack O'Connell) in their college's elections for Student President. She enters a romantic relationship with her classmate Emily Fitch (Kathryn Prescott) while also receiving affection from her teacher Kieran (Ardal O'Hanlon).The episode was filmed in October 2008. The weather was so cold during filming that one scene taking place in a lake had to be shortened when Prescott was taken to a standby ambulance with suspected hypothermia. \"Naomi\" brought in 957,000 viewers and was E4's highest-rated programme of the week. Critical reviews of the episode were generally positive.","title":"Naomi (Skins)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olivia Colman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Colman"}],"text":"Naomi lives with her hippy mother Gina (Olivia Colman) and fifteen other people in a communal living arrangement. This is a source of annoyance to Naomi, whose privacy is invaded when she wakes up one morning, naked, to discover that a male hippy is sleeping in her bed. At college, she avoids Emily to meet with her politics teacher Kieran instead. In the students' common room, they are informed of the upcoming elections for Student President. Emily encourages Naomi to run for president, but Naomi refuses. She later comes across Cook, who tries to persuade her to have sex with him. She jokingly tells him that he has a better chance of winning the student elections, which he sees as a challenge and decides to register. Kieran walks her home at the end of the day and urges her to run in the elections, giving her a registration form. When she arrives at her house, she finds Emily waiting in her bedroom with another registration form. Emily starts to leave when Naomi is rude and standoffish to her—despite taking Emily's advice to enter the elections—but returns and confronts her. She frankly tells her that she is not obsessed with pursuing a sexual relationship with her, and Naomi suggests she stay the night with her.The next morning, Naomi wakes up, with Emily asleep next to her. She is tempted to stroke her hair, but instead gets dressed and goes to college, leaving Emily in her bed. At college, she sees the massive presidential campaign staged by Cook and JJ (Ollie Barbieri). She launches her own campaign to rival Cook, but finds that most of her classmates' support is for Cook's anarchist ideas. She is doubly humiliated in front of the form when Cook ridicules her and Emily subsequently stands up for her. She flees to Kieran for comfort but leaves him, shocked and disgusted, when he kisses her. She goes home and, after finding a note from Emily in her bed, cries herself to sleep.Naomi and Emily escape to the countryside later that evening and cycle to one of Emily's favourite places by a lake before sunset. After swimming in the lake, they light a campfire, and share a cannabis joint. An act of blowbacking the joint leads the two to share a kiss and they proceed to make love. Emily wakes up the following morning to find Naomi preparing to leave. She pleads with Naomi not to leave her a second time and tells her that she should accept that she needs to be loved. Naomi goes home to find Kieran in bed with her mother, and leaves for college, devastated. She sees her teachers rigging the election to prevent Cook from winning, and reveals this to the form when she is announced the winner. As his first presidential act, Cook starts a riot. In the ensuing chaos, Naomi forgives Kieran, encouraging him that if he likes her mother, he should tell her so. Naomi begins to have sex with Cook before she realises that it \"isn't right\". Surprisingly, Cook doesn't seem to mind, as he says that she must have a good reason not to follow through because she's clever. Naomi leaves, with her and Cook now sharing a better understanding of each other. That night, she visits Emily's house, but Emily refuses to open the door, not wanting Naomi to see her after she had been crying. They sit on opposite sides of the door, and Naomi admits that she does need somebody to love her. Emily offers her hand through the door's cat flap to Naomi, who finally reciprocates Emily's feelings.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ros-1"},{"link_name":"Pandora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_(Skins_episode)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ros-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-extras-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-video-4"},{"link_name":"hypothermia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-extras-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-video-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-look-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-look-7"},{"link_name":"Cook Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara"},{"link_name":"The Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"Dr. Martens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Martens"},{"link_name":"brogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brogues"},{"link_name":"skinheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinheads"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ros-1"},{"link_name":"Rizla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizla"},{"link_name":"rolling papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_paper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ros-1"}],"text":"\"Naomi\" was filmed in October 2008,[1] in the same production block as the series' fourth episode, \"Pandora\", and the series' opening title sequence.[2] The riot scene in front of the college was filmed with 100 extras; Cook's petrol-bombing of the car was described by costume assistant Ros Marshall as \"probably the most hi-tech special effect we've had while filming Skins\".[1] The students' college common room was filmed in the show's production canteen.[3] Originally, an entire scene was supposed to be filmed with Naomi and Emily in the lake, but the water was so cold that the actors were unable to stay in the water,[4] and Kathryn Prescott was taken to a standby ambulance with suspected hypothermia.[3] Director Simon Massey choreographed Naomi and Emily's sex scene prior to filming so that, on the set, the actions would come instinctively to the actors and they would be able to complete the scene in a limited number of takes.[4] While Lily Loveless enjoyed filming those scenes because \"stuff like that gives you experience\",[5] Prescott said that it concerned her, though she said that she was not pressured to do anything in the script that made her uncomfortable.[6]Stylist Kirstie Stanway began to differentiate between Emily and her twin sister Katie's hair and makeup with this episode to show that the twins are starting to \"move along their own paths\". She re-styled Katie's character in particular to illustrate that she is now \"desperate not to be lumped with her sister as she really doesn't approve of the new girl in her life\".[7] Ardal O'Hanlon grew a beard for his role as Kieran and was given a scar under one eye to give his character a \"more rugged look\".[7] Ros Marshall said that Cook's mock-presentation of himself as \"Cook Guevara\" paid homage to The Clash's Joe Strummer and \"the youth cultures of days gone by\", and that his Dr. Martens brogues were a reference to skinheads of the 1980s.[1] Marshall made Cook and JJ's campaign rosettes by hand from Rizla rolling papers.[1]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"AfterEllen.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfterEllen.com_and_AfterElton.com"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"PopSugar.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopSugar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"Chris Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Miles_(Skins)"},{"link_name":"first generation character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Skins_characters#First_generation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"\"Naomi\" drew 957,000 viewers and was E4's highest-rated programme of the week.[8]Sarah Warn, editor-in-chief of lesbian-based website AfterEllen.com, wrote that the episode's focus on Naomi and Emily \"was one of the best-developed and most honest depictions of a lesbian teenage relationship that I've ever seen on TV.\"[9] A critic for PopSugar.com thought both Naomi and Cook to be more likable after the episode and enjoyed the development of their friendship throughout. They found Emily's plea to Naomi as Naomi left the campsite \"heartbreaking\" and called Kieran \"one of my favourite recurring characters this series\".[10] Digital Spy's Dan French gave the episode a positive review, describing it as \"chaotic\" and \"full of lady-lovin'\". He praised Naomi's relationship with Kieran, which he saw as a reference to the affair between Chris Miles, a first generation character from Skins' first and second series, and his teacher Angie.[11] The entertainment editor for eurOut.org, a website for European lesbians, thought that Naomi and Emily's storyline was \"definitely one of the best portrayals of teenage lesbians I've ever seen\", writing that \"when the focus is more on cute girls falling for each other, this show isn't half bad\".[12] Another eurOut.org writer, Cate O'Neil, said that \"Naomi\" was \"probably the best individual lesbian episode I have seen on TV. Ever.\"[13]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Marshall, Ros (27 February 2009). \"The Ros blog - episodes 4 and 6\". E4.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090722101112/http://www.e4.com/blog/skins-news/post/nohc8vgorfivxg3y4rrm1e/view.e4","url_text":"\"The Ros blog - episodes 4 and 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(channel)","url_text":"E4.com"},{"url":"http://www.e4.com/blog/skins-news/post/nohc8vgorfivxg3y4rrm1e/view.e4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Backwell, Lisa (12 February 2009). \"Lisa Backwell's episode 4 blog\". E4.com. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Backwell","url_text":"Backwell, Lisa"},{"url":"http://www.e4.com/blog/baorQE7kaBwmHtvPOiRt1x/view.e4","url_text":"\"Lisa Backwell's episode 4 blog\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(channel)","url_text":"E4.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Online extras - episode 6\". E4.com. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e4.com/skins/series3/online-extras-ep6.html","url_text":"\"Online extras - episode 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(channel)","url_text":"E4.com"}]},{"reference":"Skins: The Complete Third Series – Making of episode 6 (DVD). Channel 4 DVD.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4","url_text":"Channel 4 DVD"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: The New Skins Girls\". tv.sky.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207040107/http://tv.sky.com/interview-the-new-skins-girls","url_text":"\"Interview: The New Skins Girls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting","url_text":"tv.sky.com"},{"url":"http://tv.sky.com/interview-the-new-skins-girls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"French, Dan (18 March 2009). \"A chat with Emily from 'Skins'\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/a149945/a-chat-with-emily-from-skins.html","url_text":"\"A chat with Emily from 'Skins'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"Stanway, Kirstie. \"Episode 6 look book\". E4.com. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e4.com/skins/style/episode6-lookbook.html","url_text":"\"Episode 6 look book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(channel)","url_text":"E4.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Weekly Top 10 Programmes (week ending 1 March 2009)\" (Press release). Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140718204656/http://www.barb.co.uk/whats-new/weekly-top-10","url_text":"\"Weekly Top 10 Programmes (week ending 1 March 2009)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasters%27_Audience_Research_Board","url_text":"Broadcasters' Audience Research Board"},{"url":"http://www.barb.co.uk/whats-new/weekly-top-10?","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Warn, Sarah (27 February 2009). \"Best. Lesbian. Week. Ever\". AfterEllen.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120719020758/http://www.afterellen.com/blwe/02-27-09","url_text":"\"Best. Lesbian. Week. Ever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfterEllen.com_and_AfterElton.com","url_text":"AfterEllen.com"},{"url":"http://www.afterellen.com/blwe/02-27-09","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Series Three, Episode Six \"Naomi\"\". PopSugar. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.popsugar.com/2864991","url_text":"\"Series Three, Episode Six \"Naomi\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopSugar","url_text":"PopSugar"}]},{"reference":"French, Dan (25 February 2009). \"Same-sex scandals in 'Skins'\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/a147860/same-sex-scandals-in-skins.html","url_text":"\"Same-sex scandals in 'Skins'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Skins recap Episode 3.06: \"Naomi\" (aka Lesbian cuteness and sexy times)\". eurOut.org. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090926070103/http://eurout.org/node/811","url_text":"\"Skins recap Episode 3.06: \"Naomi\" (aka Lesbian cuteness and sexy times)\""},{"url":"http://eurout.org/node/811","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Neil, Cate (5 April 2009). \"Skins Season 3 overview: All about Naomily\". eurOut.org. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090409065556/http://eurout.org/2009/04/05/skins-season-3-overview-all-about-naomily","url_text":"\"Skins Season 3 overview: All about Naomily\""},{"url":"http://eurout.org/2009/04/05/skins-season-3-overview-all-about-naomily","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_golden_oriole
Eurasian golden oriole
["1 Taxonomy and systematics","1.1 Etymology","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behaviour and ecology","4.1 Breeding","4.2 Feeding","5 Conservation","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
Species of bird Eurasian golden oriole Male Female Song and call recorded in Russia Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae Genus: Oriolus Species: O. oriolus Binomial name Oriolus oriolus(Linnaeus, 1758)      Summer      Winter Synonyms Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758 Oriolus galbulaLinnaeus The Eurasian golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus), also called the common golden oriole, is the only member of the Old World oriole family of passerine birds breeding in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions. It is a summer migrant in Europe and Palearctic and spends the winter season in central and southern Africa. Taxonomy and systematics The Eurasian golden oriole was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae and given the binomial name Coracias oriolus. The species is now placed in the genus Oriolus that Linnaeus introduced in 1766. The Eurasian golden oriole and the Indian golden oriole were formerly considered conspecific, but in 2005 they were treated as separate species by the ornithologists Pamela Rasmussen and John Anderton, in the first edition of their Birds of South Asia. Support for this split was provided by a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010, and most ornithologists now treat the Indian golden oriole as a separate species. Alternate names for the Eurasian golden oriole include the European golden oriole and Western Eurasian golden oriole. The species is monotypic. Etymology The name "oriole" was first used in the 18th century and is an adaptation of the scientific Latin genus name, which is derived from the Classical Latin "aureolus" meaning golden. Various forms of "oriole" have existed in Romance languages since the 12th and 13th centuries. Albertus Magnus used the Latin form oriolus in about 1250 and erroneously stated that it was onomatopoeic because of the golden oriole's song. In medieval England its name, derived from the song, was the woodwele. Description The male is striking in the typical oriole black and yellow plumage, but the female is a drabber green bird. Orioles are shy, and even the male is remarkably difficult to see in the dappled yellow and green leaves of the canopy. In flight they look somewhat like a thrush, strong and direct with some shallow dips over longer distances. Its call is a harsh "kweeaahk", but the song is a fluting weela-wee-ooo or or-iii-ole, unmistakable once heard, often with subtle variations between each phrase. The male of the Indian golden oriole (Oriolus kundoo) has a black eye-stripe extending behind the eye, has a longer and paler red bill and has more yellow in the plumage. Distribution and habitat The breeding range of this species spans from western Europe and Scandinavia east to China. They winter in central and southern Africa. They generally migrate during the night, but may travel during the day in the spring migration. During the autumn migration they migrate via the Eastern Mediterranean where they feed on fruit; they are often considered a pest in this region because of this. They formerly bred in Great Britain; the last confirmed breeding was in 2009 in East Anglia. The Eurasian golden oriole inhabits a range of habitats. In Western Europe they prefer open broadleaf forests and plantations, copses, riverine forests, orchards, large gardens; in Eastern Europe they may inhabit more continuous forests as well as mixed or coniferous forests. They generally avoid treeless habitats but may forage there. In their wintering habitat they are found in semi-arid to humid woodland, tall forests, riverine forest, woodland/savanna mosaic and savanna. Behaviour and ecology Nest placed in fork Eggs of Oriolus oriolus Breeding Eurasian golden orioles may delay breeding until they are 2 or 3 years of age. Males usually arrive at breeding area several days before the females. The fidelity to a territory or even to a specific nest site suggests that the pair-bond may continue from one breeding season to the next. The nest is placed high in a tree towards the edge of the crown. The deep cup-shaped nest is suspended below a horizontal fork of thin branches. It is built by the female, but the male will sometimes gather some of the material. The nest is held in place by plant fibres up to 40 cm (16 in) in length and lined with fine grass, feathers and wool. The clutch is usually between 3 and 5 eggs. These are laid at daily intervals early in the morning. The eggs are on average 30.4 mm × 21.3 mm (1.20 in × 0.84 in) with a calculated weight of 7.3 g (0.26 oz). They can be white, cream or very pale pink and are decorated with black marks which are sometimes concentrated at the larger end. The eggs are mainly incubated by the female but the male will incubate for short periods to allow the female to feed. The eggs hatch after 16–17 days. The young are fed by both parents but are mostly brooded by the female. The young fledge after 16–17 days. The clutch is only rarely lost to predators as the parents vigorously defend their nest. The greatest recorded age for a Eurasian golden oriole is 10 years and 1 month for a male that was ringed in Lincolnshire in 1986 and seen alive in Cambridgeshire in 1996. Feeding They feed on insects and fruit, using their bills to pick insects out of crevices. Conservation Golden orioles have an extremely large range with large populations that are apparently stable. Therefore, they are evaluated as least concern by BirdLife International. References ^ a b c BirdLife International (2017). "Oriolus oriolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103692938A111783061. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103692938A111783061.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Eurasian Golden Oriole". Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 2019-08-07. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Coracias oriolus". Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 107. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Orioles, drongos, fantails". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ^ Rasmussen, P. C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. Volume 2. Washington D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions. p. 586. ISBN 978-84-87334-66-5. ^ Mayr, E.; Greenway, J. C. Jr, eds. (1962). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. Volume 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 127. ^ Jønsson, K.A.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Moyle, R.G.; Irestedt, M.; Christidis, L.; Norman, J.A.; Fjeldså, J. (2010). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes)". Ecography. 33 (2): 232–241. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06167.x. ^ Lepage, D. "Indian Golden-Oriole Oriolus kundoo Sykes, 1832". Avibase. Retrieved 20 December 2017. ^ "Oriole". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ "Eurasian Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus) - Loriot d'Europe". WildEchoes. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2022. ^ Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2012). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2((: Attributes and Status)) (Second ed.). Washington D.C.: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. p. 586. ISBN 978-84-96553-87-3. ^ Walther, B.; Jones, P. (2017). "Indian Golden Oriole (Oriolus kundoo)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.ingori1.01. S2CID 216174760. Retrieved 18 December 2017. ^ a b Walther, B.A.; Jones, P.J. (2008). "Family Oriolidae (Orioles)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 692–731 . ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3. ^ Dagley, J.R. (1994). "Golden Orioles in East Anglia and their conservation" (PDF). British Birds. 87: 205–219. ^ Eaton, Mark; Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2022). "Rare breeding birds in the UK in 2020" (PDF). British Birds. 115 (11): 623-692 . ^ Cramp & Perrins 1993, p. 421. ^ Cramp & Perrins 1993, pp. 429–430. ^ "Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2016". British Trust for Ornithology. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017. ^ "European Longevity Records". Euring. Retrieved 20 December 2017. Sources Cramp, Stanley; Perrins, C.M., eds. (1993). "Oriolus oriolus Golden oriole". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. VII: Flycatchers to Strikes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 415–433. ISBN 978-0-19-857510-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oriolus oriolus. Wikispecies has information related to Oriolus oriolus. Oriolus oriolus in Field Guide: Birds of the World on Flickr "Oriolus oriolus". Avibase. Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.3 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Archived 2016-11-08 at the Wayback Machine Internet Bird Collection: Golden Oriole videos, photos and sounds (European =) Eurasian golden oriole - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds. Listen to an oriole singing Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the Eurasian golden oriole Taxon identifiersOriolus oriolus Wikidata: Q25388 Wikispecies: Oriolus oriolus ADW: Oriolus_oriolus ARKive: oriolus-oriolus Avibase: EBDD410629FE11AC BioLib: 8966 BirdLife: 103692938 BOLD: 101142 BOW: eugori2 BTO: bob15080 CoL: 74VGB eBird: eugori2 EPPO: ORIOOR EUNIS: 1170 EURING: 15080 Fauna Europaea: 97124 Fauna Europaea (new): a76077aa-da8f-4345-af3c-e802154369da GBIF: 2488949 iNaturalist: 204556 IRMNG: 10973399 ITIS: 561707 IUCN: 103692938 NBN: NHMSYS0000530518 NCBI: 181099 Observation.org: 350 Open Tree of Life: 299687 TSA: 12441 Xeno-canto: Oriolus-oriolus Coracias oriolus Wikidata: Q125188751 GBIF: 7832864 ZooBank: F3DB9263-AE9C-4E15-8C1E-EF277172F554 Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old World oriole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_oriole"},{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"migrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"Palearctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic"}],"text":"The Eurasian golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus), also called the common golden oriole, is the only member of the Old World oriole family of passerine birds breeding in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions. It is a summer migrant in Europe and Palearctic and spends the winter season in central and southern Africa.","title":"Eurasian golden oriole"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"tenth edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_name"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Oriolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriolus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-4"},{"link_name":"Indian golden oriole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_golden_oriole"},{"link_name":"conspecific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspecific"},{"link_name":"Pamela Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen"},{"link_name":"Birds of South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_South_Asia._The_Ripley_Guide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"molecular phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-4"}],"text":"The Eurasian golden oriole was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae and given the binomial name Coracias oriolus.[3] The species is now placed in the genus Oriolus that Linnaeus introduced in 1766.[4]The Eurasian golden oriole and the Indian golden oriole were formerly considered conspecific, but in 2005 they were treated as separate species by the ornithologists Pamela Rasmussen and John Anderton, in the first edition of their Birds of South Asia.[5][6] Support for this split was provided by a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010,[7] and most ornithologists now treat the Indian golden oriole as a separate species.[8] Alternate names for the Eurasian golden oriole include the European golden oriole and Western Eurasian golden oriole. The species is monotypic.[4]","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Romance languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Albertus Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus"},{"link_name":"onomatopoeic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia"}],"sub_title":"Etymology","text":"The name \"oriole\" was first used in the 18th century and is an adaptation of the scientific Latin genus name, which is derived from the Classical Latin \"aureolus\" meaning golden. Various forms of \"oriole\" have existed in Romance languages since the 12th and 13th centuries.[9] Albertus Magnus used the Latin form oriolus in about 1250 and erroneously stated that it was onomatopoeic because of the golden oriole's song. In medieval England its name, derived from the song, was the woodwele.","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrush_(bird)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wild_Echoes-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The male is striking in the typical oriole black and yellow plumage, but the female is a drabber green bird. Orioles are shy, and even the male is remarkably difficult to see in the dappled yellow and green leaves of the canopy. In flight they look somewhat like a thrush, strong and direct with some shallow dips over longer distances.Its call is a harsh \"kweeaahk\", but the song is a fluting weela-wee-ooo or or-iii-ole, unmistakable once heard, often with subtle variations between each phrase.[10]The male of the Indian golden oriole (Oriolus kundoo) has a black eye-stripe extending behind the eye, has a longer and paler red bill and has more yellow in the plumage.[11][12]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbw-13"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbw-13"}],"text":"The breeding range of this species spans from western Europe and Scandinavia east to China. They winter in central and southern Africa.[1] They generally migrate during the night, but may travel during the day in the spring migration. During the autumn migration they migrate via the Eastern Mediterranean where they feed on fruit; they are often considered a pest in this region because of this.[13] They formerly bred in Great Britain; the last confirmed breeding was in 2009 in East Anglia.[14][15]The Eurasian golden oriole inhabits a range of habitats. In Western Europe they prefer open broadleaf forests and plantations, copses, riverine forests, orchards, large gardens; in Eastern Europe they may inhabit more continuous forests as well as mixed or coniferous forests. They generally avoid treeless habitats but may forage there. In their wintering habitat they are found in semi-arid to humid woodland, tall forests, riverine forest, woodland/savanna mosaic and savanna.[13]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oriolus_oriolus_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oriolus_oriolus_MHNT_232_Foret_de_la_Mamora_Maroc_RdN.jpg"}],"text":"Nest placed in forkEggs of Oriolus oriolus","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampPerrins1993421-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampPerrins1993429%E2%80%93430-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"Eurasian golden orioles may delay breeding until they are 2 or 3 years of age. Males usually arrive at breeding area several days before the females. The fidelity to a territory or even to a specific nest site suggests that the pair-bond may continue from one breeding season to the next.[16] The nest is placed high in a tree towards the edge of the crown. The deep cup-shaped nest is suspended below a horizontal fork of thin branches. It is built by the female, but the male will sometimes gather some of the material. The nest is held in place by plant fibres up to 40 cm (16 in) in length and lined with fine grass, feathers and wool. The clutch is usually between 3 and 5 eggs. These are laid at daily intervals early in the morning. The eggs are on average 30.4 mm × 21.3 mm (1.20 in × 0.84 in) with a calculated weight of 7.3 g (0.26 oz). They can be white, cream or very pale pink and are decorated with black marks which are sometimes concentrated at the larger end. The eggs are mainly incubated by the female but the male will incubate for short periods to allow the female to feed. The eggs hatch after 16–17 days. The young are fed by both parents but are mostly brooded by the female. The young fledge after 16–17 days. The clutch is only rarely lost to predators as the parents vigorously defend their nest.[17]The greatest recorded age for a Eurasian golden oriole is 10 years and 1 month for a male that was ringed in Lincolnshire in 1986 and seen alive in Cambridgeshire in 1996.[18][19]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"They feed on insects and fruit, using their bills to pick insects out of crevices.","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"least concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concern"},{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"Golden orioles have an extremely large range with large populations that are apparently stable. Therefore, they are evaluated as least concern by BirdLife International.[1]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cramp, Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cramp"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-857510-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857510-8"}],"text":"Cramp, Stanley; Perrins, C.M., eds. (1993). \"Oriolus oriolus Golden oriole\". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. VII: Flycatchers to Strikes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 415–433. ISBN 978-0-19-857510-8.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Song and call recorded in Russia"},{"image_text":"Nest placed in fork","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oriolus_oriolus_2.jpg/220px-Oriolus_oriolus_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eggs of Oriolus oriolus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Oriolus_oriolus_MHNT_232_Foret_de_la_Mamora_Maroc_RdN.jpg/220px-Oriolus_oriolus_MHNT_232_Foret_de_la_Mamora_Maroc_RdN.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Oriolus oriolus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103692938A111783061. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103692938A111783061.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International","url_text":"BirdLife International"},{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103692938/111783061","url_text":"\"Oriolus oriolus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103692938A111783061.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103692938A111783061.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Eurasian Golden Oriole\". Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 2019-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/uk-species/species/oriolus_oriolus.html","url_text":"\"Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Eurasian Golden Oriole\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London","url_text":"Natural History Museum, London"}]},{"reference":"Linnaeus, C. (1758). \"Coracias oriolus\". Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 107.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus","url_text":"Linnaeus, C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865/page/107/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Coracias oriolus\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). \"Orioles, drongos, fantails\". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 31 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, Pamela"},{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/orioles/","url_text":"\"Orioles, drongos, fantails\""}]},{"reference":"Rasmussen, P. C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. Volume 2. Washington D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions. p. 586. ISBN 978-84-87334-66-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, P. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-66-5","url_text":"978-84-87334-66-5"}]},{"reference":"Mayr, E.; Greenway, J. C. Jr, eds. (1962). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. Volume 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 127.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr","url_text":"Mayr, E."},{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14485500","url_text":"Check-list of birds of the world"}]},{"reference":"Jønsson, K.A.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Moyle, R.G.; Irestedt, M.; Christidis, L.; Norman, J.A.; Fjeldså, J. (2010). \"Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes)\". Ecography. 33 (2): 232–241. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06167.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0587.2010.06167.x","url_text":"\"Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0587.2010.06167.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06167.x"}]},{"reference":"Lepage, D. \"Indian Golden-Oriole Oriolus kundoo Sykes, 1832\". Avibase. Retrieved 20 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=4C263A0E9863761B","url_text":"\"Indian Golden-Oriole Oriolus kundoo Sykes, 1832\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oriole\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Oriole","url_text":"\"Oriole\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurasian Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus) - Loriot d'Europe\". WildEchoes. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wildechoes.org/species/oriole/golden-oriole","url_text":"\"Eurasian Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus) - Loriot d'Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2012). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2((: Attributes and Status)) (Second ed.). Washington D.C.: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. p. 586. ISBN 978-84-96553-87-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, P.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96553-87-3","url_text":"978-84-96553-87-3"}]},{"reference":"Walther, B.; Jones, P. (2017). \"Indian Golden Oriole (Oriolus kundoo)\". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.ingori1.01. S2CID 216174760. Retrieved 18 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbw.com/node/60450","url_text":"Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2173%2Fbow.ingori1.01","url_text":"10.2173/bow.ingori1.01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216174760","url_text":"216174760"}]},{"reference":"Walther, B.A.; Jones, P.J. (2008). \"Family Oriolidae (Orioles)\". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 692–731 [722]. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0013unse/page/722/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Family Oriolidae (Orioles)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96553-45-3","url_text":"978-84-96553-45-3"}]},{"reference":"Dagley, J.R. (1994). \"Golden Orioles in East Anglia and their conservation\" (PDF). British Birds. 87: 205–219.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V87/V87_N05/V87_N05_P205_219_A057.pdf","url_text":"\"Golden Orioles in East Anglia and their conservation\""}]},{"reference":"Eaton, Mark; Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2022). \"Rare breeding birds in the UK in 2020\" (PDF). British Birds. 115 (11): 623-692 [629].","urls":[{"url":"https://rbbp.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/rbbp-report-2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Rare breeding birds in the UK in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2016\". British Trust for Ornithology. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180721214348/https://app.bto.org/ring/countyrec/results2016/longevity.htm#15080","url_text":"\"Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2016\""},{"url":"https://app.bto.org/ring/countyrec/results2016/longevity.htm#15080","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"European Longevity Records\". Euring. Retrieved 20 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://euring.org/data-and-codes/longevity-list?page=5","url_text":"\"European Longevity Records\""}]},{"reference":"Cramp, Stanley; Perrins, C.M., eds. (1993). \"Oriolus oriolus Golden oriole\". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. VII: Flycatchers to Strikes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 415–433. ISBN 978-0-19-857510-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cramp","url_text":"Cramp, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857510-8","url_text":"978-0-19-857510-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Oriolus oriolus\". Avibase.","urls":[{"url":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=EBDD410629FE11AC","url_text":"\"Oriolus oriolus\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneth_Dow
Gwyneth Dow
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Gwyneth Dow (1920 – 1996) was an Australian educator, notable for her contributions to the Australian education system. Early life Dow was born Gwyneth Maude Terry in Melbourne. She took her BA and a Diploma Education (DipEd) in 1957, completing a Master in Education in 1961 and a Doctor's in Education in 1984. Career Dow worked as a personnel officer during World War II, and became one of the first industrial welfare officers employed in Melbourne industry. Dow's academic career started as a lecturer in the education faculty at the University of Melbourne in 1958. She was a proponent of change in both the school curriculum and teacher education. A book based on her Master's thesis was published in 1964 and she wrote numerous papers on educational theory and pedagogy. Dow founded the Victorian Curriculum Advisory board and served on it from 1966 to 1970. One of her accomplishments was to introduce postgraduate Diploma of Education courses into the Australia's educational system, and to launch a course B that she had designed. This course placed students in schools 3 days a week, and was a noted concept at the time for giving teachers real experience through work placement. Dow was an active unionist, a member of the Victorian Teachers' Union. As part of this, she pushed for achieving permanent status for married teachers who were working in schools. Personal life She was briefly married to journalist Rohan Rivett, before marrying University of Melbourne academic Hume Dow in 1947. In retirement she continued to work on interests including Tasmanian and family history, including a biography of her great-great grandfather, Samuel Terry. She continued to publish books, in some cases collaborating with her husband. References ^ a b c Heywood, Anne (15 July 2020). "Dow, Gwyneth Maude". The Australian Women's Register. National Foundation for Australian Women and The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021. ^ a b Inglis, K. S., "Rivett, Rohan Deakin (1917–1977)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 7 February 2021 ^ a b "Dow, Gwyneth Maude (1920-1996)". Trove. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021. ^ Dow, Gwyneth, "Terry, Samuel (1776–1838)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 7 February 2021 ^ Flechs, Juliet "40 Years, 40 Women" University of Melbourne Library, 2015 Further reading Records of Gwynneth Dow Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States People Australia Australian Women's Register
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sully_and_Lavernock
Sully and Lavernock
["1 Description","2 Governance","2.1 Community Council","2.2 Vale of Glamorgan Council","2.3 Cardiff RDC","3 References","4 External links"]
Sully and Lavernock (Welsh: Sili a Larnog) is a community on the coast of the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, stretching from Sully to Lavernock. Description The community includes the village of Sully and the coastal hamlets of Swanbridge and Lavernock. At the 2001 UK Census the population of Sully and Lavernock was 4,240 rising to 4,543 in 2011. It also includes the Cosmeston area of Lavernock. The community has a library based in Sully, Sully and Lavernock Community Library, which has been run by volunteers since 2016. Notable buildings include the 1930s Sully Hospital, which is Grade II* listed. Sully's St John the Baptist church, the centre of the old village, is Grade II listed, as is Lavernock's Church of St Lawrence. Governance Community Council The community is represented at the local level by Sully and Lavernock Community Council comprising nine councillors elected from the community wards of Sully (7), and Lavernock (2). In 2017 and 2018 the council experienced problems including the suspension of and investigation into the conduct of the council clerk in September 2017. Other problems includes an out-of-date asset list and loss of insurance paperwork. Local residents called for the council to be disbanded at a public meeting in April 2018. The suspension of the clerk on full pay, for alleged misuse of his work computer, was said to be on the verge of bankrupting the council by early 2019. A by-election took place on 15 March 2018 following the resignation of a councillor. It was won by retired police officer, Steve Oaten. Councillor Oaten became chairman of the community council, but resigned in February 2019 citing "the overbearing conduct and behaviour" of some councillors and saying the council needed "a few new faces". Vale of Glamorgan Council Sully and Lavernock is in the electoral ward of Sully for elections to the Vale of Glamorgan Council. Two county councillors are elected. Cardiff RDC Prior to 1974, Sully and Lavernock was a ward to Cardiff Rural District Council, electing one councillor. At the May 1970 elections it re-elected Independent councillor, Mrs P. M. W. Winn-Jones. References ^ "Sully and Lavernock - Community in Wales". City Population. Retrieved 19 March 2019. ^ "Sully and Lavernock Community Library celebrates its first anniversary of volunteer-running". The Milford Mercury. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 19 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019. ^ "Listed Buildings in Sully and Lavernock, Vale of Glamorgan". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ "Councillors". Sully and Lavernock Community Council. Retrieved 19 March 2019. ^ a b Joe Langstaffe (12 April 2018). "Residents pile pressure on under-fire Sully and Lavernock Community Council at heated meeting". Western Telegraph. Retrieved 19 March 2019. ^ Matt Discombe (8 February 2019). "Suspension of clerk for alleged adult images is 'bankrupting' a community council, fear councillors". Wales Online. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ Joe Langstaffe (16 March 2018). "Sully and Lavernock Community Council by-election won by Steve Oaten". Gazette. Gloucestershire. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ "Sully Community Council chairman resigns over row about suspended clerk". Barry & District News. 21 February 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ "How The Voting Went". South Wales Echo. 8 May 1970. p. 13. External links Sully and Lavernock Community Council vteVale of Glamorgan County BoroughVale of Glamorgan CouncilMain settlements Barry template Cowbridge Llantwit Major Penarth Communities Barry Colwinston Cowbridge with Llanblethian Dinas Powys Ewenny Llanmaes Llancarfan Llandough Llandow Llanfair Llangan Llantwit Major Michaelston-le-Pit and Leckwith Penarth Pendoylan Penllyn Peterston-super-Ely Rhoose St Athan St Bride's Major St Donats St Georges-super-Ely St Nicholas and Bonvilston Sully and Lavernock Welsh St Donats Wenvoe Wick Villages Aberthaw Aberthin Broughton Bonvilston Boverton Boys Village Clawdd Coch Clemenstone Colwinston Corntown Culverhouse Cross Dinas Powys Downs Drope Dyffryn Eglwys Brewis Ewenny Flemingston Fonmon Font-y-Gary Frampton Gileston Goldsland Graig Penllyn Great Hamston Gwern-y-Steeple Kenson Lavernock Lidmore Llampha Llanmaes Llanbethery Llanblethian Llancadle Llancarfan Llandough (near Cowbridge) Llandough (near Penarth) Llandow Llangan Llanmihangel Llansannor Llantrithyd Llantwithyn Llysworney Maendy Marcross Michaelston-le-Pit Middlecross Moulton Newton Northcliff Nurston Ogmore Ogmore-by-Sea Pancross Pendoylan Penmark Pentre Meyrick Peterston-super-Ely Pen-y-Lan Picketston Prisk Rhoose Sigingstone St Andrews Major St Brides Major Southerndown St Athan St Donats St Georges super Ely St Hilary St Mary Church St Mary Hill St Nicholas St Lythans Sully Sutton The Herberts Tre-Aubrey Tredodridge Treguff Trerhyngyll Twyn-yr-Odyn Walterston Wenvoe Wick Wrinstone Ystradowen Landmarks andlisted buildings The Bendricks The Bulwarks, Porthkerry The Captain's Wife Cosmeston Medieval Village Cosmeston Lakes Country Park Dimlands Dunraven Castle Egerton Grey Country House Hotel Porthkerry Park St Lythans burial chamber Tinkinswood Welsh Hawking Centre Wenvoe Castle Grade I Church of St John the Baptist Church of the Holy Cross, Cowbridge Coedarhydyglyn Ewenny Priory Fonmon Castle Hensol Castle Ogmore Castle Old Beaupre Castle St Donat's Castle St Illtyd's Church, Llantwit Major Grade II* Barry Castle The Blue Anchor Inn Cowbridge Grammar School Cowbridge Town Hall Dyffryn Gardens Gileston Manor Llandough Castle St Quintins Castle Geography Breaksea Point East Aberthaw Coast Collugh Beach Sully Island Tresilian Bay Afon Alun Afon Col-huw Cadoxton River Ewenny River Nant y Stepsau River Kenson River Thaw River Waycock Economy Barry Memorial Hall Barry Island Pleasure Park Barry Council Office and Library Barry Dock Offices Aberthaw Power Station Aberthaw Cement Works Llandow Industrial Estate Wenvoe Quarry Wenvoe transmitting station Transport Cardiff Airport A48 road A4050 road A4226 road B4265 road Barry Tourist Railway Stations Barry Barry Docks Barry Island Cadaxton Cogan Dinas Powys Dingle Road Eastbrook Llantwit Major Penarth Rhoose Cardiff Sport Barry Town United F.C. Glamorganshire Golf Club Southerndown Golf Club Wenvoe Castle Golf Club Topics Schools SSSIs Scheduled Monuments Registered parks and gardens Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Country houses Museums Books Public art Geography Wales Category
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sully and Lavernock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sully,_Vale_of_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Swanbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanbridge"},{"link_name":"Lavernock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavernock"},{"link_name":"2001 UK Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UK_Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lavernock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavernock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sully Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sully_Hospital"},{"link_name":"listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The community includes the village of Sully and the coastal hamlets of Swanbridge and Lavernock. At the 2001 UK Census the population of Sully and Lavernock was 4,240 rising to 4,543 in 2011.[1] It also includes the Cosmeston area of Lavernock.The community has a library based in Sully, Sully and Lavernock Community Library, which has been run by volunteers since 2016.[2]Notable buildings include the 1930s Sully Hospital, which is Grade II* listed. Sully's St John the Baptist church, the centre of the old village, is Grade II listed, as is Lavernock's Church of St Lawrence.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wtpilepressure-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wtpilepressure-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wobankruptingcc-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Community Council","text":"The community is represented at the local level by Sully and Lavernock Community Council comprising nine councillors elected from the community wards of Sully (7), and Lavernock (2).[4]In 2017 and 2018 the council experienced problems including the suspension of and investigation into the conduct of the council clerk in September 2017.[5] Other problems includes an out-of-date asset list and loss of insurance paperwork. Local residents called for the council to be disbanded at a public meeting in April 2018.[5] The suspension of the clerk on full pay, for alleged misuse of his work computer, was said to be on the verge of bankrupting the council by early 2019.[6]A by-election took place on 15 March 2018 following the resignation of a councillor. It was won by retired police officer, Steve Oaten.[7] Councillor Oaten became chairman of the community council, but resigned in February 2019 citing \"the overbearing conduct and behaviour\" of some councillors and saying the council needed \"a few new faces\".[8]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_ward"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_Council"}],"sub_title":"Vale of Glamorgan Council","text":"Sully and Lavernock is in the electoral ward of Sully for elections to the Vale of Glamorgan Council. Two county councillors are elected.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardiff Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Cardiff RDC","text":"Prior to 1974, Sully and Lavernock was a ward to Cardiff Rural District Council, electing one councillor. At the May 1970 elections it re-elected Independent councillor, Mrs P. M. W. Winn-Jones.[9]","title":"Governance"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Sully and Lavernock - Community in Wales\". City Population. Retrieved 19 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/php/uk-parishes-wales.php?adm2id=W04000922","url_text":"\"Sully and Lavernock - Community in Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sully and Lavernock Community Library celebrates its first anniversary of volunteer-running\". The Milford Mercury. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 19 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190319211556/https://www.milfordmercury.co.uk/news/15512825.sully-and-lavernock-community-library-celebrates-its-first-anniversary-of-volunteer-running/","url_text":"\"Sully and Lavernock Community Library celebrates its first anniversary of volunteer-running\""},{"url":"https://www.milfordmercury.co.uk/news/15512825.sully-and-lavernock-community-library-celebrates-its-first-anniversary-of-volunteer-running/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Listed Buildings in Sully and Lavernock, Vale of Glamorgan\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/wales/sully-and-lavernock-vale-of-glamorgan#.XJH0QbjgrHo","url_text":"\"Listed Buildings in Sully and Lavernock, Vale of Glamorgan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Councillors\". Sully and Lavernock Community Council. Retrieved 19 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sullyandlavernockcc.co.uk/councillors","url_text":"\"Councillors\""}]},{"reference":"Joe Langstaffe (12 April 2018). \"Residents pile pressure on under-fire Sully and Lavernock Community Council at heated meeting\". Western Telegraph. Retrieved 19 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/16154485.residents-pile-pressure-on-under-fire-community-council-at-heated-meeting/","url_text":"\"Residents pile pressure on under-fire Sully and Lavernock Community Council at heated meeting\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Discombe (8 February 2019). \"Suspension of clerk for alleged adult images is 'bankrupting' a community council, fear councillors\". Wales Online. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/fears-16-month-suspension-clerk-15803838","url_text":"\"Suspension of clerk for alleged adult images is 'bankrupting' a community council, fear councillors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Online","url_text":"Wales Online"}]},{"reference":"Joe Langstaffe (16 March 2018). \"Sully and Lavernock Community Council by-election won by Steve Oaten\". Gazette. Gloucestershire. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazetteseries.co.uk/news/16092838.steve-oaten-wins-sully-and-lavernock-community-council-by-election/","url_text":"\"Sully and Lavernock Community Council by-election won by Steve Oaten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire","url_text":"Gloucestershire"}]},{"reference":"\"Sully Community Council chairman resigns over row about suspended clerk\". Barry & District News. 21 February 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barryanddistrictnews.co.uk/news/17450474.sully-community-council-chairman-resigns-over-row-about-suspended-clerk/","url_text":"\"Sully Community Council chairman resigns over row about suspended clerk\""}]},{"reference":"\"How The Voting Went\". South Wales Echo. 8 May 1970. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Echo","url_text":"South Wales Echo"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/php/uk-parishes-wales.php?adm2id=W04000922","external_links_name":"\"Sully and Lavernock - Community in Wales\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190319211556/https://www.milfordmercury.co.uk/news/15512825.sully-and-lavernock-community-library-celebrates-its-first-anniversary-of-volunteer-running/","external_links_name":"\"Sully and Lavernock Community Library celebrates its first anniversary of volunteer-running\""},{"Link":"https://www.milfordmercury.co.uk/news/15512825.sully-and-lavernock-community-library-celebrates-its-first-anniversary-of-volunteer-running/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/wales/sully-and-lavernock-vale-of-glamorgan#.XJH0QbjgrHo","external_links_name":"\"Listed Buildings in Sully and Lavernock, Vale of Glamorgan\""},{"Link":"https://www.sullyandlavernockcc.co.uk/councillors","external_links_name":"\"Councillors\""},{"Link":"https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/16154485.residents-pile-pressure-on-under-fire-community-council-at-heated-meeting/","external_links_name":"\"Residents pile pressure on under-fire Sully and Lavernock Community Council at heated meeting\""},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/fears-16-month-suspension-clerk-15803838","external_links_name":"\"Suspension of clerk for alleged adult images is 'bankrupting' a community council, fear councillors\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazetteseries.co.uk/news/16092838.steve-oaten-wins-sully-and-lavernock-community-council-by-election/","external_links_name":"\"Sully and Lavernock Community Council by-election won by Steve Oaten\""},{"Link":"https://www.barryanddistrictnews.co.uk/news/17450474.sully-community-council-chairman-resigns-over-row-about-suspended-clerk/","external_links_name":"\"Sully Community Council chairman resigns over row about suspended clerk\""},{"Link":"https://www.sullyandlavernockcc.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Sully and Lavernock Community Council"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scalio
Robert Scalio
[]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Robert Scalio" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Robert Scalio" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Robert of Hauteville (c. 1068 – April 1110), called Scalio, was the third and youngest son of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, and his second wife Sikelgaita. He may have served his elder half-brother Bohemond and his father in their Balkan expeditions of 1084–1085. He was a loyal servant of his eldest brother Roger Borsa, whom he accompanied to Palermo in 1086. He undersigned various documents of Roger's and died in April 1110. This biographical article of a European noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Guiscard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guiscard"},{"link_name":"Duke of Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Apulia"},{"link_name":"Sikelgaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikelgaita"},{"link_name":"Bohemond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Balkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan"},{"link_name":"Roger Borsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Borsa"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Scalio&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe-noble-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe-noble-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe-noble-stub"}],"text":"Robert of Hauteville (c. 1068 – April 1110), called Scalio, was the third and youngest son of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, and his second wife Sikelgaita.He may have served his elder half-brother Bohemond and his father in their Balkan expeditions of 1084–1085. He was a loyal servant of his eldest brother Roger Borsa, whom he accompanied to Palermo in 1086. He undersigned various documents of Roger's and died in April 1110.This biographical article of a European noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Robert Scalio"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_niter
Nitratine
["1 Uses","2 Synthetic sodium nitrate","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Mineral form of sodium nitrate NitratineGeneralCategoryNitrate mineralsFormula(repeating unit)NaNO3IMA symbolNttStrunz classification5.NA.05 (10th edition) 5/A.01-10 (8th edition)Crystal systemTrigonalCrystal classHexagonal scalenohedral (3m) H-M symbol: (3 2/m)Space groupR3c (no. 167)Unit cella = 5.06 Å, c = 16.82 Å; Z = 6IdentificationFormula mass84.99 g/molColorColorless, white, gray, yellowish, brownishCrystal habitGranular – Generally occurs as anhedral to subhedral crystals in matrix; massive – Uniformly indistinguishable crystals forming large massesCleavage{1011} PerfectTenacitySectile – curved shavings or scrapings produced by a knife bladeMohs scale hardness1.5 – 2LusterVitreous (glassy)StreakWhiteDiaphaneityTransparentSpecific gravity2.26Optical propertiesUniaxial (−)Refractive indexnω = 1.580 – 1.587 nε = 1.330 – 1.336Birefringenceδ = 0.250–0.251SolubilityReadily soluble in waterOther characteristicsSlightly deliquescentReferences Nitratine or nitratite, also known as cubic niter (UK: nitre), soda niter or Chile saltpeter (UK: Chile saltpetre), is a mineral, the naturally occurring form of sodium nitrate, NaNO3. Chemically it is the sodium analogue of saltpeter. Nitratine crystallizes in the trigonal system, but rarely occurs as well-formed crystals. It is isostructural with calcite. It is relatively soft and light with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and a specific gravity of 2.24 to 2.29. Its refractive indices are nω = 1.587 and nε = 1.336. The typical form is as coatings of white, grey to yellowish brown masses. The rare crystals when found typically have the scalenohedral form of the calcite structure. It is found only as an efflorescence in very dry environments. It is very soluble in water such that it is deliquescent and will absorb water out of the air and turn into a puddle of sodium nitrate solution when exposed to humid air. There are nitratine deposits located in arid regions across the world such as in Chile, Mexico, Egypt, Peru, and South Africa. Chile is the only country to sell their deposits commercially as fertilizer. The salt bed that is mined contains more minerals than just nitratine often containing sulfurous minerals as well as Iodine. Around 600,000 tons of nitratine are mined in Chile each year with other products such as Iodine and sodium sulfate mined as well. Nitratine happens to be isostructural to calcite, CaCO3, a widespread naturally occurring mineral, although nitratine dissolution and crystallization occur much faster than the same processes for calcite. The structural similarity makes nitratine a very useful mineral for laboratory experiments concerning pressure dissolution and other experiments such as serving as a proxy for the deformation and formation of calcite. The Saltpeter War (1480–1510) and the War of the Pacific (1879–1884) were fought over the control of saltpeter deposits. Uses Nitratine was once an important source of nitrates for fertilizer and other chemical uses including fireworks. It has been known since 1845 from mineral deposits in the Confidence Hills, Southern Death Valley, California and the Atacama Desert, Chile. It is still used in organic farming (where Haber–Bosch ammonia is forbidden) in the US, but prohibited in international organic agriculture. The mineral also has a wide range of applications beyond being used as a fertilizer in agricultural practices. Nitratine has been used in the explosives industry for water-containing slurry as well as gel explosives. It is also used as a refining agent to remove air bubbles by the glass and enamel industries. Nitratine, other alkali nitrates, or nitrites also have applications for solar technology serving as a heat-transfer or heat-storage medium. Nitratine can also be used as a substitute for potassium nitrate in gunpowder. Synthetic sodium nitrate After World War I the need for a more efficient production of fertilizer led to the production of synthetic nitratine which was much less costly in terms of production than the Shanks process used to refine chilean saltpeter. The method of production involved using tail gases from nitric acid plants in combination with sodium carbonate solution or sodium hydroxide solution. Through a series of reactions it is possible to produce sodium nitrate and sodium nitrate with byproducts such as nitrogen monoxide and water. The following reactions show the chemistry necessary to produce sodium nitrates: 2 NaOH + 2 NO 2 + NO ⟶ 2 NaNO 2 + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {2NaOH + 2NO2 + NO -> 2NaNO2 + H2O}}} Na 2 CO 3 + NO 2 + NO ⟶ 2 NaNO 2 + CO 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {Na2CO3 + NO2 + NO -> 2NaNO2 +CO2}}} 2 NaOH + 2 NO 2 ⟶ NaNO 3 + NaNO 2 + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {2NaOH + 2NO2 -> NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O}}} Na 2 CO 3 + 2 NO 2 ⟶ NaNO 3 + NaNO 2 + CO 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {Na2CO3 + 2NO2 -> NaNO3 + NaNO2 +CO2}}} 3 NaNO 2 + 2 HNO 3 ⟶ 3 NaNO 3 + 2 NO + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {3NaNO2 + 2HNO3 -> 3NaNO3 + 2 NO + H2O}}} Advertisement for Chilean saltpeter for use as fertilizer in Spain See also Fertilizer List of Saltpeter works in Tarapacá and Antofagasta Mining in Chile Niter Nitrate Nitric acid Nitrogen cycle Paradas method Potassium nitrate Sodium hydroxide References ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616. ^ Nitratine page on mindat.org ^ Nitratine page on webmineral.com ^ Nesse, W, introduction to Optical Mineralogy, Fourth Edition (Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press) 2013. appendix II, B.3 ^ a b c d e f g h Laue, Wolfgang; Thiemann, Michael; Scheibler, Erich; Wiegand, Karl Wilhelm (2000-06-15), "Nitrates and Nitrites", in Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA (ed.), Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. a17_265, doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_265, ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2, retrieved 2023-02-17 ^ a b "LBNL BES Geosciences – Pressure Dissolution Seams". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2023-04-12. ^ Enciclopedia de Mexico, 2005, ISBN 978-1-56409-074-4, p.1542 ^ St. John, Ronald Bruce; Schofield, Clive (1994). The Bolivia–Chile–Peru Dispute in the Atacama Desert. University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit. pp. 12–13. ISBN 1897643144. ^ The Omnivores Dilemma – Michael Pollan External links Nitratine page on mindat.org Nitratine page on webmineral.com Mineral galleries data This article about a specific mineral or mineraloid is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte Authority control databases: National Israel United States Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"},{"link_name":"sodium nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitrate"},{"link_name":"saltpeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltpeter"},{"link_name":"trigonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombohedral_crystal_system"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"Mohs hardness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_hardness"},{"link_name":"specific gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity"},{"link_name":"refractive indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"scalenohedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scalenohedral"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"efflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflorescence"},{"link_name":"deliquescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliquescent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"crystallization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Saltpeter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltpeter_War_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"War of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Nitratine or nitratite, also known as cubic niter (UK: nitre), soda niter or Chile saltpeter (UK: Chile saltpetre), is a mineral, the naturally occurring form of sodium nitrate, NaNO3. Chemically it is the sodium analogue of saltpeter. Nitratine crystallizes in the trigonal system, but rarely occurs as well-formed crystals. It is isostructural with calcite. It is relatively soft and light with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and a specific gravity of 2.24 to 2.29. Its refractive indices are nω = 1.587 and nε = 1.336.[4]The typical form is as coatings of white, grey to yellowish brown masses. The rare crystals when found typically have the scalenohedral form of the calcite structure. It is found only as an efflorescence in very dry environments. It is very soluble in water such that it is deliquescent and will absorb water out of the air and turn into a puddle of sodium nitrate solution when exposed to humid air.There are nitratine deposits located in arid regions across the world such as in Chile, Mexico, Egypt, Peru, and South Africa.[5] Chile is the only country to sell their deposits commercially as fertilizer. The salt bed that is mined contains more minerals than just nitratine often containing sulfurous minerals as well as Iodine. Around 600,000 tons of nitratine are mined in Chile each year with other products such as Iodine and sodium sulfate mined as well.[5]Nitratine happens to be isostructural to calcite, CaCO3, a widespread naturally occurring mineral, although nitratine dissolution and crystallization occur much faster than the same processes for calcite.[6] The structural similarity makes nitratine a very useful mineral for laboratory experiments concerning pressure dissolution and other experiments such as serving as a proxy for the deformation and formation of calcite.[6]The Saltpeter War (1480–1510)[7] and the War of the Pacific (1879–1884)[8] were fought over the control of saltpeter deposits.","title":"Nitratine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"},{"link_name":"Confidence Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_Hills"},{"link_name":"Death Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Atacama Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Desert"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"organic farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming"},{"link_name":"Haber–Bosch ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process"},{"link_name":"organic agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Nitratine was once an important source of nitrates for fertilizer and other chemical uses including fireworks. It has been known since 1845 from mineral deposits in the Confidence Hills, Southern Death Valley, California and the Atacama Desert, Chile. It is still used in organic farming (where Haber–Bosch ammonia is forbidden) in the US, but prohibited in international organic agriculture.[9]The mineral also has a wide range of applications beyond being used as a fertilizer in agricultural practices. Nitratine has been used in the explosives industry for water-containing slurry as well as gel explosives.[5] It is also used as a refining agent to remove air bubbles by the glass and enamel industries.[5] Nitratine, other alkali nitrates, or nitrites also have applications for solar technology serving as a heat-transfer or heat-storage medium.[5] Nitratine can also be used as a substitute for potassium nitrate in gunpowder.[citation needed]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Palma_Santa_Cruz_Nitrato_de_Chile_R01.jpg"}],"text":"After World War I the need for a more efficient production of fertilizer led to the production of synthetic nitratine which was much less costly in terms of production than the Shanks process used to refine chilean saltpeter.[5] The method of production involved using tail gases from nitric acid plants in combination with sodium carbonate solution or sodium hydroxide solution. Through a series of reactions it is possible to produce sodium nitrate and sodium nitrate with byproducts such as nitrogen monoxide and water.[5] The following reactions show the chemistry necessary to produce sodium nitrates:2\n \n NaOH\n +\n 2\n \n \n NO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n NO\n ⟶\n 2\n \n \n NaNO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {2NaOH + 2NO2 + NO -> 2NaNO2 + H2O}}}Na\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n CO\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n NO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n NO\n ⟶\n 2\n \n \n NaNO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n CO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Na2CO3 + NO2 + NO -> 2NaNO2 +CO2}}}2\n \n NaOH\n +\n 2\n \n \n NO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ⟶\n \n NaNO\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n NaNO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {2NaOH + 2NO2 -> NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O}}}Na\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n CO\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n 2\n \n \n NO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ⟶\n \n NaNO\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n NaNO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n CO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Na2CO3 + 2NO2 -> NaNO3 + NaNO2 +CO2}}}3\n \n \n NaNO\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n 2\n \n \n HNO\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n ⟶\n 3\n \n \n NaNO\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n 2\n \n NO\n +\n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {3NaNO2 + 2HNO3 -> 3NaNO3 + 2 NO + H2O}}}\n \n[5]Advertisement for Chilean saltpeter for use as fertilizer in Spain","title":"Synthetic sodium nitrate"}]
[{"image_text":"Advertisement for Chilean saltpeter for use as fertilizer in Spain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/La_Palma_Santa_Cruz_Nitrato_de_Chile_R01.jpg/220px-La_Palma_Santa_Cruz_Nitrato_de_Chile_R01.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Fertilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"},{"title":"List of Saltpeter works in Tarapacá and Antofagasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Saltpeter_works_in_Tarapac%C3%A1_and_Antofagasta"},{"title":"Mining in Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Chile"},{"title":"Niter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niter"},{"title":"Nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate"},{"title":"Nitric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid"},{"title":"Nitrogen cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle"},{"title":"Paradas method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradas_method"},{"title":"Potassium nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate"},{"title":"Sodium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide"}]
[{"reference":"Warr, L.N. (2021). \"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","url_text":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","url_text":"235729616"}]},{"reference":"Laue, Wolfgang; Thiemann, Michael; Scheibler, Erich; Wiegand, Karl Wilhelm (2000-06-15), \"Nitrates and Nitrites\", in Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA (ed.), Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. a17_265, doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_265, ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2, retrieved 2023-02-17","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14356007.a17_265","url_text":"\"Nitrates and Nitrites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a17_265","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a17_265"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2","url_text":"978-3-527-30673-2"}]},{"reference":"\"LBNL BES Geosciences – Pressure Dissolution Seams\". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2023-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/lbl.gov/lbnl-fundamental-geoscience/topic-1-carbonates/pressure-dissolution-seams","url_text":"\"LBNL BES Geosciences – Pressure Dissolution Seams\""}]},{"reference":"St. John, Ronald Bruce; Schofield, Clive (1994). The Bolivia–Chile–Peru Dispute in the Atacama Desert. University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit. pp. 12–13. ISBN 1897643144.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1897643144","url_text":"1897643144"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","external_links_name":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","external_links_name":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","external_links_name":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","external_links_name":"235729616"},{"Link":"http://www.mindat.org/min-2916.html","external_links_name":"Nitratine page on mindat.org"},{"Link":"http://www.webmineral.com/data/Nitratine.shtml","external_links_name":"Nitratine page on webmineral.com"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14356007.a17_265","external_links_name":"\"Nitrates and Nitrites\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a17_265","external_links_name":"10.1002/14356007.a17_265"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/lbl.gov/lbnl-fundamental-geoscience/topic-1-carbonates/pressure-dissolution-seams","external_links_name":"\"LBNL BES Geosciences – Pressure Dissolution Seams\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GtF5AAAAMAAJ&q=%22guerra+del+Salitre%22+1510","external_links_name":"p.1542"},{"Link":"http://www.mindat.org/min-2916.html","external_links_name":"Nitratine page"},{"Link":"http://www.webmineral.com/data/Nitratine.shtml","external_links_name":"Nitratine page on webmineral.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060111234551/http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/carbonat/nitratin/nitratin.htm","external_links_name":"Mineral galleries data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitratine&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553422205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85116898","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573074","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retopia_(Festival)
Retopia (festival)
["1 History","2 Events","2.1 Expert Session","2.2 Renewable Energy Design Challenge (Syncreate)","2.3 Troubleshooting RE Industry Problem (Quest)","2.4 Sustainovation (Eureka)","2.5 Poster Presentation (Envision)","2.6 Photography Competition (Capture)","3 Social Cause","3.1 Swachh Bharat Mission[3]","4 References"]
Retopia is an annual technical symposium of the Indian Department of Energy and Environment at the TERI School of Advanced Studies in New Delhi. Retopia refers to getting back to an ideal state or situation, derived from the word Utopia. The symposium provides a common platform to people from the government, academic institutions, industries, start-ups etc. to discuss clean energy prospects on environmental, technical, social and commercial lines. Retopia has witnessed participation from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, the World Bank, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, the Indian Energy Exchange, and Suzlon. History The first Retopia was in 2010 .The 2014 Retopia was inaugurated by Minister of Power, New and Renewable Energy and Coal Piyush Goel. Events Piyush Goel, Rajendra K. Pachauri at the launch of the 4th Retopia festival. Expert Session Renewable energy industrialists, policy makers, and academics attend a knowledge exchange session. In the past, speakers from General Electric, PTC India, CLP Group, Green Business Certification Institute GBCI, ReNew Power, and the sustainability division of ITC Hotels have attended the event. Renewable Energy Design Challenge (Syncreate) Retopia serves as a venue for entrepreneurs and technocrats to showcase their technical and managerial skills to a panels of experts from the market. The participants develop business models aiming to minimize transmission losses, increase energy efficiency or conserve energy of existing systems or replace them entirely by eco-friendly solutions. Troubleshooting RE Industry Problem (Quest) The participants test their knowledge and expertise by solving real-life problems related to renewable energy. A series of problems provided by various companies are displayed on the website of REtopia, and the participants are expected to comes up with a solution.Santoor Event Organised at Teri SAS during its annual Retopia symposium. Sustainovation (Eureka) Entrepreneurs from various domains of energy and environment share their valuable experiences and insights with the participants. Founders of Grassroots & Rural Innovative Development GRID, Mera Gaon Power, Eco-Eclectic Technologies, Edible Routes etc. have delivered talks in Retopia. Poster Presentation (Envision) Poster presentation on topics related to renewable energy, energy access, rural electrification, micro-grids, micro-financing of sustainable solutions, energy conservation, energy efficiency, and energy management. The posters are then judged by market and academic experts. Photography Competition (Capture) A photography competition to spread awareness and gain insight about everyday interaction with energy and environment. Social Cause Piyush goel, Rajendra K. Pachauri participating at the Swachh Bharat Mission. Swachh Bharat Mission On the 4th edition of Retopia, Piyush Goel, along with the then Chancellor at Teri University, Rajendra K. Pachauri, participated in the first national cleanliness mission at Teri University. They took broomsticks and cleaned the roads at Vasant Kunj where TERI School of Advanced Studies is located. References ^ "TERI University hosts festival to make India a renewable energy hub". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-07. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Swachh Bharat Mission Urban | District New Delhi, Government of NCT of Delhi | India". Retrieved 2023-03-19.
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[{"image_text":"Piyush Goel, Rajendra K. Pachauri at the launch of the 4th Retopia festival.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Piyush_Goel%2C_Rajendra_K._Pachauri_at_the_launch_of_4th_Retopia_festival..JPG/220px-Piyush_Goel%2C_Rajendra_K._Pachauri_at_the_launch_of_4th_Retopia_festival..JPG"},{"image_text":"Santoor Event Organised at Teri SAS during its annual Retopia symposium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Santoor_Event_Organised_at_Teri_University_during_its_annual_Retopia_Festival..JPG/220px-Santoor_Event_Organised_at_Teri_University_during_its_annual_Retopia_Festival..JPG"},{"image_text":"Piyush goel, Rajendra K. Pachauri participating at the Swachh Bharat Mission.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Piyush_goel%2C_Rajendra_K._Pachauri_participating_at_the_Swatch_Bharat_Mission..JPG/220px-Piyush_goel%2C_Rajendra_K._Pachauri_participating_at_the_Swatch_Bharat_Mission..JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"TERI University hosts festival to make India a renewable energy hub\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034332/http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in/shownews.asp?newsid=31907","url_text":"\"TERI University hosts festival to make India a renewable energy hub\""},{"url":"http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in/shownews.asp?newsid=31907","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828102449/http://www.terisas.ac.in/retopia/EventPDF/SynCreate.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.terisas.ac.in/retopia/EventPDF/SynCreate.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Swachh Bharat Mission Urban | District New Delhi, Government of NCT of Delhi | India\". Retrieved 2023-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://dmnewdelhi.delhi.gov.in/scheme/swachh-bharat-mission-urban/","url_text":"\"Swachh Bharat Mission Urban | District New Delhi, Government of NCT of Delhi | India\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_equality
Immigration equality
["1 Immigration and migrant rights issue","2 LGBT immigration issues","2.1 United States","2.2 Worldwide","2.3 LGBT immigration organizations","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Not to be confused with Immigration Equality (organization). Immigration equality is a citizens' equal ability or right to immigrate their family members. It also applies to fair and equal execution of the laws and the rights of non-citizens regardless of nationality or where they are coming from. Immigration issues can also be an LGBT rights issue, as government recognition of same-sex relationships vary from country to country. Immigration and migrant rights issue In 1999, President Bill Clinton sent a bill to Congress that would have equalized immigration rights for people from Central America and Haiti. Clinton said the bill would correct the imbalance in immigration laws that gave advantage to people who fled communist regimes such as Cuba and Nicaragua. Like Nicaraguans and Cubans, many Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Hondurans and Haitians fled human rights abuses or unstable political economic conditions in the 1980s and 1990s, but the latter received unequal treatment that granted to the Nicaraguans and Cubans. The "Central American and Haitian Parity Act of 1999" never passed, but would have offered immigration equality protections to migrants from Haiti, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. Haitians particularly sought immigration equality in the Elián González affair in 2000 when they organized demonstrations in Miami during an international tug of war between Cuba and the US. They protested what they said was discrimination against Haitian immigrants by the INS and the behavior of elected officials who lobbied for Elián González to stay in the US, yet ignored the plight of Haitian refugees and the repatriation of Haitian children. In 2004, The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, expressed concern about the plight of the Haitian people as the country was sliding further into chaos. Cuba, Jamaica and Canada said they will not send people back to Haiti, but President George W. Bush warned Haitians they will be sent home if they try to flee to the US. In a matter of a few days, the US Coast Guard intercepted some 500 people in boats fleeing Haiti and sent them back. The US was not sending back Cubans fleeing similar situations and regimes, and many argue that immigration equality rights between the two nationalities should apply. In 2006, protests continued for immigration equality rights for the Haitians as Lawyers protest Deportation of Illegal Immigrants to Haiti. LGBT immigration issues Part of a series onLGBT rights Lesbian ∙ Gay ∙ Bisexual ∙ Transgender Overview Rights Movements Student Germany (pre-1933) United States Intersex rights Social attitudes Transgender rights Legal status Movement Aspects Decriminalization Marriage Legal status Timeline Migration Military service Organizations List Parenting Adoption Pinkwashing Relationship Recognition Union Opposition Censorship Conversion therapy Corrective rape Discrimination Criminalization of homosexuality Execution Opposition Propaganda Rhetoric Violence Organizations LGBT Bisexual Intersex Community centre Medical Military and Veteran Rights Transgender United States Religious Christian Jewish Muslim Politics Anarchist Bisexual politics Communism Conservatism Ecology Homonationalism Liberation Libertarianism Nationalism Radicalism Sexual revolution Socialism Transfeminism Political parties affiliates Political ideologies regarding LGBT Timeline Years List Category Related Discrimination Freedom Index Human rights Minority rights LGBT people in prison LGBT portalvte United States Main article: Same-sex immigration policy in the United States Until 2013, LGBT Americans were not afforded the same rights and responsibilities under current immigration law as their heterosexual counterparts. The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) had forbidden the federal government from conferring any benefits upon same-sex couples. Under DOMA, persons in same-sex marriages were not considered married for immigration purposes. U.S. citizens and permanent residents in same-sex marriages could not petition for their spouses, nor could they be accompanied by their spouses into the U.S. on the basis of a family or employment-based visa. A non-citizen in such a marriage would not have been able to use it as the basis for obtaining a waiver or relief from removal from the U.S. On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Windsor that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional. Following this decision, the administration of President Barack Obama began recognizing same-sex couples for immigration purposes. Legislation to establish immigration equality, the Uniting American Families Act, has been introduced in the US Congress since 2000. Since 2003, fear of persecution has been increasingly accepted as grounds for granting asylum to LGBT persons. The Board of Immigration Appeals denied an application for asylum on the part of a gay Indonesian man, as his homosexuality was used as a reason to fire him from his job, and a reason to deny his job applications elsewhere in his field. The BIA doubted his fear of persecution if he returned to Indonesia in part because "closeted homosexuality is tolerated in Indonesia". The case, Kadri v. Mukasey, was on appeal to the First Circuit Court of Appeals, where the decision was overturned and the man was granted assylum based on econimic persecution. Worldwide LGBT immigration equality by country or territory   Recognition of same-sex couples in national immigration laws   Unknown/ambiguous At present a number of countries recognise same-sex relationships for immigration purposes. This may occur through the recognition of same-sex marriage, through some other form of registered relationship, or through specific provisions made in immigration law. These countries are: Argentina (2010) Australia (1995) Austria (2010) Belgium (1997) Brazil (2003) Canada (2005) Chile (2015) Denmark (1989) Finland (2001) France (1999) Germany (2001) Iceland (1996) Ireland (2011) Israel (2000) Italy (2016) Hong Kong (2018) Luxembourg (2004) Mexico (2010) Namibia (1998) Netherlands (2001) New Zealand (1999) Norway (1993) Portugal (2001) Romania (2006) San Marino (2012) Slovakia South Africa (1999) Spain (2005) Sweden (1994) Switzerland (2003) United Kingdom (1997) United States (2013) Uruguay (2013) LGBT immigration organizations There are organizations in various countries that deal with LGBT/HIV+ immigration issues and represent LGBT/HIV+ people in legal immigration applications.  Netherlands Love Exiles  United States Immigration Equality, an organization advocating for equality under United States immigration law for LGBT and HIV+ individuals, founded in 1994 as the Lesbian and Gay Immigration Rights Task Force. Immigration Equality also maintains a list of LGBT/HIV-friendly private immigration attorneys, and provides technical assistance to attorneys working on sexual orientation, transgender identity, or HIV status-based asylum applications, or other immigration applications where the client's LGBT or HIV-positive identity is at issue in the case. Out4Immigration is a volunteer grassroots organization in the United States that supports LGBT and HIV+ people whose lives have been impacted by discriminatory US immigration laws, through education, outreach, advocacy and maintaining a resource and support network. They work with the National Center for Lesbian Rights' Immigration Project to provide a monthly free clinic where participants can consult an immigration attorney to discuss their cases. National Center For Lesbian Rights, founded in 1977, is a non-profit, public interest law firm in the United States that works to advance the civil and human rights of LGBT people and their families through litigation, public policy advocacy, and public education. See also Same-sex immigration policy in Brazil National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs References ^ The Library of Congress, Thomas. S. 1592 Central American And Haitian Parity Act of 1999. To amend the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act to provide to certain nationals of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Haiti an opportunity to apply for adjustment of status under that Act, and for other purposes. Senate Bill http://www.thomas.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c106:S.1592: ^ Democracy Now! The War and Peace Report. "Haitians Seek Immigration Equality" Audio and Transcript available. Interviewer Amy GoodmanJanuary 14, 2000 http://www.democracynow.org/2000/1/14/haitians_seek_immigration_equality. Interview ^ UN Fears For Haiti Refugee Plight The United Nations refugee agency, UNHCR, has expressed concern about the plight of the Haitian people as the country slides further into chaos. UN fears for Haiti refugee plight BBC News Article February 28, 2004 ^ Swarns, Rachel L (January 20, 2006). "Lawyers Protest Deportation of Illegal Immigrants to Haiti". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-08-04. ^ "Immigration and the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA): A Q&A Fact Check". Immigration Policy Center. August 18, 2011. Archived from the original on September 20, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2012. ^ Supreme Court of the United States (June 26, 2013). "United States v. Windsor" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2017. ^ Same-Sex Marriage and Spousal Visas, http://www.usvisalawyers.co.uk/article23.html ^ Representative Jerrold Nadler; Congressman Nadler and Senator Leahy Fight for LGBT Immigration Equality - Uniting American Families Act Would Allow Americans to Sponsor "Permanent Partners." May 8, 2007 Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 16, 2012 ^ Immigration Equality: Asylum Decisions Archived 2012-08-14 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 16, 2012 ^ "Kadri v. Mukasey". Casetext.com. 30 September 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2023. ^ "Kadri v. Mukasey". GLAD. Retrieved 29 June 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Human Rights Watch; Immigration Equality (2006). "Appendix B: Countries Protecting Same-Sex Couples' Immigration Rights". Family, Unvalued: Discrimination, Denial, and the Fate of Binational Same-Sex Couples under U.S. Law. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-336-6. Retrieved 16 February 2012. ^ Migration Law (thinkoutsideyourbox.net). Retrieved 23 February 2012. ^ Registered Partnership Act. 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2012. ^ "Acuerdo de Unión Civil: Los nuevos beneficios para convivientes - Gobierno de Chile". Gobierno de Chile. Retrieved 26 July 2015. ^ "Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service Civil Partnership". Retrieved 26 July 2015. ^ "Immigration policy on entry of dependants revised". GovHK. Retrieved 19 January 2019. ^ GayLawNet: Asylum, Immigration, Refugees ^ a b Legal recognition of homosexual orientation in the countries of the world A chronological overview with footnotes (pages 26, 70) ^ "San Marino OKs residency permits to foreigners in gay couple - English". 22 July 2015. ^ "San Marino axes medieval law to let gay couples live together". 27 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2016. ^ "Home Page - Immigration Equality". Immigration Equality. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2015. ^ "Immigration Equality - 2.2 About Us - Our Services". Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2009-04-01. External links Equal Opportunity Immigration Archived 2019-05-07 at the Wayback Machine Immigration Equality People For The American Way LEGIT: Canadian Immigration for Same-Sex Couples National Center for Lesbian Rights U.K. Lesbian and Gay Immigration Rights Group Archived 2019-05-07 at the Wayback Machine Out4Immigration Human Rights Watch Archived 2008-11-01 at the Wayback Machine Through Thick and Thin, a documentary about the immigration struggles of gay and lesbian couples in America Gay Immigration Equality Rights Gay and Lesbian Equality Network, Ireland Fridae.Asia News
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Immigration Equality (organization)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Equality_(organization)"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights"},{"link_name":"same-sex relationships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_relationship"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Immigration Equality (organization).Immigration equality is a citizens' equal ability or right to immigrate their family members. It also applies to fair and equal execution of the laws and the rights of non-citizens regardless of nationality or where they are coming from. Immigration issues can also be an LGBT rights issue, as government recognition of same-sex relationships vary from country to country.","title":"Immigration equality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Salvadorans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Guatemalans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Hondurans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Elián González affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez_affair"},{"link_name":"tug of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_war"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1999, President Bill Clinton sent a bill to Congress that would have equalized immigration rights for people from Central America and Haiti. Clinton said the bill would correct the imbalance in immigration laws that gave advantage to people who fled communist regimes such as Cuba and Nicaragua. Like Nicaraguans and Cubans, many Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Hondurans and Haitians fled human rights abuses or unstable political economic conditions in the 1980s and 1990s, but the latter received unequal treatment that granted to the Nicaraguans and Cubans. The \"Central American and Haitian Parity Act of 1999\" never passed, but would have offered immigration equality protections to migrants from Haiti, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.[1]Haitians particularly sought immigration equality in the Elián González affair in 2000 when they organized demonstrations in Miami during an international tug of war between Cuba and the US. They protested what they said was discrimination against Haitian immigrants by the INS and the behavior of elected officials who lobbied for Elián González to stay in the US, yet ignored the plight of Haitian refugees and the repatriation of Haitian children.[2]In 2004, The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, expressed concern about the plight of the Haitian people as the country was sliding further into chaos. Cuba, Jamaica and Canada said they will not send people back to Haiti, but President George W. Bush warned Haitians they will be sent home if they try to flee to the US. In a matter of a few days, the US Coast Guard intercepted some 500 people in boats fleeing Haiti and sent them back. The US was not sending back Cubans fleeing similar situations and regimes, and many argue that immigration equality rights between the two nationalities should apply.[3]In 2006, protests continued for immigration equality rights for the Haitians as Lawyers protest Deportation of Illegal Immigrants to Haiti.[4]","title":"Immigration and migrant rights issue"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"LGBT immigration issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defense of Marriage Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"United States v. Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Uniting American Families Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"First Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Until 2013, LGBT Americans were not afforded the same rights and responsibilities under current immigration law as their heterosexual counterparts. The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) had forbidden the federal government from conferring any benefits upon same-sex couples. Under DOMA, persons in same-sex marriages were not considered married for immigration purposes. U.S. citizens and permanent residents in same-sex marriages could not petition for their spouses, nor could they be accompanied by their spouses into the U.S. on the basis of a family or employment-based visa. A non-citizen in such a marriage would not have been able to use it as the basis for obtaining a waiver or relief from removal from the U.S.[5] On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Windsor that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional.[6] Following this decision, the administration of President Barack Obama began recognizing same-sex couples for immigration purposes.[7]Legislation to establish immigration equality, the Uniting American Families Act, has been introduced in the US Congress since 2000.[8]Since 2003, fear of persecution has been increasingly accepted as grounds for granting asylum to LGBT persons.[9] The Board of Immigration Appeals denied an application for asylum on the part of a gay Indonesian man, as his homosexuality was used as a reason to fire him from his job, and a reason to deny his job applications elsewhere in his field. The BIA doubted his fear of persecution if he returned to Indonesia in part because \"closeted homosexuality is tolerated in Indonesia\". The case, Kadri v. Mukasey, was on appeal to the First Circuit Court of Appeals, where the decision was overturned and the man was granted assylum based on econimic persecution.[10][11]","title":"LGBT immigration issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LGBT_immigration_equality_by_country_or_territory.svg"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"some other form of registered relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_union"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-openaccess.leidenuniv.nl-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-openaccess.leidenuniv.nl-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-rep-12"}],"sub_title":"Worldwide","text":"LGBT immigration equality by country or territory   Recognition of same-sex couples in national immigration laws   Unknown/ambiguousAt present a number of countries recognise same-sex relationships for immigration purposes. This may occur through the recognition of same-sex marriage, through some other form of registered relationship, or through specific provisions made in immigration law. These countries are:Argentina (2010)\nAustralia (1995)[12]\nAustria (2010)[13][14]\nBelgium (1997)[12]\nBrazil (2003)[12]\nCanada (2005)[12]\nChile (2015) [15]\nDenmark (1989) [including Greenland (1996)][12]\nFinland (2001)[12]\nFrance (1999)[12]\nGermany (2001)[12]\nIceland (1996)[12]\nIreland (2011)[16]\nIsrael (2000)[12]\nItaly (2016)\nHong Kong (2018)[17]\nLuxembourg (2004)[citation needed]\nMexico (2010)[citation needed]\nNamibia (1998)[18]\nNetherlands (2001)[12]\nNew Zealand (1999)[12]\nNorway (1993)[12]\nPortugal (2001)[12]\nRomania (2006)[19]\nSan Marino (2012)[20][21]\nSlovakia [19]\nSouth Africa (1999)[12]\nSpain (2005)[12]\nSweden (1994)[12]\nSwitzerland (2003)[12]\nUnited Kingdom (1997) [including Jersey (2012), Isle of Man (2011), Gibraltar (2014) and Bermuda (2015)][12]\nUnited States (2013)\nUruguay (2013)","title":"LGBT immigration issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Immigration Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Equality_(organization)"},{"link_name":"immigration law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_law"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_asylum"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"LGBT immigration organizations","text":"There are organizations in various countries that deal with LGBT/HIV+ immigration issues and represent LGBT/HIV+ people in legal immigration applications.Netherlands\nLove Exiles\n United States\nImmigration Equality, an organization advocating for equality under United States immigration law for LGBT and HIV+ individuals, founded in 1994 as the Lesbian and Gay Immigration Rights Task Force.[22] Immigration Equality also maintains a list of LGBT/HIV-friendly private immigration attorneys, and provides technical assistance to attorneys working on sexual orientation, transgender identity, or HIV status-based asylum applications, or other immigration applications where the client's LGBT or HIV-positive identity is at issue in the case.[23]\nOut4Immigration is a volunteer grassroots organization in the United States that supports LGBT and HIV+ people whose lives have been impacted by discriminatory US immigration laws, through education, outreach, advocacy and maintaining a resource and support network. They work with the National Center for Lesbian Rights' Immigration Project to provide a monthly free clinic where participants can consult an immigration attorney to discuss their cases.\nNational Center For Lesbian Rights, founded in 1977, is a non-profit, public interest law firm in the United States that works to advance the civil and human rights of LGBT people and their families through litigation, public policy advocacy, and public education.","title":"LGBT immigration issues"}]
[{"image_text":"LGBT immigration equality by country or territory   Recognition of same-sex couples in national immigration laws   Unknown/ambiguous","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/LGBT_immigration_equality_by_country_or_territory.svg/500px-LGBT_immigration_equality_by_country_or_territory.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Same-sex immigration policy in Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_immigration_policy_in_Brazil"},{"title":"National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Gay_and_Lesbian_Equality_v_Minister_of_Home_Affairs"}]
[{"reference":"Swarns, Rachel L (January 20, 2006). \"Lawyers Protest Deportation of Illegal Immigrants to Haiti\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/20/politics/lawyers-protest-deportation-of-illegal-immigrants-to-haiti.html","url_text":"\"Lawyers Protest Deportation of Illegal Immigrants to Haiti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Immigration and the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA): A Q&A Fact Check\". Immigration Policy Center. August 18, 2011. Archived from the original on September 20, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120920084859/http://immigrationpolicy.org/just-facts/immigration-and-defense-marriage-act-doma-qa-fact-check","url_text":"\"Immigration and the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA): A Q&A Fact Check\""},{"url":"http://immigrationpolicy.org/just-facts/immigration-and-defense-marriage-act-doma-qa-fact-check","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Supreme Court of the United States (June 26, 2013). \"United States v. Windsor\" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States","url_text":"Supreme Court of the United States"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200713044822/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-307_6j37.pdf","url_text":"\"United States v. Windsor\""},{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-307_6j37.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kadri v. Mukasey\". Casetext.com. 30 September 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://casetext.com/case/kadri-v-mukasey-2","url_text":"\"Kadri v. Mukasey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kadri v. Mukasey\". GLAD. Retrieved 29 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glad.org/cases/kadri-v-mukasey/","url_text":"\"Kadri v. Mukasey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAD","url_text":"GLAD"}]},{"reference":"Human Rights Watch; Immigration Equality (2006). \"Appendix B: Countries Protecting Same-Sex Couples' Immigration Rights\". Family, Unvalued: Discrimination, Denial, and the Fate of Binational Same-Sex Couples under U.S. Law. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-336-6. Retrieved 16 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/us0506/10.htm","url_text":"\"Appendix B: Countries Protecting Same-Sex Couples' Immigration Rights\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/familyunvalueddi0000unse","url_text":"Family, Unvalued: Discrimination, Denial, and the Fate of Binational Same-Sex Couples under U.S. Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-336-6","url_text":"1-56432-336-6"}]},{"reference":"Migration Law (thinkoutsideyourbox.net). Retrieved 23 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thinkoutsideyourbox.net/?p=18201","url_text":"Migration Law (thinkoutsideyourbox.net)"}]},{"reference":"Registered Partnership Act. 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/I/I_00485/fnameorig_172330.html","url_text":"Registered Partnership Act"}]},{"reference":"\"Acuerdo de Unión Civil: Los nuevos beneficios para convivientes - Gobierno de Chile\". Gobierno de Chile. Retrieved 26 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gob.cl/2015/01/30/acuerdo-de-union-civil-nuevos-beneficios-para-convivientes/","url_text":"\"Acuerdo de Unión Civil: Los nuevos beneficios para convivientes - Gobierno de Chile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service Civil Partnership\". Retrieved 26 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inis.gov.ie/en/INIS/Pages/Civil%20Partnership","url_text":"\"Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service Civil Partnership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Immigration policy on entry of dependants revised\". GovHK. Retrieved 19 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201809/18/P2018091800579.htm","url_text":"\"Immigration policy on entry of dependants revised\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Marino OKs residency permits to foreigners in gay couple - English\". 22 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2015/07/22/san-marino-oks-residency-permits-to-foreigners-in-gay-couple_d8a6a331-11f4-4abb-816e-fcf09cad7c7f.html","url_text":"\"San Marino OKs residency permits to foreigners in gay couple - English\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Marino axes medieval law to let gay couples live together\". 27 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140102222857/http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/san-marino-axes-medieval-law-let-gay-couples-live-together270612#gs.grdCvh4","url_text":"\"San Marino axes medieval law to let gay couples live together\""},{"url":"http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/san-marino-axes-medieval-law-let-gay-couples-live-together270612#gs.grdCvh4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home Page - Immigration Equality\". Immigration Equality. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527013833/http://www.immigrationequality.org/index.php","url_text":"\"Home Page - Immigration Equality\""},{"url":"http://immigrationequality.org/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Immigration Equality - 2.2 About Us - Our Services\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2009-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221110808/http://www.immigrationequality.org/template.php?pageid=9","url_text":"\"Immigration Equality - 2.2 About Us - Our Services\""},{"url":"http://immigrationequality.org/template.php?pageid=9","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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Windsor\""},{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-307_6j37.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.usvisalawyers.co.uk/article23.html","external_links_name":"http://www.usvisalawyers.co.uk/article23.html"},{"Link":"http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/ny08_nadler/NadLeahyUAFA050807.html","external_links_name":"Representative Jerrold Nadler; Congressman Nadler and Senator Leahy Fight for LGBT Immigration Equality - Uniting American Families Act Would Allow Americans to Sponsor \"Permanent Partners.\" May 8, 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629174457/http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/ny08_nadler/NadLeahyUAFA050807.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.immigrationequality.org/issues/law-library/asylum-decisions/","external_links_name":"Asylum Decisions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120814190218/http://www.immigrationequality.org/issues/law-library/asylum-decisions/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://casetext.com/case/kadri-v-mukasey-2","external_links_name":"\"Kadri v. Mukasey\""},{"Link":"https://www.glad.org/cases/kadri-v-mukasey/","external_links_name":"\"Kadri v. Mukasey\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/us0506/10.htm","external_links_name":"\"Appendix B: Countries Protecting Same-Sex Couples' Immigration Rights\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/familyunvalueddi0000unse","external_links_name":"Family, Unvalued: Discrimination, Denial, and the Fate of Binational Same-Sex Couples under U.S. Law"},{"Link":"http://www.thinkoutsideyourbox.net/?p=18201","external_links_name":"Migration Law (thinkoutsideyourbox.net)"},{"Link":"http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/I/I_00485/fnameorig_172330.html","external_links_name":"Registered Partnership Act"},{"Link":"http://www.gob.cl/2015/01/30/acuerdo-de-union-civil-nuevos-beneficios-para-convivientes/","external_links_name":"\"Acuerdo de Unión Civil: Los nuevos beneficios para convivientes - Gobierno de Chile\""},{"Link":"http://www.inis.gov.ie/en/INIS/Pages/Civil%20Partnership","external_links_name":"\"Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service Civil Partnership\""},{"Link":"https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201809/18/P2018091800579.htm","external_links_name":"\"Immigration policy on entry of dependants revised\""},{"Link":"http://www.gaylawnet.com/laws/na.htm#asylum","external_links_name":"GayLawNet: Asylum, Immigration, Refugees"},{"Link":"https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/14543/Waaldijk+2009+-+Legal+Recogniton+of+Homosexual+Orientation+-+Chronological+Overview.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"Legal recognition of homosexual orientation in the countries of the world A chronological overview with footnotes (pages 26, 70)"},{"Link":"http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2015/07/22/san-marino-oks-residency-permits-to-foreigners-in-gay-couple_d8a6a331-11f4-4abb-816e-fcf09cad7c7f.html","external_links_name":"\"San Marino OKs residency permits to foreigners in gay couple - English\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140102222857/http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/san-marino-axes-medieval-law-let-gay-couples-live-together270612#gs.grdCvh4","external_links_name":"\"San Marino axes medieval law to let gay couples live together\""},{"Link":"http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/san-marino-axes-medieval-law-let-gay-couples-live-together270612#gs.grdCvh4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527013833/http://www.immigrationequality.org/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Home Page - Immigration Equality\""},{"Link":"http://immigrationequality.org/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221110808/http://www.immigrationequality.org/template.php?pageid=9","external_links_name":"\"Immigration Equality - 2.2 About Us - Our Services\""},{"Link":"http://immigrationequality.org/template.php?pageid=9","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.uklgig.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Equal Opportunity Immigration"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190507161112/https://uklgig.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080720104819/http://www.immigrationequality.org//template.php?pageid=49","external_links_name":"Immigration Equality"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210518/http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=13582","external_links_name":"People For The American Way"},{"Link":"http://www.legit.ca/","external_links_name":"LEGIT: Canadian Immigration for Same-Sex Couples"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071107050042/http://www.nclrights.org/site/PageServer?pagename=issue_immigration_uafa","external_links_name":"National Center for Lesbian Rights"},{"Link":"http://www.uklgig.org.uk/","external_links_name":"U.K. Lesbian and Gay Immigration Rights Group"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190507161112/https://uklgig.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.out4immigration.org/","external_links_name":"Out4Immigration"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/campaigns/lgbt/uaf_act.htm","external_links_name":"Human Rights Watch"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081101182556/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/lgbt/uaf_act.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.throughthickandthin.net/","external_links_name":"Through Thick and Thin"},{"Link":"http://imeq.us/","external_links_name":"Gay Immigration Equality Rights"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131110222501/http://www.glen.ie/","external_links_name":"Gay and Lesbian Equality Network, Ireland"},{"Link":"http://www.fridae.asia/newsfeatures/2009/03/31/2249.japan-to-allow-its-citizens-same-sex-marriage-with-foreign-partners","external_links_name":"Fridae.Asia News"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dankmar_Adler
Dankmar Adler
["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Legacy","5 Architectural work (partial list)","6 References","7 External links"]
American architect Dankmar AdlerBorn(1844-07-03)July 3, 1844Stadtlengsfeld, Thuringia, GermanyDiedApril 16, 1900(1900-04-16) (aged 55)Chicago, Illinois, USOccupationArchitect Temple Isaiah, Chicago, designed by Adler, 1898 Dankmar Adler (July 3, 1844 – April 16, 1900) was a German-born American architect and civil engineer. He is best known for his fifteen-year partnership with Louis Sullivan, during which they designed influential skyscrapers that boldly addressed their steel skeleton through their exterior design: the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri (1891), the Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1894), and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1896). Early years Adler was born in Stadtlengsfeld, Germany; his mother, Sara Eliel, died when he was born. In 1854, he came to the United States with his father Liebman Adler, a rabbi. They took up residence in Detroit, and Liebman became the rabbi of Congregation Beth-El. Subsequently, they moved to Chicago. Adler had some elementary-level education in the City of Detroit, and Ann Arbor, before leaving school to become a draftsman. Career Adler served in the Union Army during the Civil War with Battery "M", 1st Illinois Light Artillery Regiment. He was a private. He did engineering work in the Chattanooga and Atlanta Campaigns. After the war, he worked as an architect in Chicago, working first with Augustus Bauer and next with Ozias S. Kinney. In 1871, Adler formed a partnership with Edward Burling that ultimately created more than 100 buildings. Adler eventually started his own firm. He hired Louis Sullivan as a draughtsman and designer in 1880, and made him a partner three years later. Adler's partnership with Sullivan was short-lived; due to a slump in their architectural practice brought on by the Panic of 1893, and Adler's desire to bring his two sons into the firm, there arose a rift with Sullivan, the result of which was that Adler left the partnership to join an elevator firm as engineer and salesman. After a short period, Adler returned to architecture, in partnership with his two sons, but never regaining the prominence he had with Sullivan. Adler and Sullivan's Auditorium Building (1889) is an early example of splendid acoustical engineering, as is their Kehilath Anshe Ma'ariv Synagogue. Both drew upon the fine acoustics in Adler's earlier Central Music Hall. Adler was an acclaimed expert in acoustics, yet he was unable to explain fully the excellent acoustic properties of his buildings. With his partner Burling and thereafter, as a partner in Adler and Sullivan, Adler was instrumental in rebuilding much of Chicago following the Great Chicago Fire. Adler is considered a leader in the Chicago school of architecture. In addition to their pioneering accomplishments with steel-framed buildings and skyscrapers, Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan were early employers and mentors of architect Frank Lloyd Wright, whose consistent praise for Adler ("the 'American Engineer' my 'Big Chief'") surpassed even that which he reserved for Sullivan, whom he called his "lieber meister". The last major building Adler designed was Temple Isaiah. Personal life On June 25, 1872, Adler married Dila Kohn (July 5, 1850 – December 3, 1918). Their children include: Abraham K. Adler (September 13, 1873 – October 30, 1914), Sidney Adler (June 26, 1876 – November 25, 1925) and Sadie Adler (born 1878). Adler died in Chicago, and is buried there at Mount Mayriv Cemetery. Legacy Photographs and other archival materials are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The Dankmar Adler Collection of letters, papers, and photographs also includes an autobiography. Architectural work (partial list) The first group of buildings were created in partnership with Edward Burling: Old Chicago Tribune Building, Dearborn & Clark Delmonico's, Madison & Clark Kingsbury Hall, Clark Street Garrett Biblical Institute, Lake Street Methodist Church Block, Clark Street Samuel Cole Building, W. Lake Street – 1873 William Rowney Building – 1873 St James Episcopal Cathedral, E. Huron Street – 1875 Row Houses, 2225–2245 N. Burling Street – 1875 Sinai Temple, Indiana Avenue and 21st Street – 1875 Central Music Hall – 1879 Borden Block – 1879–80 Grand Opera House – 1880 Rothschild Store – 1881 Jewelers Building 1881–82 Revell Building – 1881–83 Third McVickers Theatre – 1883 Thirty-Ninth Street Passenger Station, ICR – 1883 Troescher Building – 1884 Springer Block and Kranz Buildings – 1885–87 Selz, Schwab & Company Factory – 1886–87 Wirt Dexter Building – 1887 Standard Club of Chicago – 1887–88 James H. Walker Warehouse – 1888 Auditorium Building – 1887–1889 Hebrew Manual Training School – 1889–90 Pueblo Opera House – 1890 E. W. Blatchford Warehouse – 1889 Kehilath Anshe Ma'ariv Synagogue (later Pilgrim Baptist Church) – 1890–91, interior destroyed by fire in 2006 Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri – 1891 Schiller Building – 1891–92 James Charnley House – 1891–92 Albert Sullivan Residence – 1891–92 Transportation Building, World's Columbian Exposition – 1891–93 Guaranty Building, Buffalo, New York – 1894 References ^ Roth, Leland M. (1993). Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning (First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 450. ISBN 0-06-430158-3. ^ Berger Elstein, Rochelle (2000). Adler, Dankmar. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1700967. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved November 7, 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ Brody, Seymour "Sy"; biographical sketch of Dankmar Adler in the Jewish Virtual Library ^ a b Marquis Who's Who, Inc. Who Was Who in American History, the Military. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1975. Page 4 ISBN 0837932017 OCLC 657162692 ^ "General Index Card", Battery M, 1st Illinois Light Artillery, Civil War Service Index - Union - Illinois, National Archives and Records Administration. ^ Sabin, Pat; Chicago Buildings by Architect ^ Morrison, Hugh and Timothy J. Samuelson; Louis Sullivan, Prophet of Modern Architecture; page 247 ^ Lowe, David Garrard, Lost Chicago, page 52 ^ Cahan, Richard, "They All Fall Down: Richard Nickel's Struggle to Save America's Architecture", page 60 ^ Roth, Leland M. (1993). Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning (First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 100. ISBN 0-06-430158-3. ^ Thompson, Emily (2002). The Soundscape of Modernity (First ed.). Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press. pp. 499. ISBN 0-262-20138-0. ^ Sanders, Douglas, "The Frank Lloyd Wright Newsblog": "Dankmar Adler » the Frank Lloyd Wright Newsblog". Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2011. ^ https://www.familysearch.org/search/recordDetails/show?uri=https://api.familysearch.org/records/pal:/MM9.1.r/MZHV-9QL/p4 ^ United States Census 1880. ^ "Louis Sullivan at 150 : a comprehensive, six-week schedule of public programming leading up to the symposium". Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dankmar Adler. Dankmar Adler Collection 1844-1941: Ryerson & Burnham Libraries Dankmar Adler papers, 1865-1900 from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art Dankmar Adler Papers, 1857-1984 at The Newberry Library vteLouis SullivanAdler & Sullivan works Martin Ryerson Tomb (1897) Auditorium Building, Chicago (1889) Auditorium Theatre Carrie Eliza Getty Tomb (1890) Wainwright Building (1890) Wainwright Tomb (1892) Bellefontaine Cemetery (1892) Prudential (Guaranty) Building (1894) Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1894) Bayard–Condict Building (1899) Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building (1899) Sullivan works Bradley House (1909) Charnley House (1892) Pilgrim Baptist Church (1890) Farmers and Merchants Union Bank (1919) Gage Group Buildings (1898) Halsted House (1883) Adams Building (1913) Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral (1903) Home Building Association Bank (1914) Jewelers Building (1882) Krause Music Store (1922) McVicker's Theater (1891) Merchants' National Bank (1914) National Farmer's Bank of Owatonna (1908) People's Federal Savings and Loan Association (1917) Peoples Savings Bank (1911) Purdue State Bank (1914) St. Paul United Methodist Church (1914) Van Allen Building (1913) Lost buildings New Orleans Union Station (1892–1954) Dooly Block (1891–1965) Louis Sullivan Bungalow (1890s–2005) Garrick Theater (1891–1961, A&S) Pilgrim Baptist Church (1891–2006, A&S) Dexter Building (1887–2006, A&S) Affiliations Adler & Sullivan Dankmar Adler Other Prairie School Tall: The American Skyscraper and Louis Sullivan "Form follows function" Category Commons Wikiquote Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Spain Germany Israel United States Netherlands Artists Museum of Modern Art Musée d'Orsay ULAN People EUTA Structurae Other SNAC IdRef
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He is best known for his fifteen-year partnership with Louis Sullivan, during which they designed influential skyscrapers that boldly addressed their steel skeleton through their exterior design: the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri (1891), the Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1894), and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1896).[1]","title":"Dankmar Adler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stadtlengsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtlengsfeld"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Liebman Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebman_Adler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Congregation Beth-El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Beth_El_(Detroit)"},{"link_name":"Ann Arbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan"}],"text":"Adler was born in Stadtlengsfeld, Germany; his mother, Sara Eliel,[2] died when he was born. In 1854, he came to the United States with his father Liebman Adler, a rabbi.[3] They took up residence in Detroit, and Liebman became the rabbi of Congregation Beth-El. Subsequently, they moved to Chicago. Adler had some elementary-level education in the City of Detroit, and Ann Arbor, before leaving school to become a draftsman.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battery \"M\", 1st Illinois Light Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%22M%22,_1st_Illinois_Light_Artillery_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Edward Burling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Burling"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Louis Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Auditorium Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium_Building,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Kehilath Anshe Ma'ariv Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Central Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Music_Hall_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Adler and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Great Chicago Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire"},{"link_name":"Chicago school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"steel-framed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel-framed_building"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Adler served in the Union Army during the Civil War with Battery \"M\", 1st Illinois Light Artillery Regiment.[4] He was a private.[5] He did engineering work in the Chattanooga and Atlanta Campaigns.After the war, he worked as an architect in Chicago,[6] working first with Augustus Bauer and next with Ozias S. Kinney.[7] In 1871, Adler formed a partnership with Edward Burling that ultimately created more than 100 buildings.[8]Adler eventually started his own firm. He hired Louis Sullivan as a draughtsman and designer in 1880, and made him a partner three years later.[9]Adler's partnership with Sullivan was short-lived; due to a slump in their architectural practice brought on by the Panic of 1893, and Adler's desire to bring his two sons into the firm, there arose a rift with Sullivan, the result of which was that Adler left the partnership to join an elevator firm as engineer and salesman. After a short period, Adler returned to architecture, in partnership with his two sons, but never regaining the prominence he had with Sullivan.Adler and Sullivan's Auditorium Building (1889) is an early example of splendid acoustical engineering, as is their Kehilath Anshe Ma'ariv Synagogue.[10] Both drew upon the fine acoustics in Adler's earlier Central Music Hall. Adler was an acclaimed expert in acoustics, yet he was unable to explain fully the excellent acoustic properties of his buildings.[11]With his partner Burling and thereafter, as a partner in Adler and Sullivan, Adler was instrumental in rebuilding much of Chicago following the Great Chicago Fire. Adler is considered a leader in the Chicago school of architecture. In addition to their pioneering accomplishments with steel-framed buildings and skyscrapers, Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan were early employers and mentors of architect Frank Lloyd Wright, whose consistent praise for Adler (\"the 'American Engineer' my 'Big Chief'\")[12] surpassed even that which he reserved for Sullivan, whom he called his \"lieber meister\".The last major building Adler designed was Temple Isaiah.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"}],"text":"On June 25, 1872, Adler married Dila Kohn (July 5, 1850 – December 3, 1918).[13] Their children include: Abraham K. Adler (September 13, 1873 – October 30, 1914), Sidney Adler (June 26, 1876 – November 25, 1925) and Sadie Adler (born 1878).[14]Adler died in Chicago, and is buried there at Mount Mayriv Cemetery.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryerson & Burnham Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryerson_%26_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"}],"text":"Photographs and other archival materials are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The Dankmar Adler Collection of letters, papers, and photographs also includes an autobiography.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garrett Biblical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett%E2%80%93Evangelical_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"St James Episcopal Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_Cathedral_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Central Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Music_Hall_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Grand Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Opera_House_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Jewelers Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelers_Building_(1882)"},{"link_name":"Third McVickers Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McVicker%27s_Theater"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wirt Dexter Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Building"},{"link_name":"Auditorium Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium_Building_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Pueblo Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Pilgrim Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"Wainwright Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainwright_Building"},{"link_name":"Schiller Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrick_Theater_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"James Charnley House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charnley_House"},{"link_name":"Guaranty Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_(Guaranty)_Building_(Buffalo,_New_York)"}],"text":"The first group of buildings were created in partnership with Edward Burling:Old Chicago Tribune Building, Dearborn & Clark\nDelmonico's, Madison & Clark\nKingsbury Hall, Clark Street\nGarrett Biblical Institute, Lake Street\nMethodist Church Block, Clark Street\nSamuel Cole Building, W. Lake Street – 1873\nWilliam Rowney Building – 1873\nSt James Episcopal Cathedral, E. Huron Street – 1875\nRow Houses, 2225–2245 N. Burling Street – 1875\nSinai Temple, Indiana Avenue and 21st Street – 1875\nCentral Music Hall – 1879\nBorden Block – 1879–80\nGrand Opera House – 1880\nRothschild Store – 1881\nJewelers Building 1881–82\nRevell Building – 1881–83\nThird McVickers Theatre – 1883\nThirty-Ninth Street Passenger Station, ICR – 1883\nTroescher Building – 1884[15]\nSpringer Block and Kranz Buildings – 1885–87\nSelz, Schwab & Company Factory – 1886–87\nWirt Dexter Building – 1887\nStandard Club of Chicago – 1887–88\nJames H. Walker Warehouse – 1888\nAuditorium Building – 1887–1889\nHebrew Manual Training School – 1889–90\nPueblo Opera House – 1890\nE. W. Blatchford Warehouse – 1889\nKehilath Anshe Ma'ariv Synagogue (later Pilgrim Baptist Church) – 1890–91, interior destroyed by fire in 2006\nWainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri – 1891\nSchiller Building – 1891–92\nJames Charnley House – 1891–92\nAlbert Sullivan Residence – 1891–92\nTransportation Building, World's Columbian Exposition – 1891–93\nGuaranty Building, Buffalo, New York – 1894","title":"Architectural work (partial list)"}]
[{"image_text":"Temple Isaiah, Chicago, designed by Adler, 1898","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Temple_Isaiah.jpg/220px-Temple_Isaiah.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Roth, Leland M. (1993). Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning (First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 450. ISBN 0-06-430158-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth/page/450","url_text":"Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth/page/450","url_text":"450"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-430158-3","url_text":"0-06-430158-3"}]},{"reference":"Berger Elstein, Rochelle (2000). Adler, Dankmar. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1700967. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved November 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1700967","url_text":"Adler, Dankmar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1700967","url_text":"10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1700967"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860669-7","url_text":"978-0-19-860669-7"}]},{"reference":"Roth, Leland M. (1993). Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning (First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 100. ISBN 0-06-430158-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth/page/100","url_text":"Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth/page/100","url_text":"100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-430158-3","url_text":"0-06-430158-3"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Emily (2002). The Soundscape of Modernity (First ed.). Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press. pp. 499. ISBN 0-262-20138-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/soundscapeofmode0000thom/page/499","url_text":"The Soundscape of Modernity"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/soundscapeofmode0000thom/page/499","url_text":"499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-20138-0","url_text":"0-262-20138-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Dankmar Adler » the Frank Lloyd Wright Newsblog\". Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929141609/http://douglasanders.com/tag/dankmar-adler/","url_text":"\"Dankmar Adler » the Frank Lloyd Wright Newsblog\""},{"url":"http://douglasanders.com/tag/dankmar-adler/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Louis Sullivan at 150 : a comprehensive, six-week schedule of public programming leading up to the symposium\". Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613221902/http://www.chicagohistory.org/sullivan150/resources/index.php","url_text":"\"Louis Sullivan at 150 : a comprehensive, six-week schedule of public programming leading up to the symposium\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagohistory.org/sullivan150/resources/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thruway_Motorcoach
Amtrak Thruway
["1 History and purpose","2 Routes","2.1 Northeast","2.2 East","2.3 Midwest","2.4 West","2.5 Pacific Northwest","2.6 California","3 References","4 External links"]
Connecting transportation services brand A Van Hool C2045L Amtrak California Thruway Motorcoach at the Bakersfield station Amtrak Thruway is a system of through-ticketed transportation services to connect passengers with areas not served by Amtrak trains. In most cases these are dedicated motorcoach routes, but can also be non-dedicated intercity bus services, transit buses, vans, taxis, ferry boats and commuter rail trains. Train and Thruway tickets are typically purchased together from Amtrak for the length of a passenger's journey and connections are timed for guaranteed transfers between the two services. In addition to providing connecting service to unserved areas, some Thruway services operate as redundant service along passenger rail corridors to add extra capacity. History and purpose Amtrak operates the Thruway network to extend the reach of its train services, offering connections to destinations not directly served by Amtrak trains. The earliest incarnation of such a service was launched in January 1973, to provide a connection between Amtrak's Inter-American in Laredo, Texas, and the Aztec Eagle train run by N de M from Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. The following year, Amtrak launched an agreement with Greyhound allowing for passengers to buy combined bus and rail tickets for connecting services run by the two companies. These services were the predecessors of Thruway Motorcoach. The first Amtrak bus service to bear the name "Amtrak Thruway" was launched in California in 1993. Amtrak launched a significant expansion of Thruway Motorcoach services across the United States in 2014. Routes Northeast Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach at Newport News station, January 2013 Boston to Manchester (Boston Express) Boston to Concord/Berlin, New Hampshire (through-ticketed Concord Coach Lines route) Boston to Concord/Littleton, New Hampshire (through-ticketed Concord Coach Lines route) Boston to Newburyport, Massachusetts/Portsmouth, New Hampshire (through-ticketed C&J route) New Bedford, Massachusetts - Providence Station (through-ticketed) Operated by DATTCO Motor Coach New London, Connecticut, to Foxwoods Casino (through-ticketed SEAT route) Philadelphia to Atlantic City, New Jersey (through-ticketed NJ Transit Atlantic City Line rail route) Philadelphia to Pottstown/Reading, Pennsylvania (service provided by Krapf Coaches) Philadelphia to Quakertown/Allentown/White Haven/Wilkes-Barre/Scranton, Pennsylvania (service provided by Martz Trailways) Washington, D.C. to Charlottesville, Virginia (through-ticketed Greyhound route) BWI Airport Amtrak station to Kent Island/Easton/Cambridge/Salisbury/Ocean Pines/Ocean City, Maryland (operated by BayRunner Shuttle) BWI Airport Amtrak station to Frederick/Hagerstown/Cumberland/Grantsville, Maryland (operated by BayRunner Shuttle) Portland, Maine, to Bangor (through-ticketed Concord Coach Lines route) Buffalo to Jamestown, New York (through-ticketed Coach USA Erie route) Worcester Union Station - Providence Station (through-ticketed) Operated by DATTCO Motor Coach East Westport, New York, to Lake Placid, New York (operated by Ground Force 1) Killington to Rutland (Gramps Shuttle) DeLand, Florida, to Daytona Beach (thruway service is a taxicab provided by Tri Star Taxi) Orlando/Tampa to St. Petersburg/Fort Myers, Florida (operated by Martz First Class) Wilson, North Carolina, to numerous cities in eastern North Carolina (Greenville, New Bern, Havelock, Morehead City, Goldsboro, Kinston, Jacksonville, and Wilmington) (through ticketed motorcoach operated by Southeastern Tours of Greenville). Charlottesville to Richmond, Virginia (operated by Academy Bus Express) High Point, North Carolina, to Winston-Salem (operated by Piedmont Authority for Regional Transportation) Meridian, Mississippi, to Dallas (through-ticketed Greyhound route) Harrisburg to Williamsport, Pennsylvania (through-ticketed Fullington Trailways route) Pittsburgh to State College, Pennsylvania (through-ticketed Fullington Trailways route) Pittsburgh to Columbus/Dayton, Ohio/Indianapolis, Indiana (through-ticketed Greyhound route) Charleston, West Virginia, to numerous cities in northern West Virginia (Sutton/Flatwoods, Weston, Clarksburg, Fairmont & Morgantown) (operated by Barons Bus Lines) Midwest Toledo, Ohio, to East Lansing, Michigan, via Detroit and Ann Arbor, Michigan (Trinity Transportation) Battle Creek, Michigan, to Flint (through-ticketed Indian Trails route) Kalamazoo, Michigan, to St. Ignace (through-ticketed Indian Trails route) Kalamazoo, Michigan to Grand Rapids (through-ticketed Indian Trails route) Kalamazoo, Michigan to Sault Ste. Marie (through-ticketed Indian Trails route) Kalamazoo, Michigan to Gaylord (through-ticketed Indian Trails route) Port Huron to Detroit (Hoosier Ride) Chicago to Rockford, Illinois/Madison, Wisconsin (through-ticketed Van Galder Bus Company route) Indianapolis to Galesburg, Illinois/Davenport, Iowa (through-ticketed Burlington Trailways route) Chicago/Indianapolis to Louisville, Kentucky (through-ticketed Greyhound route) Carbondale, Illinois, to St. Louis (Vandalia Bus Lines) New Orleans to Baton Rouge (Greyhound Lines) Kansas City, Missouri, to Oklahoma City via Tulsa (through-ticketed Jefferson Lines route) Milwaukee to Oshkosh, Wisconsin/Wausau, Wisconsin (through-ticketed Lamers Bus Lines route) Milwaukee to Green Bay, Wisconsin, via Appleton, Oshkosh and Fond du Lac Milwaukee to Madison, Wisconsin (Badger Bus) Milwaukee to Houghton, Michigan (Indian Trails) Milwaukee to Minneapolis/St. Paul via Eau Claire, Wisconsin (Jefferson Lines) Galesburg, Illinois, to Springfield, Illinois St. Paul-Minneapolis to Duluth, Minnesota (through-ticketed Jefferson Lines route) Newton, Kansas, to Oklahoma City via Wichita. Toledo, Ohio, to Chicago, Illinois West Albuquerque to El Paso (through-ticketed Greyhound route) Denver to Colorado Springs/Pueblo (through-ticketed Greyhound route) Denver to Glenwood Springs, Colorado (through-ticketed Greyhound route) Denver to Buffalo, Wyoming (through-ticketed Express Arrow route) Flagstaff to Williams/Grand Canyon (through-ticketed Groome route) Flagstaff to Phoenix (through-ticketed Groome or Greyhound route) Flagstaff to Sedona (through-ticketed Groome route) Kingman to Laughlin, NV and Las Vegas, NV (through-ticketed Vegas Airporter route) Lamy, New Mexico, to Santa Fe, New Mexico Longview, Texas, to Shreveport, Louisiana Longview to Houston/Galveston Houston to Galveston (through-ticketed Kerrville Bus route) Maricopa to Phoenix (through-ticketed Stagecoach Express route) Oklahoma City to Kansas City, Missouri, via Tulsa (through-ticketed Jefferson Lines route) Raton, New Mexico, to Denver (through-ticketed Greyhound route) Salt Lake City to Boise (through-ticketed Greyhound route) Salt Lake City to Las Vegas via St. George (through-ticketed Greyhound route) San Antonio to Laredo (through-ticketed Greyhound route) San Antonio to McAllen (through-ticketed Greyhound route) Temple to Killeen/Fort Cavazos Pacific Northwest Seattle to Vancouver, British Columbia (through-ticketed Cantrail route) Seattle to Bellingham and Vancouver, BC Seattle to Vancouver Island/Victoria, British Columbia (through-ticketed Victoria Clipper ferry route) Portland to Eugene-Springfield (through-ticketed POINT route) Portland to Astoria (through-ticketed POINT route) Spokane to Boise (through-ticketed Northwestern Trailways route) Seattle to Wenatchee/Spokane (through-ticketed Northwestern Trailways route) Portland to Pendleton/Boise (through-ticketed Greyhound route) Portland/Albany to Corvallis/Newport (through-ticketed Valley Retriever route) Redmond to Chemult (operated by TAC Transportation) Klamath Falls to Brookings (through-ticketed POINT route) Eugene to Bend/Ontario (through-ticketed POINT route) Eugene to Coos Bay (operated by TAC Transportation) Klamath Falls to Ashland California Passengers boarding a YARTS bus at the Merced, California, station operating as Amtrak Thruway route 15A to Yosemite. Route 1: Bakersfield – Los Angeles – Santa Ana – San Diego Route 1C: Bakersfield – Santa Clarita –  Hollywood Burbank Airport – UCLA – Santa Monica Route 3: Redding – Chico – Sacramento – Stockton Route 6: Stockton – San Jose – Santa Cruz (some Stockton – San Jose services operated by Altamont Corridor Express trains, San Jose – Santa Cruz operated as Highway 17 Express by Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District) Route 7: Martinez – Napa – Santa Rosa – Arcata Route 10: Santa Barbara – Bakersfield – Las Vegas, Nevada (through-ticketed Alvand Transportation route) Route 15A: Merced – Yosemite (through-ticketed Yosemite Area Regional Transportation System route) Route 15B: Fresno – Yosemite (through-ticketed Yosemite Area Regional Transportation System route) Route 17: Oakland – San Luis Obispo – Santa Barbara Route 18: Santa Maria – San Luis Obispo – Hanford – Visalia (through-ticketed AmericanStar Trailways route) Route 19: Bakersfield – Pasadena – Riverside – San Bernardino Route 20: Sacramento – Colfax – Reno/Sparks, Nevada Route 20C: Sacramento – South Lake Tahoe (through-ticketed El Dorado Transit route) Route 21: San Jose – San Luis Obispo – Santa Barbara (through-ticketed AmericanStar Trailways route) Route 39: Fullerton – Palm Springs – Coachella Valley Route 99: Oakland/Emeryville – San Francisco References ^ a b "Historic Timeline — Amtrak: History of America's Railroad". history.amtrak.com. Retrieved November 25, 2021. ^ Munson, Jeff (April 27, 1993). "Amtrak offers link to valley". The Union Democrat. Retrieved November 24, 2021. ^ Berlin and Conway, NH Archived August 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Concord Coach Lines. Retrieved August 25, 2017. ^ Littleton and Plymouth, NH Archived August 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Concord Coach Lines. Retrieved August 25, 2017. ^ a b "Amtrak Introduces New Round Trip Bus Service for New Bedford and Worcester, Mass. Via Providence" (Press release). Washington, DC: Amtrak. August 3, 2023. ^ Vacations in North Carolina by Train and Thruway Bus, Amtrak. Retrieved August 25, 2017. ^ Route 5 Archived August 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Piedmont Authority for Regional Transit. Retrieved August 25, 2017. ^ "Cascades (Portland-Eugene) - POINT". Retrieved October 11, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Thruway Bus Routes". San Joaquins. San Joaquin Joint Powers Authority. May 15, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022. ^ a b c "Capital Corridor Connecting Bus Schedule" (PDF). Capitol Corridor. Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority. August 15, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022. ^ "Public Review Draft 2024 SJJPA Business Plan Update" (PDF). San Joaquin Joint Powers Authority. pp. 18–21. Retrieved March 8, 2024. ^ a b "Connecting Amtrak Thruway Bus Service". Pacific Surfliner. LOSSAN Rail Corridor Agency. May 25, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022. ^ a b "Amtrak Rt 21 Reinstated Bus Service" (Press release). AmericanStar Tours. November 1, 2020. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2022. External links Transit Unlimited Profile Amtrak Thruway Connecting Services vteAmtrakServices Routes Long-distance Amtrak Thruway Amtrak Express Infrastructure Stations Busiest Former Rolling stock Paint schemes 25 Hz traction power system 60 Hz traction power system Lines Northeast Corridor Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line New Haven–Springfield Line Michigan Line Post Road Branch Surf Line (through SCRRA) Organization Amtrak Police Department Arrow Reservation System Rail Passengers Association Trails and Rails History Accidents List of railroads eligible to participate in the formation of Amtrak Standard Stations Program National Train Day Department of Transportation v. Association of American Railroads Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp. National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Boston & Maine Corp. vteMass transit in Los Angeles CountyRail Metro Rail A Line B Line C Line D Line E Line K Line L Line Metrolink Angels Flight Getty Center Tram Amtrak Pacific Surfliner Coast Starlight Southwest Chief Sunset Limited Texas Eagle Under construction LAX Automated People Mover Planned Inglewood Transit Connector Bus Amtrak Thruway Antelope Valley Transit Authority Beach Cities Transit Big Blue Bus Burbank Bus City of Commerce Municipal Bus Lines City of Santa Clarita Transit Culver CityBus El Monte Transit Foothill Transit Glendale Beeline GTrans Los Angeles Metro Bus LADOT Commuter Express LADOT DASH Long Beach Transit Montebello Bus Lines Monterey Park Spirit Bus Norwalk Transit PVPTA Pasadena Transit Torrance Transit The PickUp Bus rapid transit Metro Busway G Line J Line El Monte Busway Harbor Transitway Silver Streak Airports Los Angeles International Airport Long Beach Airport Hollywood Burbank Airport Defunct CalTrain El Camino Glendale and Montrose Railway Grand Central Airport Los Angeles Railway Mount Lowe Railway Municipal Area Express Pacific Electric RTD Waterfront Red Car
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amtrak_California_Thruway_Motorcoach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Van Hool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Hool"},{"link_name":"Amtrak California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak_California"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield_(Amtrak_station)"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"motorcoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcoach"},{"link_name":"intercity bus services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity_bus_service"},{"link_name":"transit buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_bus"},{"link_name":"taxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab"},{"link_name":"ferry boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_boats"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"}],"text":"Connecting transportation services brandA Van Hool C2045L Amtrak California Thruway Motorcoach at the Bakersfield stationAmtrak Thruway is a system of through-ticketed transportation services to connect passengers with areas not served by Amtrak trains. In most cases these are dedicated motorcoach routes, but can also be non-dedicated intercity bus services, transit buses, vans, taxis, ferry boats and commuter rail trains.Train and Thruway tickets are typically purchased together from Amtrak for the length of a passenger's journey and connections are timed for guaranteed transfers between the two services.In addition to providing connecting service to unserved areas, some Thruway services operate as redundant service along passenger rail corridors to add extra capacity.","title":"Amtrak Thruway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inter-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_(train)"},{"link_name":"Laredo, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laredo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"N de M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarriles_Nacionales_de_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Nuevo Laredo, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Laredo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Amtrak operates the Thruway network to extend the reach of its train services, offering connections to destinations not directly served by Amtrak trains. The earliest incarnation of such a service was launched in January 1973, to provide a connection between Amtrak's Inter-American in Laredo, Texas, and the Aztec Eagle train run by N de M from Nuevo Laredo, Mexico.[1] The following year, Amtrak launched an agreement with Greyhound allowing for passengers to buy combined bus and rail tickets for connecting services run by the two companies. These services were the predecessors of Thruway Motorcoach. The first Amtrak bus service to bear the name \"Amtrak Thruway\" was launched in California in 1993.[2] Amtrak launched a significant expansion of Thruway Motorcoach services across the United States in 2014.[1]","title":"History and purpose"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amtrak_Thruway_Motorcoach_at_Newport_News_station,_January_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newport News station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News_station"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Boston Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Express"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Berlin, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Concord Coach Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Coach_Lines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Littleton, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Concord Coach Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Coach_Lines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Newburyport, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Bedford, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Providence Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DATTCO1-5"},{"link_name":"New London, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Foxwoods Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxwoods_Casino"},{"link_name":"SEAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Area_Transit"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"NJ Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ_Transit"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Line"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pottstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottstown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Reading, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Krapf Coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapf_Coaches"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Quakertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakertown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Allentown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"White Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Haven,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Wilkes-Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Scranton, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Martz Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martz_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Charlottesville, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore/Washington_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"BWI Airport Amtrak station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWI_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kent Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Island,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Ocean Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Pines,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Ocean City, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_City,_Maryland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore/Washington_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"BWI Airport Amtrak station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWI_Airport"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Hagerstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Grantsville, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantsville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Portland, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Concord Coach Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Coach_Lines"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Jamestown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Coach USA Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_USA_Erie"},{"link_name":"Worcester Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Worcester,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Providence Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DATTCO1-5"}],"sub_title":"Northeast","text":"Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach at Newport News station, January 2013Boston to Manchester (Boston Express)\nBoston to Concord/Berlin, New Hampshire (through-ticketed Concord Coach Lines route)[3]\nBoston to Concord/Littleton, New Hampshire (through-ticketed Concord Coach Lines route)[4]\nBoston to Newburyport, Massachusetts/Portsmouth, New Hampshire (through-ticketed C&J route)\nNew Bedford, Massachusetts - Providence Station (through-ticketed) Operated by DATTCO Motor Coach[5]\nNew London, Connecticut, to Foxwoods Casino (through-ticketed SEAT route)\nPhiladelphia to Atlantic City, New Jersey (through-ticketed NJ Transit Atlantic City Line rail route)\nPhiladelphia to Pottstown/Reading, Pennsylvania (service provided by Krapf Coaches)\nPhiladelphia to Quakertown/Allentown/White Haven/Wilkes-Barre/Scranton, Pennsylvania (service provided by Martz Trailways)\nWashington, D.C. to Charlottesville, Virginia (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nBWI Airport Amtrak station to Kent Island/Easton/Cambridge/Salisbury/Ocean Pines/Ocean City, Maryland (operated by BayRunner Shuttle)\nBWI Airport Amtrak station to Frederick/Hagerstown/Cumberland/Grantsville, Maryland (operated by BayRunner Shuttle)\nPortland, Maine, to Bangor (through-ticketed Concord Coach Lines route)\nBuffalo to Jamestown, New York (through-ticketed Coach USA Erie route)\nWorcester Union Station - Providence Station (through-ticketed) Operated by DATTCO Motor Coach[5]","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westport, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lake Placid, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Killington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland_(city),_Vermont"},{"link_name":"DeLand, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLand,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Daytona Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Fort Myers, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Martz First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martz_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Wilson, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_(Amtrak_station)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.K._Butterfield_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"New Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Havelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Morehead City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehead_City,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Goldsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWTA_Bus_Transfer_Center"},{"link_name":"Kinston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinston,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forden_Station"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Academy Bus Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Bus_Lines"},{"link_name":"High Point, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Point,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Winston-Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Piedmont Authority for Regional Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Authority_for_Regional_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Meridian, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Williamsport, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Fullington Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullington_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"State College, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Fullington Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullington_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Charleston, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Flatwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatwoods,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Clarksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksburg,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fairmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmont,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Morgantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Barons Bus Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barons_Bus_Lines"}],"sub_title":"East","text":"Westport, New York, to Lake Placid, New York (operated by Ground Force 1)\nKillington to Rutland (Gramps Shuttle)\nDeLand, Florida, to Daytona Beach (thruway service is a taxicab provided by Tri Star Taxi)\nOrlando/Tampa to St. Petersburg/Fort Myers, Florida (operated by Martz First Class)\nWilson, North Carolina, to numerous cities in eastern North Carolina (Greenville, New Bern, Havelock, Morehead City, Goldsboro, Kinston, Jacksonville, and Wilmington) (through ticketed motorcoach operated by Southeastern Tours of Greenville).[6]\nCharlottesville to Richmond, Virginia (operated by Academy Bus Express)\nHigh Point, North Carolina, to Winston-Salem (operated by Piedmont Authority for Regional Transportation)[7]\nMeridian, Mississippi, to Dallas (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nHarrisburg to Williamsport, Pennsylvania (through-ticketed Fullington Trailways route)\nPittsburgh to State College, Pennsylvania (through-ticketed Fullington Trailways route)\nPittsburgh to Columbus/Dayton, Ohio/Indianapolis, Indiana (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nCharleston, West Virginia, to numerous cities in northern West Virginia (Sutton/Flatwoods, Weston, Clarksburg, Fairmont & Morgantown) (operated by Barons Bus Lines)","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"East Lansing, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Ann Arbor, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Trinity Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Battle Creek, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Creek,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Indian Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Trails"},{"link_name":"Kalamazoo, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"St. Ignace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ignace,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Indian Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Trails"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Indian Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Trails"},{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Indian Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Trails"},{"link_name":"Gaylord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Indian Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Trails"},{"link_name":"Port Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Rockford, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Van Galder Bus Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Galder_Bus_Company"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Galesburg, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galesburg,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Davenport, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Burlington Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Carbondale, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbondale,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Greyhound Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Lines"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wausau, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wausau,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Lamers Bus Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamers_Bus_Lines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Green Bay, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Fond du Lac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_du_Lac,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Badger Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger_Bus"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Houghton, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Indian Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Trails"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Eau Claire, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Lines"},{"link_name":"Galesburg, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galesburg,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Duluth, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Lines"},{"link_name":"Newton, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"Wichita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"Midwest","text":"Toledo, Ohio, to East Lansing, Michigan, via Detroit and Ann Arbor, Michigan (Trinity Transportation)\nBattle Creek, Michigan, to Flint (through-ticketed Indian Trails route)\nKalamazoo, Michigan, to St. Ignace (through-ticketed Indian Trails route)\nKalamazoo, Michigan to Grand Rapids (through-ticketed Indian Trails route)\nKalamazoo, Michigan to Sault Ste. Marie (through-ticketed Indian Trails route)\nKalamazoo, Michigan to Gaylord (through-ticketed Indian Trails route)\nPort Huron to Detroit (Hoosier Ride)\nChicago to Rockford, Illinois/Madison, Wisconsin (through-ticketed Van Galder Bus Company route)\nIndianapolis to Galesburg, Illinois/Davenport, Iowa (through-ticketed Burlington Trailways route)\nChicago/Indianapolis to Louisville, Kentucky (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nCarbondale, Illinois, to St. Louis (Vandalia Bus Lines)\nNew Orleans to Baton Rouge (Greyhound Lines)\nKansas City, Missouri, to Oklahoma City via Tulsa (through-ticketed Jefferson Lines route)\nMilwaukee to Oshkosh, Wisconsin/Wausau, Wisconsin (through-ticketed Lamers Bus Lines route)\nMilwaukee to Green Bay, Wisconsin, via Appleton, Oshkosh and Fond du Lac\nMilwaukee to Madison, Wisconsin (Badger Bus)\nMilwaukee to Houghton, Michigan (Indian Trails)\nMilwaukee to Minneapolis/St. Paul via Eau Claire, Wisconsin (Jefferson Lines)\nGalesburg, Illinois, to Springfield, Illinois\nSt. Paul-Minneapolis to Duluth, Minnesota (through-ticketed Jefferson Lines route)\nNewton, Kansas, to Oklahoma City via Wichita.\nToledo, Ohio, to Chicago, Illinois","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Glenwood Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenwood_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Express Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Express_Arrow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flagstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Groome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arizonashuttle.com/"},{"link_name":"Flagstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Groome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arizonashuttle.com/"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Flagstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Sedona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedona,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Groome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arizonashuttle.com/"},{"link_name":"Kingman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Reid_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Vegas Airporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vegasairporter.com/AMTRAK/"},{"link_name":"Lamy, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamy,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Longview, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Shreveport, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kerrville Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrville_Bus"},{"link_name":"Maricopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stagecoachexpressshuttle.com"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Lines"},{"link_name":"Raton, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raton,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Boise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Laredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laredo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"McAllen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAllen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Killeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killeen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Cavazos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Cavazos"}],"sub_title":"West","text":"Albuquerque to El Paso (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nDenver to Colorado Springs/Pueblo (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nDenver to Glenwood Springs, Colorado (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nDenver to Buffalo, Wyoming (through-ticketed Express Arrow route)\nFlagstaff to Williams/Grand Canyon (through-ticketed Groome route)\nFlagstaff to Phoenix (through-ticketed Groome or Greyhound route)\nFlagstaff to Sedona (through-ticketed Groome route)\nKingman to Laughlin, NV and Las Vegas, NV (through-ticketed Vegas Airporter route)\nLamy, New Mexico, to Santa Fe, New Mexico\nLongview, Texas, to Shreveport, Louisiana\nLongview to Houston/Galveston\nHouston to Galveston (through-ticketed Kerrville Bus route)\nMaricopa to Phoenix (through-ticketed Stagecoach Express route)\nOklahoma City to Kansas City, Missouri, via Tulsa (through-ticketed Jefferson Lines route)\nRaton, New Mexico, to Denver (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nSalt Lake City to Boise (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nSalt Lake City to Las Vegas via St. George (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nSan Antonio to Laredo (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nSan Antonio to McAllen (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nTemple to Killeen/Fort Cavazos","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Bellingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"Victoria, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Victoria Clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Clipper"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Eugene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"POINT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Oregon_Intercity_Transit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Spokane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Boise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Wenatchee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenatchee,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Boise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Greyhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Corvallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmond,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Chemult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemult,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Klamath Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Falls,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Eugene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Eugene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Coos Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coos_Bay,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Klamath Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Falls,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Oregon"}],"sub_title":"Pacific Northwest","text":"Seattle to Vancouver, British Columbia (through-ticketed Cantrail route)\nSeattle to Bellingham and Vancouver, BC\nSeattle to Vancouver Island/Victoria, British Columbia (through-ticketed Victoria Clipper ferry route)\nPortland to Eugene-Springfield (through-ticketed POINT route)[8]\nPortland to Astoria (through-ticketed POINT route)\nSpokane to Boise (through-ticketed Northwestern Trailways route)\nSeattle to Wenatchee/Spokane (through-ticketed Northwestern Trailways route)\nPortland to Pendleton/Boise (through-ticketed Greyhound route)\nPortland/Albany to Corvallis/Newport (through-ticketed Valley Retriever route)\nRedmond to Chemult (operated by TAC Transportation)\nKlamath Falls to Brookings (through-ticketed POINT route)\nEugene to Bend/Ontario (through-ticketed POINT route)\nEugene to Coos Bay (operated by TAC Transportation)\nKlamath Falls to Ashland","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YARTS_Bus_at_Merced.jpg"},{"link_name":"YARTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Area_Regional_Transportation_System"},{"link_name":"Merced, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced_(Amtrak_station)"},{"link_name":"Yosemite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield_station_(Amtrak)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_Regional_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Depot_(San_Diego)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"Santa Clarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newhall_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Burbank_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Burbank Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank_Airport%E2%80%93South_station"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"Redding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding_station_(California)"},{"link_name":"Chico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_station"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Valley_Station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Diridon_station"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California"},{"link_name":"Altamont Corridor Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamont_Corridor_Express"},{"link_name":"Highway 17 Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_17_Express"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Metropolitan_Transit_District"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capitol_Corridor-10"},{"link_name":"Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinez_station"},{"link_name":"Napa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California"},{"link_name":"Arcata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcata,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTC_Transit#southstriptransferterminal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJJPA_Business_Plan-11"},{"link_name":"Merced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced_station_(Amtrak)"},{"link_name":"Yosemite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Yosemite Area Regional Transportation System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Area_Regional_Transportation_System"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Passenger_Depot_(Fresno,_California)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland%E2%80%93Jack_London_Square_station"},{"link_name":"San Luis Obispo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_station"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pacific_Surfliner-12"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria,_California"},{"link_name":"Hanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_station"},{"link_name":"Visalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visalia,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanStar-13"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside%E2%80%93Downtown_station"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Santa_Fe_Depot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_station"},{"link_name":"Sparks, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparks,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capitol_Corridor-10"},{"link_name":"South Lake Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lake_Tahoe,_California"},{"link_name":"El Dorado Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado_Transit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capitol_Corridor-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericanStar-13"},{"link_name":"Fullerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerton_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs_station"},{"link_name":"Coachella Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pacific_Surfliner-12"},{"link_name":"Emeryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeryville_station"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Joaquins-9"}],"sub_title":"California","text":"Passengers boarding a YARTS bus at the Merced, California, station operating as Amtrak Thruway route 15A to Yosemite.Route 1: Bakersfield – Los Angeles – Santa Ana – San Diego[9]\n Route 1C: Bakersfield – Santa Clarita –  Hollywood Burbank Airport – UCLA – Santa Monica[9]\n Route 3: Redding – Chico – Sacramento – Stockton[9]\n Route 6: Stockton – San Jose – Santa Cruz (some Stockton – San Jose services operated by Altamont Corridor Express trains, San Jose – Santa Cruz operated as Highway 17 Express by Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District)[9][10]\n Route 7: Martinez – Napa – Santa Rosa – Arcata[9]\n Route 10: Santa Barbara – Bakersfield – Las Vegas, Nevada[9] (through-ticketed Alvand Transportation route)[11]\n Route 15A: Merced – Yosemite (through-ticketed Yosemite Area Regional Transportation System route)[9]\n Route 15B: Fresno – Yosemite (through-ticketed Yosemite Area Regional Transportation System route)[9]\n Route 17: Oakland – San Luis Obispo – Santa Barbara[12]\n Route 18: Santa Maria – San Luis Obispo – Hanford – Visalia[9] (through-ticketed AmericanStar Trailways route)[13]\n Route 19: Bakersfield – Pasadena – Riverside – San Bernardino[9]\n Route 20: Sacramento – Colfax – Reno/Sparks, Nevada[9][10]\n Route 20C: Sacramento – South Lake Tahoe (through-ticketed El Dorado Transit route)[9][10]\n Route 21: San Jose – San Luis Obispo – Santa Barbara (through-ticketed AmericanStar Trailways route)[13]\n Route 39: Fullerton – Palm Springs – Coachella Valley[12]\n Route 99: Oakland/Emeryville – San Francisco[9]","title":"Routes"}]
[{"image_text":"A Van Hool C2045L Amtrak California Thruway Motorcoach at the Bakersfield station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Amtrak_California_Thruway_Motorcoach.jpg/220px-Amtrak_California_Thruway_Motorcoach.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach at Newport News station, January 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Amtrak_Thruway_Motorcoach_at_Newport_News_station%2C_January_2013.jpg/220px-Amtrak_Thruway_Motorcoach_at_Newport_News_station%2C_January_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Passengers boarding a YARTS bus at the Merced, California, station operating as Amtrak Thruway route 15A to Yosemite.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/YARTS_Bus_at_Merced.jpg/250px-YARTS_Bus_at_Merced.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Historic Timeline — Amtrak: History of America's Railroad\". history.amtrak.com. Retrieved November 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.amtrak.com/amtraks-history/historic-timeline","url_text":"\"Historic Timeline — Amtrak: History of America's Railroad\""}]},{"reference":"Munson, Jeff (April 27, 1993). \"Amtrak offers link to valley\". The Union Democrat. Retrieved November 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rWRjAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1","url_text":"\"Amtrak offers link to valley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Union_Democrat","url_text":"The Union Democrat"}]},{"reference":"\"Amtrak Introduces New Round Trip Bus Service for New Bedford and Worcester, Mass. Via Providence\" (Press release). Washington, DC: Amtrak. August 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.amtrak.com/2023/08/providence-bus-service/","url_text":"\"Amtrak Introduces New Round Trip Bus Service for New Bedford and Worcester, Mass. Via Providence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak","url_text":"Amtrak"}]},{"reference":"\"Cascades (Portland-Eugene) - POINT\". Retrieved October 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregon-point.com/ticketing-info/?route=cascades-route","url_text":"\"Cascades (Portland-Eugene) - POINT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thruway Bus Routes\". San Joaquins. San Joaquin Joint Powers Authority. May 15, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://amtraksanjoaquins.com/thruway-bus-routes/","url_text":"\"Thruway Bus Routes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquins","url_text":"San Joaquins"}]},{"reference":"\"Capital Corridor Connecting Bus Schedule\" (PDF). Capitol Corridor. Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority. August 15, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.capitolcorridor.org/busschedule/Bus_Schedules.pdf","url_text":"\"Capital Corridor Connecting Bus Schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Corridor","url_text":"Capitol Corridor"}]},{"reference":"\"Public Review Draft 2024 SJJPA Business Plan Update\" (PDF). San Joaquin Joint Powers Authority. pp. 18–21. Retrieved March 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.sjjpa.com/wp-content/uploads/20240305161430/DRAFT-2024-SJJPA-Business-Plan-Update_Public-Review.pdf","url_text":"\"Public Review Draft 2024 SJJPA Business Plan Update\""}]},{"reference":"\"Connecting Amtrak Thruway Bus Service\". Pacific Surfliner. LOSSAN Rail Corridor Agency. May 25, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pacificsurfliner.com/plan-your-trip/connections/bus-connections/","url_text":"\"Connecting Amtrak Thruway Bus Service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Surfliner","url_text":"Pacific Surfliner"}]},{"reference":"\"Amtrak Rt 21 Reinstated Bus Service\" (Press release). AmericanStar Tours. November 1, 2020. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201202010006/https://www.edhat.com/amtrak-rt-21-reinstated-bus-service-effective-november-1-2020","url_text":"\"Amtrak Rt 21 Reinstated Bus Service\""},{"url":"https://www.edhat.com/amtrak-rt-21-reinstated-bus-service-effective-november-1-2020","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.arizonashuttle.com/","external_links_name":"Groome"},{"Link":"http://www.arizonashuttle.com/","external_links_name":"Groome"},{"Link":"http://www.arizonashuttle.com/","external_links_name":"Groome"},{"Link":"http://vegasairporter.com/AMTRAK/","external_links_name":"Vegas Airporter"},{"Link":"http://www.stagecoachexpressshuttle.com/","external_links_name":"Stagecoach Express"},{"Link":"https://history.amtrak.com/amtraks-history/historic-timeline","external_links_name":"\"Historic Timeline — Amtrak: History of America's Railroad\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rWRjAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1","external_links_name":"\"Amtrak offers link to valley\""},{"Link":"https://concordcoachlines.com/route/berlin-conway-boston-logan-airport/","external_links_name":"Berlin and Conway, NH"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170826074933/https://concordcoachlines.com/route/berlin-conway-boston-logan-airport/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://concordcoachlines.com/route/littleton-plymouth-nh-boston-logan-airport/","external_links_name":"Littleton and Plymouth, NH"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170826074619/https://concordcoachlines.com/route/littleton-plymouth-nh-boston-logan-airport/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://media.amtrak.com/2023/08/providence-bus-service/","external_links_name":"\"Amtrak Introduces New Round Trip Bus Service for New Bedford and Worcester, Mass. Via Providence\""},{"Link":"https://www.amtrak.com/vacations-in-north-carolina-by-train-and-thruway-bus","external_links_name":"Vacations in North Carolina by Train and Thruway Bus"},{"Link":"http://www.partnc.org/route5/","external_links_name":"Route 5"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170826112811/http://www.partnc.org/route5/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oregon-point.com/ticketing-info/?route=cascades-route","external_links_name":"\"Cascades (Portland-Eugene) - POINT\""},{"Link":"https://amtraksanjoaquins.com/thruway-bus-routes/","external_links_name":"\"Thruway Bus Routes\""},{"Link":"https://images.capitolcorridor.org/busschedule/Bus_Schedules.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Capital Corridor Connecting Bus Schedule\""},{"Link":"https://cdn.sjjpa.com/wp-content/uploads/20240305161430/DRAFT-2024-SJJPA-Business-Plan-Update_Public-Review.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Public Review Draft 2024 SJJPA Business Plan Update\""},{"Link":"https://www.pacificsurfliner.com/plan-your-trip/connections/bus-connections/","external_links_name":"\"Connecting Amtrak Thruway Bus Service\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201202010006/https://www.edhat.com/amtrak-rt-21-reinstated-bus-service-effective-november-1-2020","external_links_name":"\"Amtrak Rt 21 Reinstated Bus Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.edhat.com/amtrak-rt-21-reinstated-bus-service-effective-november-1-2020","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.transitunlimited.org/Amtrak_Thruway","external_links_name":"Transit Unlimited Profile"},{"Link":"https://www.amtrak.com/thruway-connecting-services-multiply-your-travel-destinations","external_links_name":"Amtrak Thruway Connecting Services"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Munawar_Hassan
Munawar Hasan
["1 Early life and career","2 Controversies","3 Death","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Pakistani politician (1941–2020) Syed Munawar Hasanسید منور حسن4th Emir of Jamaat-e-IslamiIn office29 March 2009 – 29 March 2014Preceded byQazi Hussain AhmadSucceeded bySiraj-ul-Haq Personal detailsBorn5 August 1940Delhi, British IndiaDied26 June 2020(2020-06-26) (aged 80)Karachi, Sindh, PakistanNationality British Indian (1941–1947) Pakistani (1947–2020)Political party Jamaat-e-IslamiAlma materUniversity of Karachi(BSc, MSc)OccupationReligious leader,politicianforeign policy commentatorProfessionProfessor, religious leaderNickname(s)Delhi walaMunoo Bhai Syed Munawar Hasan (Urdu: سید منور حسن; 5 January 1940 – 26 June 2020) was a Pakistani politician who served as the 4th Emir of Jamaat-e-Islami from 2009 to 2014. He was an elected as a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from Karachi in 1977. Early life and career Munawar Hasan was born in Delhi, British India on 5 August 1941. During the partition of India, he migrated with his family and settled in Karachi. He obtained a Master's degree in sociology in 1963 and in Islamic Studies in 1966 from the University of Karachi. Hasan became the Karachi president of the National Students Federation in 1959. He joined Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba in 1960 and became president of its University of Karachi unit in 1962, Karachi chapter in 1963, and a member of its Central Executive Council. He became its national president in 1964 and served in that capacity for three consecutive terms. During his tenure, the Jamiat organised several campaigns mobilising public opinion regarding education issues. He joined the Islamic Research Academy and later Islamic Jerusalem Studies, at Karachi as a research assistant in 1963. He became its secretary general in 1969. Under his supervision, the academy published 70 scholarly books. He also served as managing editor of The Criterion and The Universal Message, Karachi. Hasan became a member of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan in 1967. He served the Karachi unit as Assistant Secretary, Secretary, Deputy Ameer and Ameer of the city. He was then elected to the Central Shura and the Executive Council of the Jamaat. He represented the group at several platforms, including United Democratic Front and the Pakistan National Alliance formed by many Pakistani political parties. He ran for the NA-191 Karachi-IX seat of the National Assembly of Pakistan in 1977 and secured the highest vote tally in Pakistan. He was Assistant Secretary General of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan in 1992–93 and became Secretary General in 1993. He was elected Emir or head of the party in 2009. He was known for his simple living style and was cited as an example, "For decades he lived in a two-room portion in the house of Jamaat leader Naimatullah Khan in Karachi, content with the stipend from his party." Munawar Hasan had always been more of an ideologue rather than a pragmatic leader trying to form political alliances with other parties in Pakistan. After Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan's loss in the 2013 Pakistani general election, Hasan accepted responsibility and offered to resign from his position, but the party's Executive Council refused this. In March 2014, Hasan became the first head in the history of JI to be voted out of office when Siraj-ul-Haq Khan was elected head by the members with voting rights. At least one analyst, Nasir Jamal, attributed the change in leadership to JI Arakeen's desire for a younger and more pragmatic leader. Controversies In November 2013, Hasan called Hakimullah Mehsud, slain leader of Tehrik-e-Taleban Pakistan, a martyr. This statement proved to be controversial in Pakistan. The Inter-Services Public Relations, the media wing of Pakistan Armed Forces, said this insulted the civilians and soldiers killed in Pakistan's war against terror and demanded that he apologise. Death On 11 June 2020, JI Karachi-chapter leader confirmed that Hasan had contracted COVID-19, and was in ICU. He died on 26 June in Karachi. See also Naeem Siddiqui Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Ghafoor Ahmed Qazi Hussain Ahmad Liaqat Baloch Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi References ^ a b c "Sirajul Haq elected as new (Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan) JI chief". Dawn. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2020. ^ a b "Former JI ameer Syed Munawar Hassan passes away". Dunya News. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ a b c d "Syed Munawar Hasan - a socialist turned Islamic political leader". The Express Tribune. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ Rehman, Zia ur (27 June 2020). "JI's former Ameer Munawar Hasan passes away". The News International. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ a b c d Rehman, Asha'ar (16 January 2014). "When an ideologue is popular". Dawn. Retrieved 19 April 2020. ^ Hussain, Asim (27 June 2020). "Munawar Hasan, a humble, courageous ideologue". The News International. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ "6TH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FROM 28th March 1977 TO 5TH JULY 1977" (PDF). www.na.gov.pk. ^ a b Jamal, Nasir (1 April 2014). "Analysis: Why Jamaat discarded Munawar Hasan". Dawn. Retrieved 19 April 2020. ^ a b Khalid Hasnain (2 June 2013). "JI (Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan) rejects Munawar's resignation". Dawn. Retrieved 19 April 2020. ^ "JI chief's remarks an insult to Pakistan's martyrs: ISPR". Dawn. 10 November 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2020. ^ Boone, Jon (12 November 2013). "Pakistani army blasts Islamist party leader for calling Taliban chief 'martyr'". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ "JI leader Munawar Hasan, MQM-P's Khawaja Izhar contract coronavirus". Samaa TV. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ Tayyab, Adeel (26 June 2020). "Former JI chief Syed Munawwar Hasan passes away at 78". Samaa TV. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ "CM Murad Reveals Munawar Hassan, Talib Jauhari, Mufti Naeem Died From Coronavirus". Naya Daur. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020. External links Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Official Website Party political offices Preceded byQazi Hussain Ahmad Ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami 2009–2014 Succeeded bySiraj ul Haq vteJamaat-e-Islami PakistanPeople Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi (founder) Siraj ul Haq (emir) Liaqat Baloch (naib emir) Emirs Abul A'la Maududi (1941–1972) Mian Tufail Mohammad (1972–1987) Qazi Hussain Ahmad (1987–2008) Syed Munawar Hassan (2008–2014) Siraj-ul-Haq (2014–present) Wings Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba Shabab e Milli JI Youth National Labour Federation Alkhidmat Foundation Ideology Islamism Islamic revivalism Social conservatism Pan-Islamism Islamic democracy Anti-capitalism Anti-communism Anti-liberalism Affiliations MB Jamaat-e-Islami Hind Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh Category:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Jamaat-e-Islami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-1"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Pakistani_general_election"}],"text":"Syed Munawar Hasan (Urdu: سید منور حسن; 5 January 1940 – 26 June 2020) was a Pakistani politician who served as the 4th Emir of Jamaat-e-Islami from 2009 to 2014.[1] He was an elected as a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from Karachi in 1977.","title":"Munawar Hasan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Karachi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Students Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Students_Federation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Jamiat-e-Talaba"},{"link_name":"University of Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Karachi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn3-5"},{"link_name":"Islamic Jerusalem Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Jerusalem_Studies"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"United Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Pakistan National Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_National_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn3-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn3-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn3-5"},{"link_name":"2013 Pakistani general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn2-9"},{"link_name":"Siraj-ul-Haq Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj-ul-Haq_Khan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn2-9"}],"text":"Munawar Hasan was born in Delhi, British India on 5 August 1941.[2] During the partition of India, he migrated with his family and settled in Karachi. He obtained a Master's degree in sociology in 1963 and in Islamic Studies in 1966 from the University of Karachi.[3][4] Hasan became the Karachi president of the National Students Federation in 1959.[3]He joined Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba in 1960 and became president of its University of Karachi unit in 1962, Karachi chapter in 1963, and a member of its Central Executive Council.[3] He became its national president in 1964 and served in that capacity for three consecutive terms.[3] During his tenure, the Jamiat organised several campaigns mobilising public opinion regarding education issues.[5]He joined the Islamic Research Academy and later Islamic Jerusalem Studies, at Karachi as a research assistant in 1963. He became its secretary general in 1969. Under his supervision, the academy published 70 scholarly books. He also served as managing editor of The Criterion and The Universal Message, Karachi.[6]Hasan became a member of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan in 1967. He served the Karachi unit as Assistant Secretary, Secretary, Deputy Ameer and Ameer of the city. He was then elected to the Central Shura and the Executive Council of the Jamaat. He represented the group at several platforms, including United Democratic Front and the Pakistan National Alliance formed by many Pakistani political parties. He ran for the NA-191 Karachi-IX[7] seat of the National Assembly of Pakistan in 1977 and secured the highest vote tally in Pakistan. He was Assistant Secretary General of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan in 1992–93 and became Secretary General in 1993. He was elected Emir or head of the party in 2009.[5]He was known for his simple living style and was cited as an example, \"For decades he lived in a two-room portion in the house of Jamaat leader Naimatullah Khan in Karachi, content with the stipend from his party.\"[5] Munawar Hasan had always been more of an ideologue rather than a pragmatic leader trying to form political alliances with other parties in Pakistan.[8][5]After Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan's loss in the 2013 Pakistani general election, Hasan accepted responsibility and offered to resign from his position, but the party's Executive Council refused this.[9]In March 2014, Hasan became the first head in the history of JI to be voted out of office when Siraj-ul-Haq Khan was elected head by the members with voting rights.[1] At least one analyst, Nasir Jamal, attributed the change in leadership to JI Arakeen's desire for a younger and more pragmatic leader.[8][1][9]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hakimullah Mehsud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakimullah_Mehsud"},{"link_name":"Tehrik-e-Taleban Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrik-e-Taleban_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Inter-Services Public Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Public_Relations"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"war against terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terrorism:_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In November 2013, Hasan called Hakimullah Mehsud, slain leader of Tehrik-e-Taleban Pakistan, a martyr. This statement proved to be controversial in Pakistan. The Inter-Services Public Relations, the media wing of Pakistan Armed Forces, said this insulted the civilians and soldiers killed in Pakistan's war against terror and demanded that he apologise.[10][11]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"ICU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On 11 June 2020, JI Karachi-chapter leader confirmed that Hasan had contracted COVID-19, and was in ICU.[12] He died on 26 June in Karachi.[2][13][14]","title":"Death"}]
[]
[{"title":"Naeem Siddiqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naeem_Siddiqui"},{"title":"Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan"},{"title":"Ghafoor Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Ghafoor_Ahmed"},{"title":"Qazi Hussain Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad"},{"title":"Liaqat Baloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaqat_Baloch"},{"title":"Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Abul_Ala_Maududi"}]
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Retrieved 19 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1080701","url_text":"\"When an ideologue is popular\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dawn"}]},{"reference":"Hussain, Asim (27 June 2020). \"Munawar Hasan, a humble, courageous ideologue\". The News International. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/678414-munawar-hasan-a-humble-courageous-ideologue","url_text":"\"Munawar Hasan, a humble, courageous ideologue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_International","url_text":"The News International"}]},{"reference":"\"6TH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FROM 28th March 1977 TO 5TH JULY 1977\" (PDF). www.na.gov.pk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/former-members/6th%20National%20Assembly.pdf","url_text":"\"6TH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FROM 28th March 1977 TO 5TH JULY 1977\""}]},{"reference":"Jamal, Nasir (1 April 2014). \"Analysis: Why Jamaat discarded Munawar Hasan\". Dawn. Retrieved 19 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1096947","url_text":"\"Analysis: Why Jamaat discarded Munawar Hasan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dawn"}]},{"reference":"Khalid Hasnain (2 June 2013). \"JI (Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan) rejects Munawar's resignation\". Dawn. Retrieved 19 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1015415/ji-rejects-munawars-resignation","url_text":"\"JI (Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan) rejects Munawar's resignation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dawn"}]},{"reference":"\"JI chief's remarks an insult to Pakistan's martyrs: ISPR\". Dawn. 10 November 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1055439","url_text":"\"JI chief's remarks an insult to Pakistan's martyrs: ISPR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dawn"}]},{"reference":"Boone, Jon (12 November 2013). \"Pakistani army blasts Islamist party leader for calling Taliban chief 'martyr'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/12/pakistan-army-taliban-hakimullah-mehsud-martyr","url_text":"\"Pakistani army blasts Islamist party leader for calling Taliban chief 'martyr'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"JI leader Munawar Hasan, MQM-P's Khawaja Izhar contract coronavirus\". Samaa TV. 11 June 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_176
Colorado State Highway 23
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
State highway in Colorado, United States State Highway 23Map of northeastern Colorado with SH 23 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by CDOTLength17.7 mi (28.5 km)Existed1989–presentMajor junctionsSouth end US 385 in HolyokeNorth end N-23 at the Nebraska state line LocationCountryUnited StatesStateColoradoCountiesPhillips, Sedgwick Highway system Colorado State Highway System Interstate US State Scenic ← SH 22→ US 24 State Highway 23 (SH 23) is a 17.7-mile (28.5 km) state highway in Phillips and Sedgwick counties in the northeastern corner of Colorado, United States, that connects U.S. Route 385 (US 385) in Holyoke with Nebraska Highway 23 (N-23) in Nebraska. Route description SH 23 begins at an intersection with US 385 (North Interocean Avenue) and Howitt Street in Holyoke, near the city's northern edge. (US 385 heads north toward Julesburg and south to connect with U.S. Route 6 (US 6) in Holyoke, and then on toward Wray, Idalia, and Burlington. Howitt Street heads west along the northern edge of the Phillips County Raceway.) From its southern terminus SH 23 heads very briefly due east (immediately leaving Holyoke) until it reaches the BNSF Railway railway tracks and then turns northeast to run parallel with the tracks through rural agricultural area. About 9.6 miles (15.4 km) from the beginning of the route, and after connecting with multiple county roads, SH 23 passed through the census-designated place of Amherst. Continuing northeast along the north side of the BNSF tracks from Amherst, SH 23 travel through more agricultural area and connects with several more county roads. Roughly 5.6 miles (9.0 km) northeast of Amherst, the route has a slight S curve, crossing over the tracks in the middle of the curve at a level crossing. Approximately, 1.6 miles (2.6 km) northeast of the railroad crossing, SH 23 leaves Phillips County and enters Sedgwick County. About 0.8 miles (1.3 km) farther northeast, SH 23 reaches its northern terminus at County Road 63.2 (CR 63.2), which runs along the Colorado-Nebraska state line. (The highway continues northeast into Nebraska as Nebraska Highway 23 and quickly enters Venango. CR 63.2 heads north along the state line toward Big Springs, Nebraska and south along the state line toward US 6.) For its entire length of SH 23 is two-lane road, with no major junctions and, other than Holyoke and Amherst, does not pass near any populated paces. History The route established in about 1935, but was originally designated as SH 176. The highway was decommissioned in 1952 but was reinstated in 1968 (still as SH 176). To avoid confusion with Interstate 76 (I-76), which runs less than 20 miles (32 km) to the north of the route, and to match Nebraska's connecting highway number (NE-23), the former SH 176 was renumbered as SH 23 in 1989. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes PhillipsHolyoke0.0000.000Howitt Street westContinuation west from southern terminus US 385 north – Julesburg US 385 south (North Interocean Avenue) – US 6, Wray, Idalia, BurlingtonSouthern terminus Sedgwick​17.50728.175County Road 63.2 north – Big Springs (Nebraska) County Road 63.2 south – US 6Northern terminus N-23 east – Venango (Nebraska)Continuation northeast into Nebraska from northern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi See also U.S. Roads portalColorado portal List of state highways in Colorado References ^ a b "Segment Descriptions for Highway 23". Colorado Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2008-03-26. ^ a b c d e Google (October 5, 2022). "CO-23, Colorado" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 5, 2022. ^ United States Geological Survey (1973). Holyoke (Tyopgraphic map). 1:24,000. Reston, Virginia: United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 6, 2022. ^ Salek, Matthew E. (January 30, 2010). "Colorado Routes 20–39". Retrieved March 6, 2010. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Colorado State Highway 23KML is from Wikidata Media related to Colorado State Highway 23 at Wikimedia Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway#United_States"},{"link_name":"Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgwick_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Holyoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Highway 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Highway_23"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"}],"text":"State Highway 23 (SH 23) is a 17.7-mile (28.5 km) state highway in Phillips and Sedgwick counties in the northeastern corner of Colorado, United States, that connects U.S. Route 385 (US 385) in Holyoke with Nebraska Highway 23 (N-23) in Nebraska.","title":"Colorado State Highway 23"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julesburg,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wray,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Idalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idalia,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"BNSF Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railway"},{"link_name":"railway tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_track"},{"link_name":"agricultural area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_land"},{"link_name":"county roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_highway"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-2"},{"link_name":"level crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossing"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Highway 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Highway_23"},{"link_name":"Venango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venango,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Big Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Springs,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-2"},{"link_name":"two-lane road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_carriageway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-2"}],"text":"SH 23 begins at an intersection with US 385 (North Interocean Avenue) and Howitt Street in Holyoke, near the city's northern edge. (US 385 heads north toward Julesburg and south to connect with U.S. Route 6 (US 6) in Holyoke, and then on toward Wray, Idalia, and Burlington. Howitt Street heads west along the northern edge of the Phillips County Raceway.) From its southern terminus SH 23 heads very briefly due east (immediately leaving Holyoke) until it reaches the BNSF Railway railway tracks and then turns northeast to run parallel with the tracks through rural agricultural area. About 9.6 miles (15.4 km) from the beginning of the route, and after connecting with multiple county roads, SH 23 passed through the census-designated place of Amherst.[2]Continuing northeast along the north side of the BNSF tracks from Amherst, SH 23 travel through more agricultural area and connects with several more county roads. Roughly 5.6 miles (9.0 km) northeast of Amherst, the route has a slight S curve, crossing over the tracks in the middle of the curve at a level crossing. Approximately, 1.6 miles (2.6 km) northeast of the railroad crossing, SH 23 leaves Phillips County and enters Sedgwick County. About 0.8 miles (1.3 km) farther northeast, SH 23 reaches its northern terminus at County Road 63.2 (CR 63.2), which runs along the Colorado-Nebraska state line. (The highway continues northeast into Nebraska as Nebraska Highway 23 [NE-23] and quickly enters Venango. CR 63.2 heads north along the state line toward Big Springs, Nebraska and south along the state line toward US 6.)[2]For its entire length of SH 23 is two-lane road, with no major junctions and, other than Holyoke and Amherst, does not pass near any populated paces.[2]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colorado_176.svg"},{"link_name":"SH 176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_176"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Interstate 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_76_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The route established in about 1935, but was originally designated as SH 176. The highway was decommissioned in 1952 but was reinstated in 1968 (still as SH 176).[3] To avoid confusion with Interstate 76 (I-76), which runs less than 20 miles (32 km) to the north of the route,[2] and to match Nebraska's connecting highway number (NE-23), the former SH 176 was renumbered as SH 23 in 1989.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Segment Descriptions for Highway 23\". Colorado Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2008-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.co.us/app_DTD_DataAccess/Highways/index.cfm?fuseaction=Description&route=023&begRefPt=0&endRefPt=500&Printable=true","url_text":"\"Segment Descriptions for Highway 23\""}]},{"reference":"Google (October 5, 2022). \"CO-23, Colorado\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/CO-23,+Colorado/@40.5931858,-102.3194888,7001m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x8771568828098a6b:0x95f7ae206c1dcbf9!8m2!3d40.5931871!4d-102.3019363?hl=en","url_text":"\"CO-23, Colorado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"United States Geological Survey (1973). Holyoke (Tyopgraphic map). 1:24,000. Reston, Virginia: United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/img4/ht_icons/overlay/CO/CO_Holyoke_450768_1971_24000_geo.jpg","url_text":"Holyoke"}]},{"reference":"Salek, Matthew E. (January 30, 2010). \"Colorado Routes 20–39\". Retrieved March 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mesalek.com/colo/r20-39.html","url_text":"\"Colorado Routes 20–39\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIDEM
Order of the Nation (political party)
["1 History","2 Elected representatives","3 References","4 External links"]
A request that this article title be changed to Conservative Right Party – Order of the Nation is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. Political party in Czech Republic Conservative Right Party – Order of the Nation Strana konzervativní pravice – Řád národaAbbreviationSKP - ŘNLeaderMichaela RojtováFounderKarolína PeakeFounded3 May 2012Split fromPublic AffairsHeadquartersBoženy Němcové 703, SokolovIdeologyNational conservatismNationalismEuroscepticismHistorical:LiberalismPolitical positionFar-rightEuropean affiliationnoneformerly ELDRColours  White  Red  BlueChamber of Deputies0 / 200Senate0 / 81European Parliament0 / 22Websiteskp-al.czPolitics of Czech RepublicPolitical partiesElections Conservative Right Party – Order of the Nation (Czech: Strana konzervativní pravice – Řád národa, SKP - ŘN), previously known as LIDEM – Liberal Democrats, is a political party in the Czech Republic, formed in 2012 as a breakaway party from Public Affairs (VV). The party supported greater individual freedom in economic and social spheres. History On 22 April 2012, the governing coalition of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and TOP 09 dissolved their coalition with VV due to corruption accusations against the party leadership (especially Vít Bárta), raising the possibility that early elections would be held in June 2012. However, shortly afterwards VV Deputy Karolína Peake led a breakaway faction of herself and seven other VV deputies who replaced VV in the coalition with ODS and TOP 09. The revised coalition controlled 100 seats (ODS=51, TOP 09=41, LIDEM=8), and won a subsequent vote of confidence on 27 April 2012 by 105 to 93 votes, with additional support from some independent MPs. The new party was launched as LIDEM on 3 May 2012. In September 2012, the party applied for membership of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR), and was accepted on 9 November 2012. In December 2012, the Czech Prime Minister Petr Nečas sacked Karolína Peake as Defence Minister after only eight days in the post. He stated that he had lost confidence in her after she had begun her ministerial appointment by sacking one of the most senior officials in the Defence Ministry. This situation created a coalition crisis, as Peake announced that all LIDEM ministers consequently would withdraw on 10 January 2013, unless a solution could be found. On 8 January, LIDEM's republican council guaranteed no ministers would withdraw and the party would still support the government, as long as they could renegotiate a new improved coalition agreement with TOP 09 and ODS. On 7 August 2013, party leader Peake left the Chamber of Deputies building during a vote of confidence for the Jiří Rusnok government. The remainder of the LIDEM deputies remained in the building and voted against government. The next day, 8 August 2013, Karolína Peake announced her resignation as LIDEM leader. LIDEM was renamed to VIZE 2014 in March 2014. The party changed its name once again in June 2015 to Order of the Nation. In May 2019, it was renamed to Conservative Right Party – Order of the Nation. Elected representatives As per May 2012, the LIDEM parliamentary group included eight members of the 200-member Chamber of Deputies. Of these eight members, Martin Vacek and Radim Vysloužil were never members of the LIDEM party itself, but independents working with the party to form a stronger coalition group. The six MPs who were both members of the LIDEM parliamentary group and LIDEM party included: Lenka Andrýsová Dagmar Navrátilová Viktor Paggio Karolína Peake Jiří Rusnok Jana Suchá At the end of April 2013, Jana Suchá did not renew her membership fees for the following year, but the party announced on 4 August 2013 that despite this, she would stay in the party's parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies until the next election. On 4 August 2013, it was also reported that the LIDEM parliamentary group still counted all original eight members, as the three independents (non-party members) committed themselves to vote along with the LIDEM party group in the Chamber of Deputies. References ^ "Strana konzervativní pravice – Řád národa". m.facebook.com. Retrieved 11 January 2024. ^ Beran, Vojtěch (13 November 2016). "42 "vlasteneckých" a nacionalistických skupin v Česku". echo24.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 11 January 2024. ^ "STRANA KONZERVATIVNÍ PRAVICE - Karlovarský kraj". SKP-RN (in Czech). Retrieved 11 January 2024. ^ Czech PM under threat after failed vote to hike taxes, Reuters, 5 September 2012, retrieved 13 October 2012 ^ "Ortel jde do voleb. Poloezoterický a prokremelský řád je i na jeho fanoušky moc, říká expert". Lidovky.cz (in Czech). 11 April 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2024. ^ Hrebenar, Jiří. "Stanou se členové zapsaného spolku III. Řádu strážců koruny a meče také budoucími členy Řádu národa-Vlastenecké unie?". Blogy Respektu (in Czech). Retrieved 11 January 2024. ^ "Strana LIDEM byla přijata mezi evropské liberální demokraty". page-maintitle-short-default. Retrieved 28 October 2016. ^ Velinger, Jan (8 June 2012). "News". Radio Prague. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. ^ "Center-right Czech coalition dissolves itself". DW. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012. ^ "39th Meeting, 3rd voting (27th April 2012, 19:51): Request Czech government a vote of confidence". Poslanecká Snemovna Parlamentu Ceske Republiky. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2013. ^ "105 : 93. Nečasova vláda přežila - a reformy s ní" (in Czech). Týden. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2013. ^ "Party around Czech deputy pm Peake to be called LIDEM". 3 May 2012. ^ "Peake's LIDEM party unveils logo", Prague Daily Monitor, 19 September 2012, archived from the original on 28 October 2012, retrieved 13 October 2012 ^ "Liberal family grows as the Council welcomes new member parties | ALD…". Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. ^ "Czech LIDEM leader against cabinet leaning on Dobes's group". Financni Noviny. 22 December 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2013. ^ "LIDEM to stay in government, leaving aside the order of Ministers". Denik.cz (in Czech). 8 January 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013. ^ "Mám už všeho po KRK, říká rezignovaně Peake - Novinky.cz". 8 August 2013. ^ "Věci veřejné vyhodily z poslaneckého klubu Bártu a 7 přeběhlíků " (in Czech). tn.cz. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2013. ^ "Suchá skončila v LIDEM, nezaplatila příspěvky" (in Czech). Novinky.cz. 4 August 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013. ^ "Jana Suchá left LIDEM, the party has only five members" (in Czech). Lidovky.cz. 4 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013. External links (in Czech) SKP - ŘN official website vte Political parties in the Czech Republic Bracketed numbers indicate numbers of seats in the respective chambers. Chamber of Deputies2021 (200 seats) SPOLU (71) Civic Democratic Party (34) KDU-ČSL (23) TOP 09 (14) ANO 2011 (71) PirStan (37) Mayors and Independents (33) Czech Pirate Party (4) Freedom and Direct Democracy (20) Independent (1) Senate2022 (81 seats) ODS-TOP 09 (35) Civic Democratic Party (23) TOP 09 (6) Independents (2) Svobodní (1) Mayors for the Liberec Region (1) ProMOST (1) Tábor 2020 (1) STAN (19) Mayors and Independents (15) Mayors for Liberec Region (2) Ostravak (1) Marek Hilšer for Senate (1) KDU-ČSL (12) ForRegion (6) ANO 2011 (5) Social Democracy (1) SEN 21-Pirates (6) SEN 21 (3) Czech Pirate Party (2) Hradec Králové Democratic Club (1) Independents (2) Independents (1) European Parliament2024 (21 seats) ANO 2011 (7) SPOLU (6) Civic Democratic Party (3) TOP 09 (2) KDU-ČSL (1) Přísaha (2) Stačilo! (2) Communist Party (1) SD-SN (1) Mayors and Independents (2) Czech Pirate Party (1) Freedom and Direct Democracy (1) Regional Assemblies2020 (675 seats) ANO 2011 (178) Civic Democratic Party (99) Czech Pirate Party (99) Mayors and Independents (69) KDU-ČSL (53) Social Democracy (37) Freedom and Direct Democracy (35) Mayors for Liberec Region (22) TOP 09 (19) Communist Party (13) Green Party (6) SNK European Democrats (5) Others (40) Other parties Agrarian Democratic Party Alliance for the Future Alliance of National Forces Club of Committed Non-Party Members Conservative Party Czech National Social Party Czech Republic in First Place! Czech Sovereignty Democratic Party of Greens Freeholder Party of the Czech Republic Hlas Independents Koruna Česká Law, Respect, Expertise The Left Liberal Alliance of Independent Citizens Liberal-Environmental Party Moravané Moravian Land Movement Motorists for Themselves National Democracy Order of the Nation Party of Common Sense Rally for the Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia Right Bloc Swiss Democracy United Democrats - Association of Independents Urza.cz Volt Czech Republic Workers' Party of Social Justice Current electoral alliances Alliance for the Independence of the Czech Republic Přísaha and Motorists Stačilo! SEN 21 and Volt Sources Chamber of Deputies Senate Statistical Office Politics of the Czech Republic Politics portal List of political parties by country Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"political party in the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Affairs_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Political party in Czech RepublicConservative Right Party – Order of the Nation (Czech: Strana konzervativní pravice – Řád národa, SKP - ŘN), previously known as LIDEM – Liberal Democrats, is a political party in the Czech Republic, formed in 2012 as a breakaway party from Public Affairs (VV). The party supported greater individual freedom in economic and social spheres.[8]","title":"Order of the Nation (political party)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civic Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"TOP 09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP_09"},{"link_name":"Vít Bárta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADt_B%C3%A1rta"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Karolína Peake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Peake"},{"link_name":"independent MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parliamentary_seats_on_27_April_2012-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Petr Nečas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Ne%C4%8Das"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"TOP 09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP_09"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jiří Rusnok government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Rusnok%27s_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"On 22 April 2012, the governing coalition of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and TOP 09 dissolved their coalition with VV due to corruption accusations against the party leadership (especially Vít Bárta), raising the possibility that early elections would be held in June 2012.[9] However, shortly afterwards VV Deputy Karolína Peake led a breakaway faction of herself and seven other VV deputies who replaced VV in the coalition with ODS and TOP 09. The revised coalition controlled 100 seats (ODS=51, TOP 09=41, LIDEM=8), and won a subsequent vote of confidence on 27 April 2012 by 105 to 93 votes, with additional support from some independent MPs.[10][11] The new party was launched as LIDEM on 3 May 2012.[12]In September 2012, the party applied for membership of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR),[13] and was accepted on 9 November 2012.[14]In December 2012, the Czech Prime Minister Petr Nečas sacked Karolína Peake as Defence Minister after only eight days in the post. He stated that he had lost confidence in her after she had begun her ministerial appointment by sacking one of the most senior officials in the Defence Ministry. This situation created a coalition crisis, as Peake announced that all LIDEM ministers consequently would withdraw on 10 January 2013, unless a solution could be found.[15] On 8 January, LIDEM's republican council guaranteed no ministers would withdraw and the party would still support the government, as long as they could renegotiate a new improved coalition agreement with TOP 09 and ODS.[16]On 7 August 2013, party leader Peake left the Chamber of Deputies building during a vote of confidence for the Jiří Rusnok government. The remainder of the LIDEM deputies remained in the building and voted against government. The next day, 8 August 2013, Karolína Peake announced her resignation as LIDEM leader.[17]LIDEM was renamed to VIZE 2014 in March 2014. The party changed its name once again in June 2015 to Order of the Nation. In May 2019, it was renamed to Conservative Right Party – Order of the Nation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Martin Vacek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Vacek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radim Vysloužil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radim_Vyslou%C5%BEil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Lenka Andrýsová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenka_Andr%C3%BDsov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dagmar Navrátilová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar_Navr%C3%A1tilov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Viktor Paggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Paggio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karolína Peake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol%C3%ADna_Peake"},{"link_name":"Jiří Rusnok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Rusnok_(born_1983)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jana Suchá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jana_Such%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"As per May 2012, the LIDEM parliamentary group included eight members of the 200-member Chamber of Deputies.[18] Of these eight members, Martin Vacek and Radim Vysloužil were never members of the LIDEM party itself, but independents working with the party to form a stronger coalition group. The six MPs who were both members of the LIDEM parliamentary group and LIDEM party included:Lenka Andrýsová\nDagmar Navrátilová\nViktor Paggio\n\n\nKarolína Peake\nJiří Rusnok\nJana SucháAt the end of April 2013, Jana Suchá did not renew her membership fees for the following year, but the party announced on 4 August 2013 that despite this, she would stay in the party's parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies until the next election.[19] On 4 August 2013, it was also reported that the LIDEM parliamentary group still counted all original eight members, as the three independents (non-party members) committed themselves to vote along with the LIDEM party group in the Chamber of Deputies.[20]","title":"Elected representatives"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Strana konzervativní pravice – Řád národa\". m.facebook.com. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com%2Fstranakonzervativnipravice&refsrc=deprecated&_rdr","url_text":"\"Strana konzervativní pravice – Řád národa\""}]},{"reference":"Beran, Vojtěch (13 November 2016). \"42 \"vlasteneckých\" a nacionalistických skupin v Česku\". echo24.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://echo24.cz/a/in5pD/42-vlasteneckych-a-nacionalistickych-skupin-v-cesku","url_text":"\"42 \"vlasteneckých\" a nacionalistických skupin v Česku\""}]},{"reference":"\"STRANA KONZERVATIVNÍ PRAVICE - Karlovarský kraj\". SKP-RN (in Czech). 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Retrieved 22 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tn.nova.cz/zpravy/domaci/veci-verejne-vyhodily-z-poslaneckeho-klubu-bartu-a-7-prebehliku.html","url_text":"\"Věci veřejné vyhodily z poslaneckého klubu Bártu a 7 přeběhlíků [Public Affairs ejected from the group: Bártu and 7 defectors]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suchá skončila v LIDEM, nezaplatila příspěvky\" (in Czech). Novinky.cz. 4 August 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.novinky.cz/domaci/309582-sucha-skoncila-v-lidem-nezaplatila-prispevky.html","url_text":"\"Suchá skončila v LIDEM, nezaplatila příspěvky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jana Suchá left LIDEM, the party has only five members\" (in Czech). Lidovky.cz. 4 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lidovky.cz/sucha-opustila-lidem-ve-strane-uz-je-pouze-pet-poslancu-pis-/zpravy-domov.aspx?c=A130804_162853_ln_domov_hm","url_text":"\"Jana Suchá left LIDEM, the party has only five members\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_47_mm_mod%C3%A8le_1902
QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss
["1 Operational history","1.1 French service","1.2 Australian service","1.3 Austro-Hungarian service","1.4 Chinese service","1.5 Italian service","1.6 Japanese service","1.7 Polish service","1.8 Romanian service","1.9 Russian service","1.10 United Kingdom service","1.11 United States service","2 Ammunition","3 Photo gallery","4 Surviving examples","5 Weapons of comparable role, performance and era","6 Licensed production","7 Wars","8 Users","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
Light 47 mm naval gun introduced in 1886 This article is about the 1880s Hotchkiss gun. For other 3-pounder guns, see 3-pounder gun. Hotchkiss 47 mm L/40 M1885& QF 3-pounder A Royal Navy 3-pounder gun on a central pivot mount in 1915.TypeNaval gunAnti-aircraft gunCoastal artilleryPlace of originFranceService historyIn service1886–1950sUsed bySee users sectionWarsSee wars sectionProduction historyDesignerHotchkissDesigned1885ManufacturerHotchkiss et CieProduced1886No. built2,950 (UK)Variants32 to 50 calibers in lengthSpecificationsMass240 kg (530 lb)Length2 m (6 ft 7 in)Barrel length1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) 40 caliberShellFixed QF 47 × 376 mm RComplete: 3 kg (6.6 lb)Projectile: 1.5 kg (3.3 lb)Calibre47 mm (1.9 in)BreechVertical sliding-wedgeElevationDependent on mountRate of fire30 rpmMuzzle velocity571 m/s (1,870 ft/s)Maximum firing range5.9 km (3.7 mi) at +20°4.5 km (2.8 mi) at +80° The QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss or in French use Canon Hotchkiss à tir rapide de 47 mm were a family of long-lived light 47 mm naval guns introduced in 1886 to defend against new, small and fast vessels such as torpedo boats and later submarines. There were many variants produced, often under license which ranged in length from 32 to 50 calibers but 40 caliber was the most common version. They were widely used by the navies of a number of nations and often used by both sides in a conflict. They were also used ashore as coastal defense guns and later as an anti-aircraft gun, whether on improvised or specialized HA/LA mounts. Operational history French service Hotchkiss 47 mm L/50 M1902 TypeNaval gunPlace of originFranceService historyUsed byFranceWarsWorld War IProduction historyDesignerHotchkiss et CieDesigned1902ManufacturerHotchkiss et CieProduced1902SpecificationsMass594 kg (1,310 lb)Length2.85 m (9 ft 4 in)Barrel length2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) 50 caliberShellComplete: 4 kg (8.8 lb)Projectile: 2 kg (4.4 lb)Caliber47 mm (1.9 in)BreechVertical sliding wedgeRate of fire25 rpmMuzzle velocity690 m/s (2,300 ft/s) The French Navy used two versions of the Hotchkiss 3-pounder: the short-barreled 40-caliber M1885 and the long-barreled 50-caliber M1902, which had a larger muzzle velocity than its predecessor.: 228–229  The French L/40 M1885 and the British QF 3-pounder were largely the same gun. Like the British who paired their 3-pounders with the larger QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss the French often paired theirs with the Canon de 65 mm Modèle 1891 sometimes called a 9-pounder in English publications. The 3-pounder was primarily used as anti-torpedo boat defense aboard armored cruisers, destroyers, ironclads, pre-dreadnought battleships, protected cruisers and submarines. During World War I, the role of the guns changed from anti-torpedo boat defense to anti-aircraft defense and new high angle mounts were developed but were found to be ineffective. The Liberté-class and Danton-class battleships mounted the gun, in addition to the cruisers Jules Michelet, Ernest Renan, and those of the Edgar Quinet-class. It was used as the standard French shipboard anti-aircraft gun during World War I, being replaced by the Canon de 75 mm modèle 1908. After World War I the majority of 3-pounders in the anti-aircraft role were replaced with either the anti-aircraft version of the Canon de 75 modèle 1897 or the Canon de 75 mm modèle 1924. French ships armed with the L/40 M1885 and L/50 M1902 include: Amiral Charner-class cruisers Amphitrite-class submarines Arquebuse-class destroyers Bouvines-class coast defense ships Branlebas-class destroyers Bretagne-class battleships Charlemagne-class battleships Claymore-class destroyers Clorinde-class submarines Courbet-class battleships Danton-class battleships D'Estrées-class cruisers Dupleix-class cruisers Dupuy de Lôme-class submarines Durandal-class destroyers Framee-class destroyers Gloire-class cruisers Gueydon-class cruisers Gustave Zédé-class submarines Leon Gambetta-class cruisers Liberte-class battleships Marceau-class ironclads Normandie-class battleships O'Byrne-class submarines Pertuisane-class destroyers Republique-class battleships French ironclad Amiral Baudin French battleship Brennus French battleship Carnot French battleship Charles Martel French cruiser Guichen Australian service A 3-pounder Hotchkiss was used on an improvised mounting in a battle that resulted in Australia's first prisoners of World War 2 being captured near Berbera in 1940. The guns are now used in a Three Pound Saluting Gun Battery at the Garden Island Naval Base. Austro-Hungarian service Skoda 47mm SFK L/33 H TypeNaval gunPlace of originFranceService historyUsed by Austria-HungaryWarsWorld War IProduction historyDesignerHotchkiss et CieDesigned1890ManufacturerSkodaProduced1890SpecificationsMassGun: 133 kg (293 lb)Gun & Mount: 530 kg (1,170 lb)Length1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) 33 caliberShellProjectile: 1.1 kg (2.4 lb)Caliber47 mm (1.9 in)BreechVertical sliding wedgeElevation-15° to +20°Traverse360°Rate of fire25 rpmMuzzle velocity560 m/s (1,800 ft/s)Maximum firing range3 km (1.9 mi) Skoda 47mm SFK L/44 S TypeNaval gunPlace of originFranceService historyUsed by Austria-HungaryWarsWorld War IProduction historyDesignerHotchkiss et CieDesigned1897ManufacturerSkodaProduced1897SpecificationsMassGun: 256 kg (564 lb)Gun & Mount: 790 kg (1,740 lb)Length2.048 m (6 ft 8.6 in) 44 caliberShellProjectile: 1.53 kg (3.4 lb)Caliber47 mm (1.9 in)BreechVertical sliding wedgeElevation-10° to +20°Traverse360°Rate of fire25 rpmMuzzle velocity710 m/s (2,300 ft/s)Maximum firing range4 km (2.5 mi) The Austro-Hungarian Navy used two versions of the Hotchkiss 3-pounder. The first was the short 47 mm SFK L/33 H of 1890 produced under license by Skoda. The second was the long 47 mm SFK L/44 S of 1897 produced under license by Skoda. These two guns were the primary rapid fire anti-torpedo boat guns of many ships built or refitted between 1890 and 1918. On 16 August 1914 at the Battle of Antivari, the Austro-Hungarian protected cruiser SMS Zenta was sunk by a combined Anglo-French force. Both sides in the battle were armed with Hotchkiss guns. Austro-Hungarian ships armed with the L/33 and L/44 include: Erzherzog Karl-class battleships Habsburg-class battleships Huszár-class destroyers Kaiman-class torpedo boats Kaiser Franz Joseph I-class cruisers Monarch-class coastal defense ships Panther-class cruisers Radetzky-class battleships U-10-class submarines SMS Boa SMS Kaiser Karl VI SMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia SMS Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf SMS Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie SMS Sankt Georg Zenta-class cruisers Chinese service China adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder in the 1880s, to arm its cruisers and smaller auxiliaries; the Hai Yung-class cruisers of the Imperial Chinese Navy built by AG Vulcan Stettin were armed with Nordenfelt 3-pounder guns firing the same ammunition. During the First Sino-Japanese war, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounder guns. Chinese ships armed with 3-pounder guns include: Chao Ho-class cruisers Yongfeng-class coastal defense ships Zhiyuen-class cruisers Chinese cruiser Hai Chi Chinese cruiser Jingyuan Chinese cruiser Laiyuan Italian service Italy adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder in the 1880s to arm its armored cruisers, battleships, protected cruisers, torpedo boats and torpedo cruisers. Ships on both sides of the Italo-Turkish war were armed with 3-pounder guns. The Italians carried Hotchkiss and Vickers guns, while the Ottoman Navy carried Nordenfelt guns. Italian ships armed with 3-pounder guns include: Folgore-class cruisers Giuseppe Garibaldi-class cruisers Pegaso-class torpedo boats Regina Elena-class battleships Regina Margherita-class battleships Italian cruiser Tripoli Japanese service Hotchkiss 2½ PounderYamanouchi Mk I TypeNaval gunPlace of originFranceService historyUsed by Empire of JapanWarsRusso-Japanese WarProduction historyDesignerHotchkiss et CieDesigned1894ManufacturerElswick Ordnance CompanyProduced1894No. built253VariantsElswick: Mk I, Mk II, Mk IIIYamanouchi: Mk ISpecificationsMass127 kg (280 lb)Length1.55 m (5 ft 1 in)Barrel length1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) 30 caliberShellFixed QF 47 × 131RProjectile: 1.12 kg (2.5 lb)Caliber47 mm (1.9 in)BreechVertical sliding wedgeMuzzle velocity432 m/s (1,420 ft/s) Japan adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolver cannon in the 1880s and later adopted the simpler single-barrel quick-firing weapon. The Japanese versions of the 3-pounder were known as Yamanouchi guns and were largely identical to their British equivalents. The Japanese also had a related 30 caliber 2½-pounder gun from Elswick, the Yamanouchi Mk I. During the Russo-Japanese War, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounder guns. The Japanese found them to be ineffective and removed them after the war. Japanese ships armed with 3-pounder guns include: Asama-class cruisers Fuji-class battleships Kasagi-class cruisers Kasuga-class cruisers Katori-class battleships Kongō-class ironclads Matsushima-class cruisers Niitaka-class cruisers Shikishima-class battleships Suma-class cruisers Tsukuba-class cruisers Japanese battleship Asahi Japanese battleship Mikasa Japanese cruiser Akitsushima Japanese cruiser Azuma Japanese cruiser Chihaya Japanese cruiser Chiyoda Japanese cruiser Miyako Japanese cruiser Soya Japanese cruiser Takasago Japanese cruiser Tatsuta (1894) Japanese cruiser Yaeyama Japanese cruiser Yakumo Japanese cruiser Yoshino Japanese gunboat Oshima Japanese ironclad Fusō Japanese submarine tender Karasaki Polish service Polish 47 mm Hotchkiss guns named the wz.1885 gun, were used on first ships of the Polish Navy, received after World War I, like ex-German torpedo boats and minesweepers. By the time of World War II most had been replaced on naval ships but several stored guns were used in combat on improvised stationary mounts by Land Coastal Defence units in the Battle of Kępa Oksywska in September 1939. Romanian service The Romanian Navy used the Škoda-produced version of the gun. The gun was used as secondary and later tertiary armament on the Romanian monitors of the Mihail Kogălniceanu class. It also served as the main armament of the Căpitan Nicolae Lascăr Bogdan class of armored multi-purpose boats, each of the 8 boats carrying one gun. Russian service 47 mm L/43 Hotchkiss TypeNaval gunPlace of originFranceService historyUsed by Russian EmpireWarsRusso-Japanese WarWorld War IRussian Civil WarProduction historyDesignerHotchkiss et CieDesigned1883ManufacturerObukhov State PlantProduced1888SpecificationsMassGun: 235 kg (518 lb)Length2 m (6 ft 7 in)Barrel length1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) 43 caliberShellProjectile: 1.53 kg (3.4 lb)Caliber47 mm (1.9 in)BreechVertical sliding wedgeElevation-23° to +25°Traverse360°Rate of fire25 rpmMuzzle velocity701 m/s (2,300 ft/s)Maximum firing range4.5 km (2.8 mi) at 10° Russia adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolver cannon in the 1880s, and later adopted the less complicated single-barrel 43 caliber quick-firing weapon. The 5-barrel guns were equipped on the Ekaterina II-class battleships commissioned in 1889 but by 1892 the battleship Dvenadsat Apostolov and her successors had single-barrel weapons. In 1888 licensed production of a Russian variant started at the Obukhov State Plant. During the Russo-Japanese War, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounders, which were found to be ineffective against Japanese torpedo boats and were removed from first-line warships after the war. The Evstafi class, commissioned in 1910 ceased carrying the weapon but they were later fitted to patrol vessels and river craft during World War I and at least 62 weapons were converted to anti-aircraft guns by 1917. Russian ships armed with 3-pounder guns include: Admiral Ushakov-class coastal defense ships Amur-class minelayers Bayan-class cruisers Bogatyr-class cruisers Borodino-class battleships Derzky-class destroyers Izumrud-class cruisers Peresvet-class battleships Petropavlovsk-class battleships Russian battleship Navarin Russian battleship Potemkin Russian battleship Retvizan Russian battleship Rostislav Russian battleship Sissoi Veliky Russian battleship Tri Sviatitelia Russian battleship Tsesarevich Russian cruiser Admiral Kornilov Russian cruiser Admiral Nakhimov (1885) Russian cruiser Almaz Russian cruiser Askold Russian cruiser Boyarin Russian cruiser Gromoboi Russian cruiser Pamiat Azova Russian cruiser Rossia Russian cruiser Rurik (1892) Russian cruiser Rurik (1906) Russian cruiser Svetlana Russian cruiser Varyag Russian cruiser Vladimir Monomakh Russian yacht Standart United Kingdom service In 1886 this gun was the first of the modern Quick-firing (QF) artillery to be adopted by the Royal Navy as the Ordnance QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss, built under licence by the Elswick Ordnance Company. By the middle of World War I the Hotchkiss gun was obsolescent and was gradually replaced by the more powerful Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers gun. Of the 2,950 produced it is estimated that 1,948 were still available in 1939 for RN use. The availability, simplicity and light weight of the gun kept it in use in small vessels and many were later brought back into service on merchant vessels used for auxiliary duties in World War II or as saluting guns and sub-calibre guns for gunnery practice until the 1950s. Early in WWII, it was also pressed into service in ports around the British Empire, to defend against possible incursions by motor torpedo boats, until the modern QF 6 pounder 10 cwt gun became available. Two, brought from Gibraltar in the late 1990s, are still in use on Victory Green in the Falkland Islands for saluting purposes. Royal Navy ships armed with QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns included: Admiral-class ironclads Adventure-class cruisers Alert-class sloops Arrogant-class cruisers Astraea-class cruisers Blake-class cruisers Bramble-class gunboats C-class cruisers Cadmus-class sloops Canopus-class battleships Centurion-class battleships Challenger-class cruisers Colossus-class battleships Condor-class sloops Conqueror-class monitors Cressy-class cruisers Cyclops-class monitors Devastation-class ironclads Devonshire-class cruisers Diadem-class cruisers Drake-class cruisers Duncan-class battleships Eclipse-class cruisers Formidable-class battleships Forward-class cruisers Gorgon-class monitors Highflyer-class cruisers King Edward VII-class battleships King George V-class battleships Lord Nelson-class battleships Majestic-class battleships Marathon-class cruisers Monarch-class coastal defense ships Monmouth-class cruisers Orion-class battleships Orlando-class cruisers Pathfinder-class cruisers Pearl-class cruisers Pelorus-class cruisers Phoenix-class sloops Powerful-class cruisers Redbreast-class gunboats Royal Sovereign-class battleships Sentinel-class cruisers Topaze-class cruisers Trafalgar-class ironclads United States service Manufacturer Manufacturers Designation US Designation Caliber Hotchkiss Mk I Mk I 40 Driggs-Schroeder Mk I Mk II 45 Driggs-Schroeder Mk II (trunnionless) Mk III 45 Hotchkiss Mk IV semi-automatic Mk IV 45 Maxim-Nordenfelt Mk I semi-automatic Mk V 50 Maxim-Nordenfelt Mk II semi-automatic Mk VI 50 Vickers-Maxim Mk III semi-automatic Mk VII 45 Hotchkiss-Armstrong ? Mk VIII 40 Nordenfelt Mk I Mk IX 42 Hotchkiss ? Mk X 50 US Rapid Fire Gun and Power Company ? Mk XI 50 Nordenfelt Mk I semi-automatic Mk XII 50 Vickers-Maxim Mk M Mk XIII 50 Driggs-Seaburry ? Mk XIV 50 The US Navy used several types of 3-pounder guns from multiple manufacturers and it is difficult to determine from references which type a particular ship carried. Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolving cannons were used, along with single-barrel quick-firing single-shot Hotchkiss 3-pounders. Both are called rapid-firing (RF) in references. Ships on both sides in the Spanish–American War were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounders. By 1910 the US was building the dreadnought-type South Carolina class, with a secondary armament composed entirely of 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Although removed from first-line warships by World War I, some 3-pounders were fitted on patrol vessels, with a few weapons serving on those ships through World War II. Amphitrite-class monitors Asheville-class gunboats Chester-class cruisers Columbia-class cruisers Connecticut-class battleships Delaware-class battleships Maine-class battleships Mississippi-class battleships New Orleans-class cruisers New York-class battleships Northampton-class cruisers Pennsylvania-class cruisers Pensacola-class cruisers Portland-class cruisers South Carolina-class battleships St. Louis-class cruisers Tennessee-class cruisers Virginia-class battleships Wilmington-class gunboats Wyoming-class battleships Yorktown-class gunboats USS Atlanta (1884) USS Baltimore (C-3) USS Birmingham (CL-2) USS Boston (1884) USS Charleston (C-2) USS Chester (CL-1) USS New York (ACR-2) USS Newark (C-1) USS Philadelphia (C-4) USS Salem (CL-3) USS San Francisco (C-5) Ammunition The most common types of ammunition available for 3-pounder guns were low yield Steel shells and common lyddite shells. In World War II higher yield high explosive rounds were produced. A steel shell round circa. 1898 Mk IV base percussion fuze Mk V N.T. projectile, 1914 Mk II common shell Photo gallery Model of gun in French service on "elastic frame" mounting (affût-crinoline), at the Musée national de la Marine Paris. The Noonday gun at Causeway Bay, Hong Kong Two of the four operational QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss cannons aboard ARA Libertad Russian Hotchkiss gun on a field carriage. Military-historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps. St. Petersburg Russia. A 3-pounder coastal-defense gun at Port Jackson 1942. A Russian 3-pounder on a Renault armored car 1917. The Imperial Russian cruiser Rossia. 3-pounders at the bottom left/right. A French 3-pounder on a 90 mm gun carriage. Surviving examples The Jardines Noonday gun at Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. A gun at the Royal Queensland Yacht Squadron, Manly, Queensland, Australia. Two guns on "elastic frame" mounting in the Casemate de l'Aschenbach, Uffheim, Haut-Rhin, France. A saluting battery of multiple guns at Fort Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia. Four guns on the tall ship Libertad, which serves as a school ship in the Argentine Navy; all fully operational as saluting battery or multipurpose defense. 3 guns used for ceremonial purposes at HMS Drake. National Museum of the United States Navy has one on display with 1910 brass gun sight and slide manufactured at the Naval Gun Factory. Weapons of comparable role, performance and era QF 3 pounder Nordenfelt : Nordenfelt equivalent QF 3 pounder Vickers : Vickers equivalent 5 cm SK L/40 gun : German equivalent Licensed production Elswick Ordnance Company Obukhov State Plant Skoda Works William Cramp & Sons Wars First Sino-Japanese War Spanish–American War Russo-Japanese War Italo-Turkish War First Balkan War Second Balkan War World War I Winter War World War II Users  Argentina  Austria-Hungary  Brazil  Bulgaria  Chile  Cuba  Denmark  Ecuador  Finland  France  Greece  Italy  Empire of Japan  Latvia  Norway  Peru  Poland  Portugal  Qing Dynasty  Republic of China  Romania  Russian Empire  Spain  United Kingdom  Uruguay  United States  Venezuela Notes ^ a b c d e DiGiulian, Tony. "USA 3-pdr (1.4 kg) Marks 1 through 12 – NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-07-05. ^ "38–37 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES". www.quarryhs.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2017-07-04. ^ 30 rounds per minute is the figure given by Elswick Ordnance for their 40-calibres model. Quoted in Brassey's Naval Annual 1901 ^ a b c Friedman 2011, p. 118. ^ Friedman 2011, p. 229. ^ Navy, Royal Australian. "3-Pounder saluting guns". navy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2017. ^ Media, Defence News and (7 July 2017). "Defence News and Media". defence.gov.au. Retrieved 7 July 2017. ^ a b c Friedman 2011, p. 295. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995. ^ Friedman 2011, p. 119. ^ Tym & Rzepniewski 1985. ^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 422 ^ Е. Е. Шведе, Военные флоты 1939—1940 гг., Рипол Классик, 2013, pp. 120-121 (in Russian) ^ a b DiGiulian, Tony. "Russia / USSR 47 mm (1.85") – NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017. ^ Friedman 2011, p. 265. ^ British forces traditionally denoted smaller ordnance by the weight of its standard projectile, in this case approximately 3 pounds (1.4 kg). ^ a b Campbell 1985, p. 66. ^ Friedman 2011, p. 197. ^ DiGiulian and Friedman differ on the details of Mk 10-12. ^ "AMMS Brisbane". www.ammsbrisbane.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2017. ^ Weyant, Hervé. "Mémorial Maginot de Haute-Alsace". www.maginot68.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017. ^ Jane's Fighting Ships 2005–2006 References Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-459-2. Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7. Langensiepen, Bernd & Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-610-1. Tym, Wacław; Rzepniewski, Andrzej (1985). Kępa Oksywska 1939: relacja uczestników walk lądowych (in Polish). Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie. ISBN 978-83-215-7210-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss. Handbook of the 3 pounder Hotchkiss quick-firing gun Land service 1892, 1900 at State Library of Victoria Handbook for Hotchkiss 6-pr and 3-pr. quick-firing guns 1896 at State Library of Victoria Tony DiGiulian, British Hotchkiss 3-pdr (1.4 kg) (1.85"/40 (47 mm)) QF Marks I and II DiGiulian, Tony, US 3-pounders DiGiulian, Tony, Russian Hotchkiss 3-pounders vteBritish Empire naval weapons of the Victorian eraSmoothbore muzzle-loading cannons 18-pounder 24-pounder 32-pounder 55 cwt 32-pounder gun 68-pounder Somerset cannon Smoothbore muzzle-loading shell guns 8-inch 10-inch 86 cwt Mortars 10-inch Blomefield 13-inch Blomefield Howitzers 12-pounder Millar 24-pounder Millar Rifled breechloaders (Armstrong) RBL 9 pounder RBL 20-pounder RBL 40-pounder RBL 7-inch 110-pounder Rifled muzzle-loaders (Lancaster) 68-pounder Lancaster gun Rifled muzzle-loaders (converted) RML 64-pounder 71 cwt Rifled muzzle-loaders (Woolwich) RML 9-pounder 8 cwt RML 64-pounder 64 cwt RML 7-inch RML 8-inch RML 9-inch RML 10-inch RML 11-inch RML 12-inch 25-ton RML 12-inch 35-ton RML 12.5-inch RML 16-inch Breech-loaders (new pattern) BL 4-inch BL 5-inch BL 6-inch 80-pounder BL 6-inch Mk II – VI BL 8-inch BL 9.2-inch Mk I – VII BL 9.2-inch Mk VIII BL 10-inch BL 12-inch Mk I – VII BL 12-inch Mk VIII BL 13.5-inch BL 16.25-inch Quick-firing guns QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss QF 6-pounder Nordenfelt QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk I QF 4-inch QF 4.7-inch QF 6-inch Light weapons Gatling gun Gardner gun Nordenfelt gun 1-inch Nordenfelt gun Torpedoes Whitehead torpedo vteBritish Empire naval weapons of the First World WarMonitor guns BL 9.2-inch Mk VI BL 9.2-inch Mk VIII BL 9.2-inch Mk X BL 9.2-inch Mk XII BL 12-inch Mk VIII BL 14-inch Mk II (US built) BL 15-inch Mk I BL 18-inch Mk I Capital ship main armament Vickers 10-inch 45 cal. EOC 10-inch 45 cal. BL 12-inch Mk VIII BL 12-inch Mk IX BL 12-inch Mk X BL 12-inch Mk XI & XII EOC 12-inch 45 cal. Mk XIII BL 13.5-inch Mk I – IV BL 13.5-inch Mk V BL 13.5-inch Mk VI EOC 14-inch 45 cal. Mk I BL 15-inch Mk I Armoured cruiser main armament BL 7.5-inch Mk I BL 9.2-inch Mk X BL 9.2-inch Mk XI Secondary armament andlight cruiser main armament QF 12-pounder 18 cwt QF 14-pounder Maxim-Nordenfelt QF 14-pounder Mk I & II QF 4-inch Mk III BL 4-inch Mk VII QF 4-inch Mk V BL 4-inch Mk IX BL 5.5-inch Mk I QF 6-inch Mk I – III BL 6-inch Mk VII BL 6-inch Mk XI BL 6-inch Mk XII BL 6-inch Mk XIII-XVIII BL 7.5-inch Mk II – Mk V Destroyer andsmall cruiser armament QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk II QF 4-inch Mk III BL 4-inch Mk VIII QF 4-inch Mk IV BL 4.7-inch Mk I Merchant ship armament QF 4.7-inch Mk I – IV QF 4.7-inch Mk V* Submarine guns BL 4-inch Mk XI QF 4-inch Mk XII Anti-aircraft guns QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" Mk II QF 3-inch 20 cwt QF 4-inch Mk V Light weapons .303 Vickers machine gun QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss QF 3-pounder Vickers QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss Torpedoes 18-inch Mk V – VIII 21-inch Mk II 21-inch Mk IV Mines Spherical Mk I, II and III Vickers Elia mine Type H mine Anti-submarine weapons Type A Depth charge Type B Depth charge Type C Depth charge Type D Depth charge Type E Depth charge Type F Depth charge Type G Depth charge Cruiser Mine 7.5-inch howitzer Landing guns QF 12-pounder 8 cwt
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3-pounder gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-pounder_gun"},{"link_name":"calibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"coastal defense guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_artillery"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"HA/LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_British_ordnance_terms#HA/LA"}],"text":"This article is about the 1880s Hotchkiss gun. For other 3-pounder guns, see 3-pounder gun.The QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss or in French use Canon Hotchkiss à tir rapide de 47 mm were a family of long-lived light 47 mm naval guns introduced in 1886 to defend against new, small and fast vessels such as torpedo boats and later submarines. There were many variants produced, often under license which ranged in length from 32 to 50 calibers but 40 caliber was the most common version. They were widely used by the navies of a number of nations and often used by both sides in a conflict. They were also used ashore as coastal defense guns and later as an anti-aircraft gun, whether on improvised or specialized HA/LA mounts.","title":"QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"muzzle velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011118-4"},{"link_name":"QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_6-pounder_Hotchkiss"},{"link_name":"Canon de 65 mm Modèle 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_65_mm_Mod%C3%A8le_1891"},{"link_name":"torpedo boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"armored cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_cruiser"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_warship"},{"link_name":"pre-dreadnought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-dreadnought"},{"link_name":"protected cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_cruiser"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarines"},{"link_name":"Liberté-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Danton-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danton-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Jules Michelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Jules_Michelet"},{"link_name":"Ernest Renan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Ernest_Renan"},{"link_name":"Edgar Quinet-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Quinet-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Canon de 75 mm modèle 1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mm_mod%C3%A8le_1908"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Canon de 75 modèle 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mod%C3%A8le_1897"},{"link_name":"Canon de 75 mm modèle 1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mm_mod%C3%A8le_1924"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011229-5"},{"link_name":"Amiral Charner-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiral_Charner-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Amphitrite-class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitrite-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Arquebuse-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquebuse-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Bouvines-class coast defense ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvines-class_coast_defense_ship"},{"link_name":"Branlebas-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branlebas-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Bretagne-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Claymore-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymore-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Clorinde-class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorinde-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Courbet-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courbet-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Danton-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danton-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"D'Estrées-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Estr%C3%A9es-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Dupleix-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupleix-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Dupuy de Lôme-class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupuy_de_L%C3%B4me-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Durandal-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durandal-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Framee-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framee-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Gloire-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloire-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Gueydon-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueydon-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Gustave Zédé-class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Z%C3%A9d%C3%A9-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Leon Gambetta-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Gambetta-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Liberte-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberte-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Marceau-class ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marceau-class_ironclad"},{"link_name":"Normandie-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandie-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"O'Byrne-class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Byrne-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Pertuisane-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertuisane-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Republique-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republique-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"French ironclad Amiral Baudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ironclad_Amiral_Baudin"},{"link_name":"French battleship Brennus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Brennus"},{"link_name":"French battleship Carnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Carnot"},{"link_name":"French battleship Charles Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Charles_Martel"},{"link_name":"French cruiser Guichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Guichen_(1897)"}],"sub_title":"French service","text":"The French Navy used two versions of the Hotchkiss 3-pounder: the short-barreled 40-caliber M1885 and the long-barreled 50-caliber M1902, which had a larger muzzle velocity than its predecessor.[1]: 228–229  The French L/40 M1885 and the British QF 3-pounder were largely the same gun.[4] Like the British who paired their 3-pounders with the larger QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss the French often paired theirs with the Canon de 65 mm Modèle 1891 sometimes called a 9-pounder in English publications. The 3-pounder was primarily used as anti-torpedo boat defense aboard armored cruisers, destroyers, ironclads, pre-dreadnought battleships, protected cruisers and submarines. During World War I, the role of the guns changed from anti-torpedo boat defense to anti-aircraft defense and new high angle mounts were developed but were found to be ineffective.The Liberté-class and Danton-class battleships mounted the gun, in addition to the cruisers Jules Michelet, Ernest Renan, and those of the Edgar Quinet-class. It was used as the standard French shipboard anti-aircraft gun during World War I, being replaced by the Canon de 75 mm modèle 1908.[1]After World War I the majority of 3-pounders in the anti-aircraft role were replaced with either the anti-aircraft version of the Canon de 75 modèle 1897 or the Canon de 75 mm modèle 1924.[5]\nFrench ships armed with the L/40 M1885 and L/50 M1902 include:Amiral Charner-class cruisers\nAmphitrite-class submarines\nArquebuse-class destroyers\nBouvines-class coast defense ships\nBranlebas-class destroyers\nBretagne-class battleships\nCharlemagne-class battleships\nClaymore-class destroyers\nClorinde-class submarines\nCourbet-class battleships\nDanton-class battleships\nD'Estrées-class cruisers\nDupleix-class cruisers\nDupuy de Lôme-class submarines\nDurandal-class destroyers\nFramee-class destroyers\nGloire-class cruisers\nGueydon-class cruisers\nGustave Zédé-class submarines\nLeon Gambetta-class cruisers\nLiberte-class battleships\nMarceau-class ironclads\nNormandie-class battleships\nO'Byrne-class submarines\nPertuisane-class destroyers\nRepublique-class battleships\nFrench ironclad Amiral Baudin\nFrench battleship Brennus\nFrench battleship Carnot\nFrench battleship Charles Martel\nFrench cruiser Guichen","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Sweeny"},{"link_name":"Berbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Garden Island Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Island,_New_South_Wales#Royal_Australian_Navy_Heritage_Centre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Australian service","text":"A 3-pounder Hotchkiss was used on an improvised mounting in a battle that resulted in Australia's first prisoners of World War 2 being captured near Berbera in 1940.[6] The guns are now used in a Three Pound Saluting Gun Battery at the Garden Island Naval Base.[7]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011295-8"},{"link_name":"Battle of Antivari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antivari"},{"link_name":"SMS Zenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Zenta"},{"link_name":"Erzherzog Karl-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzherzog_Karl-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Habsburg-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Huszár-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husz%C3%A1r-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Kaiman-class torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiman-class_torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Franz Joseph I-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Monarch-class coastal defense ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch-class_coastal_defense_ship"},{"link_name":"Panther-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Radetzky-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radetzky-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"U-10-class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-10-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"SMS Boa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Boa"},{"link_name":"SMS Kaiser Karl VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Kaiser_Karl_VI"},{"link_name":"SMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Kaiserin_und_K%C3%B6nigin_Maria_Theresia"},{"link_name":"SMS Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Kronprinz_Erzherzog_Rudolf"},{"link_name":"SMS Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Kronprinzessin_Erzherzogin_Stephanie"},{"link_name":"SMS Sankt Georg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Sankt_Georg"},{"link_name":"Zenta-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenta-class_cruiser"}],"sub_title":"Austro-Hungarian service","text":"The Austro-Hungarian Navy used two versions of the Hotchkiss 3-pounder. The first was the short 47 mm SFK L/33 H of 1890 produced under license by Skoda. The second was the long 47 mm SFK L/44 S of 1897 produced under license by Skoda. These two guns were the primary rapid fire anti-torpedo boat guns of many ships built or refitted between 1890 and 1918.[8] On 16 August 1914 at the Battle of Antivari, the Austro-Hungarian protected cruiser SMS Zenta was sunk by a combined Anglo-French force. Both sides in the battle were armed with Hotchkiss guns.Austro-Hungarian ships armed with the L/33 and L/44 include:Erzherzog Karl-class battleships\nHabsburg-class battleships\nHuszár-class destroyers\nKaiman-class torpedo boats\nKaiser Franz Joseph I-class cruisers\nMonarch-class coastal defense ships\nPanther-class cruisers\nRadetzky-class battleships\nU-10-class submarines\nSMS Boa\nSMS Kaiser Karl VI\nSMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia\nSMS Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf\nSMS Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie\nSMS Sankt Georg\nZenta-class cruisers","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hai Yung-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cruiser_Hai_Yung"},{"link_name":"Imperial Chinese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy"},{"link_name":"AG Vulcan Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Vulcan_Stettin"},{"link_name":"Nordenfelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3_pounder_Nordenfelt"},{"link_name":"First Sino-Japanese war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_war"},{"link_name":"Chao Ho-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Ho-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Yongfeng-class coastal defense ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongfeng-class_coastal_defense_ship"},{"link_name":"Zhiyuen-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhiyuen-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Chinese cruiser Hai Chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cruiser_Hai_Chi"},{"link_name":"Chinese cruiser Jingyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cruiser_Jingyuan_(1887)"},{"link_name":"Chinese cruiser Laiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cruiser_Laiyuan"}],"sub_title":"Chinese service","text":"China adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder in the 1880s, to arm its cruisers and smaller auxiliaries; the Hai Yung-class cruisers of the Imperial Chinese Navy built by AG Vulcan Stettin were armed with Nordenfelt 3-pounder guns firing the same ammunition. During the First Sino-Japanese war, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounder guns.Chinese ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:Chao Ho-class cruisers\nYongfeng-class coastal defense ships\nZhiyuen-class cruisers\nChinese cruiser Hai Chi\nChinese cruiser Jingyuan\nChinese cruiser Laiyuan","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"armored cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_cruisers"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship"},{"link_name":"torpedo cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Italo-Turkish war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_war"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Navy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995-9"},{"link_name":"Folgore-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folgore-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Garibaldi-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Pegaso-class torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegaso-class_torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"Regina Elena-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Elena-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Regina Margherita-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Margherita-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Italian cruiser Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Tripoli"}],"sub_title":"Italian service","text":"Italy adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder in the 1880s to arm its armored cruisers, battleships, protected cruisers, torpedo boats and torpedo cruisers. Ships on both sides of the Italo-Turkish war were armed with 3-pounder guns. The Italians carried Hotchkiss and Vickers guns, while the Ottoman Navy carried Nordenfelt guns.[9]Italian ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:Folgore-class cruisers\nGiuseppe Garibaldi-class cruisers\nPegaso-class torpedo boats\nRegina Elena-class battleships\nRegina Margherita-class battleships\nItalian cruiser Tripoli","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"revolver cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver_cannon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011118-4"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Asama-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asama-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Fuji-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Kasagi-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasagi-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Kasuga-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuga-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Katori-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katori-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Kongō-class ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C5%8D-class_ironclad"},{"link_name":"Matsushima-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsushima-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Niitaka-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niitaka-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Shikishima-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikishima-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Suma-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suma-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Tsukuba-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Japanese battleship Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Asahi"},{"link_name":"Japanese battleship Mikasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa"},{"link_name":"Japanese cruiser Akitsushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Akitsushima"},{"link_name":"Japanese cruiser Azuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Azuma"},{"link_name":"Japanese cruiser Chihaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Chihaya"},{"link_name":"Japanese cruiser Chiyoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Chiyoda"},{"link_name":"Japanese cruiser Miyako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Miyako"},{"link_name":"Japanese cruiser Soya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Soya"},{"link_name":"Japanese cruiser Takasago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Takasago"},{"link_name":"Japanese cruiser Tatsuta (1894)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Tatsuta_(1894)"},{"link_name":"Japanese cruiser Yaeyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yaeyama"},{"link_name":"Japanese cruiser Yakumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yakumo"},{"link_name":"Japanese cruiser Yoshino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yoshino"},{"link_name":"Japanese gunboat Oshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Oshima"},{"link_name":"Japanese ironclad Fusō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_Fus%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Japanese submarine tender Karasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_tender_Karasaki"}],"sub_title":"Japanese service","text":"Japan adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolver cannon in the 1880s and later adopted the simpler single-barrel quick-firing weapon. The Japanese versions of the 3-pounder were known as Yamanouchi guns and were largely identical to their British equivalents.[4] The Japanese also had a related 30 caliber 2½-pounder gun from Elswick, the Yamanouchi Mk I. During the Russo-Japanese War, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounder guns. The Japanese found them to be ineffective and removed them after the war.Japanese ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:Asama-class cruisers\nFuji-class battleships\nKasagi-class cruisers\nKasuga-class cruisers\nKatori-class battleships\nKongō-class ironclads\nMatsushima-class cruisers\nNiitaka-class cruisers\nShikishima-class battleships\nSuma-class cruisers\nTsukuba-class cruisers\nJapanese battleship Asahi\nJapanese battleship Mikasa\nJapanese cruiser Akitsushima\nJapanese cruiser Azuma\nJapanese cruiser Chihaya\nJapanese cruiser Chiyoda\nJapanese cruiser Miyako\nJapanese cruiser Soya\nJapanese cruiser Takasago\nJapanese cruiser Tatsuta (1894)\nJapanese cruiser Yaeyama\nJapanese cruiser Yakumo\nJapanese cruiser Yoshino\nJapanese gunboat Oshima\nJapanese ironclad Fusō\nJapanese submarine tender Karasaki","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Land Coastal Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Coastal_Defence"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kępa Oksywska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_K%C4%99pa_Oksywska"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETymRzepniewski1985-11"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"sub_title":"Polish service","text":"Polish 47 mm Hotchkiss guns named the wz.1885 gun, were used on first ships of the Polish Navy, received after World War I, like ex-German torpedo boats and minesweepers. By the time of World War II most had been replaced on naval ships but several stored guns were used in combat on improvised stationary mounts by Land Coastal Defence units in the Battle of Kępa Oksywska in September 1939.[11][page needed]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Mihail Kogălniceanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMS_Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Romanian service","text":"The Romanian Navy used the Škoda-produced version of the gun. The gun was used as secondary and later tertiary armament on the Romanian monitors of the Mihail Kogălniceanu class. It also served as the main armament of the Căpitan Nicolae Lascăr Bogdan class of armored multi-purpose boats, each of the 8 boats carrying one gun.[12][13]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ekaterina II-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterina_II-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Dvenadsat Apostolov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Dvenadsat_Apostolov"},{"link_name":"Obukhov State Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obukhov_State_Plant"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011265-15"},{"link_name":"Evstafi class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evstafi-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"Admiral Ushakov-class coastal defense ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Ushakov-class_coastal_defense_ship"},{"link_name":"Amur-class minelayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur-class_minelayer_(1898)"},{"link_name":"Bayan-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayan-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Bogatyr-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogatyr-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Borodino-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodino-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Derzky-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derzky-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Izumrud-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumrud-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Peresvet-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peresvet-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Petropavlovsk-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petropavlovsk-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Russian battleship Navarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Navarin"},{"link_name":"Russian battleship Potemkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin"},{"link_name":"Russian battleship Retvizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Retvizan"},{"link_name":"Russian battleship Rostislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Rostislav"},{"link_name":"Russian battleship Sissoi Veliky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Sissoi_Veliky"},{"link_name":"Russian battleship Tri Sviatitelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Tri_Sviatitelia"},{"link_name":"Russian battleship Tsesarevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Tsesarevich"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Admiral Kornilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Admiral_Kornilov_(1887)"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Admiral Nakhimov (1885)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Admiral_Nakhimov_(1885)"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Almaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Almaz"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Askold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Askold"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Boyarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Boyarin_(1901)"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Gromoboi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Gromoboi"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Pamiat Azova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Pamiat_Azova"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Rossia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Rossia"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Rurik (1892)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Rurik_(1892)"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Rurik (1906)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Rurik_(1906)"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Svetlana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Svetlana_(1896)"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Varyag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Varyag_(1899)"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Vladimir Monomakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Vladimir_Monomakh"},{"link_name":"Russian yacht Standart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_yacht_Standart"}],"sub_title":"Russian service","text":"Russia adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolver cannon in the 1880s, and later adopted the less complicated single-barrel 43 caliber quick-firing weapon. The 5-barrel guns were equipped on the Ekaterina II-class battleships commissioned in 1889 but by 1892 the battleship Dvenadsat Apostolov and her successors had single-barrel weapons. In 1888 licensed production of a Russian variant started at the Obukhov State Plant.[15] During the Russo-Japanese War, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounders, which were found to be ineffective against Japanese torpedo boats and were removed from first-line warships after the war. The Evstafi class, commissioned in 1910 ceased carrying the weapon but they were later fitted to patrol vessels and river craft during World War I and at least 62 weapons were converted to anti-aircraft guns by 1917.[14]Russian ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:Admiral Ushakov-class coastal defense ships\nAmur-class minelayers\nBayan-class cruisers\nBogatyr-class cruisers\nBorodino-class battleships\nDerzky-class destroyers\nIzumrud-class cruisers\nPeresvet-class battleships\nPetropavlovsk-class battleships\nRussian battleship Navarin\nRussian battleship Potemkin\nRussian battleship Retvizan\nRussian battleship Rostislav\nRussian battleship Sissoi Veliky\nRussian battleship Tri Sviatitelia\nRussian battleship Tsesarevich\nRussian cruiser Admiral Kornilov\nRussian cruiser Admiral Nakhimov (1885)\nRussian cruiser Almaz\nRussian cruiser Askold\nRussian cruiser Boyarin\nRussian cruiser Gromoboi\nRussian cruiser Pamiat Azova\nRussian cruiser Rossia\nRussian cruiser Rurik (1892)\nRussian cruiser Rurik (1906)\nRussian cruiser Svetlana\nRussian cruiser Varyag\nRussian cruiser Vladimir Monomakh\nRussian yacht Standart","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quick-firing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_ordnance_terms#QF"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Elswick Ordnance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth#Elswick_Ordnance_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_QF_3_pounder_Vickers"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198566-17"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"saluting guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluting_gun"},{"link_name":"QF 6 pounder 10 cwt gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_6_pounder_10_cwt_gun"},{"link_name":"Admiral-class ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral-class_ironclad"},{"link_name":"Adventure-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Alert-class sloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert-class_sloop"},{"link_name":"Arrogant-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrogant-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Astraea-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraea-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Blake-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Bramble-class gunboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramble-class_gunboat_(1898)"},{"link_name":"C-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Cadmus-class sloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmus-class_sloop"},{"link_name":"Canopus-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopus-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Centurion-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Challenger-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Colossus-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus-class_battleship_(1910)"},{"link_name":"Condor-class sloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor-class_sloop"},{"link_name":"Conqueror-class monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conqueror-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Cressy-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressy-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Cyclops-class monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclops-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Devastation-class ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devastation-class_ironclad"},{"link_name":"Devonshire-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonshire-class_cruiser_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Diadem-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadem-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Drake-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Duncan-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Eclipse-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Formidable-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formidable-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Forward-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Gorgon-class monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Highflyer-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highflyer-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"King George V-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V-class_battleship_(1911)"},{"link_name":"Lord Nelson-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Nelson-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Majestic-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestic-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Marathon-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Monarch-class coastal defense ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch-class_coastal_defense_ship"},{"link_name":"Monmouth-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Orion-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Orlando-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Pathfinder-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Pearl-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Pelorus-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelorus-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Phoenix-class sloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix-class_sloop"},{"link_name":"Powerful-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerful-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Redbreast-class gunboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbreast-class_gunboat"},{"link_name":"Royal Sovereign-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Sovereign-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Sentinel-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Topaze-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaze-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar-class ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar-class_ironclad"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom service","text":"In 1886 this gun was the first of the modern Quick-firing (QF) artillery to be adopted by the Royal Navy as the Ordnance QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss, built under licence by the Elswick Ordnance Company.[16]By the middle of World War I the Hotchkiss gun was obsolescent and was gradually replaced by the more powerful Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers gun. Of the 2,950 produced it is estimated that 1,948 were still available in 1939 for RN use.[17] The availability, simplicity and light weight of the gun kept it in use in small vessels and many were later brought back into service on merchant vessels used for auxiliary duties in World War II or as saluting guns and sub-calibre guns for gunnery practice until the 1950s. Early in WWII, it was also pressed into service in ports around the British Empire, to defend against possible incursions by motor torpedo boats, until the modern QF 6 pounder 10 cwt gun became available. Two, brought from Gibraltar in the late 1990s, are still in use on Victory Green in the Falkland Islands for saluting purposes.Royal Navy ships armed with QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns included:Admiral-class ironclads\nAdventure-class cruisers\nAlert-class sloops\nArrogant-class cruisers\nAstraea-class cruisers\nBlake-class cruisers\nBramble-class gunboats\nC-class cruisers\nCadmus-class sloops\nCanopus-class battleships\nCenturion-class battleships\nChallenger-class cruisers\nColossus-class battleships\nCondor-class sloops\nConqueror-class monitors\nCressy-class cruisers\nCyclops-class monitors\nDevastation-class ironclads\nDevonshire-class cruisers\nDiadem-class cruisers\nDrake-class cruisers\nDuncan-class battleships\nEclipse-class cruisers\nFormidable-class battleships\nForward-class cruisers\nGorgon-class monitors\nHighflyer-class cruisers\nKing Edward VII-class battleships\nKing George V-class battleships\nLord Nelson-class battleships\nMajestic-class battleships\nMarathon-class cruisers\nMonarch-class coastal defense ships\nMonmouth-class cruisers\nOrion-class battleships\nOrlando-class cruisers\nPathfinder-class cruisers\nPearl-class cruisers\nPelorus-class cruisers\nPhoenix-class sloops\nPowerful-class cruisers\nRedbreast-class gunboats\nRoyal Sovereign-class battleships\nSentinel-class cruisers\nTopaze-class cruisers\nTrafalgar-class ironclads","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"Hotchkiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_gun"},{"link_name":"revolving cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_revolving_cannon"},{"link_name":"quick-firing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick-firing_gun"},{"link_name":"dreadnought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought"},{"link_name":"South Carolina class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"3-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%22/50_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198566-17"},{"link_name":"Amphitrite-class monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitrite-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Asheville-class gunboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville-class_gunboat_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Chester-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Columbia-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Connecticut-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Delaware-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Maine-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Mississippi-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"New Orleans-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans-class_cruiser_(1896)"},{"link_name":"New York-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Northampton-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Pensacola-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Portland-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"South Carolina-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"St. Louis-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis-class_cruiser_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee-class cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Virginia-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Wyoming-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Yorktown-class gunboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown-class_gunboat"},{"link_name":"USS Atlanta (1884)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(1884)"},{"link_name":"USS Baltimore (C-3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Baltimore_(C-3)"},{"link_name":"USS Birmingham (CL-2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Birmingham_(CL-2)"},{"link_name":"USS Boston (1884)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Boston_(1884)"},{"link_name":"USS Charleston (C-2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Charleston_(C-2)"},{"link_name":"USS Chester (CL-1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chester_(CL-1)"},{"link_name":"USS New York (ACR-2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_York_(ACR-2)"},{"link_name":"USS Newark (C-1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Newark_(C-1)"},{"link_name":"USS Philadelphia (C-4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(C-4)"},{"link_name":"USS Salem (CL-3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Salem_(CL-3)"},{"link_name":"USS San Francisco (C-5)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_San_Francisco_(C-5)"}],"sub_title":"United States service","text":"The US Navy used several types of 3-pounder guns from multiple manufacturers and it is difficult to determine from references which type a particular ship carried. Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolving cannons were used, along with single-barrel quick-firing single-shot Hotchkiss 3-pounders. Both are called rapid-firing (RF) in references. Ships on both sides in the Spanish–American War were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounders. By 1910 the US was building the dreadnought-type South Carolina class, with a secondary armament composed entirely of 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Although removed from first-line warships by World War I, some 3-pounders were fitted on patrol vessels, with a few weapons serving on those ships through World War II.[1][17]Amphitrite-class monitors\nAsheville-class gunboats\nChester-class cruisers\nColumbia-class cruisers\nConnecticut-class battleships\nDelaware-class battleships\nMaine-class battleships\nMississippi-class battleships\nNew Orleans-class cruisers\nNew York-class battleships\nNorthampton-class cruisers\nPennsylvania-class cruisers\nPensacola-class cruisers\nPortland-class cruisers\nSouth Carolina-class battleships\nSt. Louis-class cruisers\nTennessee-class cruisers\nVirginia-class battleships\nWilmington-class gunboats\nWyoming-class battleships\nYorktown-class gunboats\nUSS Atlanta (1884)\nUSS Baltimore (C-3)\nUSS Birmingham (CL-2)\nUSS Boston (1884)\nUSS Charleston (C-2)\nUSS Chester (CL-1)\nUSS New York (ACR-2)\nUSS Newark (C-1)\nUSS Philadelphia (C-4)\nUSS Salem (CL-3)\nUSS San Francisco (C-5)","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steel shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_ordnance_terms#Steel_shell"},{"link_name":"common lyddite shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_ordnance_terms#Common_lyddite"},{"link_name":"high explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(projectile)#High-explosive_shells"}],"text":"The most common types of ammunition available for 3-pounder guns were low yield Steel shells and common lyddite shells. In World War II higher yield high explosive rounds were produced.","title":"Ammunition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_de_47mm.jpg"},{"link_name":"Musée national de la Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_la_Marine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noon-day_Gun_Hong_Kong_clip.JPG"},{"link_name":"Noonday gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noonday_gun"},{"link_name":"Causeway Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Bay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_El_coleccionista_de_instantes_-_Fotos_La_Fragata_A.R.A._%22Libertad%22_de_la_armada_argentina_en_Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria_(28).jpg"},{"link_name":"ARA Libertad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARA_Libertad_(Q-2)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:47mm_Russian_Hotchkiss_gun_on_field_carriage.JPG"},{"link_name":"Military-historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-historical_Museum_of_Artillery,_Engineer_and_Signal_Corps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QF3pdrHotchkissSydney1942.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Port Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jackson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_anti-aircraft_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rossiya1895-1922guns.jpg"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian cruiser Rossia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Rossia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3pdron90mmcarriage.jpg"}],"text":"Model of gun in French service on \"elastic frame\" mounting (affût-crinoline), at the Musée national de la Marine Paris.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Noonday gun at Causeway Bay, Hong Kong\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTwo of the four operational QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss cannons aboard ARA Libertad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRussian Hotchkiss gun on a field carriage. Military-historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps. St. Petersburg Russia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 3-pounder coastal-defense gun at Port Jackson 1942.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Russian 3-pounder on a Renault armored car 1917.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Imperial Russian cruiser Rossia. 3-pounders at the bottom left/right.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA French 3-pounder on a 90 mm gun carriage.","title":"Photo gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Jardines Noonday gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noonday_Gun"},{"link_name":"Causeway Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Bay"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Royal Queensland Yacht Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Queensland_Yacht_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Uffheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffheim"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Fort Queenscliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Queenscliff"},{"link_name":"tall ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_ship"},{"link_name":"Libertad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARA_Libertad_(Q-2)"},{"link_name":"school ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_ship"},{"link_name":"Argentine Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Navy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"HMS Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Devonport"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval Gun Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Gun_Factory"}],"text":"The Jardines Noonday gun at Causeway Bay, Hong Kong.\nA gun at the Royal Queensland Yacht Squadron, Manly, Queensland, Australia.[20]\nTwo guns on \"elastic frame\" mounting in the Casemate de l'Aschenbach, Uffheim, Haut-Rhin, France.[21]\nA saluting battery of multiple guns at Fort Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia.\nFour guns on the tall ship Libertad, which serves as a school ship in the Argentine Navy; all fully operational as saluting battery or multipurpose defense.[22]\n3 guns used for ceremonial purposes at HMS Drake.\nNational Museum of the United States Navy has one on display with 1910 brass gun sight and slide manufactured at the Naval Gun Factory.","title":"Surviving examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QF 3 pounder Nordenfelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3_pounder_Nordenfelt"},{"link_name":"QF 3 pounder Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_QF_3-pounder_Vickers"},{"link_name":"5 cm SK L/40 gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_cm_SK_L/40_gun"}],"text":"QF 3 pounder Nordenfelt : Nordenfelt equivalent\nQF 3 pounder Vickers : Vickers equivalent\n5 cm SK L/40 gun : German equivalent","title":"Weapons of comparable role, performance and era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elswick Ordnance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth#Elswick_Ordnance_Company"},{"link_name":"Obukhov State Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obukhov_State_Plant"},{"link_name":"Skoda Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda_Works"},{"link_name":"William Cramp & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cramp_%26_Sons"}],"text":"Elswick Ordnance Company\nObukhov State Plant\nSkoda Works\nWilliam Cramp & Sons","title":"Licensed production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Italo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"First Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Second Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"First Sino-Japanese War\nSpanish–American War\nRusso-Japanese War\nItalo-Turkish War\nFirst Balkan War\nSecond Balkan War\nWorld War I\nWinter War\nWorld War II","title":"Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Qing Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"}],"text":"Argentina\n Austria-Hungary\n Brazil\n Bulgaria\n Chile\n Cuba\n Denmark\n Ecuador\n Finland\n France\n Greece\n Italy\n Empire of Japan\n Latvia\n Norway\n Peru\n Poland\n Portugal\n Qing Dynasty\n Republic of China\n Romania\n Russian Empire\n Spain\n United Kingdom\n Uruguay\n United States\n Venezuela","title":"Users"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-4"},{"link_name":"\"USA 3-pdr (1.4 kg) [1.85\" (47 mm)] Marks 1 through 12 – NavWeaps\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_3pounder_m1.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"38–37 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180316011259/http://quarryhs.co.uk/ammotable6.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.quarryhs.co.uk/ammotable6.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Brassey's Naval Annual 1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gwpda.org/naval/brassey/b1901o08.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011118_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011118_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011118_4-2"},{"link_name":"Friedman 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011229_5-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"3-Pounder saluting guns\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160204002039/http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Oct2013/Events/492/3-Pounder-saluting-guns.htm#.VBKwgaPgWoY"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.navy.gov.au/en/Oct2013/Events/492/3-Pounder-saluting-guns.htm#.VBKwgaPgWoY"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Defence News and Media\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.defence.gov.au/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011295_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011295_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011295_8-2"},{"link_name":"Friedman 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995_9-0"},{"link_name":"Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011119_10-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETymRzepniewski1985_11-0"},{"link_name":"Tym & Rzepniewski 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTymRzepniewski1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_14-1"},{"link_name":"\"Russia / USSR 47 mm (1.85\") [3-pdr] – NavWeaps\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNRussian_47mm_Hotchkiss.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011265_15-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198566_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198566_17-1"},{"link_name":"Campbell 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCampbell1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2011197_18-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"AMMS Brisbane\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120313004634/http://www.ammsbrisbane.com/documentation/hotchkiss_1.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ammsbrisbane.com/documentation/hotchkiss_1.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Mémorial Maginot de Haute-Alsace\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maginot68.com/pages/racine.php?rubrique=photos&page=travaux1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"}],"text":"^ a b c d e DiGiulian, Tony. \"USA 3-pdr (1.4 kg) [1.85\" (47 mm)] Marks 1 through 12 – NavWeaps\". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-07-05.\n\n^ \"38–37 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES\". www.quarryhs.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2017-07-04.\n\n^ 30 rounds per minute is the figure given by Elswick Ordnance for their 40-calibres model. Quoted in Brassey's Naval Annual 1901\n\n^ a b c Friedman 2011, p. 118.\n\n^ Friedman 2011, p. 229.\n\n^ Navy, Royal Australian. \"3-Pounder saluting guns\". navy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2017.\n\n^ Media, Defence News and (7 July 2017). \"Defence News and Media\". defence.gov.au. Retrieved 7 July 2017.\n\n^ a b c Friedman 2011, p. 295.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995.\n\n^ Friedman 2011, p. 119.\n\n^ Tym & Rzepniewski 1985.\n\n^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 422\n\n^ Е. Е. Шведе, Военные флоты 1939—1940 гг., Рипол Классик, 2013, pp. 120-121 (in Russian)\n\n^ a b DiGiulian, Tony. \"Russia / USSR 47 mm (1.85\") [3-pdr] – NavWeaps\". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017.\n\n^ Friedman 2011, p. 265.\n\n^ British forces traditionally denoted smaller ordnance by the weight of its standard projectile, in this case approximately 3 pounds (1.4 kg).\n\n^ a b Campbell 1985, p. 66.\n\n^ Friedman 2011, p. 197.\n\n^ DiGiulian and Friedman differ on the details of Mk 10-12.\n\n^ \"AMMS Brisbane\". www.ammsbrisbane.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2017.\n\n^ Weyant, Hervé. \"Mémorial Maginot de Haute-Alsace\". www.maginot68.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017.\n\n^ Jane's Fighting Ships 2005–2006","title":"Notes"}]
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null
[{"reference":"DiGiulian, Tony. \"USA 3-pdr (1.4 kg) [1.85\" (47 mm)] Marks 1 through 12 – NavWeaps\". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_3pounder_m1.php","url_text":"\"USA 3-pdr (1.4 kg) [1.85\" (47 mm)] Marks 1 through 12 – NavWeaps\""}]},{"reference":"\"38–37 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES\". www.quarryhs.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2017-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180316011259/http://quarryhs.co.uk/ammotable6.html","url_text":"\"38–37 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES\""},{"url":"http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/ammotable6.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Navy, Royal Australian. \"3-Pounder saluting guns\". navy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160204002039/http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Oct2013/Events/492/3-Pounder-saluting-guns.htm#.VBKwgaPgWoY","url_text":"\"3-Pounder saluting guns\""},{"url":"http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Oct2013/Events/492/3-Pounder-saluting-guns.htm#.VBKwgaPgWoY","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Media, Defence News and (7 July 2017). \"Defence News and Media\". defence.gov.au. Retrieved 7 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.defence.gov.au/","url_text":"\"Defence News and Media\""}]},{"reference":"DiGiulian, Tony. \"Russia / USSR 47 mm (1.85\") [3-pdr] – NavWeaps\". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNRussian_47mm_Hotchkiss.htm","url_text":"\"Russia / USSR 47 mm (1.85\") [3-pdr] – NavWeaps\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMMS Brisbane\". www.ammsbrisbane.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120313004634/http://www.ammsbrisbane.com/documentation/hotchkiss_1.html","url_text":"\"AMMS Brisbane\""},{"url":"http://www.ammsbrisbane.com/documentation/hotchkiss_1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weyant, Hervé. \"Mémorial Maginot de Haute-Alsace\". www.maginot68.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maginot68.com/pages/racine.php?rubrique=photos&page=travaux1","url_text":"\"Mémorial Maginot de Haute-Alsace\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-459-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-459-2","url_text":"978-0-87021-459-2"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-100-7","url_text":"978-1-84832-100-7"}]},{"reference":"Langensiepen, Bernd & Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-610-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-610-1","url_text":"978-0-85177-610-1"}]},{"reference":"Tym, Wacław; Rzepniewski, Andrzej (1985). Kępa Oksywska 1939: relacja uczestników walk lądowych [Oksywska Fort 1939: Relations of Combatants on Land] (in Polish). Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie. ISBN 978-83-215-7210-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-215-7210-9","url_text":"978-83-215-7210-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteur_M%C3%A9tayer
Buteur Métayer
["1 Notes"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Buteur Métayer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Buteur Métayer (c. 1970 – June 8, 2005) was a gang leader in Haiti during the 2004 Haiti rebellion. Following the assassination of his brother, Amiot Métayer, in 2003, he became the leader of his brother's gang, then known as the "Cannibal Army". He renamed the gang the "Revolutionary Artibonite Resistance Front" and participated in the seizure of the northern city of Gonaïves at the start of the rebellion against Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide on February 5, 2004. On February 19, he declared himself the president of the "liberated" parts of Haiti as a new state called "Artibonite" and renamed the rebel group again, this time as the National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Haiti. In June 2005, he died of kidney failure in Gonaïves. Some of his supporters claim that he had been poisoned. Notes ^ Marx, Gary (February 12, 2004). "Haitian 'Cannibal Army' leader orchestrates chaos to force Aristide's ouster". Highbeam. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2010. This Haitian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to the North American military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAC_Championship_Car
List of USAC Championship Car seasons
["1 Seasons","1.1 USAC Championship Trail","1.2 Championship Racing League (CRL)","1.3 USAC Gold Crown Championship","2 References","3 See also"]
A. J. Foyt driving a Championship Car in 1984 From 1956 to 1978, the United States Auto Club (USAC) sanctioned Championship Car class featured the top teams and drivers in U.S. open-wheel racing. Until 1971, races included road courses, ovals, dirt courses, and, on occasion, a hill climb. Thereafter, the schedule consisted mainly of paved ovals. In 1979, the majority of car owners left the USAC to race under the auspices of Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART). This led to a decline in the number of events in the schedule, and by the 1984–85 season, the Championship comprised only one race, the Indianapolis 500. The era of USAC Championship Cars concluded with the formation of the Indy Racing League (IRL) in 1995, which was sanctioned by USAC until June 1997 when the IRL assumed officiating duties after the controversial finish of the 81st Indianapolis 500 and a scoring mistake that marred the following event. The most successful driver in USAC Championship Car history was A. J. Foyt with seven National Championships and four Indianapolis 500 victories. Foyt competed in every season from 1957 to 1992–93. Seasons USAC Championship Trail # Season Races National Champion Indianapolis 500 Drivers Ref Dirt Oval Hill Climb Paved Oval Road Total Ranked Fatalities 1 1956 8 (1) (1) 4 (1) - 12 (3) Jimmy Bryan Pat Flaherty 36 - 2 1957 9 (1) (1) 4 (3) - 13 (5) Jimmy Bryan Sam Hanks 41 1 3 1958 8 (1) (1) 5 (3) - 13 (5) Tony Bettenhausen Jimmy Bryan 38 3 4 1959 7 (1) (1) 6 (1) - 13 (3) Rodger Ward Rodger Ward 50 7 5 1960 7 (1) (1) 5 - 12 (2) A. J. Foyt Jim Rathmann 45 1 6 1961 7 (1) 5 - 12 (1) A. J. Foyt A. J. Foyt 43 2 7 1962 7 (1) 6 - 13 (1) Rodger Ward Rodger Ward 39 1 8 1963 6 (1) 6 - 12 (1) A. J. Foyt Parnelli Jones 36 - 9 1964 5 (1) 8 - 13 (1) A. J. Foyt A. J. Foyt 46 4 10 1965 4 1 12 1 18 Mario Andretti Jim Clark 57 - 11 1966 4 1 10 1 (1) 16 (1) Mario Andretti Graham Hill 57 1 12 1967 4 1 10 6 21 A. J. Foyt A. J. Foyt 62 - 13 1968 5 1 13 9 28 Bobby Unser Bobby Unser 68 2 14 1969 5 1 10 8 24 Mario Andretti Mario Andretti 72 - 15 1970 5 (1) 10 3 18 (1) Al Unser Al Unser 55 - 16 1971 - - 12 - 12 Joe Leonard Al Unser 44 - 17 1972 - - 10 - 10 Joe Leonard Mark Donohue 42 1 18 1973 - - 16 - 16 Roger McCluskey Gordon Johncock 36 3 19 1974 - - 14 - 14 Bobby Unser Johnny Rutherford 37 - 20 1975 - - 13 - 13 A. J. Foyt Bobby Unser 38 - 21 1976 - - 13 - 13 Gordon Johncock Johnny Rutherford 39 - 22 1977 - - 13 1 14 Tom Sneva A. J. Foyt 41 - 23 1978 - - 15 3 18 Tom Sneva Al Unser 45 - 24 1979 - - 7 - 7 A. J. Foyt Rick Mears 32 - Championship Racing League (CRL) # Season Races National Champion Indianapolis 500 Drivers Ref Paved Oval Road Total Ranked Fatalities 25 1980 4 1 5 Johnny Rutherford Johnny Rutherford 57 - USAC Gold Crown Championship # Season Races National Champion Indianapolis 500 Drivers Ref Dirt Oval Paved Oval Total Ranked Fatalities 26 1981–82 3 3 6 George Snider Bobby Unser* 51 1 Gordon Johncock* 27 1982–83 3 1 4 Tom Sneva 39 - 28 1983–84 1 1 2 Rick Mears 39 - 29 1984–85 - 1 1 Danny Sullivan 32 - 30 1985–86 - 1 1 Bobby Rahal 33 - 31 1986–87 - 1 1 Al Unser 33 - 32 1987–88 - 1 1 Rick Mears 33 - 33 1988–89 - 1 1 Emerson Fittipaldi 33 - 34 1989–90 - 1 1 Arie Luyendyk 33 - 35 1990–91 - 1 1 Rick Mears 33 - 36 1991–92 - 1 1 Al Unser Jr. 33 1 37 1992–93 - 1 1 Emerson Fittipaldi 33 - 38 1993–94 - 1 1 Al Unser Jr. 33 - 39 1994–95 - 1 1 Jacques Villeneuve 33 - * The 1981-82 season included both the 65th and 66th Indianapolis 500 races. ( ) Figures in parentheses denote the number of non-championship races in that season. References ^ "Indy Racing League takes scoring, timing from USAC". Las Vegas Sun. June 17, 1997. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1956". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1956 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1957". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1957 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1958". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1958 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1959". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1959 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1960". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1960 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1961". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1961 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1962". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1962 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1963". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1963 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1964". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1964 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1965". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1965 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1966". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1966 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1967". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1967 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1968". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1968 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1969". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1969 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1970". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1970 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1971". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1971 USAC Marlboro Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1972". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1972 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1973". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1973 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1974". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1974 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1975". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1975 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1976". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1976 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1977". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1977 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1978". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1978 USAC National Championship Citicorp Cup". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1979". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1979 USAC National Championship Trail". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1980". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1980 Championship Racing League". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1982". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1981-82 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1983". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1982-83 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ Åberg, Andreas. "USAC National Championship 1984". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1983-84 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1984-85 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1985-86 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1986-87 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1987-88 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1988-89 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1989-90 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1990-91 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1991-92 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1992-93 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1993-94 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. ^ "1994-95 Gold Crown Championship". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25. See also List of American Championship Car winners List of American Championship Car Rookie of the Year Winners Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year List of Indianapolis 500 winners vteAAA Championship Cars (1905–1955)Seasons 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942–1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Indianapolis 500s 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943–1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 National Champions Billy Arnold Henry Banks Tony Bettenhausen Jimmy Bryan Bob Carey Gaston Chevrolet Bill Cummings Pete DePaolo (twice) Sam Hanks Harry Hartz Eddie Hearne Ted Horn (three times) Rex Mays (twice) Louis Meyer (three times) Tommy Milton Jimmy Murphy (twice) Barney Oldfield Johnnie Parsons Kelly Petillo Dario Resta Floyd Roberts Mauri Rose Louis Schneider Wilbur Shaw (twice) Chuck Stevenson Bob Sweikert AAA Contest BoardYears marked in italics are not official championship years. vteUSAC Championship Cars (1956-1970)Seasons 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Indianapolis 500s 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 National Champions Mario Andretti (three times) Tony Bettenhausen Jimmy Bryan (twice) A. J. Foyt (five times) Al Unser Bobby Unser Rodger Ward (twice) Tracks Arizona State Fair Atlanta Brainerd California State Fair Continental Divide Darlington Daytona Dover DuQuoin State Fair Hanford Illinois State Fair Indianapolis Indianapolis Raceway Park Indiana State Fair Lakewood Langhorne Michigan Michigan State Fair Milwaukee Missouri State Fair Mont-Tremblant Mosport Nazareth New York State Fair Ontario Phoenix Pikes Peak Riverside Stardust Sears Point Seattle Trenton vteUSAC Championship Cars (1971–1995)Seasons 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 Indianapolis 500s 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 National Champions Emerson Fittipaldi (twice) A. J. Foyt (twice) Gordon Johncock Joe Leonard (twice) Arie Luyendyk Roger McCluskey Rick Mears (three times) Bobby Rahal Johnny Rutherford Tom Sneva (three times) George Snider Danny Sullivan Al Unser Al Unser Jr. (twice) Bobby Unser Jacques Villeneuve Tracks Atlanta Brands Hatch DuQuoin State Fair Illinois State Fair Indianapolis Indiana State Fair Michigan Mid-Ohio Milwaukee Mosport Nazareth Ontario Phoenix Pocono Rafaela Silverstone Texas World Trenton vteChampionship Auto Racing Teams/Champ Car World Series (1979–2008)Leadership Dan Gurney Pat Patrick Roger Penske John Frasco John Camponigro Johnny Capels Bill Stokkan Andrew Craig Bobby Rahal Joe Heitzler Chris Pook Gerald Forsythe Paul Gentilozzi Kevin Kalkhoven Title/Presenting Sponsors PPG Industries (1980–1997) FedEx (1998–2002) Bridgestone (2003–2006) Major Events Indianapolis 500 (1979–1980, 1983–1995) California 500 (1979–1980, 1997–2002) Michigan 500 (1981–2001) Pocono 500 (1982–1989) Grand Prix of Long Beach (1984–2008) Meadowlands Grand Prix (1984–1991) Marlboro Challenge (1987–1992) Seasons 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Indianapolis 500s 1979 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Champions Mario Andretti Michael Andretti Sébastien Bourdais (four-time) Gil de Ferran (two-time) Emerson Fittipaldi Nigel Mansell Cristiano da Matta Rick Mears (three-time) Juan Pablo Montoya Bobby Rahal (three-time) Johnny Rutherford Danny Sullivan Paul Tracy Al Unser (two-time) Al Unser Jr. (two-time) Jimmy Vasser Jacques Villeneuve Alex Zanardi (two-time) TracksU.S.Ovals Atlanta California Chicago Gateway Homestead Indianapolis Las Vegas Loudon Michigan Milwaukee Nazareth Ontario Phoenix Pocono Texas Trenton Road courses Laguna Seca Mid-Ohio Portland Riverside Road America Watkins Glen Street circuits Cleveland Denver (Civic Center) Denver (Pepsi Center) Detroit (Belle Isle Park) Detroit (Downtown) Hawaii Houston (Downtown) Houston (Reliant Park) Las Vegas (Caesars Palace) Las Vegas (Downtown) Long Beach Meadowlands Miami (Bayfront Park) Miami (Bicentennial Park) Miami (Tamiami Park) St. Petersburg San Jose InternationalOvals Lausitzring (GER) Motegi (JPN) Rio (BRA) Rockingham (UK) Sanair (CAN) Road courses Assen (NED) Brands Hatch (UK) Mexico City (MEX) Montreal (CAN) Mont-Tremblant (CAN) Zolder (BEL) Street circuits Edmonton (CAN) Monterrey (MEX) Surfers Paradise (AUS) Toronto (CAN) Vancouver (CAN) Feeder series Indy Lights Champ Car Atlantics Star Mazda Series Barber Dodge Pro Series TV broadcasters ABC Sports (1979–2001, 2007) CBS Sports (1989–1991, 1995, 2002–2003, 2005–2007) ESPN/ESPN2 (1981–2001, 2007) FOX (2002) NBC Sports (1979–1990, 1994, 2005–2007) Spike TV (2004) SPEED (2002–2003, 2005–2006) Lists Champions Circuits Drivers Fatalities Non-qualifiers Points Systems Pole winners Races Rookies of the Year Teams Winners (CART/Champ Car, All-time) Topics AAA USAC IRL History of IndyCar racing Andretti curse Cosworth Carl Haas Ilmor March Master Settlement Agreement Newman/Haas Racing Panoz DP01 Triple Crown Vanderbilt Cup vteIndyCar SeriesLeadership Tony George (1996–2009) Randy Bernard (2010–2012) Mark Miles (2013–2019) Roger Penske (2020–present) Title sponsors Pep Boys (1998–1999) Northern Light Group (2000–2001) Firestone (2002) Izod (2010–2013) Verizon (2014–2018) NTT Data (2019–present) Major events Indianapolis 500 (1996–present) Texas 600K (1997–2023) Hy-Vee IndyCar Race Weekend (2007–2020, 2022–present) Grand Prix of Long Beach (2009–present) Grand Prix of Indianapolis (2014–present) IZOD IndyCar World Championships (2011) California 500 (2012–2015) Pocono 500 (2014–2019) Seasons 1996 1996–97 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Indianapolis 500s 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Champions Kenny Bräck Buzz Calkins Scott Dixon (six times) Dario Franchitti (four times) Sam Hornish Jr. (three times) Ryan Hunter-Reay Tony Kanaan Buddy Lazier Josef Newgarden (twice) Simon Pagenaud Álex Palou (twice) Will Power (twice) Greg Ray Scott Sharp Tony Stewart Dan Wheldon TracksOvals Gateway Indianapolis (Oval) Iowa Milwaukee Nashville (Oval) Road courses Barber Indianapolis (Road Course) Laguna Seca Mid-Ohio Portland Road America Street circuits Detroit Long Beach St. Petersburg Toronto Former Atlanta Austin Baltimore Charlotte Chicago Chicagoland Dover Edmonton Fontana Homestead Houston Kansas Kentucky Las Vegas Michigan Motegi Nashville (Street) Nazareth New Hampshire NOLA Phoenix Pikes Peak Pocono Richmond São Paulo Sonoma Surfers Paradise (NC) Texas Walt Disney World Watkins Glen Cancelled Boston Brasília Qingdao Road to Indy Indy NXT Indy Pro 2000 U.S. F2000 USF Juniors Media Broadcasting ABC (1996–2018) CBS (1997–1999) ESPN/ESPN2 (1997–2008) Fox Sports Net (1998–1999) IMS Radio Network (1996–present) NBC (2019–present) NBCSN (2012–2021) Peacock (2021–present) Speedvision (1998–1999) TNN (1998–1999) USA (2020, 2022–present) Versus (2009–2011) Side-by-side Lists All-time winners Champions Drivers Fatalities Female drivers Points Systems Races Rookies of the Year Teams Tracks Video games Ownership Hulman & Company (1996–2019) Penske Corporation (2020–present) Related topics IndyCar CART Champ Car History of IndyCar racing AAA Astor Cup Triple Crown U.S. 500 Dallara SAFER barrier Master Settlement Agreement USAC
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Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Ray"},{"title":"Scott Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Sharp"},{"title":"Tony Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stewart"},{"title":"Dan Wheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Wheldon"},{"title":"Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IndyCar_Series_racetracks"},{"title":"Ovals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_track_racing"},{"title":"Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Motorsports_Park"},{"title":"Indianapolis (Oval)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway"},{"title":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Speedway"},{"title":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Mile"},{"title":"Nashville (Oval)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Superspeedway"},{"title":"Road courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_racing"},{"title":"Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_Motorsports_Park"},{"title":"Indianapolis (Road Course)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway#IndyCar_Grand_Prix"},{"title":"Laguna Seca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeatherTech_Raceway_Laguna_Seca"},{"title":"Mid-Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Ohio_Sports_Car_Course"},{"title":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_International_Raceway"},{"title":"Road America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_America"},{"title":"Street circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_circuit"},{"title":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Grand_Prix_(IndyCar)"},{"title":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acura_Grand_Prix_of_Long_Beach"},{"title":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone_Grand_Prix_of_St._Petersburg"},{"title":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Indy_Toronto"},{"title":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway"},{"title":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas"},{"title":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Baltimore"},{"title":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Motor_Speedway"},{"title":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Motor_Speedway"},{"title":"Chicagoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagoland_Speedway"},{"title":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway"},{"title":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Indy"},{"title":"Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_Club_Speedway"},{"title":"Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead%E2%80%93Miami_Speedway"},{"title":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Houston"},{"title":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Speedway"},{"title":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Speedway"},{"title":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway"},{"title":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_International_Speedway"},{"title":"Motegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Ring_Motegi"},{"title":"Nashville (Street)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_City_Grand_Prix"},{"title":"Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth_Speedway"},{"title":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Motor_Speedway"},{"title":"NOLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOLA_Motorsports_Park"},{"title":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Raceway"},{"title":"Pikes Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikes_Peak_International_Raceway"},{"title":"Pocono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Raceway"},{"title":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Raceway"},{"title":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Street_Circuit"},{"title":"Sonoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_Raceway"},{"title":"Surfers Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfers_Paradise_Street_Circuit"},{"title":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Motor_Speedway"},{"title":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Speedway"},{"title":"Watkins Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International"},{"title":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Boston"},{"title":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Internacional_Nelson_Piquet_(Bras%C3%ADlia)"},{"title":"Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"title":"Road to Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_Indy"},{"title":"Indy NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_NXT"},{"title":"Indy Pro 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Pro_2000_Championship"},{"title":"U.S. F2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._F2000_National_Championship"},{"title":"USF Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USF_Juniors"},{"title":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar_Series_on_ABC"},{"title":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports"},{"title":"ESPN/ESPN2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_SpeedWorld"},{"title":"Fox Sports Net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_Networks"},{"title":"IMS Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_Radio_Network"},{"title":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar_Series_on_NBC"},{"title":"NBCSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCSN"},{"title":"Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)"},{"title":"Speedvision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(TV_network)"},{"title":"TNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Network#History"},{"title":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"title":"Versus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCSN#As_Versus"},{"title":"Side-by-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-by-side_(graphic)"},{"title":"All-time winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Championship_Car_winners"},{"title":"Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_open-wheel_racing_national_champions"},{"title":"Drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IndyCar_Series_drivers"},{"title":"Fatalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IndyCar_fatalities"},{"title":"Female drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Female_IndyCar_Series_drivers"},{"title":"Points Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Championship_car_racing_points_scoring_systems"},{"title":"Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indycar_races"},{"title":"Rookies of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Championship_Car_Rookie_of_the_Year_Winners"},{"title":"Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IndyCar_Series_teams"},{"title":"Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IndyCar_Series_racetracks"},{"title":"Video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:IndyCar_Series_video_games"},{"title":"Hulman & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulman_%26_Company"},{"title":"Penske Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Corporation"},{"title":"IndyCar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar"},{"title":"CART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Auto_Racing_Teams"},{"title":"Champ Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_Car_World_Series"},{"title":"History of IndyCar racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_open-wheel_car_racing"},{"title":"AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_Contest_Board"},{"title":"Astor Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astor_Cup_(auto_race)"},{"title":"Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_(IndyCar)"},{"title":"U.S. 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_500"},{"title":"Dallara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallara"},{"title":"SAFER barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFER_barrier"},{"title":"Master Settlement Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement"},{"title":"USAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club"}]
[{"reference":"\"Indy Racing League takes scoring, timing from USAC\". Las Vegas Sun. June 17, 1997. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://lasvegassun.com/news/1997/jun/17/indy-racing-league-takes-scoring-timing-from-usac/","url_text":"\"Indy Racing League takes scoring, timing from USAC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sun","url_text":"Las Vegas Sun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160301193240/http://lasvegassun.com/news/1997/jun/17/indy-racing-league-takes-scoring-timing-from-usac/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1956\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1956/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1956\""}]},{"reference":"\"1956 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1956.htm","url_text":"\"1956 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1957\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1957/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1957\""}]},{"reference":"\"1957 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1957.htm","url_text":"\"1957 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1958\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1958/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1958\""}]},{"reference":"\"1958 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1958.htm","url_text":"\"1958 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1959\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1959/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1959\""}]},{"reference":"\"1959 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1959.htm","url_text":"\"1959 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1960\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1960/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1960\""}]},{"reference":"\"1960 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1960.htm","url_text":"\"1960 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1961\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1961/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"1961 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1961.htm","url_text":"\"1961 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1962\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1962/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1962\""}]},{"reference":"\"1962 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1962.htm","url_text":"\"1962 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1963\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1963/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1963\""}]},{"reference":"\"1963 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1963.htm","url_text":"\"1963 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1964\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1964/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1964\""}]},{"reference":"\"1964 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1964.htm","url_text":"\"1964 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1965\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1965/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1965\""}]},{"reference":"\"1965 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1965.htm","url_text":"\"1965 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1966\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1966/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1966\""}]},{"reference":"\"1966 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1966.htm","url_text":"\"1966 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1967\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1967/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1967\""}]},{"reference":"\"1967 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1967.htm","url_text":"\"1967 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1968\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1968/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1968\""}]},{"reference":"\"1968 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1968.htm","url_text":"\"1968 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1969\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1969/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1969\""}]},{"reference":"\"1969 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1969.htm","url_text":"\"1969 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1970\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1970/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1970\""}]},{"reference":"\"1970 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1970.htm","url_text":"\"1970 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1971\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1971/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1971\""}]},{"reference":"\"1971 USAC Marlboro Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1971.htm","url_text":"\"1971 USAC Marlboro Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1972\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1972/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1972\""}]},{"reference":"\"1972 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1972.htm","url_text":"\"1972 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1973\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1973/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1973\""}]},{"reference":"\"1973 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1973.htm","url_text":"\"1973 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1974\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1974/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1974\""}]},{"reference":"\"1974 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1974.htm","url_text":"\"1974 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1975\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1975/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1975\""}]},{"reference":"\"1975 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1975.htm","url_text":"\"1975 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1976\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1976/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1976\""}]},{"reference":"\"1976 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1976.htm","url_text":"\"1976 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1977\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1977/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"1977 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1977.htm","url_text":"\"1977 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1978\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1978/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1978\""}]},{"reference":"\"1978 USAC National Championship Citicorp Cup\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1978.htm","url_text":"\"1978 USAC National Championship Citicorp Cup\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1979\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1979/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1979\""}]},{"reference":"\"1979 USAC National Championship Trail\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1979u.htm","url_text":"\"1979 USAC National Championship Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1980\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1980/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1980\""}]},{"reference":"\"1980 Championship Racing League\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1980.htm","url_text":"\"1980 Championship Racing League\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1982\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1982/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1982\""}]},{"reference":"\"1981-82 Gold Crown Championship\". ChampCarStats.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1981-82.htm","url_text":"\"1981-82 Gold Crown Championship\""}]},{"reference":"Åberg, Andreas. \"USAC National Championship 1983\". Driver Database. Retrieved 2009-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.driverdb.com/standings/980-1983/","url_text":"\"USAC National Championship 1983\""}]},{"reference":"\"1982-83 Gold Crown Championship\". ChampCarStats.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(-)-menthol_monooxygenase
(−)-menthol monooxygenase
["1 Uses","2 References"]
Class of enzymes (−)-menthol monooxygenaseIdentifiersEC no.1.14.13.46CAS no.117590-75-7 DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins In enzymology, a (−)-menthol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.46) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction (−)-menthol + NADPH + H+ + O2 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } p-menthane-3,8-diol + NADP+ + H2O The 4 substrates of this enzyme are (−)-menthol, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are p-menthane-3,8-diol, NADP+, and H2O. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (−)-menthol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (8-hydroxylating). This enzyme is also called l-menthol monooxygenase. Uses Use of (−)-menthol monooxygenase has been explored by several companies including Procter & Gamble for cleaning products. References ^ "Cleaning compositions comprising a specific oxygenase"|Alfons, Ivan Maurice et al.|https://patents.google.com/patent/EP1002040B2/en ^ "Methods for conducting assays for enzyme activity on protein microarrays"|Zhou, Fang X.; Schweitzer, Barry| https://patents.google.com/patent/US7635572B2/en?oq=US7635572B2 ^ "Cleaning compositions contain a specific oxygenase"|Barnabas, Mary et al.|https://patents.google.com/patent/DE69727704T3/en Madyastha KM, Srivatsan V (1988). "Studies on the metabolism of l-menthol in rats". Drug Metab. Dispos. 16 (5): 765–72. PMID 2906604. vteOxidoreductases: dioxygenases, including steroid hydroxylases (EC 1.14)1.14.11: 2-oxoglutarate Prolyl hydroxylase HIF prolyl-hydroxylase EGLN1 EGLN2 EGLN3 P4HTM Lysyl hydroxylase AlkB ALKBH1 FTO 1.14.13: NADH or NADPH Flavin-containing monooxygenase FMO1 FMO2 FMO3 FMO4 FMO5 Nitric oxide synthase NOS1 NOS2 NOS3 Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase Methane monooxygenase 3A4 14α-demethylase 24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1.14.14: reduced flavin or flavoprotein 19A1 2D6 2E1 1.14.15: reduced iron–sulfur protein 11B1 11B2 11A1 1.14.16: reduced pteridine (BH4 dependent) Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosine hydroxylase Tryptophan hydroxylase 1.14.17: reduced ascorbate Dopamine beta-hydroxylase 1.14.18-19: other Tyrosinase Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 1.14.99 - miscellaneous Cyclooxygenase Heme oxygenase (HMOX1) Squalene monooxygenase 17A1 21A2 Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) Portal: Biology This EC 1.14.13 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_People_Society
New People Society
["1 References"]
The New Peoples' Society (Chinese: 新民會; Pinyin: Xīnmín huì) was established on 11 January 1920. It was the first organization for political movement, created by Taiwanese students in Japan during the Japanese rule of Taiwan. References ^ 杜武志 (2002-03-25). "〈皇民化運動與臺灣文化〉". 《臺北文獻》 (直字第139期). 臺北市文獻委員會: 172. ^ 陳君愷 (2006). 《狂飆的年代──1920年代台灣的政治、社會與文化運動》. 日創社文化. ISBN 978-986-81251-7-9. This ROC (Taiwanese) politics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Taiwanese organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullorsuaq_Strait
Sullorsuaq Strait
["1 Geography","2 Settlement","3 History","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 70°12′N 53°00′W / 70.200°N 53.000°W / 70.200; -53.000Sullorsuaq Straitclass=notpageimage| Location within Greenland Sullorsuaq Strait (old spelling: Suvdlorssuaq, Danish: Vaigat) is a strait on the western coast of Greenland. Geography Sullorsuaq Strait looking from the northeast with Nuussuaq Peninsula shoreline on the foreground and Qeqertarsuaq Island on the horizon. The strait separates Nuussuaq Peninsula in the northeast from Qeqertarsuaq Island in the southwest. The strait waterway connects inner Disko Bay in the southeast with Baffin Bay in the northwest. Qeqertarsuatsiaq Island is located in the northeastern mouth of the strait, where it opens into Baffin Bay. At the southeastern end, the large Alluttoq Island is located in the outlet of the strait, at the confluence with Disko Bay. Settlement Saqqaq is the only settlement in the area, located in the southern part on the shores of Nuussuaq Peninsula. The former coal mining settlement of Qullissat, founded in 1924, was located on the northeast coast of Disko Island and grew into one of Greenland's larger settlements. Qullissat was abandoned in 1972, and the entire northern coast of Disko Island is now uninhabited. History Archaeological excavations in Qilakitsoq on the northeastern shore revealed the existence of an ancient Arctic culture later named the Saqqaq culture, which is the archaeological designation of the earliest Palaeo-Eskimo culture of west and southeast part of Greenland. The natives inhabited the area of west-central Greenland between 2500 BCE and 800 BCE. Major landslides have struck Sullorsuaq Strait since prehistoric times, sometimes generating tsunamis or megatsunamis: Research indicates that nine large tsunamigenic landslides struck the strait in prehistoric times during the Holocene, seven of them from the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula and two from the northern coast of Disko Island. Seven of the landslides apparently occurred between about 8,020 BC and 6,520 BC with unidentified tsunamigenic effects. The two most recent prehistoric landslides generated megatsunamis which struck Alluttoq Island, the first sometime around 5,650 BC with a run-up height of 41 to 66 metres (135 to 217 ft), and another that struck around 5,350 BC with a run-up height of 45 to 70 metres (148 to 230 ft). On 15 December 1952, an 80-metre (262 ft) thick landslide began at a height of 500 to 700 metres (1,640 to 2,297 ft) on a slope of the mountain Niiortuut (70°20′56″N 53°10′41″W / 70.349°N 053.178°W / 70.349; -053.178 (Niiortuut)) on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula and traveled 2,750 metres (3,007 yd). Between 1,800,000 and 4,500,000 cubic metres (2,400,000 and 5,900,000 cu yd) of material entered the strait, creating 4.7 hectares (12 acres) of new land extending 90 metres (295 ft) into the strait and generating a tsunami. With a run-up height of 4.5 to 7.7 metres (15 to 25 ft), the wave struck a group of four fishermen 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula, killing one of them. Then it struck the town of Qullissat 30 kilometres (19 mi) away on Disko Island, where it had a run-up height of 2.2 to 2.7 metres (7 ft 3 in to 8 ft 10 in). On 21 November 2020, a 90,000,000-cubic-metre (120,000,000 cu yd) landslide with a mass of 260,000,000 tons fell from an elevation of 1,000 to 1,400 metres (3,300 to 4,600 ft) at Paatuut on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula, reaching a speed of 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph). About 30,000,000 cubic metres (39,000,000 cu yd) of material with a mass of 87,000,000 tons entered the strait, generating a megatsunami. The wave had a run-up height of 50 metres (164 ft) near the landslide and 28 metres (92 ft) at the former site of Qullissat, 20 kilometres (11 nmi; 12 mi) away, where it inundated the coast as far as 100 metres (328 ft) inland. Refracted energy from the tsunami created a wave with a run-up height of 3 metres (9.8 ft) that destroyed boats at Saqqaq, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the landslide. An unwitnessed landslide from an elevation of 600 to 880 metres (2,000 to 2,900 ft) consisting of 18,300,000 to 25,900,000 cubic metres (23,900,000 to 33,900,000 cu yd) of frozen debris and rock occurred at Assapaat (70°19′09″N 052°59′48″W / 70.31917°N 52.99667°W / 70.31917; -52.99667 (Assapaat)) on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula on 13 June 2021. About 3,900,000 cubic metres (5,100,000 cu yd) of material entered the strait but apparently did not generate a tsunami. See also Thule people References ^ Nuussuaq, Saga Map, Tage Schjøtt, 1992 ^ Qeqertarsuup Tunua, Saga Map, Tage Schjøtt, 1992 ^ The Greenland Research Centre Archived 2011-04-19 at the Wayback Machine at the National Museum of Denmark ^ Korsgaard, Niels J.; Svennevig, Kristian; Søndergaard, Anne S.; Luetzenburg, Gregor; Oksman, Mimmi; Larsen, Nicolaj K. (13 March 2023). "Giant mid-Holocene landslide-generated tsunamis recorded in lake sediments from Saqqaq, West Greenland". copernicus.org. European Geosciences Union. Retrieved 12 October 2023. ^ Svennevig, Kristian; Keiding, Marie; Korsgaard, Niels Jákup; Lucas, Antoine; Owen, Matthew; Poulsen, Majken Djurhuus; Priebe, Janina; Sørensen, Erik Vest; Morino, Costanza (10 February 2023). "Uncovering a 70-year-old permafrost degradation induced disaster in the Arctic, the 1952 Niiortuut landslide-tsunami in central West Greenland". sciencedirect.com. Science Direct. Retrieved 13 October 2023. ^ Dahl-Jensen, Trine; Larsen, Lotte; Pedersen, Stig; Pedersen, Jerrik; Jepsen, Hans; Pedersen, Gunver; Nielsen, Tove; Pedersen, Asger; Von Platen-Hallermund, Frants; Weng, Willy (2004). "Landslide and Tsunami 21 November 2000 in Paatuut, West Greenland". repec.org. Ideas. Retrieved 14 October 2023. ^ Svennevig, Kristian; Hermanns, Reginald L.; Keiding, Marie; Binder, Daniel; Citterio, Michelle; Dahl-Jensen, Trine; Mertl, Stefan; Sørensen, Erik Vest; Voss, Peter H. (23 July 2022). "A large frozen debris avalanche entraining warming permafrost ground—the June 2021 Assapaat landslide, West Greenland". springer.com. Springer Link. Retrieved 14 October 2023. External links Media related to Sullorsuaq Strait at Wikimedia Commons 70°12′N 53°00′W / 70.200°N 53.000°W / 70.200; -53.000
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greenland_edcp_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greenland_edcp_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"}],"text":"Sullorsuaq Straitclass=notpageimage| Location within GreenlandSullorsuaq Strait (old spelling: Suvdlorssuaq, Danish: Vaigat) is a strait on the western coast of Greenland.","title":"Sullorsuaq Strait"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sullorsuaq-strait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nuussuaq Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuussuaq_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Qeqertarsuaq Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Disko Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_Bay"},{"link_name":"Baffin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Bay"},{"link_name":"Qeqertarsuatsiaq Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeqertarsuatsiaq_Island"},{"link_name":"Alluttoq Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluttoq_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sullorsuaq Strait looking from the northeast with Nuussuaq Peninsula shoreline on the foreground and Qeqertarsuaq Island on the horizon.The strait separates Nuussuaq Peninsula in the northeast from Qeqertarsuaq Island in the southwest.[1] The strait waterway connects inner Disko Bay in the southeast with Baffin Bay in the northwest. Qeqertarsuatsiaq Island is located in the northeastern mouth of the strait, where it opens into Baffin Bay. At the southeastern end, the large Alluttoq Island is located in the outlet of the strait, at the confluence with Disko Bay.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saqqaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqaq"},{"link_name":"coal mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"Qullissat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullissat"},{"link_name":"Disko Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_Island"}],"text":"Saqqaq is the only settlement in the area, located in the southern part on the shores of Nuussuaq Peninsula. The former coal mining settlement of Qullissat, founded in 1924, was located on the northeast coast of Disko Island and grew into one of Greenland's larger settlements. Qullissat was abandoned in 1972, and the entire northern coast of Disko Island is now uninhabited.","title":"Settlement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qilakitsoq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qilakitsoq"},{"link_name":"Saqqaq culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqaq_culture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tsunamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"megatsunamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami"},{"link_name":"landslides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"Alluttoq Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluttoq_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Niiortuut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niiortuut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"70°20′56″N 53°10′41″W / 70.349°N 053.178°W / 70.349; -053.178 (Niiortuut)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sullorsuaq_Strait&params=70.349_N_053.178_W_&title=Niiortuut"},{"link_name":"Qullissat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullissat"},{"link_name":"Disko Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Paatuut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paatuut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Assapaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assapaat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"70°19′09″N 052°59′48″W / 70.31917°N 52.99667°W / 70.31917; -52.99667 (Assapaat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sullorsuaq_Strait&params=70_19_09_N_052_59_48_W_&title=Assapaat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Archaeological excavations in Qilakitsoq on the northeastern shore revealed the existence of an ancient Arctic culture later named the Saqqaq culture, which is the archaeological designation of the earliest Palaeo-Eskimo culture of west and southeast part of Greenland. The natives inhabited the area of west-central Greenland between 2500 BCE and 800 BCE.[3]Major landslides have struck Sullorsuaq Strait since prehistoric times, sometimes generating tsunamis or megatsunamis:Research indicates that nine large tsunamigenic landslides struck the strait in prehistoric times during the Holocene, seven of them from the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula and two from the northern coast of Disko Island. Seven of the landslides apparently occurred between about 8,020 BC and 6,520 BC with unidentified tsunamigenic effects. The two most recent prehistoric landslides generated megatsunamis which struck Alluttoq Island, the first sometime around 5,650 BC with a run-up height of 41 to 66 metres (135 to 217 ft), and another that struck around 5,350 BC with a run-up height of 45 to 70 metres (148 to 230 ft).[4]\nOn 15 December 1952, an 80-metre (262 ft) thick landslide began at a height of 500 to 700 metres (1,640 to 2,297 ft) on a slope of the mountain Niiortuut (70°20′56″N 53°10′41″W / 70.349°N 053.178°W / 70.349; -053.178 (Niiortuut)) on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula and traveled 2,750 metres (3,007 yd). Between 1,800,000 and 4,500,000 cubic metres (2,400,000 and 5,900,000 cu yd) of material entered the strait, creating 4.7 hectares (12 acres) of new land extending 90 metres (295 ft) into the strait and generating a tsunami. With a run-up height of 4.5 to 7.7 metres (15 to 25 ft), the wave struck a group of four fishermen 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula, killing one of them. Then it struck the town of Qullissat 30 kilometres (19 mi) away on Disko Island, where it had a run-up height of 2.2 to 2.7 metres (7 ft 3 in to 8 ft 10 in).[5]\nOn 21 November 2020, a 90,000,000-cubic-metre (120,000,000 cu yd) landslide with a mass of 260,000,000 tons fell from an elevation of 1,000 to 1,400 metres (3,300 to 4,600 ft) at Paatuut on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula, reaching a speed of 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph). About 30,000,000 cubic metres (39,000,000 cu yd) of material with a mass of 87,000,000 tons entered the strait, generating a megatsunami. The wave had a run-up height of 50 metres (164 ft) near the landslide and 28 metres (92 ft) at the former site of Qullissat, 20 kilometres (11 nmi; 12 mi) away, where it inundated the coast as far as 100 metres (328 ft) inland. Refracted energy from the tsunami created a wave with a run-up height of 3 metres (9.8 ft) that destroyed boats at Saqqaq, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the landslide.[6]\nAn unwitnessed landslide from an elevation of 600 to 880 metres (2,000 to 2,900 ft) consisting of 18,300,000 to 25,900,000 cubic metres (23,900,000 to 33,900,000 cu yd) of frozen debris and rock occurred at Assapaat (70°19′09″N 052°59′48″W / 70.31917°N 52.99667°W / 70.31917; -52.99667 (Assapaat)) on the southern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula on 13 June 2021. About 3,900,000 cubic metres (5,100,000 cu yd) of material entered the strait but apparently did not generate a tsunami.[7]","title":"History"}]
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[{"title":"Thule people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule_people"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remember_the_Daze
Remember the Daze
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"]
2007 American filmRemember the DazeTheatrical release posterDirected byJess ManafortWritten byJess ManafortProduced byJess ManafortMathew RhodesJudd PayneStarring Amber Heard Katrina Begin Melonie Diaz Leighton Meester Alexa Vega Marnette Patterson Brie Larson CinematographySteve GainerEdited byLarry BockMeg RetickerMusic byDustin O'HalloranDistributed byFirst Look InternationalFreestyle ReleasingRelease dates August 12, 2007 (2007-08-12) (Los Angeles Film Festival) April 11, 2008 (2008-04-11) (United States) Running time101 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Remember the Daze, originally titled The Beautiful Ordinary, is a 2007 drama film released in theaters in April 2008. The film was directed by Jess Manafort. The plot of the movie has been described as "a glimpse into the teenage wasteland of suburbia 1999 that takes place over 24-hours, and the teenagers who make their way through the last day of high school in the last year of the past millennium." The film was selected as one of the eight films competing in the Narrative Competition at the 2007 Los Angeles Film Festival which took place June 21 – July 1. This was the world premiere of the film. In February 2008, the movie's title was changed from The Beautiful Ordinary. It was released in two theaters in LA, one in New York and one in Washington, D.C., on April 11, 2008, and was released on DVD on June 3, 2008. The movie was filmed primarily in Wilmington, North Carolina, during May 2006. Plot On the last day of school in 1999 several suburban teenagers decide to get high and party. Julia Ford (Amber Heard) feels frustrated because her boyfriend has failed his final year of school and must repeat it. Unsure whether or not to stay with him she decides to try to hook up with her friend Stacey Cherry's (Marnette Patterson) abusive boyfriend hoping that by sleeping with him Stacey will finally leave her boyfriend and Julia will figure out whether or not she wants to stay with her own boyfriend. After her friends tease her about never having a boyfriend Brianne (Melonie Diaz) begins to openly flirt with drug dealer Mod. This incites Dawn's anger since, unbeknownst to the rest of their friends, Brianne and Dawn are secretly dating. Tori (Leighton Meester) plans to take mushrooms with her best friend Sylvia but wants to delay it until after she is done babysitting. When Sylvia takes the mushrooms when they are in charge of the kids Tori decides to join her and the two end up shirking their babysitting duties. Everyone convenes on the football field where a fight breaks out. Julia does not have sex with Stacey's boyfriend as he leaves her mid-make out. Stacey has sex with Riley, who had been desperate to lose his virginity, finally using the fact that she cheated on her boyfriend as an excuse to break up with him. Despite Dawn's willingness to go public with their relationship Brianne insists that they stay closeted. In the morning Thomas, a shy photographer hanging out on the fringes of the group, develops photographs of the events of the previous day. Cast Amber Heard as Julia Ford Melonie Diaz as Brianne Marnette Patterson as Stacey Cherry Alexa Vega as Holly Leighton Meester as Tori Wesley Jonathan as Biz Aaron Himelstein as Riley Chris Marquette as Felix John Robinson as Bailey Lyndsy Fonseca as Dawn Sean Marquette as Mod Khleo Thomas as Dylan Shahine Ezell as Eddie Katrina Begin as Sylvia Charles Chen as Thomas Caroline Dollar as Kiki Max Hoffman as Zack Sunny Doench as Mrs. Turner Moira Kelly as Mrs. Ford Brie Larson as Angie Ford Douglas Smith as Pete Stella Maeve as Lighty Michael Welch as Stephen Robert X. Golphin as Boy No. 2 Neil Strickland as Extra Critical reception On Rotten Tomatoes it has a score of 0% based on reviews from six critics. On Metacritic it had an average score of 36 out of 100, based on reviews from six critics. Peter Debruge of Variety said that the movie "demonstrates considerable promise on the part of its director and her up-and-coming cast" but had no "great secrets or revelations." Laura Kern of The New York Times wrote: "Ultimately, the ensemble of more than twenty featured characters seems as vapid as the intentionally caricatured adults who pop up on occasion. Where are this decade's John Hugheses? Or even the Cameron Crowes?" References ^ "Remember the Daze". Freestylereleasing.com. 11 April 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ^ "Remember the Daze". IMDb.com. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ^ "The Beautiful Ordinary - Movie Info - Yahoo! Movies". 11 March 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. ^ "2007 Festival Line-Up". Los Angeles Film Festival. Archived from the original on 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2007-05-17. ^ "Coming Soon page". Thebeautifulordinary.com. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ^ "Remember the Daze (2008): Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2022-02-22. ^ "Remember the Daze (2008): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2022-02-22. ^ Debruge, Peter (2007-07-05). "Remember the Daze". Variety. Retrieved 2017-10-31. ^ Kern, Laura (11 April 2008). "Highs and Lows". The New York Times. External links Official site Remember the Daze at IMDb Remember the Daze at Box Office Mojo Remember the Daze at AllMovie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jess Manafort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Manafort"},{"link_name":"wasteland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wasteland"},{"link_name":"suburbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbia"},{"link_name":"millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiere"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"Remember the Daze, originally titled The Beautiful Ordinary, is a 2007 drama film released in theaters in April 2008.[2] The film was directed by Jess Manafort. The plot of the movie has been described as \"a glimpse into the teenage wasteland of suburbia 1999 that takes place over 24-hours, and the teenagers who make their way through the last day of high school in the last year of the past millennium.\"[3]The film was selected as one of the eight films competing in the Narrative Competition at the 2007 Los Angeles Film Festival which took place June 21 – July 1.[4] This was the world premiere of the film.In February 2008, the movie's title was changed from The Beautiful Ordinary. It was released in two theaters in LA, one in New York and one in Washington, D.C., on April 11, 2008, and was released on DVD on June 3, 2008.[5] The movie was filmed primarily in Wilmington, North Carolina, during May 2006.","title":"Remember the Daze"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amber Heard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Heard"},{"link_name":"Marnette Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marnette_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Melonie Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melonie_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Leighton Meester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Meester"}],"text":"On the last day of school in 1999 several suburban teenagers decide to get high and party. Julia Ford (Amber Heard) feels frustrated because her boyfriend has failed his final year of school and must repeat it. Unsure whether or not to stay with him she decides to try to hook up with her friend Stacey Cherry's (Marnette Patterson) abusive boyfriend hoping that by sleeping with him Stacey will finally leave her boyfriend and Julia will figure out whether or not she wants to stay with her own boyfriend.After her friends tease her about never having a boyfriend Brianne (Melonie Diaz) begins to openly flirt with drug dealer Mod. This incites Dawn's anger since, unbeknownst to the rest of their friends, Brianne and Dawn are secretly dating.Tori (Leighton Meester) plans to take mushrooms with her best friend Sylvia but wants to delay it until after she is done babysitting. When Sylvia takes the mushrooms when they are in charge of the kids Tori decides to join her and the two end up shirking their babysitting duties.Everyone convenes on the football field where a fight breaks out. Julia does not have sex with Stacey's boyfriend as he leaves her mid-make out. Stacey has sex with Riley, who had been desperate to lose his virginity, finally using the fact that she cheated on her boyfriend as an excuse to break up with him. Despite Dawn's willingness to go public with their relationship Brianne insists that they stay closeted.In the morning Thomas, a shy photographer hanging out on the fringes of the group, develops photographs of the events of the previous day.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amber Heard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Heard"},{"link_name":"Melonie Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melonie_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Marnette Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marnette_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Alexa Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Vega"},{"link_name":"Leighton Meester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Meester"},{"link_name":"Wesley Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Jonathan"},{"link_name":"Aaron Himelstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Himelstein"},{"link_name":"Chris Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Marquette"},{"link_name":"John Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Lyndsy Fonseca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndsy_Fonseca"},{"link_name":"Sean Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Marquette"},{"link_name":"Khleo Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khleo_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Shahine Ezell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahine_Ezell"},{"link_name":"Katrina Begin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Begin"},{"link_name":"Charles Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Chen_(American_actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caroline Dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Dollar"},{"link_name":"Sunny Doench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Doench"},{"link_name":"Moira Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Brie Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brie_Larson"},{"link_name":"Douglas Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Stella Maeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Maeve"},{"link_name":"Michael Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Welch_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Robert X. Golphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_X._Golphin"}],"text":"Amber Heard as Julia Ford\nMelonie Diaz as Brianne\nMarnette Patterson as Stacey Cherry\nAlexa Vega as Holly\nLeighton Meester as Tori\nWesley Jonathan as Biz\nAaron Himelstein as Riley\nChris Marquette as Felix\nJohn Robinson as Bailey\nLyndsy Fonseca as Dawn\nSean Marquette as Mod\nKhleo Thomas as Dylan\nShahine Ezell as Eddie\nKatrina Begin as Sylvia\nCharles Chen as Thomas\nCaroline Dollar as Kiki\nMax Hoffman as Zack\nSunny Doench as Mrs. Turner\nMoira Kelly as Mrs. Ford\nBrie Larson as Angie Ford\nDouglas Smith as Pete\nStella Maeve as Lighty\nMichael Welch as Stephen\nRobert X. Golphin as Boy No. 2\nNeil Strickland as Extra","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(Magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On Rotten Tomatoes it has a score of 0% based on reviews from six critics.[6] On Metacritic it had an average score of 36 out of 100, based on reviews from six critics.[7]Peter Debruge of Variety said that the movie \"demonstrates considerable promise on the part of its director and her up-and-coming cast\" but had no \"great secrets or revelations.\"[8]\nLaura Kern of The New York Times wrote: \"Ultimately, the ensemble of more than twenty featured characters seems as vapid as the intentionally caricatured adults who pop up on occasion. Where are this decade's John Hugheses? Or even the Cameron Crowes?\"[9]","title":"Critical reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%87
Palatal hook
["1 Scope","2 Computer encoding","3 References"]
Diacritical mark This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. N with palatal hook, followed by eng, a palatal nasal and a retroflex nasal for comparison. The palatal hook (◌̡) is a type of hook diacritic formerly used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent palatalized consonants. It is a small, leftwards-facing hook joined to the bottom-right side of a letter, and is distinguished from various other hooks indicating retroflexion, etc. Theoretically, it could be used on all IPA consonant letters, – even on those used for palatal consonants, – but it is not attested on all of the IPA letters of its era. It was withdrawn by the IPA in 1989, in favour of a superscript j following the consonant (i.e., ⟨ƫ⟩ becomes ⟨tʲ⟩). The IPA recommended that esh ⟨ʃ⟩ and ezh ⟨ʒ⟩ not use the palatal hook, but instead get special curled symbols: ⟨ʆ⟩ and ⟨ʓ⟩. However, versions with the hook have been used and are supported by Unicode. Palatal hooks are also used for Lithuanian dialectology in the Lithuanian Phonetic Transcription System (or Lithuanian Phonetic Alphabet), including the unusual letter ꞔ, which is not a c plus palatal hook but a graphic variant of ᶃ. Scope The palatal hook was introduced in 1921 and officially adopted in 1928. The last published IPA chart to support it was that of 1979. The following consonants appear on that chart. Those attested with palatal hook are bolded and set with the hook; the hooked letters are either in Unicode or are scheduled to appear in Unicode 17. Palatal letters are enclosed in parentheses; they are generally redundant with the hook, though 'palatalized palatals' are described in the literature, and ꞔ occurs in non-IPA usage. ᶆ ɱ ᶇ ɳ (ɲ) 𝼔 ɴ ᶈ ᶀ ƫ ᶁ ʈ ɖ (ꞔ) (ɟ) ᶄ ᶃ q̡ ɢ̡ ʔ ɸ̡ β̡ ᶂ ᶌ θ̡ ð̡ ᶊ ᶎ ʂ ʐ ᶋ 𝼘 (ç) (j) ᶍ ɣ̡ χ̡ ʁ̡ ʍ ħ̡ ʕ̡ ꞕ ɦ ʋ̡ 𝼕 ɻ (j) ɰ (ɥ) w 𝼓 ɮ ᶅ ɭ (ʎ) ᶉ ʀ̡ 𝼖 ɽ̡ ɓ ɗ̡ ɠ ʘ ʇ ʗ ʖ Other consonants listed below the chart: ᵵ, ɫ̡ (etc.): should be typeset with the hook letter and an overstruck tilde diacritic (ɕ, ʑ, ʆ, ʓ) ɼ ɺ ɧ ʦ̡ 𝼗 𝼒 (ʣ̡ is implied but not listed on the chart) Computer encoding Unicode includes a combining character for the palatal hook, but it is not canonically equivalent to the precomposed characters, which should be used instead. Appearance Code point Name ◌̡ U+0321 COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW ᶀ U+1D80 LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH PALATAL HOOK Ꞔ U+A7C4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH PALATAL HOOK ꞔ U+A794 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶁ U+1D81 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH PALATAL HOOK 𝼒 U+1DF12 LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶂ U+1D82 LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶃ U+1D83 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH PALATAL HOOK ꞕ U+A795 LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶄ U+1D84 LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶅ U+1D85 LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶪ U+1DAA MODIFIER LETTER L WITH PALATAL HOOK 𝼓 U+1DF13 LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BELT AND PALATAL HOOK ᶆ U+1D86 LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶇ U+1D87 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH PALATAL HOOK 𝼔 U+1DF14 LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶈ U+1D88 LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶉ U+1D89 LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH PALATAL HOOK 𝼕 U+1DF15 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH PALATAL HOOK 𝼖 U+1DF16 LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND PALATAL HOOK ᶊ U+1D8A LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶋ U+1D8B LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH PALATAL HOOK ƫ U+01AB LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶵ U+1DB5 MODIFIER LETTER T WITH PALATAL HOOK 𝼗 U+1DF17 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶌ U+1D8C LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶍ U+1D8D LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH PALATAL HOOK Ᶎ U+A7C6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH PALATAL HOOK ᶎ U+1D8E LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH PALATAL HOOK 𝼘 U+1DF18 LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH PALATAL HOOK vteDiacriticsIn Latin, Cyrillic and Greek   ◌́   ◌̋  acute, double acute    ◌᷄  apex    ◌̆   ◌̑  breve, inverted breve    ◌̌  caron, háček    ◌̧  cedilla    ◌̂  circumflex    ◌̈  diaeresis, umlaut, other    ◌̇   ◌̣  dot    ◌̀   ◌̏  grave, double grave    ◌̉  hook above    ◌̡   ◌̢  palatal hook, retroflex hook    ◌̛  horn    ◌ͅ  iota subscript    ◌̄  macron    ◌̨  ogonek, nosinė    ◌̊   ◌̥  overring, underring    ◌͂  perispomene    ◌͗  sicilicus    ◌̃  tilde    ◌῾   ◌᾿  rough breathing, smooth breathing  In Early Cyrillic   ◌҄  kamora    ◌҇  pokrytie    ◌҃  titlo  In Indic   ं   ং   ଂ   ം  anusvara    ऽ   ঽ   ଽ   ఽ   ഽ   ྅  avagraha    ँ    ఁ   ྃ  chandrabindu    ़  nuqta    ्    ്    ్    ್   ්   ်  virama    ः   ঃ   ଃ   ஃ  visarga  In other scripts Arabic diacritics Greek diacritics Gurmukhī diacritics Hebrew diacritics diacritics in IPA Japanese kana diacritics   ◌゙   ◌゚  dakuten, handakuten  Khmer diacritics Syriac diacritics Thai diacritics Marks used as diacritics   ◌’  apostrophe    ◌̸  bar    ◌:  colon    ◌,  comma    ◌.  full stop/period    ◌˗  hyphen    ◌′  prime  Non-diacritic uses   ^  caret (computing)    °  degree symbol    ~  tilde § Mathematics  In Unicode   ◌  dotted circle (placeholder glyph character)  combining character § Unicode ranges See also: English terms with diacritical marks Metal umlaut Punctuation marks  Category: Diacritics vteLatin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Ligatures Alphabets (list) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet Phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters (list) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Letters using palatal hook sign ( ◌̡ ) ᶀ Ꞔꞔ ᶁ ᶂ ᶃ ꞕ ᶄ ᶅ ᶆ ᶇ 𝼔 ᶈ ᶉ ᶊ ƫ ᶌ ᶍ Ᶎᶎ MultigraphsDigraphs Ch Dz Dž Gh IJ Lj Ll Ly Nh Nj Ny Sh Sz Th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough PentagraphstzschKeyboard layouts (list) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak BÉPO Neo Standards ISO/IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe Lists Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode Letters used in mathematics List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks Diacritics Palaeography References ^ a b Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 1999. ^ a b c L2/24-050: Unicode request for letters with palatal hook ^ Tumasonis, Vladas; Pentzlin, Karl (2011-05-24). "N4070: Second revised proposal to add characters used in Lithuanian dialectology to the UCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"special characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nhooks.svg"},{"link_name":"eng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng_(letter)"},{"link_name":"palatal nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_nasal"},{"link_name":"retroflex nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_nasal"},{"link_name":"hook diacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"palatalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook-1"},{"link_name":"retroflexion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonant"},{"link_name":"palatal consonants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonant"},{"link_name":"IPA letters of its era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_IPA#1979_chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicode2-2"},{"link_name":"superscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscript"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook-1"},{"link_name":"esh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esh_(letter)"},{"link_name":"ezh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezh_(letter)"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Phonetic Transcription System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Phonetic_Transcription_System&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.N with palatal hook, followed by eng, a palatal nasal and a retroflex nasal for comparison.The palatal hook (◌̡) is a type of hook diacritic formerly used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent palatalized consonants.[1] It is a small, leftwards-facing hook joined to the bottom-right side of a letter, and is distinguished from various other hooks indicating retroflexion, etc. Theoretically, it could be used on all IPA consonant letters, – even on those used for palatal consonants, – but it is not attested on all of the IPA letters of its era.[2] It was withdrawn by the IPA in 1989, in favour of a superscript j following the consonant (i.e., ⟨ƫ⟩ becomes ⟨tʲ⟩).[1]The IPA recommended that esh ⟨ʃ⟩ and ezh ⟨ʒ⟩ not use the palatal hook, but instead get special curled symbols: ⟨ʆ⟩ and ⟨ʓ⟩. However, versions with the hook have been used and are supported by Unicode.Palatal hooks are also used for Lithuanian dialectology in the Lithuanian Phonetic Transcription System (or Lithuanian Phonetic Alphabet), including the unusual letter ꞔ, which is not a c plus palatal hook but a graphic variant of ᶃ.[3]","title":"Palatal hook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"that of 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1979_chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicode2-2"}],"text":"The palatal hook was introduced in 1921 and officially adopted in 1928. The last published IPA chart to support it was that of 1979. The following consonants appear on that chart. Those attested with palatal hook are bolded and set with the hook; the hooked letters are either in Unicode or are scheduled to appear in Unicode 17. Palatal letters are enclosed in parentheses; they are generally redundant with the hook, though 'palatalized palatals' are described in the literature, and ꞔ occurs in non-IPA usage.[2]ᶆ\n\nɱ\n\n\nᶇ\n\nɳ\n\n(ɲ)\n\n𝼔\n\nɴ\n\n\n\nᶈ\nᶀ\n\n\n\nƫ\nᶁ\n\nʈ\nɖ\n\n(ꞔ)\n(ɟ)\n\nᶄ\nᶃ\nq̡\nɢ̡\n\n\nʔ\n\n\nɸ̡\nβ̡\nᶂ\nᶌ\nθ̡\nð̡\nᶊ\nᶎ\n\nʂ\nʐ\n\nᶋ\n𝼘\n\n(ç)\n(j)\n\nᶍ\nɣ̡\nχ̡\nʁ̡\n\n\nʍ\n\n\nħ̡\nʕ̡\nꞕ\n\nɦ\n\n\n\n\nʋ̡\n\n\n\n𝼕\n\nɻ\n\n(j)\nɰ\n\n(ɥ)\nw\n\n\n\n\n\n𝼓\n\nɮ\n\n\n\n\n\nᶅ\n\nɭ\n\n(ʎ)\n\n\n\n\n\nᶉ\n\n\n\n\nʀ̡\n\n\n\n\n𝼖\nɽ̡\n\n\n\nɓ\n\n\n\nɗ̡\n\n\n\nɠ\n\n\n\nʘ\n\nʇ\nʗ\n\n\n\n\nʖOther consonants listed below the chart:ᵵ, ɫ̡ (etc.): should be typeset with the hook letter and an overstruck tilde diacritic\n(ɕ, ʑ, ʆ, ʓ) [inherently palatalized]\nɼ [used for Czech, does not occur palatalized]\nɺ\nɧ [used for Swedish, does not occur palatalized]\nʦ̡ 𝼗 𝼒 (ʣ̡ is implied but not listed on the chart)","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"combining character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_character"},{"link_name":"precomposed characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precomposed_character"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicode2-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Navbox_diacritical_marks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_diacritical_marks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_diacritical_marks"},{"link_name":"Diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic"},{"link_name":"acute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_accent"},{"link_name":"double acute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_acute_accent"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_apex"},{"link_name":"breve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breve"},{"link_name":"inverted breve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_breve"},{"link_name":"caron, háček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron"},{"link_name":"cedilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedilla"},{"link_name":"circumflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex"},{"link_name":"diaeresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"umlaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"other","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_accent"},{"link_name":"double grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_grave_accent"},{"link_name":"hook above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_above"},{"link_name":"palatal hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"retroflex hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Transcription"},{"link_name":"horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"iota subscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_subscript"},{"link_name":"macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"ogonek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogonek"},{"link_name":"nosinė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosin%C4%97"},{"link_name":"overring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Overring"},{"link_name":"underring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Underring"},{"link_name":"perispomene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_diacritics"},{"link_name":"sicilicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilicus"},{"link_name":"tilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilde"},{"link_name":"rough breathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_breathing"},{"link_name":"smooth breathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_breathing"},{"link_name":"Early Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet#Numerals,_diacritics_and_punctuation"},{"link_name":"kamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamora_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"pokrytie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokrytie"},{"link_name":"titlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titlo"},{"link_name":"Indic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_scripts"},{"link_name":"anusvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusvara"},{"link_name":"avagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avagraha"},{"link_name":"chandrabindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrabindu"},{"link_name":"nuqta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuqta"},{"link_name":"virama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virama"},{"link_name":"visarga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visarga"},{"link_name":"Arabic diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_diacritics"},{"link_name":"Greek diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_diacritics"},{"link_name":"Gurmukhī diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet#Other_signs"},{"link_name":"Hebrew diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics"},{"link_name":"diacritics in IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Diacritics"},{"link_name":"kana diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana#Diacritics"},{"link_name":"dakuten, handakuten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten"},{"link_name":"Khmer diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Diacritics"},{"link_name":"Syriac diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization"},{"link_name":"Thai diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_alphabet#Other_symbols_2"},{"link_name":"apostrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostrophe"},{"link_name":"bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage"},{"link_name":"comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma#Diacritical_usage"},{"link_name":"full stop/period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_stop"},{"link_name":"hyphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen"},{"link_name":"prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_(symbol)"},{"link_name":"caret (computing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caret_(computing)"},{"link_name":"degree symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_symbol"},{"link_name":"tilde § Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilde#Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"dotted circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotted_circle"},{"link_name":"combining character § Unicode ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_character#Unicode_ranges"},{"link_name":"English terms with diacritical marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks"},{"link_name":"Metal umlaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_umlaut"},{"link_name":"Punctuation marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuation"},{"link_name":"Category: Diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Diacritics"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main"},{"link_name":"Latin script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script"},{"link_name":"Spread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script"},{"link_name":"Romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization"},{"link_name":"Roman numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"Ligatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Alphabets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets"},{"link_name":"Classical Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"ISO basic Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"X-SAMPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-SAMPA"},{"link_name":"Spelling alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_alphabet"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters"},{"link_name":"ISO basic Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Aa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A"},{"link_name":"Bb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B"},{"link_name":"Cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C"},{"link_name":"Dd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D"},{"link_name":"Ee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E"},{"link_name":"Ff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F"},{"link_name":"Gg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G"},{"link_name":"Hh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H"},{"link_name":"Ii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I"},{"link_name":"Jj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J"},{"link_name":"Kk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K"},{"link_name":"Ll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L"},{"link_name":"Mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M"},{"link_name":"Nn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N"},{"link_name":"Oo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O"},{"link_name":"Pp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P"},{"link_name":"Qq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q"},{"link_name":"Rr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R"},{"link_name":"Ss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S"},{"link_name":"Tt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T"},{"link_name":"Uu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U"},{"link_name":"Vv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V"},{"link_name":"Ww","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W"},{"link_name":"Xx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X"},{"link_name":"Yy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y"},{"link_name":"Zz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z"},{"link_name":"palatal hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"ᶀ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%80"},{"link_name":"Ꞔꞔ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%9F%84"},{"link_name":"ᶁ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%81"},{"link_name":"ᶂ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%82"},{"link_name":"ᶃ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%83"},{"link_name":"ꞕ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%9E%95"},{"link_name":"ᶄ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%84"},{"link_name":"ᶅ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%85"},{"link_name":"ᶆ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%86"},{"link_name":"ᶇ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%87"},{"link_name":"𝼔","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%F0%9D%BC%94&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ᶈ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%88"},{"link_name":"ᶉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%89"},{"link_name":"ᶊ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%8A"},{"link_name":"ƫ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%AB"},{"link_name":"ᶌ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%8C"},{"link_name":"ᶍ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%8D"},{"link_name":"Ᶎᶎ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%9F%86"},{"link_name":"Multigraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph"},{"link_name":"Digraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs"},{"link_name":"Ch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(digraph)"},{"link_name":"Dz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz_(digraph)"},{"link_name":"Dž","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE"},{"link_name":"Gh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh_(digraph)"},{"link_name":"IJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJ_(digraph)"},{"link_name":"Lj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj_(digraph)"},{"link_name":"Ll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ll"},{"link_name":"Ly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_ly"},{"link_name":"Nh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh_(digraph)"},{"link_name":"Nj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj_(digraph)"},{"link_name":"Ny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_(digraph)"},{"link_name":"Sh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh_(digraph)"},{"link_name":"Sz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz_(digraph)"},{"link_name":"Th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th_(digraph)"},{"link_name":"Trigraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs"},{"link_name":"dzs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_dzs"},{"link_name":"eau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)"},{"link_name":"Tetragraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs"},{"link_name":"ough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ough_(orthography)"},{"link_name":"Pentagraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs"},{"link_name":"tzsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzsch"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts"},{"link_name":"QWERTY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY"},{"link_name":"QWERTZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTZ"},{"link_name":"AZERTY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZERTY"},{"link_name":"Dvorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout"},{"link_name":"Colemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colemak"},{"link_name":"BÉPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%89PO"},{"link_name":"Neo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_646"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode"},{"link_name":"Western Latin character sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)"},{"link_name":"DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_91379"},{"link_name":"Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode"},{"link_name":"Letters used in mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics"},{"link_name":"List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks"},{"link_name":"Diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic"},{"link_name":"Palaeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeography"}],"text":"Unicode includes a combining character for the palatal hook, but it is not canonically equivalent to the precomposed characters, which should be used instead.[2]vteDiacriticsIn Latin, Cyrillic and Greek\n  ◌́   ◌̋  acute, double acute \n  ◌᷄  apex \n  ◌̆   ◌̑  breve, inverted breve \n  ◌̌  caron, háček \n  ◌̧  cedilla \n  ◌̂  circumflex \n  ◌̈  diaeresis, umlaut, other \n  ◌̇   ◌̣  dot \n  ◌̀   ◌̏  grave, double grave \n  ◌̉  hook above \n  ◌̡   ◌̢  palatal hook, retroflex hook \n  ◌̛  horn \n  ◌ͅ  iota subscript \n  ◌̄  macron \n  ◌̨  ogonek, nosinė \n  ◌̊   ◌̥  overring, underring \n  ◌͂  perispomene \n  ◌͗  sicilicus \n  ◌̃  tilde \n  ◌῾   ◌᾿  rough breathing, smooth breathing \nIn Early Cyrillic\n  ◌҄  kamora \n  ◌҇  pokrytie \n  ◌҃  titlo \nIn Indic\n  ं   ং   ଂ   ം  anusvara \n  ऽ   ঽ   ଽ   ఽ   ഽ   ྅  avagraha \n  ँ    ఁ   ྃ  chandrabindu \n  ़  nuqta \n  ्    ്    ్    ್   ්   ်  virama \n  ः   ঃ   ଃ   ஃ  visarga \nIn other scripts\nArabic diacritics\nGreek diacritics\nGurmukhī diacritics\nHebrew diacritics\ndiacritics in IPA\nJapanese kana diacritics\n  ◌゙   ◌゚  dakuten, handakuten \nKhmer diacritics\nSyriac diacritics\nThai diacritics\nMarks used as diacritics\n  ◌’  apostrophe \n  ◌̸  bar \n  ◌:  colon \n  ◌,  comma \n  ◌.  full stop/period \n  ◌˗  hyphen \n  ◌′  prime \nNon-diacritic uses\n  ^  caret (computing) \n  °  degree symbol \n  ~  tilde § Mathematics \nIn Unicode\n  ◌  dotted circle (placeholder glyph character) \ncombining character § Unicode ranges\nSee also:\nEnglish terms with diacritical marks\nMetal umlaut\nPunctuation marks\n Category: DiacriticsvteLatin script\nHistory\nSpread\nRomanization\nRoman numerals\nLigatures\nAlphabets (list)\nClassical Latin alphabet\nISO basic Latin alphabet\nPhonetic alphabets\nInternational Phonetic Alphabet\nX-SAMPA\nSpelling alphabet\nLetters (list)\n\n\n\n\nLetters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet\n\n\nAa\n\nBb\n\nCc\n\nDd\n\nEe\n\nFf\n\nGg\n\nHh\n\nIi\n\nJj\n\nKk\n\nLl\n\nMm\n\n\nNn\n\nOo\n\nPp\n\nQq\n\nRr\n\nSs\n\nTt\n\nUu\n\nVv\n\nWw\n\nXx\n\nYy\n\nZz\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLetters using palatal hook sign ( ◌̡ )\n\n\nᶀ \n\nꟄꞔ \n\nᶁ \n\nᶂ \n\nᶃ \n\nꞕ \n\nᶄ \n\nᶅ \n\nᶆ \n\nᶇ \n\n𝼔 \n\nᶈ \n\nᶉ \n\nᶊ \n\nƫ \n\nᶌ \n\nᶍ \n\nꟆᶎ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMultigraphsDigraphs\nCh\nDz\nDž\nGh\nIJ\nLj\nLl\nLy\nNh\nNj\nNy\nSh\nSz\nTh\nTrigraphs\ndzs\neau\nTetragraphs\nough\nPentagraphstzschKeyboard layouts (list)\nQWERTY\nQWERTZ\nAZERTY\nDvorak\nColemak\nBÉPO\nNeo\nStandards\nISO/IEC 646\nUnicode\nWestern Latin character sets\nDIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe\nLists\nPrecomposed Latin characters in Unicode\nLetters used in mathematics\nList of typographical symbols and punctuation marks\n\nDiacritics\nPalaeography","title":"Computer encoding"}]
[{"image_text":"N with palatal hook, followed by eng, a palatal nasal and a retroflex nasal for comparison.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nhooks.svg/220px-Nhooks.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 1999.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tumasonis, Vladas; Pentzlin, Karl (2011-05-24). \"N4070: Second revised proposal to add characters used in Lithuanian dialectology to the UCS\" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11223-n4070.pdf","url_text":"\"N4070: Second revised proposal to add characters used in Lithuanian dialectology to the UCS\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24050-palatal-hook.pdf","external_links_name":"L2/24-050: Unicode request for letters with palatal hook"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11223-n4070.pdf","external_links_name":"\"N4070: Second revised proposal to add characters used in Lithuanian dialectology to the UCS\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Mill
Nash Mill
["1 Early records","2 Paper mill","3 Closure and redevelopment","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°43′47″N 0°27′12″W / 51.729715°N 0.453393°W / 51.729715; -0.453393 Nash Mill 51°43′47″N 0°27′12″W / 51.729715°N 0.453393°W / 51.729715; -0.453393 Nash Mill was a paper mill near Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. The local residential area (Nash Mills) takes its name from the mill. Early records There was originally a corn-mill recorded in the Domesday Book. Paper mill The mill was converted to papermaking by Anne Blackwell at the end of the eighteenth century. It was purchased by John Dickinson in 1811. It was a half mile south from Dickinson's original Apsley Mill at Apsley on the Grand Junction Canal. The mill-house, called Nash House, became the family home for Dickinson and his new wife Ann (née Grover) whose father Harry Grover supported this business development through his Grover's Bank. In a very few years Nash Mill was renowned for its production of tough thin paper for Samuel Bagster's "Pocket Reference Bible". A major fire in 1813 was a setback, but, being covered by insurance, enabled redevelopment towards large scale production and by 1825 steam power had been installed, powered by coal delivered by canal. John Dickinson & Co. had their Engineering Department at Nash Mills until 1888 (managed by Leonard Stephenson), when it was transferred to Apsley Mill. The production of fine rag paper on electrically driven machines was a successful innovation at Nash. There was unrest amongst the workers in 1821 when pay was cut in response to declining trade. Local leaders of the Original Society of Papermakers were dismissed and replaced by recruits from Abbots Langley. The dismissed workers and their families, living in tied cottages, suffered distress and some "went on the parish". After some disruption and even sabotage, the situation calmed. In 1823 and in 1826, there were repeated mechanical problems. The mill maintained its own fire brigade with a steam fire engine. Closure and redevelopment In 1990, Nash Mill was sold to the international Sappi Group and continued to make paper until 2006. The mill was closed and subsequently sold; the warehouse business was relocated to Dunstable. Housing redevelopment plans were publicised in September 2009. By late 2010, the site had been largely cleared, retaining Nash House, Stephenson's Cottage and a war memorial. References ^ "Nash Mill". Apsley Paper Trail. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. ^ a b "Nash Mills, Hertfordshire". Archaeological Services & Consultancy Ltd. 2009. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2010. ^ Gadd, Ian Anders; Robbins, Keith; Eliot, Simon; Louis, William Roger (2013). History of Oxford University Press: Volume II 1780 to 1896. Oxford University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0199543151. ^ a b c Hemel Hempstead Local History and Records Society (1981). History of Hemel Hempstead. Hemel Hempstead: Charter Trustees of Hemel Hempstead. pp. 106–107. ISBN 0-9502743-1-3. ^ Hemel Hempstead Local History and Records Society (1981). History of Hemel Hempstead. Hemel Hempstead: Charter Trustees of Hemel Hempstead. p. 115. ISBN 0-9502743-1-3. ^ "Leaflet: A flagship scheme comes to Nash Mills (referred to on page 147)" (PDF). Linden Homes & Crest Nicholson. 2009. ^ "Nash Mills House". The Ashmolean. Retrieved 2 March 2024. ^ Historic England. "War memorial at Nash Mills (1391824)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 2 March 2024. External links Nash Mills Sappi website
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1965_film)
War and Peace (film series)
["1 Plot","1.1 Part I: Andrei Bolkonsky (Война и мир: Андрей Болконский)","1.2 Part II: Natasha Rostova (Война и мир: Наташа Ростова)","1.3 Part III: The Year 1812 (Война и мир: 1812 год)","1.4 Part IV: Pierre Bezukhov (Война и мир: Пьер Безухов)","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Inception","3.2 Development","3.3 Casting","3.4 Cinematography","3.5 Principal photography","3.6 Budget","4 Reception","4.1 Distribution","4.2 Awards","4.3 Critical response","4.4 Analysis","4.5 Restoration","5 See also","6 Annotations","7 References","7.1 Bibliography","8 External links"]
1967 film by Sergei Bondarchuk This article is about the 1966–67 film series. For other uses, see War and Peace (disambiguation). War and PeaceOriginal theatrical release posterfor Part I: Andrei Bolkonsky.Directed bySergei BondarchukScreenplay by Sergei Bondarchuk Vasily Solovyov Based onWar and Peaceby Leo TolstoyProduced by Viktor Tsirgiladze Nikolai Ivanov G. Meyerovich V. Krivonoschenko Starring Sergei Bondarchuk Ludmila Savelyeva Vyacheslav Tikhonov Cinematography Anatoly Petritsky Yu-Lan Chen Alexander Shelenkov Edited byTatiana LikhachevaMusic byVyacheslav OvchinnikovDistributed byMosfilmRelease dates 14 March 1966 (1966-03-14) (Part I) 20 July 1966 (1966-07-20) (Part II) 21 July 1967 (1967-07-21) (Part III) 4 November 1967 (1967-11-04) (Part IV) Running time Part I: 147 minutes Part II: 100 minutes Part III: 84 minutes Part IV: 100 minutes Total: 431 minutes CountrySoviet UnionLanguages Russian French German Budget 8,291,712 Rbls (US$9.2 million) Box office58,000,000 Rbls (USSR estimate) War and Peace (Russian: Война и мир, romanized: Voyna i mir) is a 1966–1967 Soviet epic war drama film co-written and directed by Sergei Bondarchuk, adapted from Leo Tolstoy's 1869 novel. Released in four installments throughout 1966 and 1967, the film starred Bondarchuk in the leading role of Pierre Bezukhov, alongside Vyacheslav Tikhonov and Ludmila Savelyeva, who depicted Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova. The film was produced by the Mosfilm studios between 1961 and 1967, with considerable support from the Soviet authorities and the Soviet Army which provided hundreds of horses and over ten thousand soldiers as extras. At a cost of 8.29 million Rbls – equal to US$ 9.21 million at 1967 rates, or $60–70 million in 2019, accounting for rouble inflation – it was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. Upon its release, it became a success with audiences, selling approximately 135 million tickets in the USSR. War and Peace also won the Grand Prix in the Moscow International Film Festival, the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Since its release, the film has often been considered the grandest epic film ever made, with many asserting its monumental production to be unrepeatable and unique in film history. Plot Part I: Andrei Bolkonsky (Война и мир: Андрей Болконский) In Saint Petersburg of 1805, Pierre Bezukhov, the illegitimate son of a rich nobleman, is introduced to high society. His friend, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, joins the Imperial Russian Army as aide-de-camp of General Mikhail Kutuzov in the War of the Third Coalition against Napoleon. As Pierre's father recognizes him, Pierre attracts the attention of Hélène Kuragina and marries her, only to learn through rumor that she has been unfaithful and slept with Fyodor Dolokhov, an intimate of Hélène's brother Anatole. Meanwhile, Andrei takes part in the failed campaign in Austria, where he witnesses the Battle of Schöngrabern and the Battle of Austerlitz, is badly wounded and mistaken for dead. He returns to his father's estate just in time to witness his wife Lisa die during childbirth. Part II: Natasha Rostova (Война и мир: Наташа Ростова) In the end of 1809, Natasha, the young daughter of a count attends her first ball at age 16. Andrei Bolkonsky falls in love with her and intends to marry her, but his father demands they wait. Andrei travels abroad, and Natasha desperately longs for him. But she then meets the handsome Anatole Kuragin who falls in love with her and follows her with much passion. Overwhelmed Natasha decides she prefers him over Andrei. At the last minute, she regrets her choice and abandons her plans to elope with Anatole. However, Andrei has heard of her plans and declares their betrothal is over. Natasha suffers a nervous breakdown. Pierre, trying to calm her down, suddenly announces he loves her. Part III: The Year 1812 (Война и мир: 1812 год) In 1812, Napoleon's Army invades Russia. Field Marshal Kutuzov is appointed by the Tsar to defend the land. Kutuzov asks Andrei to join him as a staff officer, but he requests a command in the field. Pierre approaches the battlefield of the upcoming confrontation between the armies during the Battle of Borodino, he volunteers to assist in an artillery battery. Andrei's unit waits in the reserve, but he is hit by a shell and both he and Anatole suffer severe wounds. The battle involves hundreds of thousands of soldiers, thousands of horses, and hundreds of cannon firing from both sides. The French army forces the Russian army to retreat, leaving Moscow unprotected. Napoleon advances on Moscow. Part IV: Pierre Bezukhov (Война и мир: Пьер Безухов) As Moscow is set ablaze by the retreating Russians, the Rostovs flee their estate, taking wounded soldiers with them, and unbeknownst to them, also Andrei. Pierre, dressed as a peasant, tries to assassinate Napoleon but is taken prisoner. As the French are forced to retreat, he is marched for months with the Grande Armée, until being freed by partisans. The French army is defeated by Field Marshal Kutuzov in the Battle of Krasnoi. Andrei is recognized and is brought to his estate. He forgives Natasha on his deathbed. She reunites with Pierre as Moscow is being rebuilt. Cast Sergei Bondarchuk as Pierre Bezukhov Ludmila Savelyeva as Natasha Rostova Vyacheslav Tikhonov as Andrei Bolkonsky Boris Zakhava as Mikhail Kutuzov Anatoly Ktorov as Nikolai Bolkonsky Antonina Shuranova as Maria Bolkonskaya Oleg Tabakov as Nikolai Rostov Viktor Stanitsyn as Ilya Rostov Kira Golovko as Natalya Rostova Irina Skobtseva as Hélène Kuragina Vasily Lanovoy as Anatole Kuragin Irina Gubanova as Sonya Rostova Oleg Yefremov as Fyodor Dolokhov Eduard Martsevich as Boris Drubetskoy Aleksandr Borisov as Uncle Rostov Nikolai Rybnikov as Vasily Denisov Viktor Murganov as Alexander I of Russia Larisa Borisenko as Mlle. Bourienne Georgy Millyar as Morel Nonna Mordyukova as Anisya Anna Timiryova as old lady Boris Khmelnitsky as Bolkonsky's adjutant Valeri Yeremichev as Alexander Ostermann-Tolstoy Boris Smirnov as Vasili Kuragin Nikolai Tolkachyov as Kirill Bezukhov Dzhemma Firsova as Katishe Mamontova Mikhail Khrabrov as Platon Karataev Nikolay Trofimov as Tushin Vladislav Strzhelchik as Napoleon Jānis Grantiņš as Ludwig von Wolzogen Dz. Eizentāls as Carl von Clausewitz Galina Kravchenko as Marya Karagina Boris Molchanov as Louis-Nicolas Davout Lev Polyakov as Jacques Lauriston Rodion Aleksandrov as Alexander Balashov Anastasiya Vertinskaya as Lisa Bolkonskaya Giuli Chokhonelidze as Pyotr Bagration Vadim Safronov as Francis II Jean-Claude Ballard as Ramballe Yelena Tyapkina as Marya Dmitryevna Sergei Yermilov as Petya Rostov Nikita Mikhalkov as Petya Rostov's body double during hunting (uncredited) Herberts Zommers as Count Benningsen Nikolai Bubnov as Karl Mack von Leiberich Angelina Stepanova as Anna Scherer Erwin Knausmüller as Franz von Weyrother Mikhail Pogorzhelsky as Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Leonid Vidavsky as Paisi Kaysarov Nikolai Grinko as Dessalles Production Inception In August 1959, King Vidor's American-Italian co-production War and Peace was released in the Soviet Union, attracting 31.4 million viewers and gaining wide acclaim. The impending 150th anniversary of the 1812 French Invasion, as well as the worldwide success of Vidor's adaptation of the Russian national epic – at a time when the USSR and the United States were competing for prestige – motivated the Soviet Minister of Culture Yekaterina Furtseva to begin planning a local picture based on Leo Tolstoy's novel. An open letter which appeared in the Soviet press, signed by many of the country's filmmakers, declared: "It is a matter of honor for the Soviet cinema industry, to produce a picture which will surpass the American-Italian one in its artistic merit and authenticity." According to Der Spiegel, the film was to serve as a "counterstrike" to Vidor. During 1960, several leading Soviet directors proposed themselves to head the project, including Mikhail Romm and Sergei Gerasimov. But soon, the only viable candidate remaining was Ivan Pyryev. As his selection to the position seemed secure, several officials in the Ministry of Culture offered it to forty-year-old Sergei Bondarchuk, who had completed his directorial debut, Fate of a Man, in 1959. Bondarchuk had not sought the position and did not know of the proposal until a letter from the Ministry reached him, but he chose to accept it and contend with Pyryev. Fedor Razzakov wrote that the invitation of Bondarchuk was orchestrated by Pyryev's many enemies in the establishment, who were determined not to let him receive the lucrative project. In early February 1961, a letter endorsing Bondarchuk was sent to the Minister, signed by several prominent figures from the cinema industry. At first, Furtseva decreed that both candidates would each direct a pilot to be screened before a commission. However, Pyryev soon withdrew his bid. Razzakov believed he had done so after realizing his chances were slim: Bondarchuk, whose career began only during the Thaw, represented a generation of young directors promoted by Nikita Khrushchev's Kremlin to replace the old filmmakers from the Stalin era. In the end of February, after Pyryev conceded, the Minister held a meeting and confirmed Bondarchuk as the director. Development The director's screenplay of War and Peace On 3 April 1961, Vladimir Surin, the director-general of the Mosfilm studios, sent Furtseva a letter requesting to approve the adaptation of a script for a film in three parts based on War and Peace, as well as to allocate 150,000 Rbls in funds. On 5 May the Minister replied, authorizing to begin writing the scenario and granting 30,000 Rbls. On that day, the work on the picture began. Bondarchuk hired Vasily Solovyov, a playwright, as his assistant for composing the script. The two later changed the earlier premise and decided to make four parts instead of three. They chose to downplay or exclude completely several of Tolstoy's plotlines and themes, in order not to make the film too cumbersome: the episodes concerning Nikolai Rostov and Maria Bolkonskaya were reduced, and Anatole Kuragin received a slightly better treatment. The author's views on philosophy and history were substantially redacted. The Mosfilm directorate approved the finished script on 27 February 1962. On 20 March, in a plenum in the Ministry of Culture attended by Surin and the State Committee for Cinematography's deputy chairman Basakov, Furtseva approved the scenario and requested all relevant agencies to assist the producers, including the Ministry of Defense, which was deemed central in providing support for the project. The producers appointed three military advisers: Army General Vladimir Kurasov became the film's chief consultant, and Army General Markian Popov also assisted; Lieutenant General Nikolai Oslikovsky was brought in as an expert on cavalry. The Soviet Army would supply thousands of soldiers as extras during the filming. More than forty museums contributed historical artifacts, such as chandeliers, furniture and cutlery, to create an authentic impression of early 19th-century Russia. Thousands of costumes were sewn, mainly military uniforms of the sorts worn in the Napoleonic Wars, including 11,000 shakos. Sixty obsolete cannons were cast and 120 wagons and carts constructed for the production. Anticipating the need for cavalry, line producer Nikolai Ivanov and General Osilkovsky began seeking appropriate horses. While the cavalry formations of the Army were long abolished, several units in the Transcaucasian Military District and the Turkestan Military District retained horse-drawn mountain artillery. In addition to those, the Ministry of Agriculture donated nine hundred horses and the Moscow City Police provided a detachment from its mounted regiment. The producers also needed to arrange hounds for the wolf hunting at the Rostov estate. At first, it was planned to use borzois, as depicted in the novel. Sixteen borzois were obtained from individual private owners, but the dogs had no experience in hunting and were hard to handle. Eventually, scent hounds supplied by the Ministry of Defense chased down the wolves—provided by the zoological department of the State Studio for Popular Science Films—while the borzois caught them. Casting Bondarchuk began holding auditions in May 1961. Oleg Strizhenov received the leading role of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. However, in spring 1962, shortly before the commencing of principal photography, Strizhenov changed his mind after being accepted into the ensemble of the Moscow Art Theatre. Bondarchuk complained to the Ministry of Culture. Furtseva spoke with the actor, but failed to convince him. The director then tried to enlist Innokenty Smoktunovsky, who was supposed to star in Grigori Kozintsev's Hamlet. After deliberations, Smoktunovsky accepted Bondarchuk's offer, but Kozintsev used his influence in the Ministry and received his actor back. As a last resort, Vyacheslav Tikhonov was given the role. He first arrived on the set in mid-December 1962, three months after filming began. Bondarchuk envisaged the character of Pierre Bezukhov as having great physical strength, in accordance with his description by Tolstoy. Therefore, he had offered the role to Olympic weightlifter Yury Vlasov, and even rehearsed with him. Vlasov soon gave it up, telling the director that he had no acting skills. Bondarchuk then cast himself as the protagonist. His wife, actress Irina Skobtseva, portrayed Hélène Kuragina, Pierre's first wife. During the making of the third and fourth parts in the series, a journalist named Yury Devochkin, who resembled the director, substituted for him in many of the scenes. Anastasiya Vertinskaya, Lyudmila Gurchenko and other known actresses wanted to portray Natasha Rostova, but Bondarchuk chose the inexperienced 19-year-old ballerina Ludmila Savelyeva, who had just recently graduated from Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet. Nikita Mikhalkov was cast as Natasha's little brother, Petya Rostov; however, as he was in the age of adolescence and quickly growing up, he had to abandon the role in favor of the younger Sergei Yermilov. Still, Mikhalkov's scenes of riding a horse during hunting were left in the final film. Tikhonov was the highest-paid member of the cast, and received R22,228 for portraying Bolkonsky. Bondarchuk earned R21,679 for directing and 20,100 for depicting Pierre. Savelyeva got R10,685. Most other actors received less than R3,000. Cinematography The hussar officer's pelisse worn by actor Nikolai Rybnikov, who portrayed Denisov Before beginning principal photography, the producers resolved to shoot the picture with 70-mm wide-format and high-resolution film instead of the standard 35-mm. Although they considered purchasing it from Kodak or from ORWO in the German Democratic Republic, they eventually decided to use Soviet-made film stock manufactured in the Shostka Chemical Plant, both because of financial shortage and for considerations of national pride. Director of photography Anatoly Petritsky recalled that the Shostka film was "of horrible quality" and that he often would photograph a sequence only to discover that the film was defective. This, as well as the need to cover large crowds from many angles, forced the director to repeat many of the scenes; some of the more elaborate battle sequences were retaken more than forty times. According to Kommersant journalist Yevgeni Zhirnov, Bondarchuk had to re-shoot more than 10% of the footage in the picture due to problems with the film stock; Zhirnov estimated that this raised the cost of production by 10% to 15% or more. The first cinematographers, husband and wife Alexander Shelenkov and Yu-Lan Chen, quarreled with Bondarchuk on several occasions. On 20 May 1963, half a year after commencing photography, they wrote to Surin, asking to be dismissed from work on the picture and stating that Bondarchuk "dictated without consulting with the crew". Their 31-year-old assistant Petritsky, who had made only one film previously, was appointed in their stead. The operators pioneered photographic techniques which had never been used before in Soviet cinema. Aerial lifts with cameras were hoisted over sets to create a "cannonball view". When filming Natasha's first ball, an operator with a hand-held camera circled between the dancing extras on roller skates. The crowd scenes were shot using cranes and helicopters. Another new feature was the sound technicians' use of a six-channel audio recording system. Principal photography A costume used during the filming On 7 September 1962, the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, principal photography began. The first scene to be filmed depicted the execution of suspected arsonists by the French army, and was shot in the Novodevichy Convent. After a few days, the crew moved into the Moscow Kremlin for further work. Later that month, the hunt in the Rostov's estate was filmed in the village of Bogoslavskoye, in the Yasnogorsky District. On 1 December, Bondarchuk and the production team, with 150 wagons of equipment, traveled to Mukachevo in the Zakarpattia Oblast. The director had only planned to photograph two episodes there: the Battle of Schöngrabern and the Battle of Austerlitz. But due to the harsh winter, none of those could be shot. Bondarchuk revised his plans and decided to film in Zakarpattia 231 scenes that he had planned to make elsewhere, while waiting for the weather to improve. The Battle of Krasnoi episode and its related parts were filmed in the snow, and involved 2,500 Soviet soldiers, allocated as extras, who wore French uniforms and 500 in Russian uniforms. When conditions enabled it, 3,000 soldiers from the Carpathian Military District re-created the Battle of Schöngrabern near the village of Kushtanovytsia. The Battle of Austerlitz was filmed in the vicinity of Svaliava. As the budget had been exceeded due to the weather and film stock problems, Bondarchuk had to refrain from filming several battle sequences. On 17 May, the crew returned to the capital. On 20 July, the producers went on another expedition, to Dorogobuzh, in order to film the Battle of Borodino and the related parts of the plot. Photography could not be carried out in Borodino itself, mainly because of the many memorials located there. On 1 August, work was commenced. The shooting of the battle itself began on 25 August 1963—its 151st anniversary by the Julian Calendar. 13,500 soldiers and 1,500 horsemen substituted for the historical armies (Several reports in the Western press have put the number of soldiers who participated at 120,000; however, in an 1986 interview to National Geographic, Bondarchuk stated: "That is exaggeration, all I had was 12,000.") The troops were supposed to return to their bases after thirteen days, but eventually remained for three months. 23 tons of gunpowder, handled by 120 sappers, and 40,000 liters of kerosene were used for the pyrotechnics, as well as 10,000 smoke grenades. Tens of thousands of cubic meters of soil were dug out to construct earthworks resembling the Bagration flèches and the Raevsky redoubt. The set was divided to sectors, and a system of loudspeakers was installed—one for each area—to enable the director to coordinate the troops' movements. On 4 November, the session ended and Bondarchuk went back to Moscow. From the end of December to mid-June 1964, the crew worked in Mosfilm's studios. Most notably, Natasha's debutante ball was photographed there, with five hundred extras. On 15 June, the production team went to Leningrad, where shooting took place in the Hermitage Museum, the Summer Garden, the Peter and Paul Fortress and in Vasilyevsky Island. Upon his return to the studio on 7 July, Bondarchuk was abruptly instructed by his superiors to abandon all other work and focus on preparing the first two parts for the 1965 Moscow Film Festival, contrary to all former designs and while they were far from finished. During the same month, he suffered a major cardiac arrest and was clinically dead for a short while. His first words after regaining consciousness were: "If I die, let Gerasimov finish it". Filming was postponed until late September. In spite of the tight schedule, the parts Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova were completed and were submitted to Mosfilm's directorate on 30 June 1965, less than a week before the festival. The two parts had their world premiere on 19 July 1965, in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses. During July, Bondarchuk suffered another heart attack: this time, he was clinically dead for four minutes. The white wall of light seen by Bolkonsky before his death was inspired by the director's experience. The work on the remaining episodes of parts 3 and 4 resumed on 9 August. During the next months, the crew filmed in Mozhaysk, Kalinin and Zvenigorod. The final plot line to be shot was the Fire of Moscow; filming began on 17 October 1966. For four months prior to that, a plywood set was built in the village of Teryayevo, next to the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery. The entire construction, doused with diesel fuel, was burned to the ground as five fire engines stood nearby. Principal photography ended on 28 October 1966. On 28 December, the edited third part was approved by the studio. Work on the fourth and final part continued until early August 1967. Budget In 1962, officials in the Ministry of Culture estimated War and Peace would cost some 4 million roubles, not including support from the Army. In comparison, the most expensive Soviet film until then, the 1952 The Unforgettable Year 1919, cost 1.093 million Rbls in prices adjusted to the 1961 monetary reform. War and Peace remains the costliest picture made in the USSR. On 20 March 1962, Furtseva set a preliminary budget of 1.395 million Rbls. On 21 May 1963, the Ministry approved a plan for a series in four parts with a budget of 8,165,200 Rbls. On 25 August 1964, the State Committee for Cinematography issued a directive revisiting the terms, authorizing to spend 8.5 million Rbls, of which 2.51 million Rbls were to cover the expenses of the Ministry of Defense. Producer Nikolai Ivanov recalled: "the domestic press later claimed the budget was 18 million Rbls or 25 million Rbls, but they had 8.5 million and managed to reduce expenditures to 7.8 million during principal photography." Towards the end of post-production, the total cost forecast estimated was 8,083,412 Rbls. However, in August 1967, with all work completed, "the last debit and credit entries were written in the books. According to its financial statements, the film consumed 8,291,712 Rbls." This was equal to US$9,213,013 by the 1967 exchange rate, or to approximately $60–70 million in 2021, accounting for rouble inflation. Various estimates of the series' budget circulated in the international press. The New York Times reported that it was "the most expensive film ever made... Russians say cost $100 million". This figure was repeated throughout the American press. The New York Times estimated this figure to be equivalent to $700 million upon adjustment for inflation to 2007 levels, a claim it reiterated in 2019. After its release in the United Kingdom in 1969, The Annual Register announced it "reputedly" cost £40 million ($96 million). The 1979 Guinness Book of World Records published a similar figure, claiming that War and Peace was "the most expensive film ever made" based on that "the total cost has been officially stated to be more than $96 million". Other estimates put the cost of production between $25 million and $60 million. Reception Distribution The distribution (along with the displaying and later preserving) of such a massive piece of work posed physical difficulties. The whopping 20 canisters of film reels already made transportation a sizable hassle. Andrei Bolkonsky was screened in two consecutive parts, released in a total of 2,805 copies in March 1966. In the fifteen months afterwards, the first part sold 58.3 million tickets in the USSR, and 58 million of the viewers remained through the intermission. Thus, Bolkonsky became the most successful film of the year. Respectively, its two parts are also the 26th and 27th most watched from among all pictures ever made in the Soviet Union. Natasha Rostova, which opened in July with 1,405 copies disseminated, performed less well and attracted 36.2 million viewers in the same time period, reaching the third place in the 1966 box office, although it would have been ninth if counted in 1967. Admission for the two final parts declined further: 1812, with 1,407 copies released, had 21 million admissions and Pierre Bezukhov sold only 19.8 million tickets; they made it to the 13th and 14th place at the 1967 box office. Russian film critic Sergei Kudryavtsev assessed that the series' domestic returns were "probably in the range" of 58 million Rbls, while Razzakov assumed that each ticket cost an average price of 25 kopecks. With a total of some 135 million tickets sold, War and Peace was considered a resounding commercial success at the time. The series was screened in 117 countries around the world, including Spain, Japan, West Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Egypt, and Argentina. In East Germany, the state-owned DEFA studio produced a slightly shorter edition of the series, dubbed into German, which ran for 409 minutes and maintained the four-part arrangement of the original. It featured among others Angelica Domröse, who voiced Lisa Bolkonskaya, and attracted 2,225,649 viewers. In West Germany, a much shorter version was released, totaling 337 minutes. In Poland, it sold over 5,000,000 tickets in 1967. In France, War and Peace had 1,236,327 admissions. Walter Reade Jr.'s company Continental Distributors purchased the U.S. rights of War and Peace for $1.5 million. Reade's associates shortened the American version of the film by an hour, and added English-language dubbing. This edition was directed by Lee Kresel of Titan Productions and narrated by Norman Rose. Its premiere was held in the DeMille Theater, New York, on 28 April 1968, and attended by actresses Ludmila Savelyeva and Irina Skobtseva, as well as Soviet ambassadors Anatoly Dobrynin and Yakov Malik. Tickets for the picture were later sold for $5.50–$7.50—the highest admission rate ever, breaking the previous $6 record of Funny Girl. On 23 January 1969, Kresel's edition opened in London's Curzon cinema. The US television network ABC broadcast War and Peace over four days, 12–15 August 1972. The series was broadcast on BBC2 on Christmas Day 1976, split into two 4-hour sections with a 30-minute intermission. Awards In July 1965, War and Peace was awarded the Grand Prix at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival together with the Hungarian entry Twenty Hours. Ludmila Savelyeva was presented with an honorary diploma. The readers of Sovetskii Ekran, the official publication of the State Committee for Cinematography, chose Savelyeva and Vyacheslav Tikhonov for the best actress and actor of 1966, in recognition of their appearance in the picture. In the same year, War and Peace also received the Million Pearl Award of the Roei Association of Film Viewers in Japan. In 1967, the film was entered into the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, out of competition. It was sent there instead of Andrei Tarkovsky's Andrei Rublev, which had been invited by the festival's organizers but was deemed inappropriate by the Soviet government. In the United States, it won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film in the 26th Golden Globe Awards. The picture was the Soviet entry to the 41st Academy Awards, held on 14 April 1969. It received the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was nominated for Best Art Direction. War and Peace was the first Soviet picture to win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and was the longest film ever to receive an Academy Award until O.J.: Made in America won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2017. It also won the National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film and the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Foreign Language Film for 1968. In 1970, it was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design in the 23rd British Academy Film Awards. Critical response Soviet film critic Rostislav Yurenev wrote that War and Peace was "the most ambitious and monumental adaptation of the greatest work of Russian literature set out to convey in tremendous scope the historical conception of Leo Tolstoy, his extraordinarily vivid and profound depiction of humanity". In a second review, he added: "the desire for ever greater depth of penetration into the human character, of every aspect of it led to Sergei Bondarchuk's adaptation of Tolstoy. The outcome is truly marvelous." Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reviewer Brigitte Jeremias stated the film presented history "with great meticulousness and choreographic quality . This is a conservative, romantic or perhaps even classical historical film . But it strives for authenticity, and is therefore incomparably better than Vidor's adaptation." French critic Georges Sadoul commented: "more than in the sheer scale of the battle scenes", the film's "merit lies in its sense of the Russian landscape", to continue: "Though perhaps an impressive example of film-making on large scale", it was "ponderous by any standard" and "tediously faithful" to the novel, with "none of its narrative flair or spirit . Occasional bravura or touching episodes are not adequate for the dogged pedantry." Claude Mauriac wrote in Le Figaro littéraire that "we have already seen many Soviet films . But this is the most beautiful I have seen since, well, since when?" Peter Cowie noted that Bondarchuk brought to his adaptation "the epic sweep that had eluded King Vidor". Joseph Gelmis of Newsday agreed that the film was "superior as drama and spectacle. Bondartchouk isn't an innovator. Instead he uses virtually every movie technique extant ... an antiwar film that celebrates life, love, renewal". Renata Adler of the New York Times wrote that "the characters—including Savelyeva who looks a little queasy, and Bondarchuk, too old to play Pierre—are dowdy automata". She added the film was "vulgar in the sense that it takes something great and makes it both pretentious and devoid of life . A failure in the sense that it is not even as enjoyable as any number of lesser films." Adler also disapproved of the English dubbing, opining that "although it is remarkable—an outer limit of what can be done—it was a mistake" and "proves once and for all the futility of dubbing". The New Yorker critic Penelope Gilliatt lambasted the process as well: "the decision to tack on alien voices seems madness". Judith Crist wrote in New York Magazine: "Those Russians…! And now, I bet they'll beat us to the moon! Chauvinism be damned—I'm putting Gone with the Wind into historic perspective and second place, for certainly War and Peace is not only the finest epic of our time, but also a great and noble translation of a literary masterpiece, surpassing our expectation and imagination." The Time magazine reviewer wrote that the film "escapes greatness, except in cost and length the movie is awesome in war and pusillanimous in peace". In the novel, unlike in the picture, "the war is only the background . Pierre and Andrei are only shallow, literal representations of Tolstoy's characters . Moreover, the dubbing is disastrous." Richard Schickel of Life noted that the film's American distributors "have cut and dubbed it, ruining any merit it may have had" but the original "had its own deficiencies . Missing is Tolstoy's theory of history as well as his Christian message (neither fits Marxist theory very well), and without this underpinning the film lacks power and purpose." Roger Ebert commented that it was "a magnificently unique film . Bondarchuk, however, is able to balance the spectacular, the human, and the intellectual. Even in the longest, bloodiest, battle scenes there are vignettes that stand out . It is as spectacular as a movie can possibly be and yet it has a human fullness." Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 100% of 19 reviews were positive, with an average rating of 8.97/10. Analysis Ian Aitken regarded War and Peace as "one of the most important" films produced during the 1964–68 transition from the Khrushchev Thaw to the Brezhnev Stagnation. In that period, the liberal atmosphere of the Thaw was still felt, although it was being marginalized as Soviet cinema became more restrained. The picture "departed from the officially sanctioned forms of Socialist realism" and rather, conformed to György Lukács' model of intensive totality in several aspects: it was based on a classic realist novel which itself influenced Lukács; had a complex plot structure, and portrayed the relations of individuals in a social context. Aitken added that at the same time, the picture employed several "overtly modernist" techniques: "symbolic, anti-realist use of color disembodied speech, rapid editing reflexive, hand-held camera". He believed the film's "chief importance" to lie in its demonstration of how "the Lukácsian model of intensive totality can be given a successful modernist inflection". He also noted that, while it was an example of critical realism rather than socialist realism and had modernist characteristics, War and Peace was "politically innocuous enough" to be celebrated by the Brezhnev government as a great achievement. Lev Anninsky, on the contrary, viewed Bondarchuk's picture as a symbol of state-approved cinema, writing it was the "antithesis" of and a "total contrast" to Andrei Rublev, which he saw as representing the nonconformist approach in the field. Anninsky commented that War and Peace was imbued with patriotic motifs and "warm Russian tradition, which engulfs the viewer" while Tarkovsky had no such sense of "history as if it is a mother's womb". Mira and Antonin Liehm considered it "foremost" among the early Brezhnevite films which received "official support" in order to bring "Russian classics and history to the screen in a manner in line with the official standards of taste". However, they added that "if measured by models and ambitions" it could "stand on its own merits". David C. Gillespie noted orthodox Soviet messages in the film: "There are ideological touches . Russian and Austrian soldiers (but not their officers) show proletarian-like solidarity . There is no mention in the film of Pierre's early dalliance with freemasonry, as if contact with a foreign creed might erode some of his Russianness." He wrote that it "remains a paean to Russian military might and the strength of the Russian 'soul'". Restoration In 1986, Bondarchuk was requested to prepare War and Peace for a television broadcast. A 35-mm. copy of the series, which was filmed in parallel to the main version and had a 4:3 aspect ratio, rather than the 70-mm. 2.20:1, was submitted, after being adapted by a team headed by Petritsky. In 1999, as part of an initiative to restore its old classics, Mosfilm resolved to restore War and Peace. As the original 70-mm. reels were damaged beyond repair, the studio used the 1988 4:3 version and the original soundtrack to make a DVD edition, in a process that cost $80,000. In 2006 Karen Shakhnazarov, director of Mosfilm, announced that a new "frame by frame" restoration was being made. Which elements were being used is unclear, but the restoration would, claimed Shakhnazarov, probably be finished by the end of 2016. The completed restoration was first shown at the Film Society of Lincoln Center in New York City, then in Los Angeles and other major cities. The Criterion Collection released the restoration onto 3-disc DVD and 2-disc Blu-ray sets on 25 June 2019. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to War and Peace (1967 film). Ah Vy, Seni, Moi Seni, Russian folk song Waterloo, a film about the Battle of Waterloo, also directed by Bondarchuk List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union List of Soviet submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. List of submissions to the 41st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film. Annotations ^ The 1979 Guinness Book of World Records and other sources state that "the re-creation of the Battle of Borodino involved 120,000 Soviet Army extras". This figure is contradicted by several contemporary sources: the New York Times journalist Theodore Shabad reported that "12,000 soldiers and 800 horses" took part. Chief military consultant Vladimir Kurasov wrote that "12–13 thousand soldiers" would be used for Borodino. Nikolai Ivanov recalled a "force of 15,000". Even the 1971 Guinness Book of World Records states: "The re-creation of the Battle of Borodino involved 12,000 men and 800 horses." The figure used here is cited by Razzakov, who had access to the production records. ^ The exchange rate of the rouble to US dollar from 1961 to 1971 was 0.9:1. Other exchange rates used here are the 1969 rate of £0.41667:$1 and the 1967 rate of DM 3.9866:$1. ^ In March 1965, the British magazine Films and Filming reported that the two first parts required £9 million (equal to $25.2 million); in July, L'Express stated that they cost $50 million. René Drommert of Die Zeit was told that 135 million West German Marks ($33.8 million) were spent making them, while Der Spiegel stated that it cost 240 million West German Mark ($60.2 million). References ^ Wook Kim (22 February 2013). "Longest Film (Running Time) to Win an Award: 431 Minutes". Time. Retrieved 9 February 2019. ^ Peter Rollberg (2009). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 744–745. ISBN 978-0-8108-6072-8. ^ Ebert, Roger (22 June 1969). "War and Peace movie review & film summary (1969)". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ... 'War and Peace' is the definitive epic of all time. It is hard to imagine that circumstances will ever again combine to make a more spectacular, expensive, and -- yes -- splendid movie. ^ Barone, Joshua (15 February 2019). "A Peerless 'War and Peace' Film Is Restored to Its Former Glory". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ... Sergei Bondarchuk's 1960s adaptation of the Leo Tolstoy novel "War and Peace" is a singular feat of filmmaking that can never be repeated. ^ Lumbard, Neil (19 March 2020). "War and Peace Blu-ray Review". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 16 August 2021. War and Peace is an epic of a magnitude which is rarely seen in cinema. ^ Galbraith, Stuart IV (8 July 2019). "War and Peace (Criterion)". DVD Talk. MH Sub I, LLC. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ... the Soviet-financed, four-part adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace (1965-67) is an epic among epics, the biggest scale film production ever attempted, the kind of motion picture event that almost certainly will never come again. ^ Razzakov. o Vojne. p. 6. ^ a b c d e f Gnedinskaya, Anastasia (21 September 2011). Товарищ Кутузов, что-то стало холодать! (in Russian). Moskovskij Komsomolets. Retrieved 10 September 2012. ^ a b "Fünfte Fassung" . Der Spiegel (in German). 20 February 1967. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Razzakov. Gibelʹ sovetskogo kino. p. 74. ^ Razzakov. Gibelʹ sovetskogo kino. p. 75. ^ a b Razzakov. o Vojne. p. 224. ^ a b c Razzakov. o Vojne. p. 225. ^ a b Muskyi. p. 274. ^ Palatnikova. p. 75. ^ a b c Drommert, René (30 July 1965). "Tauziehen auf den Moskauer Festspielen" . Die Zeit (in German). Retrieved 10 September 2012. ^ Muskyi. p. 275. ^ Rtischeva, Natalia (1 December 2010). Николай Иванов: В моей биографии самое главное – "Война и мир" (in Russian). Rodnaya Gazetta. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012. ^ Razzakov. Tajnoe stanovitsja javnym. p. 18. ^ a b Nekhamkin, Sergei (4 August 2011). Зеленая точка (in Russian). Argumenti Nedeli. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ a b Razzakov. Tajnoe stanovitsja javnym. p. 247. ^ Palchikovsky, Sergei (29 September 2005). Тарас Шевченко – автор эпопеи "Война и мир" (in Russian). Pervaya Krimskaya Gazeta. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. ^ Palatnikova. p. 192. ^ Veligzhanina, Anna (27 October 2005). Никита Михалков снимает "Утомленных-2" и разводит кабанов (in Russian). Komsomolskaya Pravda. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ a b Razzakov. Tajnoe stanovitsja javnym. p. 249. ^ Naumenko, Alexei (24 July 2004). Анатолий Петрицкий: "Эта картина – самое главное, что я в жизни сделал" (in Russian). Zerkalo Nedely. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Zhirnov, Yevgeni (20 September 2004). Целлулоидное искусство (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Razzakov. Tajnoe stanovitsja javnym. p. 234. ^ a b Lsovoi, Nine (February 2008). Слово мастера (in Russian). Техника и технологии кино. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011. p. 7. ^ Razzakov. o Vojne. p. 18. ^ Razzakov. o Vojne. p. 19. ^ Razzakov. Tajnoe stanovitsja javnym. p. 232. ^ a b c Muskyi. p. 276. ^ Razzakov. o Vojne. p. 20. ^ a b c Razzakov. o Vojne. p. 23. ^ a b McWhirter. 1979. p. 242. ^ Shabad, Theodore (12 January 1964). "War and Peace on Native Soil". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2012. ^ Kurasov, Vladimir (September 1962). фильм о славе русского оружия (in Russian). Sovetskii Ekran. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ McWhirter. 1971. p. 198. ^ White, Peter. T. (June 1986). "The World of Tolstoy". National Geographic. 169 (6): 764. ISSN 0027-9358. ^ Vorobyov, Vyacheslav (9 April 2012). Директор "Войны и мира" (in Russian). Tverskaya Zhizn. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Cowie. p. 39. ^ Razzakov. Tajnoe stanovitsja javnym. pp. 241–242. ^ Palatnikova. p. 56. ^ Bondarchuk. p. 161. ^ Razzakov. Tajnoe stanovitsja javnym. p. 242. ^ a b Razzakov. Tajnoe stanovitsja javnym. p. 243. ^ Starodubetz, Anatoly (30 September 2005). Наталья Бондарчук: на съемках "Войны и мира" Отец пережил две клинические смерти (in Russian). Gazeta Trud. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Razzakov. Gibelʹ sovetskogo kino. p. 129. ^ Razzakov. o Vojne. p. 34. ^ M.M. Goldin. Opyt gosudarstvennogo upravleniya iskusstvom: Deyatelnost pervogo otechestvennogo Ministerstva kulʹtury. Moscow (2006). p. 73. ^ Beumers. p. 143. ^ Razzakov. o Vojne. p. 30. ^ Deryabin. p. 637. ^ a b Razzakov. o Vojne. p. 36. ^ "Central Bank of Russia: Ruble to US Dollar Exchange Rate History". cbr.ru. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ "Pacific Exchange: Foreign Currency Units per 1 U.S. Dollar, 1948–2011" (PDF). ubc.ca. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Weiler, Abraham H. (19 January 1968). "7-Hour 'War and Peace' Booked Here". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2012.(subscription required) ^ Crist, Judith (29 April 1968). "Waiting for Tolstoy". New York. ^ a b Schickel, Richard (14 June 1968). "It Shouldn't Be Happening to Tolstoy". Life. ^ a b "New Movies: War & Peace". Time magazine. 3 May 1968. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Kehr, Dave (19 October 2007). "Movies – War and Peace". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 February 2019. ^ Barone, Joshua (15 February 2019). "A Peerless 'War and Peace' Film Is Restored to Its Former Glory". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 February 2019. ^ The Annual Register: World Events in 1969. 211: 435. 1970. ISSN 0266-6170. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "A Moscow Letter". Films and Filming: 49. March 1965. ISSN 0015-167X. ^ L'Express. 28 June – 4 July 1965. p. 35. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "One of film's greatest epics is a 7-hour adaptation of War and Peace. Really". 15 February 2019. ^ a b c Kudryavtsev. 3500. p. 185. ^ a b c Zemlianukhin, Segida. p. 72. ^ Kudryavtsev. Svoe Kino. p. 374. ^ Razzakov. Tajnoe stanovitsja javnym. p. 278. ^ Razzakov. Gibelʹ sovetskogo kino. p. 190. ^ Tendora, p. 92. ^ Society for Contemporary Studies (1971). The Contemporary. 15: 56. ISSN 0573-7958. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Freie Welt. 169 (27): 8. October 1970. ISSN 0427-5217. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ a b "Woina i Mir" (PDF). berlinale.de. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Leyko, p. 84. ^ "Guerre et Paix". allocine.fr. Retrieved 4 October 2013. ^ Balio. p. 220. ^ Jonas, Gerald (9 March 1968). "Labials and Fricatives". The New Yorker. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Curtis, Charlotte (29 April 1968). "War and Peace Opens". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Lanken, Dane (2 May 1968). "Soviet Film Version of War and Peace is Given a Gala New York Premiere". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Balio. p. 221. ^ New Society. 23 January 1969. p. 136. ISSN 0028-6729. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ a b Gelmis, Joseph (6–12 August 1972). "'War and Peace' Colossal 4-Night Run". Newsday TV Book. Retrieved 20 August 2016. ^ Radio Times- December 1976, Christmas edition ^ "1965 1965 MIFF Awards". moscowfilmfestival.ru. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. ^ Победители конкурса журнала "Советский экран" (in Russian). akter.kulichki.com. October 1983. Retrieved 1 March 2011. ^ Tendora. p. 287. ^ "1967 Cannes Festival Out Of Competition". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Beumers. p. 145. ^ "The 26th Annual Golden Globe Awards". goldenglobes.org. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ "The 41st Academy Awards (1969) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 15 November 2011. ^ Osborne. p. 206. ^ Blyth, Antonia (20 December 2016). "Ezra Edelman On 'O.J.: Made In America:' "I Never Really Thought He Was Going To Say Yes"". Deadline. Retrieved 29 August 2023. ^ "NBRMP Awards for Best Foreign Language Film". nbrmp.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ "New York Film Critics Circle Awards 1968". nyfcc.com. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ "23rd BAFTA Awards". bafta.org. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Yurenev, p. 96. ^ Tendora. p. 93. ^ Sadoul, p. 407. ^ Mauriac, Claude (5 May 1966). "Guerre et paix de Serge Bondartchouk, d'après Tolstoï". Le Figaro littéraire (1046): 16. ^ Cowie, p. 40. ^ a b Adler, Renata (29 April 1968). "6 1/4-Hour Movie Is Shown in 2 Parts at the DeMille". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ a b Adler, Renata (5 May 1968). "War and Peace – and Godard". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Gilliatt, Penelope (4 May 1968). "The Russians' Monument". The New Yorker. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Crist, Judith (13 May 1968). "War and Peace – The Greatest". New York. ^ "War and Peace :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. 22 June 1969. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012. ^ "War and Peace (1967)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2 July 2019. ^ Aitken, p. 223. ^ Anninsky, p. 200. ^ Liehm, p. 313. ^ Gillespie, p. 18. ^ Yakovleva, Elene (25 July 2006). От фабрики грез к фабрике смыслов (in Russian). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Maslova, Lidya (5 July 2000). "Мосфильм" перепечатал "Войну и мир" (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved 18 September 2012. ^ Bramesco, Charles (15 February 2019). "One of film's greatest epics is a 7-hour adaptation of War and Peace. Really". Vox. Retrieved 20 February 2019. Bibliography Aitken, Ian (2001). European Film Theory and Cinema: A Critical Introduction. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-253-21505-6. Anninsky, Lev (1991). Shestidesiatniki i my: Kinematograf, stavshii i ne stavshii Istoriei. Soyuz Kinematografov SSSR. OCLC 26810585. Balio, Tino (2010). The Foreign Film Renaissance on American Screens, 1946–1973. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-24794-2. Beumers, Birgit (2009). A History of Russian Cinema. Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-215-6. Bondarchuk, Natalya (2009). Edinstvennye dni. Astrel. ISBN 978-5-17-062587-1. Cowie, Peter (1975). 50 Major Film-Makers. A.S. Barnes. ISBN 978-0-498-01255-6. Deryabin, Alexander (2010). Letopisʹ rossiiskogo kino, 1946–1965. Kanon Plus. ISBN 978-5-88373-152-4. Gillespie, David C. (2003). Russian Cinema. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-43790-6. Kudryavtsev, Sergei (2008). 3500 avtorskuiu knigu kinoretsenzii. Pechatny Dvor. ISBN 978-5-9901318-3-5. Kudryavtsev, Sergei (1998). Svoe Kino. Dubl-D. OCLC 42657018. Leyko, Małgorzata; Sugiera, Małgorzata; Bayerdörfer, Hans-Peter (1998). Polnisch-deutsche Theaterbeziehungen seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Niemeyer. ISBN 978-3-484-66026-7. Liehm, Miera & Antonin J. (1977). The Most Important Art: Soviet and Eastern European Film After 1945. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04128-3. McWhirter, Norris and Ross (1972). Guinness Book of World Records 1971. Sterling. ISBN 978-0-8069-0004-9. McWhirter, Ross (1980). Guinness Book of World Records 1979. Sterling. ISBN 978-0-8069-0130-5. Muskyi, Igor (2007). Sto velikikh otechestvennykh kinofilmov. Veche. ISBN 978-5-9533-2343-7. Osborne, Robert (1999). 70 Years of the Oscar: The Official History of the Academy Awards. Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-7892-0484-4. Palatnikova, Olga (2010). Neizvestnyi Bondarchuk: Planeta Geniya. Exmo. ISBN 978-5-699-44957-6. Razzakov, Fedor (2008). Gibelʹ sovetskogo kino. Exmo. ISBN 978-5-699-26846-7. Razzakov, Fedor (2005). Naše Ljubimoe Kino... o Vojne. Algoritm. ISBN 978-5-699-12882-2. Razzakov, Fedor (2004). Naše Ljubimoe Kino – Tajnoe stanovitsja javnym. Algoritm. ISBN 978-5-9265-0142-8. Sadoul, Georges (1972). Dictionary of Films. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02152-5. Tendora, Natalya (2008). Vyacheslav Tikhonov kniazʹ iz Pavlovskogo Posada. Algoritm. ISBN 978-5-699-38719-9. Yurenev, Rostislav (1968). Iskusstvo roždennoe oktjabrem. BP sovetskogo kinoiskusstva. OCLC 247736059. Zemlianukhin, Sergei; Segida, Miroslava (1996). Domashniaia Sinemateka 1918–1996. Duble-D. ISBN 978-5-900902-05-0. External links War and Peace at IMDb War and Peace at Rotten Tomatoes Watch War and Peace online at official Mosfilm site (with English subtitles) War and Peace on kino-teatr.ru. War and Peace, episode 1 of 4, restored HD, Mosfilm 1966, in Russian language with English subtitles War and Peace, episode 2 of 4, restored HD, Mosfilm 1966, in Russian language with English subtitles War and Peace, episode 3 of 4, restored HD, Mosfilm 1967, in Russian language with English subtitles War and Peace, episode 4 of 4, restored HD, Mosfilm 1967, in Russian language with English subtitles War and Peace: Saint Petersburg Fiddles, Moscow Burns an essay by Ella Taylor at the Criterion Collection vteFilms by Sergei Bondarchuk Fate of a Man (1959) War and Peace (1965–1967) Waterloo (1970) They Fought for Their Country (1975) The Steppe (1977) Red Bells (1982) Red Bells II (1982) Boris Godunov (1986) vteLeo Tolstoy's War and Peace (1869)Fictional characters Pierre Bezukhov Andrei Bolkonsky Natasha Rostova Marya Bolkonskaya Nikolai Rostov Hélène Kuragina Sonya Anatole Kuragin Petya Rostov All characters Historical characters Napoleon Mikhail Kutuzov Barclay de Tolly Pyotr Bagration Fyodor Rostopchin Alexander I of Russia Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov Events Napoleonic Wars Battle of Schöngrabern Battle of Austerlitz Treaties of Tilsit French invasion of Russia Battle of Borodino Fire of Moscow Battle of Krasnoi Great Comet of 1811 Film War and Peace (1915) War and Peace (1956) War and Peace (1966–67 series) TV War and Peace (1972 series) War and Peace (2007 miniseries) War & Peace (2016 series) Other adaptations War and Peace (1942 opera) Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 (2012 musical) Related War and Peace (1980 board game) War and Peace: 1796–1815 (2002 video game) Awards for War and Peace vteAcademy Award for Best International Feature Film1947–1955(Honorary) 1947: Shoeshine – Vittorio De Sica 1948: Monsieur Vincent – Maurice Cloche 1949: Bicycle Thieves – Vittorio De Sica 1950: The Walls of Malapaga – René Clément 1951: Rashomon – Akira Kurosawa 1952: Forbidden Games – René Clément 1953: No Award 1954: Gate of Hell – Teinosuke Kinugasa 1955: Samurai, The Legend of Musashi – Hiroshi Inagaki 1956–1975 1956: La Strada – Federico Fellini 1957: Nights of Cabiria – Federico Fellini 1958: My Uncle – Jacques Tati 1959: Black Orpheus – Marcel Camus 1960: The Virgin Spring – Ingmar Bergman 1961: Through a Glass Darkly – Ingmar Bergman 1962: Sundays and Cybèle – Serge Bourguignon 1963: 8½ – Federico Fellini 1964: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow – Vittorio De Sica 1965: The Shop on Main Street – Ján Kadár & Elmar Klos 1966: A Man and a Woman – Claude Lelouch 1967: Closely Watched Trains – Jiří Menzel 1968: War and Peace – Sergei Bondarchuk 1969: Z – Costa-Gavras 1970: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion – Elio Petri 1971: The Garden of the Finzi-Continis – Vittorio De Sica 1972: The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie – Luis Buñuel 1973: Day for Night – François Truffaut 1974: Amarcord – Federico Fellini 1975: Dersu Uzala – Akira Kurosawa 1976–2000 1976: Black and White in Color – Jean-Jacques Annaud 1977: Madame Rosa – Moshé Mizrahi 1978: Get Out Your Handkerchiefs – Bertrand Blier 1979: The Tin Drum – Volker Schlöndorff 1980: Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears – Vladimir Menshov 1981: Mephisto – István Szabó 1982: Volver a Empezar ('To Begin Again') – José Luis Garci 1983: Fanny and Alexander – Ingmar Bergman 1984: Dangerous Moves – Richard Dembo 1985: The Official Story – Luis Puenzo 1986: The Assault – Fons Rademakers 1987: Babette's Feast – Gabriel Axel 1988: Pelle the Conqueror – Bille August 1989: Cinema Paradiso – Giuseppe Tornatore 1990: Journey of Hope – Xavier Koller 1991: Mediterraneo – Gabriele Salvatores 1992: Indochine – Régis Wargnier 1993: Belle Époque – Fernando Trueba 1994: Burnt by the Sun – Nikita Mikhalkov 1995: Antonia's Line – Marleen Gorris 1996: Kolya – Jan Svěrák 1997: Character – Mike van Diem 1998: Life Is Beautiful – Roberto Benigni 1999: All About My Mother – Pedro Almodóvar 2000: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon – Ang Lee 2001–present 2001: No Man's Land – Danis Tanović 2002: Nowhere in Africa – Caroline Link 2003: The Barbarian Invasions – Denys Arcand 2004: The Sea Inside – Alejandro Amenábar 2005: Tsotsi – Gavin Hood 2006: The Lives of Others – Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck 2007: The Counterfeiters – Stefan Ruzowitzky 2008: Departures – Yōjirō Takita 2009: The Secret in Their Eyes – Juan José Campanella 2010: In a Better World – Susanne Bier 2011: A Separation – Asghar Farhadi 2012: Amour – Michael Haneke 2013: The Great Beauty – Paolo Sorrentino 2014: Ida – Paweł Pawlikowski 2015: Son of Saul – László Nemes 2016: The Salesman – Asghar Farhadi 2017: A Fantastic Woman – Sebastián Lelio 2018: Roma – Alfonso Cuarón 2019: Parasite – Bong Joon-ho 2020: Another Round – Thomas Vinterberg 2021: Drive My Car – Ryusuke Hamaguchi 2022: All Quiet on the Western Front – Edward Berger 2023: The Zone of Interest – Jonathan Glazer vteGolden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language FilmForeign Film – Foreign Language 1949–1972 Bicycle Thieves (1949) Genevieve / The Lady of the Camelias / No Way Back / Twenty-Four Eyes (1954) Children, Mother, and the General / Dangerous Curves / Eyes of Children / Ordet / Stella (1955) Before Sundown / A Girl in Black / Roses on the Arm / War and Peace / The White Reindeer (1956) Confessions of Felix Krull / Tizoc / Yellow Crow (1957) Girl and the River / The Road a Year Long / Rosemary (1958) Aren't We Wonderful? / Black Orpheus / The Bridge / Odd Obsession / Wild Strawberries (1959) The Truth / The Virgin Spring (1960) Two Women (1961) Divorce Italian Style (1962) Any Number Can Win (1963) Marriage Italian Style (1964) Juliet of the Spirits (1965) A Man and a Woman (1966) Live for Life (1967) War and Peace (1968) Z (1969) Rider on the Rain (1970) The Policeman (1971) The Emigrants / The New Land (1972) Foreign Film1973–1985 The Pedestrian (1973) Scenes from a Marriage (1974) Lies My Father Told Me (1975) Face to Face (1976) A Special Day (1977) Autumn Sonata (1978) La Cage aux Folles (1979) Tess (1980) Chariots of Fire (1981) Gandhi (1982) Fanny and Alexander (1983) A Passage to India (1984) The Official Story (1985) Foreign Language Film1986–2020 The Assault (1986) My Life as a Dog (1987) Pelle the Conqueror (1988) Cinema Paradiso (1989) Cyrano de Bergerac (1990) Europa Europa (1991) Indochine (1992) Farewell My Concubine (1993) Farinelli (1994) Les Misérables (1995) Kolya (1996) Ma vie en rose (1997) Central Station (1998) All About My Mother (1999) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) No Man's Land (2001) Talk to Her (2002) Osama (2003) The Sea Inside (2004) Paradise Now (2005) Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007) Waltz with Bashir (2008) The White Ribbon (2009) In a Better World (2010) A Separation (2011) Amour (2012) The Great Beauty (2013) Leviathan (2014) Son of Saul (2015) Elle (2016) In the Fade (2017) Roma (2018) Parasite (2019) Minari (2020) Non-English Language Film2021–present Drive My Car (2021) Argentina, 1985 (2022) Anatomy of a Fall (2023) vteMoscow International Film Festival Main Award1959–1967Grand Prix Fate of a Man (1959) The Naked Island – Clear Skies (1961) 8+1⁄2 (1963) War and Peace – Twenty Hours (1965) The Journalist – Father (1967) 1969–1987Golden Prize Lucía – Serafino – We'll Live Till Monday (1969) Confessions of a Police Captain – Live Today, Die Tomorrow! – The White Bird Marked with Black (1971) That Sweet Word: Liberty! – Affection (1973) The Promised Land – Dersu Uzala – We All Loved Each Other So Much (1975) The Fifth Seal – El puente – Mimino (1977) Christ Stopped at Eboli – Siete días de enero – Camera Buff (1979) O Homem que Virou Suco – The Abandoned Field: Free Fire Zone – Teheran 43 (1981) Amok – Alsino and the Condor – Vassa (1983) Come and See – A Soldier's Story – The Descent of the Nine (1985) Intervista (1987) 1989–present Golden St. George The Icicle Thief (1989) Spotted Dog Running at the Edge of the Sea (1991) Me Ivan, You Abraham (1993) (No award in 1995) Marvin's Room (1997) Will to Live (1999) Life as a Fatal Sexually Transmitted Disease (2000) The Believer (2001) Resurrection (2002) The End of a Mystery (2003) Our Own (2004) Dreaming of Space (2005) About Sara (2006) Travelling with Pets (2007) As Simple as That (2008) Pete on the Way to Heaven (2009) Hermano (2010) Las olas (2011) Junkhearts (2012) Particle (2013) My Man (2014) Losers (2015) Daughter (2016) Yuan Shang (2017) The Lord Eagle (2018) The Secret of A Leader (2019) A Siege Diary (2020) Dogpoopgirl (2021) No Prior Appointment (2022) Tres Hermanos (2023) Shame (2024) vteNational Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film1934–1950 Man of Aran (1934) No Award (1935) Carnival in Flanders (1936) The Eternal Mask (1937) La Grande Illusion (1938) Port of Shadows (1939) The Baker's Wife (1940) Pépé le Moko (1941) No Award (1942–1949) The Titan (1950) 1951–1975 Rashomon (1951) The Sound Barrier (1952) A Queen Is Crowned (1953) Romeo and Juliet (1954) The Prisoner (1955) The Silent World (1956) Ordet (1957) Pather Panchali (1958) Wild Strawberries (1959) The World of Apu (1960) Die Brücke (1961) Sundays and Cybele (1962) 8½ (1963) World Without Sun (1964) Juliet of the Spirits (1965) The Sleeping Car Murders (1966) Elvira Madigan (1967) War and Peace (1968) Shame (1969) The Wild Child (1970) Claire's Knee (1971) The Sorrow and the Pity (1972) Cries and Whispers (1973) Amarcord (1974) The Story of Adele H. (1975) 1976–2000 The Marquise of O (1976) That Obscure Object of Desire (1977) Autumn Sonata (1978) La Cage aux Folles (1979) The Tin Drum (1980) A Few Days from the Life of I. I. Oblomov (1981) Mephisto (1982) Fanny and Alexander (1983) A Sunday in the Country (1984) Ran (1985) Otello (1986) Jean de Florette / Manon des Sources (1987) Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (1988) Story of Women (1989) Cyrano de Bergerac (1990) Europa Europa (1991) Indochine (1992) Farewell My Concubine (1993) Eat Drink Man Woman (1994) Shanghai Triad (1995) Ridicule (1996) Shall We Dance? (1997) Central Station (1998) All About My Mother (1999) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) 2001–present Amores perros (2001) Talk to Her (2002) The Barbarian Invasions (2003) The Sea Inside (2004) Paradise Now (2005) Volver (2006) The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007) Mongol (2008) A Prophet (2009) Of Gods and Men (2010) A Separation (2011) Amour (2012) The Past (2013) Wild Tales (2014) Son of Saul (2015) The Salesman (2016) Foxtrot (2017) Cold War (2018) Parasite (2019) La Llorona (2020) A Hero (2021) Close (2022) Anatomy of a Fall (2023) vteNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Foreign Language Film1937–1977 Mayerling (1937) Grand Illusion (1938) Harvest (1939) The Baker's Wife (1940) No Award (1941–1945) Rome, Open City (1946) To Live in Peace (1947) Paisan (1948) Bicycle Thieves (1949) L'Amore (1950) Miracle in Milan (1951) Forbidden Games (1952) Justice Is Done (1953) Gate of Hell (1954) Umberto D. (1955) The Road (1956) Gervaise (1957) My Uncle (1958) The 400 Blows (1959) Hiroshima My Love (1960) The Sweet Life (1961) No Award (1962) 8½ (1963) That Man from Rio (1964) Juliet of the Spirits (1965) The Shop on Main Street (1966) The War Is Over (1967) War and Peace (1968) No Award (1969–1977) 1978–2000 Bread and Chocolate (1978) The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1979) My American Uncle (1980) Pixote (1981) Time Stands Still (1982) Fanny and Alexander (1983) A Sunday in the Country (1984) Ran (1985) The Decline of the American Empire (1986) My Life as a Dog (1987) Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (1988) Story of Women (1989) The Nasty Girl (1990) Europa Europa (1991) Raise the Red Lantern (1992) Farewell My Concubine (1993) Three Colours: Red (1994) Wild Reeds (1995) The White Balloon (1996) Ponette (1997) The Celebration (1998) All About My Mother (1999) Yi Yi (2000) 2001–present In the Mood for Love (2001) And Your Mother Too (2002) City of God (2003) Bad Education (2004) 2046 (2005) Army of Shadows (2006) The Lives of Others (2007) 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2008) Summer Hours (2009) Carlos (2010) A Separation (2011) Amour (2012) Blue Is the Warmest Colour (2013) Ida (2014) Timbuktu (2015) Toni Erdmann (2016) BPM (Beats per Minute) (2017) Cold War (2018) Parasite (2019) Bacurau (2020) The Worst Person in the World (2021) EO (2022) Anatomy of a Fall (2023) vteSoviet submission for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Ivan's Childhood (1963) War and Peace (1968) The Brothers Karamazov (1969) Tchaikovsky (1971) The Dawns Here Are Quiet (1972) Liberation (1973) The Ferocious One (1974) Dersu Uzala (1975) They Fought for Their Country (1976) The Ascent (1977) White Bim Black Ear (1978) Autumn Marathon (1979) Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears (1980) O Sport, You Are Peace! (1981) Private Life (1982) Vassa (1983) Wartime Romance (1984) Come and See (1985) Wild Pigeon (1986) Repentance (1987) Commissar (1988) Zerograd (1989) Taxi Blues (1990) Get Thee Out (1991) Portals: Soviet Union Film Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War and Peace (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_film"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Sergei Bondarchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Bondarchuk"},{"link_name":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"1869 novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bezukhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bezukhov"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Tikhonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Tikhonov"},{"link_name":"Ludmila Savelyeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludmila_Savelyeva"},{"link_name":"Andrei Bolkonsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Nikolayevich_Bolkonsky"},{"link_name":"Natasha Rostova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Rostova"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mosfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosfilm"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"Rbls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_rouble"},{"link_name":"or $60–70 million in 2019, accounting for rouble inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Expensive_Film#Most_expensive_films_(adjusted_for_inflation)"},{"link_name":"Moscow International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"This article is about the 1966–67 film series. For other uses, see War and Peace (disambiguation).War and Peace (Russian: Война и мир, romanized: Voyna i mir) is a 1966–1967 Soviet epic war drama film co-written and directed by Sergei Bondarchuk, adapted from Leo Tolstoy's 1869 novel. Released in four installments throughout 1966 and 1967, the film starred Bondarchuk in the leading role of Pierre Bezukhov, alongside Vyacheslav Tikhonov and Ludmila Savelyeva, who depicted Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova.[2]The film was produced by the Mosfilm studios between 1961 and 1967, with considerable support from the Soviet authorities and the Soviet Army which provided hundreds of horses and over ten thousand soldiers as extras. At a cost of 8.29 million Rbls – equal to US$ 9.21 million at 1967 rates, or $60–70 million in 2019, accounting for rouble inflation – it was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. Upon its release, it became a success with audiences, selling approximately 135 million tickets in the USSR. War and Peace also won the Grand Prix in the Moscow International Film Festival, the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Since its release, the film has often been considered the grandest epic film ever made, with many asserting its monumental production to be unrepeatable and unique in film history.[3][4][5][6]","title":"War and Peace (film series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bezukhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bezukhov"},{"link_name":"illegitimate son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)"},{"link_name":"Andrei Bolkonsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Nikolayevich_Bolkonsky"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Kutuzov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov"},{"link_name":"War of the Third Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Hélène Kuragina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Kuragina"},{"link_name":"Anatole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_Kuragin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Schöngrabern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern"},{"link_name":"Battle of Austerlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz"}],"sub_title":"Part I: Andrei Bolkonsky (Война и мир: Андрей Болконский)","text":"In Saint Petersburg of 1805, Pierre Bezukhov, the illegitimate son of a rich nobleman, is introduced to high society. His friend, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, joins the Imperial Russian Army as aide-de-camp of General Mikhail Kutuzov in the War of the Third Coalition against Napoleon. As Pierre's father recognizes him, Pierre attracts the attention of Hélène Kuragina and marries her, only to learn through rumor that she has been unfaithful and slept with Fyodor Dolokhov, an intimate of Hélène's brother Anatole. Meanwhile, Andrei takes part in the failed campaign in Austria, where he witnesses the Battle of Schöngrabern and the Battle of Austerlitz, is badly wounded and mistaken for dead. He returns to his father's estate just in time to witness his wife Lisa die during childbirth.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attends her first ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debutante"}],"sub_title":"Part II: Natasha Rostova (Война и мир: Наташа Ростова)","text":"In the end of 1809, Natasha, the young daughter of a count attends her first ball at age 16. Andrei Bolkonsky falls in love with her and intends to marry her, but his father demands they wait. Andrei travels abroad, and Natasha desperately longs for him. But she then meets the handsome Anatole Kuragin who falls in love with her and follows her with much passion. Overwhelmed Natasha decides she prefers him over Andrei. At the last minute, she regrets her choice and abandons her plans to elope with Anatole. However, Andrei has heard of her plans and declares their betrothal is over. Natasha suffers a nervous breakdown. Pierre, trying to calm her down, suddenly announces he loves her.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleon's Army invades Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Borodino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"}],"sub_title":"Part III: The Year 1812 (Война и мир: 1812 год)","text":"In 1812, Napoleon's Army invades Russia. Field Marshal Kutuzov is appointed by the Tsar to defend the land. Kutuzov asks Andrei to join him as a staff officer, but he requests a command in the field. Pierre approaches the battlefield of the upcoming confrontation between the armies during the Battle of Borodino, he volunteers to assist in an artillery battery. Andrei's unit waits in the reserve, but he is hit by a shell and both he and Anatole suffer severe wounds. The battle involves hundreds of thousands of soldiers, thousands of horses, and hundreds of cannon firing from both sides. The French army forces the Russian army to retreat, leaving Moscow unprotected. Napoleon advances on Moscow.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow is set ablaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)"},{"link_name":"Grande Armée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Battle of Krasnoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi"}],"sub_title":"Part IV: Pierre Bezukhov (Война и мир: Пьер Безухов)","text":"As Moscow is set ablaze by the retreating Russians, the Rostovs flee their estate, taking wounded soldiers with them, and unbeknownst to them, also Andrei. Pierre, dressed as a peasant, tries to assassinate Napoleon but is taken prisoner. As the French are forced to retreat, he is marched for months with the Grande Armée, until being freed by partisans. The French army is defeated by Field Marshal Kutuzov in the Battle of Krasnoi. Andrei is recognized and is brought to his estate. He forgives Natasha on his deathbed. She reunites with Pierre as Moscow is being rebuilt.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergei Bondarchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Bondarchuk"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bezukhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bezukhov"},{"link_name":"Ludmila Savelyeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludmila_Savelyeva"},{"link_name":"Natasha Rostova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Rostova"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Tikhonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Tikhonov"},{"link_name":"Andrei Bolkonsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Nikolayevich_Bolkonsky"},{"link_name":"Boris Zakhava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Zakhava"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Kutuzov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Ktorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Ktorov"},{"link_name":"Antonina Shuranova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonina_Shuranova"},{"link_name":"Oleg Tabakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Tabakov"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rostov"},{"link_name":"Viktor Stanitsyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Stanitsyn"},{"link_name":"Kira Golovko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira_Golovko"},{"link_name":"Irina Skobtseva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Skobtseva"},{"link_name":"Hélène Kuragina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Kuragina"},{"link_name":"Vasily Lanovoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Lanovoy"},{"link_name":"Anatole Kuragin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_Kuragin"},{"link_name":"Irina Gubanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Gubanova"},{"link_name":"Sonya Rostova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonya_Rostova"},{"link_name":"Oleg Yefremov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Yefremov"},{"link_name":"Eduard Martsevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Martsevich"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Borisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borisov_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Rybnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rybnikov"},{"link_name":"Alexander I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Georgy Millyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Millyar"},{"link_name":"Nonna Mordyukova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonna_Mordyukova"},{"link_name":"Anna Timiryova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Timiryova"},{"link_name":"Boris Khmelnitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Khmelnitsky"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ostermann-Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ostermann-Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Trofimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Trofimov"},{"link_name":"Vladislav Strzhelchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Strzhelchik"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Ludwig von Wolzogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Wolzogen"},{"link_name":"Carl von Clausewitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz"},{"link_name":"Galina Kravchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galina_Kravchenko"},{"link_name":"Louis-Nicolas Davout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lauriston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lauriston"},{"link_name":"Alexander Balashov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Balashov"},{"link_name":"Anastasiya Vertinskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasiya_Vertinskaya"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration"},{"link_name":"Francis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Nikita Mikhalkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Mikhalkov"},{"link_name":"Count Benningsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Benningsen"},{"link_name":"Karl Mack von Leiberich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich"},{"link_name":"Franz von Weyrother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Weyrother"},{"link_name":"Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly"},{"link_name":"Paisi Kaysarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisi_Kaysarov"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Grinko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Grinko"}],"text":"Sergei Bondarchuk as Pierre Bezukhov\nLudmila Savelyeva as Natasha Rostova\nVyacheslav Tikhonov as Andrei Bolkonsky\nBoris Zakhava as Mikhail Kutuzov\nAnatoly Ktorov as Nikolai Bolkonsky\nAntonina Shuranova as Maria Bolkonskaya\nOleg Tabakov as Nikolai Rostov\nViktor Stanitsyn as Ilya Rostov\nKira Golovko as Natalya Rostova\nIrina Skobtseva as Hélène Kuragina\nVasily Lanovoy as Anatole Kuragin\nIrina Gubanova as Sonya Rostova\nOleg Yefremov as Fyodor Dolokhov\nEduard Martsevich as Boris Drubetskoy\nAleksandr Borisov as Uncle Rostov\nNikolai Rybnikov as Vasily Denisov\nViktor Murganov as Alexander I of Russia\nLarisa Borisenko as Mlle. Bourienne\nGeorgy Millyar as Morel\nNonna Mordyukova as Anisya\nAnna Timiryova as old lady\nBoris Khmelnitsky as Bolkonsky's adjutant\nValeri Yeremichev as Alexander Ostermann-Tolstoy\nBoris Smirnov as Vasili Kuragin\nNikolai Tolkachyov as Kirill Bezukhov\nDzhemma Firsova as Katishe Mamontova\nMikhail Khrabrov as Platon Karataev\nNikolay Trofimov as Tushin\nVladislav Strzhelchik as Napoleon\nJānis Grantiņš as Ludwig von Wolzogen\nDz. Eizentāls as Carl von Clausewitz\nGalina Kravchenko as Marya Karagina\nBoris Molchanov as Louis-Nicolas Davout\nLev Polyakov as Jacques Lauriston\nRodion Aleksandrov as Alexander Balashov\nAnastasiya Vertinskaya as Lisa Bolkonskaya\nGiuli Chokhonelidze as Pyotr Bagration\nVadim Safronov as Francis II\nJean-Claude Ballard as Ramballe\nYelena Tyapkina as Marya Dmitryevna\nSergei Yermilov as Petya Rostov\nNikita Mikhalkov as Petya Rostov's body double during hunting (uncredited)\nHerberts Zommers as Count Benningsen\nNikolai Bubnov as Karl Mack von Leiberich\nAngelina Stepanova as Anna Scherer\nErwin Knausmüller as Franz von Weyrother\nMikhail Pogorzhelsky as Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly\nLeonid Vidavsky as Paisi Kaysarov\nNikolai Grinko as Dessalles","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Vidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Vidor"},{"link_name":"co-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-production_(media)"},{"link_name":"War and Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"1812 French Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Minister of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Yekaterina Furtseva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Furtseva"},{"link_name":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-8"},{"link_name":"Der Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DS-9"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Romm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Romm"},{"link_name":"Sergei Gerasimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Gerasimov_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Ivan Pyryev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pyryev"},{"link_name":"Sergei Bondarchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Bondarchuk"},{"link_name":"Fate of a Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_of_a_Man"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Thaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Inception","text":"In August 1959, King Vidor's American-Italian co-production War and Peace was released in the Soviet Union, attracting 31.4 million viewers and gaining wide acclaim. The impending 150th anniversary of the 1812 French Invasion, as well as the worldwide success of Vidor's adaptation of the Russian national epic – at a time when the USSR and the United States were competing for prestige – motivated the Soviet Minister of Culture Yekaterina Furtseva to begin planning a local picture based on Leo Tolstoy's novel.[7] An open letter which appeared in the Soviet press, signed by many of the country's filmmakers, declared: \"It is a matter of honor for the Soviet cinema industry, to produce a picture which will surpass the American-Italian one in its artistic merit and authenticity.\"[8] According to Der Spiegel, the film was to serve as a \"counterstrike\" to Vidor.[9]During 1960, several leading Soviet directors proposed themselves to head the project, including Mikhail Romm and Sergei Gerasimov. But soon, the only viable candidate remaining was Ivan Pyryev. As his selection to the position seemed secure, several officials in the Ministry of Culture offered it to forty-year-old Sergei Bondarchuk, who had completed his directorial debut, Fate of a Man, in 1959. Bondarchuk had not sought the position and did not know of the proposal until a letter from the Ministry reached him, but he chose to accept it and contend with Pyryev.[10]Fedor Razzakov wrote that the invitation of Bondarchuk was orchestrated by Pyryev's many enemies in the establishment, who were determined not to let him receive the lucrative project. In early February 1961, a letter endorsing Bondarchuk was sent to the Minister, signed by several prominent figures from the cinema industry. At first, Furtseva decreed that both candidates would each direct a pilot to be screened before a commission. However, Pyryev soon withdrew his bid. Razzakov believed he had done so after realizing his chances were slim: Bondarchuk, whose career began only during the Thaw, represented a generation of young directors promoted by Nikita Khrushchev's Kremlin to replace the old filmmakers from the Stalin era. In the end of February, after Pyryev conceded, the Minister held a meeting and confirmed Bondarchuk as the director.[11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:War_and_Peace_(1967,_Russia)_movie_script.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mosfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosfilm"},{"link_name":"Rbls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_rouble"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HO-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OV-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MY-14"},{"link_name":"State Committee for Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Committee_for_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OV-13"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Kurasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kurasov"},{"link_name":"Markian Popov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markian_Popov"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Oslikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Oslikovsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DZ-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"shakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shako"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DZ-16"},{"link_name":"line producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_producer"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasian Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Turkestan Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_Military_District"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HO-12"},{"link_name":"Moscow City Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_City_Police"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-8"},{"link_name":"wolf hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs"},{"link_name":"borzois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borzoi"},{"link_name":"scent hounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent_hound"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The director's screenplay of War and PeaceOn 3 April 1961, Vladimir Surin, the director-general of the Mosfilm studios, sent Furtseva a letter requesting to approve the adaptation of a script for a film in three parts based on War and Peace, as well as to allocate 150,000 Rbls in funds. On 5 May the Minister replied, authorizing to begin writing the scenario and granting 30,000 Rbls. On that day, the work on the picture began.[12]Bondarchuk hired Vasily Solovyov, a playwright, as his assistant for composing the script. The two later changed the earlier premise and decided to make four parts instead of three.[13] They chose to downplay or exclude completely several of Tolstoy's plotlines and themes, in order not to make the film too cumbersome: the episodes concerning Nikolai Rostov and Maria Bolkonskaya were reduced, and Anatole Kuragin received a slightly better treatment. The author's views on philosophy and history were substantially redacted.[14]The Mosfilm directorate approved the finished script on 27 February 1962. On 20 March, in a plenum in the Ministry of Culture attended by Surin and the State Committee for Cinematography's deputy chairman Basakov, Furtseva approved the scenario and requested all relevant agencies to assist the producers, including the Ministry of Defense, which was deemed central in providing support for the project.[13]The producers appointed three military advisers: Army General Vladimir Kurasov became the film's chief consultant, and Army General Markian Popov also assisted;[15] Lieutenant General Nikolai Oslikovsky was brought in as an expert on cavalry. The Soviet Army would supply thousands of soldiers as extras during the filming.[8]More than forty museums[16] contributed historical artifacts, such as chandeliers, furniture and cutlery, to create an authentic impression of early 19th-century Russia. Thousands of costumes were sewn, mainly military uniforms of the sorts worn in the Napoleonic Wars,[17] including 11,000 shakos.[8] Sixty obsolete cannons were cast and 120 wagons and carts constructed for the production.[16]Anticipating the need for cavalry, line producer Nikolai Ivanov and General Osilkovsky began seeking appropriate horses. While the cavalry formations of the Army were long abolished, several units in the Transcaucasian Military District and the Turkestan Military District retained horse-drawn mountain artillery. In addition to those, the Ministry of Agriculture donated nine hundred horses[12] and the Moscow City Police provided a detachment from its mounted regiment.[8] The producers also needed to arrange hounds for the wolf hunting at the Rostov estate. At first, it was planned to use borzois, as depicted in the novel. Sixteen borzois were obtained from individual private owners, but the dogs had no experience in hunting and were hard to handle. Eventually, scent hounds supplied by the Ministry of Defense chased down the wolves—provided by the zoological department of the State Studio for Popular Science Films—while the borzois caught them.[18]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oleg Strizhenov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Strizhenov"},{"link_name":"Andrei Bolkonsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Bolkonsky"},{"link_name":"Moscow Art Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Innokenty Smoktunovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innokenty_Smoktunovsky"},{"link_name":"Grigori Kozintsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Kozintsev"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Tikhonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Tikhonov"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bezukhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bezukhov"},{"link_name":"Yury Vlasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Vlasov"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GD-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FR-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Irina Skobtseva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Skobtseva"},{"link_name":"Hélène Kuragina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Kuragina"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FR-21"},{"link_name":"Anastasiya Vertinskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasiya_Vertinskaya"},{"link_name":"Lyudmila Gurchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Gurchenko"},{"link_name":"Natasha Rostova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Rostova"},{"link_name":"Ludmila Savelyeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludmila_Savelyeva"},{"link_name":"Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaganova_Academy_of_Russian_Ballet"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Nikita Mikhalkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Mikhalkov"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL-25"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Bondarchuk began holding auditions in May 1961. Oleg Strizhenov received the leading role of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. However, in spring 1962, shortly before the commencing of principal photography, Strizhenov changed his mind after being accepted into the ensemble of the Moscow Art Theatre. Bondarchuk complained to the Ministry of Culture. Furtseva spoke with the actor, but failed to convince him. The director then tried to enlist Innokenty Smoktunovsky, who was supposed to star in Grigori Kozintsev's Hamlet. After deliberations, Smoktunovsky accepted Bondarchuk's offer, but Kozintsev used his influence in the Ministry and received his actor back. As a last resort, Vyacheslav Tikhonov was given the role. He first arrived on the set in mid-December 1962, three months after filming began.[19]Bondarchuk envisaged the character of Pierre Bezukhov as having great physical strength, in accordance with his description by Tolstoy. Therefore, he had offered the role to Olympic weightlifter Yury Vlasov, and even rehearsed with him. Vlasov soon gave it up, telling the director that he had no acting skills.[20][21][22] Bondarchuk then cast himself as the protagonist. His wife, actress Irina Skobtseva, portrayed Hélène Kuragina, Pierre's first wife. During the making of the third and fourth parts in the series, a journalist named Yury Devochkin, who resembled the director, substituted for him in many of the scenes.[21]Anastasiya Vertinskaya, Lyudmila Gurchenko and other known actresses wanted to portray Natasha Rostova, but Bondarchuk chose the inexperienced 19-year-old ballerina Ludmila Savelyeva, who had just recently graduated from Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet.[23] Nikita Mikhalkov was cast as Natasha's little brother, Petya Rostov; however, as he was in the age of adolescence and quickly growing up, he had to abandon the role in favor of the younger Sergei Yermilov. Still, Mikhalkov's scenes of riding a horse during hunting were left in the final film.[24]Tikhonov was the highest-paid member of the cast, and received R22,228 for portraying Bolkonsky. Bondarchuk earned R21,679 for directing and 20,100 for depicting Pierre. Savelyeva got R10,685. Most other actors received less than R3,000.[25]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavlograd_hussar_uniform_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"pelisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelisse"},{"link_name":"70-mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70_mm_film"},{"link_name":"35-mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_mm_movie_film"},{"link_name":"Kodak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"ORWO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORWO"},{"link_name":"German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Shostka Chemical Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svema"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-26"},{"link_name":"Kommersant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommersant"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Master-29"}],"sub_title":"Cinematography","text":"The hussar officer's pelisse worn by actor Nikolai Rybnikov, who portrayed DenisovBefore beginning principal photography, the producers resolved to shoot the picture with 70-mm wide-format and high-resolution film instead of the standard 35-mm. Although they considered purchasing it from Kodak or from ORWO in the German Democratic Republic, they eventually decided to use Soviet-made film stock manufactured in the Shostka Chemical Plant, both because of financial shortage and for considerations of national pride. Director of photography Anatoly Petritsky recalled that the Shostka film was \"of horrible quality\" and that he often would photograph a sequence only to discover that the film was defective. This, as well as the need to cover large crowds from many angles, forced the director to repeat many of the scenes; some of the more elaborate battle sequences were retaken more than forty times.[26] According to Kommersant journalist Yevgeni Zhirnov, Bondarchuk had to re-shoot more than 10% of the footage in the picture due to problems with the film stock; Zhirnov estimated that this raised the cost of production by 10% to 15% or more.[27]The first cinematographers, husband and wife Alexander Shelenkov and Yu-Lan Chen, quarreled with Bondarchuk on several occasions. On 20 May 1963, half a year after commencing photography, they wrote to Surin, asking to be dismissed from work on the picture and stating that Bondarchuk \"dictated without consulting with the crew\". Their 31-year-old assistant Petritsky, who had made only one film previously, was appointed in their stead.[28]The operators pioneered photographic techniques which had never been used before in Soviet cinema. Aerial lifts with cameras were hoisted over sets to create a \"cannonball view\". When filming Natasha's first ball, an operator with a hand-held camera circled between the dancing extras on roller skates. The crowd scenes were shot using cranes and helicopters. Another new feature was the sound technicians' use of a six-channel audio recording system.[29]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Costume_for_War_and_Peace_movie_(1967)_06_by_shakko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Borodino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino"},{"link_name":"principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"Novodevichy Convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novodevichy_Convent"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Yasnogorsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasnogorsky_District"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Mukachevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukachevo"},{"link_name":"Zakarpattia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Battle of Schöngrabern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern"},{"link_name":"Battle of Austerlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Battle of Krasnoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-33"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Kushtanovytsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukachevo_Raion#Villages#Kushtanovytsia"},{"link_name":"Svaliava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svaliava"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Dorogobuzh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorogobuzh"},{"link_name":"Battle of Borodino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino"},{"link_name":"Borodino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodino_(village),_Mozhaysky_District,_Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Julian Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Calendar"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KG-35"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-40"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"sappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapper"},{"link_name":"kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene"},{"link_name":"pyrotechnics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnics"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KG-35"},{"link_name":"smoke grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_grenade"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-33"},{"link_name":"Bagration flèches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagration_fl%C3%A8ches"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KG-35"},{"link_name":"debutante ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debutante_ball"},{"link_name":"Hermitage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Summer Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Garden"},{"link_name":"Peter and Paul Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Vasilyevsky Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasilyevsky_Island"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Moscow Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"cardiac arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest"},{"link_name":"clinically dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinically_dead"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Gerasimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Gerasimov_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Palace of Congresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Palace_of_Congresses"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GD-20"},{"link_name":"Mozhaysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozhaysk"},{"link_name":"Kalinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver"},{"link_name":"Zvenigorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvenigorod"},{"link_name":"Fire of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Volokolamsk_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J-48"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Principal photography","text":"A costume used during the filmingOn 7 September 1962, the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, principal photography began. The first scene to be filmed depicted the execution of suspected arsonists by the French army, and was shot in the Novodevichy Convent. After a few days, the crew moved into the Moscow Kremlin for further work. Later that month, the hunt in the Rostov's estate was filmed in the village of Bogoslavskoye, in the Yasnogorsky District.[30]On 1 December, Bondarchuk and the production team, with 150 wagons of equipment, traveled to Mukachevo in the Zakarpattia Oblast. The director had only planned to photograph two episodes there: the Battle of Schöngrabern and the Battle of Austerlitz. But due to the harsh winter, none of those could be shot. Bondarchuk revised his plans and decided to film in Zakarpattia 231 scenes that he had planned to make elsewhere, while waiting for the weather to improve.[31] The Battle of Krasnoi episode and its related parts were filmed in the snow,[32] and involved 2,500 Soviet soldiers, allocated as extras, who wore French uniforms and 500 in Russian uniforms.[33] When conditions enabled it, 3,000 soldiers from the Carpathian Military District re-created the Battle of Schöngrabern near the village of Kushtanovytsia. The Battle of Austerlitz was filmed in the vicinity of Svaliava. As the budget had been exceeded due to the weather and film stock problems, Bondarchuk had to refrain from filming several battle sequences. On 17 May, the crew returned to the capital.[34]On 20 July, the producers went on another expedition, to Dorogobuzh, in order to film the Battle of Borodino and the related parts of the plot. Photography could not be carried out in Borodino itself, mainly because of the many memorials located there. On 1 August, work was commenced. The shooting of the battle itself began on 25 August 1963—its 151st anniversary by the Julian Calendar. 13,500 soldiers and 1,500 horsemen substituted for the historical armies[35] (Several reports in the Western press have put the number of soldiers who participated at 120,000;[nb 1] however, in an 1986 interview to National Geographic, Bondarchuk stated: \"That is exaggeration, all I had was 12,000.\")[40] The troops were supposed to return to their bases after thirteen days, but eventually remained for three months.[41] 23 tons of gunpowder, handled by 120 sappers, and 40,000 liters of kerosene were used for the pyrotechnics,[35] as well as 10,000 smoke grenades.[33] Tens of thousands of cubic meters of soil were dug out to construct earthworks resembling the Bagration flèches and the Raevsky redoubt.[42] The set was divided to sectors, and a system of loudspeakers was installed—one for each area—to enable the director to coordinate the troops' movements.[33] On 4 November, the session ended and Bondarchuk went back to Moscow.[35]From the end of December to mid-June 1964, the crew worked in Mosfilm's studios. Most notably, Natasha's debutante ball was photographed there, with five hundred extras. On 15 June, the production team went to Leningrad, where shooting took place in the Hermitage Museum, the Summer Garden, the Peter and Paul Fortress and in Vasilyevsky Island.[43] Upon his return to the studio on 7 July, Bondarchuk was abruptly instructed by his superiors to abandon all other work and focus on preparing the first two parts for the 1965 Moscow Film Festival, contrary to all former designs and while they were far from finished. During the same month, he suffered a major cardiac arrest and was clinically dead for a short while.[44] His first words after regaining consciousness were: \"If I die, let Gerasimov finish it\".[45] Filming was postponed until late September.[46]In spite of the tight schedule, the parts Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova were completed and were submitted to Mosfilm's directorate on 30 June 1965, less than a week before the festival. The two parts had their world premiere on 19 July 1965, in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses.[47] During July, Bondarchuk suffered another heart attack: this time, he was clinically dead for four minutes.[48][49] The white wall of light seen by Bolkonsky before his death was inspired by the director's experience.[20]The work on the remaining episodes of parts 3 and 4 resumed on 9 August. During the next months, the crew filmed in Mozhaysk, Kalinin and Zvenigorod. The final plot line to be shot was the Fire of Moscow; filming began on 17 October 1966. For four months prior to that, a plywood set was built in the village of Teryayevo, next to the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery.[47] The entire construction, doused with diesel fuel, was burned to the ground as five fire engines stood nearby. Principal photography ended on 28 October 1966. On 28 December, the edited third part was approved by the studio. Work on the fourth and final part continued until early August 1967.[50]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Unforgettable Year 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unforgettable_Year_1919"},{"link_name":"1961 monetary reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_rouble#Sixth_Soviet_ruble,_1961%E2%80%931991,_(Identified_as_ISO_code_SUR)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OV-13"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-8"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RV-56"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-59"},{"link_name":"$60–70 million in 2021, accounting for rouble inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_films#Most_expensive_films_(adjusted_for_inflation)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weiler-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crist-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-63"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2019-65"},{"link_name":"The Annual Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annual_Register"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A3"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-36"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I-69"}],"sub_title":"Budget","text":"In 1962, officials in the Ministry of Culture estimated War and Peace would cost some 4 million roubles, not including support from the Army. In comparison, the most expensive Soviet film until then, the 1952 The Unforgettable Year 1919, cost 1.093 million Rbls in prices adjusted to the 1961 monetary reform.[51] War and Peace remains the costliest picture made in the USSR.[52]On 20 March 1962, Furtseva set a preliminary budget of 1.395 million Rbls.[13] On 21 May 1963, the Ministry approved a plan for a series in four parts with a budget of 8,165,200 Rbls.[53] On 25 August 1964, the State Committee for Cinematography issued a directive revisiting the terms, authorizing to spend 8.5 million Rbls, of which 2.51 million Rbls were to cover the expenses of the Ministry of Defense.[54] Producer Nikolai Ivanov recalled: \"the domestic press later claimed the budget was 18 million Rbls or 25 million Rbls, but they had 8.5 million and managed to reduce expenditures to 7.8 million during principal photography.\"[8]Towards the end of post-production, the total cost forecast estimated was 8,083,412 Rbls. However, in August 1967, with all work completed, \"the last debit and credit entries were written in the books. According to its financial statements, the film consumed 8,291,712 Rbls.\"[55] This was equal to US$9,213,013 by the 1967 exchange rate,[nb 2] or to approximately $60–70 million in 2021, accounting for rouble inflation.Various estimates of the series' budget circulated in the international press. The New York Times reported that it was \"the most expensive film ever made... Russians say cost $100 million\".[58] This figure was repeated throughout the American press.[59][60][61] The New York Times estimated this figure to be equivalent to $700 million upon adjustment for inflation to 2007 levels,[62] a claim it reiterated in 2019.[63] After its release in the United Kingdom in 1969, The Annual Register announced it \"reputedly\" cost £40 million ($96 million).[64] The 1979 Guinness Book of World Records published a similar figure, claiming that War and Peace was \"the most expensive film ever made\" based on that \"the total cost has been officially stated to be more than $96 million\".[36] Other estimates put the cost of production between $25 million and $60 million.[nb 3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film reels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_reel"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZS-72"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZS-72"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZS-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-71"},{"link_name":"kopecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopeck"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL-25"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MY-14"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RV-56"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-71"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"DEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEFA"},{"link_name":"Angelica Domröse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Domr%C3%B6se"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WM-79"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Walter Reade Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reade"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Titan Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titra_Studios"},{"link_name":"Norman Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Rose"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Dobrynin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin"},{"link_name":"Yakov Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Malik"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Funny Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Girl_(film)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gelmis19720812-88"},{"link_name":"BBC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC2"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Distribution","text":"The distribution (along with the displaying and later preserving) of such a massive piece of work posed physical difficulties. The whopping 20 canisters of film reels already made transportation a sizable hassle.[67]Andrei Bolkonsky was screened in two consecutive parts, released in a total of 2,805 copies in March 1966.[68] In the fifteen months afterwards, the first part sold 58.3 million tickets in the USSR, and 58 million of the viewers remained through the intermission. Thus, Bolkonsky became the most successful film of the year.[69] Respectively, its two parts are also the 26th and 27th most watched from among all pictures ever made in the Soviet Union.[70] Natasha Rostova, which opened in July with 1,405 copies disseminated, performed less well and attracted 36.2 million viewers in the same time period, reaching the third place in the 1966 box office,[71] although it would have been ninth if counted in 1967.[69] Admission for the two final parts declined further: 1812, with 1,407 copies released, had 21 million admissions and Pierre Bezukhov sold only 19.8 million tickets;[69] they made it to the 13th and 14th place at the 1967 box office.[72]Russian film critic Sergei Kudryavtsev assessed that the series' domestic returns were \"probably in the range\" of 58 million Rbls,[68] while Razzakov assumed that each ticket cost an average price of 25 kopecks.[25] With a total of some 135 million tickets sold, War and Peace was considered a resounding commercial success at the time.[14][55][68]The series was screened in 117 countries around the world,[73] including Spain, Japan, West Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Egypt, and Argentina.[74] In East Germany, the state-owned DEFA studio produced a slightly shorter edition of the series, dubbed into German, which ran for 409 minutes and maintained the four-part arrangement of the original. It featured among others Angelica Domröse, who voiced Lisa Bolkonskaya, and attracted 2,225,649 viewers.[75] In West Germany, a much shorter version was released, totaling 337 minutes.[76] In Poland, it sold over 5,000,000 tickets in 1967.[77] In France, War and Peace had 1,236,327 admissions.[78]Walter Reade Jr.'s company Continental Distributors purchased the U.S. rights of War and Peace for $1.5 million.[79] Reade's associates shortened the American version of the film by an hour, and added English-language dubbing. This edition was directed by Lee Kresel of Titan Productions and narrated by Norman Rose.[80] Its premiere was held in the DeMille Theater, New York, on 28 April 1968, and attended by actresses Ludmila Savelyeva and Irina Skobtseva, as well as Soviet ambassadors Anatoly Dobrynin and Yakov Malik.[81][82] Tickets for the picture were later sold for $5.50–$7.50—the highest admission rate ever, breaking the previous $6 record of Funny Girl.[83] On 23 January 1969, Kresel's edition opened in London's Curzon cinema.[84]The US television network ABC broadcast War and Peace over four days, 12–15 August 1972.[85] The series was broadcast on BBC2 on Christmas Day 1976, split into two 4-hour sections with a 30-minute intermission.[86]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4th Moscow International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Twenty Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_Hours"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"1967 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Andrei Tarkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky"},{"link_name":"Andrei Rublev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Rublev_(film)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"26th Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"41st Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"Best Art Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscars1969-96"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"O.J.: Made in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.J.:_Made_in_America"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/89th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award for Best Production Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Production_Design"},{"link_name":"23rd British Academy Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"In July 1965, War and Peace was awarded the Grand Prix at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival together with the Hungarian entry Twenty Hours. Ludmila Savelyeva was presented with an honorary diploma.[87] The readers of Sovetskii Ekran, the official publication of the State Committee for Cinematography, chose Savelyeva and Vyacheslav Tikhonov for the best actress and actor of 1966, in recognition of their appearance in the picture.[88] In the same year, War and Peace also received the Million Pearl Award of the Roei Association of Film Viewers in Japan.[89]In 1967, the film was entered into the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, out of competition.[90] It was sent there instead of Andrei Tarkovsky's Andrei Rublev, which had been invited by the festival's organizers but was deemed inappropriate by the Soviet government.[91]In the United States, it won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film in the 26th Golden Globe Awards.[92] The picture was the Soviet entry to the 41st Academy Awards, held on 14 April 1969. It received the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was nominated for Best Art Direction.[93]War and Peace was the first Soviet picture to win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and was the longest film ever to receive an Academy Award[94] until O.J.: Made in America won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2017.[95]It also won the National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film[96] and the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Foreign Language Film for 1968.[97]In 1970, it was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design in the 23rd British Academy Film Awards.[98]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WM-79"},{"link_name":"Georges Sadoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Sadoul"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Claude Mauriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Mauriac"},{"link_name":"Le Figaro littéraire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Peter Cowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cowie"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gelmis19720812-88"},{"link_name":"Renata Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renata_Adler"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAA-107"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAB-108"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAA-107"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAB-108"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Penelope Gilliatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Gilliatt"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Judith Crist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Crist"},{"link_name":"New York Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-63"},{"link_name":"Richard Schickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Schickel"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-62"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RO-111"},{"link_name":"Review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Soviet film critic Rostislav Yurenev wrote that War and Peace was \"the most ambitious and monumental adaptation of the greatest work of Russian literature […] set out to convey in tremendous scope the historical conception of Leo Tolstoy, his extraordinarily vivid and profound depiction of humanity\".[99] In a second review, he added: \"the desire for ever greater depth of penetration into the human character, of every aspect of it […] led to Sergei Bondarchuk's adaptation of Tolstoy. The outcome is truly marvelous.\"[100]Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reviewer Brigitte Jeremias stated the film presented history \"with great meticulousness and choreographic quality […]. This is a conservative, romantic or perhaps even classical historical film […]. But it strives for authenticity, and is therefore incomparably better than Vidor's adaptation.\"[76]French critic Georges Sadoul commented: \"more than in the sheer scale of the battle scenes\", the film's \"merit lies in its sense of the Russian landscape\", to continue: \"Though perhaps an impressive example of film-making on large scale\", it was \"ponderous by any standard\" and \"tediously faithful\" to the novel, with \"none of its narrative flair or spirit […]. Occasional bravura or touching episodes are not adequate for the dogged pedantry.\"[101] Claude Mauriac wrote in Le Figaro littéraire that \"we have already seen many Soviet films […]. But this is the most beautiful I have seen since, well, since when?\"[102] Peter Cowie noted that Bondarchuk brought to his adaptation \"the epic sweep that had eluded King Vidor\".[103] Joseph Gelmis of Newsday agreed that the film was \"superior [to Vidor's] as drama and spectacle. Bondartchouk isn't an innovator. Instead he uses virtually every movie technique extant ... an antiwar film that celebrates life, love, renewal\".[85]Renata Adler of the New York Times wrote that \"the characters—including Savelyeva […] who looks a little queasy, and Bondarchuk, too old to play Pierre—are dowdy automata\".[104] She added the film was \"vulgar in the sense that it takes something great and makes it both pretentious and devoid of life […]. A failure in the sense that it is not even as enjoyable as any number of lesser films.\"[105] Adler also disapproved of the English dubbing, opining that \"although it is remarkable—an outer limit of what can be done—it was a mistake\"[104] and \"proves once and for all the futility of dubbing\".[105] The New Yorker critic Penelope Gilliatt lambasted the process as well: \"the decision to tack on alien voices seems madness\".[106] Judith Crist wrote in New York Magazine: \"Those Russians…! And now, I bet they'll beat us to the moon! Chauvinism be damned—I'm putting Gone with the Wind into historic perspective and second place, for certainly War and Peace is not only […] the finest epic of our time, but also a great and noble translation of a literary masterpiece, surpassing our expectation and imagination.\"[107]The Time magazine reviewer wrote that the film \"escapes greatness, except in cost and length […] the movie is awesome in war and pusillanimous in peace\". In the novel, unlike in the picture, \"the war is only the background […]. Pierre and Andrei are only shallow, literal representations of Tolstoy's characters […]. Moreover, the dubbing is disastrous.\"[61] Richard Schickel of Life noted that the film's American distributors \"have cut and dubbed it, ruining any merit it may have had\" but the original \"had its own deficiencies […]. Missing is Tolstoy's theory of history as well as his Christian message (neither fits Marxist theory very well), and without this underpinning the film lacks power and purpose.\"[60] Roger Ebert commented that it was \"a magnificently unique film […]. Bondarchuk, however, is able to balance the spectacular, the human, and the intellectual. Even in the longest, bloodiest, battle scenes there are vignettes that stand out […]. It is as spectacular as a movie can possibly be and yet it has a human fullness.\"[108]Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 100% of 19 reviews were positive, with an average rating of 8.97/10.[109]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khrushchev Thaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw"},{"link_name":"Brezhnev Stagnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezhnev_Stagnation"},{"link_name":"Socialist realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_realism"},{"link_name":"György Lukács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"realist novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_realism"},{"link_name":"critical realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Lev Anninsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Anninsky"},{"link_name":"Andrei Rublev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Rublev_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tarkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"Analysis","text":"Ian Aitken regarded War and Peace as \"one of the most important\" films produced during the 1964–68 transition from the Khrushchev Thaw to the Brezhnev Stagnation. In that period, the liberal atmosphere of the Thaw was still felt, although it was being marginalized as Soviet cinema became more restrained. The picture \"departed from the officially sanctioned forms of Socialist realism\" and rather, conformed to György Lukács' model of intensive totality in several aspects: it was based on a classic realist novel which itself influenced Lukács; had a complex plot structure, and portrayed the relations of individuals in a social context. Aitken added that at the same time, the picture employed several \"overtly modernist\" techniques: \"symbolic, anti-realist use of color […] disembodied speech, rapid editing […] reflexive, hand-held camera\". He believed the film's \"chief importance\" to lie in its demonstration of how \"the Lukácsian model of intensive totality can be given a successful modernist inflection\". He also noted that, while it was an example of critical realism rather than socialist realism and had modernist characteristics, War and Peace was \"politically innocuous enough\" to be celebrated by the Brezhnev government as a great achievement.[110]Lev Anninsky, on the contrary, viewed Bondarchuk's picture as a symbol of state-approved cinema, writing it was the \"antithesis\" of and a \"total contrast\" to Andrei Rublev, which he saw as representing the nonconformist approach in the field. Anninsky commented that War and Peace was imbued with patriotic motifs and \"warm Russian tradition, which engulfs the viewer\" while Tarkovsky had no such sense of \"history as if it is a mother's womb\".[111] Mira and Antonin Liehm considered it \"foremost\" among the early Brezhnevite films which received \"official support\" in order to bring \"Russian classics […] and history to the screen in a manner in line with the official standards of taste\". However, they added that \"if measured by models and ambitions\" it could \"stand on its own merits\".[112]David C. Gillespie noted orthodox Soviet messages in the film: \"There are ideological touches […]. Russian and Austrian soldiers (but not their officers) show proletarian-like solidarity […]. There is no mention in the film of Pierre's early dalliance with freemasonry, as if contact with a foreign creed might erode some of his Russianness.\" He wrote that it \"remains a paean to Russian military might and the strength of the Russian 'soul'\".[113]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Master-29"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Film Society of Lincoln Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Society_of_Lincoln_Center"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"Restoration","text":"In 1986, Bondarchuk was requested to prepare War and Peace for a television broadcast. A 35-mm. copy of the series, which was filmed in parallel to the main version and had a 4:3 aspect ratio, rather than the 70-mm. 2.20:1, was submitted, after being adapted by a team headed by Petritsky.[29]In 1999, as part of an initiative to restore its old classics, Mosfilm resolved to restore War and Peace. As the original 70-mm. reels were damaged beyond repair, the studio used the 1988 4:3 version and the original soundtrack to make a DVD edition, in a process that cost $80,000.In 2006 Karen Shakhnazarov, director of Mosfilm, announced that a new \"frame by frame\" restoration was being made. Which elements were being used is unclear, but the restoration would, claimed Shakhnazarov, probably be finished by the end of 2016.[114][115]The completed restoration was first shown at the Film Society of Lincoln Center in New York City, then in Los Angeles and other major cities. The Criterion Collection released the restoration onto 3-disc DVD and 2-disc Blu-ray sets on 25 June 2019.[116]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A_40-0"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Kurasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kurasov"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK-8"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-D_59-0"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-I_69-0"},{"link_name":"Films and Filming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Films_and_Filming"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"L'Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Express"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Die Zeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DZ-16"},{"link_name":"Der Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"West German Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mark"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DS-9"}],"text":"^ The 1979 Guinness Book of World Records and other sources state that \"the re-creation of the Battle of Borodino involved 120,000 Soviet Army extras\".[36] This figure is contradicted by several contemporary sources: the New York Times journalist Theodore Shabad reported that \"12,000 soldiers and 800 horses\" took part.[37] Chief military consultant Vladimir Kurasov wrote that \"12–13 thousand soldiers\" would be used for Borodino.[38] Nikolai Ivanov recalled a \"force of 15,000\".[8] Even the 1971 Guinness Book of World Records states: \"The re-creation of the Battle of Borodino involved 12,000 men and 800 horses.\"[39] The figure used here is cited by Razzakov, who had access to the production records.\n\n^ The exchange rate of the rouble to US dollar from 1961 to 1971 was 0.9:1.[56] Other exchange rates used here are the 1969 rate of £0.41667:$1 and the 1967 rate of DM 3.9866:$1.[57]\n\n^ In March 1965, the British magazine Films and Filming reported that the two first parts required £9 million (equal to $25.2 million);[65] in July, L'Express stated that they cost $50 million.[66] René Drommert of Die Zeit was told that 135 million West German Marks ($33.8 million) were spent making them,[16] while Der Spiegel stated that it cost 240 million West German Mark ($60.2 million).[9]","title":"Annotations"}]
[{"image_text":"The director's screenplay of War and Peace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/War_and_Peace_%281967%2C_Russia%29_movie_script.jpg/250px-War_and_Peace_%281967%2C_Russia%29_movie_script.jpg"},{"image_text":"The hussar officer's pelisse worn by actor Nikolai Rybnikov, who portrayed Denisov","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pavlograd_hussar_uniform_01.jpg/250px-Pavlograd_hussar_uniform_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"A costume used during the filming","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Costume_for_War_and_Peace_movie_%281967%29_06_by_shakko.jpg/250px-Costume_for_War_and_Peace_movie_%281967%29_06_by_shakko.jpg"}]
[{"title":"War and Peace (1967 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_and_Peace_(1967_film)"},{"title":"Ah Vy, Seni, Moi Seni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah_Vy,_Seni,_Moi_Seni"},{"title":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_(1970_film)"},{"title":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"title":"List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"List of Soviet submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"title":"List of submissions to the 41st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_41st_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"}]
[{"reference":"Wook Kim (22 February 2013). \"Longest Film (Running Time) to Win an Award: 431 Minutes\". Time. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.time.com/2013/02/22/17-unusual-oscar-records/slide/all/","url_text":"\"Longest Film (Running Time) to Win an Award: 431 Minutes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Peter Rollberg (2009). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 744–745. ISBN 978-0-8108-6072-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6072-8","url_text":"978-0-8108-6072-8"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (22 June 1969). \"War and Peace movie review & film summary (1969)\". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ... 'War and Peace' is the definitive epic of all time. It is hard to imagine that circumstances will ever again combine to make a more spectacular, expensive, and -- yes -- splendid movie.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/war-and-peace-1969","url_text":"\"War and Peace movie review & film summary (1969)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RogerEbert.com","url_text":"RogerEbert.com"}]},{"reference":"Barone, Joshua (15 February 2019). \"A Peerless 'War and Peace' Film Is Restored to Its Former Glory\". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ... Sergei Bondarchuk's 1960s adaptation of the Leo Tolstoy novel \"War and Peace\" is a singular feat of filmmaking that can never be repeated.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/movies/war-and-peace-bondarchuk-lincoln-center.html","url_text":"\"A Peerless 'War and Peace' Film Is Restored to Its Former Glory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Lumbard, Neil (19 March 2020). \"War and Peace Blu-ray Review\". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 16 August 2021. War and Peace is an epic of a magnitude which is rarely seen in cinema.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/War-and-Peace-Blu-ray/230476/#Review","url_text":"\"War and Peace Blu-ray Review\""}]},{"reference":"Galbraith, Stuart IV (8 July 2019). \"War and Peace (Criterion)\". DVD Talk. MH Sub I, LLC. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ... the Soviet-financed, four-part adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace (1965-67) is an epic among epics, the biggest scale film production ever attempted, the kind of motion picture event that almost certainly will never come again.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/review/73900","url_text":"\"War and Peace (Criterion)\""}]},{"reference":"Gnedinskaya, Anastasia (21 September 2011). Товарищ Кутузов, что-то стало холодать! [Comrade Kutuzov, It Got Colder!] (in Russian). Moskovskij Komsomolets. Retrieved 10 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mk.ru/culture/article/2011/09/20/625328-tovarisch-kutuzov-chtoto-stalo-holodat.html","url_text":"Товарищ Кутузов, что-то стало холодать!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovskij_Komsomolets","url_text":"Moskovskij Komsomolets"}]},{"reference":"\"Fünfte Fassung\" [Fifth Edition]. Der Spiegel (in German). 20 February 1967. 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Retrieved 10 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013160227/http://www.rodgaz.ru/index.php?action=Articles&dirid=25&tek=27096&issue=429","url_text":"Николай Иванов: В моей биографии самое главное – \"Война и мир\""},{"url":"http://www.rodgaz.ru/index.php?action=Articles&dirid=25&tek=27096&issue=429","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nekhamkin, Sergei (4 August 2011). Зеленая точка [A Green Dot] (in Russian). Argumenti Nedeli. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.argumenti.ru/history/n300/118508","url_text":"Зеленая точка"}]},{"reference":"Palchikovsky, Sergei (29 September 2005). Тарас Шевченко – автор эпопеи \"Война и мир\" [Taras Shevchenko – Creator of \"War and Peace\"] (in Russian). Pervaya Krimskaya Gazeta. 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(June 1986). \"The World of Tolstoy\". National Geographic. 169 (6): 764. ISSN 0027-9358.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)","url_text":"National Geographic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358","url_text":"0027-9358"}]},{"reference":"Vorobyov, Vyacheslav (9 April 2012). Директор \"Войны и мира\" [The Producer of \"War and Peace\"] (in Russian). Tverskaya Zhizn. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://tverlife.ru/news/56731.html","url_text":"Директор \"Войны и мира\""}]},{"reference":"Starodubetz, Anatoly (30 September 2005). Наталья Бондарчук: на съемках \"Войны и мира\" Отец пережил две клинические смерти [Natalya Bondarchuk: My Father had Two Heart Attacks On the Set of \"War and Peace\"] (in Russian). Gazeta Trud. 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ISSN 0028-6729.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Society","url_text":"New Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6729","url_text":"0028-6729"}]},{"reference":"Gelmis, Joseph (6–12 August 1972). \"'War and Peace' Colossal 4-Night Run\". Newsday TV Book. Retrieved 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://dontparade.blogspot.com/2016/08/newsday-tv-book-august-6-12-1972.html","url_text":"\"'War and Peace' Colossal 4-Night Run\""}]},{"reference":"\"1965 1965 MIFF Awards\". moscowfilmfestival.ru. 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Le Figaro littéraire (1046): 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Adler, Renata (29 April 1968). \"6 1/4-Hour Movie Is Shown in 2 Parts at the DeMille\". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/29/archives/6-14hour-movie-is-shown-in-2-parts-at-the-demille.html","url_text":"\"6 1/4-Hour Movie Is Shown in 2 Parts at the DeMille\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Adler, Renata (5 May 1968). \"War and Peace – and Godard\". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B16FA3F5E1A7B93C7A9178ED85F4C8685F9","url_text":"\"War and Peace – and Godard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Gilliatt, Penelope (4 May 1968). \"The Russians' Monument\". The New Yorker. 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Retrieved 3 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007060826/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19690622%2FREVIEWS%2F906220301%2F1023","url_text":"\"War and Peace :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews\""},{"url":"http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19690622/REVIEWS/906220301/1023","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"War and Peace (1967)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/war-and-peace1967/","url_text":"\"War and Peace (1967)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Yakovleva, Elene (25 July 2006). От фабрики грез к фабрике смыслов [From the Factory of Dreams to that of Senses] (in Russian). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rg.ru/2006/07/25/shahnazarov.html","url_text":"От фабрики грез к фабрике смыслов"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta","url_text":"Rossiyskaya Gazeta"}]},{"reference":"Maslova, Lidya (5 July 2000). \"Мосфильм\" перепечатал \"Войну и мир\" [Mosfilm Restored \"War and Peace\"] (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved 18 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://kommersant.ru/doc/152331/","url_text":"\"Мосфильм\" перепечатал \"Войну и мир\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommersant","url_text":"Kommersant"}]},{"reference":"Bramesco, Charles (15 February 2019). \"One of film's greatest epics is a 7-hour adaptation of War and Peace. Really\". Vox. Retrieved 20 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/2/15/18223285/war-and-peace-sergei-bondarchuk-adaptation-1966","url_text":"\"One of film's greatest epics is a 7-hour adaptation of War and Peace. Really\""}]},{"reference":"Aitken, Ian (2001). European Film Theory and Cinema: A Critical Introduction. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-253-21505-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21505-6","url_text":"0-253-21505-6"}]},{"reference":"Anninsky, Lev (1991). Shestidesiatniki i my: Kinematograf, stavshii i ne stavshii Istoriei. Soyuz Kinematografov SSSR. OCLC 26810585.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26810585","url_text":"26810585"}]},{"reference":"Balio, Tino (2010). The Foreign Film Renaissance on American Screens, 1946–1973. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-24794-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-24794-2","url_text":"978-0-299-24794-2"}]},{"reference":"Beumers, Birgit (2009). A History of Russian Cinema. Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-215-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-215-6","url_text":"978-1-84520-215-6"}]},{"reference":"Bondarchuk, Natalya (2009). Edinstvennye dni. Astrel. ISBN 978-5-17-062587-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-17-062587-1","url_text":"978-5-17-062587-1"}]},{"reference":"Cowie, Peter (1975). 50 Major Film-Makers. A.S. Barnes. ISBN 978-0-498-01255-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/50majorfilmmaker00cowi","url_text":"50 Major Film-Makers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-498-01255-6","url_text":"978-0-498-01255-6"}]},{"reference":"Deryabin, Alexander (2010). Letopisʹ rossiiskogo kino, 1946–1965. Kanon Plus. ISBN 978-5-88373-152-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88373-152-4","url_text":"978-5-88373-152-4"}]},{"reference":"Gillespie, David C. (2003). Russian Cinema. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-43790-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-43790-6","url_text":"978-0-582-43790-6"}]},{"reference":"Kudryavtsev, Sergei (2008). 3500 avtorskuiu knigu kinoretsenzii. 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Domashniaia Sinemateka 1918–1996. Duble-D. ISBN 978-5-900902-05-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-900902-05-0","url_text":"978-5-900902-05-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilobolus
Pilobolus
["1 Life cycle","2 References","3 External links"]
Genus of fungi This article is about the fungal genus. For the dance company, see Pilobolus (dance company). Pilobolus Pilobolus sp. Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Division: Mucoromycota Class: Mucoromycetes Order: Mucorales Family: Pilobolaceae Genus: PilobolusTode (1784) Type species Pilobolus crystallinusL.Klein Species P. crystallinus P. kleinii P. longipes P. sphaerosporus P. umbonatus P. roridus Synonyms Hydrogera F.H. Wigg. ex Kuntze Pycnopodium Corda Hydrogera F.H. Wigg. Pilobolus is a genus of fungi that commonly grows on herbivore dung. Life cycle The life cycle of Pilobolus begins with a black sporangium that has been discharged onto a plant substrate such as grass. A herbivorous animal such as a horse then eats the substrate, unknowingly consuming the sporangium as well. The Pilobolus sporangium survives the passage through the gastrointestinal tract without germinating, and emerges with the excrement. Once outside its host, spores within the sporangium germinate and grow as a mycelium within the excrement, where it is a primary colonizer. Later, the fungus fruits to produce more spores. Pilobolus sporangium The asexual fruiting structure (the sporangiophore) of Pilobolus species is unique. It consists of a transparent stalk which rises above the excrement to end in a balloon-like subsporangial vesicle. On top of this, a single, black sporangium develops. The sporangiophore has the remarkable ability of orienting itself to point directly towards a light source. The shape and transparency of the subsporangial vesicle allow it to act as a lens, focusing light into carotenoid pigments deposited near the base of the vesicle, which absorb the photons and allow cells to detect the light level in the direction of the lens. The developing sporangiophore grows such that the maturing sporangium is aimed directly at the light. When turgor pressure within the subsporangial vesicle builds to a sufficient level (often 7 ATM or greater), the sporangium is launched, and can travel anywhere from a couple of centimeters to a distance of 3 meters (10ft). For a sporangiophore less than 1cm tall, this involves acceleration from 0 to 20 km/h in only 2 μs, subjecting it to over 20,000 G, equivalent to a human being launched at 100 times the speed of sound. The orientation of the stalk towards the early morning sun apparently guarantees that the sporangium is shot some distance from the excrement, enhancing the chances that it will attach to vegetation and be eaten by a new host. Another adaptation of Pilobolus is that the sporangium is covered in calcium oxalate crystals. Besides serving as a protective mechanism, their hydrophobic nature also leads the sporangium to flip over onto its sticky bottom after landing in a drop of dew, thus allowing it to cling to a plant substrate. Pilobolus species can be grown in artificial culture, but only when the growth medium is supplemented with some form of chelated iron, or with sterilized herbivore dung. The forcible discharge mechanism of Pilobolus is exploited by parasitic nematodes including lungworms in the genus Dictyocaulus. Larval lungworm nematodes excreted by infected deer, elk, cattle, horses, and other hosts climb up Pilobolus sporangiophores and are discharged with the sporangium. They complete their life cycle when they and their Pilobolus vector are eaten by a new host. References ^ Pilobolus in MycoBank. ^ Rockets in Horse Poop, BU, 2010-12-10 ^ Yafetto, L.; Carroll, L.; Cui, Y.; Davis, D.J.; Fischer, M.W.; Henterly, A.C.; Kessler, J.D.; Kilroy, H.A.; Shidler, J.B.; Stolze-Rybczynski, J.L.; Sugawara, Z.; Money, N.P. (2008). "The fastest flights in nature: high-speed spore discharge mechanisms among fungi". PLOS ONE. 3 (9): e3237. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3237Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003237. PMC 2528943. PMID 18797504. ^ Foos, K. Michael (1997). "Pilobolus and lungworm disease affecting elk in Yellowstone National Park". Mycological Research. 101 (12): 1535–1536. doi:10.1017/S0953756297004668. Bruce, V. G., F. Weight, and C. S. Pittendrigh. 1960. Resetting the sporulation rhythm in Pilobolus with short light flashes of high intensity. Science 131:728–30. Uebelmesser, E. R. 1954. Über den endogenen Tagesrhythmus der Sporangienbildung von Pilobolus. Arch Mikrobiol 20:1–33. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pilobolus. Wikispecies has information related to Pilobolus. Pilobolus crystallinus, "The Fung in the Dung" by Tom Volk Pilobolus and the Lungworm at the Cornell Mushroom Blog (with time lapse video) Interview with a Fungus Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine Zygomycetes:Pilobolus at Zygomycetes.org Taxon identifiersPilobolus Wikidata: Q3273234 Wikispecies: Pilobolus AusFungi: 60015786 BOLD: 566599 CoL: 6QGJ EoL: 38244 EPPO: 1PILBG Fungorum: 20420 GBIF: 2558849 iNaturalist: 332894 IRMNG: 1299123 MycoBank: 20420 NBN: NHMSYS0001493779 NCBI: 81945 NZOR: f9a93628-ad3d-4503-a3d4-19a8d8384af5 Open Tree of Life: 754304
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pilobolus (dance company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilobolus_(dance_company)"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"commonly grows on herbivore dung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprophilous_fungi"}],"text":"This article is about the fungal genus. For the dance company, see Pilobolus (dance company).Pilobolus is a genus of fungi that commonly grows on herbivore dung.","title":"Pilobolus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"life cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"sporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangium"},{"link_name":"herbivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivorous"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract"},{"link_name":"excrement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excrement"},{"link_name":"germinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinate"},{"link_name":"mycelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilobolus2.jpg"},{"link_name":"stalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"subsporangial vesicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsporangial_vesicle"},{"link_name":"sporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangium"},{"link_name":"lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"turgor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgor"},{"link_name":"ATM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yafetto_et_al_2008-3"},{"link_name":"calcium oxalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxalate"},{"link_name":"hydrophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic"},{"link_name":"herbivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dictyocaulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyocaulus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foos-4"}],"text":"The life cycle of Pilobolus begins with a black sporangium that has been discharged onto a plant substrate such as grass. A herbivorous animal such as a horse then eats the substrate, unknowingly consuming the sporangium as well. The Pilobolus sporangium survives the passage through the gastrointestinal tract without germinating, and emerges with the excrement. Once outside its host, spores within the sporangium germinate and grow as a mycelium within the excrement, where it is a primary colonizer. Later, the fungus fruits to produce more spores.Pilobolus sporangiumThe asexual fruiting structure (the sporangiophore) of Pilobolus species is unique. It consists of a transparent stalk which rises above the excrement to end in a balloon-like subsporangial vesicle. On top of this, a single, black sporangium develops. The sporangiophore has the remarkable ability of orienting itself to point directly towards a light source. The shape and transparency of the subsporangial vesicle allow it to act as a lens, focusing light into carotenoid pigments deposited near the base of the vesicle, which absorb the photons and allow cells to detect the light level in the direction of the lens. The developing sporangiophore grows such that the maturing sporangium is aimed directly at the light.When turgor pressure within the subsporangial vesicle builds to a sufficient level (often 7 ATM or greater), the sporangium is launched, and can travel anywhere from a couple of centimeters to a distance of 3 meters (10ft). For a sporangiophore less than 1cm tall, this involves acceleration from 0 to 20 km/h in only 2 μs, subjecting it to over 20,000 G, equivalent to a human being launched at 100 times the speed of sound.[2][3] The orientation of the stalk towards the early morning sun apparently guarantees that the sporangium is shot some distance from the excrement, enhancing the chances that it will attach to vegetation and be eaten by a new host.Another adaptation of Pilobolus is that the sporangium is covered in calcium oxalate crystals. Besides serving as a protective mechanism, their hydrophobic nature also leads the sporangium to flip over onto its sticky bottom after landing in a drop of dew, thus allowing it to cling to a plant substrate. Pilobolus species can be grown in artificial culture, but only when the growth medium is supplemented with some form of chelated iron, or with sterilized herbivore dung.[citation needed]The forcible discharge mechanism of Pilobolus is exploited by parasitic nematodes including lungworms in the genus Dictyocaulus. Larval lungworm nematodes excreted by infected deer, elk, cattle, horses, and other hosts climb up Pilobolus sporangiophores and are discharged with the sporangium. They complete their life cycle when they and their Pilobolus vector are eaten by a new host.[4]","title":"Life cycle"}]
[{"image_text":"Pilobolus sporangium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pilobolus2.jpg/220px-Pilobolus2.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Rockets in Horse Poop, BU, 2010-12-10","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.bu.edu/biolocomotion/2011/12/10/rockets-in-horse-poop/","url_text":"Rockets in Horse Poop"}]},{"reference":"Yafetto, L.; Carroll, L.; Cui, Y.; Davis, D.J.; Fischer, M.W.; Henterly, A.C.; Kessler, J.D.; Kilroy, H.A.; Shidler, J.B.; Stolze-Rybczynski, J.L.; Sugawara, Z.; Money, N.P. (2008). \"The fastest flights in nature: high-speed spore discharge mechanisms among fungi\". PLOS ONE. 3 (9): e3237. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3237Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003237. PMC 2528943. PMID 18797504.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2528943","url_text":"\"The fastest flights in nature: high-speed spore discharge mechanisms among fungi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PLoSO...3.3237Y","url_text":"2008PLoSO...3.3237Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003237","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0003237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2528943","url_text":"2528943"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18797504","url_text":"18797504"}]},{"reference":"Foos, K. Michael (1997). \"Pilobolus and lungworm disease affecting elk in Yellowstone National Park\". Mycological Research. 101 (12): 1535–1536. doi:10.1017/S0953756297004668.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756297004668","url_text":"10.1017/S0953756297004668"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/field/Mycobank%20%23/20420","external_links_name":"Pilobolus"},{"Link":"http://blogs.bu.edu/biolocomotion/2011/12/10/rockets-in-horse-poop/","external_links_name":"Rockets in Horse Poop"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2528943","external_links_name":"\"The fastest flights in nature: high-speed spore discharge mechanisms among fungi\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PLoSO...3.3237Y","external_links_name":"2008PLoSO...3.3237Y"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003237","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0003237"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2528943","external_links_name":"2528943"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18797504","external_links_name":"18797504"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756297004668","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0953756297004668"},{"Link":"http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/mar2006.html","external_links_name":"Pilobolus crystallinus, \"The Fung in the Dung\""},{"Link":"http://blog.mycology.cornell.edu/?p=106","external_links_name":"Pilobolus and the Lungworm"},{"Link":"http://www.alaskawriters.com/dianestory.html","external_links_name":"Interview with a Fungus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120211103738/http://www.alaskawriters.com/dianestory.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.zygomycetes.org/index.php?id=77","external_links_name":"Zygomycetes:Pilobolus"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60015786","external_links_name":"60015786"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=566599","external_links_name":"566599"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6QGJ","external_links_name":"6QGJ"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/38244","external_links_name":"38244"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PILBG","external_links_name":"1PILBG"},{"Link":"http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=20420","external_links_name":"20420"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2558849","external_links_name":"2558849"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/332894","external_links_name":"332894"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1299123","external_links_name":"1299123"},{"Link":"https://www.mycobank.org/MB/20420","external_links_name":"20420"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0001493779","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0001493779"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=81945","external_links_name":"81945"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f9a93628-ad3d-4503-a3d4-19a8d8384af5","external_links_name":"f9a93628-ad3d-4503-a3d4-19a8d8384af5"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=754304","external_links_name":"754304"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote_Ridge_Open_Space_Preserve
Máyyan 'Ooyákma – Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve
["1 Environment","2 Acquisition","3 References"]
Coordinates: 37°12′50″N 121°42′36″W / 37.214°N 121.71°W / 37.214; -121.71Park in California, U.S. Máyyan 'Ooyákma – Coyote Ridge Open Space PreserveIUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)March wildflowers in Coyote Ridge Open Space PreserveLocation within CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaLocation within United StatesShow map of the United StatesLocationSanta Clara County, CaliforniaNearest citySan Jose, CACoordinates37°12′50″N 121°42′36″W / 37.214°N 121.71°W / 37.214; -121.71Area1,859 acres (7.52 km2)Established2015OperatorSanta Clara Valley Open Space Authority Máyyan 'Ooyákma – Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve is an 1,859-acre (741 ha) publicly owned open space preserve in southern Santa Clara County. It opened to the public in August 2023 with 5 miles of trails. There are 3.9 miles of trail designated as a portion of Bay Area Ridge Trail, a regional trail system that is planned to run 550 miles along the ridge lines that encircle San Francisco Bay. Máyyan ‘Ooyákma (pronounced My-yahn Oiy-yahkmah) directly translates to Coyote Ridge in the Ohlone Chochenyo language. Chochenyo is the language stewarded by the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area, whose members trace their ancestry to the Indigenous Peoples, or aboriginal inhabitants, of this region. The Open Space Authority is partnering with the Muwekma Ohlone to raise awareness about the importance of the protection of irreplaceable landscapes. Environment Because of its rare serpentine soil, this grassland area is a critical habitat for the Bay checkerspot butterfly, the California tiger salamander, and the California red-legged frog, all of which are endangered. It also supports a wide variety of California native and endemic plants. Máyyan ‘Ooyákma – Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve connects over 1 million acres of important habitat in the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Diablo Range. Comprising rare, sensitive serpentine grasslands, this unique landscape is a biodiversity hotspot for endangered plants and animals. Scientific research on the plant and animal communities found here continues today. Acquisition Ins 2015 the Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority acquired 1,831 acres (741 ha) in the area previously referred to by various names, including Coyote Ridge. On 27 October 2022 its name was modified to "Máyyan 'Ooyákma – Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve" to include the Chochenyo translation of "coyote ridge" as well as the English. A variety of public and private sources made the acquisition possible after United Technologies Corporation (UTC) agreed to donate the property to the Open Space Authority. UTC receives a tax credit through the California Natural Heritage State Tax Credit Program. Under this program, the Open Space Authority must reimburse the state. The Authority received funding for the acquisition from a broad public and private partnership that included a $2.7 million grant from the Wildlife Conservation Board, $2 million from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Section 6 land acquisition program to further Habitat Conservation Plans under the Endangered Species Act, $1 million from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, $1 million from the State Coastal Conservancy, $1 million from the Bureau of Reclamation Central Valley Project, $400,000 from the State Parks Recreational Trails Program, and a contributor who prefers to remain anonymous. The Open Space Authority contributed $7,500 toward the $8.6 million total, which is approximately 55% of the property’s fair market value of $15.6 million References ^ Protected Area Profile for Coyote Ridge Open Space Archived March 26, 2024, at the Wayback Machine from the World Database on Protected Areas. Retrieved March 26, 2024. ^ a b "Sneak Peek: Planning a New Preserve". Open Space Authority. May 27, 2022. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2023. ^ a b c d "The Future Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve". Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority. May 20, 2016. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016. ...  the future Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve ..., with an opening tentatively scheduled for summer or fall of 2018. ^ a b c d "Open Space Authority Acquires Coyote Ridge Property from United Technologies Corporation" (PDF). Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority. October 21, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016. ^ "Open Space Renames Coyote Ridge". Open Space Authority. October 27, 2022. Archived from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023. This Santa Clara County, California-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Clara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-status-2022-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sccosa-3"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"Ohlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Park in California, U.S.Máyyan 'Ooyákma – Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve is an 1,859-acre (741 ha) publicly owned open space preserve in southern Santa Clara County. It opened to the public in August 2023 with 5 miles of trails.[2][3] There are 3.9 miles of trail designated as a portion of Bay Area Ridge Trail, a regional trail system that is planned to run 550 miles along the ridge lines that encircle San Francisco Bay.Máyyan ‘Ooyákma (pronounced My-yahn Oiy-yahkmah) directly translates to Coyote Ridge in the Ohlone Chochenyo language. Chochenyo is the language stewarded by the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area, whose members trace their ancestry to the Indigenous Peoples, or aboriginal inhabitants, of this region. The Open Space Authority is partnering with the Muwekma Ohlone to raise awareness about the importance of the protection of irreplaceable landscapes.[citation needed]","title":"Máyyan 'Ooyákma – Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"serpentine soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_soil"},{"link_name":"Bay checkerspot butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_checkerspot_butterfly"},{"link_name":"California tiger salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_tiger_salamander"},{"link_name":"California red-legged frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_red-legged_frog"},{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sccosa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coyridgepress-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Because of its rare serpentine soil, this grassland area is a critical habitat for the Bay checkerspot butterfly, the California tiger salamander, and the California red-legged frog, all of which are endangered. It also supports a wide variety of California native and endemic plants.[3][4] Máyyan ‘Ooyákma – Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve connects over 1 million acres of important habitat in the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Diablo Range. Comprising rare, sensitive serpentine grasslands, this unique landscape is a biodiversity hotspot for endangered plants and animals. Scientific research on the plant and animal communities found here continues today.[citation needed]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_Open_Space_Authority"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-status-2022-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sccosa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coyridgepress-4"},{"link_name":"Chochenyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chochenyo_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rename-5"},{"link_name":"United Technologies Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Technologies"},{"link_name":"California Natural Heritage State Tax Credit Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Natural_Heritage_State_Tax_Credit_Program&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sccosa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coyridgepress-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coyridgepress-4"}],"text":"Ins 2015 the Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority acquired 1,831 acres (741 ha) in the area previously referred to by various names, including Coyote Ridge.[2][3][4] On 27 October 2022 its name was modified to \"Máyyan 'Ooyákma – Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve\" to include the Chochenyo translation of \"coyote ridge\" as well as the English.[5]A variety of public and private sources made the acquisition possible after United Technologies Corporation (UTC) agreed to donate the property to the Open Space Authority. UTC receives a tax credit through the California Natural Heritage State Tax Credit Program.\nUnder this program, the Open Space Authority must reimburse the state.[3][4]The Authority received funding for the acquisition from a broad public and private partnership that\nincluded a $2.7 million grant from the Wildlife Conservation Board, $2 million from the U.S. Fish and\nWildlife Service Section 6 land acquisition program to further Habitat Conservation Plans under the\nEndangered Species Act, $1 million from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, $1 million from the\nState Coastal Conservancy, $1 million from the Bureau of Reclamation Central Valley Project, $400,000\nfrom the State Parks Recreational Trails Program, and a contributor who prefers to remain anonymous.\nThe Open Space Authority contributed $7,500 toward the $8.6 million total, which is approximately 55% of the property’s fair market value of $15.6 million[4]","title":"Acquisition"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Sneak Peek: Planning a New Preserve\". Open Space Authority. May 27, 2022. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.openspaceauthority.org/blog/planning-coyote-ridge?_hsmi=2&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-8_puNKyxGbaKa0nJdHiiQNn25oeZ5yAd5mT0KNnhkPdUpBHlTdUMAHczBPs30s99QIGE2lO3TsKzHsZHmq4I5HwAQMGg2fomms6dLtQcR8-6uUO4I","url_text":"\"Sneak Peek: Planning a New Preserve\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240326142220/https%3A%2F%2Fnews.openspaceauthority.org%2Fblog%2Fplanning-coyote-ridge%3F_hsmi%3D2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Future Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve\". Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority. May 20, 2016. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016. ...  the future Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve ..., with an opening tentatively scheduled for summer or fall of 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604080205/http://www.openspaceauthority.org/trails/coyoteridge.html","url_text":"\"The Future Coyote Ridge Open Space Preserve\""},{"url":"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/trails/coyoteridge.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Open Space Authority Acquires Coyote Ridge Property from United Technologies Corporation\" (PDF). Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority. October 21, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506221131/http://www.openspaceauthority.org/news/pdf/rev_2015-10-22_Coyote_Ridge.pdf","url_text":"\"Open Space Authority Acquires Coyote Ridge Property from United Technologies Corporation\""},{"url":"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/news/pdf/rev_2015-10-22_Coyote_Ridge.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Open Space Renames Coyote Ridge\". Open Space Authority. October 27, 2022. Archived from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.openspaceauthority.org/blog/coyote-ridge-renamed","url_text":"\"Open Space Renames Coyote Ridge\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231001182602/https://news.openspaceauthority.org/blog/coyote-ridge-renamed","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Lovers
Criminal Lovers
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
1999 French filmCriminal LoversDirected byFrançois OzonWritten byFrançois OzonProduced byOlivier DelboscMarc MissonnierCinematographyPierre StoeberEdited byClaudine BouchéDominique PetrotMusic byPhilippe RombiRelease date 1999 (1999) Running time96 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrench Criminal Lovers (French title: Les amants criminels) is a 1999 psychological thriller and horror film by French director François Ozon. In fact, it is a modern retelling of Hansel and Gretel. Plot High school student Alice convinces her boyfriend and lover Luc to murder their classmate Saïd, with whom she was having an affair, and who, she claims, raped her. When they dispose of his body in the woods late one night, the couple get lost on their way back to their car and are taken in by a mysterious old hermit. Matters take a bizarre turn when the stranger locks the young lovers in his cellar with the dead body of Saïd and reveals that he plans to eat them. The stranger harnesses Luc and convinces him to have sex by allowing Luc and Alice to survive. After sharing the stranger's bed with him, Luc escapes from the forest without killing the hermit. When the couple emerges from the forest, they find the police near their car. The authorities have learned of their murder of Saïd, and arrest them and the hermit, apparently after Saïd's body is found. Luc gets arrested after getting caught in a bear trap, and Alice tries to run away but is eventually caught and killed by the police. In the final sequence, Luc, in vain, tries to stop the police, who are beating the forester. In despair and anguish, Luc is carried to the city in the police car. Cast Natacha Régnier as Alice Salim Kechiouche as Saïd Miki Manojlović as mysterious old man Jérémie Renier as Luc Yasmine Belmadi as Karim Bernard Maume as professor Jean-Louis Debard as night guard Catherine Vierne as jewelry saleswoman Marielle Coubaillon as hostess at the supernarket Olivier Papot as police officer Gil de Murger as GIGN officer Agnès Accaria Ranzi Adjeri Myriam Aubert Anne-Laure Borel Aurélien Boyer Jean-Christophe Bozzo Sébastien Brolis Laurent Brunéo Lionel Cathelin Emmanuelle Chazot Sylvie Colas Fernand Da Silva Jerôme Dalle Guillaume Deschanel Patrice Desolière Didier Doignon Philippe Drumelle Guy Durand Aurélie Fournet-Fayard Guyslaine Gardès Marion Gaumet Elisabeth Gayton Béatrice Guillemet Rabah Hamdaoui Julien Jallut Aglaë Jonathan Ludovic Lamadon Aude Lapreste Guillaume Latrasse François Lauret Jakie Laverdure Séverinne Le Blanc Thierry Lemoine Christophe Luiz Renaud Mallet Julien Martres Marie-Claire Mazzini Renaud Morano Alain Moresco Cécile Paccard Marie-Pierre Perez Marie Petit Jonathan Piano Frédéric Picot Caroline Presset Raphaelle Rioi Cécile Stratonovitch Hosine Talbi Arnaud Teissière Brigitte, Martihino and Nicolas Albuquerque Reception On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 67% based on 15 critics, with an average rating of 6.1/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 59 out of 100 based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Neil Smith of BBC called the film "unsettling, subversive thriller that combines sadism, cannibalism, and homoeroticism to increasingly delirious effect". Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly compared it to Deliverance and Hansel and Gretel fairy tale. Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times had criticized the film, writing that "it never develops a life of its own" because of " amalgam of fairy tales, old movies and tabloid stories". References ^ Hebron, Sandra. "Criminal Lovers (Les amants criminels)". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ Tobias, Scott (19 April 2002). "DVD Review: Criminal Lovers". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "Criminal Lovers (1999)". Rotten Tomatoes. 21 July 2000. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ "Les amants criminels (2000)". Metacritic. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ Smith, Neil (10 April 2003). "Criminal Lovers (2003)". BBC Radio Gloucestershire. Gloucestershire, England: BBC. Retrieved 23 August 2021. ^ Gleiberman, Owen (28 July 2000). "Criminal Lovers". Entertainment Weekly. ^ Mitchell, Elvis (21 July 2000). "'Criminal Lovers': Wise Up, Bonnie and Clyde: You're No Babes in the Woods". The New York Times. External links Criminal Lovers at IMDb vteFilms directed by François OzonFeature films See the Sea (1997) Sitcom (1998) Criminal Lovers (1999) Water Drops on Burning Rocks (2000) Under the Sand (2000) 8 Women (2002) Swimming Pool (2003) 5x2 (2004) Time to Leave (2005) Angel (2007) Ricky (2009) The Refuge (2010) Potiche (2010) In the House (2012) Young & Beautiful (2013) The New Girlfriend (2014) Frantz (2016) L'Amant double (2017) By the Grace of God (2019) Summer of 85 (2020) Everything Went Fine (2021) Peter von Kant (2022) The Crime Is Mine (2023) Short films Victor (1993) A Summer Dress (1996) X2000 (1998) This article related to a French film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a psychological thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychological thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_thriller"},{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"François Ozon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ozon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hansel and Gretel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel"}],"text":"Criminal Lovers (French title: Les amants criminels) is a 1999 psychological thriller and horror film by French director François Ozon.[1] In fact, it is a modern retelling of Hansel and Gretel.","title":"Criminal Lovers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"High school student Alice convinces her boyfriend and lover Luc to murder their classmate Saïd, with whom she was having an affair, and who, she claims, raped her. When they dispose of his body in the woods late one night, the couple get lost on their way back to their car and are taken in by a mysterious old hermit.[2] Matters take a bizarre turn when the stranger locks the young lovers in his cellar with the dead body of Saïd and reveals that he plans to eat them. The stranger harnesses Luc and convinces him to have sex by allowing Luc and Alice to survive. After sharing the stranger's bed with him, Luc escapes from the forest without killing the hermit.When the couple emerges from the forest, they find the police near their car. The authorities have learned of their murder of Saïd, and arrest them and the hermit, apparently after Saïd's body is found. Luc gets arrested after getting caught in a bear trap, and Alice tries to run away but is eventually caught and killed by the police. In the final sequence, Luc, in vain, tries to stop the police, who are beating the forester. In despair and anguish, Luc is carried to the city in the police car.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natacha Régnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natacha_R%C3%A9gnier"},{"link_name":"Salim Kechiouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Kechiouche"},{"link_name":"Miki Manojlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miki_Manojlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jérémie Renier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie_Renier"},{"link_name":"Yasmine Belmadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmine_Belmadi"},{"link_name":"GIGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIGN"}],"text":"Natacha Régnier as Alice\nSalim Kechiouche as Saïd\nMiki Manojlović as mysterious old man\nJérémie Renier as Luc\nYasmine Belmadi as Karim\nBernard Maume as professor\nJean-Louis Debard as night guard\nCatherine Vierne as jewelry saleswoman\nMarielle Coubaillon as hostess at the supernarket\nOlivier Papot as police officer\nGil de Murger as GIGN officer\nAgnès Accaria\nRanzi Adjeri\nMyriam Aubert\nAnne-Laure Borel\nAurélien Boyer\nJean-Christophe Bozzo\nSébastien Brolis\nLaurent Brunéo\nLionel Cathelin\nEmmanuelle Chazot\nSylvie Colas\nFernand Da Silva\nJerôme Dalle\nGuillaume Deschanel\nPatrice Desolière\nDidier Doignon\nPhilippe Drumelle\nGuy Durand\nAurélie Fournet-Fayard\nGuyslaine Gardès\nMarion Gaumet\nElisabeth Gayton\nBéatrice Guillemet\nRabah Hamdaoui\nJulien Jallut\nAglaë Jonathan\nLudovic Lamadon\nAude Lapreste\nGuillaume Latrasse\nFrançois Lauret\nJakie Laverdure\nSéverinne Le Blanc\nThierry Lemoine\nChristophe Luiz\nRenaud Mallet\nJulien Martres\nMarie-Claire Mazzini\nRenaud Morano\nAlain Moresco\nCécile Paccard\nMarie-Pierre Perez\nMarie Petit\nJonathan Piano\nFrédéric Picot\nCaroline Presset\nRaphaelle Rioi\nCécile Stratonovitch\nHosine Talbi\nArnaud Teissière\nBrigitte, Martihino and Nicolas Albuquerque","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"average rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Owen Gleiberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Deliverance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliverance"},{"link_name":"Hansel and Gretel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Elvis Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 67% based on 15 critics, with an average rating of 6.1/10.[3] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 59 out of 100 based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[4]Neil Smith of BBC called the film \"unsettling, subversive thriller that combines sadism, cannibalism, and homoeroticism to increasingly delirious effect\".[5]Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly compared it to Deliverance and Hansel and Gretel fairy tale.[6]Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times had criticized the film, writing that \"it never develops a life of its own\" because of \"[its] amalgam of fairy tales, old movies and tabloid stories\".[7]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hebron, Sandra. \"Criminal Lovers (Les amants criminels)\". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/80438/criminal-lovers","url_text":"\"Criminal Lovers (Les amants criminels)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Tobias, Scott (19 April 2002). \"DVD Review: Criminal Lovers\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://film.avclub.com/criminal-lovers-1798197214","url_text":"\"DVD Review: Criminal Lovers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"\"Criminal Lovers (1999)\". Rotten Tomatoes. 21 July 2000. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/criminal_lovers","url_text":"\"Criminal Lovers (1999)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"Les amants criminels (2000)\". Metacritic. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/les-amants-criminels","url_text":"\"Les amants criminels (2000)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Neil (10 April 2003). \"Criminal Lovers (2003)\". BBC Radio Gloucestershire. Gloucestershire, England: BBC. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/films/reviews/a_f/criminal_lovers.shtml","url_text":"\"Criminal Lovers (2003)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Gloucestershire","url_text":"BBC Radio Gloucestershire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire","url_text":"Gloucestershire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Gleiberman, Owen (28 July 2000). \"Criminal Lovers\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman","url_text":"Gleiberman, Owen"},{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2000/07/28/criminal-lovers/","url_text":"\"Criminal Lovers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Elvis (21 July 2000). \"'Criminal Lovers': Wise Up, Bonnie and Clyde: You're No Babes in the Woods\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Mitchell","url_text":"Mitchell, Elvis"},{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/film/072100criminal-film-review.html","url_text":"\"'Criminal Lovers': Wise Up, Bonnie and Clyde: You're No Babes in the Woods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma_in_Theology
Bachelor of Theology
["1 UK and Europe","2 United States","3 Notable BTh graduates","4 See also","5 References"]
Academic degree The Bachelor of Theology degree (BTh, ThB, or BTheol) is a two- to five-year undergraduate degree or graduate degree in theological disciplines and is typically (but not exclusively) pursued by those seeking ordination for ministry in a church, denomination, or parachurch organization. Candidates for this degree typically must complete course work in Greek and(or) Hebrew, as well as systematic theology, biblical theology, ethics, homiletics, hermeneutics, counseling and Christian ministry. The Bachelor of Theology may include a thesis component and may consist of an additional year beyond the coursework requirements for the degrees of Bachelor of Religious Education and Bachelor of Arts. In some denominations, such as the Church of England or the Presbyterian Church in America, it is considered sufficient qualification for formal ordination. UK and Europe In the United Kingdom and other European nations, the Bachelor of Theology is a three to five year degree for students pursuing ordination. BTh is currently offered at: The University of Oxford as an undergraduate degree offered at two colleges The University of Cambridge as Bachelor of Theology for Ministry offered at five colleges Edinburgh Theological Seminary validated by the University of Glasgow University of Aberdeen as a distance learning degree South West Baptist College Cardiff Baptist College St Padarn’s Institute for the Church in Wales, validated by University of Wales, Trinity Saint David St Patrick's College, Maynooth as a three-year, Level 8 degree Carmelite Institute of Britain and Ireland United States Within the United States, the Bachelor of Theology (or Bachelor of Divinity) is generally identical in coursework and requirements to the Master of Divinity. More common than the Bachelor of Theology in the US are dual-degree programs where one may earn an undergraduate degree in Bible and(or) theology and a Master of Divinity simultaneously. Notable BTh graduates Rev. Canon Prof. Susan Gillingham Rachel Treweek, Bishop of Gloucester (2015–present) Rt Reverend Saju Muthulaly, Bishop of Loughborough (2022–present) Martyn Snow, Bishop of Tewkesbury (2013–2016), Bishop of Leicester (2016–present) Henry Richmond (bishop), Bishop of Repton (1985–1999) Ric Thorpe, Bishop of Islington (2015–present) David Hawkins (bishop), Bishop of Barking (2002–2014) Robert Springett, Bishop of Tewkesbury (2016–present) Simon Burton-Jones, Bishop of Tonbridge (2018–present) John McDowell (bishop), Archbishop of Armagh (2020–present) William Wright (Australian bishop), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle in Australia (2011–2021) Arthur Jeffery, Australian Methodist minister and renowned scholar of Middle Eastern languages and manuscripts See also Associate of Theology Bachelor of Divinity Bible College Ordination Licentiate in Theology Seminary References ^ Burton, Tara Isabella (2013-10-30). "Study Theology, Even If You Don't Believe in God". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2023-01-18. ^ Bachelor's Degree in Theology: Program Overview, Study.com ^ "Bachelor in de theologie en de religiewetenschappen (Leuven) - KU Leuven". onderwijsaanbod.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2022-12-21. ^ "Criteria for Selection for the Ordained Ministry in the Church of England" (PDF). Church of England. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "Book of Church Order". PCA Administrative Committee. p. 73. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "Bachelor of Theology". The Master's Seminary. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "Degrees and Programs". Greenville Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Retrieved December 21, 2022. ^ "Seminary Track Program - Earn a Degree in 5 Years". Boyce College. Retrieved 2022-12-21. ^ "CIU Offering Five-Year M.Div". Columbia International University. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"undergraduate degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_degree"},{"link_name":"graduate degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_degree"},{"link_name":"theological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"systematic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_theology"},{"link_name":"biblical theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_theology"},{"link_name":"homiletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homiletics"},{"link_name":"hermeneutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics"},{"link_name":"counseling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counseling_psychology"},{"link_name":"Christian ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_ministry"},{"link_name":"thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Religious Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Religious_Education"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"}],"text":"The Bachelor of Theology degree (BTh, ThB, or BTheol) is a two- to five-year undergraduate degree or graduate degree in theological disciplines and is typically (but not exclusively[1]) pursued by those seeking ordination for ministry in a church, denomination, or parachurch organization.[2] Candidates for this degree typically must complete course work in Greek and(or) Hebrew, as well as systematic theology, biblical theology, ethics, homiletics, hermeneutics, counseling and Christian ministry. The Bachelor of Theology may include a thesis component and may consist of an additional year beyond the coursework requirements for the degrees of Bachelor of Religious Education and Bachelor of Arts.[3] In some denominations, such as the Church of England or the Presbyterian Church in America,[4][5] it is considered sufficient qualification for formal ordination.","title":"Bachelor of Theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"The University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"South West Baptist College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_West_Baptist_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Baptist College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiff_Baptist_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St Padarn’s Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Padarn%27s_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of Wales, Trinity Saint David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales_Trinity_Saint_David"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's College, Maynooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College,_Maynooth"},{"link_name":"Carmelite Institute of Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelite_Institute_of_Britain_and_Ireland"}],"text":"In the United Kingdom and other European nations, the Bachelor of Theology is a three to five year degree for students pursuing ordination.BTh is currently offered at:The University of Oxford as an undergraduate degree offered at two colleges\nThe University of Cambridge as Bachelor of Theology for Ministry offered at five colleges\nEdinburgh Theological Seminary validated by the University of Glasgow\nUniversity of Aberdeen as a distance learning degree\nSouth West Baptist College\nCardiff Baptist College\nSt Padarn’s Institute for the Church in Wales, validated by University of Wales, Trinity Saint David\nSt Patrick's College, Maynooth as a three-year, Level 8 degree\nCarmelite Institute of Britain and Ireland","title":"UK and Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"Master of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Within the United States, the Bachelor of Theology (or Bachelor of Divinity) is generally identical in coursework and requirements to the Master of Divinity.[6] [7] More common than the Bachelor of Theology in the US are dual-degree programs where one may earn an undergraduate degree in Bible and(or) theology and a Master of Divinity simultaneously.[8] [9]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rev. Canon Prof. Susan Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Gillingham"},{"link_name":"Rachel Treweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Treweek"},{"link_name":"Rt Reverend Saju Muthulaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saju_Muthalaly"},{"link_name":"Martyn Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn_Snow"},{"link_name":"Henry Richmond (bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Richmond_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Ric Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"David Hawkins (bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hawkins_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Robert Springett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Springett"},{"link_name":"Simon Burton-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Burton-Jones"},{"link_name":"John McDowell (bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDowell_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"William Wright (Australian bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wright_(Australian_bishop)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Jeffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Jeffery"}],"text":"Rev. Canon Prof. Susan Gillingham\nRachel Treweek, Bishop of Gloucester (2015–present)\nRt Reverend Saju Muthulaly, Bishop of Loughborough (2022–present)\nMartyn Snow, Bishop of Tewkesbury (2013–2016), Bishop of Leicester (2016–present)\nHenry Richmond (bishop), Bishop of Repton (1985–1999)\nRic Thorpe, Bishop of Islington (2015–present)\nDavid Hawkins (bishop), Bishop of Barking (2002–2014)\nRobert Springett, Bishop of Tewkesbury (2016–present)\nSimon Burton-Jones, Bishop of Tonbridge (2018–present)\nJohn McDowell (bishop), Archbishop of Armagh (2020–present)\nWilliam Wright (Australian bishop), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle in Australia (2011–2021)\nArthur Jeffery, Australian Methodist minister and renowned scholar of Middle Eastern languages and manuscripts","title":"Notable BTh graduates"}]
[]
[{"title":"Bachelor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Divinity"},{"title":"Bible College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_college"},{"title":"Ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"},{"title":"Licentiate in Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_in_Theology"},{"title":"Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"}]
[{"reference":"Burton, Tara Isabella (2013-10-30). \"Study Theology, Even If You Don't Believe in God\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2023-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2013/10/study-theology-even-if-you-dont-believe-in-god/280999/","url_text":"\"Study Theology, Even If You Don't Believe in God\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bachelor in de theologie en de religiewetenschappen (Leuven) - KU Leuven\". onderwijsaanbod.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2022-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://onderwijsaanbod.kuleuven.be/opleidingen/n/CQ_50074162.htm#activetab=diploma_omschrijving","url_text":"\"Bachelor in de theologie en de religiewetenschappen (Leuven) - KU Leuven\""}]},{"reference":"\"Criteria for Selection for the Ordained Ministry in the Church of England\" (PDF). Church of England. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofengland.org/sites/default/files/2017-10/selection_criteria_for_ordained_ministry.pdf","url_text":"\"Criteria for Selection for the Ordained Ministry in the Church of England\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book of Church Order\". PCA Administrative Committee. p. 73. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcaac.org/bco/","url_text":"\"Book of Church Order\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bachelor of Theology\". The Master's Seminary. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tms.edu/academics/bachelor-of-theology/","url_text":"\"Bachelor of Theology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Degrees and Programs\". Greenville Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Retrieved December 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gpts.edu/degrees-programs/","url_text":"\"Degrees and Programs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seminary Track Program - Earn a Degree in 5 Years\". Boyce College. Retrieved 2022-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://boycecollege.com/academics/seminary-track/","url_text":"\"Seminary Track Program - Earn a Degree in 5 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIU Offering Five-Year M.Div\". Columbia International University. Retrieved 2022-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ciu.edu/newsstory/ciu-offering-five-year-mdiv","url_text":"\"CIU Offering Five-Year M.Div\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Ballard_(politician)
Chris Ballard (politician)
["1 Background","2 Politics","2.1 Cabinet positions","3 Election results","4 References","5 External links"]
Canadian politician Chris BallardBallard in 2014Member of the Ontario Provincial Parliamentfor Newmarket—AuroraIn officeJune 12, 2014 – June 7, 2018Preceded byFrank KleesSucceeded byChristine Elliott Personal detailsBornKing City, OntarioPolitical partyLiberalSpouseAudreyChildren3ResidenceAurora, OntarioOccupationBusinessman; journalist Christopher Ballard is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 2014 to 2018 who represented the riding of Newmarket—Aurora. He was a member of cabinet in the government of Kathleen Wynne. Background Attended King City Secondary School where upon graduation had aspirations of becoming a Marine Biologist. Ballard was a journalist with the Newmarket Era, the Aurora Banner, the Orillia Packet and Times, Canadian Press and the Toronto Star. He has run his own business consultancy firm CSB Communications with clients in the business, education, association sectors in Ontario. He was also the Executive Director for a consumers advocacy group. He lives in Aurora with his wife Audrey where they raised three children. Ballard was presented with an honorary lifetime member award by Speaker of the Ontario Legislature, Michael A. Brown, on behalf of the Public Affairs Association of Canada. Ballard is a former president of the association and was recognized for his years of dedication to the association. Politics Ballard was elected as a town councillor in Aurora in 2010 and vacated his council seat before finishing a full term. He ran in the 2014 provincial election as the Liberal candidate in the riding of Newmarket-Aurora, a long-time PC held riding north of Toronto. In a surprising upset, he defeated Progressive Conservative candidate Jane Twinney by 3,412 votes. Ballard's win was part of a strong showing by the Ontario Liberals in the York Region, where the party had a historically strong showing in many traditionally PC and swing ridings. He previously served as parliamentary assistant to the Minister of Government and Consumer Services. In June 2016, he was appointed to cabinet as Minister of Housing and Minister Responsible for the Poverty-Reduction Strategy. After the resignation of Glen Murray as Minister of Environment and Climate Change on July 31, 2017, Ballard was appointed his successor by Premier Kathleen Wynne. While MPP Ballard moved bill 42 to directly elect the chair of the Region of York. This was never realized as it was reversed in July 2018. He ran for re-election in the 2018 provincial election and was defeated soundly, coming in 3rd in the riding of Newmarket-Aurora with less than 23% of the vote. Ballard's loss was part of a weak showing by the Ontario Liberals who retained only 7 seats and lost official party status. He ran in the 2018 municipal election for Mayor of the Town of Aurora and was soundly defeated, coming in 3rd with less than 20% of the vote. Ballard exited politics in 2019 to be the CEO of Passive House Canada. Cabinet positions Ontario provincial government of Kathleen Wynne Cabinet posts (2) Predecessor Office Successor Glen Murray Minister of the Environment and Climate Change2017-2018 Rod Phillips Ted McMeekin Minister of Housing2016-2017Also responsible for Poverty Reduction Strategy Peter Milczyn Election results vte2018 Ontario general election: Newmarket—Aurora Party Candidate Votes % ±% Progressive Conservative Christine Elliott 24,813 47.71 +10.98 New Democratic Melissa Williams 12,405 23.85 +11.91 Liberal Chris Ballard 11,840 22.76 -21.36 Green Michelle Bourdeau 1,859 3.57 -0.47 Independent Dorian Baxter 447 0.86 Trillium Bob Yaciuk 212 0.41 Libertarian Lori Robbins 192 0.37 None of the Above Denis Van Decker 185 0.36 Moderate Denis Gorlynskiy 60 0.12 Total valid votes 52,013 99.01 Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots 518 0.99 Turnout 52,531 58.97 Eligible voters 89,076 Progressive Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +16.17 Source: Elections Ontario 2014 Ontario general election: Newmarket—Aurora Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Chris Ballard 22,942 43.8 +8.2 Progressive Conservative Jane Twinney 19,510 37.25 -10.0 New Democratic Angus Duff 6,092 11.63 -2.7 Green Andrew Roblin 2,167 4.14 +1.4 Canadians' Choice Dorian Baxter 925 1.77 Libertarian Jason Jenkins 579 1.11 Trillium Bob Yaciuk 164 0.31 Total valid votes 52,379 100.00 Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative Swing +9.1 Source: Elections Ontario References ^ @ONPARLeducation (July 13, 2022). "Within the halls of the Legislature are walls that contain the names of every Member of Provincial Parliament elected to Ontario's Legislature since 1867. The names for the 42nd Parliament were recently added. For the first time a Member's name was inscribed in Oji-Cree syllabics" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "King City Secondary School Archon". ^ "Meet the candidates: Newmarket-Aurora". Newmarket Era - Banner. May 15, 2014. p. 1. ^ Pearce, Sean (October 25, 2010). "Dawe humbled by victory". Newmarket Era - Banner. p. 1. ^ "TheAuroran". Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. ^ "General Election by District: Newmarket-Aurora". Elections Ontario. June 12, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-06-14. ^ "Liberals win Newmarket-Aurora, PCs win York-Simcoe". Toronto Star. June 13, 2014. ^ "Chris Ballard Ontario's New Minister of the Environment and Climate Change" (Press release). Government of Ontario. July 31, 2017. ^ "Ontario.ca". Archived from the original on 2018-07-27. ^ "wiki". Archived from the original on 2020-09-11. ^ "passivehouse". Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. ^ "Summary of Valid Votes Cast for each Candidate" (PDF). Elections Ontario. p. 6. Retrieved 20 January 2019. ^ Elections Ontario (2014). "Candidates for Newmarket—Aurora". Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014. External links Ontario Legislative Assembly parliamentary history vteCabinet of Premier of Ontario Kathleen Wynne (2013–2018)Kathleen Wynne Laura Albanese Chris Ballard Jim Bradley Laurel Broten Michael Chan Bob Chiarelli Michael Coteau Dipika Damerla Steven Del Duca Nathalie Des Rosiers Brad Duguid Kevin Flynn John Gerretsen Michael Gravelle Eric Hoskins Mitzie Hunter Helena Jaczek Linda Jeffrey Marie-France Lalonde Jeff Leal Tracy MacCharles Harinder Malhi Deb Matthews Bill Mauro Kathryn McGarry Eleanor McMahon Ted McMeekin Madeleine Meilleur Peter Milczyn John Milloy Reza Moridi Glen Murray Indira Naidoo-Harris Yasir Naqvi David Orazietti Teresa Piruzza Liz Sandals Mario Sergio Charles Sousa Harinder Takhar Glenn Thibeault Daiene Vernile David Zimmer
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Newmarket—Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket%E2%80%94Aurora_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Wynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Wynne"}],"text":"Christopher Ballard[1] is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 2014 to 2018 who represented the riding of Newmarket—Aurora. He was a member of cabinet in the government of Kathleen Wynne.","title":"Chris Ballard (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Newmarket Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newmarket_Era"},{"link_name":"Canadian Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Press"},{"link_name":"Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Attended King City Secondary School where upon graduation had aspirations of becoming a Marine Biologist.[2]Ballard was a journalist with the Newmarket Era, the Aurora Banner, the Orillia Packet and Times, Canadian Press and the Toronto Star. He has run his own business consultancy firm CSB Communications with clients in the business, education, association sectors in Ontario. He was also the Executive Director for a consumers advocacy group.[3] He lives in Aurora with his wife Audrey where they raised three children.Ballard was presented with an honorary lifetime member award by Speaker of the Ontario Legislature, Michael A. Brown, on behalf of the Public Affairs Association of Canada. Ballard is a former president of the association and was recognized for his years of dedication to the association.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2014 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ontario_general_election"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Progressive Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014_results-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toronto-7"},{"link_name":"parliamentary assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_assistant"},{"link_name":"Minister of Government and Consumer Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Government_Services_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Minister of Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Municipal_Affairs_and_Housing_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Glen Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Murray_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Environment and Climate Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_and_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Wynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Wynne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2018 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Ontario_general_election"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Ballard was elected as a town councillor in Aurora in 2010[4] and vacated his council seat before finishing a full term.[5]He ran in the 2014 provincial election as the Liberal candidate in the riding of Newmarket-Aurora, a long-time PC held riding north of Toronto. In a surprising upset, he defeated Progressive Conservative candidate Jane Twinney by 3,412 votes.[6][7] Ballard's win was part of a strong showing by the Ontario Liberals in the York Region, where the party had a historically strong showing in many traditionally PC and swing ridings.He previously served as parliamentary assistant to the Minister of Government and Consumer Services. In June 2016, he was appointed to cabinet as Minister of Housing and Minister Responsible for the Poverty-Reduction Strategy.After the resignation of Glen Murray as Minister of Environment and Climate Change on July 31, 2017, Ballard was appointed his successor by Premier Kathleen Wynne.[8]While MPP Ballard moved bill 42 to directly elect the chair of the Region of York. This was never realized as it was reversed in July 2018.[9]He ran for re-election in the 2018 provincial election and was defeated soundly, coming in 3rd in the riding of Newmarket-Aurora with less than 23% of the vote. Ballard's loss was part of a weak showing by the Ontario Liberals who retained only 7 seats and lost official party status.He ran in the 2018 municipal election for Mayor of the Town of Aurora and was soundly defeated, coming in 3rd with less than 20% of the vote.[10][circular reference]Ballard exited politics in 2019 to be the CEO of Passive House Canada.[11]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cabinet positions","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"@ONPARLeducation (July 13, 2022). \"Within the halls of the Legislature are walls that contain the names of every Member of Provincial Parliament elected to Ontario's Legislature since 1867. The names for the 42nd Parliament were recently added. For the first time a Member's name was inscribed in Oji-Cree syllabics\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/ONPARLeducation/status/1547261235305058304","url_text":"\"Within the halls of the Legislature are walls that contain the names of every Member of Provincial Parliament elected to Ontario's Legislature since 1867. The names for the 42nd Parliament were recently added. For the first time a Member's name was inscribed in Oji-Cree syllabics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"King City Secondary School Archon\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ehub51.webhostinghub.com/~wwwkin5/Archon_77_78/Archon_77_78/20.html","url_text":"\"King City Secondary School Archon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the candidates: Newmarket-Aurora\". Newmarket Era - Banner. May 15, 2014. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pearce, Sean (October 25, 2010). \"Dawe humbled by victory\". Newmarket Era - Banner. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"TheAuroran\". Archived from the original on 2021-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers-online.com/auroran/?p=7022&upm_export=pdf","url_text":"\"TheAuroran\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302041105/http://www.newspapers-online.com/auroran/?p=7022&upm_export=pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General Election by District: Newmarket-Aurora\". Elections Ontario. June 12, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140614002620/http://wemakevotingeasy.ca/en/general-election-district-results.aspx?d=053","url_text":"\"General Election by District: Newmarket-Aurora\""},{"url":"http://wemakevotingeasy.ca/en/general-election-district-results.aspx?d=053","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberals win Newmarket-Aurora, PCs win York-Simcoe\". Toronto Star. June 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/ontario_election/riding_profiles/2014/06/12/liberals_win_newmarketaurora_pcs_win_yorksimcoe.html","url_text":"\"Liberals win Newmarket-Aurora, PCs win York-Simcoe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Ballard Ontario's New Minister of the Environment and Climate Change\" (Press release). Government of Ontario. July 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2017/07/chris-ballard-ontarios-new-minister-of-the-environment-and-climate-change.html","url_text":"\"Chris Ballard Ontario's New Minister of the Environment and Climate Change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ontario","url_text":"Government of Ontario"}]},{"reference":"\"Ontario.ca\". Archived from the original on 2018-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2018/07/ontarios-government-for-the-people-announces-reforms-to-deliver-better-local-government.html","url_text":"\"Ontario.ca\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180727150810/https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2018/07/ontarios-government-for-the-people-announces-reforms-to-deliver-better-local-government.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"wiki\". Archived from the original on 2020-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_York_Region_municipal_elections#Mayor","url_text":"\"wiki\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200911001443/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_York_Region_municipal_elections","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"passivehouse\". 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Retrieved 23 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140523011932/http://wemakevotingeasy.ca/en/electoral-districts/053-newmarket-aurora.aspx","url_text":"\"Candidates for Newmarket—Aurora\""},{"url":"http://wemakevotingeasy.ca/en/electoral-districts/053-newmarket-aurora.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_subinclinata
Carex subinclinata
["1 See also","2 References"]
Species of plant Carex subinclinata Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Poales Family: Cyperaceae Genus: Carex Species: C. subinclinata Binomial name Carex subinclinataT.Koyama Carex subinclinata is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to parts of Asia from Thailand to Myanmar. See also List of Carex species References ^ "Carex subinclinata T.Koyama". Kew Science – Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 7 August 2023. Taxon identifiersCarex subinclinata Wikidata: Q15580789 CoL: 69CD2 EoL: 1123286 GBIF: 2727792 IPNI: 302454-1 Open Tree of Life: 3959054 Plant List: kew-231301 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:302454-1 Tropicos: 100164979 WFO: wfo-0000351703 This Carex article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of Carex species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Carex_species"}]
[{"reference":"\"Carex subinclinata T.Koyama\". Kew Science – Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 7 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:302454-1","url_text":"\"Carex subinclinata T.Koyama\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Crewofcore
User talk:Crewofcore
[]
Welcome! Hello, Crewofcore, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: The five pillars of Wikipedia Tutorial How to edit a page How to write a great article Manual of Style I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your messages on discussion pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question on this page and then place {{helpme}} before the question. Again, welcome! . Hi. I could restore the page for your band, but you would need to add evidence of notability. At the moment there isn't any. Deb (talk) 16:07, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
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[]
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[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Edwin_Lees
Walter E. Lees
["1 Biography","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
Walter Edwin LeesBornWalter Edwin LeesJuly 16, 1887Janesville, WisconsinDiedMay 16, 1957(1957-05-16) (aged 69)EducationUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonSpouseLoa Lloyd Walter Edwin Lees (July 16, 1887 – May 16, 1957) was an early American aviator who set a flight endurance record in 1931. Biography He was born on July 16, 1887, in Janesville, Wisconsin, and attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He made his first solo flight on November 14, 1912, near St. Louis, Missouri. He joined the Army Air Service as a civilian flying instructor in 1917, and married Loa Lloyd. He worked as a pilot, test pilot, instructor, and barnstormer. He also worked as a mechanic in the Army Air Service at Wright Field between 1919 and 1920. In the mid-1920s he test flew aircraft for the Stout Engineering Company. He and Frederick Brossy made a world's non-refueling duration record at Jacksonville Beach, Florida, in 1931 with a flight time of 84 hours and 32 minutes in a Bellanca J2 Diesel. His military service included five years as a pilot in the Air Force Reserve Command, and 20 years as pilot in the United States Navy Reserve, and 6 years active duty with the Navy from 1940 to 1946. He retired from the Navy in 1948 with the rank of Commander. He was active in aviation for over 35 years and flew approximately 12,000 hours, in over 60 different types of planes. He died on May 16, 1957. References ^ "Aerial age weekly, Volumes 15-16". July 1923. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Further reading World War I draft registration, 1917 The New York Times; May 29, 1931; Set Flight Record Without Refueling; Lees And Brossy, 84:33 Hours In Air, Recapture World Mark From France. Land On Florida Beach Take-Off In Diesel-Motor Plane Was Made Early Monday. Pair Slept Easily In Craft. Throngs Held Back For Landing. Set Flight Record Without Refueling Storm Threat Blows Over. Not Tired By 6,600-Mile Grind. Lees Once Drove Horse Car. Jacksonville, Florida, May 28, 1931, Walter Lees and Frederick Brossy, Detroit aviators, established a new world's record of 84 hours and 33 minutes for a non-refueling airplane flight when they landed at Jacksonville Beach at 7:20 o'clock, Eastern ... External links Ralph Cooper: Walter Lees
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Aerial age weekly, Volumes 15-16\". July 1923.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelers_(disambiguation)
Steelers (disambiguation)
["1 See also"]
Steelers usually refers to the Pittsburgh Steelers, an American football team which plays in the National Football League. Steelers may also refer to: Pohang Steelers, a South Korean association football club Punjab Steelers, an Indian professional basketball team SC Bietigheim Steelers, an ice hockey club from Germany Selkirk Steelers, a Canadian junior ice hockey club Sheffield Steelers, an ice hockey club from the United Kingdom Illawarra Steelers, an Australian former rugby league club Kings Cross Steelers, a rugby union club for gay and bisexual men Kobelco Kobe Steelers, a Japanese rugby union team Kuopio Steelers, a Finnish american football club The Steelers (music), vocal group from Chicago See also Steel worker (disambiguation) Steeler (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Steelers.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burma_Conspiracy
Largo Winch II
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release and reception","3.1 Critical response","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
2011 French filmLargo Winch IIFrench promotional posterDirected byJérôme SalleWritten byJulien RappeneauJérôme SalleProduced byPhilippe GodeauStarringTomer SisleySharon StoneCinematographyDenis RoudenEdited byStan ColletMusic byAlexandre DesplatProductioncompanyPan Européenne ProductionDistributed byCinéartWild Bunch DistributionRelease date 16 February 2011 (2011-02-16) Running time119 minutesCountriesFranceBelgiumGermanyLanguagesFrenchEnglishBudget$24.1 millionBox office$14.1 million Largo Winch II (released internationally as The Burma Conspiracy) is a 2011 French action thriller film based on the Belgian comic book Largo Winch. It was released in France and Belgium on 16 February 2011. It is the sequel to the 2008 film Largo Winch. Plot This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tomer Sisley skydiving for the filming of Largo Winch II. Audi A6 (C6) used in the film. Three years before his death, Nerio Winch, while driving from a business meeting in Hong Kong, informs Freddy, his bodyguard, that he has found his son, Largo, in a village in Burma, and orders Freddy to tail him. Meanwhile, Largo has just saved a group of villagers from a massacre caused by a Junta local militia, led by General Min. While healing the locals on a secluded spot with his lover, Malunai, a French man named Simon Ovronnaz arrives in the village along with several survivors he picked up with his vehicle. However, when he informs them that he was employed by a man who worked for Min, the locals, led by Kadjang, severely beat him up. However, Largo intervenes and accidentally wounds Kadjang with his own blade, and he is banished from the village, and Malunai denounces him. Largo leaves with Simon and they leave Burma, Largo going elsewhere, while Simon heads for Bangkok. In the present day, Largo, after gaining leadership of the W Group, announces that he is selling his entire company and will donate to charity all the proceeds of the sale of his shares. He enlists the help of Alexandre Jung, his father's partner and childhood friend (and one of the few who knew of Largo's existence), also a former director of the Red Cross, and W Group's current director, Dwight Cochrane. However, as he is signing the papers on Nerio's yacht, Neretva, a Hong Kong Police unit, led by UN investigator Diane Francken, arrives, holding charges of crimes against humanity against Largo for cooperation for the massacre in Burma, since General Min was paid from Nerio's secret account called Pandora. While searching Largo's yacht, they also find Freddy strangled in his room. Largo realizes that, since Freddy was tailing him in Burma during the massacre and knew of his innocence, he was murdered. As Francken publicly announces that she has a witness against Largo, he finds a phone number of a private bank in Switzerland and calls it, and he is given the information about the Pandora account and that it contains 68 million dollars. Holding this a secret, he, against the objections of his lawyers and Cochrane, books the flight to Bangkok to personally meet with Francken to meet the witness. He also instructs his personal butler, Gauthier, to go with him to Bangkok and to locate Simon, since he worked for General Min's associate. When they arrive in Bangkok, Gauthier leaves to find Simon while Largo goes to the UN embassy. Upon arriving, Largo is shocked to discover that the witness is Malunai, who falsely testifies against Largo for being involved in the massacre, and Francken also reports to him that General Min was paid from a secret account that Nerio owned, called Pandora. Largo violently objects to the accusations and strikes Malunai, and he is detained by Francken. However, The Thai government drops his charges and sets him free, and he is picked up by Cochrane. However, after getting his personal items back, he finds a "Sorry" note given to him by Malunai. He also finds out that she was deported back to Burma. Against Cochrane's protests, Largo leaves. Francken, angry for the deportation of Malunai and Largo's acquittal, finds out that Largo has contacted the private bank and goes to Zurich. Largo arrives in Burma, where the local militia awaits him to transport him to General Min. However, en route, the jeep transporting Largo is attacked by the local resistance movement led by Kadjang, who is seeking revenge against Largo. However, Largo tells him his story and convinces him to join sides with him. They head to General Min's base, with Kudjang and his men disguised as soldiers, and Kudjang's men detonate several gas tanks, creating a diversion, while Largo releases the prisoners, and also Malunai herself, who reveals that Min forced her to falsely testify with the threat that they will kill her son. They head to General Min's hut, only to find him with Malunai's son, Noom. Min reveals that, while he was paid half in advance to massacre the village, he never got the rest of the money, and orders Largo to make a 25 million$ to Min's account. Largo obeys, but as he completes the transfer, he attacks Min and takes Noom and Malunai, and they escape by boat. Meanwhile, Francken, who ordered the executives of the bank to record their calls, finds out about Largo's call to transfer the money to Min. Seeing this as evidence, she publicly announces this, causing W Group's shares to massively drop. Cochrane, much to his dismay, finds out that the W Group will be bought by a Russian industrialist called Nazatchov, who is at odds with Largo since he once attacked him during a business meeting. Since the prices were lowered, Nazatchov now has enough money to buy the group and already pays 5 billion dollars in advance. In Burma, Largo and Malunai arrive at a local hotel, where they rekindle their romance, and she reveals to Largo that Noom is his son, having impregnated her before he left. Largo contacts Gauthier, who has found Simon, and instructs him to arrive at the hotel. Meanwhile, General Min, who escaped the base, arrives at a rendezvous point where he is picked up via helicopter by a Serbian mercenary called Lazarevic, who informs him that he is not on Min's payroll, but actually is working for someone else, and strangles Min to death. Gauthier and Simon meet up with Largo, and Simon reveals that he was paid by a man named Thomas to drive him through Burma. He arrived with him at General Min's base, where he paid in advance for Min to organize the massacre using the Pandora account. However, when Nerio found out about the massacre, he refused to let Thomas to pay the rest of the money, and he was shot by Min while Simon secretly observed this from the car while he was behind the walls. Simon left, picking up the rest of the survivors among the way, before he arrived at the village where Largo stayed at. Later on, Malunai reveals that she was abducted by Lazarevic's mercenaries, and Largo finds a tracking device in her. Just then, Lazarevic's mistress Anna and another henchman arrive, and Largo manages to kill both of them, but not before Anna strangles Malunai to death. Largo picks up Noom and he leaves with Simon and Gauthier. Soon after, Lazarevic arrives at the hotel, and, after finding his man and Anna dead, he swears revenge against Largo. Largo contacts the private bank again and transfers only 7 dollars to another account, and then contacts Cochrane, who is in the car with Nazatchov, and informs him that he is heading to Zurich. Nazatchov, overhearing this, instructs Lazarevic to go to Zurich and kill him. However, Largo heads for Bangkok and secretly tails Lazarevic's group, who is departing in a private jet. He and Simon tie up the pilots in their hotel room and take their uniforms and await for Lazarevic, who board the plane, and they head for Zurich, intending to tail Lazarevic when they land. However, during the flight, Lazarevic finds out about the pilots and they corner Simon and Largo. They fight them, and Simon opens the plane doors, causing a decompression which ejects Simon out of the plane. Largo jumps out with a parachute, and Lazarevic follows them. In mid-air, Lazarevic fights Largo, who knocks him out and disables his parachute and saves Simon, while Lazarevic dies after falling on the ground. Meanwhile, Francken finds out about the 7 dollar transfer and investigates Lazarevic's account, finding out that he was on Nazatchov's payroll, realizing that Largo is being set up. Largo and Simon go to Jung's house, and Simon stays in Jung's house while Jung takes him to Francken to clear out his name. However, when they arrive at the UN building, Jung injects him with a strong sedative, and reveals that Thomas is actually his son; Thomas worked for Nerio by making new deals across the world, and set up the secret bank account Pandora for Thomas to pay to the locals in exchange for information. Thomas instructed General Min to organize the massacre since the area was rich with nickel. However, Nerio was unaware of the massacre and when Thomas informed him about this, he refused to authorize him to pay the rest of the amount, disgusted by Thomas's actions. Jung also reveals that he made a deal with Nazatchov, who would take over the company in exchange for help, and that Lazarevic killed Min on Jung's orders, and that Largo was the scapegoat so he would be humiliated and sentenced to prison for life as a revenge. Jung leaves to kill Francken to kill her so he could prevent her to clear Largo's name, while Largo lies sedated on the floor, unable to move. However, Simon, who found pictures of Thomas and realized Jung's plan, arrives at the UN building and gives Largo sugar to remedy the effects, and Largo instructs Simon to call the police while he heads to rescue Francken. He finds Jung holding Francken at knife point, and shouts about Thomas's immoral and unethical actions, which Jung refuses to accept, wanting Largo to beg for Francken's life just as he begged Nerio to save Thomas. However, Francken momentarily distracts Jung, and Largo runs up to him and knocks him over the stairwell, killing him. In the aftermath, Largo is cleared of all charges by Francken, and Nazatchov is unable to buy the company since the stocks have raised high after Largo's name was cleared. Largo travels back to Burma, where he and Noom are standing by Malunai's grave while Gauthier and Simon are watching them, where Largo promises to take care of Noom and that Malunai is watching both of them, before they walk away together. Cast Tomer Sisley as Largo Winch Sharon Stone as Diane Francken Ulrich Tukur as Dwight Cochrane Napakpapha Nakprasitte as Malunaï Olivier Barthélémy as Simon Ovronnaz Laurent Terzieff as Alexandre Jung Nicolas Vaude as Gauthier Clemens Schick as Dragan Lazarevic Nirut Sirijhanya as Général Kyaw Min Dmitry Nazarov as Virgil Nazatchov François Montagut as Clive Hanson Anatole Taubman as Beaumont Praptpapol Suwanbang as Kadjang Weronika Rosati as Anna Carlo Brandt as Freddy Kaplan Elizabeth Bennett as Pennywinckle Leonardo Gillosi as Noom John Arnold as Thomas Jung Wolfgang Pissors as Attinger Olivia Jackson as Chloé Sonia Couling as Wang Sahajak Boonthanakit as Dan Khongpipat Philippe Van Kessel as Vladimir Podolsky Teerawat Mulvilai as Som Sak Vithaya Pansringarm as Colonel Komsan Saicheer Wongwirot as Ko Sin Charlie Dupont as Podolsky's Assistant Release and reception Critical response Out of four reviews available on Rotten Tomatoes, all are negative. James Luxford of the National calls it "shaky and confusing". See also Largo Winch (TV series) References ^ "Largo Winch 2 (2011)". JPBox-Office. 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2020-01-13. ^ "Largo Winch II (2011) - Jérôme Salle". AllMovie. ^ "The Burma Conspiracy (Largo Winch II): Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. 15 February 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2020. ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Burma Conspiracy ^ "Largo Winch 2". The National. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 2020-07-17. External links Largo Winch II at IMDb Largo Winch II at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by Jérôme Salle Anthony Zimmer (2005) Largo Winch (2008) Largo Winch II (2011) Zulu (2013) The Odyssey (2016) Kompromat (2022) vteWorks by Philippe GodeauFilms directed One for the Road (2009, also produced) 11.6 (2013, also produced) Yao (2018, also produced) Films produced An Independent Life (1992) Le Garçu (1995) The Eighth Day (1996) Bad Company (1999) Baise-moi (2000) Lightweight (2004) Les Sœurs fâchées (2004) The Man of My Life (2006) Danse avec lui (2007) The Price to Pay (2007) Détrompez-vous (2007) Largo Winch (2008) Mr. Nobody (2009) Romantics Anonymous (2010) Largo Winch II (2011) Les Trois Frères, le retour (2014) Une famille à louer (2015) The Roommates Party (2015) The Odyssey (2016) Down by Love (2016) Garde alternée (2017) To the Ends of the World (2018) Perfect Nanny (2019) Beautiful Minds (2021) See also Filmography Pan-Européenne vteWorld Soundtrack Award for Soundtrack Composer of the Year2000s John Williams – A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) Patrick Doyle – Gosford Park (2002) Elliot Goldenthal – Frida (2003) Gabriel Yared – Cold Mountain (2004) Angelo Badalamenti – Un long dimanche de fiançailles (2005) Alberto Iglesias – The Constant Gardener (2006) Alexandre Desplat – The Queen / The Painted Veil (2007) James Newton Howard – Charlie Wilson's War / Michael Clayton / I Am Legend (2008) Alexandre Desplat – Cheri / Coco avant Chanel / The Curious Case of Benjamin Button / Largo Winch (2009) 2010s Alexandre Desplat – Fantastic Mr. Fox / The Ghost Writer / Julie & Julia / The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2010) Alexandre Desplat – A Better Life / The Burma Conspiracy / Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 / Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 / The King's Speech / The Tree of Life / The Well Digger's Daughter (2011) Alberto Iglesias – The Monk / The Skin I Live In / Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2012) Mychael Danna – Life of Pi (2013) Alexandre Desplat – Godzilla / The Grand Budapest Hotel / Marius / The Monuments Men / Philomena / Venus in Fur / Zulu (2014) Michael Giacchino – Dawn of the Planet of the Apes / Inside Out / Jupiter Ascending / Jurassic World / Tomorrowland (2015) Carter Burwell – Anomalisa / Carol / The Family Fang / The Finest Hours / Hail, Caesar! / Legend (2016) Jóhann Jóhannsson – Arrival (2017) Jóhann Jóhannsson – The Butcher, The Whore and the One-Eyed Man / Last and First Man / Mandy / Mary Magdalene / The Mercy (2018) Nicholas Britell – If Beale Street Could Talk / Vice (2019) 2020s Hildur Guðnadóttir – Joker (2020) Daniel Pemberton – Enola Holmes / Rising Phoenix / The Trial of the Chicago 7 (2021) Jonny Greenwood – The Power of the Dog / Spencer (2022) Hauschka – All Quiet on the Western Front / Memory of Water / War Sailor (2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Largo Winch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largo_Winch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Largo Winch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largo_Winch_(film)"}],"text":"Largo Winch II (released internationally as The Burma Conspiracy) is a 2011 French action thriller film based on the Belgian comic book Largo Winch.[2] It was released in France and Belgium on 16 February 2011.[3] It is the sequel to the 2008 film Largo Winch.","title":"Largo Winch II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomer_Sisler_chute_libre.jpg"},{"link_name":"skydiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skydiving"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Audi_double_commandes.JPG"},{"link_name":"Audi A6 (C6)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A6#C6"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Junta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"gaining leadership of the W Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largo_Winch_(film)"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neretva"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Region"},{"link_name":"UN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"crimes against humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"falsely testifies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury"},{"link_name":"Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"}],"text":"Tomer Sisley skydiving for the filming of Largo Winch II.Audi A6 (C6) used in the film.Three years before his death, Nerio Winch, while driving from a business meeting in Hong Kong, informs Freddy, his bodyguard, that he has found his son, Largo, in a village in Burma, and orders Freddy to tail him. Meanwhile, Largo has just saved a group of villagers from a massacre caused by a Junta local militia, led by General Min. While healing the locals on a secluded spot with his lover, Malunai, a French man named Simon Ovronnaz arrives in the village along with several survivors he picked up with his vehicle. However, when he informs them that he was employed by a man who worked for Min, the locals, led by Kadjang, severely beat him up. However, Largo intervenes and accidentally wounds Kadjang with his own blade, and he is banished from the village, and Malunai denounces him. Largo leaves with Simon and they leave Burma, Largo going elsewhere, while Simon heads for Bangkok.In the present day, Largo, after gaining leadership of the W Group, announces that he is selling his entire company and will donate to charity all the proceeds of the sale of his shares. He enlists the help of Alexandre Jung, his father's partner and childhood friend (and one of the few who knew of Largo's existence), also a former director of the Red Cross, and W Group's current director, Dwight Cochrane. However, as he is signing the papers on Nerio's yacht, Neretva, a Hong Kong Police unit, led by UN investigator Diane Francken, arrives, holding charges of crimes against humanity against Largo for cooperation for the massacre in Burma, since General Min was paid from Nerio's secret account called Pandora. While searching Largo's yacht, they also find Freddy strangled in his room. Largo realizes that, since Freddy was tailing him in Burma during the massacre and knew of his innocence, he was murdered.As Francken publicly announces that she has a witness against Largo, he finds a phone number of a private bank in Switzerland and calls it, and he is given the information about the Pandora account and that it contains 68 million dollars. Holding this a secret, he, against the objections of his lawyers and Cochrane, books the flight to Bangkok to personally meet with Francken to meet the witness. He also instructs his personal butler, Gauthier, to go with him to Bangkok and to locate Simon, since he worked for General Min's associate. When they arrive in Bangkok, Gauthier leaves to find Simon while Largo goes to the UN embassy. Upon arriving, Largo is shocked to discover that the witness is Malunai, who falsely testifies against Largo for being involved in the massacre, and Francken also reports to him that General Min was paid from a secret account that Nerio owned, called Pandora. Largo violently objects to the accusations and strikes Malunai, and he is detained by Francken. However, The Thai government drops his charges and sets him free, and he is picked up by Cochrane. However, after getting his personal items back, he finds a \"Sorry\" note given to him by Malunai. He also finds out that she was deported back to Burma. Against Cochrane's protests, Largo leaves. Francken, angry for the deportation of Malunai and Largo's acquittal, finds out that Largo has contacted the private bank and goes to Zurich.Largo arrives in Burma, where the local militia awaits him to transport him to General Min. However, en route, the jeep transporting Largo is attacked by the local resistance movement led by Kadjang, who is seeking revenge against Largo. However, Largo tells him his story and convinces him to join sides with him. They head to General Min's base, with Kudjang and his men disguised as soldiers, and Kudjang's men detonate several gas tanks, creating a diversion, while Largo releases the prisoners, and also Malunai herself, who reveals that Min forced her to falsely testify with the threat that they will kill her son. They head to General Min's hut, only to find him with Malunai's son, Noom. Min reveals that, while he was paid half in advance to massacre the village, he never got the rest of the money, and orders Largo to make a 25 million$ to Min's account. Largo obeys, but as he completes the transfer, he attacks Min and takes Noom and Malunai, and they escape by boat.Meanwhile, Francken, who ordered the executives of the bank to record their calls, finds out about Largo's call to transfer the money to Min. Seeing this as evidence, she publicly announces this, causing W Group's shares to massively drop. Cochrane, much to his dismay, finds out that the W Group will be bought by a Russian industrialist called Nazatchov, who is at odds with Largo since he once attacked him during a business meeting. Since the prices were lowered, Nazatchov now has enough money to buy the group and already pays 5 billion dollars in advance. In Burma, Largo and Malunai arrive at a local hotel, where they rekindle their romance, and she reveals to Largo that Noom is his son, having impregnated her before he left. Largo contacts Gauthier, who has found Simon, and instructs him to arrive at the hotel. Meanwhile, General Min, who escaped the base, arrives at a rendezvous point where he is picked up via helicopter by a Serbian mercenary called Lazarevic, who informs him that he is not on Min's payroll, but actually is working for someone else, and strangles Min to death.Gauthier and Simon meet up with Largo, and Simon reveals that he was paid by a man named Thomas to drive him through Burma. He arrived with him at General Min's base, where he paid in advance for Min to organize the massacre using the Pandora account. However, when Nerio found out about the massacre, he refused to let Thomas to pay the rest of the money, and he was shot by Min while Simon secretly observed this from the car while he was behind the walls. Simon left, picking up the rest of the survivors among the way, before he arrived at the village where Largo stayed at. Later on, Malunai reveals that she was abducted by Lazarevic's mercenaries, and Largo finds a tracking device in her. Just then, Lazarevic's mistress Anna and another henchman arrive, and Largo manages to kill both of them, but not before Anna strangles Malunai to death. Largo picks up Noom and he leaves with Simon and Gauthier. Soon after, Lazarevic arrives at the hotel, and, after finding his man and Anna dead, he swears revenge against Largo.Largo contacts the private bank again and transfers only 7 dollars to another account, and then contacts Cochrane, who is in the car with Nazatchov, and informs him that he is heading to Zurich. Nazatchov, overhearing this, instructs Lazarevic to go to Zurich and kill him. However, Largo heads for Bangkok and secretly tails Lazarevic's group, who is departing in a private jet. He and Simon tie up the pilots in their hotel room and take their uniforms and await for Lazarevic, who board the plane, and they head for Zurich, intending to tail Lazarevic when they land. However, during the flight, Lazarevic finds out about the pilots and they corner Simon and Largo. They fight them, and Simon opens the plane doors, causing a decompression which ejects Simon out of the plane. Largo jumps out with a parachute, and Lazarevic follows them. In mid-air, Lazarevic fights Largo, who knocks him out and disables his parachute and saves Simon, while Lazarevic dies after falling on the ground.Meanwhile, Francken finds out about the 7 dollar transfer and investigates Lazarevic's account, finding out that he was on Nazatchov's payroll, realizing that Largo is being set up. Largo and Simon go to Jung's house, and Simon stays in Jung's house while Jung takes him to Francken to clear out his name. However, when they arrive at the UN building, Jung injects him with a strong sedative, and reveals that Thomas is actually his son; Thomas worked for Nerio by making new deals across the world, and set up the secret bank account Pandora for Thomas to pay to the locals in exchange for information. Thomas instructed General Min to organize the massacre since the area was rich with nickel. However, Nerio was unaware of the massacre and when Thomas informed him about this, he refused to authorize him to pay the rest of the amount, disgusted by Thomas's actions. Jung also reveals that he made a deal with Nazatchov, who would take over the company in exchange for help, and that Lazarevic killed Min on Jung's orders, and that Largo was the scapegoat so he would be humiliated and sentenced to prison for life as a revenge.Jung leaves to kill Francken to kill her so he could prevent her to clear Largo's name, while Largo lies sedated on the floor, unable to move. However, Simon, who found pictures of Thomas and realized Jung's plan, arrives at the UN building and gives Largo sugar to remedy the effects, and Largo instructs Simon to call the police while he heads to rescue Francken. He finds Jung holding Francken at knife point, and shouts about Thomas's immoral and unethical actions, which Jung refuses to accept, wanting Largo to beg for Francken's life just as he begged Nerio to save Thomas. However, Francken momentarily distracts Jung, and Largo runs up to him and knocks him over the stairwell, killing him.In the aftermath, Largo is cleared of all charges by Francken, and Nazatchov is unable to buy the company since the stocks have raised high after Largo's name was cleared. Largo travels back to Burma, where he and Noom are standing by Malunai's grave while Gauthier and Simon are watching them, where Largo promises to take care of Noom and that Malunai is watching both of them, before they walk away together.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomer Sisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomer_Sisley"},{"link_name":"Sharon Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Stone"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Tukur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Tukur"},{"link_name":"Napakpapha Nakprasitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napakpapha_Nakprasitte"},{"link_name":"Laurent Terzieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Terzieff"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Vaude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Vaude"},{"link_name":"Clemens Schick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Schick"},{"link_name":"Nirut Sirijhanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirut_Sirijanya"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Nazarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Nazarov"},{"link_name":"Anatole Taubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_Taubman"},{"link_name":"Weronika Rosati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weronika_Rosati"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennett_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Olivia Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Sonia Couling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Couling"},{"link_name":"Philippe Van Kessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Van_Kessel"},{"link_name":"Vithaya Pansringarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vithaya_Pansringarm"},{"link_name":"Saicheer Wongwirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saicheer_Wongwirot"},{"link_name":"Charlie Dupont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Dupont"}],"text":"Tomer Sisley as Largo Winch\nSharon Stone as Diane Francken\nUlrich Tukur as Dwight Cochrane\nNapakpapha Nakprasitte as Malunaï\nOlivier Barthélémy as Simon Ovronnaz\nLaurent Terzieff as Alexandre Jung\nNicolas Vaude as Gauthier\nClemens Schick as Dragan Lazarevic\nNirut Sirijhanya as Général Kyaw Min\nDmitry Nazarov as Virgil Nazatchov\nFrançois Montagut as Clive Hanson\nAnatole Taubman as Beaumont\nPraptpapol Suwanbang as Kadjang\nWeronika Rosati as Anna\nCarlo Brandt as Freddy Kaplan\nElizabeth Bennett as Pennywinckle\nLeonardo Gillosi as Noom\nJohn Arnold as Thomas Jung\nWolfgang Pissors as Attinger\nOlivia Jackson as Chloé\nSonia Couling as Wang\nSahajak Boonthanakit as Dan Khongpipat\nPhilippe Van Kessel as Vladimir Podolsky\nTeerawat Mulvilai as Som Sak\nVithaya Pansringarm as Colonel Komsan\nSaicheer Wongwirot as Ko Sin\nCharlie Dupont as Podolsky's Assistant","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Out of four reviews available on Rotten Tomatoes, all are negative.[4] James Luxford of the National calls it \"shaky and confusing\".[5]","title":"Release and reception"}]
[{"image_text":"Tomer Sisley skydiving for the filming of Largo Winch II.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tomer_Sisler_chute_libre.jpg/220px-Tomer_Sisler_chute_libre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Audi A6 (C6) used in the film.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Audi_double_commandes.JPG/220px-Audi_double_commandes.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Largo Winch (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largo_Winch_(TV_series)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Largo Winch 2 (2011)\". JPBox-Office. 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2020-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=11448","url_text":"\"Largo Winch 2 (2011)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Largo Winch II (2011) - Jérôme Salle\". AllMovie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/largo-winch-ii-v533658","url_text":"\"Largo Winch II (2011) - Jérôme Salle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMovie","url_text":"AllMovie"}]},{"reference":"\"The Burma Conspiracy (Largo Winch II): Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. 15 February 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/burma-conspiracy-largo-winch-ii-99773","url_text":"\"The Burma Conspiracy (Largo Winch II): Film Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Largo Winch 2\". The National. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 2020-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/largo-winch-2-1.435543","url_text":"\"Largo Winch 2\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Largo_Winch_II&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=11448","external_links_name":"\"Largo Winch 2 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/largo-winch-ii-v533658","external_links_name":"\"Largo Winch II (2011) - Jérôme Salle\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/burma-conspiracy-largo-winch-ii-99773","external_links_name":"\"The Burma Conspiracy (Largo Winch II): Film Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_burma_conspiracy","external_links_name":"Rotten Tomatoes: The Burma Conspiracy"},{"Link":"https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/largo-winch-2-1.435543","external_links_name":"\"Largo Winch 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1322333/","external_links_name":"Largo Winch II"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_burma_conspiracy","external_links_name":"Largo Winch II"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_Descarado
Amor Descarado
["1 Cast","2 External links"]
American TV series or program Amor DescaradoGenreRomance, Comedy drama, TelenovelaCreated byDelia Betancourt and Roberto StopelloDeveloped byTelemundo StudiosRTI ProduccionesDirected byDavid Posada Sergio OsorioStarringJosé Ángel LlamasBárbara MoriIvonne MonteroVictor GonzálezOpening themeAmor descarado performed by Los Tucanes de TijuanaCountry of originUnited StatesColombiaOriginal languageSpanishNo. of episodes125ProductionExecutive producerAurelio Valcárcel CarrollProducerPatricio WillsProduction locationMiami, FloridaCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time42 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkTelemundoReleaseSeptember 8, 2003 (2003-09-08) –March 19, 2004 (2004-03-19) Amor Descarado (Barefaced Love) is a telenovela produced by RTI Producciones and Spanish-language United States-based television network Telemundo, this is a US Hispanic version of Chilean telenovela Amores de Mercado. It was broadcast by Telemundo on September 8, 2003 and ended on March 19, 2004. This telenovela was aired in 8 countries around the world. Cast José Ángel Llamas as Pedro 'Pelluco' Solís / Rodolfo Fuentemayor Bárbara Mori as Fernanda Lira Ivonne Montero as Betsabe Galdames Víctor González as Ignacio Valdez. Main villain. Ends in jail, because tried to kill Rodolfo Roberto Ahumada Murillo as Martin Lira Isela Vega as Nora Lupita Ferrer as Morgana Atal. Villain. Stays alone. José Bardina as Mr. Clinton Gabriela Roel as Matilde García Veranetthe Lozano as Elena Rivas "Chamoyada" Riccardo Dalmacci as Epigmenio "Chamoy" Solís. Villain. Goes to jail Roberto Moll as Camilo Fuentemayor Joaquín Garrido as Eliodoro Galdames Mara Croatto as Chantal Burgos Jeannette Lehr as Pastora Alicia Rubilar Virna Flores as Jennifer Rebolledo José Luis Franco as Guadalupe “Lupe” Paulo César Quevedo as Jonathan Muñoz Verónica Terán as Mónica Peralta Pedro Moreno as Rubén García Mónica Guzmán as Esmeralda Peralta Silvana Arias as Constanza 'Coni' Valdez Mariana Huerdo as Topacio Peralta Kenya Hijuelos as Yesenia Solís Melvin Cabrera as Abel Galdames Rubilar Christian Tapán as Basilio Concha Laura Termini as Miryam Alexa Kuve as Ivonne Altamira Roberto Levermann as Homero Silva Carla Rodríguez as Vicky Josué Gutierrez as Bernardo Gladys Cáceres as Corina Adrián Mas as Dino Rolando Tarajano as Ciego Ahumada Sabas Malaver as Poncio Chao as Pérez Peña Gabriel Parisi as Gustavo Sergio March as Jose Maria Juan Marquez as Bartender Elka Peterson as Store Clerk External links Amor Descarado at IMDb vteTelemundo original programmingCurrent La Reina del Sur (since 2011) El Señor de los Cielos (since 2013) Sin senos sí hay paraíso (since 2016) El doctor del pueblo (since 2023) Former1980s debuts Angélica, mi vida (1988) El magnate (1989) 1990s debuts Cadena braga (1991) Marielena (1992) Tres destinos (1993) Guadalupe (1993) El peñón del amaranto (1993) Señora tentación (1994) Aguamarina (1997) Me muero por ti (1999) 2000s debuts Cara o cruz (2001) Amantes del desierto (2001) Adrián está de visita (2001) Daniela (2002) Vale todo (2002) La venganza (2002) Sofía dame tiempo (2003) Ladrón de corazones (2003) Amor descarado (2003) Ángel de la guarda, mi dulce compañía (2003) Pasión de Gavilanes (2003–2022) El alma herida (2003) Prisionera (2004) Te voy a enseñar a querer (2004) Anita no te rajes (2004) La mujer en el espejo (2004) La ley del silencio (2005) Los plateados (2005) Amarte así, Frijolito (2005) El cuerpo del deseo (2005) La Tormenta (2005) Corazón Partido (2005) Tierra de pasiones (2006) Dueña y señora (2006) Amores de mercado (2006) La viuda de Blanco (2006) Marina (2006) El Zorro, la espada y la rosa (2007) Dame chocolate (2007) Sin vergüenza (2007) Madre Luna (2007) Pecados ajenos (2007) Victoria (2007) La traición (2008) Sin senos no hay paraíso (2008) El juramento (2008) Doña Bárbara (2008) El rostro de Analía (2008) Más sabe el diablo (2009) Victorinos (2009) Niños ricos, pobres padres (2009) Bella calamidades (2009) 2010s debuts Perro amor (2010) El clon (2010) ¿Dónde está Elisa? (2010) El fantasma de Elena (2010) La Diosa Coronada (2010) Alguien te mira (2010) Aurora (2010) Ojo por ojo (2010) Los herederos del Monte (2011) Mi corazón insiste en Lola Volcán (2011) La casa de al lado (2011) Amar de nuevo (2011) Flor Salvaje (2011) Una Maid en Manhattan (2011) Relaciones peligrosas (2012) Corazón valiente (2012) Rosa diamante (2012) El rostro de la venganza (2012) La Patrona (2013) Pasión prohibida (2013) Dama y obrero (2013) Marido en alquiler (2013) Santa Diabla (2013) La impostora (2014) En otra piel (2014) Camelia la Texana (2014) Reina de corazones (2014) Señora Acero (2014–2019) Los miserables (2014) Villa Paraíso (2014) Tierra de reyes (2014) Dueños del paraíso (2015) Bajo el mismo cielo (2015) Celia (2015) ¿Quién es quién? (2015) La querida del Centauro (2016–2017) Eva la Trailera (2016) Silvana sin lana (2016) La Doña (2016–2020) El Chema (2016) La Fan (2017) Guerra de ídolos (2017) Mariposa de Barrio (2017) Sangre de mi tierra (2017) Milagros de Navidad (2017) José José, el príncipe de la canción (2018) Al otro lado del muro (2018) Enemigo íntimo (2018-2020) Mi familia perfecta (2018) Luis Miguel: La serie (2018) Falco (2018) Falsa identidad (2018–2021) El Recluso (2018) Jugar con fuego (2019) El Barón (2019) Betty en NY (2019) Preso No. 1 (2019) Nicky Jam: El Ganador (2019) El final del paraíso (2019) No te puedes esconder (2019) El secreto de Selena (2019) Decisiones: Unos ganan, otros pierden (2019–2020) 2020s debuts Operación Pacífico (2020) 100 días para enamorarnos (2020-2021) Buscando a Frida (2021) La suerte de Loli (2021) Malverde: El Santo Patrón (2021) Parientes a la fuerza (2021) Diario de un gigoló (2022) Armas de mujer (2022) Juego de mentiras (2023) Vuelve a mí (2023) Upcoming El Conde: Amor y honor Sed de venganza La mujer de mi vida This article about an American telenovela is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telenovela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"RTI Producciones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI_Producciones"},{"link_name":"Spanish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Telemundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemundo"},{"link_name":"Chilean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Amores de Mercado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amores_de_mercado_(Chilean_TV_series)"}],"text":"Amor Descarado (Barefaced Love) is a telenovela produced by RTI Producciones and Spanish-language United States-based television network Telemundo, this is a US Hispanic version of Chilean telenovela Amores de Mercado. It was broadcast by Telemundo on September 8, 2003 and ended on March 19, 2004. This telenovela was aired in 8 countries around the world.","title":"Amor Descarado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Ángel Llamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Llamas"},{"link_name":"Bárbara Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1rbara_Mori"},{"link_name":"Ivonne Montero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivonne_Montero"},{"link_name":"Víctor González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Isela Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isela_Vega"},{"link_name":"Lupita Ferrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupita_Ferrer"},{"link_name":"José Bardina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bardina"},{"link_name":"Gabriela Roel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Roel"},{"link_name":"Roberto Moll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Moll"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Garrido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Garrido"},{"link_name":"Mara Croatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Croatto"},{"link_name":"Virna Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virna_Flores"},{"link_name":"Pedro Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Moreno_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Silvana Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvana_Arias"},{"link_name":"Laura Termini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Termini"},{"link_name":"Roberto Levermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Levermann"}],"text":"José Ángel Llamas as Pedro 'Pelluco' Solís / Rodolfo Fuentemayor\nBárbara Mori as Fernanda Lira\nIvonne Montero as Betsabe Galdames\nVíctor González as Ignacio Valdez. Main villain. Ends in jail, because tried to kill Rodolfo\nRoberto Ahumada Murillo as Martin Lira\nIsela Vega as Nora\nLupita Ferrer as Morgana Atal. Villain. Stays alone.\nJosé Bardina as Mr. Clinton\nGabriela Roel as Matilde García\nVeranetthe Lozano as Elena Rivas \"Chamoyada\"\nRiccardo Dalmacci as Epigmenio \"Chamoy\" Solís. Villain. Goes to jail\nRoberto Moll as Camilo Fuentemayor\nJoaquín Garrido as Eliodoro Galdames\nMara Croatto as Chantal Burgos\nJeannette Lehr as Pastora Alicia Rubilar\nVirna Flores as Jennifer Rebolledo\nJosé Luis Franco as Guadalupe “Lupe”\nPaulo César Quevedo as Jonathan Muñoz\nVerónica Terán as Mónica Peralta\nPedro Moreno as Rubén García\nMónica Guzmán as Esmeralda Peralta\nSilvana Arias as Constanza 'Coni' Valdez\nMariana Huerdo as Topacio Peralta\nKenya Hijuelos as Yesenia Solís\nMelvin Cabrera as Abel Galdames Rubilar\nChristian Tapán as Basilio Concha\nLaura Termini as Miryam\nAlexa Kuve as Ivonne Altamira\nRoberto Levermann as Homero Silva\nCarla Rodríguez as Vicky\nJosué Gutierrez as Bernardo\nGladys Cáceres as Corina\nAdrián Mas as Dino\nRolando Tarajano as Ciego Ahumada\nSabas Malaver as Poncio\nChao as Pérez Peña\nGabriel Parisi as Gustavo\nSergio March as Jose Maria\nJuan Marquez as Bartender\nElka Peterson as Store Clerk","title":"Cast"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0382398/","external_links_name":"Amor Descarado"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amor_Descarado&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Chowdhury
Rama Chowdhury
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 References"]
Rama Chowdhuryরমা চৌধুরীBorn(1936-10-14)14 October 1936Chittagong, Bengal Presidency, British IndiaDied3 September 2018(2018-09-03) (aged 81)Chittagong, BangladeshNationalityBangladeshiAlma materUniversity of DhakaOccupation(s)Writer, activist Rama Chowdhury (14 October 1936 – 3 September 2018) was a Bangladeshi writer and birangana of Bangladesh Liberation War during 1971. In Bangladesh, she is best known for her autobiographical work "Ekatorer Jononi" ("Mother of 71") which describes the torture committed by Pakistani military during the Bangladesh Liberation War. She was awarded Begum Rokeya Padak by the Government of Bangladesh posthumously in 2019. Early life Chowdhury was born on 14 October 1936 at Popadia village in Boalkhali Upazila of Chittagong. In 1961, she graduated with a master's degree in Bengali literature from University of Dhaka and was known as the first woman to hold this degree from the Southern part of Chittagong. Career In the following year 1962, Chowdhury commenced her career as the principal of Cox's Bazar High School and for the next 16 years she served the same role at different colleges in Bangladesh. Besides teaching she wrote in a fortnightly magazine and later she took writing as her sole profession. In her lifetime, she has authored around 20 books including poetry, novels and memoirs. After the Liberation War, Rama went through severe financial crisis but she never asked for anyone's help. She wrote and sold her own books from door to door and this remained her only source of income. She wrote 19 books which included articles collection, novels, and poetry. Personal life Chowdhury gave birth to three sons and her first two sons died within the two years after the Liberation War, they were only five and three years old then. Her third child died in a road accident in 1998. Chowdhury buried her three sons underground defying the traditional Hindu funeral system, which she did not agree with. After the death of her third child, she never wore shoes. Rama said that she could not walk with shoes over the same soil where her three children are buried because they would be hurt. Death Chowdhury died on 3 September 2018 at Chittagong Medical College Hospital in Chittagong. She had been bedridden with various old age diseases and her condition deteriorated when in 2014 she fell down and fractured her hip. She was buried beside her third son's tomb in Popadia village with full state honors. References ^ "War Heroine Rama Chy passes away". The Independent. Dhaka. 4 September 2018. ^ a b c "Birangana Rama Chowdhury passes away". The Daily Star. 3 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f g প্রধানমন্ত্রীর সঙ্গে কষ্ট বিনিময় রমা চৌধুরীর. The Daily Prothom Alo (in Bengali). ^ a b c d e f কেন চিকিৎসাভাবে লেখক-মুক্তিযোদ্ধা রমা চৌধুরী?. Risingbd (in Bengali). ^ "Be responsible towards family". The Daily Star. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2019. ^ "The lonely path that Rama Chowdhury walked". The Daily Star (Opinion). 6 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018. ^ "Rama Chowdhury no more". Prothom Alo. Retrieved 9 September 2018. ^ শেখ হাসিনাকে আশীর্বাদ রমা চৌধুরীর. bdnews24 (in Bengali). ^ "The Last Letter". Star Weekend Magazine. The Daily Star. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018. ^ "Birangana Rama Chowdhury laid to rest with state honour". Dhaka Tribune. 3 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"birangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birangona"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Liberation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-passes-2"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koshto-3"},{"link_name":"Pakistani military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_military"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chikitsha-4"},{"link_name":"Begum Rokeya Padak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begum_Rokeya_Padak"},{"link_name":"Government of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Rama Chowdhury (14 October 1936 – 3 September 2018)[1] was a Bangladeshi writer and birangana of Bangladesh Liberation War during 1971.[2] In Bangladesh, she is best known for her autobiographical work \"Ekatorer Jononi\" (\"Mother of 71\")[3] which describes the torture committed by Pakistani military during the Bangladesh Liberation War.[4] She was awarded Begum Rokeya Padak by the Government of Bangladesh posthumously in 2019.[5]","title":"Rama Chowdhury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boalkhali Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boalkhali_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-passes-2"},{"link_name":"Bengali literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature"},{"link_name":"University of Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dhaka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koshto-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Chowdhury was born on 14 October 1936 at Popadia village in Boalkhali Upazila of Chittagong.[2] In 1961, she graduated with a master's degree in Bengali literature from University of Dhaka and was known as the first woman to hold this degree from the Southern part of Chittagong.[3][6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koshto-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koshto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chikitsha-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koshto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chikitsha-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koshto-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In the following year 1962, Chowdhury commenced her career as the principal of Cox's Bazar High School and for the next 16 years she served the same role at different colleges in Bangladesh.[3] Besides teaching she wrote in a fortnightly magazine and later she took writing as her sole profession.[3] In her lifetime, she has authored around 20 books including poetry, novels and memoirs.[4] After the Liberation War, Rama went through severe financial crisis but she never asked for anyone's help.[3][4] She wrote and sold her own books from door to door and this remained her only source of income.[3] She wrote 19 books which included articles collection, novels, and poetry.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chikitsha-4"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chikitsha-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chikitsha-4"}],"text":"Chowdhury gave birth to three sons and her first two sons died within the two years after the Liberation War, they were only five and three years old then.[8] Her third child died in a road accident in 1998.[4]Chowdhury buried her three sons underground defying the traditional Hindu funeral system, which she did not agree with.[4] After the death of her third child, she never wore shoes. Rama said that she could not walk with shoes over the same soil where her three children are buried because they would be hurt.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chittagong Medical College Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-passes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koshto-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Chowdhury died on 3 September 2018 at Chittagong Medical College Hospital in Chittagong. She had been bedridden with various old age diseases and her condition deteriorated when in 2014 she fell down and fractured her hip.[2][3] She was buried beside her third son's tomb in Popadia village with full state honors.[9][10]","title":"Death"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"War Heroine Rama Chy passes away\". The Independent. Dhaka. 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/164822","url_text":"\"War Heroine Rama Chy passes away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birangana Rama Chowdhury passes away\". The Daily Star. 3 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/news/country/birangana-rama-chowdhury-passes-away-bangladesh-liberation-war-1628395","url_text":"\"Birangana Rama Chowdhury passes away\""}]},{"reference":"প্রধানমন্ত্রীর সঙ্গে কষ্ট বিনিময় রমা চৌধুরীর. The Daily Prothom Alo (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/30666/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0","url_text":"প্রধানমন্ত্রীর সঙ্গে কষ্ট বিনিময় রমা চৌধুরীর"}]},{"reference":"কেন চিকিৎসাভাবে লেখক-মুক্তিযোদ্ধা রমা চৌধুরী?. Risingbd (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"http://m.risingbd.com/art-literature/news/230748/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80","url_text":"কেন চিকিৎসাভাবে লেখক-মুক্তিযোদ্ধা রমা চৌধুরী?"}]},{"reference":"\"Be responsible towards family\". The Daily Star. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/country/five-women-receive-begum-rokeya-padak-2018-1671298","url_text":"\"Be responsible towards family\""}]},{"reference":"\"The lonely path that Rama Chowdhury walked\". The Daily Star (Opinion). 6 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/news/opinion/tribute/the-lonely-path-rama-chowdhury-walked-1629595","url_text":"\"The lonely path that Rama Chowdhury walked\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rama Chowdhury no more\". Prothom Alo. Retrieved 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/news/182723/Rama-Chowdhury-no-more","url_text":"\"Rama Chowdhury no more\""}]},{"reference":"শেখ হাসিনাকে আশীর্বাদ রমা চৌধুরীর. bdnews24 (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/article652059.bdnews","url_text":"শেখ হাসিনাকে আশীর্বাদ রমা চৌধুরীর"}]},{"reference":"\"The Last Letter\". Star Weekend Magazine. The Daily Star. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/tribute/news/the-last-letter-1630276","url_text":"\"The Last Letter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birangana Rama Chowdhury laid to rest with state honour\". Dhaka Tribune. 3 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2018/09/03/birangana-rama-chowdhury-laid-to-rest-with-state-honour","url_text":"\"Birangana Rama Chowdhury laid to rest with state honour\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Rosy
Hurricane Rosy
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
1979 Italian filmHurricane RosyDirected byMario MonicelliWritten byAge & ScarpelliMario MonicelliProduced byAlberto GrimaldiStarringGérard DepardieuFaith MintonCinematographyTonino Delli ColliEdited byRuggero MastroianniMusic byGianfranco PlenizioRelease date 1979 (1979) CountriesItalyFrance Hurricane Rosy (Italian: Temporale Rosy, French: Rosy la bourrasque) is a 1979 Italian-French comedy film written and directed by Mario Monicelli. It is loosely based on a novel by Carlo Brizzolara. Cast Gérard Depardieu as Raoul Lamarre Faith Minton as Rosy "Hurricane Rosy" Spelman / Temporale Rosy Jean Claude Levis as Kunta Kinte Lola García as Jeanne Kathleen Thompson as Trudy Roland Bock as Mike Fernandez Helga Anders as Charlotte Charles Bollet as Arbitro Gianrico Tedeschi as The Count References ^ Leonardo De Franceschi (2001). Lo sguardo eclettico: il cinema di Mario Monicelli. Marsilio, 2001. ISBN 8831777637. ^ Ivana Delvino (2008). I film di Mario Monicelli. Gremese Editore, 2008. ISBN 978-8884404770. ^ Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film. Gremese, 1991. ISBN 8876059695. ^ Hurricane Rosie (1980) directed by Mario Monicelli • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd, retrieved 2022-08-03 ^ "French actor Gerard Depardieu and American actress Faith Minton on..." Getty Images. Retrieved 2022-08-23. External links Hurricane Rosy at IMDb vteFilms directed by Mario Monicelli The Paul Street Boys Summer Rain Toto Looks for a House A Night of Fame A Dog's Life The Knight Has Arrived! Cops and Robbers Toto and the King of Rome Toto and the Women The Unfaithfuls Proibito A Hero of Our Times Totò and Carolina Donatella Doctor and the Healer Fathers and Sons Big Deal on Madonna Street The Great War The Passionate Thief Boccaccio '70 The Organizer High Infidelity Casanova 70 Sex Quartet L'armata Brancaleone The Girl with the Pistol Caprice Italian Style Oh, Grandmother's Dead Brancaleone at the Crusades Le coppie Lady Liberty We Want the Colonels Come Home and Meet My Wife My Friends Caro Michele Goodnight, Ladies and Gentlemen An Average Little Man I nuovi mostri Lovers and Liars Hurricane Rosy Camera d'albergo Il Marchese del Grillo All My Friends Part 2 Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno The Two Lives of Mattia Pascal Let's Hope It's a Girl The Rogues La moglie ingenua e il marito malato 12 registi per 12 città Il male oscuro Rossini! Rossini! Parenti serpenti Dear Goddamned Friends Facciamo paradiso Esercizi di stile Topi di appartamento Dirty Linen Un amico magico: il maestro Nino Rota Come quando fuori piove Un altro mondo è possibile Lettere dalla Palestina Firenze, il nostro domani The Roses of the Desert This article related to an Italian comedy film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Leonardo De Franceschi (2001). Lo sguardo eclettico: il cinema di Mario Monicelli. Marsilio, 2001. ISBN 8831777637.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8831777637","url_text":"8831777637"}]},{"reference":"Ivana Delvino (2008). I film di Mario Monicelli. Gremese Editore, 2008. ISBN 978-8884404770.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8884404770","url_text":"978-8884404770"}]},{"reference":"Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film. Gremese, 1991. ISBN 8876059695.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8876059695","url_text":"8876059695"}]},{"reference":"Hurricane Rosie (1980) directed by Mario Monicelli • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd, retrieved 2022-08-03","urls":[{"url":"https://letterboxd.com/film/hurricane-rosie/","url_text":"Hurricane Rosie (1980) directed by Mario Monicelli • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd"}]},{"reference":"\"French actor Gerard Depardieu and American actress Faith Minton on...\" Getty Images. Retrieved 2022-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gettyimages.dk/detail/news-photo/french-actor-gerard-depardieu-and-american-actress-faith-news-photo/543745394","url_text":"\"French actor Gerard Depardieu and American actress Faith Minton on...\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind
Didymus the Blind
["1 Early life and education","2 Teacher in Alexandria","3 Second Council of Constantinople","4 Works","5 Thought","6 In literature","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
4th century Alexandrian Christian theologian SaintDidymus the BlindSaint Didymus the BlindDean of the Theological School of AlexandriaBornc. 313Diedc. 398Venerated inCoptic Orthodoxy Syriac Orthodoxy Eastern Orthodox ChurchFeast6 Paoni (Coptic Church)18 October (Eastern Orthodox)PatronageThe Blind Didymus the Blind (alternatively spelled Dedimus or Didymous) (c. 313 – 398) was a Christian theologian in the Church of Alexandria, where he taught for about half a century. He was a student of Origen, and, after the Second Council of Constantinople condemned Origen, Didymus's works were not copied. Many of his writings are lost, but some of his commentaries and essays survive. He was seen as intelligent and a good teacher.: 101  Early life and education Didymus became blind at the age of four, before he had learned to read. He was a loyal follower of Origen, and opposed Arian and Macedonian teachings. Despite his blindness, Didymus excelled in scholarship because of his incredible memory. He found ways to help blind people to read, experimenting with carved wooden letters similar to Braille systems used by the blind today. He recalled and contemplated information while others slept. Teacher in Alexandria According to Rufinus, Didymus was "a teacher in the Church school", who was "approved by Bishop Athanasius" and other learned churchmen. Later scholars believed he was the head of the Catechetical School of Alexandria. However, the Catechetical School of Alexandria may not have existed in Didymus' time, and Rufinus may have been referring to a different school. Didymus remained a layman all his life and became one of the most learned ascetics of his time. He was the first Alexandrian Christian who made use of Hermetica as pagan prophecy of the coming of the Christ. Palladius, Rufinus, and Jerome were among his pupils.: 1  Rufinus was Didymus's pupil for eight years. When he translated Origen's De principiis into Latin, he referenced Didymus's commentary on it. Jerome mentions Didymus's contributions to his ideas in the prefaces of many of his books, and called Didymus "Didymus the Seer." Rufinus remained loyal to Didymus after Jerome condemned Didymus and Origen. Didymus was viewed as an orthodox Christian teacher and was greatly respected and admired up until at least 553. Socrates of Constantinople compared Didymus's faithfulness to the Nicene Creed to Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nazianzus. In his position as a teacher, he held discussions and learned from Jews, pagans, Manichees, and other Christian teachers. Records of Didymus's lectures and the questions students asked show that he taught the same educated pupils multiple times. Several Oriental Orthodox Churches refer to him as Saint Didymus the Blind. Second Council of Constantinople In 553 the Second Council of Constantinople condemned his works, along with those of Origen and Evagrius, but not his person. In the Third Council of Constantinople in 680, and in the 787 Second Council of Nicaea, Didymus was again linked with and condemned with Origen. Many unconventional views became associated with Origen, and the 15 anathemas attributed to the council condemn a form of apocatastasis along with the pre-existence of the soul, animism (in this context, a heterodox Christology), and a denial of real and lasting resurrection of the body. In spite of the condemnation of his works, he is still listed as "St. Didymus the Blind" in the Eastern Orthodox hagiographical book Prologue of Ohrid which gives his feast day as October 18. Works As a result of his condemnation, many of his works were not copied during the Middle Ages and were subsequently lost. Of his lost compositions we can gather a partial list from the citations of ancient authors which includes On Dogmas, On The Death of Young Children, Against the Arians, First Word, and others.: 225–227  One of Didymus's lost works is a commentary on Origen's First Principles which, according to Jerome, tried to interpret an orthodox understanding of the Trinity from Origen's theology. In it, he assumed the pre-existence of souls and Apocatastasis. He staunchly defended the doctrine of the Trinity. He argued that Christ's body and soul were human, but that Christ was sinless.: 98–100  Excerpts from Didymus's Biblical commentary have been found in the Catena.: 96–98  Modern knowledge of Didymus has been greatly increased by a group of 6th or 7th century papyrus codices discovered in 1941 at a munitions dump near Tura, Egypt (south of Cairo). These include his commentaries on Zechariah, Genesis 1–17, part of Job and parts (of uncertain authenticity) on Ecclesiastes and Psalms 20–46. In these commentaries, Didymus discusses long quotations from the Bible, and refrains from speculation, which he considered sophistry. However, he interprets scriptures allegorically, seeing symbols everywhere. For example, he wrote that the mountains in Zachariah represented the two Testaments of the Bible. Didymus saw an individual's movement towards virtue as emerging from their interaction with scripture.: 96–98  Didymus probably wrote the treatise On The Holy Spirit (written sometime before 381 in Greek), which was preserved in a Latin translation by Jerome.: 92  Commentary on the Catholic Epistles also is dubiously attributed to Didymus. The treatise Against the Manichees was also probably written by Didymus. There has been greater doubt over two further works traditionally attributed to Didymus. On The Trinity, identified in the eighteenth century as being Didymus' work, saw twentieth-century doubts, largely on grounds of lack of 'provenance' and alleged inconsistencies with the commentaries discovered at Tura in 1941, but many would still see this as Didymus' work.: 92  Additionally, scholars do not believe that Didymus authored the work preserved as books 4 and 5 of Basil's Against Eunomius.: 95  Within the Commentary on Zechariah, Didymus shows himself to be a thoroughly intertextual reader of scripture. He moves from the text he is commenting on to a wide variety of other passages, quoting less frequently from the historical books which do not suit his allegorical method. Besides the gift of having a mind like a concordance, he also shows familiarity with philosophical terms and categories of the Stoics, Epicureans, and Pythagoreans (from whom, with Philo, he derives his occasional number symbolism hermeneutic). His works also seem to cite passages from the deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament as well as Barnabas, the Shepherd of Hermas and the Acts of John. According to Bart Ehrman, his canon extended to at least include Barnabas and the Shepherd. It has been suggested by R.M. Grant regarding Origen's similarly expanded canon that while he lived in Alexandria he accepted the broader tradition of the church in Alexandria, but upon moving to Caesarea and finding the books were not accepted there henceforth manifested greater reserve towards them. Why Didymus would not have inherited his teachers later hesitation is unclear. Among his peers his hermeneutical method seems to have been met with mixed reactions. Jerome, who requested his commentary and considered him a mentor, is still baffled by Didymus's use of what he considered apocryphal works. Readers such as Diodore in Antioch found his hermeneutical approach somewhat gratuitous and arbitrary. What none seem to deny, however, is that Didymus was unhindered by blindness in his remarkable ability to recall the sacred text. A commentary attributed to Didymus that survives only in Latin suggests the epistle 2 Peter was forged, anticipating the beliefs of later scholars who would agree with the position that Peter was not the author of the letter. That said, it is doubtful that Didymus was the true author, as his other writings treat 2 Peter as canonical. The no longer extant treatise On The Death of Young Children was addressed to Tyrannius Rufinus to answer his question "Why do infants die?". According to Jerome, Didymus's answer was that these infants "had not sinned much , and therefore it was enough punishment for them just to have touched their bodily prisons". Thought Thoroughly Trinitarian, Didymus' makes God completely transcendent and only capable of being spoken of by images and apophatic means. He repeatedly emphasizes that God's essence is beyond essence, and uses a term only seen otherwise in Cyril of Alexandria, "without quantity.": 228  There can be seen in his works influence from the Cappadocian Fathers, focusing the concept of Hypostasis (philosophy) to express the independent reality of the three persons of the Trinity rather than beginning with the one divine substance (ουσια) as his starting point.: 21  Within these three persons, the Father is the root of the Divinity, the Spirit proceeds from the Father, and the Son is generated. Didymus seemed very concerned with stressing the equality of the persons of the Trinity. In Georges Florovsky's opinion, "Didymus does not strive for precision in his formulations. This is a general feature of the school of Alexandria.": 228  In combating the heresies of the Manichaean Docetists and Apollinarians, we should not be surprised to find Didymus insisting on the fullness of the human nature of Christ. He concludes there must be two natures united in Christ, not speculating on precisely how these work together but restricting himself to the expression "a single Christ." In his atonement theory, Didymus does not mention deification, but rather focuses on the ransom and the restoration of the image and the likeness. The fragmentary nature of his writing at this point does not allow us to draw definite conclusions, but he does speak of "universal salvation." Jerome, probably correctly, accused Didymus of confessing the ultimate restoration of the devil.: 227–232  Didymus seems to have also accepted the pre-existence of souls, and considers the afterlife as a process of purification, though, according to Florovsky, he rejects metempsychosis. He describes the Day of the Lord as an internal illumination of the soul, and in the future world he believes that evil "as a quality" will no longer exist. For him, as in Clement and Origen, the true gnostics possess a divine philosophy, one which allows them to defend themselves against heretics by giving a clear confession of the faith. Throughout his theology the influence of Origen is revealed, various aspects of which, particularly his eschatology, must have led to the condemnation of his works.: 227–232  In literature Didymus the Blind is portrayed in Flow Down Like Silver, Hypatia of Alexandria by Ki Longfellow. References Wikiquote has quotations related to Didymus the Blind. ^ a b "Western American Diocese - October 18". westserbdio.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2022. ^ "St Didymus the blind: Author, ascetic, theologian, dean & polymath". 16 June 2022. ^ Duchan, Judy. "Dedimus (Didymus) 313-398 AD". acsu.buffalo.edu. Judith Felson Duchan – via University of Buffalo. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Young, Frances M.; Teal, Andrew (2010). "Didymus the Blind". From Nicaea to Chalcedon: a guide to the literature and its background (2nd ed.). London: SCM Press. pp. 91–101. ISBN 9780334029939. ^ a b Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2009). "Didymus the Blind". Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199566716. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Didymus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208. ^ Lascaratos, John; Marketos, Spyros (1994). "Didymus the Blind: An unknown precursor of Louis Braille and Helen Keller". Documenta Ophthalmologica. 86 (86): 203–208. doi:10.1007/BF01203564. PMID 7995235. S2CID 2404500. ^ a b "Didymus The Blind". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 November 2017. ^ Garth Fowden. (1993). The Egyptian Hermes : a historical approach to the late Pagan mind. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 179 ff. ISBN 9780691024981. ^ a b Layton, Richard A. (2004). Didymus the Blind and His Circle in Late-Antique Alexandria. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois. ISBN 0252028813. ^ "Didymus the Blind". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-03-22 – via newadvent.org. ^ "Coptic Orthodox Church Centre, UK". Archived from the original on 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2007-09-07. ^ Ellingsen, Mark (2015). African Christian Mothers and Fathers: Why They Matter for the Church Today. Cascade books. p. 165. ISBN 978-1606085509. ^ Schaff, Philip, ed. (1994) . "The Anathemas Against Origen". Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II, Volume XIV (The Seven Ecumenical Councils). Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 1-56563-116-1. ^ a b c d e Florovsky, Georges (1987). The Eastern Fathers of the Fourth Century. Nordland Publishing Company. ISBN 9783905238075. ^ a b Didymus (2006). "Introduction". Commentary on Zechariah. Translated by Hill, Robert C. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-0-8132-1211-1. ^ Ehrman, Bart (2012). Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics. Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780199928033. ^ Ehrman, Bart (1983). "The New Testament Canon of Didymus the Blind". Vigiliae Christianae. 37 (1): 9–11. doi:10.2307/1583151. JSTOR 1583151. These references clearly show that Didymus considered 2 Peter genuine. That he considered the book canonical is borne out by other references in which, for example, he introduces a "proof" from 2 Peter with the standardized Scriptural introduction (D. Zech. 79:2), and, especially, in which he argues "from the Scriptures" that there are fallen angels, quoting 2 Pet. 2:4 (D. Zech. 9:30ff). ^ Jerome, Apology Against Rufinus (Book III), 28. ^ Longfellow, Ki (2009). Flow Down Like Silver, Hypatia of Alexandria. Belvedere, California: Eio books. ISBN 9780975925591. Further reading Ayres, Lewis, DelCogliano, Mark & Radde-Gallwitz, Andrew (2012). Works on the Spirit: St. Athanasius the Great and Didymus the Blind. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press Didymus. Commentary on Zechariah, FC. Translated by R. C. Hill. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. 2006. Contains the only English translation of the Commentary on Zechariah. Palladius of Galatia (1907). "The History of Didymus" . The paradise, or garden of the holy fathers. Translated by Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge. Chatto & Windus. Sozomen (1890). Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.). The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, comprising a history of the church, from AD323 to AD425. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Vol. Second Series, Vol. 2, Book III, Chapter 15: Didymus the blind and Aëtius the heretic. Translated by Chester D. Hartranft. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co. Also available at Wikisource. Sozomen; Philostorgius, Saint Photius I (Patriarch of Constantinople) (1855). The ecclesiastical history of Sozomen: comprising a history of the church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440. Henry G. Bohn. p. 132. ISBN 9780790565682. Gauche, William (1934). Didymus the Blind: An educator of the 4th century. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America. Weerakkody, D. P. M. (2006). "Didymus the Blind: Alexandrian theologian and scholar". In Albrecht, G. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Disability. Vol. 1. Sage. p. 401. External links Didymus Commentary on Psalms, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Sweden 2 Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef vteSaints in the Coptic churchPatriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Prophets Moses Job Samuel David Hosea Amos Micah Joel Obadiah Jonah Nahum Noah Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Isaiah Jeremiah Baruch Ezekiel Daniel John the Baptist Theotokos Mary, Our Lady of Assiut Belarus Poland Warraq Zeitoun Seven Archangels Michael Gabriel Raphael Suriel Zedekiel Sarathiel Ananiel Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James, son of Alphaeus James, son of Zebedee John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas Disciples Apollos Barnabas Mary Magdalene Phoebe the Deaconess Philemon Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples Evangelists Matthew Mark Luke John Martyrs 21 Martyrs of Libya Abāmūn Abāmūn Abanoub Abaskhiron Alexandrian Martyrs Arianus Apollonia Barbara Bashnouna Basilides and Potamiana Catherine Chrysanthus and Daria Chiaffredo Colluthus Cosmas and Damian Cyprian and Justina Cyrus and John Dasya Demiana Dorothea Elias and companions Epimachus Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius Felix and Regula Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly Gallicanus George George Bishop of Assiut George El Mozahem Gereon Hor, Besoy, and Daydara Imbaba Martyrs Isaac of Dafra John of Senhout Kosheh martyrs Malati Marina the Martyr Maspero Martyrs Maurice Memnon Menas Mohrael Moura Nag Hammadi Otimus Philomena Philotheos Rais Sarah Sidhom Bishay Theban Legion Thecla Theoclia Theodora and Didymus Theodore Stratelates Varus Veronica Wadamoun Wanas Popes Mark I Anianus Avilius Kedron Justus Eumenes Markianos Celadion Agrippinus Julian Demetrius I Heraclas Dionysius Theonas Felix of Rome Peter I Alexander I Athanasius I Peter II Timothy I Theophilus I Cyril I Dioscorus I Timothy II Peter III Dioscorus II Timothy III Theodosius I Peter IV Damian Anastasius Andronicus Benjamin I Agathon Simeon I Alexander II Theodore I Michael I John IV Mark II James Simeon II Joseph I Michael II Cosmas II Michael III Gabriel I Cosmas III Abraham Zacharias Cyril II Macarius II Matthew I Gabriel VII John XIV Cyril V Macarius III Cyril VI Bishops Abadiu of Antinoe Abraam of Faiyum Alexander of Jerusalem Amun of Scetis Basil of Caesarea Cyril of Jerusalem Epiphanius of Cyprus Eusebius of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Gregory of Neocaesarea Ignatius of Antioch Jacob of Nisibis James of Jerusalem John of Nikiû John of Jerusalem Karas of California Mikhaeil of Asyut Narcissus of Jerusalem Nicholas of Myra Paphnutius of Scetis Paphnutius of Thebes Polycarp of Smyrna Porphyrius of Gaza Psote of Ebsay Serapion of Thmuis Severian of Gabala Yousab el-Abah of Girga Monks and nuns Abdel Messih El-Makari Abib and Apollo Abraham of Farshut Abraham of Scetis Amun Anthony the Great Awgin Bashnouna Hilarion Horsiesius Hospitius Mother Irini Isaac of Nineveh Isidore of Pelusium John Climacus John the Dwarf Macarius of Alexandria Macarius of Egypt Marina the Monk Moses the Black Nilus of Sinai Pachomius the Great Pambo Parsoma Patapios Paul of Thebes Paul of Tammah Paul the Simple Petronius Pishoy Poemen Samuel the Confessor Sisoes the Great Tekle Haymanot Theodorus of Tabennese Theodora of Alexandria Anchorites Karas Mary Misael Onuphrius Paphnutius Paul Pijimi Shenouda Thomas Zosimas Other saints Ambrose Clement of Alexandria Didymus the Blind Euphrosyne Habib Girgis Candidus Simon the Tanner Three Holy Children Maximus and Domatius Verena Christianity portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"},{"link_name":"Second Council of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"}],"text":"Didymus the Blind (alternatively spelled Dedimus or Didymous)[3] (c. 313 – 398) was a Christian theologian in the Church of Alexandria, where he taught for about half a century. He was a student of Origen, and, after the Second Council of Constantinople condemned Origen, Didymus's works were not copied. Many of his writings are lost, but some of his commentaries and essays survive. He was seen as intelligent and a good teacher.[4]: 101","title":"Didymus the Blind"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-5"},{"link_name":"Arian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arian"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatomachi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Braille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"}],"text":"Didymus became blind at the age of four, before he had learned to read.[4] He was a loyal follower of Origen,[5] and opposed Arian and Macedonian teachings.[6]Despite his blindness, Didymus excelled in scholarship because of his incredible memory. He found ways to help blind people to read, experimenting with carved wooden letters similar to Braille systems used by the blind today.[7] He recalled and contemplated information while others slept.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catechetical School of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brit-8"},{"link_name":"Hermetica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rufinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Layton_2004-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Layton_2004-10"},{"link_name":"Socrates of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"Basil of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"Gregory of Nazianzus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"According to Rufinus, Didymus was \"a teacher in the Church school\", who was \"approved by Bishop Athanasius\" and other learned churchmen. Later scholars believed he was the head of the Catechetical School of Alexandria. However, the Catechetical School of Alexandria may not have existed in Didymus' time, and Rufinus may have been referring to a different school.[4] Didymus remained a layman all his life and became one of the most learned ascetics of his time.[8] He was the first Alexandrian Christian who made use of Hermetica as pagan prophecy of the coming of the Christ.[9] Palladius, Rufinus, and Jerome were among his pupils.[10]: 1Rufinus was Didymus's pupil for eight years. When he translated Origen's De principiis into Latin, he referenced Didymus's commentary on it. Jerome mentions Didymus's contributions to his ideas in the prefaces of many of his books, and called Didymus \"Didymus the Seer.\"[11] Rufinus remained loyal to Didymus after Jerome condemned Didymus and Origen.[4] Didymus was viewed as an orthodox Christian teacher and was greatly respected and admired up until at least 553.[10] Socrates of Constantinople compared Didymus's faithfulness to the Nicene Creed to Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nazianzus. In his position as a teacher, he held discussions and learned from Jews, pagans, Manichees, and other Christian teachers. Records of Didymus's lectures and the questions students asked show that he taught the same educated pupils multiple times.[4]Several Oriental Orthodox Churches refer to him as Saint Didymus the Blind.[12]","title":"Teacher in Alexandria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Council of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Third Council of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Second Council of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pre-existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existence"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Anathemas_Against_Origen-14"},{"link_name":"hagiographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography"},{"link_name":"Prologue of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archived_copy-1"}],"text":"In 553 the Second Council of Constantinople condemned his works, along with those of Origen and Evagrius, but not his person. In the Third Council of Constantinople in 680, and in the 787 Second Council of Nicaea, Didymus was again linked with and condemned with Origen.[13] Many unconventional views became associated with Origen, and the 15 anathemas attributed to the council condemn a form of apocatastasis along with the pre-existence of the soul, animism (in this context, a heterodox Christology), and a denial of real and lasting resurrection of the body.[14]In spite of the condemnation of his works, he is still listed as \"St. Didymus the Blind\" in the Eastern Orthodox hagiographical book Prologue of Ohrid which gives his feast day as October 18.[1]","title":"Second Council of Constantinople"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastern-fathers-15"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"pre-existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existence"},{"link_name":"Apocatastasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocatastasis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"},{"link_name":"Catena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catena_(biblical_commentary)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"},{"link_name":"codices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codices"},{"link_name":"Tura, Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tura,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brit-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-4"},{"link_name":"Stoics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoics"},{"link_name":"Epicureans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicureans"},{"link_name":"Pythagoreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoreans"},{"link_name":"Philo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo"},{"link_name":"deuterocanonical books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books"},{"link_name":"Barnabas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas"},{"link_name":"Shepherd of Hermas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas"},{"link_name":"Acts of John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_john"},{"link_name":"Bart Ehrman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman"},{"link_name":"Diodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodore_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-16"},{"link_name":"2 Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Peter"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tyrannius Rufinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"As a result of his condemnation, many of his works were not copied during the Middle Ages and were subsequently lost. Of his lost compositions we can gather a partial list from the citations of ancient authors which includes On Dogmas, On The Death of Young Children, Against the Arians, First Word, and others.[15]: 225–227  One of Didymus's lost works is a commentary on Origen's First Principles which, according to Jerome, tried to interpret an orthodox understanding of the Trinity from Origen's theology. In it, he assumed the pre-existence of souls and Apocatastasis. He staunchly defended the doctrine of the Trinity. He argued that Christ's body and soul were human, but that Christ was sinless.[4]: 98–100Excerpts from Didymus's Biblical commentary have been found in the Catena.[4]: 96–98Modern knowledge of Didymus has been greatly increased by a group of 6th or 7th century papyrus codices discovered in 1941 at a munitions dump near Tura, Egypt (south of Cairo). These include his commentaries on Zechariah, Genesis 1–17, part of Job and parts (of uncertain authenticity) on Ecclesiastes and Psalms 20–46.[5] In these commentaries, Didymus discusses long quotations from the Bible, and refrains from speculation, which he considered sophistry. However, he interprets scriptures allegorically, seeing symbols everywhere. For example, he wrote that the mountains in Zachariah represented the two Testaments of the Bible. Didymus saw an individual's movement towards virtue as emerging from their interaction with scripture.[4]: 96–98Didymus probably wrote the treatise On The Holy Spirit (written sometime before 381 in Greek), which was preserved in a Latin translation by Jerome.[4]: 92  Commentary on the Catholic Epistles also is dubiously attributed to Didymus.[8] The treatise Against the Manichees was also probably written by Didymus. There has been greater doubt over two further works traditionally attributed to Didymus. On The Trinity, identified in the eighteenth century as being Didymus' work, saw twentieth-century doubts, largely on grounds of lack of 'provenance' and alleged inconsistencies with the commentaries discovered at Tura in 1941, but many would still see this as Didymus' work.[4]: 92  Additionally, scholars do not believe that Didymus authored the work preserved as books 4 and 5 of Basil's Against Eunomius.[4]: 95Within the Commentary on Zechariah, Didymus shows himself to be a thoroughly intertextual reader of scripture. He moves from the text he is commenting on to a wide variety of other passages, quoting less frequently from the historical books which do not suit his allegorical method. Besides the gift of having a mind like a concordance, he also shows familiarity with philosophical terms and categories of the Stoics, Epicureans, and Pythagoreans (from whom, with Philo, he derives his occasional number symbolism hermeneutic). His works also seem to cite passages from the deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament as well as Barnabas, the Shepherd of Hermas and the Acts of John. According to Bart Ehrman, his canon extended to at least include Barnabas and the Shepherd. It has been suggested by R.M. Grant regarding Origen's similarly expanded canon that while he lived in Alexandria he accepted the broader tradition of the church in Alexandria, but upon moving to Caesarea and finding the books were not accepted there henceforth manifested greater reserve towards them. Why Didymus would not have inherited his teachers later hesitation is unclear. Among his peers his hermeneutical method seems to have been met with mixed reactions. Jerome, who requested his commentary and considered him a mentor, is still baffled by Didymus's use of what he considered apocryphal works. Readers such as Diodore in Antioch found his hermeneutical approach somewhat gratuitous and arbitrary. What none seem to deny, however, is that Didymus was unhindered by blindness in his remarkable ability to recall the sacred text.[16]A commentary attributed to Didymus that survives only in Latin suggests the epistle 2 Peter was forged, anticipating the beliefs of later scholars who would agree with the position that Peter was not the author of the letter.[17] That said, it is doubtful that Didymus was the true author, as his other writings treat 2 Peter as canonical.[18]The no longer extant treatise On The Death of Young Children was addressed to Tyrannius Rufinus to answer his question \"Why do infants die?\". According to Jerome, Didymus's answer was that these infants \"had not sinned much [in the pre-existence], and therefore it was enough punishment for them just to have touched their bodily prisons\".[19]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apophatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophatic_Theology"},{"link_name":"Cyril of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastern-fathers-15"},{"link_name":"Cappadocian Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Hypostasis (philosophy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastern-fathers-15"},{"link_name":"Manichaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism"},{"link_name":"Apollinarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollinarism"},{"link_name":"deification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheosis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastern-fathers-15"},{"link_name":"metempsychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmigration_of_the_soul"},{"link_name":"Day of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Lord"},{"link_name":"Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastern-fathers-15"}],"text":"Thoroughly Trinitarian, Didymus' makes God completely transcendent and only capable of being spoken of by images and apophatic means. He repeatedly emphasizes that God's essence is beyond essence, and uses a term only seen otherwise in Cyril of Alexandria, \"without quantity.\"[15]: 228  There can be seen in his works influence from the Cappadocian Fathers, focusing the concept of Hypostasis (philosophy) to express the independent reality of the three persons of the Trinity rather than beginning with the one divine substance (ουσια) as his starting point.[16]: 21  Within these three persons, the Father is the root of the Divinity, the Spirit proceeds from the Father, and the Son is generated. Didymus seemed very concerned with stressing the equality of the persons of the Trinity. In Georges Florovsky's opinion, \"Didymus does not strive for precision in his formulations. This is a general feature of the school of Alexandria.\"[15]: 228In combating the heresies of the Manichaean Docetists and Apollinarians, we should not be surprised to find Didymus insisting on the fullness of the human nature of Christ. He concludes there must be two natures united in Christ, not speculating on precisely how these work together but restricting himself to the expression \"a single Christ.\" In his atonement theory, Didymus does not mention deification, but rather focuses on the ransom and the restoration of the image and the likeness. The fragmentary nature of his writing at this point does not allow us to draw definite conclusions, but he does speak of \"universal salvation.\" Jerome, probably correctly, accused Didymus of confessing the ultimate restoration of the devil.[15]: 227–232Didymus seems to have also accepted the pre-existence of souls, and considers the afterlife as a process of purification, though, according to Florovsky, he rejects metempsychosis. He describes the Day of the Lord as an internal illumination of the soul, and in the future world he believes that evil \"as a quality\" will no longer exist. For him, as in Clement and Origen, the true gnostics possess a divine philosophy, one which allows them to defend themselves against heretics by giving a clear confession of the faith. Throughout his theology the influence of Origen is revealed, various aspects of which, particularly his eschatology, must have led to the condemnation of his works.[15]: 227–232","title":"Thought"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ki Longfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_Longfellow"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Didymus the Blind is portrayed in Flow Down Like Silver, Hypatia of Alexandria by Ki Longfellow.[20]","title":"In literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palladius of Galatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladius_of_Galatia"},{"link_name":"\"The History of Didymus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Paradise/Volume_1/Book_1/The_Paradise_of_Palladius/The_Histories_of_the_Holy_Men/History_4"},{"link_name":"The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, comprising a history of the church, from AD323 to AD425","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/fathers/26023.htm"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_II/Sozomen/Book_III/Chapter_15#cite_note-0"},{"link_name":"The ecclesiastical history of Sozomen: comprising a history of the church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalh00walfgoog"},{"link_name":"132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalh00walfgoog/page/n152"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780790565682","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790565682"}],"text":"Ayres, Lewis, DelCogliano, Mark & Radde-Gallwitz, Andrew (2012). Works on the Spirit: St. Athanasius the Great and Didymus the Blind. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press [contains the only English translation of On the Holy Spirit]\nDidymus. Commentary on Zechariah, FC. Translated by R. C. Hill. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. 2006. Contains the only English translation of the Commentary on Zechariah.\nPalladius of Galatia (1907). \"The History of Didymus\" . The paradise, or garden of the holy fathers. Translated by Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge. Chatto & Windus.\nSozomen (1890). Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.). The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, comprising a history of the church, from AD323 to AD425. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Vol. Second Series, Vol. 2, Book III, Chapter 15: Didymus the blind and Aëtius the heretic. Translated by Chester D. Hartranft. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co. Also available at Wikisource.\nSozomen; Philostorgius, Saint Photius I (Patriarch of Constantinople) (1855). The ecclesiastical history of Sozomen: comprising a history of the church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440. Henry G. Bohn. p. 132. ISBN 9780790565682.\nGauche, William (1934). Didymus the Blind: An educator of the 4th century. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America.\nWeerakkody, D. P. M. (2006). \"Didymus the Blind: Alexandrian theologian and scholar\". In Albrecht, G. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Disability. Vol. 1. Sage. p. 401.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Western American Diocese - October 18\". westserbdio.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170503154359/http://westserbdio.org/en/prologue/666-october-18","url_text":"\"Western American Diocese - October 18\""},{"url":"http://westserbdio.org/en/prologue/666-october-18","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St Didymus the blind: Author, ascetic, theologian, dean & polymath\". 16 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theartoforthodoxy.com/2022/06/16/st-didymus-the-blind-author-ascetic-theologian-dean-polymath/","url_text":"\"St Didymus the blind: Author, ascetic, theologian, dean & polymath\""}]},{"reference":"Duchan, Judy. \"Dedimus (Didymus) 313-398 AD\". acsu.buffalo.edu. Judith Felson Duchan – via University of Buffalo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~duchan/new_history/ancient_history/dedimus.html","url_text":"\"Dedimus (Didymus) 313-398 AD\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Frances M.; Teal, Andrew (2010). \"Didymus the Blind\". From Nicaea to Chalcedon: a guide to the literature and its background (2nd ed.). London: SCM Press. pp. 91–101. ISBN 9780334029939.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780334029939","url_text":"9780334029939"}]},{"reference":"Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2009). \"Didymus the Blind\". Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199566716.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001/acref-9780192802903-e-2034?rskey=4OuwSv&result=2","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199566716","url_text":"9780199566716"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Didymus\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Didymus","url_text":"Didymus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Lascaratos, John; Marketos, Spyros (1994). \"Didymus the Blind: An unknown precursor of Louis Braille and Helen Keller\". Documenta Ophthalmologica. 86 (86): 203–208. doi:10.1007/BF01203564. PMID 7995235. S2CID 2404500.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01203564","url_text":"10.1007/BF01203564"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7995235","url_text":"7995235"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2404500","url_text":"2404500"}]},{"reference":"\"Didymus The Blind\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Didymus-the-Blind","url_text":"\"Didymus The Blind\""}]},{"reference":"Layton, Richard A. (2004). Didymus the Blind and His Circle in Late-Antique Alexandria. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois. ISBN 0252028813.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252028813","url_text":"0252028813"}]},{"reference":"\"Didymus the Blind\". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-03-22 – via newadvent.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04784a.htm","url_text":"\"Didymus the Blind\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coptic Orthodox Church Centre, UK\". Archived from the original on 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2007-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070712141319/http://www.copticcentre.com/three.html","url_text":"\"Coptic Orthodox Church Centre, UK\""},{"url":"http://www.copticcentre.com/three.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ellingsen, Mark (2015). African Christian Mothers and Fathers: Why They Matter for the Church Today. Cascade books. p. 165. ISBN 978-1606085509.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ahjsCgAAQBAJ&q=Second+Council+of+Constantinople+didymus&pg=PA165","url_text":"African Christian Mothers and Fathers: Why They Matter for the Church Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1606085509","url_text":"978-1606085509"}]},{"reference":"Schaff, Philip, ed. (1994) [1885]. \"The Anathemas Against Origen\". Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II, Volume XIV (The Seven Ecumenical Councils). Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 1-56563-116-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schaff","url_text":"Schaff, Philip"},{"url":"http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xii.ix.html","url_text":"\"The Anathemas Against Origen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers","url_text":"Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-116-1","url_text":"1-56563-116-1"}]},{"reference":"Florovsky, Georges (1987). The Eastern Fathers of the Fourth Century. Nordland Publishing Company. ISBN 9783905238075.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783905238075","url_text":"9783905238075"}]},{"reference":"Didymus (2006). \"Introduction\". Commentary on Zechariah. Translated by Hill, Robert C. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-0-8132-1211-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1211-1","url_text":"978-0-8132-1211-1"}]},{"reference":"Ehrman, Bart (2012). Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics. Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780199928033.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Ehrman","url_text":"Ehrman, Bart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199928033","url_text":"9780199928033"}]},{"reference":"Ehrman, Bart (1983). \"The New Testament Canon of Didymus the Blind\". Vigiliae Christianae. 37 (1): 9–11. doi:10.2307/1583151. JSTOR 1583151. These references clearly show that Didymus considered 2 Peter genuine. That he considered the book canonical is borne out by other references in which, for example, he introduces a \"proof\" from 2 Peter with the standardized Scriptural introduction (D. Zech. 79:2), and, especially, in which he argues \"from the Scriptures\" that there are fallen angels, quoting 2 Pet. 2:4 (D. Zech. 9:30ff).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Ehrman","url_text":"Ehrman, Bart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1583151","url_text":"10.2307/1583151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1583151","url_text":"1583151"}]},{"reference":"Longfellow, Ki (2009). Flow Down Like Silver, Hypatia of Alexandria. Belvedere, California: Eio books. ISBN 9780975925591.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780975925591","url_text":"9780975925591"}]},{"reference":"Didymus. Commentary on Zechariah, FC. Translated by R. C. Hill. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Palladius of Galatia (1907). \"The History of Didymus\" . The paradise, or garden of the holy fathers. Translated by Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge. Chatto & Windus.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladius_of_Galatia","url_text":"Palladius of Galatia"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Paradise/Volume_1/Book_1/The_Paradise_of_Palladius/The_Histories_of_the_Holy_Men/History_4","url_text":"\"The History of Didymus\""}]},{"reference":"Sozomen (1890). Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.). The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, comprising a history of the church, from AD323 to AD425. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Vol. Second Series, Vol. 2, Book III, Chapter 15: Didymus the blind and Aëtius the heretic. Translated by Chester D. Hartranft. Buffalo, New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/26023.htm","url_text":"The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, comprising a history of the church, from AD323 to AD425"}]},{"reference":"Sozomen; Philostorgius, Saint Photius I (Patriarch of Constantinople) (1855). The ecclesiastical history of Sozomen: comprising a history of the church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440. Henry G. Bohn. p. 132. ISBN 9780790565682.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalh00walfgoog","url_text":"The ecclesiastical history of Sozomen: comprising a history of the church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalh00walfgoog/page/n152","url_text":"132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790565682","url_text":"9780790565682"}]},{"reference":"Gauche, William (1934). Didymus the Blind: An educator of the 4th century. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Weerakkody, D. P. M. (2006). \"Didymus the Blind: Alexandrian theologian and scholar\". In Albrecht, G. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Disability. Vol. 1. Sage. p. 401.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Kunz
Eddie Kunz
["1 Early life and amateur career","2 Professional career","2.1 New York Mets","2.2 San Diego Padres","3 References","4 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1986) Baseball player Eddie KunzPitcherBorn: (1986-04-08) April 8, 1986 (age 38)Portland, OregonBatted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 3, 2008, for the New York MetsLast MLB appearanceAugust 16, 2008, for the New York MetsMLB statisticsWin–loss record0–0Earned run average13.50Strikeouts1 Teams New York Mets (2008) Edward Cory Kunz (born April 8, 1986) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets. Early life and amateur career Kunz was born in Portland, Oregon. He attended Parkrose High School, where he played football, basketball, and baseball. In 2006, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star. He was a preseason All-American second-team in 2007 for the Oregon State Beavers. Professional career New York Mets On August 24, 2007, the New York Mets signed Kunz after they selected him 42nd overall in the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft. Less than a year later, on August 3, 2008, he was called up to the Major Leagues from the Double-A affiliate, Binghamton Mets, after having a 2.79 ERA with 27 saves in 44 games. That day, in his Major League debut, he pitched a scoreless seventh inning. However, two weeks later, after struggling and the Mets' trade for Luis Ayala, he was demoted back to the minors. On November 5, 2010, Kunz was sent down to the minors to Triple-A Buffalo along with Jesús Feliciano and Raul Valdes. Along with them were Mike Hessman and Omir Santos who then became free-agents after refusing their minor league assignment. San Diego Padres On March 29, 2011, Kunz was traded by the Mets to the Padres at the end of spring training for minor league first baseman Allan Dykstra. On March 20, 2013, Kunz was released by the Padres. References ^ "Player profile". MLB.com. Retrieved August 4, 2008. ^ "Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League" (PDF). capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved September 25, 2019. ^ "2006 Falmouth Commodores". thebaseballcube.com. Retrieved September 23, 2021. ^ "West All-Star Roster: All-Star Game 2006". capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved May 6, 2020. ^ "Oregon State profile". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2006. ^ Kobylarz, Lauren (July 24, 2007). "Mets sign top Draft pick Kunz; Reliever helped Oregon State win back-to-back championships". MLB.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2008. ^ DiComo, Anthony (August 3, 2008). "Maine to DL as Mets call up Kunz; With Wagner ailing, bullpen needs reinforcement". MLB.com. Retrieved August 3, 2008. ^ DiComo, Anthony (August 4, 2008). "After quiet Deadline, Mets look inward; Kunz, Murphy and Evans give club homegrown boost". MLB.com. Retrieved August 4, 2008. ^ "Mets demote RHP Eddie Kunz to make room for Luis Ayala". The Canadian Press. August 18, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2008. ^ "The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News". ^ "Padres released RHP Eddie Kunz". Archived from the original on 2014-05-09. Retrieved 2013-03-20. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) vteOregon State Beavers 2006 College World Series champions 2 Dallas Buck 9 Cole Gillespie 10 Darwin Barney 11 Mitch Canham 21 Tyler Graham 26 Joe Paterson 31 Alex Sogard 33 Michael Stutes 33 Jonah Nickerson (College World Series MOP) 37 Jordan Lennerton 44 Eddie Kunz Head Coach 5 Pat Casey Associate Head Coach 13 Dan Spencer Assistant Coach Marty Lees Regular season NCAA tournament College World Series vteOregon State Beavers 2007 College World Series champions 1 Joey Wong 10 Darwin Barney 11 Mitch Canham 23 Jorge Reyes (College World Series MOP) 26 Joe Paterson 31 Alex Sogard 33 Michael Stutes 37 Jordan Lennerton 44 Eddie Kunz Head Coach 5 Pat Casey Associate Head Coach 13 Dan Spencer Assistant Coach Marty Lees Regular season NCAA tournament College World Series vte2007 Major League Baseball draft first round selections David Price Mike Moustakas Josh Vitters Daniel Moskos Matt Wieters Ross Detwiler Matt LaPorta Casey Weathers Jarrod Parker Madison Bumgarner Phillippe Aumont Matt Dominguez Beau Mills Jason Heyward Devin Mesoraco Kevin Ahrens Blake Beavan Pete Kozma Joe Savery Chris Withrow J. P. Arencibia Tim Alderson Nick Schmidt Michael Main Aaron Poreda James Simmons Rick Porcello Ben Revere Wendell Fairley Andrew Brackman Josh Smoker Nick Noonan Jon Gilmore Todd Frazier Julio Borbón Clayton Mortensen Travis d'Arnaud Brett Cecil James Adkins Kellen Kulbacki Sean Doolittle Eddie Kunz Jackson Williams Neil Ramírez Justin Jackson Drew Cumberland Nathan Vineyard Josh Donaldson Michael Burgess Wes Roemer Charlie Culberson Matt Mangini Kyle Lotzkar Tommy Hunter Nick Hagadone Trystan Magnuson Mitch Canham Jonathan Bachanov Corey Brown Brandon Hamilton Ed Easley Ryan Dent Cory Luebke Danny Payne vteNew York Mets first-round draft picks 1965: Rohr 1966: Chilcott 1967: Matlack 1968: Foli 1969: Sterling 1970: Ambrow 1971: Puig 1972: Bengton 1973: Mazzilli 1974: Speck 1975: Benton 1976: Thurberg 1977: Backman 1978: Brooks 1979: Leary 1980: Strawberry, Beane, Gibbons 1981: Blocker 1982: Gooden 1983: E. Williams, Jefferson, Schiraldi 1984: Abner 1985: Jefferies 1986: May 1987: Donnels 1988: Proctor 1989: Zinter 1990: Burnitz 1991: Shirley, Jones 1992: Pr. Wilson, Roberts, Jon Ward 1993: Presley 1994: Pa. Wilson, Long, Payton 1995: Jaroncyk 1996: Stratton 1997: Goetz 1998: Tyner 1999: None 2000: Traber, Keppel 2001: Heilman, Wright 2002: Kazmir 2003: Milledge 2004: Humber 2005: Pelfrey 2006: None 2007: Kunz, Vineyard 2008: Davis, Havens, Holt 2009: None 2010: Harvey 2011: Nimmo, Fulmer 2012: Cecchini, Plawecki 2013: Smith 2014: Conforto 2015: None 2016: Dunn, Kay 2017: Peterson 2018: Kelenic 2019: Baty 2020: Crow-Armstrong 2021: Rocker 2022: Parada, J. Williams 2023: Houck
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"}],"text":"Baseball playerEdward Cory Kunz (born April 8, 1986) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets.","title":"Eddie Kunz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlbprofile-1"},{"link_name":"Parkrose High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkrose_High_School"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"collegiate summer baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball"},{"link_name":"Falmouth Commodores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth_Commodores"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Oregon State Beavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Kunz was born in Portland, Oregon.[1] He attended Parkrose High School, where he played football, basketball, and baseball. In 2006, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star.[2][3][4] He was a preseason All-American second-team in 2007 for the Oregon State Beavers.[5]","title":"Early life and amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"2007 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-signing-6"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Binghamton Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton_Mets"},{"link_name":"ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"saves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-callup-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlbdebut-8"},{"link_name":"Luis Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Ayala_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demote-9"},{"link_name":"Triple-A Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons"},{"link_name":"Jesús Feliciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Feliciano"},{"link_name":"Raul Valdes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Valdes"},{"link_name":"Mike Hessman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hessman"},{"link_name":"Omir Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omir_Santos"}],"sub_title":"New York Mets","text":"On August 24, 2007, the New York Mets signed Kunz after they selected him 42nd overall in the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft.[6] Less than a year later, on August 3, 2008, he was called up to the Major Leagues from the Double-A affiliate, Binghamton Mets, after having a 2.79 ERA with 27 saves in 44 games.[7]That day, in his Major League debut, he pitched a scoreless seventh inning.[8] However, two weeks later, after struggling and the Mets' trade for Luis Ayala, he was demoted back to the minors.[9]On November 5, 2010, Kunz was sent down to the minors to Triple-A Buffalo along with Jesús Feliciano and Raul Valdes. Along with them were Mike Hessman and Omir Santos who then became free-agents after refusing their minor league assignment.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allan Dykstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Dykstra"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"San Diego Padres","text":"On March 29, 2011, Kunz was traded by the Mets to the Padres at the end of spring training for minor league first baseman Allan Dykstra.[10]On March 20, 2013, Kunz was released by the Padres.[11]","title":"Professional career"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Bali%C5%84ski
Stanisław Baliński
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Polish poet, writer and diplomat Stanisław BalińskiBorn(1898-08-02)2 August 1898Warsaw, PolandDied(1984-11-12)12 November 1984London, Great BritainOccupationPoet Stanisław Baliński (2 August 1898 in Warsaw – 12 November 1984 in London) was a Polish poet, writer and diplomat. Biography Son of Ignacy h. Jastrzębiec (1862-1951) and Maria née Chomętowska h. Lis (1868-1934), brother of Antoni Edward (1907-1990), diplomatic employee. He majored in Polish studies at Warsaw University and in music theory and composition at the Higher School of Music in Warsaw, and also studied law. In 1920 he became a member of the Skamander poetic group. As of December 1, 1922, he began working at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He spent five years on assignment in China, then in Brazil and Persia. He traveled extensively in Europe, South America, the Far and Middle East, North Africa. After the aggression of the Third Reich and the USSR against Poland (1939), he went to Paris via Romania, then to Great Britain. In 1939-1940 he was an employee of the Ministry of Information and Documentation of the Polish Government in Exile. From 1940 to 1945 he was an employee of the Polish Foreign Ministry in London. After Adam Tarnowski became Foreign Minister from November 30, 1944 to January 1945, he was chargé d'affaires to the exile government of Czechoslovakia. After the war, Baliński - a declared opponent of Yalta and the communist government - decided to stay in London. In the 1950s he worked with the radio stations Free Europe and Voice of America. From 1945 he was a member of the English PEN Club. In the interwar years, he published in the magazines "Skamander" and "Literary News," among others. During World War II, he wrote in the magazines "Wiadomości Polskie" (1940-1944), "Nowa Polska" (1942-1944), "Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Żołnierza" (1944). After the war, among others, in "Wiadomosci". He signed a letter of Polish writers abroad, solidifying with the signatories of the protest against the changes in the Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland (Letter 59). Winner of the Award of the Association of Polish Writers Abroad in 1981. His symbolic grave is located in the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw (section T-2-2). His song Mój Kapitanie, już wieczór was popularized by Sława Przybylska, performing it to the music of Włodzimierz Korcz. References ^ Gillon, Adam; Krystyna M. Olszer (1982). Introduction to modern Polish literature. Hippocrene Books. p. 433. ISBN 978-0-88254-516-5. ^ Kądziela, Jerzy; Jerzy Kwiatkowski; Irena Wyczańska (1993). Literatura polska w okresie międzywojennym, volume 3 . Polska Akademia Nauk. pp. 449–459. ISBN 978-83-08-02054-8. ^ "Stanisław Baliński-Jundziłł z Balina h. Jastrzębiec". www.sejm-wielki.pl. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ "Stanisław Baliński - biografia, wiersze, utwory". poezja.org (in Polish). Retrieved 23 February 2024. ^ Lista laureatów – 1951-2011 ^ "Mój kapitanie, już wieczór - Utwory - Cyfrowa Biblioteka Polskiej Piosenki". bibliotekapiosenki.pl. Retrieved 29 January 2024. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Other IdRef This article about a poet from Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Stanisław Baliński (2 August 1898 in Warsaw – 12 November 1984 in London) was a Polish poet, writer and diplomat.[1][2]","title":"Stanisław Baliński"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Son of Ignacy h. Jastrzębiec (1862-1951) and Maria née Chomętowska h. Lis (1868-1934), brother of Antoni Edward (1907-1990), diplomatic employee.[3] He majored in Polish studies at Warsaw University and in music theory and composition at the Higher School of Music in Warsaw, and also studied law. In 1920 he became a member of the Skamander poetic group. As of December 1, 1922, he began working at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He spent five years on assignment in China, then in Brazil and Persia. He traveled extensively in Europe, South America, the Far and Middle East, North Africa.After the aggression of the Third Reich and the USSR against Poland (1939), he went to Paris via Romania, then to Great Britain. In 1939-1940 he was an employee of the Ministry of Information and Documentation of the Polish Government in Exile. From 1940 to 1945 he was an employee of the Polish Foreign Ministry in London. After Adam Tarnowski became Foreign Minister from November 30, 1944 to January 1945, he was chargé d'affaires to the exile government of Czechoslovakia. After the war, Baliński - a declared opponent of Yalta and the communist government - decided to stay in London.[4] In the 1950s he worked with the radio stations Free Europe and Voice of America. From 1945 he was a member of the English PEN Club.In the interwar years, he published in the magazines \"Skamander\" and \"Literary News,\" among others. During World War II, he wrote in the magazines \"Wiadomości Polskie\" (1940-1944), \"Nowa Polska\" (1942-1944), \"Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Żołnierza\" (1944). After the war, among others, in \"Wiadomosci\". He signed a letter of Polish writers abroad, solidifying with the signatories of the protest against the changes in the Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland (Letter 59). Winner of the Award of the Association of Polish Writers Abroad in 1981.[5]His symbolic grave is located in the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw (section T-2-2). His song Mój Kapitanie, już wieczór was popularized by Sława Przybylska, performing it to the music of Włodzimierz Korcz.[6]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Gillon, Adam; Krystyna M. Olszer (1982). Introduction to modern Polish literature. Hippocrene Books. p. 433. ISBN 978-0-88254-516-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrene_Books","url_text":"Hippocrene Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88254-516-5","url_text":"978-0-88254-516-5"}]},{"reference":"Kądziela, Jerzy; Jerzy Kwiatkowski; Irena Wyczańska (1993). Literatura polska w okresie międzywojennym, volume 3 [Polish literature in the inter-war period]. Polska Akademia Nauk. pp. 449–459. ISBN 978-83-08-02054-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska_Akademia_Nauk","url_text":"Polska Akademia Nauk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-08-02054-8","url_text":"978-83-08-02054-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Stanisław Baliński-Jundziłł z Balina h. Jastrzębiec\". www.sejm-wielki.pl. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sejm-wielki.pl/b/sw.172591","url_text":"\"Stanisław Baliński-Jundziłł z Balina h. Jastrzębiec\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stanisław Baliński - biografia, wiersze, utwory\". poezja.org (in Polish). Retrieved 23 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://poezja.org/wz/Stanislaw_Balinski/","url_text":"\"Stanisław Baliński - biografia, wiersze, utwory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mój kapitanie, już wieczór - Utwory - Cyfrowa Biblioteka Polskiej Piosenki\". bibliotekapiosenki.pl. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bibliotekapiosenki.pl/utwory/Moj_kapitanie_juz_wieczor","url_text":"\"Mój kapitanie, już wieczór - Utwory - Cyfrowa Biblioteka Polskiej Piosenki\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_meetings
Winter Meetings
["1 History","2 Attendees","3 Player trades and signings","4 Other events","5 Notes","5.1 References","5.2 Sources","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Meeting of Major League baseball executives to discuss off-season business Representatives of all 30 Major League Baseball teams and their 120 Minor League Baseball affiliates convene for four days each December in the Winter Meetings to discuss league business and conduct off-season trades and transactions. Attendees include league executives, team owners, general managers, team scouts, visitors from baseball-playing countries, trade show exhibitors, and people seeking employment with minor league organizations. The Rule 5 draft, in which minor league players who are not on a team's 40-man roster can be drafted by a major league team, is held on the last day of the meetings. History The tradition of baseball holding off-season meetings during December dates back to 1876, the first offseason of the National League. At the 1876 meetings, William Hulbert was selected to be the league's president, and two teams (the New York Mutuals and Philadelphia Athletics) were expelled from the league for failing to play all their scheduled games; they had refused the make their final road trip of the season. The Winter Meetings became an annual event in 1901. In 2022, The Winter Meetings were held in San Diego, California. In 2023, the Winter Meetings were held in Nashville, Tennessee. 1927 – New York City 1928 – New York City 1929 – New York City 1930 – New York City 1931 – Chicago 1932 – New York City 1933 – Chicago 1934 – New York City 1935 – Chicago 1936 – New York City 1937 – Chicago 1938 – New York City 1939 – Cincinnati 1940 – Chicago 1941 – Chicago 1942 – Chicago 1943 – New York City 1944 – New York City 1945 – Chicago 1946 – Los Angeles 1947 – Miami 1948 – Chicago 1949 – New York City 1950 – St. Petersburg 1951 – Columbus 1952 – Phoenix 1953 – Atlanta 1954 – Houston 1955 – Columbus 1956 – Jacksonville 1957 – Colorado Springs 1958 – Washington, D.C. 1959 – St. Petersburg 1960 – Louisville 1961 – Tampa 1962 – Rochester 1963 – San Diego 1964 – Houston 1965 – Fort Lauderdale 1966 – Columbus 1967 – Mexico City 1968 – San Francisco 1969 – Ft. Lauderdale 1970 – Los Angeles 1971 – Phoenix 1972 – Honolulu 1973 – Houston 1974 – New Orleans 1975 – Hollywood 1976 – Los Angeles 1977 – Honolulu 1978 – Orlando 1979 – Toronto 1980 – Dallas 1981 – Hollywood 1982 – Honolulu 1983 – Nashville 1984 – Houston 1985 – San Diego 1986 – Hollywood 1987 – Dallas 1988 – Atlanta 1989 – Nashville 1990 – Rosemont 1991 – Miami Beach 1992 – Louisville 1993 – Atlanta 1994 – Dallas 1995 – Los Angeles 1996 – Boston 1997 – New Orleans 1998 – Nashville 1999 – Anaheim 2000 – Dallas 2001 – Boston 2002 – Nashville 2003 – New Orleans 2004 – Anaheim 2005 – Dallas 2006 – Bay Lake, Florida (Disney World) 2007 – Nashville 2008 – Paradise, Nevada 2009 – Indianapolis 2010 – Bay Lake 2011 – Dallas 2012 – Nashville 2013 – Bay Lake 2014 – San Diego 2015 – Nashville 2016 – National Harbor, Maryland 2017 – Bay Lake 2018 – Paradise 2019 – San Diego 2020 – Virtual due to the COVID-19 pandemic, originally planned for Dallas 2021 – Canceled due to the 2021 MLB lockout, originally planned for Bay Lake 2022 – San Diego 2023 – Nashville 2024 – Dallas Attendees The Winter Meetings attract several thousand participants; in 2014 organizers anticipated 3,000 attendees. These include team owners, field managers, team scouts, players' agents, lawyers and accountants specializing in baseball, and visitors from baseball-playing countries. While it is rare for players who are under contract to attend, free agents often do come to take advantage of the opportunity to introduce themselves to many teams. At the 2014 Winter Meetings in San Diego, an estimated 750 media personnel received press passes. Receptions are held nightly by each of the 30 major league teams for their minor league affiliates. A luncheon is also held for major league managers and baseball reporters. Player trades and signings Barry Bonds playing for the San Francisco Giants in 1993 With all the principals in one place, the Winter Meetings are typically the site of player trades and free-agent signings. However, the informal meetings that used to take place in hotel lobbies up until the end of the 20th century have been replaced by texting and emailing; most interactions take place in the privacy of suites due to the preponderance of media personnel and fans converging on the site. Among the notable trades and signings that have been made at the Winter Meetings are: At the 1975 Winter Meetings in Fort Lauderdale, new Chicago White Sox owner Bill Veeck sat at a table in the lobby behind a sign that said "Open for Business". During the course of the meetings, Veeck negotiated six trades involving 22 players. At the 1988 Winter Meetings in Atlanta, the Texas Rangers closed three trades involving 15 players and signed free agent pitcher Nolan Ryan. At the 1992 Winter Meetings in Louisville, first-time free agent Barry Bonds was signed by the San Francisco Giants for six years and $43 million. Bonds personally negotiated to have a hotel suite at his disposal during road games. On the last day of the 2011 Winter Meetings in Dallas, Albert Pujols, who had won a World Series ring with the St. Louis Cardinals that fall, inked a 10-year, $250 million deal with the Los Angeles Angels. In the space of 24 hours at the 2014 Winter Meetings in San Diego, the Los Angeles Dodgers concluded six transactions with four teams, involving 19 players and a free agent. On consecutive days during the 2019 Winter Meetings in San Diego, Gerrit Cole signed a nine-year, $324 million deal with the New York Yankees, followed by Anthony Rendon agreeing to a seven-year, $245 million contract with the Los Angeles Angels the following evening. Other events Pants Rowland, winner of the first "King of Baseball" award in 1951. Concurrent with the Winter Meetings, a trade show featuring close to 300 vendors of baseball equipment, services, and promotions takes place. Another annual event is the Professional Baseball Employment Opportunities Job Fair, during which recent college graduates seeking internships and employment with minor league organizations schedule on-site interviews. The month of December is considered "the height of baseball hiring season", as 400 to 500 workers are hired each year. From 1951 to 2019, the "King of Baseball" title was awarded to a minor league veteran at the Winter Meetings banquet. With the 2020 minor-league season having been canceled due to COVID-19, the award was not presented in that year, and it was discontinued when MLB took over the minor leagues in 2021. Several events associated with the Hall of Fame also take place at the Winter Meetings: The voting bodies that superseded the Veterans Committee, which are now the only bodies that elect long-retired players and non-playing personnel to the Hall, meet and vote. The winner of the Ford C. Frick Award for excellence in broadcasting is announced. The Baseball Writers' Association of America conducts its annual meeting and announces the recipient of its BBWAA Career Excellence Award (historically the J. G. Taylor Spink Award) for excellence in baseball writing. Both the Frick and Career Excellence Awards are presented as part of the Hall of Fame's annual induction festivities. The Scout of the Year award is presented at a special banquet. Notes References ^ a b Peden 2011, p. 195. ^ "2014 Baseball Winter Meetings returns to San Diego after three decades". Minor League Baseball. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2015. ^ Horn, Jonathan (December 9, 2014). "Baseball Jobs: Will work for peanuts". U-T San Diego. Retrieved January 18, 2015. ^ Links, Zach (December 11, 2014). "2014 Rule 5 Draft Results". MLB Trade Rumors. Retrieved December 11, 2014. ^ Apstein, Stephanie (December 6, 2019). "Winter Meetings Promise to Revive MLB's Ongoing Drama". si.com. ABG-SI, LLC. Retrieved December 11, 2019. ^ a b c Solomon & Freeman 2012, p. 185. ^ Gorman 2007, pp. 7–8. ^ a b Costa, Brian (December 9, 2014). "Baseball's Winter Meetings—Minus the Meetings". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 18, 2015. ^ Solomon & Freeman 2012, p. 182. ^ a b c d e Waldstein, David (December 7, 2014). "Baseball's Annual Winter Meetings Have It All, Except Quietude". The New York Times. Retrieved January 18, 2015. ^ Carroll 2007, p. 78. ^ Cassavell, AJ (2016). "The biggest Winter Meetings trades of all time". MLB.com. Retrieved January 28, 2017. ^ Sypher 1990, p. 100. ^ Stark, Jayson (December 9, 2011). "Angels Shock the Baseball World". ESPN. Retrieved January 18, 2015. ^ Nightengale, Bob (December 12, 2014). "'Aggressive' winter meetings end with many winners". USA Today. Retrieved January 18, 2015. ^ Plunkett, Bill (December 11, 2014). "Kemp trade is latest piece of Dodgers' reconstruction". Orange County Register. Retrieved January 18, 2015. ^ "Sources: Anthony Rendon agrees to 7-year, $245M deal with Angels". ESPN.com. ESPN. December 12, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2021. ^ Barr, Chad; Curtis, Ted (May 12, 2012). "Class is in Session at the Baseball Winter Meetings". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 18, 2015. ^ Brown, Dwane (December 8, 2014). "Baseball Executives, Jobseekers In San Diego For Winter Meetings". KPBS. ^ "King of Baseball Award by Minor League Baseball". Baseball Almanac. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2015. ^ "Ford C. Frick Award". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 11, 2014. ^ Geltner 2012, p. 203. ^ Elliott, Bob (December 10, 2015). "Blue Jays snag Giants pitcher in Rule V draft". Toronto Sun. Retrieved December 12, 2015. ^ Sandoval & Nowlin 2011, p. 165. Sources Carroll, Jeff (2007). Sam Rice: A Biography of the Washington Senators Hall of Famer. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786431199. Geltner, Ted (2012). Last King of the Sports Page: The Life and Career of Jim Murray. University of Missouri Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0826272737. Gorman, Lou (2007). High and Inside: My Life in the Front Offices of Baseball. McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 978-0786431632. Peden, Buck (2011). Baseball, Golf, Wars, Women & Puppies: An Autobiography. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1456758431. Sandoval, Jim; Nowlin, Bill, eds. (2011). Can He Play? A look at baseball scouts and their profession. Society for American Baseball Research. ISBN 978-1933599236. Solomon, Arthur P.; Freeman, Allyn I. (2012). Making It in the Minors: A Team Owner's Lessons in the Business of Baseball. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786492978. Sypher, Beverly Davenport, ed. (1990). Case Studies in Organizational Communication (Revised ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN 0898622875. Further reading Lewin, Josh (2004). Getting in the Game: Inside Baseball's Winter Meetings. Brasseys. ISBN 1574887912. External links Winter Meetings PBEO Job Fair The Baseball Trade Show vteMajor League Baseball2024 seasonAmerican LeagueEast Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Guardians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National LeagueEast Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All-Star Game Interleague play International games London Mexico City Seoul Little League Classic Field of Dreams Game Rickwood Field Game Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL champions ALCS ALDS NL NL champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game/Series Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Game 7s Business Authentication Program Business rules Draft Rule 5 Highest-paid players Hot stove league Luxury tax Lockouts/strikes Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media MLB Network Minor League Baseball MLB Draft League Players Association World Baseball Classic Inc. Transactions Free agency Valuations Winter Meetings Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms (2024 controversy) Stadiums Mascots Rivalries Comparison with Nippon Professional Baseball History History AL Seasons Tie-breakers Tie-breaking procedures All-time win–loss records Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame members National Baseball Commission Continental League Organized baseball Baseball color line First black players in MLB Negro leaguers who played in MLB Predecessors National Association American Association Union Association Players' League Federal League Major Negro leagues Negro National League (I) Eastern Colored League American Negro League East–West League Negro Southern League Negro National League (II) Negro American League Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Biogenesis scandal BALCO scandal Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead-ball era Live-ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocations of the 1950s–1960s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Potential Contraction attempt Commissioner: Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL
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Attendees include league executives, team owners, general managers, team scouts, visitors from baseball-playing countries, trade show exhibitors, and people seeking employment with minor league organizations.[1][2][3] The Rule 5 draft, in which minor league players who are not on a team's 40-man roster can be drafted by a major league team, is held on the last day of the meetings.[4]","title":"Winter Meetings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"William Hulbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hulbert"},{"link_name":"New York Mutuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mutuals"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_(1860%E2%80%931876)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Rosemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemont,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Miami Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Anaheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim,_California"},{"link_name":"Bay Lake, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Lake,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Paradise, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"National Harbor, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Harbor,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"2021 MLB lockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Major_League_Baseball_lockout"}],"text":"The tradition of baseball holding off-season meetings during December dates back to 1876, the first offseason of the National League. At the 1876 meetings, William Hulbert was selected to be the league's president, and two teams (the New York Mutuals and Philadelphia Athletics) were expelled from the league for failing to play all their scheduled games; they had refused the make their final road trip of the season.[5] The Winter Meetings became an annual event in 1901. In 2022, The Winter Meetings were held in San Diego, California. In 2023, the Winter Meetings were held in Nashville, Tennessee.1927 – New York City\n1928 – New York City\n1929 – New York City\n1930 – New York City\n1931 – Chicago\n1932 – New York City\n1933 – Chicago\n1934 – New York City\n1935 – Chicago\n1936 – New York City\n1937 – Chicago\n1938 – New York City\n1939 – Cincinnati\n1940 – Chicago\n1941 – Chicago\n1942 – Chicago\n1943 – New York City\n1944 – New York City\n1945 – Chicago\n1946 – Los Angeles\n1947 – Miami\n1948 – Chicago\n1949 – New York City\n1950 – St. Petersburg\n1951 – Columbus\n1952 – Phoenix\n1953 – Atlanta\n1954 – Houston\n1955 – Columbus\n1956 – Jacksonville\n1957 – Colorado Springs\n1958 – Washington, D.C.\n1959 – St. Petersburg\n1960 – Louisville\n1961 – Tampa\n1962 – Rochester\n1963 – San Diego\n1964 – Houston\n1965 – Fort Lauderdale\n1966 – Columbus\n1967 – Mexico City\n1968 – San Francisco\n1969 – Ft. Lauderdale\n1970 – Los Angeles\n1971 – Phoenix\n1972 – Honolulu\n1973 – Houston\n1974 – New Orleans\n1975 – Hollywood\n1976 – Los Angeles\n1977 – Honolulu\n1978 – Orlando\n1979 – Toronto\n1980 – Dallas\n1981 – Hollywood\n1982 – Honolulu\n1983 – Nashville\n1984 – Houston\n1985 – San Diego\n1986 – Hollywood\n1987 – Dallas\n1988 – Atlanta\n1989 – Nashville\n1990 – Rosemont\n1991 – Miami Beach\n1992 – Louisville\n1993 – Atlanta\n1994 – Dallas\n1995 – Los Angeles\n1996 – Boston\n1997 – New Orleans\n1998 – Nashville\n1999 – Anaheim\n2000 – Dallas\n2001 – Boston\n2002 – Nashville\n2003 – New Orleans\n2004 – Anaheim\n2005 – Dallas\n2006 – Bay Lake, Florida (Disney World)\n2007 – Nashville\n2008 – Paradise, Nevada\n2009 – Indianapolis\n2010 – Bay Lake\n2011 – Dallas\n2012 – Nashville\n2013 – Bay Lake\n2014 – San Diego\n2015 – Nashville\n2016 – National Harbor, Maryland\n2017 – Bay Lake\n2018 – Paradise\n2019 – San Diego\n2020 – Virtual due to the COVID-19 pandemic, originally planned for Dallas\n2021 – Canceled due to the 2021 MLB lockout, originally planned for Bay Lake\n2022 – San Diego\n2023 – Nashville\n2024 – Dallas","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeden2011195-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomonFreeman2012185-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman20077%E2%80%938-7"},{"link_name":"free agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomonFreeman2012185-6"},{"link_name":"press passes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_pass"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomonFreeman2012182-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-10"}],"text":"The Winter Meetings attract several thousand participants; in 2014 organizers anticipated 3,000 attendees. These include team owners, field managers, team scouts, players' agents, lawyers and accountants specializing in baseball, and visitors from baseball-playing countries.[1][6][7] While it is rare for players who are under contract to attend, free agents often do come to take advantage of the opportunity to introduce themselves to many teams.[6] At the 2014 Winter Meetings in San Diego, an estimated 750 media personnel received press passes.[8]Receptions are held nightly by each of the 30 major league teams for their minor league affiliates.[9] A luncheon is also held for major league managers and baseball reporters.[10]","title":"Attendees"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BarryBonds1993.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barry Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bonds"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll200778-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-10"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Bill Veeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Veeck"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Nolan Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Ryan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESypher1990100-13"},{"link_name":"Barry Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bonds"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-10"},{"link_name":"Albert Pujols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pujols"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Gerrit Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Cole"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Anthony Rendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Rendon"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Barry Bonds playing for the San Francisco Giants in 1993With all the principals in one place, the Winter Meetings are typically the site of player trades and free-agent signings.[11] However, the informal meetings that used to take place in hotel lobbies up until the end of the 20th century have been replaced by texting and emailing; most interactions take place in the privacy of suites due to the preponderance of media personnel and fans converging on the site.[8][10]Among the notable trades and signings that have been made at the Winter Meetings are:At the 1975 Winter Meetings in Fort Lauderdale, new Chicago White Sox owner Bill Veeck sat at a table in the lobby behind a sign that said \"Open for Business\". During the course of the meetings, Veeck negotiated six trades involving 22 players.[12]\nAt the 1988 Winter Meetings in Atlanta, the Texas Rangers closed three trades involving 15 players and signed free agent pitcher Nolan Ryan.[13]\nAt the 1992 Winter Meetings in Louisville, first-time free agent Barry Bonds was signed by the San Francisco Giants for six years and $43 million. Bonds personally negotiated to have a hotel suite at his disposal during road games.[10]\nOn the last day of the 2011 Winter Meetings in Dallas, Albert Pujols, who had won a World Series ring with the St. Louis Cardinals that fall, inked a 10-year, $250 million deal with the Los Angeles Angels.[14]\nIn the space of 24 hours at the 2014 Winter Meetings in San Diego, the Los Angeles Dodgers concluded six transactions with four teams, involving 19 players and a free agent.[15][16]\nOn consecutive days during the 2019 Winter Meetings in San Diego, Gerrit Cole signed a nine-year, $324 million deal with the New York Yankees, followed by Anthony Rendon agreeing to a seven-year, $245 million contract with the Los Angeles Angels the following evening.[17]","title":"Player trades and signings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pants-rowland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pants Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pants_Rowland"},{"link_name":"King of Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomonFreeman2012185-6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"King of Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Veterans Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Committee"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-10"},{"link_name":"Ford C. Frick Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_C._Frick_Award"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Baseball Writers' Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Writers%27_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-10"},{"link_name":"BBWAA Career Excellence Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBWAA_Career_Excellence_Award"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeltner2012203-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandovalNowlin2011165-24"}],"text":"Pants Rowland, winner of the first \"King of Baseball\" award in 1951.Concurrent with the Winter Meetings, a trade show featuring close to 300 vendors of baseball equipment, services, and promotions takes place.[6] Another annual event is the Professional Baseball Employment Opportunities Job Fair, during which recent college graduates seeking internships and employment with minor league organizations schedule on-site interviews.[18] The month of December is considered \"the height of baseball hiring season\", as 400 to 500 workers are hired each year.[19]From 1951 to 2019, the \"King of Baseball\" title was awarded to a minor league veteran at the Winter Meetings banquet.[20] With the 2020 minor-league season having been canceled due to COVID-19, the award was not presented in that year, and it was discontinued when MLB took over the minor leagues in 2021.Several events associated with the Hall of Fame also take place at the Winter Meetings:The voting bodies that superseded the Veterans Committee, which are now the only bodies that elect long-retired players and non-playing personnel to the Hall, meet and vote.[10]\nThe winner of the Ford C. Frick Award for excellence in broadcasting is announced.[21]\nThe Baseball Writers' Association of America conducts its annual meeting[10] and announces the recipient of its BBWAA Career Excellence Award (historically the J. G. Taylor Spink Award) for excellence in baseball writing.[22] Both the Frick and Career Excellence Awards are presented as part of the Hall of Fame's annual induction festivities.\nThe Scout of the Year award is presented at a special banquet.[23][24]","title":"Other events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeden2011195_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeden2011195_1-1"},{"link_name":"Peden 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPeden2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"2014 Baseball Winter Meetings returns to San Diego after three decades\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.milb.com/milb/events/wintermeetings.jsp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Baseball Jobs: Will work for peanuts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/dec/09/major-league-baseball-winter-meetings-job-fair/"},{"link_name":"U-T San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-T_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"2014 Rule 5 Draft Results\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mlbtraderumors.com/2014/12/2014-rule-5-draft-results.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Winter Meetings Promise to Revive MLB's Ongoing Drama\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.si.com/mlb/2019/12/06/baseball-winter-meetings-preview"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomonFreeman2012185_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomonFreeman2012185_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomonFreeman2012185_6-2"},{"link_name":"Solomon & Freeman 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSolomonFreeman2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman20077%E2%80%938_7-0"},{"link_name":"Gorman 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGorman2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wsj_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wsj_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"Baseball's Winter Meetings—Minus the Meetings\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wsj.com/articles/mlb-winter-meetings-with-fewer-meetings-1418139567"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomonFreeman2012182_9-0"},{"link_name":"Solomon & Freeman 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSolomonFreeman2012"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt_10-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt_10-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt_10-4"},{"link_name":"\"Baseball's Annual Winter Meetings Have It All, Except Quietude\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2014/12/08/sports/baseball/where-baseball-is-all-the-buzz-general-managers-just-want-peace-and-quiet.html?_r=0"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll200778_11-0"},{"link_name":"Carroll 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCarroll2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"The biggest Winter Meetings trades of all time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//m.mlb.com/news/article/158887650/the-best-winter-meetings-trades-of-all-time/"},{"link_name":"MLB.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESypher1990100_13-0"},{"link_name":"Sypher 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSypher1990"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Angels Shock the Baseball World\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//espn.go.com/mlb/hotstove11/story/_/id/7330869/los-angeles-angels-shock-world-land-albert-pujols-cj-wilson"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"'Aggressive' winter meetings end with many winners\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2014/12/11/mlb-winter-meetings-trades-dodgers-max-scherzer/20278411/"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Kemp trade is latest piece of Dodgers' reconstruction\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ocregister.com/articles/dodgers-644986-team-year.html"},{"link_name":"Orange County Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Sources: Anthony Rendon agrees to 7-year, $245M deal with Angels\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/28279696/sources-anthony-rendon-agrees-7-year-245m-deal-angels"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Class is in Session at the Baseball Winter Meetings\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.huffingtonpost.com/chad-barr/class-is-in-session-at-th_b_2244114.html"},{"link_name":"The Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Baseball Executives, Jobseekers In San Diego For Winter Meetings\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kpbs.org/news/2014/dec/08/job-fair-baseballs-winter-meetings/"},{"link_name":"KPBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPBS_(TV)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"King of Baseball Award by Minor League Baseball\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.baseball-almanac.com/awards/kingofbaseballaward.shtml"},{"link_name":"Baseball Almanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Almanac"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Ford C. Frick Award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//baseballhall.org/awards/ford-c-frick"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeltner2012203_22-0"},{"link_name":"Geltner 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGeltner2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sun_23-0"},{"link_name":"\"Blue Jays snag Giants pitcher in Rule V draft\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.torontosun.com/2015/12/10/blue-jays-snag-giants-pitcher-in-rule-v-draft"},{"link_name":"Toronto Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Sun"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandovalNowlin2011165_24-0"},{"link_name":"Sandoval & Nowlin 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSandovalNowlin2011"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b Peden 2011, p. 195.\n\n^ \"2014 Baseball Winter Meetings returns to San Diego after three decades\". Minor League Baseball. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2015.\n\n^ Horn, Jonathan (December 9, 2014). \"Baseball Jobs: Will work for peanuts\". U-T San Diego. Retrieved January 18, 2015.\n\n^ Links, Zach (December 11, 2014). \"2014 Rule 5 Draft Results\". MLB Trade Rumors. Retrieved December 11, 2014.\n\n^ Apstein, Stephanie (December 6, 2019). \"Winter Meetings Promise to Revive MLB's Ongoing Drama\". si.com. ABG-SI, LLC. Retrieved December 11, 2019.\n\n^ a b c Solomon & Freeman 2012, p. 185.\n\n^ Gorman 2007, pp. 7–8.\n\n^ a b Costa, Brian (December 9, 2014). \"Baseball's Winter Meetings—Minus the Meetings\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 18, 2015.\n\n^ Solomon & Freeman 2012, p. 182.\n\n^ a b c d e Waldstein, David (December 7, 2014). \"Baseball's Annual Winter Meetings Have It All, Except Quietude\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 18, 2015.\n\n^ Carroll 2007, p. 78.\n\n^ Cassavell, AJ (2016). \"The biggest Winter Meetings trades of all time\". MLB.com. Retrieved January 28, 2017.\n\n^ Sypher 1990, p. 100.\n\n^ Stark, Jayson (December 9, 2011). \"Angels Shock the Baseball World\". ESPN. Retrieved January 18, 2015.\n\n^ Nightengale, Bob (December 12, 2014). \"'Aggressive' winter meetings end with many winners\". USA Today. Retrieved January 18, 2015.\n\n^ Plunkett, Bill (December 11, 2014). \"Kemp trade is latest piece of Dodgers' reconstruction\". Orange County Register. Retrieved January 18, 2015.\n\n^ \"Sources: Anthony Rendon agrees to 7-year, $245M deal with Angels\". ESPN.com. ESPN. December 12, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2021.\n\n^ Barr, Chad; Curtis, Ted (May 12, 2012). \"Class is in Session at the Baseball Winter Meetings\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 18, 2015.\n\n^ Brown, Dwane (December 8, 2014). \"Baseball Executives, Jobseekers In San Diego For Winter Meetings\". KPBS.\n\n^ \"King of Baseball Award by Minor League Baseball\". Baseball Almanac. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2015.\n\n^ \"Ford C. Frick Award\". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 11, 2014.\n\n^ Geltner 2012, p. 203.\n\n^ Elliott, Bob (December 10, 2015). \"Blue Jays snag Giants pitcher in Rule V draft\". Toronto Sun. Retrieved December 12, 2015.\n\n^ Sandoval & Nowlin 2011, p. 165.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sam Rice: A Biography of the Washington Senators Hall of Famer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ae7pAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0786431199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786431199"},{"link_name":"Last King of the Sports Page: The Life and Career of Jim Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lastkingofsports00gelt"},{"link_name":"203","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lastkingofsports00gelt/page/203"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0826272737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826272737"},{"link_name":"Gorman, Lou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gorman"},{"link_name":"High and Inside: My Life in the Front Offices of Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/highinsidemylife00gorm"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/highinsidemylife00gorm/page/8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0786431632","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786431632"},{"link_name":"Baseball, Golf, Wars, Women & Puppies: An Autobiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dBt7BYXfZscC&pg=PA195"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1456758431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1456758431"},{"link_name":"Can He Play? A look at baseball scouts and their profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1DaQ8oNXuE0C&pg=PA92"},{"link_name":"Society for American Baseball Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1933599236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933599236"},{"link_name":"Making It in the Minors: A Team Owner's Lessons in the Business of Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=S5DWYHxUUzgC&pg=PA182"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0786492978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786492978"},{"link_name":"Case Studies in Organizational Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MjOnI-iHASwC&pg=PA100"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0898622875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898622875"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"Carroll, Jeff (2007). Sam Rice: A Biography of the Washington Senators Hall of Famer. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786431199.\nGeltner, Ted (2012). Last King of the Sports Page: The Life and Career of Jim Murray. University of Missouri Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0826272737.\nGorman, Lou (2007). High and Inside: My Life in the Front Offices of Baseball. McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 978-0786431632.\nPeden, Buck (2011). Baseball, Golf, Wars, Women & Puppies: An Autobiography. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1456758431.\nSandoval, Jim; Nowlin, Bill, eds. (2011). Can He Play? A look at baseball scouts and their profession. Society for American Baseball Research. ISBN 978-1933599236.\nSolomon, Arthur P.; Freeman, Allyn I. (2012). Making It in the Minors: A Team Owner's Lessons in the Business of Baseball. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786492978.\nSypher, Beverly Davenport, ed. (1990). Case Studies in Organizational Communication (Revised ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN 0898622875.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewin, Josh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Lewin"},{"link_name":"Getting in the Game: Inside Baseball's Winter Meetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=D0fMCUewvAQC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1574887912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1574887912"}],"text":"Lewin, Josh (2004). Getting in the Game: Inside Baseball's Winter Meetings. Brasseys. ISBN 1574887912.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Barry Bonds playing for the San Francisco Giants in 1993","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BarryBonds1993.jpg/150px-BarryBonds1993.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pants Rowland, winner of the first \"King of Baseball\" award in 1951.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pants-rowland.jpg/150px-Pants-rowland.jpg"}]
null
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Retrieved December 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2014/12/2014-rule-5-draft-results.html","url_text":"\"2014 Rule 5 Draft Results\""}]},{"reference":"Apstein, Stephanie (December 6, 2019). \"Winter Meetings Promise to Revive MLB's Ongoing Drama\". si.com. ABG-SI, LLC. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/mlb/2019/12/06/baseball-winter-meetings-preview","url_text":"\"Winter Meetings Promise to Revive MLB's Ongoing Drama\""}]},{"reference":"Costa, Brian (December 9, 2014). \"Baseball's Winter Meetings—Minus the Meetings\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/mlb-winter-meetings-with-fewer-meetings-1418139567","url_text":"\"Baseball's Winter Meetings—Minus the Meetings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Waldstein, David (December 7, 2014). \"Baseball's Annual Winter Meetings Have It All, Except Quietude\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/08/sports/baseball/where-baseball-is-all-the-buzz-general-managers-just-want-peace-and-quiet.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Baseball's Annual Winter Meetings Have It All, Except Quietude\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Cassavell, AJ (2016). \"The biggest Winter Meetings trades of all time\". MLB.com. Retrieved January 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/158887650/the-best-winter-meetings-trades-of-all-time/","url_text":"\"The biggest Winter Meetings trades of all time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"Stark, Jayson (December 9, 2011). \"Angels Shock the Baseball World\". ESPN. Retrieved January 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/hotstove11/story/_/id/7330869/los-angeles-angels-shock-world-land-albert-pujols-cj-wilson","url_text":"\"Angels Shock the Baseball World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Nightengale, Bob (December 12, 2014). \"'Aggressive' winter meetings end with many winners\". USA Today. Retrieved January 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2014/12/11/mlb-winter-meetings-trades-dodgers-max-scherzer/20278411/","url_text":"\"'Aggressive' winter meetings end with many winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Plunkett, Bill (December 11, 2014). \"Kemp trade is latest piece of Dodgers' reconstruction\". Orange County Register. Retrieved January 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ocregister.com/articles/dodgers-644986-team-year.html","url_text":"\"Kemp trade is latest piece of Dodgers' reconstruction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register","url_text":"Orange County Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Sources: Anthony Rendon agrees to 7-year, $245M deal with Angels\". ESPN.com. ESPN. December 12, 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Clisson
Château de Clisson
["1 History","2 Art","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links","6.1 Bibliography"]
Castle in the commune of Clisson in the Loire-Atlantique département of France You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (July 2019) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Château de Clisson}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Château de ClissonClisson, France Château de ClissonCoordinates47°05′11″N 1°16′50″W / 47.086439°N 1.280465°W / 47.086439; -1.280465The Château de Clisson is a castle in the commune of Clisson in the Loire-Atlantique département of France. It stands on the right bank of the Sèvre Nantaise. History Within then independent Brittany, the castle, situated at a crossroads for Anjou and Poitou, was one of the great fortified places on the frontiers of the Duchy of Brittany The first Lords of Clisson occupied the site from the 11th century. They are mentioned for the first time in 1040. Clisson was then the seat of a powerful châtellenie covering 23 parishes. The castle Most of the present castle was built in the 13th century. Constructed by Guillaume de Clisson, on a rocky outcrop dominating the Sèvre Nantaise, its form at that time was an irregular polygon flanked by round towers and isolated from the rocky plateau by a shallow moat. In the 14th century, Olivier III de Clisson incorporated the gatehouse into a massive quadrilangular keep. The two semicircular towers of the gatehouse collapsed in the 17th century. The castle became the setting for the turbulent lives of Olivier IV de Clisson and Olivier V de Clisson, named Constable of France in succession to Du Guesclin in 1380. The castle is said to be haunted by Jeanne de Clisson wife of Olivier IV. In the 15th century, the fortifications were modernised to permit the use of artillery. In the second half of the century, the former entrance was modified and the curtain wall was extended and completed by a barbican. At the same time, the castle was enlarged to the west with a new rectangular enclosure nearly 100 m long, armed with towers with artillery casemates. The castle ruins (seen here in the 1890s) were a source of inspiration for Romantic artists After 1420, the castle became the property of the Duke of Brittany. It was one of the favourite residences of Duke Francis II who was remarried there, to Marguerite de Foix in 1474. He built a second rectangular enceinte flanked by artillery towers. Around 1590, the troubled period of the French Wars of Religion necessitated the construction of three terraced bastions on the south. Thus, three lines of defence in depth protected the site. Until the 17th century, the castle was the residence of the Avaugour family, descendants of François Ier d'Avaugour, illegitimate son of François II. He modified and transformed the castle to suit the tastes and fashions of the day. During the War in the Vendée, the town and its castle were burned by the Infernal columns of Jean-Baptiste Kléber. In 1807, the estate was bought by the sculptor François-Frédéric Lemot with the goal of conservation. During the 19th century, the ruined castle attracted Romantic painters and sculptors. The remains of the castle were classed as a monument historique by a French Ministry of Culture decree of 13 August 1924. In 1962, the castle was sold by the Lamot family to the Conseil général of the Loire-Atlantique, who carried out important restoration works with the assistance of the French Ministry of Culture. Art The castle was the subject of Jean Metzinger's painting, Le château de Clisson (1905), displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes. Gallery See also List of castles in France Clisson Église Notre Dame de Clisson Media related to Château de Clisson at Wikimedia Commons References ^ a b Base Mérimée: PA00108588, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) External links Base Mérimée: Château de Clisson, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) (in French) Official website of the town of Clisson Bibliography Leaflet Château de Clisson, forteresse médiévale, by the Conseil Général of Loire-Atlantique Authority control databases International VIAF Geographic Mérimée Structurae
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In the second half of the century, the former entrance was modified and the curtain wall was extended and completed by a barbican. At the same time, the castle was enlarged to the west with a new rectangular enclosure nearly 100 m long, armed with towers with artillery casemates.The castle ruins (seen here in the 1890s) were a source of inspiration for Romantic artistsAfter 1420, the castle became the property of the Duke of Brittany. It was one of the favourite residences of Duke Francis II who was remarried there, to Marguerite de Foix in 1474. He built a second rectangular enceinte flanked by artillery towers. Around 1590, the troubled period of the French Wars of Religion necessitated the construction of three terraced bastions on the south. Thus, three lines of defence in depth protected the site.Until the 17th century, the castle was the residence of the Avaugour family, descendants of François Ier d'Avaugour, illegitimate son of François II. He modified and transformed the castle to suit the tastes and fashions of the day. During the War in the Vendée, the town and its castle were burned by the Infernal columns of Jean-Baptiste Kléber. In 1807, the estate was bought by the sculptor François-Frédéric Lemot with the goal of conservation. During the 19th century, the ruined castle attracted Romantic painters and sculptors.The remains of the castle were classed as a monument historique by a French Ministry of Culture decree of 13 August 1924.[1] In 1962, the castle was sold by the Lamot family to the Conseil général of the Loire-Atlantique, who carried out important restoration works with the assistance of the French Ministry of Culture. [citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Metzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Metzinger"},{"link_name":"Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Nantes"}],"text":"The castle was the subject of Jean Metzinger's painting, Le château de Clisson (1905), displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes.","title":"Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChateaudeClisson.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CastleClissonFrance20100404.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DonjonChateauClisson20100404.jpeg"}],"title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinum_oedematum
Buccinum oedematum
["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 References","4 External links"]
Species of gastropod Buccinum oedematum A shell of Buccinum oedematum, the operculum in place glued onto cotton, but accidentally rotated through 180° Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Neogastropoda Family: Buccinidae Genus: Buccinum Species: B. oedematum Binomial name Buccinum oedematumDall, 1907 Synonyms Buccinum midori Habe & Ito, 1965 Buccinum oedematum, common name the swollen whelk, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks. Description The length of an adult shell reaches 84 mm. Distribution This cold-water species occurs in the Gulf of Alaska. and in the Okhotsk Sea. References ^ a b Buccinum oedematum Dall, 1907. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 19 June 2011. ^ von Szalay, P. G., M. E. Wilkins and M. H. Martin 2008 Data report: 2007 Gulf of Alaska bottom trawl survey. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-189, 247 p. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buccinum oedematum. "Buccinum oedematum". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 19 June 2011. Taxon identifiersBuccinum oedematum Wikidata: Q3706362 BOLD: 174701 CoL: NLGP GBIF: 2305075 IRMNG: 11180189 ITIS: 73732 NCBI: 57619 OBIS: 490835 Open Tree of Life: 504429 SeaLifeBase: 5330 WoRMS: 490835 This Buccinidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmaine_Neville
Charmaine Neville
["1 Biography","2 Solo albums","3 Album contributions","4 References","5 External links"]
American singer Charmaine NevilleNeville on Mardi Gras Day 2007Background informationBirth nameCharmaine NevilleBorn (1956-03-31) March 31, 1956 (age 68)OriginUnited StatesGenresJazz, funkOccupation(s)SingerInstrument(s)VocalsMusical artist Charmaine Neville (born March 31, 1956) is a New Orleans-based jazz singer. Biography Raised Catholic, she is the daughter of Charles Neville of The Neville Brothers. She is the lead singer of the Charmaine Neville Band, a jazz and funk band based in New Orleans. Other musicians in the Charmaine Neville Band include Amasa Miller, Detroit Brooks, Gerald French and Jesse Boyd. Neville was in the news due to the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, when the failure of the Federal levees swamped the city of New Orleans. Media reported her tale of witnessing cannibalism, alligator attacks, rape and eventual escape via a commandeered transit bus. Solo albums (1992) It's About Time (1992) All the Way Live at Snug Harbor (1996) Up Up Up (1996) Live at Bourbon Street Music Club (aka Live in Brazil) (1998) Queen of the Mardi Gras (2007) Jazz Fest Live 2007 Album contributions (1981) The Neville Brothers "Fiyo On The Bayou" (1988) "New New Orleans Music: Jump Jazz" with Ramsay McLean and the Survivors (1992) The Reggie Houston - Amasa Miller Trio "The Gazebo Sessions" (1992) "Christmas In New Orleans - R&B, Jazz and Gospel" (1996) Andrei Codrescu "Valley of Christmas" (2000) "New Prohibition" compilation (2000) Marva Wright "Marva" (2001) Freddy Omar "Latin Party in New Orleans" (2006) Nils Lofgren and Joe Sample "Creole Love Call" (2006) Mitch Woods "Big Easy Boogie" (2007) James "12" Andrews and The Crescent City Allstars "People Get Ready Now" References ^ a b Burnett, John (December 21, 2005). "More Stories Emerge of Rapes in Post-Katrina Chaos". NPR. ^ a b Mitchell, Greg (September 7, 2005). "Charmaine Neville's New Orleans Story: Horror and Heroism". Editor & Publisher. ^ "Charmaine Neville". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2016. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. ^ "Charmaine Neville Band performing at New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival". axs.com. March 24, 2014. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2017. ^ A Survivor's Story. Spike.com. September 7, 2005. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. ^ Britt, Donna (28 April 2006). "Charmaine Neville Stands by Story of Rapes, Alligator Attacks during Katrina". 9 News Extra. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charmaine Neville. Official website A Survivor's Story: New Orleans resident and Jazz musician Charmaine Neville recalls the horror of surviving Hurricane Katrina Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article about a jazz singer from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Anderson
Tay Anderson
["1 Early life and education","2 Early career","3 Political career","3.1 State House candidacy","4 Allegations of sexual assault","5 References"]
American politician Not to be confused with Tai Anderson or Ty Anderson. Tay AndersonDirector of theDenver Public SchoolsBoard of EducationIn officeDecember 4, 2019 – November 28, 2023 Personal detailsBorn (1998-07-05) July 5, 1998 (age 25)Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.Political partyDemocraticParentMia AndersonEducationManual High School Auon'tai M. "Tay" Anderson (born July 5, 1998) is an American politician and community organizer from Denver, Colorado. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a director of the Denver Public Schools Board of Education from 2019 to 2023. In September 2021, he was censured by the board for "behavior unbecoming of a board member" following an investigation of allegations against him. Early life and education Anderson was born to Mia Anderson, a single mother who was a teenager when he was born. He grew up in Kansas City, Kansas, and moved to Denver to attend high school. He attended two other schools before settling on Manual High School, where he later became student body president. While at Manual, he decided to run to become a director of the Denver Public Schools Board of Education. At the time he was 19 years old, thus becoming the second youngest person to date to run for a Denver school board. (In 1977, Meyer Persow, ne Kadovitz, was 18 years old when he ran for the Denver School Board, finishing 11th out of 18 candidates). Anderson lost that election, and instead enrolled at Metropolitan State University of Denver to study education and also began working in restorative justice within Denver Public Schools. He decided to run for the Board of Education again in 2019, campaigning on supporting low-performance schools, putting a pause on approving new charter schools, and reforming how punishment was conducted at schools. Anderson decisively won this election, and doing so ushered in Denver's first anti-reform, pro-union school board in over a decade. In a three-way race, he won about 51% of the total vote. He is one of the youngest elected officials in Colorado history, being just 21 at the time of his inauguration. Early career Anderson graduated from Manual High School in 2017. His professional experience includes working as a restorative practice coordinator at Denver North High School. He is affiliated with March for Our Lives - Colorado. Political career Anderson was inaugurated into the Denver School Board on December 4, 2019. The following January, Anderson helped pass a mandate requiring all Denver Public Schools to designate a gender-neutral bathroom, saying it would support the LGBT community. Additionally, Anderson has led an effort to remove the Denver Police Department from public schools within the city. Anderson was a de facto leader of Denver's George Floyd protests. State House candidacy On June 12, 2023, Anderson announced he was abandoning his Denver school board re-election campaign and would instead seek the 8th district seat in the 2024 Colorado House of Representatives election. The seat is currently held by Leslie Herod, who is term limited. Later, on January 9, 2024, Anderson announced he was withdrawing from the race, fearing that the number of black candidates in the race would divide the black vote and allow a non-black candidate to win. Allegations of sexual assault On March 26, 2021, Denver's Black Lives Matter affiliate, Black Lives Matter 5280, issued a statement saying a woman approached the organization in the previous month and reported that Anderson sexually assaulted her. The woman's name was not revealed in the statement, but she requested a public apology from Anderson and asked that he "seek help from a licensed professional with relevant expertise." Anderson issued a statement a day later denying the allegations. BLM5280 said Anderson "will not be welcome to share space with BLM5280 physically or on any of our platforms." After it released its initial statement, BLM5280 said "multiple" additional alleged victims had approached the organization to report that Anderson sexually assaulted them too. Anderson again denied wrongdoing, but told Westword magazine that "although I would have never intended for anyone to feel unsafe or uncomfortable around myself or others, I deeply apologize to the women-identifying members of NAC for the impact of my actions." On May 28, 2021, Denver Public Schools acknowledged that their board and the Denver Police Department were aware of new allegations of sexual assault against Anderson. Testimony before the Colorado State House Judiciary Committee on May 25 alleged the existence of a serial sexual predator within the school district, without naming Anderson specifically. Shortly thereafter police and the school district indicated they had been informed that the accusations were against Anderson specifically. After a third-party investigation was conducted, it was found that Fleming "had inconsistencies in her story, used inappropriate humor, and timed her report for Sexual Assault Awareness Month", leading the investigation to state the sexual assault allegations were unsubstantiated and "objectively implausible." Fleming refused to talk with the investigators, and nobody came forward to corroborate her allegations. The investigation also found "behavior unbecoming of a board member" which included "online flirtations with a 16-year-old student and coercive social media posts." Over 1000 students walked out of classrooms in protest of Anderson remaining on the board. The Denver school board voted 6-1 to censure Anderson for his behavior. Anderson was the sole vote in opposition to the measure, which was the first time the board had censured one of its own members. Anderson later pursued a defamation lawsuit (2021CV33673) against BLM5280, Fleming, and another political activist related to their public statements. In 2022, a Denver District Court judge dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that BLM 5280 "did not act with malice or reckless disregard for the truth." Following the dismissal of the case, the defendants filed for reimbursement of their legal fees under Colorado's Anti-SLAPP law. The judge agreed, and Anderson was ordered to pay $61,060 to BLM 5280 and Amy Brown. References ^ a b Paterson, Leigh (April 17, 2019). "Activism After Columbine, Then And Now". KUNC. Retrieved December 20, 2020. ^ Brambila, Nicole C. (November 28, 2023). "Auon'tai Anderson sits down for final interview before stepping off the school board". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2023. ^ TABACHNIK, Sam (September 20, 2021). "More than 1,000 Denver students stage walk-out to call for Tay Anderson's resignation". The Denver Post. Retrieved September 20, 2021. ^ a b Fleming, Sara (December 6, 2019). "Newly Inaugurated Tay Anderson Wants to Make the School Board More Accessible". Westword. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ Fine, Gabe (July 21, 2017). "Meet Tay Anderson, Denver's Youngest School Board Candidate". Westword. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ a b Asmar, Melanie (August 15, 2018). "College student, former candidate jumps into Denver school board race – early". Chalkbeat. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ Asmar, Melanie (November 6, 2019). "An end to Denver's school reform era? Teachers union-backed school board candidates win big". The Colorado Sun. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ Wingerter, Meg (November 7, 2019). "Final DPS results: Union-backed candidates win all 3 open school board seats". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ a b Oldham, Jennifer (June 4, 2020). "Colorado's youngest black elected official is now the face of Denver's protests". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ a b "Tay Anderson". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-01-04. ^ Lopez, Meghan (January 23, 2020). "When it comes to gender-neutral bathrooms, differing opinions prevail as DPS passes resolution". KMGH-TV. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ Sachs, David (June 5, 2020). "Seizing on movement against racist policing, Denver school board members aim to get officers out of public schools". Denverite. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ Balingit, Moriah; Strauss, Valerie; Bellware, Kim (June 12, 2020). "Fueled by protests, school districts across the country cut ties with police". The Washington Post. pp. A6. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020. ^ Brambila, Nicole (June 12, 2023). "Anderson drops out of Denver school board race, announced state House run for District 8". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023. ^ Goodland, Marianne (January 9, 2024). "Auon'tai Anderson drops out of state House race for 'preservation of Black political power'". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024. ^ Ricciardi, Tiney (2021-03-27). "DPS board member Tay Anderson denies sexual assault allegation". The Denver Post. Retrieved 2021-03-27. ^ Cook, Lanie Lee (2021-03-27). "Organization says 'multiple' women claim sexual assault against DPS board member Tay Anderson". Fox 31 Denver. Retrieved 2021-03-28. ^ Roberts, Michael (April 5, 2021). "Tay Anderson Apologizes After New Claims About Past Behavior Surface". Westword. Retrieved April 6, 2021. ^ "New sexual assault allegations against Denver school board member Tay Anderson emerge during legislative testimony". The Denver Post. 2021-05-29. Retrieved 2021-05-29. ^ "Tay Anderson investigation finds sexual assault claims unsubstantiated, but details "behavior unbecoming of a board member"". The Denver Post. 2021-09-15. Retrieved 2022-05-29. ^ "Denver school board votes to censure Tay Anderson". Chalkbeat. 2021-09-17. ^ "Auon'tai Anderson ordered to pay $61K in legal fees for defamation lawsuit". Fox 31 Denver. 2024-03-06. vteBlack Lives MatterPeople Melina Abdullah Tay Anderson Cat Brooks Cori Bush Gwen Carr Benjamin Crump Patrisse Cullors Aalayah Eastmond Johnetta Elzie Bruce Franks Jr. Darnella Frazier Erica Garner Alicia Garza Elle Hearns Sandy Hudson Blair Imani Natalie Aleta Jackson Marissa Johnson Sasha Johnson Jari Jones Tishaura Jones Mariame Kaba Colin Kaepernick Brittany Kamai Janaya Khan Shaun King Nekima Levy Armstrong Eva Lewis Tamika Mallory Philip McHarris DeRay Mckesson Muhiyidin Moye Bree Newsome Nikkita Oliver Ijeoma Oluo Brittany Packnett Cunningham Eugene Puryear Teressa Raiford Jen Reid Linda Sarsour Al Sharpton Samuel Sinyangwe Nova Stevens Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor John Thompson Ayọ Tometi Assa Traoré Syrus Marcus Ware Events2010s Ferguson unrest 2015 Baltimore protests 2015–2016 University of Missouri protests Dismissal of Robert Rialmo 2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest 2017 St. Louis protests 2020s Breonna Taylor protests George Floyd protests changes made name changes removal of monuments and memorials reactions trial of Derek Chauvin violence and controversies Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church police violence incidents Buffalo police shoving incident St. Louis gun-toting incident vehicle-ramming incidents Black Birders Week Blackout Tuesday Capitol Hill Occupied Protest Academic strike General strike Kenosha unrest shooting Athlete strikes 2020 Minneapolis false rumors riot 2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest Orisha Land Daunte Wright protests 2021 Uptown Minneapolis unrest vehicle-ramming attack Tyre Nichols protests Locations Protests in New York City List of George Floyd protests United States outside the United States List of Daunte Wright protests Deaths protested2009–2011 Oscar Grant Aiyana Jones James Anderson Mark Duggan Kenneth Chamberlain Sr. Anthony Lamar Smith 2012–2013 Ramarley Graham Trayvon Martin Rekia Boyd Jordan Davis Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams Tyrone West Larry Jackson Jr. Jonathan Ferrell Miriam Carey Renisha McBride 2014 Dontre Hamilton Eric Garner John Crawford III Michael Brown Ezell Ford Laquan McDonald Akai Gurley Tamir Rice Antonio Martin Jerame Reid 2015 Natasha McKenna Charley Leundeu Keunang Tony Robinson Anthony Hill Meagan Hockaday Eric Harris Walter Scott Freddie Gray William Chapman Charleston church shooting Jonathan Sanders Sandra Bland Samuel DuBose Mansur Ball-Bey Jeremy McDole Corey Jones Jamar Clark Mario Woods 2016 Greg Gunn Alton Sterling Philando Castile Joseph Mann Adama Traoré Abdirahman Abdi Paul O'Neal Korryn Gaines Jamarion Robinson Sylville Smith Elijah Doughty Terence Crutcher Keith Lamont Scott Alfred Olango Deborah Danner 2017 Jocques Clemmons Jordan Edwards Edson Da Costa Rashan Charles Patrick Harmon 2018 Anthony Weber Stephon Clark Marcus-David Peters Antwon Rose Jr. Markeis McGlockton Daniel Hambrick Botham Jean Tamla Horsford Jemel Roberson EJ Bradford Jr. 2019 George Robinson Willie McCoy Danquirs Franklin Javier Ambler Lassana Cisse Ronald Greene Pamela Turner Layleen Polanco Shukri Abdi Christopher Kapessa Elijah McClain Atatiana Jefferson 2020 Alvin Cole Ahmaud Arbery Manuel Ellis Breonna Taylor Daniel Prude Nina Pop George Floyd Dion Johnson Tony McDade Regis Korchinski-Paquet James Scurlock David McAtee Oluwatoyin Salau Carlos Carson Rayshard Brooks Julian Lewis Dijon Kizzee Marcellis Stinnette Chaniece Wallace Walter Wallace Andre Hill Dolal Idd 2021 Marvin Scott Adam Toledo Daunte Wright Lindani Myeni Ma'Khia Bryant Andrew Brown Jr. Winston Boogie Smith Leneal Frazier 2022 Amir Locke Patrick Lyoya Jayland Walker Donovan Lewis 2023 Keenan Anderson Tyre Nichols Irvo Otieno Jordan Neely Ricky Cobb II Johnny Hollman Ta'Kiya Young Leonard Cure 2024 Dexter Reed Roger Fortson Other casesprotested Kalief Browder 2015 Texas pool party incident Shooting of Charles Kinsey Shooting of Jacob Blake Shooting of Ralph Yarl Rankin County torture incident In popular cultureArt New York City Bust of George Floyd Portland, Oregon George Floyd mural We Stand with You Say Their Names Statue of George Floyd Street murals Cincinnati Indianapolis Portland, Oregon Salt Lake City Santa Cruz, California Seattle Capitol Hill City Hall Springfield, Massachusetts Books All American Boys Black Software Blackout Brit(ish) Dear Martin The Hate U Give His Name Is George Floyd I Can't Breathe: A Killing on Bay Street Rest in Power: The Enduring Life of Trayvon Martin Film 16 Shots 3 1/2 Minutes, 10 Bullets American Son Bars4Justice Fruitvale Station Generation Revolution The Hate U Give Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement Stranger Fruit Two Distant Strangers Whose Streets? Music "Alright" "Angel Down" "The Bigger Picture" "Black Parade" "Can't Put It in the Hands of Fate" "Chains" "Cop vs. Phone Girl" "Don't Shoot" "Formation" "Freedom" "Hell You Talmbout" "I Can't Breathe" "Lavender (Nightfall Remix)" "Loyal Like Sid & Nancy" "Otherside of America" "Riot" "Rockstar (BLM Remix)" The Seven Last Words of the Unarmed "Snow on tha Bluff" "This Is America" "What They'll Say About Us" "White Privilege II" Other Colin in Black & White 8:46 "Holding a Black Lives Matter Sign in America's Most Racist Town" Our Lady of Ferguson Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge Woke (TV series) Activist groups 8 to Abolition Assata's Daughters Black Feminist Future Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation Black Visions Collective BlackinChem BYP100 Campaign Zero Don't Shoot Portland Millennial Activists United Mothers of Gynecology Movement Mothers of the Movement Movement for Black Lives Peoples Power Assemblies #SayHerName Stop Cop City Street Riders NYC Taking the Initiative Party Wall of Moms White Coats for Black Lives Proposedlegislation BREATHE Act Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm Ending Qualified Immunity Act George Floyd Justice in Policing Act George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act Safety, Accountability, Fairness and Equity-Today Act List of police reforms related to the George Floyd protests Groups associatedwith opposition All Lives Matter Alt-right Black Guns Matter Blue Lives Matter Patriot Front Russian disinformation campaigns Trump administration United Citizens' Alarm White Lives Matter Related 2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States 2020–2023 United States racial unrest list of incidents Black Lives Matter Plaza Black maternal mortality in the United States Criminal stereotype of African Americans Defund the police Driving while black Running while Black shopping while black Ferguson effect George Floyd Square Hands up, don't shoot I can't breathe National anthem protests Native Lives Matter No justice, no peace Police abolition movement 2021 Minneapolis Question 2 Police accountability blue wall of silence gypsy cops police perjury qualified immunity Police brutality militarization pain compliance use of deadly force use of torture Police misconduct false arrest racial profiling ticket quota Racial bias in criminal news Rest in power Save the Boards Taking the knee Terry stop The talk Woke Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tai Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Ty Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Anderson"},{"link_name":"community organizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing"},{"link_name":"Denver, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunc-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Denver Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp210920-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Tai Anderson or Ty Anderson.Auon'tai M. \"Tay\" Anderson (born July 5, 1998) is an American politician and community organizer from Denver, Colorado.[1] A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a director of the Denver Public Schools Board of Education from 2019 to 2023.[2] In September 2021, he was censured by the board for \"behavior unbecoming of a board member\" following an investigation of allegations against him.[3]","title":"Tay Anderson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_parent"},{"link_name":"teenager when he was born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunc-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MoreAccessible-4"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Manual High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_High_School_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"student body president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_body_president"},{"link_name":"Denver Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan State University of Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_State_University_of_Denver"},{"link_name":"restorative justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorative_justice"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FaceOfProtests-9"}],"text":"Anderson was born to Mia Anderson, a single mother who was a teenager when he was born.[1][4] He grew up in Kansas City, Kansas, and moved to Denver to attend high school.[5] He attended two other schools before settling on Manual High School, where he later became student body president. While at Manual, he decided to run to become a director of the Denver Public Schools Board of Education. At the time he was 19 years old, thus becoming the second youngest person to date to run for a Denver school board. (In 1977, Meyer Persow, ne Kadovitz, was 18 years old when he ran for the Denver School Board, finishing 11th out of 18 candidates).Anderson lost that election, and instead enrolled at Metropolitan State University of Denver to study education and also began working in restorative justice within Denver Public Schools.[6] He decided to run for the Board of Education again in 2019, campaigning on supporting low-performance schools, putting a pause on approving new charter schools, and reforming how punishment was conducted at schools. Anderson decisively won this election, and doing so ushered in Denver's first anti-reform, pro-union school board in over a decade.[7] In a three-way race, he won about 51% of the total vote.[8] He is one of the youngest elected officials in Colorado history, being just 21 at the time of his inauguration.[9]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"text":"Anderson graduated from Manual High School in 2017.[10] His professional experience includes working as a restorative practice coordinator at Denver North High School.[6] He is affiliated with March for Our Lives - Colorado.[10]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MoreAccessible-4"},{"link_name":"gender-neutral bathroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet"},{"link_name":"LGBT community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Denver Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"George Floyd protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FaceOfProtests-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Anderson was inaugurated into the Denver School Board on December 4, 2019.[4] The following January, Anderson helped pass a mandate requiring all Denver Public Schools to designate a gender-neutral bathroom, saying it would support the LGBT community.[11] Additionally, Anderson has led an effort to remove the Denver Police Department from public schools within the city.[12] Anderson was a de facto leader of Denver's George Floyd protests.[9][13]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leslie Herod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Herod"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"State House candidacy","text":"On June 12, 2023, Anderson announced he was abandoning his Denver school board re-election campaign and would instead seek the 8th district seat in the 2024 Colorado House of Representatives election. The seat is currently held by Leslie Herod, who is term limited.[14] Later, on January 9, 2024, Anderson announced he was withdrawing from the race, fearing that the number of black candidates in the race would divide the black vote and allow a non-black candidate to win.[15]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Westword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westword"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apology-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp210915-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chalkbeat-21"},{"link_name":"SLAPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAPP"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"On March 26, 2021, Denver's Black Lives Matter affiliate, Black Lives Matter 5280, issued a statement saying a woman approached the organization in the previous month and reported that Anderson sexually assaulted her. The woman's name was not revealed in the statement, but she requested a public apology from Anderson and asked that he \"seek help from a licensed professional with relevant expertise.\" Anderson issued a statement a day later denying the allegations. BLM5280 said Anderson \"will not be welcome to share space with BLM5280 physically or on any of our platforms.\"[16] After it released its initial statement, BLM5280 said \"multiple\" additional alleged victims had approached the organization to report that Anderson sexually assaulted them too.[17] Anderson again denied wrongdoing, but told Westword magazine that \"although I would have never intended for anyone to feel unsafe or uncomfortable around myself or others, I deeply apologize to the women-identifying members of NAC for the impact of my actions.\"[18]On May 28, 2021, Denver Public Schools acknowledged that their board and the Denver Police Department were aware of new allegations of sexual assault against Anderson. Testimony before the Colorado State House Judiciary Committee on May 25 alleged the existence of a serial sexual predator within the school district, without naming Anderson specifically. Shortly thereafter police and the school district indicated they had been informed that the accusations were against Anderson specifically.[19]After a third-party investigation was conducted, it was found that Fleming \"had inconsistencies in her story, used inappropriate humor, and timed her report for Sexual Assault Awareness Month\", leading the investigation to state the sexual assault allegations were unsubstantiated and \"objectively implausible.\" Fleming refused to talk with the investigators, and nobody came forward to corroborate her allegations. The investigation also found \"behavior unbecoming of a board member\" which included \"online flirtations with a 16-year-old student and coercive social media posts.\" Over 1000 students walked out of classrooms in protest of Anderson remaining on the board. [20] The Denver school board voted 6-1 to censure Anderson for his behavior. Anderson was the sole vote in opposition to the measure, which was the first time the board had censured one of its own members. [21]Anderson later pursued a defamation lawsuit (2021CV33673) against BLM5280, Fleming, and another political activist related to their public statements. In 2022, a Denver District Court judge dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that BLM 5280 \"did not act with malice or reckless disregard for the truth.\" Following the dismissal of the case, the defendants filed for reimbursement of their legal fees under Colorado's Anti-SLAPP law. The judge agreed, and Anderson was ordered to pay $61,060 to BLM 5280 and Amy Brown.[22]","title":"Allegations of sexual assault"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Paterson, Leigh (April 17, 2019). \"Activism After Columbine, Then And Now\". KUNC. Retrieved December 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kunc.org/guns-america/2019-04-17/activism-after-columbine-then-and-now","url_text":"\"Activism After Columbine, Then And Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUNC","url_text":"KUNC"}]},{"reference":"Brambila, Nicole C. (November 28, 2023). \"Auon'tai Anderson sits down for final interview before stepping off the school board\". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coloradopolitics.com/denver/auontai-anderson-final-interview-before-leaving-school-board/article_4a84a11b-13b2-5a0e-a7f9-1e5df5368d48.html","url_text":"\"Auon'tai Anderson sits down for final interview before stepping off the school board\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231128193752/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/denver/auontai-anderson-final-interview-before-leaving-school-board/article_4a84a11b-13b2-5a0e-a7f9-1e5df5368d48.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"TABACHNIK, Sam (September 20, 2021). \"More than 1,000 Denver students stage walk-out to call for Tay Anderson's resignation\". The Denver Post. Retrieved September 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2021/09/20/denver-school-walkout-tay-anderson-censure/","url_text":"\"More than 1,000 Denver students stage walk-out to call for Tay Anderson's resignation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post","url_text":"The Denver Post"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Sara (December 6, 2019). \"Newly Inaugurated Tay Anderson Wants to Make the School Board More Accessible\". Westword. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westword.com/news/tay-anderson-new-school-board-members-inaugurated-11561733","url_text":"\"Newly Inaugurated Tay Anderson Wants to Make the School Board More Accessible\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westword","url_text":"Westword"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033302/https://www.westword.com/news/tay-anderson-new-school-board-members-inaugurated-11561733","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fine, Gabe (July 21, 2017). \"Meet Tay Anderson, Denver's Youngest School Board Candidate\". Westword. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westword.com/news/tay-anderson-is-the-youngest-candidate-for-denver-school-board-9246081","url_text":"\"Meet Tay Anderson, Denver's Youngest School Board Candidate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westword","url_text":"Westword"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033244/https://www.westword.com/news/tay-anderson-is-the-youngest-candidate-for-denver-school-board-9246081","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Asmar, Melanie (August 15, 2018). \"College student, former candidate jumps into Denver school board race – early\". Chalkbeat. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://co.chalkbeat.org/2018/8/15/21108383/college-student-former-candidate-jumps-into-denver-school-board-race-early","url_text":"\"College student, former candidate jumps into Denver school board race – early\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkbeat","url_text":"Chalkbeat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033323/https://co.chalkbeat.org/2018/8/15/21108383/college-student-former-candidate-jumps-into-denver-school-board-race-early","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Asmar, Melanie (November 6, 2019). \"An end to Denver's school reform era? Teachers union-backed school board candidates win big\". The Colorado Sun. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://coloradosun.com/2019/11/06/denver-school-board-election-results/","url_text":"\"An end to Denver's school reform era? Teachers union-backed school board candidates win big\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colorado_Sun","url_text":"The Colorado Sun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033243/https://coloradosun.com/2019/11/06/denver-school-board-election-results/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wingerter, Meg (November 7, 2019). \"Final DPS results: Union-backed candidates win all 3 open school board seats\". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2019/11/07/dps-denver-school-board-election/","url_text":"\"Final DPS results: Union-backed candidates win all 3 open school board seats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post","url_text":"The Denver Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033301/https://www.denverpost.com/2019/11/07/dps-denver-school-board-election/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oldham, Jennifer (June 4, 2020). \"Colorado's youngest black elected official is now the face of Denver's protests\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/colorados-youngest-black-elected-official-is-now-the-face-of-denvers-protests/2020/06/04/b6f92410-a674-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html","url_text":"\"Colorado's youngest black elected official is now the face of Denver's protests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033316/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/colorados-youngest-black-elected-official-is-now-the-face-of-denvers-protests/2020/06/04/b6f92410-a674-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tay Anderson\". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotpedia.org/Tay_Anderson","url_text":"\"Tay Anderson\""}]},{"reference":"Lopez, Meghan (January 23, 2020). \"When it comes to gender-neutral bathrooms, differing opinions prevail as DPS passes resolution\". KMGH-TV. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/360/when-it-comes-to-gender-neutral-bathrooms-differing-opinions-prevail-as-dps-passes-resolution","url_text":"\"When it comes to gender-neutral bathrooms, differing opinions prevail as DPS passes resolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMGH-TV","url_text":"KMGH-TV"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033245/https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/360/when-it-comes-to-gender-neutral-bathrooms-differing-opinions-prevail-as-dps-passes-resolution","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sachs, David (June 5, 2020). \"Seizing on movement against racist policing, Denver school board members aim to get officers out of public schools\". Denverite. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://denverite.com/2020/06/05/seizing-on-movement-against-racist-policing-denver-school-board-members-aim-to-get-officers-out-of-public-schools/","url_text":"\"Seizing on movement against racist policing, Denver school board members aim to get officers out of public schools\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033248/https://denverite.com/2020/06/05/seizing-on-movement-against-racist-policing-denver-school-board-members-aim-to-get-officers-out-of-public-schools/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Balingit, Moriah; Strauss, Valerie; Bellware, Kim (June 12, 2020). \"Fueled by protests, school districts across the country cut ties with police\". The Washington Post. pp. A6. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/06/12/schools-police-george-floyd-protests/","url_text":"\"Fueled by protests, school districts across the country cut ties with police\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033317/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/06/12/schools-police-george-floyd-protests/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brambila, Nicole (June 12, 2023). \"Anderson drops out of Denver school board race, announced state House run for District 8\". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230612184658/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/auontai-anderson-announces-state-representative-candidacy/article_bd78f086-a787-5eb1-af9a-966446172702.html","url_text":"\"Anderson drops out of Denver school board race, announced state House run for District 8\""},{"url":"https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/auontai-anderson-announces-state-representative-candidacy/article_bd78f086-a787-5eb1-af9a-966446172702.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goodland, Marianne (January 9, 2024). \"Auon'tai Anderson drops out of state House race for 'preservation of Black political power'\". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/anderson-drops-out-of-hd8-primary/article_4d5ac8ea-af0a-11ee-bd1f-cbde77ea6bf8.html","url_text":"\"Auon'tai Anderson drops out of state House race for 'preservation of Black political power'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240109192734/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/anderson-drops-out-of-hd8-primary/article_4d5ac8ea-af0a-11ee-bd1f-cbde77ea6bf8.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ricciardi, Tiney (2021-03-27). \"DPS board member Tay Anderson denies sexual assault allegation\". The Denver Post. Retrieved 2021-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2021/03/27/tay-anderson-sexual-assault-denial/","url_text":"\"DPS board member Tay Anderson denies sexual assault allegation\""}]},{"reference":"Cook, Lanie Lee (2021-03-27). \"Organization says 'multiple' women claim sexual assault against DPS board member Tay Anderson\". Fox 31 Denver. Retrieved 2021-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://kdvr.com/news/local/organization-says-multiple-women-claim-sexual-assault-against-dps-board-member-tay-anderson/","url_text":"\"Organization says 'multiple' women claim sexual assault against DPS board member Tay Anderson\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Michael (April 5, 2021). \"Tay Anderson Apologizes After New Claims About Past Behavior Surface\". Westword. Retrieved April 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westword.com/news/tay-anderson-new-claims-past-behavior-update-11936495","url_text":"\"Tay Anderson Apologizes After New Claims About Past Behavior Surface\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westword","url_text":"Westword"}]},{"reference":"\"New sexual assault allegations against Denver school board member Tay Anderson emerge during legislative testimony\". The Denver Post. 2021-05-29. Retrieved 2021-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2021/05/28/tay-anderson-sexual-assault-allegations-denver-school-board/","url_text":"\"New sexual assault allegations against Denver school board member Tay Anderson emerge during legislative testimony\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tay Anderson investigation finds sexual assault claims unsubstantiated, but details \"behavior unbecoming of a board member\"\". The Denver Post. 2021-09-15. Retrieved 2022-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2021/09/15/tay-anderson-sexual-assault-investigation-report/","url_text":"\"Tay Anderson investigation finds sexual assault claims unsubstantiated, but details \"behavior unbecoming of a board member\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Denver school board votes to censure Tay Anderson\". Chalkbeat. 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://co.chalkbeat.org/2021/9/17/22679743/tay-anderson-colorado-censure-vote-results-denver-school-board","url_text":"\"Denver school board votes to censure Tay Anderson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Auon'tai Anderson ordered to pay $61K in legal fees for defamation lawsuit\". Fox 31 Denver. 2024-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://kdvr.com/news/local/auontai-anderson-ordered-to-pay-61k-in-legal-fees-for-defamation-lawsuit/","url_text":"\"Auon'tai Anderson ordered to pay $61K in legal fees for defamation lawsuit\""}]}]
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Teachers union-backed school board candidates win big\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033243/https://coloradosun.com/2019/11/06/denver-school-board-election-results/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.denverpost.com/2019/11/07/dps-denver-school-board-election/","external_links_name":"\"Final DPS results: Union-backed candidates win all 3 open school board seats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033301/https://www.denverpost.com/2019/11/07/dps-denver-school-board-election/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/colorados-youngest-black-elected-official-is-now-the-face-of-denvers-protests/2020/06/04/b6f92410-a674-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Colorado's youngest black elected official is now the face of Denver's protests\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033316/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/colorados-youngest-black-elected-official-is-now-the-face-of-denvers-protests/2020/06/04/b6f92410-a674-11ea-b619-3f9133bbb482_story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Tay_Anderson","external_links_name":"\"Tay Anderson\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/360/when-it-comes-to-gender-neutral-bathrooms-differing-opinions-prevail-as-dps-passes-resolution","external_links_name":"\"When it comes to gender-neutral bathrooms, differing opinions prevail as DPS passes resolution\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033245/https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/360/when-it-comes-to-gender-neutral-bathrooms-differing-opinions-prevail-as-dps-passes-resolution","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://denverite.com/2020/06/05/seizing-on-movement-against-racist-policing-denver-school-board-members-aim-to-get-officers-out-of-public-schools/","external_links_name":"\"Seizing on movement against racist policing, Denver school board members aim to get officers out of public schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033248/https://denverite.com/2020/06/05/seizing-on-movement-against-racist-policing-denver-school-board-members-aim-to-get-officers-out-of-public-schools/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/06/12/schools-police-george-floyd-protests/","external_links_name":"\"Fueled by protests, school districts across the country cut ties with 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'preservation of Black political power'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240109192734/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/anderson-drops-out-of-hd8-primary/article_4d5ac8ea-af0a-11ee-bd1f-cbde77ea6bf8.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.denverpost.com/2021/03/27/tay-anderson-sexual-assault-denial/","external_links_name":"\"DPS board member Tay Anderson denies sexual assault allegation\""},{"Link":"https://kdvr.com/news/local/organization-says-multiple-women-claim-sexual-assault-against-dps-board-member-tay-anderson/","external_links_name":"\"Organization says 'multiple' women claim sexual assault against DPS board member Tay Anderson\""},{"Link":"https://www.westword.com/news/tay-anderson-new-claims-past-behavior-update-11936495","external_links_name":"\"Tay Anderson Apologizes After New Claims About Past Behavior Surface\""},{"Link":"https://www.denverpost.com/2021/05/28/tay-anderson-sexual-assault-allegations-denver-school-board/","external_links_name":"\"New sexual assault allegations against Denver school board member Tay Anderson emerge during legislative testimony\""},{"Link":"https://www.denverpost.com/2021/09/15/tay-anderson-sexual-assault-investigation-report/","external_links_name":"\"Tay Anderson investigation finds sexual assault claims unsubstantiated, but details \"behavior unbecoming of a board member\"\""},{"Link":"https://co.chalkbeat.org/2021/9/17/22679743/tay-anderson-colorado-censure-vote-results-denver-school-board","external_links_name":"\"Denver school board votes to censure Tay Anderson\""},{"Link":"https://kdvr.com/news/local/auontai-anderson-ordered-to-pay-61k-in-legal-fees-for-defamation-lawsuit/","external_links_name":"\"Auon'tai Anderson ordered to pay $61K in legal fees for defamation lawsuit\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Industrial_Heritage_Trail
Industrial Heritage Trail
["1 The route","2 The attractions","3 Visitor centres and anchor points","4 Theme routes","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Network of tourist attractions in and around the Ruhr Area, Germany Instruction plate of the main trail The Industrial Heritage Trail (German: Route der Industriekultur) links tourist attractions related to the industrial heritage in the Ruhr area in Germany. It is a part of the European Route of Industrial Heritage. The series of routes were developed between 1989 and 1999, however additions are still being made. The route The trail network connects museums and exhibitions that present the industrial revolution during the last 750 years in the Ruhr area. It includes 400 km of road network and about 700 km of bicycle tracks. The attractions There are 52 main attractions on the trail. Bochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum German Inland Waterways Museum Villa Hügel Zeche Carl Visitor centres and anchor points German Inland Waterways Museum Duisburg Inner Harbour Oberhausen Industrial Museum Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord Gasometer Oberhausen Aquarius Water Museum Villa Hügel Nordsternpark World Heritage Site Zeche Zollverein Marl Chemical Park Bochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum Henrichshütte Centennial Hall Bochum Recklinghausen Substation German Mining Museum Zeche Nachtigall Henrichenburg boat lift German Occupational Safety Exhibition (DASA) Hansa Coking Plant Zeche Zollern II/IV Hohenhof Hagen Open-air Museum Lindenbrauerei Unna Maximilianpark Hamm Halde Rheinpreußen Theme routes Duisburg: Town and Harbour Zollverein Industrial Landscape Duisburg: Industrial Culture on the Rhine Oberhausen: Industry makes the Town Krupp and the Town of Essen Dortmund: Dreiklang Coal, Steel and Bier Industrial Culture on the Lippe Erzbahn-Emscherbruch Industrial Culture at Volme and Ennepe Brine, Steam and Coal Early Industrialisation The History and the Present of the Ruhr On the Way to the Blue Emscher Canals and Shipping Railways in the Area Westphalia Mining Route Rhenish Mining Route Chemistry, Glass and Energy Workers' Settlements Entrepreneurial Villas Bread, Grain and Beer Myth of the Ruhr Region Historic Parks and Gardens Industry/Nature Panoramas and Landmarks Sacred Buildings Iron and Steel Water: Works, Towers and Turbines Bochum: Industrial Culture in the Heart of the Region Ruhr Industrial Heritage Trail – Gelsenkirchen (in preparation) Ruhr Industrial Heritage Trail by bike In the category Panoramas are many spoil tips, e.g. here the Halde Rheinpreußen Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord The glass elephant in Hamm Tetrahedron in Bottrop vteIndustrial Heritage Trail (Ruhr) – Visitor Centres, Anchor Points, Theme RoutesVisitor centres andanchor points German Inland Waterways Museum Duisburg Inner Harbour Oberhausen Industrial Museum Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord Gasometer Oberhausen Aquarius Water Museum Villa Hügel Nordsternpark World Heritage Site Zeche Zollverein Marl Chemical Park Bochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum Henrichshütte Centennial Hall Bochum Recklinghausen Substation German Mining Museum Zeche Nachtigall Henrichenburg boat lift German Occupational Safety Exhibition (DASA) Hansa Coking Plant Zeche Zollern II/IV Hohenhof Hagen Open-air Museum Lindenbrauerei Unna Maximilianpark Hamm Halde Rheinpreußen Theme routes Duisburg: Town and Harbour Zollverein Industrial Landscape Duisburg: Industrial Culture on the Rhine Oberhausen: Industry makes the Town Krupp and the Town of Essen Dortmund: Dreiklang Coal, Steel and Bier Industrial Culture on the Lippe Erzbahn-Emscherbruch Industrial Culture at Volme and Ennepe Brine, Steam and Coal Early Industrialisation The History and the Present of the Ruhr On the Way to the Blue Emscher Canals and Shipping Railways in the Area Westphalia Mining Route Rhenish Mining Route Chemistry, Glass and Energy Workers' Settlements Entrepreneurial Villas Bread, Grain and Beer Myth of the Ruhr Region Historic Parks and Gardens Industry/Nature Panoramas and Landmarks Sacred Buildings Iron and Steel Water: Works, Towers and Turbines Bochum: Industrial Culture in the Heart of the Region Ruhr Industrial Heritage Trail – Gelsenkirchen (in preparation) Ruhr Industrial Heritage Trail by bike See also History of the Ruhr District References ^ "What is the Industrial Heritage Trail?". Retrieved 2009-05-02. ^ Jaquet, Pierre. "Route der Industriekultur". www.ruhr-guide.de (in German). Ruhr Guide. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ "Routes". Retrieved 2009-05-02. External links Media related to Route der Industriekultur at Wikimedia Commons www.route-industriekultur.de Archived 2016-01-09 at the Portuguese Web Archive (in German and English) Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 National Germany 2 3 This German road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This industry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a North Rhine-Westphalian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RouteIndustriekultur_Hinweisschild_schmal.svg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"industrial heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_heritage"},{"link_name":"Ruhr area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_area"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"European Route of Industrial Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaquet-2"}],"text":"Instruction plate of the main trailThe Industrial Heritage Trail (German: Route der Industriekultur) links tourist attractions related to the industrial heritage in the Ruhr area in Germany.[1] It is a part of the European Route of Industrial Heritage. The series of routes were developed between 1989 and 1999, however additions are still being made.[2]","title":"Industrial Heritage Trail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The trail network connects museums and exhibitions that present the industrial revolution during the last 750 years in the Ruhr area. It includes 400 km of road network and about 700 km of bicycle tracks.[3]","title":"The route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum_Dahlhausen_Railway_Museum"},{"link_name":"German Inland Waterways Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Inland_Waterways_Museum"},{"link_name":"Villa Hügel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_H%C3%BCgel"},{"link_name":"Zeche Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeche_Carl"}],"text":"There are 52 main attractions on the trail.Bochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum\nGerman Inland Waterways Museum\nVilla Hügel\nZeche Carl","title":"The attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Inland Waterways Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Inland_Waterways_Museum"},{"link_name":"Duisburg Inner Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duisburg_Inner_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Oberhausen Industrial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LVR-Industriemuseum_Oberhausen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landschaftspark_Duisburg-Nord"},{"link_name":"Gasometer Oberhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasometer_Oberhausen"},{"link_name":"Aquarius Water Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquarius_Water_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Villa Hügel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_H%C3%BCgel"},{"link_name":"Nordsternpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsternpark"},{"link_name":"Zeche Zollverein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollverein_Coal_Mine_Industrial_Complex"},{"link_name":"Marl Chemical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marl_Chemical_Park"},{"link_name":"Bochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum_Dahlhausen_Railway_Museum"},{"link_name":"Henrichshütte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henrichsh%C3%BCtte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Centennial Hall Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Hall_(Bochum)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Recklinghausen Substation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recklinghausen_Substation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"German Mining Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Mining_Museum"},{"link_name":"Zeche Nachtigall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeche_Nachtigall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henrichenburg boat lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrichenburg_boat_lift"},{"link_name":"German Occupational Safety Exhibition (DASA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Occupational_Safety_Exhibition_(DASA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hansa Coking Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansa_Coking_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zeche Zollern II/IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeche_Zollern"},{"link_name":"Hohenhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenhof"},{"link_name":"Hagen Open-air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen_Open-air_Museum"},{"link_name":"Lindenbrauerei Unna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindenbrauerei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maximilianpark Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximilianpark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Halde Rheinpreußen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halde_Rheinpreu%C3%9Fen"}],"text":"German Inland Waterways Museum\nDuisburg Inner Harbour\nOberhausen Industrial Museum\nLandschaftspark Duisburg-Nord\nGasometer Oberhausen\nAquarius Water Museum\nVilla Hügel\nNordsternpark\nWorld Heritage Site Zeche Zollverein\nMarl Chemical Park\nBochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum\nHenrichshütte\nCentennial Hall Bochum\nRecklinghausen Substation\nGerman Mining Museum\nZeche Nachtigall\nHenrichenburg boat lift\nGerman Occupational Safety Exhibition (DASA)\nHansa Coking Plant\nZeche Zollern II/IV\nHohenhof\nHagen Open-air Museum\nLindenbrauerei Unna\nMaximilianpark Hamm\nHalde Rheinpreußen","title":"Visitor centres and anchor points"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duisburg: Town and Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Duisburg:_Town_and_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Zollverein Industrial Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Zollverein_Industrial_Landscape&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duisburg: Industrial Culture on the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Duisburg:_Industrial_Culture_on_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Oberhausen: Industry makes the Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Oberhausen:_Industry_makes_the_Town&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Krupp and the Town of Essen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Krupp_and_the_Town_of_Essen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dortmund: Dreiklang Coal, Steel and Bier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Dortmund:_Dreiklang_Coal,_Steel_and_Bier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Industrial Culture on the Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Industrial_Culture_on_the_Lippe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erzbahn-Emscherbruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Erzbahn-Emscherbruch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Industrial Culture at Volme and Ennepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Industrial_Culture_at_Volme_and_Ennepe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brine, Steam and Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Brine,_Steam_and_Coal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Early Industrialisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Early_Industrialisation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The History and the Present of the Ruhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_The_History_and_the_Present_of_the_Ruhr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"On the Way to the Blue Emscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_On_the_Way_to_the_Blue_Emscher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canals and Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Canals_and_Shipping&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Railways in the Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Railways_in_the_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Westphalia Mining Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Westphalia_Mining_Route&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhenish Mining Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Rhenish_Mining_Route&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chemistry, Glass and Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Chemistry,_Glass_and_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Workers' Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Workers%27_Settlements&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Entrepreneurial Villas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Entrepreneurial_Villas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bread, Grain and Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Bread,_Grain_and_Beer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myth of the Ruhr Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Myth_of_the_Ruhr_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Historic Parks and Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Historic_Parks_and_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Industry/Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Industry/Nature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panoramas and Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Panoramas_and_Landmarks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sacred Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Sacred_Buildings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iron and Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Iron_and_Steel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Water: Works, Towers and Turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Water:_Works,_Towers_and_Turbines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bochum: Industrial Culture in the Heart of the Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Bochum:_Industrial_Culture_in_the_Heart_of_the_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruhr Industrial Heritage Trail by bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_by_bike&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grubenlampe,_Halde_Rheinpreu%C3%9Fen,_Blaue_Stunde,_2010-10-09,_I.jpg"},{"link_name":"Halde Rheinpreußen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halde_Rheinpreu%C3%9Fen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LaPaDu_Panorama_2010-10-03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landschaftspark_Duisburg-Nord"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elefantengeb%C3%A4ude_-Maximilian_Park-2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetraeder_zur_blauen_Stunde,_Bottrop_-_0402B.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron_in_Bottrop"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail"},{"link_name":"Industrial Heritage Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"German Inland Waterways Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Inland_Waterways_Museum"},{"link_name":"Duisburg Inner Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duisburg_Inner_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Oberhausen Industrial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LVR-Industriemuseum_Oberhausen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landschaftspark_Duisburg-Nord"},{"link_name":"Gasometer Oberhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasometer_Oberhausen"},{"link_name":"Aquarius Water Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquarius_Water_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Villa Hügel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_H%C3%BCgel"},{"link_name":"Nordsternpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsternpark"},{"link_name":"Zeche Zollverein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollverein_Coal_Mine_Industrial_Complex"},{"link_name":"Marl Chemical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marl_Chemical_Park"},{"link_name":"Bochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum_Dahlhausen_Railway_Museum"},{"link_name":"Henrichshütte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henrichsh%C3%BCtte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Centennial Hall Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Hall_(Bochum)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Recklinghausen Substation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recklinghausen_Substation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"German Mining Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Mining_Museum"},{"link_name":"Zeche Nachtigall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeche_Nachtigall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henrichenburg boat lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrichenburg_boat_lift"},{"link_name":"German Occupational Safety Exhibition (DASA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Occupational_Safety_Exhibition_(DASA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hansa Coking Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansa_Coking_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zeche Zollern II/IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeche_Zollern"},{"link_name":"Hohenhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenhof"},{"link_name":"Hagen Open-air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen_Open-air_Museum"},{"link_name":"Lindenbrauerei Unna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindenbrauerei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maximilianpark Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximilianpark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Halde Rheinpreußen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halde_Rheinpreu%C3%9Fen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RouteIndustriekultur_Hinweisschild_schmal.svg"},{"link_name":"Duisburg: Town and Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Duisburg:_Town_and_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Zollverein Industrial Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Zollverein_Industrial_Landscape&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duisburg: Industrial Culture on the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Duisburg:_Industrial_Culture_on_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Oberhausen: Industry makes the Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Oberhausen:_Industry_makes_the_Town&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Krupp and the Town of Essen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Krupp_and_the_Town_of_Essen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dortmund: Dreiklang Coal, Steel and Bier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Dortmund:_Dreiklang_Coal,_Steel_and_Bier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Industrial Culture on the Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Industrial_Culture_on_the_Lippe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erzbahn-Emscherbruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Erzbahn-Emscherbruch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Industrial Culture at Volme and Ennepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Industrial_Culture_at_Volme_and_Ennepe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brine, Steam and Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Brine,_Steam_and_Coal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Early Industrialisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Early_Industrialisation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The History and the Present of the Ruhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_The_History_and_the_Present_of_the_Ruhr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"On the Way to the Blue Emscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_On_the_Way_to_the_Blue_Emscher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canals and Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Canals_and_Shipping&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Railways in the Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Railways_in_the_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Westphalia Mining Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Westphalia_Mining_Route&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhenish Mining Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Rhenish_Mining_Route&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chemistry, Glass and Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Chemistry,_Glass_and_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Workers' Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Workers%27_Settlements&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Entrepreneurial Villas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Entrepreneurial_Villas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bread, Grain and Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Bread,_Grain_and_Beer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myth of the Ruhr Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Myth_of_the_Ruhr_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Historic Parks and Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Historic_Parks_and_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Industry/Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Industry/Nature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panoramas and Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Panoramas_and_Landmarks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sacred Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Sacred_Buildings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iron and Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Iron_and_Steel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Water: Works, Towers and Turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Water:_Works,_Towers_and_Turbines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bochum: Industrial Culture in the Heart of the Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Bochum:_Industrial_Culture_in_the_Heart_of_the_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruhr Industrial Heritage Trail by bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr_Industrial_Heritage_Trail_by_bike&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Duisburg: Town and Harbour\nZollverein Industrial Landscape\nDuisburg: Industrial Culture on the Rhine\nOberhausen: Industry makes the Town\nKrupp and the Town of Essen\nDortmund: Dreiklang Coal, Steel and Bier\nIndustrial Culture on the Lippe\nErzbahn-Emscherbruch\nIndustrial Culture at Volme and Ennepe\nBrine, Steam and Coal\nEarly Industrialisation\nThe History and the Present of the Ruhr\nOn the Way to the Blue Emscher\nCanals and Shipping\nRailways in the Area\nWestphalia Mining Route\nRhenish Mining Route\nChemistry, Glass and Energy\nWorkers' Settlements\nEntrepreneurial Villas\nBread, Grain and Beer\nMyth of the Ruhr Region\nHistoric Parks and Gardens\nIndustry/Nature\nPanoramas and Landmarks\nSacred Buildings\nIron and Steel\nWater: Works, Towers and Turbines\nBochum: Industrial Culture in the Heart of the Region\nRuhr Industrial Heritage Trail – Gelsenkirchen (in preparation)Ruhr Industrial Heritage Trail by bikeIn the category Panoramas are many spoil tips, e.g. here the Halde Rheinpreußen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLandschaftspark Duisburg-Nord\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe glass elephant in Hamm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTetrahedron in BottropvteIndustrial Heritage Trail (Ruhr) – Visitor Centres, Anchor Points, Theme RoutesVisitor centres andanchor points\nGerman Inland Waterways Museum\nDuisburg Inner Harbour\nOberhausen Industrial Museum\nLandschaftspark Duisburg-Nord\nGasometer Oberhausen\nAquarius Water Museum\nVilla Hügel\nNordsternpark\nWorld Heritage Site Zeche Zollverein\nMarl Chemical Park\nBochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum\nHenrichshütte\nCentennial Hall Bochum\nRecklinghausen Substation\nGerman Mining Museum\nZeche Nachtigall\nHenrichenburg boat lift\nGerman Occupational Safety Exhibition (DASA)\nHansa Coking Plant\nZeche Zollern II/IV\nHohenhof\nHagen Open-air Museum\nLindenbrauerei Unna\nMaximilianpark Hamm\nHalde Rheinpreußen\nTheme routes\nDuisburg: Town and Harbour\nZollverein Industrial Landscape\nDuisburg: Industrial Culture on the Rhine\nOberhausen: Industry makes the Town\nKrupp and the Town of Essen\nDortmund: Dreiklang Coal, Steel and Bier\nIndustrial Culture on the Lippe\nErzbahn-Emscherbruch\nIndustrial Culture at Volme and Ennepe\nBrine, Steam and Coal\nEarly Industrialisation\nThe History and the Present of the Ruhr\nOn the Way to the Blue Emscher\nCanals and Shipping\nRailways in the Area\nWestphalia Mining Route\nRhenish Mining Route\nChemistry, Glass and Energy\nWorkers' Settlements\nEntrepreneurial Villas\nBread, Grain and Beer\nMyth of the Ruhr Region\nHistoric Parks and Gardens\nIndustry/Nature\nPanoramas and Landmarks\nSacred Buildings\nIron and Steel\nWater: Works, Towers and Turbines\nBochum: Industrial Culture in the Heart of the Region\nRuhr Industrial Heritage Trail – Gelsenkirchen (in preparation)\nRuhr Industrial Heritage Trail by bike","title":"Theme routes"}]
[{"image_text":"Instruction plate of the main trail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/RouteIndustriekultur_Hinweisschild_schmal.svg/150px-RouteIndustriekultur_Hinweisschild_schmal.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"History of the Ruhr District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Ruhr_District"}]
[{"reference":"\"What is the Industrial Heritage Trail?\". Retrieved 2009-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.route-industriekultur.de/menue/menue.html&lang=2","url_text":"\"What is the Industrial Heritage Trail?\""}]},{"reference":"Jaquet, Pierre. \"Route der Industriekultur\". www.ruhr-guide.de (in German). Ruhr Guide. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruhr-guide.de/freizeit/industriekultur/route-der-industriekultur/6925,0,0.html","url_text":"\"Route der Industriekultur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Routes\". Retrieved 2009-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ruhr2010.de/en/ruhr-metropolis/visiting-the-ruhr-metropolis/routes.html","url_text":"\"Routes\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suseong-gu
Suseong District
["1 Education","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°51′21″N 128°37′50″E / 35.85583°N 128.63056°E / 35.85583; 128.63056This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Autonomous District in Yeongnam, South KoreaSuseong 수성구Autonomous DistrictKorean transcription(s) • Hanja壽城區 • Revised RomanizationSuseong-gu • McCune-ReischauerSusŏng kuSunset on Suseong Lake, April 24, 2005. FlagCoordinates: 35°51′21″N 128°37′50″E / 35.85583°N 128.63056°E / 35.85583; 128.63056CountrySouth KoreaRegionYeongnamProvincial levelDaeguAdministrative divisions23 administrative dongArea • Total76.54 km2 (29.55 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total418,714 • Density5,471/km2 (14,170/sq mi) • DialectGyeongsangWebsitewww.suseong.daegu.kr Administrative divisions Suseong District (Suseong-gu) is a gu (district) in southeastern Daegu, South Korea. It is one of the most prosperous and high-density areas of Daegu, the site of the city's most extensive hagwon district, so is called "Gangnam of Daegu". The population of this district consists of those who have careers such as doctors, professors, judges and other high valued careers in Korea. Because of this, it is known for expensive housing and schools compared to other districts in Daegu. Suseong-gu shares its eastern border with Gyeongsan city, and looks across the Sincheon stream at Nam-gu and Jung-gu towards the city center. To the north it meets Dong-gu and to the south it faces Dalseong-gun across the ridgeline of Yongjibong. Attractions in the district include Yongjibong and Suseong Lake, as well as the Sincheon riverside park. The district enjoys close connections to both downtown Daegu and neighboring Gyeongsan. Panorama of Gachang and Suseong from 2005 at Yongjibong Education Dukwon High School (1978) References External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suseong-gu, Daegu. Official English-language site In Korean language online encyclopedias: Doosan Encyclopedia (Encyber) Pascal World Encyclopedia (Yahoo) vteMetropolitan city of DaeguDistricts Buk Dalseo Dong Jung Nam Seo Suseong County Dalseong Gunwi Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekina
Dekina
["1 Climatic Condition","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 7°35′N 7°12′E / 7.583°N 7.200°E / 7.583; 7.200 LGA and town in Kogi State, NigeriaDekina AjobiLGA and townDekina in 1969Motto: Unity is strengthDekinaLocation in NigeriaCoordinates: 7°35′N 7°12′E / 7.583°N 7.200°E / 7.583; 7.200CountryNigeriaStateKogi StateArea • Total2,461 km2 (950 sq mi)Population (2006 census) • Total260,312Time zoneUTC+1 (WAT)3-digit postal code prefix272ISO 3166 codeNG.KO.DE Dekina is a local government area in Kogi State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Dekina, on the A233 highway in the Middle Belt area at 7°41′41″N 7°01′20″E / 7.69472°N 7.02222°E / 7.69472; 7.02222. The northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude passes through the southeast of the LGA. It has an area of 2,461 km2 (950 sq mi) and a population of 260,312 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 272. Climatic Condition With a year-round temperature range of 64°F to 93°F and a wet season marked by overcast skies and a dry season marked by humid skies, the climate is hot and oppressive. References ^ HASC, population, area and Headquarters Statoids ^ "Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Retrieved 2009-10-20. ^ "Dekina Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2023-09-10. ^ "Dekina, Kogi, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data". tcktcktck.org. Retrieved 2023-09-10. Further reading Falola, Toyin (25 September 2009). "Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria". Indiana University Press. p. 103 – via Google Books. vte Kogi StateState capital: LokojaLocal government areas Adavi Ajaokuta Ankpa Bassa Dekina Ibaji Idah Igalamela-Odolu Ijumu Kabba/Bunu Kogi Lokoja Mopa-Muro Ofu Ogori/Magongo Okehi Okene Olamaboro Omala Yagba East Yagba West This Kogi State, Nigeria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Areas_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Kogi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_State"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"A233 highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A233_highway_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"7°41′41″N 7°01′20″E / 7.69472°N 7.02222°E / 7.69472; 7.02222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dekina&params=7_41_41_N_7_01_20_E_region:NG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"postal code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_code"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"LGA and town in Kogi State, NigeriaDekina is a local government area in Kogi State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Dekina, on the A233 highway in the Middle Belt area at 7°41′41″N 7°01′20″E / 7.69472°N 7.02222°E / 7.69472; 7.02222.The northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude passes through the southeast of the LGA.It has an area of 2,461 km2 (950 sq mi) and a population of 260,312 at the 2006 census.[1]The postal code of the area is 272.[2]","title":"Dekina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"With a year-round temperature range of 64°F to 93°F and a wet season marked by overcast skies and a dry season marked by humid skies, the climate is hot and oppressive.[3][4]","title":"Climatic Condition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Hd-Jp1t2n4sC&pg=PA103"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kogi_State"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kogi_State"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kogi_State"},{"link_name":"Kogi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_State"},{"link_name":"Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja"},{"link_name":"Adavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adavi,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Ajaokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaokuta"},{"link_name":"Ankpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankpa"},{"link_name":"Bassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa,_Kogi_State"},{"link_name":"Dekina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ibaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaji"},{"link_name":"Idah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idah"},{"link_name":"Igalamela-Odolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igalamela-Odolu"},{"link_name":"Ijumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijumu"},{"link_name":"Kabba/Bunu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabba/Bunu"},{"link_name":"Kogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi,_Kogi_State"},{"link_name":"Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja"},{"link_name":"Mopa-Muro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopa-Muro"},{"link_name":"Ofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofu,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Ogori/Magongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogori/Magongo"},{"link_name":"Okehi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okehi"},{"link_name":"Okene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okene"},{"link_name":"Olamaboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olamaboro"},{"link_name":"Omala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omala,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Yagba East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagba_East"},{"link_name":"Yagba West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagba_West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigeria_Kogi_State_map.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_Nigeria.svg"},{"link_name":"Kogi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_State"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dekina&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kogi-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kogi-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kogi-geo-stub"}],"text":"Falola, Toyin (25 September 2009). \"Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria\". Indiana University Press. p. 103 – via Google Books.vte Kogi StateState capital: LokojaLocal government areas\nAdavi\nAjaokuta\nAnkpa\nBassa\nDekina\nIbaji\nIdah\nIgalamela-Odolu\nIjumu\nKabba/Bunu\nKogi\nLokoja\nMopa-Muro\nOfu\nOgori/Magongo\nOkehi\nOkene\nOlamaboro\nOmala\nYagba East\nYagba WestThis Kogi State, Nigeria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_diet
Healthy diet
["1 Recommendations","1.1 World Health Organization","1.2 United States Department of Agriculture","1.3 American Heart Association / World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research","1.4 Harvard School of Public Health","1.5 Others","2 Specific conditions","2.1 Diabetes","2.2 Hypertension","2.3 Obesity","2.4 Gluten-related disorders","2.5 Epilepsy","3 Research","4 Unhealthy diets","4.1 Fad diet","5 Public health","6 Other animals","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Type of diet Some healthy foods including beans, grains, cauliflower, cantaloupe, pasta, bread, orange, turkey, fish, carrots, turnips, zucchini, snowpeas, string beans, radishes, asparagus, summer squash, lean beef, tomatoes, and potatoes A healthy diet is a diet that maintains or improves overall health. A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition: fluid, macronutrients such as protein, micronutrients such as vitamins, and adequate fibre and food energy. A healthy diet may contain fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and may include little to no ultra-processed foods or sweetened beverages. The requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods, although additional sources of vitamin B12 are needed for those following a vegan diet. Various nutrition guides are published by medical and governmental institutions to educate individuals on what they should be eating to be healthy. Nutrition facts labels are also mandatory in some countries to allow consumers to choose between foods based on the components relevant to health. Recommendations World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) makes the following five recommendations with respect to both populations and individuals: Maintain a healthy weight by eating roughly the same number of calories that your body is using. Limit intake of fats to no more than 30% of total caloric intake, preferring unsaturated fats to saturated fats. Avoid trans fats. Eat at least 400 grams of fruits and vegetables per day (not counting potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, and other starchy roots). A healthy diet also contains legumes (e.g. lentils, beans), whole grains, and nuts. Limit the intake of simple sugars to less than 10% of caloric intake (below 5% of calories or 25 grams may be even better). Limit salt/sodium from all sources and ensure that salt is iodized. Less than 5 grams of salt per day can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The WHO has stated that insufficient vegetables and fruit is the cause of 2.8% of deaths worldwide. Other WHO recommendations include: ensuring that the foods chosen have sufficient vitamins and certain minerals; avoiding directly poisonous (e.g. heavy metals) and carcinogenic (e.g. benzene) substances; avoiding foods contaminated by human pathogens (e.g. E. coli, tapeworm eggs); and replacing saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats in the diet, which can reduce the risk of coronary artery disease and diabetes. United States Department of Agriculture Main article: History of USDA nutrition guides Main article: MyPlate The Dietary Guidelines for Americans by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends three healthy patterns of diet, summarized in the table below, for a 2000 kcal diet. These guidelines are increasingly adopted by various groups and institutions for recipe and meal plan development. The guidelines emphasize both health and environmental sustainability and a flexible approach. The committee that drafted it wrote: "The major findings regarding sustainable diets were that a diet higher in plant-based foods, such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, and lower in calories and animal-based foods is more health promoting and is associated with less environmental impact than is the current U.S. diet. This pattern of eating can be achieved through a variety of dietary patterns, including the "Healthy U.S.-style Pattern", the "Healthy Vegetarian Pattern" and the "Healthy Mediterranean-style Pattern". Food group amounts are per day, unless noted per week. The three healthy patterns Food group/subgroup (units) U.S. style Vegetarian Med-style Fruits (cup eq) 2 2 2.5 Vegetables (cup eq) 2.5 2.5 2.5 Dark green 1.5/wk 1.5/wk 1.5/wk Red/orange 5.5/wk 5.5/wk 5.5/wk Starchy 5/wk 5/wk 5/wk Legumes 1.5/wk 3/wk 1.5/wk Others 4/wk 4/wk 4/wk Grains (oz eq) 6 6.5 6 Whole 3 3.5 3 Refined 3 3 3 Dairy (cup eq) 3 3 2 Protein Foods (oz eq) 5.5 3.5 6.5 Meat (red and processed) 12.5/wk – 12.5/wk Poultry 10.5/wk – 10.5/wk Seafood 8/wk – 15/wk Eggs 3/wk 3/wk 3/wk Nuts/seeds 4/wk 7/wk 4/wk Processed Soy (including tofu) 0.5/wk 8/wk 0.5/wk Oils (grams) 27 27 27 Solid fats limit (grams) 18 21 17 Added sugars limit (grams) 30 36 29 American Heart Association / World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research The American Heart Association, World Cancer Research Fund, and American Institute for Cancer Research recommend a diet that consists mostly of unprocessed plant foods, with emphasis on a wide range of whole grains, legumes, and non-starchy vegetables and fruits. This healthy diet includes a wide range of non-starchy vegetables and fruits which provide different colors including red, green, yellow, white, purple, and orange. The recommendations note that tomato cooked with oil, allium vegetables like garlic, and cruciferous vegetables like cauliflower, provide some protection against cancer. This healthy diet is low in energy density, which may protect against weight gain and associated diseases. Finally, limiting consumption of sugary drinks, limiting energy-rich foods, including "fast foods" and red meat, and avoiding processed meats improves health and longevity. Overall, researchers and medical policymakers conclude that this healthy diet can reduce the risk of chronic disease and cancer. It is recommended that children consume 25 grams or less of added sugar (100 calories) per day. Other recommendations include no extra sugars in those under two years old and less than one soft drink per week. As of 2017, decreasing total fat is no longer recommended, but instead, the recommendation to lower risk of cardiovascular disease is to increase consumption of monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats, while decreasing consumption of saturated fats. Harvard School of Public Health The Nutrition Source of Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) makes the following dietary recommendations: Eat healthy fats: healthy fats are necessary and beneficial for health. HSPH "recommends the opposite of the low-fat message promoted for decades by the USDA" and "does not set a maximum on the percentage of calories people should get each day from healthy sources of fat." Healthy fats include polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, found in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and fish. Foods containing trans fats are to be avoided, while foods high in saturated fats like red meat, butter, cheese, ice cream, coconut and palm oil negatively impact health and should be limited. Eat healthy protein: the majority of protein should come from plant sources when possible: lentils, beans, nuts, seeds, whole grains; avoid processed meats like bacon. Eat mostly vegetables, fruit, and whole grains. Drink water. Consume sugary beverages, juices, and milk only in moderation. Artificially sweetened beverages contribute to weight gain because sweet drinks cause cravings. 100% fruit juice is high in calories. The ideal amount of milk and calcium is not known today. Pay attention to salt intake from commercially prepared foods: most of the dietary salt comes from processed foods, "not from salt added to cooking at home or even from salt added at the table before eating." Vitamins and minerals: must be obtained from food because they are not produced in our body. They are provided by a diet containing healthy fats, healthy protein, vegetables, fruit, milk and whole grains. Pay attention to the carbohydrates package: the type of carbohydrates in the diet is more important than the amount of carbohydrates. Good sources for carbohydrates are vegetables, fruits, beans, and whole grains. Avoid sugared sodas, 100% fruit juice, artificially sweetened drinks, and other highly processed food. Other than nutrition, the guide recommends staying active and maintaining a healthy body weight. Others David L. Katz, who reviewed the most prevalent popular diets in 2014, noted: The weight of evidence strongly supports a theme of healthful eating while allowing for variations on that theme. A diet of minimally processed foods close to nature, predominantly plants, is decisively associated with health promotion and disease prevention and is consistent with the salient components of seemingly distinct dietary approaches. Efforts to improve public health through diet are forestalled not for want of knowledge about the optimal feeding of Homo sapiens but for distractions associated with exaggerated claims, and our failure to convert what we reliably know into what we routinely do. Knowledge in this case is not, as of yet, power; would that it were so. Marion Nestle expresses the mainstream view among scientists who study nutrition:: 10  The basic principles of good diets are so simple that I can summarize them in just ten words: eat less, move more, eat lots of fruits and vegetables. For additional clarification, a five-word modifier helps: go easy on junk foods. Follow these precepts and you will go a long way toward preventing the major diseases of our overfed society—coronary heart disease, certain cancers, diabetes, stroke, osteoporosis, and a host of others.... These precepts constitute the bottom line of what seem to be the far more complicated dietary recommendations of many health organizations and national and international governments—the forty-one "key recommendations" of the 2005 Dietary Guidelines, for example. ... Although you may feel as though advice about nutrition is constantly changing, the basic ideas behind my four precepts have not changed in half a century. And they leave plenty of room for enjoying the pleasures of food.: 22  Historically, a healthy diet was defined as a diet comprising more than 55% of carbohydrates, less than 30% of fat and about 15% of proteins. This view is currently shifting towards a more comprehensive framing of dietary needs as a global need of various nutrients with complex interactions, instead of per nutrient type needs. Specific conditions Diabetes A healthy diet in combination with being active can help those with diabetes keep their blood sugar in check. The US CDC advises individuals with diabetes to plan for regular, balanced meals and to include more nonstarchy vegetables, reduce added sugars and refined grains, and focus on whole foods instead of highly processed foods. Generally, people with diabetes and those at risk are encouraged to increase their fiber intake. Hypertension A low-sodium diet is beneficial for people with high blood pressure. A 2008 Cochrane review concluded that a long-term (more than four weeks) low-sodium diet lowers blood pressure, both in people with hypertension (high blood pressure) and in those with normal blood pressure. The DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is a diet promoted by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (part of the NIH, a United States government organization) to control hypertension. A major feature of the plan is limiting intake of sodium, and the diet also generally encourages the consumption of nuts, whole grains, fish, poultry, fruits, and vegetables while lowering the consumption of red meats, sweets, and sugar. It is also "rich in potassium, magnesium, and calcium, as well as protein". The Mediterranean diet, which includes limiting consumption of red meat and using olive oil in cooking, has also been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes. Obesity Further information: Dieting Healthy diets in combination with physical exercise can be used by people who are overweight or obese to lose weight, although this approach is not by itself an effective long-term treatment for obesity and is primarily effective for only a short period (up to one year), after which some of the weight is typically regained. A meta-analysis found no difference between diet types (low-fat, low-carbohydrate, and low-calorie), with a 2–4 kilograms (4.4–8.8 lb) weight loss. This level of weight loss is by itself insufficient to move a person from an 'obese' body mass index (BMI) category to a 'normal' BMI. Gluten-related disorders Further information: Gluten-free diet Gluten, a mixture of proteins found in wheat and related grains including barley, rye, oat, and all their species and hybrids (such as spelt, kamut, and triticale), causes health problems for those with gluten-related disorders, including celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis, and wheat allergy. In these people, the gluten-free diet is the only available treatment. Epilepsy Further information: Ketogenic diet The ketogenic diet is a treatment to reduce epileptic seizures for adults and children when managed by a health care team. Research Further information: Diet and cancer Preliminary research indicated that a diet high in fruit and vegetables may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and death, but not cancer. Eating a healthy diet and getting enough exercise can maintain body weight within the normal range and reduce the risk of obesity in most people. A 2021 scientific review of evidence on diets for lowering the risk of atherosclerosis found that: low consumption of salt and foods of animal origin, and increased intake of plant-based foods—whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts—are linked with reduced atherosclerosis risk. The same applies for the replacement of butter and other animal/tropical fats with olive oil and other unsaturated-fat-rich oil. With regard to meat, new evidence differentiates processed and red meat—both associated with increased CVD risk—from poultry, showing a neutral relationship with CVD for moderate intakes. New data endorse the replacement of most high glycemic index (GI) foods with both whole grain and low GI cereal foods. Scientific research is also investigating impacts of nutrition on health- and lifespans beyond any specific range of diseases. This section is transcluded from Life extension#Healthy diet. (edit | history) Research suggests that increasing adherence to Mediterranean diet patterns is associated with a reduction in total and cause-specific mortality, extending health- and lifespan. Research is identifying the key beneficial components of the Mediterranean diet. Studies suggest dietary changes are a factor of national relative rises in life-span. Moreover, not only do the components of diets matter but the total caloric content and eating patterns may also impact health – dietary restriction such as caloric restriction is considered to be potentially healthy to include in eating patterns in various ways in terms of health- and lifespan. Unhealthy diets An unhealthy diet is a major risk factor for a number of chronic diseases including: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, abnormal blood lipids, overweight/obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The World Health Organization has estimated that 2.7 million deaths each year are attributable to a diet low in fruit and vegetables during the 21st century. Globally, such diets are estimated to cause about 19% of gastrointestinal cancer, 31% of ischaemic heart disease, and 11% of strokes, thus making it one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide, and the 4th leading risk factor for any disease. As an example, the Western pattern diet is "rich in red meat, dairy products, processed and artificially sweetened foods, and salt, with minimal intake of fruits, vegetables, fish, legumes, and whole grains," contrasted by the Mediterranean diet which is associated with less morbidity and mortality. Dietary patterns that lead to non-communicable diseases generate productivity losses. A true cost accounting (TCA) assessment on the hidden impacts of agrifood systems estimated that unhealthy dietary patterns generate more than USD 9 trillion in health-related hidden costs in 2020, which is 73 percent of the total quantified hidden costs of global agrifood systems (USD 12.7 trillion). Globally, the average productivity losses per person from dietary intake is equivalent to 7 percent of GDP purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2020; low-income countries report the lowest value (4 percent), while other income categories report 7 percent or higher. Fad diet Further information: Fad diet Some publicized diets, often referred to as fad diets, make exaggerated claims of fast weight loss or other health advantages, such as longer life or detoxification without clinical evidence; many fad diets are based on highly restrictive or unusual food choices. Celebrity endorsements (including celebrity doctors) are frequently associated with such diets, and the individuals who develop and promote these programs often profit considerably.: 11–12  Public health Most of the people unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021 lived in southern Asia, and in eastern and western Africa Consumers are generally aware of the elements of a healthy diet, but find nutrition labels and diet advice in popular media confusing. Vending machines are criticized for being avenues of entry into schools for junk food promoters, but there is little in the way of regulation and it is difficult for most people to properly analyze the real merits of a company referring to itself as "healthy." The Committee of Advertising Practice in the United Kingdom launched a proposal to limit media advertising for food and soft drink products high in fat, salt, or sugar. The British Heart Foundation released its own government-funded advertisements, labeled "Food4Thought", which were targeted at children and adults to discourage unhealthy habits of consuming junk food. From a psychological and cultural perspective, a healthier diet may be difficult to achieve for people with poor eating habits. This may be due to tastes acquired in childhood and preferences for sugary, salty, and fatty foods. In 2018, the UK chief medical officer recommended that sugar and salt be taxed to discourage consumption. The UK government 2020 Obesity Strategy encourages healthier choices by restricting point-of-sale promotions of less-healthy foods and drinks. The effectiveness of population-level health interventions has included food pricing strategies, mass media campaigns and worksite wellness programs. One peso per liter of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) price intervention implemented in Mexico produced a 12% reduction in SSB purchasing. Mass media campaigns in Pakistan and the USA aimed at increasing vegetable and fruit consumption found positive changes in dietary behavior. Reviews of the effectiveness of worksite wellness interventions found evidence linking the programs to weight loss and increased fruit and vegetable consumption. Other animals Animals that are kept by humans also benefit from a healthy diet, but the requirements of such diets may be very different from the ideal human diet. See also Food portal Commercial determinants of health Healthy eating pyramid List of diets Meals Nutritionism Nutrition scale Nutritional rating systems Planetary Health Diet Plant-based diet Table of food nutrients References ^ "Healthy Food Display: Image Details". NCI Visuals Online. National Cancer Institute. 1 January 2001. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ Lean, Michael E.J. (2015). "Principles of Human Nutrition". Medicine. 43 (2): 61–65. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.11.009. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg"},{"link_name":"beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean"},{"link_name":"grains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_grain"},{"link_name":"cauliflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower"},{"link_name":"cantaloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe"},{"link_name":"pasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta"},{"link_name":"bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"},{"link_name":"orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_as_food"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_as_food"},{"link_name":"carrots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot"},{"link_name":"turnips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip"},{"link_name":"zucchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucchini"},{"link_name":"snowpeas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_pea"},{"link_name":"string beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_bean"},{"link_name":"radishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radish"},{"link_name":"asparagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus"},{"link_name":"summer squash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_squash"},{"link_name":"lean beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_beef"},{"link_name":"tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)"},{"link_name":"nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nutrition"},{"link_name":"macronutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronutrient"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"micronutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrient"},{"link_name":"vitamins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin"},{"link_name":"fibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fibre"},{"link_name":"food energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lean-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2004-3"},{"link_name":"whole grains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_grain"},{"link_name":"ultra-processed foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-processed_foods"},{"link_name":"sweetened beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetened_beverage"},{"link_name":"plant-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant-based_diet"},{"link_name":"vitamin B12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12"},{"link_name":"vegan diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan_diet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"nutrition guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nutrition_guides"},{"link_name":"Nutrition facts labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EU1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO123-6"}],"text":"Type of dietSome healthy foods including beans, grains, cauliflower, cantaloupe, pasta, bread, orange, turkey, fish, carrots, turnips, zucchini, snowpeas, string beans, radishes, asparagus, summer squash, lean beef, tomatoes, and potatoes[1]A healthy diet is a diet that maintains or improves overall health. A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition: fluid, macronutrients such as protein, micronutrients such as vitamins, and adequate fibre and food energy.[2][3]A healthy diet may contain fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and may include little to no ultra-processed foods or sweetened beverages. The requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods, although additional sources of vitamin B12 are needed for those following a vegan diet.[4] Various nutrition guides are published by medical and governmental institutions to educate individuals on what they should be eating to be healthy. Nutrition facts labels are also mandatory in some countries to allow consumers to choose between foods based on the components relevant to health.[5][6]","title":"Healthy diet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"unsaturated fats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsaturated_fats"},{"link_name":"saturated fats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fats"},{"link_name":"trans fats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fats"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruits"},{"link_name":"legumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumes"},{"link_name":"whole grains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_grains"},{"link_name":"nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"salt is iodized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodised_salt"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"vitamins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamins"},{"link_name":"benzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene"},{"link_name":"pathogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogens"},{"link_name":"E. coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._coli"},{"link_name":"tapeworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapeworm"},{"link_name":"polyunsaturated fats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat"},{"link_name":"coronary artery disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"World Health Organization","text":"The World Health Organization (WHO) makes the following five recommendations with respect to both populations and individuals:[7]Maintain a healthy weight by eating roughly the same number of calories that your body is using.\nLimit intake of fats to no more than 30% of total caloric intake, preferring unsaturated fats to saturated fats. Avoid trans fats.\nEat at least 400 grams of fruits and vegetables per day (not counting potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, and other starchy roots). A healthy diet also contains legumes (e.g. lentils, beans), whole grains, and nuts.[8]\nLimit the intake of simple sugars to less than 10% of caloric intake (below 5% of calories or 25 grams may be even better).[9]\nLimit salt/sodium from all sources and ensure that salt is iodized. Less than 5 grams of salt per day can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.[10]The WHO has stated that insufficient vegetables and fruit is the cause of 2.8% of deaths worldwide.[10][failed verification]Other WHO recommendations include:ensuring that the foods chosen have sufficient vitamins and certain minerals;\navoiding directly poisonous (e.g. heavy metals) and carcinogenic (e.g. benzene) substances;\navoiding foods contaminated by human pathogens (e.g. E. coli, tapeworm eggs);\nand replacing saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats in the diet, which can reduce the risk of coronary artery disease and diabetes.[10][failed verification]","title":"Recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dietary Guidelines for Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGuidelines2013-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"United States Department of Agriculture","text":"The Dietary Guidelines for Americans by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends three healthy patterns of diet, summarized in the table below, for a 2000 kcal diet.[11][12][13] These guidelines are increasingly adopted by various groups and institutions for recipe and meal plan development.[14]The guidelines emphasize both health and environmental sustainability and a flexible approach. The committee that drafted it wrote: \"The major findings regarding sustainable diets were that a diet higher in plant-based foods, such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, and lower in calories and animal-based foods is more health promoting and is associated with less environmental impact than is the current U.S. diet. This pattern of eating can be achieved through a variety of dietary patterns, including the \"Healthy U.S.-style Pattern\", the \"Healthy Vegetarian Pattern\" and the \"Healthy Mediterranean-style Pattern\".[15] Food group amounts are per day, unless noted per week.","title":"Recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Heart Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association"},{"link_name":"World Cancer Research Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cancer_Research_Fund"},{"link_name":"American Institute for Cancer Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_for_Cancer_Research"},{"link_name":"cruciferous vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciferous_vegetables"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCR2007-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlwww.cancer.org-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vos2016-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vos2016-18"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"monounsaturated fats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat"},{"link_name":"polyunsaturated fats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat"},{"link_name":"saturated fats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"American Heart Association / World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research","text":"The American Heart Association, World Cancer Research Fund, and American Institute for Cancer Research recommend a diet that consists mostly of unprocessed plant foods, with emphasis on a wide range of whole grains, legumes, and non-starchy vegetables and fruits. This healthy diet includes a wide range of non-starchy vegetables and fruits which provide different colors including red, green, yellow, white, purple, and orange. The recommendations note that tomato cooked with oil, allium vegetables like garlic, and cruciferous vegetables like cauliflower, provide some protection against cancer. This healthy diet is low in energy density, which may protect against weight gain and associated diseases. Finally, limiting consumption of sugary drinks, limiting energy-rich foods, including \"fast foods\" and red meat, and avoiding processed meats improves health and longevity. Overall, researchers and medical policymakers conclude that this healthy diet can reduce the risk of chronic disease and cancer.[16][17]It is recommended that children consume 25 grams or less of added sugar (100 calories) per day.[18] Other recommendations include no extra sugars in those under two years old and less than one soft drink per week.[18] As of 2017, decreasing total fat is no longer recommended, but instead, the recommendation to lower risk of cardiovascular disease is to increase consumption of monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats, while decreasing consumption of saturated fats.[19]","title":"Recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard School of Public Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsm-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSPH-fats-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsm-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSPH-fats-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSPH-coconutoil-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSPH-protein-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsm-20"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSPH-drinks-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSPH-salt-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSPH-vitamins-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSPH-drinks-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSPH-drinks-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsm-20"},{"link_name":"body weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_weight"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsm-20"}],"sub_title":"Harvard School of Public Health","text":"The Nutrition Source of Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) makes the following dietary recommendations:[20]Eat healthy fats: healthy fats are necessary and beneficial for health.[21] HSPH \"recommends the opposite of the low-fat message promoted for decades by the USDA\" and \"does not set a maximum on the percentage of calories people should get each day from healthy sources of fat.\"[20] Healthy fats include polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, found in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and fish. Foods containing trans fats are to be avoided, while foods high in saturated fats like red meat, butter, cheese, ice cream, coconut and palm oil negatively impact health and should be limited.[21][22]\nEat healthy protein: the majority of protein should come from plant sources when possible: lentils, beans, nuts, seeds, whole grains; avoid processed meats like bacon.[23]\nEat mostly vegetables, fruit, and whole grains.[20]\nDrink water. Consume sugary beverages, juices, and milk only in moderation. Artificially sweetened beverages contribute to weight gain because sweet drinks cause cravings. 100% fruit juice is high in calories. The ideal amount of milk and calcium is not known today.[24]\nPay attention to salt intake from commercially prepared foods: most of the dietary salt comes from processed foods, \"not from salt added to cooking at home or even from salt added at the table before eating.\"[25]\nVitamins and minerals: must be obtained from food because they are not produced in our body. They are provided by a diet containing healthy fats, healthy protein, vegetables, fruit, milk and whole grains.[26][24]\nPay attention to the carbohydrates package: the type of carbohydrates in the diet is more important than the amount of carbohydrates. Good sources for carbohydrates are vegetables, fruits, beans, and whole grains. Avoid sugared sodas, 100% fruit juice, artificially sweetened drinks, and other highly processed food.[24][20]Other than nutrition, the guide recommends staying active and maintaining a healthy body weight.[20]","title":"Recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David L. Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Katz"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-27"},{"link_name":"Marion Nestle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Nestle"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fitz-28"},{"link_name":"junk foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_food"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nestle2006-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDietaryGuidelines2015-31"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"David L. Katz, who reviewed the most prevalent popular diets in 2014, noted:The weight of evidence strongly supports a theme of healthful eating while allowing for variations on that theme. A diet of minimally processed foods close to nature, predominantly plants, is decisively associated with health promotion and disease prevention and is consistent with the salient components of seemingly distinct dietary approaches.\nEfforts to improve public health through diet are forestalled not for want of knowledge about the optimal feeding of Homo sapiens but for distractions associated with exaggerated claims, and our failure to convert what we reliably know into what we routinely do. Knowledge in this case is not, as of yet, power; would that it were so.[27]Marion Nestle expresses the mainstream view among scientists who study nutrition:[28]: 10The basic principles of good diets are so simple that I can summarize them in just ten words: eat less, move more, eat lots of fruits and vegetables. For additional clarification, a five-word modifier helps: go easy on junk foods. Follow these precepts and you will go a long way toward preventing the major diseases of our overfed society—coronary heart disease, certain cancers, diabetes, stroke, osteoporosis, and a host of others.... These precepts constitute the bottom line of what seem to be the far more complicated dietary recommendations of many health organizations and national and international governments—the forty-one \"key recommendations\" of the 2005 Dietary Guidelines, for example. ... Although you may feel as though advice about nutrition is constantly changing, the basic ideas behind my four precepts have not changed in half a century. And they leave plenty of room for enjoying the pleasures of food.[29]: 22Historically, a healthy diet was defined as a diet comprising more than 55% of carbohydrates, less than 30% of fat and about 15% of proteins.[30] This view is currently shifting towards a more comprehensive framing of dietary needs as a global need of various nutrients with complex interactions, instead of per nutrient type needs.[31]","title":"Recommendations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specific conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"US CDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Diabetes","text":"A healthy diet in combination with being active can help those with diabetes keep their blood sugar in check.[32] The US CDC advises individuals with diabetes to plan for regular, balanced meals and to include more nonstarchy vegetables, reduce added sugars and refined grains, and focus on whole foods instead of highly processed foods.[33] Generally, people with diabetes and those at risk are encouraged to increase their fiber intake.[34]","title":"Specific conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cochrane review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_review"},{"link_name":"hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cochrane2008-35"},{"link_name":"DASH diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DASH_diet"},{"link_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute"},{"link_name":"NIH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIH"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dashguide-36"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_diet"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker_C,_Reamy_BV_2009_571%E2%80%938-37"}],"sub_title":"Hypertension","text":"A low-sodium diet is beneficial for people with high blood pressure. A 2008 Cochrane review concluded that a long-term (more than four weeks) low-sodium diet lowers blood pressure, both in people with hypertension (high blood pressure) and in those with normal blood pressure.[35]The DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is a diet promoted by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (part of the NIH, a United States government organization) to control hypertension. A major feature of the plan is limiting intake of sodium,[36] and the diet also generally encourages the consumption of nuts, whole grains, fish, poultry, fruits, and vegetables while lowering the consumption of red meats, sweets, and sugar. It is also \"rich in potassium, magnesium, and calcium, as well as protein\".The Mediterranean diet, which includes limiting consumption of red meat and using olive oil in cooking, has also been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes.[37]","title":"Specific conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dieting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieting"},{"link_name":"physical exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercise"},{"link_name":"overweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overweight"},{"link_name":"obese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obese"},{"link_name":"lose weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss"},{"link_name":"treatment for obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_obesity"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"meta-analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis"},{"link_name":"low-fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-fat_diet"},{"link_name":"low-carbohydrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet"},{"link_name":"low-calorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie_restriction"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strychar-40"},{"link_name":"body mass index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index"}],"sub_title":"Obesity","text":"Further information: DietingHealthy diets in combination with physical exercise can be used by people who are overweight or obese to lose weight, although this approach is not by itself an effective long-term treatment for obesity and is primarily effective for only a short period (up to one year), after which some of the weight is typically regained.[38][39] A meta-analysis found no difference between diet types (low-fat, low-carbohydrate, and low-calorie), with a 2–4 kilograms (4.4–8.8 lb) weight loss.[40] This level of weight loss is by itself insufficient to move a person from an 'obese' body mass index (BMI) category to a 'normal' BMI.","title":"Specific conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gluten-free diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten-free_diet"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye"},{"link_name":"oat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat"},{"link_name":"spelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelt"},{"link_name":"kamut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorasan_wheat"},{"link_name":"triticale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticale"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesiekierski2017-41"},{"link_name":"health problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_problem"},{"link_name":"gluten-related disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders"},{"link_name":"celiac disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_disease"},{"link_name":"non-celiac gluten sensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity"},{"link_name":"gluten ataxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten_ataxia"},{"link_name":"dermatitis herpetiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis"},{"link_name":"wheat allergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_allergy"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LudvigssonLeffler-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MulderWanrooijQuotation-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HischenhuberCrevelQuotation-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoltaCaio2015Quotation-45"}],"sub_title":"Gluten-related disorders","text":"Further information: Gluten-free dietGluten, a mixture of proteins found in wheat and related grains including barley, rye, oat, and all their species and hybrids (such as spelt, kamut, and triticale),[41] causes health problems for those with gluten-related disorders, including celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis, and wheat allergy.[42] In these people, the gluten-free diet is the only available treatment.[43][44][45]","title":"Specific conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ketogenic diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet"},{"link_name":"ketogenic diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet"},{"link_name":"epileptic seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epileptic_seizures"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EatrightKeto-46"}],"sub_title":"Epilepsy","text":"Further information: Ketogenic dietThe ketogenic diet is a treatment to reduce epileptic seizures for adults and children when managed by a health care team.[46]","title":"Specific conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diet and cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_and_cancer"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"getting enough exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercise"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"scientific review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_review"},{"link_name":"atherosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"CVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"glycemic index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycemic_index"},{"link_name":"transcluded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion"},{"link_name":"Life extension#Healthy diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension#Healthy_diet"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_extension&action=edit#Healthy_diet"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_extension&action=history#Healthy_diet"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_diet"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10.1080/10408398.2019.1676698-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niha-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.12.002-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10.2174/1570161111666131219111818-55"},{"link_name":"national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"dietary restriction such as caloric restriction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension#Dietary_restriction"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10.1038/s41580-021-00411-4-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.018-58"}],"text":"Further information: Diet and cancerPreliminary research indicated that a diet high in fruit and vegetables may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and death, but not cancer.[47] Eating a healthy diet and getting enough exercise can maintain body weight within the normal range and reduce the risk of obesity in most people.[48] A 2021 scientific review of evidence on diets for lowering the risk of atherosclerosis found that:[49]low consumption of salt and foods of animal origin, and increased intake of plant-based foods—whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts—are linked with reduced atherosclerosis risk. The same applies for the replacement of butter and other animal/tropical fats with olive oil and other unsaturated-fat-rich oil. [...] With regard to meat, new evidence differentiates processed and red meat—both associated with increased CVD risk—from poultry, showing a neutral relationship with CVD for moderate intakes. [...] New data endorse the replacement of most high glycemic index (GI) foods with both whole grain and low GI cereal foods.Scientific research is also investigating impacts of nutrition on health- and lifespans beyond any specific range of diseases.This section is transcluded from Life extension#Healthy diet. (edit | history)Research suggests that increasing adherence to Mediterranean diet patterns is associated with a reduction in total and cause-specific mortality, extending health- and lifespan.[50][51][52][53] Research is identifying the key beneficial components of the Mediterranean diet.[54][55] Studies suggest dietary changes are a factor of national relative rises in life-span.[56]\nMoreover, not only do the components of diets matter but the total caloric content and eating patterns may also impact health – dietary restriction such as caloric restriction is considered to be potentially healthy to include in eating patterns in various ways in terms of health- and lifespan.[57][58]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chronic diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_disease"},{"link_name":"high blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"high cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_cholesterol"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"abnormal blood lipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlipidemia"},{"link_name":"overweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overweight"},{"link_name":"obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOD-59"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancer"},{"link_name":"ischaemic heart disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_disease"},{"link_name":"strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO123-6"},{"link_name":"preventable causes of death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"any disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_burden"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hebden2017-62"},{"link_name":"Western pattern diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_pattern_diet"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_diet"},{"link_name":"morbidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidity"},{"link_name":"mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"true cost accounting (TCA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_cost_accounting"},{"link_name":"purchasing power parity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"An unhealthy diet is a major risk factor for a number of chronic diseases including: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, abnormal blood lipids, overweight/obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.[59] The World Health Organization has estimated that 2.7 million deaths each year are attributable to a diet low in fruit and vegetables during the 21st century.[60] Globally, such diets are estimated to cause about 19% of gastrointestinal cancer, 31% of ischaemic heart disease, and 11% of strokes,[6] thus making it one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide,[61] and the 4th leading risk factor for any disease.[62] As an example, the Western pattern diet is \"rich in red meat, dairy products, processed and artificially sweetened foods, and salt, with minimal intake of fruits, vegetables, fish, legumes, and whole grains,\" contrasted by the Mediterranean diet which is associated with less morbidity and mortality.[63]Dietary patterns that lead to non-communicable diseases generate productivity losses. A true cost accounting (TCA) assessment on the hidden impacts of agrifood systems estimated that unhealthy dietary patterns generate more than USD 9 trillion in health-related hidden costs in 2020, which is 73 percent of the total quantified hidden costs of global agrifood systems (USD 12.7 trillion). Globally, the average productivity losses per person from dietary intake is equivalent to 7 percent of GDP purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2020; low-income countries report the lowest value (4 percent), while other income categories report 7 percent or higher.[64]","title":"Unhealthy diets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fad diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad_diet"},{"link_name":"fad diets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad_diets"},{"link_name":"exaggerated claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_claim#Objections_by_consumer_advocates"},{"link_name":"detoxification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detox_diet"},{"link_name":"clinical evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart2018-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanky2017-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2013-67"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fitz-28"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StJames-68"}],"sub_title":"Fad diet","text":"Further information: Fad dietSome publicized diets, often referred to as fad diets, make exaggerated claims of fast weight loss or other health advantages, such as longer life or detoxification without clinical evidence; many fad diets are based on highly restrictive or unusual food choices.[65][66][67] Celebrity endorsements (including celebrity doctors) are frequently associated with such diets, and the individuals who develop and promote these programs often profit considerably.[28]: 11–12 [68]","title":"Unhealthy diets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Most_of_the_people_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_in_2021_lived_in_southern_Asia,_and_in_eastern_and_western_Africa.svg"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ridder2017-69"},{"link_name":"Vending machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine"},{"link_name":"junk food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_food"},{"link_name":"Committee of Advertising Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Advertising_Practice"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"British Heart Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Heart_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"point-of-sale promotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_sale_display"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1b-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afshin-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afshin-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"text":"Most of the people unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021 lived in southern Asia, and in eastern and western AfricaConsumers are generally aware of the elements of a healthy diet, but find nutrition labels and diet advice in popular media confusing.[69]Vending machines are criticized for being avenues of entry into schools for junk food promoters, but there is little in the way of regulation and it is difficult for most people to properly analyze the real merits of a company referring to itself as \"healthy.\" The Committee of Advertising Practice in the United Kingdom launched a proposal to limit media advertising for food and soft drink products high in fat, salt, or sugar.[70] The British Heart Foundation released its own government-funded advertisements, labeled \"Food4Thought\", which were targeted at children and adults to discourage unhealthy habits of consuming junk food.[71]From a psychological and cultural perspective, a healthier diet may be difficult to achieve for people with poor eating habits.[72] This may be due to tastes acquired in childhood and preferences for sugary, salty, and fatty foods.[73] In 2018, the UK chief medical officer recommended that sugar and salt be taxed to discourage consumption.[74] The UK government 2020 Obesity Strategy encourages healthier choices by restricting point-of-sale promotions of less-healthy foods and drinks.[75]The effectiveness of population-level health interventions has included food pricing strategies, mass media campaigns and worksite wellness programs.[76] One peso per liter of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) price intervention implemented in Mexico produced a 12% reduction in SSB purchasing.[77] Mass media campaigns in Pakistan and the USA aimed at increasing vegetable and fruit consumption found positive changes in dietary behavior.[77] Reviews of the effectiveness of worksite wellness interventions found evidence linking the programs to weight loss and increased fruit and vegetable consumption.[78]","title":"Public health"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"Animals that are kept by humans also benefit from a healthy diet, but the requirements of such diets may be very different from the ideal human diet.[79]","title":"Other animals"}]
[{"image_text":"Some healthy foods including beans, grains, cauliflower, cantaloupe, pasta, bread, orange, turkey, fish, carrots, turnips, zucchini, snowpeas, string beans, radishes, asparagus, summer squash, lean beef, tomatoes, and potatoes[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg/220px-Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg"},{"image_text":"Most of the people unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021 lived in southern Asia, and in eastern and western Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Most_of_the_people_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_in_2021_lived_in_southern_Asia%2C_and_in_eastern_and_western_Africa.svg/220px-Most_of_the_people_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_in_2021_lived_in_southern_Asia%2C_and_in_eastern_and_western_Africa.svg.png"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Commercial determinants of health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health"},{"title":"Healthy eating pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_eating_pyramid"},{"title":"List of diets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diets"},{"title":"Meals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal"},{"title":"Nutritionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritionism"},{"title":"Nutrition scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition_scale"},{"title":"Nutritional rating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_rating_systems"},{"title":"Planetary Health Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_diet"},{"title":"Plant-based diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant-based_diet"},{"title":"Table of food nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_food_nutrients"}]
[{"reference":"\"Healthy Food Display: Image Details\". NCI Visuals Online. National Cancer Institute. 1 January 2001. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=2397","url_text":"\"Healthy Food Display: Image Details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute","url_text":"National Cancer Institute"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506043125/https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=2397","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lean, Michael E.J. (2015). \"Principles of Human Nutrition\". Medicine. 43 (2): 61–65. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.11.009. S2CID 220865321.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mpmed.2014.11.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.11.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220865321","url_text":"220865321"}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2004). Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition (PDF) (2. ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-154612-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42716/9241546123.pdf?ua=1","url_text":"Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154612-6","url_text":"978-92-4-154612-6"}]},{"reference":"Melina, Vesanto; Craig, Winston; Levin, Susan (December 2016). \"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets\". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 116 (12): 1970–1980. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025. PMID 27886704. S2CID 4984228. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202165753/https://www.eatrightpro.org/~/media/eatrightpro%20files/practice/position%20and%20practice%20papers/position%20papers/vegetarian-diet.ashx","url_text":"\"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jand.2016.09.025","url_text":"10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27886704","url_text":"27886704"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4984228","url_text":"4984228"},{"url":"https://www.eatrightpro.org/~/media/eatrightpro%20files/practice/position%20and%20practice%20papers/position%20papers/vegetarian-diet.ashx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Food information to consumers – legislation\". EU. Retrieved 24 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32011R1169","url_text":"\"Food information to consumers – legislation\""}]},{"reference":"\"WHO | Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption around the world\" (PDF). WHO.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/f&v_promotion_initiative_report.pdf","url_text":"\"WHO | Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption around the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"WHO | Diet\". WHO.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet","url_text":"\"WHO | Diet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Healthy Diet – WHO\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet","url_text":"\"Healthy Diet – WHO\""}]},{"reference":"\"WHO guideline: sugar consumption recommendation\". World Health Organization. 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Bethesda: US National Institutes of Health. 1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2003/","url_text":"Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults"}]},{"reference":"Strychar I (January 2006). \"Diet in the management of weight loss\". CMAJ. 174 (1): 56–63. doi:10.1503/cmaj.045037. PMC 1319349. 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Similar proteins to the gliadin found in wheat exist as secalin in rye, hordein in barley, and avenins in oats and are collectively referred to as \"gluten.\" Derivatives of these grains such as triticale and malt and other ancient wheat varieties such as spelt and kamut also contain gluten. The gluten found in all of these grains has been identified as the component capable of triggering the immune-mediated disorder, coeliac disease.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjgh.13703","url_text":"\"What is gluten?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjgh.13703","url_text":"10.1111/jgh.13703"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28244676","url_text":"28244676"}]},{"reference":"Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, et al. (January 2013). \"The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms\". 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The only treatment for CD, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and gluten ataxia is lifelong adherence to a GFD.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000347180","url_text":"10.1159/000347180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23797124","url_text":"23797124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14124370","url_text":"14124370"}]},{"reference":"Hischenhuber C, Crevel R, Jarry B, et al. (1 March 2006). \"Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease\". Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 23 (5): 559–75. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x. PMID 16480395. S2CID 9970042. For both wheat allergy and coeliac disease the dietary avoidance of wheat and other gluten-containing cereals is the only effective treatment.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2006.02768.x","url_text":"\"Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2006.02768.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16480395","url_text":"16480395"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9970042","url_text":"9970042"}]},{"reference":"Volta U, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Henriksen C, Skodje G, Lundin KE (June 2015). \"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders\". 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(…) After the confirmation of NCGS diagnosis, according to the previously mentioned work-up, patients are advized to start with a GFD [49].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpg.2015.04.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26060112","url_text":"26060112"}]},{"reference":"\"What is the Ketogenic Diet\". www.eatright.org. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-100_series
AK-100 (rifle family)
["1 AK-100 series","1.1 Related development","2 AK-100M/200 series","3 References","4 External links"]
Assault rifle and carbine series of firearms For the naval cannon, see AK-100 (naval gun). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "AK-100" rifle family – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The AK-100 family is a series of Kalashnikov rifles, based upon the AK-74M, intended for export sales. The family of rifles offers the AK-74M system, in multiple cartridges and lengths. AK-100 series 5.56×45mm AK-101 assault rifle. The original AK-100 series rifles were introduced in 1994 and are categorized by all having black polymer handguards, folding polymer stocks, and use of AK-74M internal systems. Parts are highly interchangeable. Notably, while the pattern would imply that the AK-100 series rifle chambered for 5.45x39mm would be the AK-105, and that the 5.45 carbine would be the AK-106, the AK-105 designation skipped the 100 series 5.45 rifle (that already existed as the 74M,) and went straight to the 5.45 carbine. Despite the AK-100 series being built off the AK-74M, rather than the 74M being the start of the series as the AK-100 or the AK-101, they decided that they would keep its name, and instead skip "AK-100" and attribute AK-101 to a completely different rifle. Additionally, there is no AK-106. This is likely to separate the versions using the BARS system, to make it clear that while they are 100 series rifles overall, they are somewhat their own subseries, however it could be possible that the AK-74M could have the alternative designation of AK-106 Chambering Assault Rifle Carbine 5.56×45mm NATO AK-101 AK-102 7.62×39mm AK-103 AK-104 5.45×39mm AK-74M AK-105 9×39mm AK-9 Even with those differences all of the rifles are made to similar specifications. Both long rifles had a barrel length of 415 mm, and all the carbines had a barrel length of 314 mm. Both long rifles (unloaded) weighted 3.6 kg, and all the carbines: 3.2 kg. All the rifles had a selector for with: safe, semi auto, or full auto. Also, both long rifles also had a variant with 3 round burst called AK-10X-3 and a semi auto only variant called AK-10X-1 Rifles in the 100 series have been exported to and/or adopted by a variety of countries, notably: Armenia, Cyprus, Serbia, Syria, Uruguay, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Venezuela. The AK-105 has also seen some domestic use, filling a niche role as a middle ground between the AK-74M and AKS-74U. Related development Main article: AK-107 Later Kalashnikov started offering the AK-107 / AK-108 / AK-109 (in order 5.45x39, 5.56x45, 7.62x39) models. Externally they are very similar to the AK-100 series (with some minor differences) and are offered in the same calibers. Internally they use a radically different gas system and incorporate the Balanced Automatics Recoil System (BARS). AK-100M/200 series The AK-100M/AK-200 rifle family was initially conceived around 2009 as an improved variant of the basic AK-100 series. Most improvements centered on ergonomic improvements and mounting systems for accessories. The development of the AK-100M/AK-200 family was stopped around 2011 but resumed around 2016. In 2017, Kalashnikov unveiled the modernised versions of the AK-100 family of rifles. The AK-200 series are somewhat heavier and less advanced compared to the AK-12 family, but also cheaper. 5.45×39mm AK-200 assault rifle 5.45×39mm AK-205 carbine As of 2018, the AK-200 series rifles are offered for export sales and for domestic law enforcement users in Russia. The AK-200 series are based on the AK-100 series and the AK-12. They can be chambered in 5.45×39mm, 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62×39mm, and use a barrel and gas system assembly and iron sights line similar to that of the AK-74M/AK-100 rifle family. Improvements added from the AK-12 include Picatinny rails, a new pistol grip, a new adjustable buttstock and a new flash hider. They feed from 30-round magazines, and are compatible with drum magazines from the RPK and RPK-74. The models of the AK-200 series are: Chambering Assault Rifle Carbine 5.45×39mm AK-200 AK-205 5.56×45mm NATO AK-201 AK-202 7.62×39mm AK-203 AK-204 On 3 March 2019, Russia and India inaugurated Indo-Russia Rifles in Uttar Pradesh, India to produce AK-203 assault rifles. However, no contract had been signed then or rifles produced because of pricing disagreements. India signed a contract in August 2021 to directly import 70,000 AK-203 rifles from Russia. Russia and India on December 6, 2021, finally signed a contract on the delivery of over 600,000 7.62mm AK-203 assault rifles that will be produced on India's soil to the republic's Defense Ministry. References ^ "The AK-100 Rifle Family: Modern Russian Rifles". ^ "AK-100 Series" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2014. ^ a b c d "AK-100". Weaponsystems.net. ^ "THE 100-SERIES KALASHNIKOVS: A PRIMER". Small Arms Review. ^ "AK-100 series". Military Today. ^ Приказ Министерства внутренних дел РФ No. 651 от 9 июля 2002 г. ^ Постановление Правительства РФ No. 776 от 2 октября 2009 г. "Об обеспечении боевым ручным стрелковым и иным оружием, патронами к нему, специальными средствами, оборудованием и снаряжением Федеральной службы судебных приставов" ^ "Russian Special Forces Federal Security Services to get new Kalashnikov AK-400 assault rifles TASS 2605162". armyrecognition.com. 25 May 2016. ^ "Rosoboronexport starts promoting new series of Kalashnikov assault rifles". Rostec State Corporationwebsite=thefirearmblog.com. 8 February 2019. ^ "Russian National Guard Orders New AK-200 Series Rifles". thefirearmblog.com. 19 September 2018. ^ "Russian National Guard modernizes firearm, vehicle and boat inventory". www.armyrecognition.com. ^ "Russia Starts Promoting the New Kalashnikov AK200 Series". thefirearmblog.com. 26 February 2019. ^ "Kalashnikov Concern Renames the 100M-Series of AK Rifles to 200-Series". thefirearmblog.com. 8 June 2018. ^ "200 series Kalashnikov assault rifle: AK-200, AK-201, AK-202, AK-203, AK-204, AK-205 (Russia)". modernfirearms.net. 7 June 2018. ^ "AK-203 Production Kicks-off in India". Rostec State Corporation. 4 March 2019. ^ "Russian National Guard modernizes firearm, vehicle and boat inventory". www.armyrecognition.com. 15 March 2019. ^ Pubby, Manu (6 February 2020). "Indo-Russian joint venture for Amethi rifles factory hits hurdle". The Economic Times. ^ Pubby, Manu (4 June 2020). "Amethi AK-203 factory unlikely to start operations in 2020". The Economic Times. ^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (2021-08-20). "India inks deal with Russia to immediately procure 70,000 latest AK rifles off the shelf". ThePrint. Retrieved 2021-08-29. ^ "India to import 70,000 AK-203 assault rifles for army". Janes.com. ^ "India and Russia agree on new deals to strengthen defence ties". External links Izhmash—manufacturer's website of the 5.45 mm Kalashnikov assault rifles AK74M, AK105 Modern Firearms vteKalashnikov rifle and derivativesPrimary riflesUSSR/Russia AK-47 AKM AK-74 AKS-74U AK-101 AK-102 AK-103 AK-104 AK-105 AK-9 AK-12 AK-15 AK-19 AK-203 AK-205 Warsaw Pact AK-63 AKM-63 Kbk AKM / Kbkg wz. 1960/72 MPi-KM MPi-AK-74N PA md. 86 PM md. 63/65 PM md. 90 Assault andbattle riflesClassic AK-107/108/109 AL-7 AN-94 AR-M1 APS-95 AS Val ČZ 2000 EMER-K1 Excalibur INSAS IMI Galil (Vektor R4 · FFV 890 · DI MA-1) IWI ACE (Galil Córdova · STV) Madsen LAR MCIWS NGM-81 RK 62 Type 56 Type 58 Wieger StG-940 Saiga semi-automatic rifle SG-540 SG 550 STL-1A Trichy WASR-series rifles Zastava PAP series Bullpup A-91 Grad AR K-3 Malyuk OTs-14 Groza Truvelo Raptor Type 86S M82 Vektor CR-21 Vepr Carbines20–25 cm (8–10 in) barrel AG-043 AKMSU AK-9 AKS-74U AR-M4 SF OTs-12 Tiss OTs-14 Groza SR-3 Vikhr 9A-91 AM-17 (firearm) 25–33 cm (10–13 in) barrel AK-102/AK-104/AK-105 AMD-65 AMP-69 KALANTAK MPi-AKS-74NK PA md. 86 Carbine PM md. 80 PM md. 90 Carbine Truvelo Raptor C Type 56C Machine guns RPK/RPKS RPK-74 RPKM/RPK-74M/RPK-201/RPK-203 RPK-16 PK/PKM/PKT PKP Pecheneg INSAS (LMG) PU-1/2/21 Type 80 machine gun Type 73 light machine gun AEK-999 Sniper rifles PSL Tabuk VSS Vintorez VSK-94 Submachine guns Amogh PP-19 Bizon Gepard PP-19 Vityaz Zastava Master FLG Shotguns KSK Fostech Origin 12 Saiga-12 Vepr-12 Molot Special purpose 80.002 AK-9 AO-27 RWGŁ-3 APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle ADS amphibious rifle QBS-06 Competitors Project Abakan SA-006 AKB AKB-1 AB-46 VAHAN AO-62 AO-63 AO-222 BrandsGalil ACE (assault rifle/carbine) AR (assault/battle rifle) ARM (machine gun) Galatz (sniper rifle) MAR (carbine) SAR (carbine) SR-99 (sniper rifle) Zastava M70 (assault rifle) M72 (machine gun) M76 (sniper rifle) M77 (machine gun/battle rifle) M80 (assault rifle) M85 (carbine) M90 (assault rifle) M91 (sniper rifle) M92 (carbine) M21 (assault rifle/carbine) Valmet/SAKO RK 62/RK 62 76 (assault rifle) RK 71 (assault rifle) M78 (machine gun) M82 (bullpup assault rifle) RK 95 TP (assault rifle) Petra/Hunter (hunting rifle) FB Radom FB Beryl (assault rifle) FB Mini-Beryl (short-barreled rifle) FB Tantal (assault rifle) FB Onyks (short-barreled rifle) Radom Hunter (civilian rifle) Radom Sport (civilian rifle) List of modern Russian small arms and light weapons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AK-100 (naval gun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-100_(naval_gun)"},{"link_name":"Kalashnikov rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalashnikov_rifle"},{"link_name":"AK-74M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-74M"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"AK-74M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-74M"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the naval cannon, see AK-100 (naval gun).The AK-100 family is a series of Kalashnikov rifles, based upon the AK-74M, intended for export sales.[1] The family of rifles offers the AK-74M system, in multiple cartridges and lengths.[2]","title":"AK-100 (rifle family)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%9A-101.jpg"},{"link_name":"handguards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handguard"},{"link_name":"stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"safe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"semi auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm"},{"link_name":"full auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_firearm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"5.56×45mm AK-101 assault rifle.The original AK-100 series rifles were introduced in 1994 and are categorized by all having black polymer handguards, folding polymer stocks, and use of AK-74M internal systems. Parts are highly interchangeable.[3]Notably, while the pattern would imply that the AK-100 series rifle chambered for 5.45x39mm would be the AK-105, and that the 5.45 carbine would be the AK-106, the AK-105 designation skipped the 100 series 5.45 rifle (that already existed as the 74M,) and went straight to the 5.45 carbine. Despite the AK-100 series being built off the AK-74M, rather than the 74M being the start of the series as the AK-100 or the AK-101, they decided that they would keep its name, and instead skip \"AK-100\" and attribute AK-101 to a completely different rifle. Additionally, there is no AK-106. This is likely to separate the versions using the BARS system, to make it clear that while they are 100 series rifles overall, they are somewhat their own subseries, however it could be possible that the AK-74M could have the alternative designation of AK-106Even with those differences all of the rifles are made to similar specifications.[3]Both long rifles had a barrel length of 415 mm, and all the carbines had a barrel length of 314 mm.[3]\nBoth long rifles (unloaded) weighted 3.6 kg, and all the carbines: 3.2 kg.[3]\nAll the rifles had a selector for with: safe, semi auto, or full auto. Also, both long rifles also had a variant with 3 round burst called AK-10X-3 and a semi auto only variant called AK-10X-1[4]Rifles in the 100 series have been exported to and/or adopted by a variety of countries, notably: Armenia, Cyprus, Serbia, Syria, Uruguay, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Venezuela.[5]The AK-105 has also seen some domestic use, filling a niche role as a middle ground between the AK-74M and AKS-74U.[6][7][8]","title":"AK-100 series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AK-107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-107"},{"link_name":"gas system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading"},{"link_name":"Balanced Automatics Recoil System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_Automatics_Recoil_System"}],"sub_title":"Related development","text":"Later Kalashnikov started offering the AK-107 / AK-108 / AK-109 (in order 5.45x39, 5.56x45, 7.62x39) models. Externally they are very similar to the AK-100 series (with some minor differences) and are offered in the same calibers. Internally they use a radically different gas system and incorporate the Balanced Automatics Recoil System (BARS).","title":"AK-100 series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AK-12 family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AK200_Assault_Rifle_Army-2022_2022-08-20_2380.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AK-205.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"AK-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-12"},{"link_name":"5.45×39mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.45%C3%9739mm"},{"link_name":"5.56×45mm NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.56%C3%9745mm_NATO"},{"link_name":"7.62×39mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.62%C3%9739mm"},{"link_name":"AK-74M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-74M"},{"link_name":"Picatinny rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picatinny_rail"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"RPK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPK"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indo-Russia Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Russia_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"AK-203","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-203"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The AK-100M/AK-200 rifle family was initially conceived around 2009 as an improved variant of the basic AK-100 series. Most improvements centered on ergonomic improvements and mounting systems for accessories. The development of the AK-100M/AK-200 family was stopped around 2011 but resumed around 2016. In 2017, Kalashnikov unveiled the modernised versions of the AK-100 family of rifles. The AK-200 series are somewhat heavier and less advanced compared to the AK-12 family, but also cheaper.[citation needed]5.45×39mm AK-200 assault rifle5.45×39mm AK-205 carbineAs of 2018, the AK-200 series rifles are offered for export sales and for domestic law enforcement users in Russia.[9][10][11][12] The AK-200 series are based on the AK-100 series and the AK-12. They can be chambered in 5.45×39mm, 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62×39mm, and use a barrel and gas system assembly and iron sights line similar to that of the AK-74M/AK-100 rifle family. Improvements added from the AK-12 include Picatinny rails, a new pistol grip, a new adjustable buttstock and a new flash hider.[13] They feed from 30-round magazines, and are compatible with drum magazines from the RPK and RPK-74.[14]The models of the AK-200 series are:On 3 March 2019, Russia and India inaugurated Indo-Russia Rifles in Uttar Pradesh, India to produce AK-203 assault rifles.[15][16] However, no contract had been signed then or rifles produced because of pricing disagreements.[17][18] India signed a contract in August 2021 to directly import 70,000 AK-203 rifles from Russia.[19][20] Russia and India on December 6, 2021, finally signed a contract on the delivery of over 600,000 7.62mm AK-203 assault rifles that will be produced on India's soil to the republic's Defense Ministry.[21]","title":"AK-100M/200 series"}]
[{"image_text":"5.56×45mm AK-101 assault rifle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%90%D0%9A-101.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D0%9A-101.jpg"},{"image_text":"5.45×39mm AK-200 assault rifle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AK200_Assault_Rifle_Army-2022_2022-08-20_2380.jpg/220px-AK200_Assault_Rifle_Army-2022_2022-08-20_2380.jpg"},{"image_text":"5.45×39mm AK-205 carbine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AK-205.jpg/220px-AK-205.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The AK-100 Rifle Family: Modern Russian Rifles\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sofrep.com/gear/the-ak-100-rifle-family-modern-russian-rifles/","url_text":"\"The AK-100 Rifle Family: Modern Russian Rifles\""}]},{"reference":"\"AK-100 Series\" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/weapons/SAS-weapons-assault-rifles-AK-100-series.pdf","url_text":"\"AK-100 Series\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140508081943/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/weapons/SAS-weapons-assault-rifles-AK-100-series.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AK-100\". Weaponsystems.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://old.weaponsystems.net/weaponsystem/AA04%20-%20AK-100.html","url_text":"\"AK-100\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE 100-SERIES KALASHNIKOVS: A PRIMER\". Small Arms Review.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=1301","url_text":"\"THE 100-SERIES KALASHNIKOVS: A PRIMER\""}]},{"reference":"\"AK-100 series\". Military Today.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.military-today.com/firearms/ak_100_series.htm","url_text":"\"AK-100 series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rosoboronexport starts promoting new series of Kalashnikov assault rifles\". Rostec State Corporationwebsite=thefirearmblog.com. 8 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armyrecognition.com/february_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/rosoboronexport_starts_promoting_a_new_series_of_kalashnikov_assault_rifles.html","url_text":"\"Rosoboronexport starts promoting new series of Kalashnikov assault rifles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian National Guard Orders New AK-200 Series Rifles\". thefirearmblog.com. 19 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/09/19/russian-national-guard-orders-new-ak-200-series-rifles/","url_text":"\"Russian National Guard Orders New AK-200 Series Rifles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian National Guard modernizes firearm, vehicle and boat inventory\". www.armyrecognition.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/russian_national_guard_modernizes_firearm_vehicle_and_boat_inventory.html","url_text":"\"Russian National Guard modernizes firearm, vehicle and boat inventory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia Starts Promoting the New Kalashnikov AK200 Series\". thefirearmblog.com. 26 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2019/02/26/rosoboronexport-starts-promoting-the-new-kalashnikov-ak200-series/","url_text":"\"Russia Starts Promoting the New Kalashnikov AK200 Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kalashnikov Concern Renames the 100M-Series of AK Rifles to 200-Series\". thefirearmblog.com. 8 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/06/08/kalashnikov-concern-introduces-ak-200-series-of-rifles/","url_text":"\"Kalashnikov Concern Renames the 100M-Series of AK Rifles to 200-Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"200 series Kalashnikov assault rifle: AK-200, AK-201, AK-202, AK-203, AK-204, AK-205 (Russia)\". modernfirearms.net. 7 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://modernfirearms.net/en/assault-rifles/ak-200-2/","url_text":"\"200 series Kalashnikov assault rifle: AK-200, AK-201, AK-202, AK-203, AK-204, AK-205 (Russia)\""}]},{"reference":"\"AK-203 Production Kicks-off in India\". Rostec State Corporation. 4 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://rostec.ru/en/news/ak-203-production-kicks-off-in-india/","url_text":"\"AK-203 Production Kicks-off in India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian National Guard modernizes firearm, vehicle and boat inventory\". www.armyrecognition.com. 15 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/russian_national_guard_modernizes_firearm_vehicle_and_boat_inventory.html","url_text":"\"Russian National Guard modernizes firearm, vehicle and boat inventory\""}]},{"reference":"Pubby, Manu (6 February 2020). \"Indo-Russian joint venture for Amethi rifles factory hits hurdle\". The Economic Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indo-russian-joint-venture-for-amethi-rifles-factory-hits-hurdle/articleshow/73974065.cms","url_text":"\"Indo-Russian joint venture for Amethi rifles factory hits hurdle\""}]},{"reference":"Pubby, Manu (4 June 2020). \"Amethi AK-203 factory unlikely to start operations in 2020\". The Economic Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/amethi-ak-203-factory-unlikely-to-start-operations-in-2020/articleshow/76183802.cms","url_text":"\"Amethi AK-203 factory unlikely to start operations in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Philip, Snehesh Alex (2021-08-20). \"India inks deal with Russia to immediately procure 70,000 latest AK rifles off the shelf\". ThePrint. Retrieved 2021-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/defence/india-inks-deal-with-russia-to-immediately-procure-70000-latest-ak-rifles-off-the-shelf/718827/","url_text":"\"India inks deal with Russia to immediately procure 70,000 latest AK rifles off the shelf\""}]},{"reference":"\"India to import 70,000 AK-203 assault rifles for army\". Janes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-to-import-70000-ak-203-assault-rifles-for-army","url_text":"\"India to import 70,000 AK-203 assault rifles for army\""}]},{"reference":"\"India and Russia agree on new deals to strengthen defence ties\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-and-russia-agree-on-new-deals-to-strengthen-defence-ties","url_text":"\"India and Russia agree on new deals to strengthen defence ties\""}]}]
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Kalashnikov AK-400 assault rifles TASS 2605162"},{"Link":"https://www.armyrecognition.com/february_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/rosoboronexport_starts_promoting_a_new_series_of_kalashnikov_assault_rifles.html","external_links_name":"\"Rosoboronexport starts promoting new series of Kalashnikov assault rifles\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/09/19/russian-national-guard-orders-new-ak-200-series-rifles/","external_links_name":"\"Russian National Guard Orders New AK-200 Series Rifles\""},{"Link":"https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/russian_national_guard_modernizes_firearm_vehicle_and_boat_inventory.html","external_links_name":"\"Russian National Guard modernizes firearm, vehicle and boat inventory\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2019/02/26/rosoboronexport-starts-promoting-the-new-kalashnikov-ak200-series/","external_links_name":"\"Russia Starts Promoting the New Kalashnikov AK200 Series\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/06/08/kalashnikov-concern-introduces-ak-200-series-of-rifles/","external_links_name":"\"Kalashnikov Concern Renames the 100M-Series of AK Rifles to 200-Series\""},{"Link":"https://modernfirearms.net/en/assault-rifles/ak-200-2/","external_links_name":"\"200 series Kalashnikov assault rifle: AK-200, AK-201, AK-202, AK-203, AK-204, AK-205 (Russia)\""},{"Link":"https://rostec.ru/en/news/ak-203-production-kicks-off-in-india/","external_links_name":"\"AK-203 Production Kicks-off in India\""},{"Link":"https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/russian_national_guard_modernizes_firearm_vehicle_and_boat_inventory.html","external_links_name":"\"Russian National Guard modernizes firearm, vehicle and boat inventory\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indo-russian-joint-venture-for-amethi-rifles-factory-hits-hurdle/articleshow/73974065.cms","external_links_name":"\"Indo-Russian joint venture for Amethi rifles factory hits hurdle\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/amethi-ak-203-factory-unlikely-to-start-operations-in-2020/articleshow/76183802.cms","external_links_name":"\"Amethi AK-203 factory unlikely to start operations in 2020\""},{"Link":"https://theprint.in/defence/india-inks-deal-with-russia-to-immediately-procure-70000-latest-ak-rifles-off-the-shelf/718827/","external_links_name":"\"India inks deal with Russia to immediately procure 70,000 latest AK rifles off the shelf\""},{"Link":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-to-import-70000-ak-203-assault-rifles-for-army","external_links_name":"\"India to import 70,000 AK-203 assault rifles for army\""},{"Link":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-and-russia-agree-on-new-deals-to-strengthen-defence-ties","external_links_name":"\"India and Russia agree on new deals to strengthen defence ties\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150221062623/http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/product/ak74m.shtml","external_links_name":"Izhmash—manufacturer's website of the 5.45 mm Kalashnikov assault rifles AK74M, AK105"},{"Link":"http://world.guns.ru/assault/as02-e.htm","external_links_name":"Modern Firearms"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon_(American_band)
Chameleon (American band)
["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"]
For the lizard, see Chameleon. For other uses, see Chameleon (disambiguation). This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ChameleonOriginMinneapolis, Minnesota, United StatesGenresRockYears activelate 1970s to early 1980sLabelsPlatinum RecordsPast membersCharlie AdamsDugan McNeillMark AnthonyJohnny DonaldsonYanniPeter DigginsDonny PaulsonTed Collins Chameleon was an American rock band active from the late 1970s through the early 1980s . It was founded by Charlie Adams. Chameleon made Billboard charts and was renowned for Adams’ two-axis revolving, upside-down drum set, which he played in live concerts and on MTV. The band toured extensively, (sponsored by the Miller Brewing Co.) performing up to 260 shows a year. Band members have included Adams, drums, vocals, and percussion; Yanni, keyboards and synthesizers; Dugan McNeill, lead vocals and bass guitars; Johnny Donaldson, all guitars; Mark Anthony, lead vocals and keyboards; Peter Diggins, lead vocals and main guitars; Donny Paulson, guitars, vocals. Discography Chameleon (1981) Techno-color (1982) Balance (1983) Hologram Sky (1984) References Chameleon Chameleon at Minnewiki (Minnesota music encyclopedia) Book: Yanni; Rensin, David (2002). Yanni in Words. Miramax Books, 84–94. 1-4013-5194-8. External links MySpace fan page Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article on a United States rock music band is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chameleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon"},{"link_name":"Chameleon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Charlie Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Adams_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Miller Brewing Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Brewing"},{"link_name":"Yanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanni"},{"link_name":"Dugan McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugan_McNeill"},{"link_name":"Johnny Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Donaldson"}],"text":"For the lizard, see Chameleon. For other uses, see Chameleon (disambiguation).Chameleon was an American rock band active from the late 1970s through the early 1980s . It was founded by Charlie Adams. Chameleon made Billboard charts and was renowned for Adams’ two-axis revolving, upside-down drum set, which he played in live concerts and on MTV. The band toured extensively, (sponsored by the Miller Brewing Co.) performing up to 260 shows a year. Band members have included Adams, drums, vocals, and percussion; Yanni, keyboards and synthesizers; Dugan McNeill, lead vocals and bass guitars; Johnny Donaldson, all guitars; Mark Anthony, lead vocals and keyboards; Peter Diggins, lead vocals and main guitars; Donny Paulson, guitars, vocals.","title":"Chameleon (American band)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Chameleon (1981)\nTechno-color (1982)\nBalance (1983)\nHologram Sky (1984)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Reddy
Joel Reddy
["1 Background","2 Career","3 Family","4 References","5 External links"]
Australian rugby league footballer Joel ReddyReddy in 2011Personal informationBorn (1985-10-08) 8 October 1985 (age 38)Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaHeight191 cm (6 ft 3 in)Weight92 kg (14 st 7 lb)Playing informationPositionCentre, Wing Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 2005–11 Parramatta Eels 90 38 0 0 152 2012–13 Wests Tigers 27 4 0 0 16 2014–15 South Sydney 19 9 0 0 36 Total 136 51 0 0 204 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 2006 NSW Residents 1 1 0 0 4 2010–13 NSW City 2 0 0 0 0 Source: As of 8 January 2024 Joel Reddy (born 8 October 1985) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who most recently played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs. He was a part of the Rabbitohs squad that won the 2014 NRL Premiership. Background Reddy was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Career Having played his junior football with the Yarrawarrah Tigers, Reddy moved to Adelaide as a teenager when his father was appointed as head coach of the ill-fated Adelaide Rams. He continued playing in the South Australia Rugby League for South Adelaide Bulldogs, while attending Blackwood High School. Reddy made his NRL debut with Parramatta in 2005, scoring a try in his first game. In his first 2 seasons, he played 6 games, playing as a fullback. Reddy played for Parramatta in the club's 2007 reserve grade premiership winning side which defeated North Sydney 20–15 at Telstra Stadium. Reddy was one of the try scorers in the match. Reddy's usual position has been either on the wing or in the centres. With the departure of Brett Finch in the 2009 season, the Eels moved Reddy into the halves, playing him at Five-Eighth for one game but moved back into the centres when Daniel Mortimer moved to the five-eighth position. Unveiled in The Daily Telegraph's exclusive fan poll on 23 September 2009, Reddy was chosen as the most under-rated player in the NRL. Reddy played for Parramatta in the 2009 NRL grand final and scored a try in the second half but The Eels ultimately lost the match 23–16. In 2010 Reddy was selected to represent the City Origin side after an injury to Braith Anasta. A torn pectoral muscle in round 10 saw Reddy miss the rest of the 2011 season. Two months later he signed a 2-year contract with the Wests Tigers for the 2012 and 2013 seasons. "It was pretty tough but when the Tigers came knocking I knew they were a really good club," Reddy said. "I enjoy my defence so I think that was one thing Tim was looking at when he bought me. I’m ready to do the hard work, the tough stuff and leave the fancy stuff to Benji." Despite scoring tries in his first two appearances in 2012, Reddy managed just 14 games for the season and was not chosen for first grade after round 20. In 2013, he also made 14 appearances, scoring 22 tries. He signed with the South Sydney Rabbitohs for the 2014 season, the year in which they won the premiership but did not feature in the grand final winning side. Reddy announced his retirement at the beginning of the 2016 season and went on to make a further 19 appearances that year. Family Reddy is the son of former International and Dragon forward Rod Reddy, and the brother of professional footballer Liam Reddy. He is also the brother of Bianca Reddy who plays netball for the Adelaide Thunderbirds. Reddy is married to Bryson Goodwin's sister, Rearne Goodwin. He is also the brother in law of the St. George Illawarra winger Bronx Goodwin References ^ Rugby League Project ^ League Central ^ "WESTS TIGERS ANNOUNCE SIGNING OF ADAM BLAIR". weststigers.com.au. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011. ^ "Custom Match List". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 14 July 2011. ^ "Eels break Peachey's heart". Herald Sun. ^ "Joel Reddy scores the Eels' second try during the 2009 NRL grand final". ^ "Reddy or not: Eels centre out for the year". The Sydney Morning Herald. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011. ^ "Blair on the move to Tigers". The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011. ^ Nathan Ryan (21 November 2011). "Joel Reddy to learn from Sheens". Sports News First. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2012. ^ "NRL to pay tribute to retiring players". October 2016. ^ A.O. (8 October 2011). "Celebrity Baby News: Joel Reddy and Rearne Goodwin". Waltzing More Than Matilda. Retrieved 27 June 2020. External links Profile at Parramatta Eels website vteSouth Sydney squad - 2015 World Club Challenge winners (1st title) 1. Greg Inglis (c) 2. Alex Johnston 3. Dylan Walker 4. Bryson Goodwin 5. Joel Reddy 6. Luke Keary 7. Adam Reynolds 8. George Burgess 9. Issac Luke 10. Dave Tyrrell 11. Glenn Stewart 12. John Sutton 15. Ben Lowe 13. Jason Clark 16. Chris McQueen 17. Tom Burgess 20. Chris Grevsmuhl Coach: Michael Maguire vteSouth Sydney Rabbitohs – 2015 NRL Nines Champions<South Sydney Rabbitohs 18 defeated Cronulla Sharks 14, in the final at Eden Park 1. Joel Reddy 2. Bryson Goodwin 5. Chris McQueen 15. Kyle Turner 7. Adam Reynolds 3. Dylan Walker 6. Issac Luke 8. George Burgess 13. Dave Tyrrell 4. Matt King 11. Jason Clark 16. Cameron McInnes 17. Chris Grevsmuhl 19. Angus Crichton Coach: Michael Maguire
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"South Sydney Rabbitohs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs"},{"link_name":"2014 NRL Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NRL_Premiership"}],"text":"Joel Reddy (born 8 October 1985) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who most recently played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs. He was a part of the Rabbitohs squad that won the 2014 NRL Premiership.","title":"Joel Reddy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"}],"text":"Reddy was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yarrawarrah Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrawarrah_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Rams"},{"link_name":"South Australia Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Blackwood High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwood_High_School"},{"link_name":"North Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sydney_Bears"},{"link_name":"Telstra Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstra_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Wing"},{"link_name":"centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Centre"},{"link_name":"Brett Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Finch"},{"link_name":"Five-Eighth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Stand-off"},{"link_name":"Daniel Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Braith Anasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braith_Anasta"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wests Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wests_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Sheens"},{"link_name":"Benji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benji_Marshall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Having played his junior football with the Yarrawarrah Tigers,[3] Reddy moved to Adelaide as a teenager when his father was appointed as head coach of the ill-fated Adelaide Rams. He continued playing in the South Australia Rugby League for South Adelaide Bulldogs, while attending Blackwood High School. Reddy made his NRL debut with Parramatta in 2005, scoring a try in his first game. In his first 2 seasons, he played 6 games, playing as a fullback. Reddy played for Parramatta in the club's 2007 reserve grade premiership winning side which defeated North Sydney 20–15 at Telstra Stadium. Reddy was one of the try scorers in the match.[4][5]Reddy's usual position has been either on the wing or in the centres. With the departure of Brett Finch in the 2009 season, the Eels moved Reddy into the halves, playing him at Five-Eighth for one game but moved back into the centres when Daniel Mortimer moved to the five-eighth position.Unveiled in The Daily Telegraph's exclusive fan poll on 23 September 2009, Reddy was chosen as the most under-rated player in the NRL. Reddy played for Parramatta in the 2009 NRL grand final and scored a try in the second half but The Eels ultimately lost the match 23–16.[6]In 2010 Reddy was selected to represent the City Origin side after an injury to Braith Anasta.A torn pectoral muscle in round 10 saw Reddy miss the rest of the 2011 season.[7] Two months later he signed a 2-year contract with the Wests Tigers for the 2012 and 2013 seasons.[8] \"It was pretty tough but when the Tigers came knocking I knew they were a really good club,\" Reddy said. \"I enjoy my defence so I think that was one thing Tim was looking at when he bought me. I’m ready to do the hard work, the tough stuff and leave the fancy stuff to Benji.\"[9]Despite scoring tries in his first two appearances in 2012, Reddy managed just 14 games for the season and was not chosen for first grade after round 20. In 2013, he also made 14 appearances, scoring 22 tries.He signed with the South Sydney Rabbitohs for the 2014 season, the year in which they won the premiership but did not feature in the grand final winning side. Reddy announced his retirement at the beginning of the 2016 season and went on to make a further 19 appearances that year.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Rod Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Reddy"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Liam Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Bianca Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Reddy"},{"link_name":"netball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"Bryson Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryson_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"St. George Illawarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Illawarra_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Bronx Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_Goodwin"}],"text":"Reddy is the son of former International and Dragon forward Rod Reddy, and the brother of professional footballer Liam Reddy. He is also the brother of Bianca Reddy who plays netball for the Adelaide Thunderbirds. Reddy is married to Bryson Goodwin's sister, Rearne Goodwin.[11] He is also the brother in law of the St. George Illawarra winger Bronx Goodwin","title":"Family"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFG_Roland_D.VI
LFG Roland D.VI
["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Operators","4 Specifications (Roland D.VIb)","5 See also","6 Notes","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
1910s German fighter aircraft D.VI D.VIb Role FighterType of aircraft Manufacturer LFG Roland First flight 1917 Introduction 1918 Primary user Imperial Germany Number built 350 The Roland D.VI was a German fighter aircraft built at the end of World War I. It lost a fly-off to the Fokker D.VII, but production went ahead anyway as insurance against problems with the Fokker. Design and development The Roland D.VI was designed by the Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft (L.F.G.), (whose aircraft were made under the trade name "Roland" after 1914 to avoid confusion with the Luftverkehrsgesellschaft m.b.H (L.V.G.)) late in 1917, with the prototype being the 1000th aircraft to be built by L.F.G., first flying in November 1917. The D.VI was a single bay biplane which discarded the L.F.G.-Roland patented Wickelrumpf (literally "wrapped body"), or semi-monocoque fuselage, constructed with two layers of thin plywood strips, diagonally wrapped around a male form to create a "half-shell", that used in previous L.F.G aircraft such as the Roland C.II, D.I and D.II in favour of the equally unusual (for aircraft use) Klinkerrumpf (or clinker-built) construction where the fuselage was built of overlapping thin strips of spruce over a light wooden framework. Visibility for the pilot was good, while the aircraft had above average manoeuvrability. Operational history Mercedes-powered Roland D.VIa. In January 1918, two D.VIs were entered into the first fighter competition held by Idflieg at Adlershof, one powered by a 160 hp (119 kW) Mercedes D.III engine and the other by a Benz Bz.IIIa of similar power and, like the Mercedes, another upright, inline, six cylinder engine . Although the winner of the competition was the cheaper Fokker D.VII, orders were placed for the Roland as insurance against production problems with the Fokker. A total of 350 were built, 150 D.VIas powered by the Mercedes, while the remaining 200 were powered by the Benz and were called D.VIb. Deliveries started in May 1918, with 70 D.VIs in frontline service on 31 August 1918. The only surviving artifact of the LFG Roland D.VI still existing in the 21st century is the complete fuselage of a D.VIb, displaying IdFlieg military serial number 2225/18, on display at the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków, Poland. Operators  First Czechoslovak Republic Czechoslovak Air Force  German Empire Luftstreitkräfte Kaiserliche Marine Freikorps Specifications (Roland D.VIb) Roland D.VI Data from The Complete Book of Fighters General characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 6.32 m (20 ft 9 in) Wingspan: 9.42 m (30 ft 11 in) Height: 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) Wing area: 22.1 m2 (238 sq ft) Empty weight: 656 kg (1,446 lb) Gross weight: 846 kg (1,865 lb) Powerplant: 1 × Benz Bz.IIIa 6-cylinder water-cooled in-line piston engine, 149 kW (200 hp) Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller Performance Maximum speed: 199 km/h (124 mph, 107 kn) Service ceiling: 5,790 m (19,000 ft) Time to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 19 minutes Wing loading: 38.3 kg/m2 (7.8 lb/sq ft) Power/mass: 0.18 kW/kg (0.11 hp/lb) Armament Guns: 2 × 7.92 mm LMG 08/15 machine guns See also Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Fokker D.VII Pfalz D.XII Notes ^ a b c Green and Swanborough 1994, p. 338. ^ Gray and Thetford 1961, pp. 166–167. ^ Gray and Thetford 1961, p. 167. ^ Gray and Thetford 1961, p. 166. ^ Polish Aviation Museum. "Aeroplane: LFG Roland D.VI". Polish Aviation Museum. Retrieved July 28, 2012. ^ "Wingnut Wings - 1/32 Roland D.VIb (Benz Bz.IIIA engine)". ^ The Bz.IIIa was not related to the Bz.III Bibliography Abbott, Dan S. & Grosz, Peter M. (1977). "The Benighted Rolands". Air Enthusiast (3): 38–48. ISSN 0143-5450. Gray, Peter and Owen Thetford. German Aircraft of the First World War. London: Putnam, 1962. Gray, Peter Laurence. German Aircraft of the First World War. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1970. Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. ISBN 0-8317-3939-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to LFG Roland D.VI. The L.F.G Roland D.VIa Performance tests of Roland D.VIb with 200 hp Benz vteLuft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft (LFG-Roland) aircraftPre-WW1 and WW1 Pfeil/Arrow C.I C.II C.III C.V C.VIII D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII D.IX D.XIII D.XIV D.XV D.XVI D.XVII Dr.I E.I G.I W (1) W (2) WD Post WWI V 1 V 2 V 3 Susanna V 8 Bärbel V 13 V 18 Sassnitz V 19 V 20 Arkona V 26 V 36 V 39 V 40 V 42 V 44 V 52 V 58 V 59 V 60 V 61 V 101 Jasmund V 130 Strela Phönix vteIdflieg D and DJ-class aircraft designationsD- classAEG D.I D.II D.III Albatros D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII D.IX D.X D.XI D.XII Aviatik (D.I skipped) D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII Daimler D.I D.II DFW D.I D.II Euler D.I D.II Fokker D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII Friedrichshafen D.I D.II D.III Halberstadt D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V Junkers D.I Kondor D.I LFG/Roland D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII D.IX D.X D.XI D.XII D.XIII D.XIV D.XV D.XVI D.XVII LVG D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI Märkische D.I Naglo D.I D.II Pfalz D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII D.IX D.X D.XI D.XII D.XIII D.XIV D.XV Rumpler D.I Schütte-Lanz D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII Siemens-Schuckert D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI Zeppelin-Lindau D.I DJ- classAEG DJ.I vteWorld War I aircraft of the Central PowersFighters AEG D.I AEG Dr.I Albatros D.I Albatros D.II Albatros D.III Albatros D.V Aviatik D.I Aviatik C.VI Daimler L.6 Euler D.I Euler D.II Fokker D.I Fokker D.II Fokker D.III Fokker D.IV Fokker D.V Fokker D.VI Fokker D.VII Fokker D.VIII Fokker Dr.I Fokker E.I Fokker E.II Fokker E.III Fokker E.IV Fokker E.V Halberstadt D.II Hannover CL.II Hannover CL.III Hannover CL.IV Hannover CL.V Hansa-Brandenburg W.12 Hansa-Brandenburg W.29 Junkers D.I Kondor D.6 Kondor E.III Naglo D.II Pfalz D.III Pfalz D.XII Pfalz Dr.I Pfalz E.I Pfalz E.II Phönix D.I LFG Roland D.II LFG Roland D.VI Siemens-Schuckert D.I Siemens-Schuckert D.II Siemens-Schuckert D.III Siemens-Schuckert D.IV Zeppelin-Lindau D.I Bombers andground attack AEG DJ.I AEG G.I AEG G.II AEG G.III AEG G.IV AEG G.V AEG J.I AEG J.II AEG R.I Friedrichshafen G.II Friedrichshafen G.III Gotha G.I Gotha G.II Gotha G.III Gotha G.IV Gotha G.V Gotha GL.VII Gotha G.IX Hannover CL.II Junkers CL.I Junkers J.I Rumpler G.I Rumpler G.II Rumpler G.III Siemens-Schuckert L.I Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.II Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.III Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.IV Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI Reconnaissance AEG B.I AEG B.II AEG B.III AEG C.I AEG C.II AEG C.III AEG C.IV AEG C.V AEG C.VI AEG C.VII AEG C.VIII AGO C.I AGO C.II AGO C.III AGO C.IV AGO C.VII AGO C.VIII Albatros B.I Albatros B.II Albatros C.I Albatros C.III Albatros C.V Albatros C.VII Albatros C.IX Albatros C.X Albatros C.XII Aviatik B.I Aviatik B.II Aviatik C.I Aviatik C.VI DFW C.V LFG Roland C.II LVG B.I LVG C.II Rumpler C.I Rumpler C.IV Rumpler Taube Trainers Euler D.I Prototypes Albatros C.II Fokker V.1 Fokker V.2 Junkers J 1 Junkers J 2 Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.I Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Fokker D.VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_D.VII"}],"text":"The Roland D.VI was a German fighter aircraft built at the end of World War I. It lost a fly-off to the Fokker D.VII, but production went ahead anyway as insurance against problems with the Fokker.","title":"LFG Roland D.VI"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Luftverkehrsgesellschaft m.b.H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete_fighters_p338-1"},{"link_name":"monocoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque"},{"link_name":"Roland C.II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_C.II"},{"link_name":"D.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_D.I"},{"link_name":"D.II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFG_Roland_D.II"},{"link_name":"clinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thetford_p166-167-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thetford_p167-3"}],"text":"The Roland D.VI was designed by the Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft (L.F.G.), (whose aircraft were made under the trade name \"Roland\" after 1914 to avoid confusion with the Luftverkehrsgesellschaft m.b.H (L.V.G.)) late in 1917, with the prototype being the 1000th aircraft to be built by L.F.G., first flying in November 1917.[1] The D.VI was a single bay biplane which discarded the L.F.G.-Roland patented Wickelrumpf (literally \"wrapped body\"), or semi-monocoque fuselage, constructed with two layers of thin plywood strips, diagonally wrapped around a male form to create a \"half-shell\", that used in previous L.F.G aircraft such as the Roland C.II, D.I and D.II in favour of the equally unusual (for aircraft use) Klinkerrumpf (or clinker-built) construction where the fuselage was built of overlapping thin strips of spruce over a light wooden framework.[2] Visibility for the pilot was good, while the aircraft had above average manoeuvrability.[3]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Eickhoff_-_Roland_D.VIa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Idflieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idflieg"},{"link_name":"Adlershof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlershof"},{"link_name":"Mercedes D.III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_D.III"},{"link_name":"Benz Bz.IIIa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz_Bz.III"},{"link_name":"Fokker D.VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_D.VII"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thetford_p166-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete_fighters_p338-1"},{"link_name":"IdFlieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IdFlieg"},{"link_name":"Polish Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Mercedes-powered Roland D.VIa.In January 1918, two D.VIs were entered into the first fighter competition held by Idflieg at Adlershof, one powered by a 160 hp (119 kW) Mercedes D.III engine and the other by a Benz Bz.IIIa of similar power and, like the Mercedes, another upright, inline, six cylinder engine . Although the winner of the competition was the cheaper Fokker D.VII, orders were placed for the Roland as insurance against production problems with the Fokker.[4]A total of 350 were built, 150 D.VIas powered by the Mercedes, while the remaining 200 were powered by the Benz and were called D.VIb. Deliveries started in May 1918, with 70 D.VIs in frontline service on 31 August 1918.[1]The only surviving artifact of the LFG Roland D.VI still existing in the 21st century is the complete fuselage of a D.VIb, displaying IdFlieg military serial number 2225/18, on display at the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków, Poland.[5]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Czechoslovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Luftstreitkräfte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte"},{"link_name":"Kaiserliche Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine"},{"link_name":"Freikorps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freikorps"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"First Czechoslovak RepublicCzechoslovak Air ForceGerman EmpireLuftstreitkräfte\nKaiserliche Marine\nFreikorps[6]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roland_D.VI.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete_fighters_p338-1"},{"link_name":"Benz Bz.IIIa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benz_Bz.IIIa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"},{"link_name":"7.92 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.92%C3%9757mm_Mauser"},{"link_name":"LMG 08/15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMG_08/15"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"}],"text":"Roland D.VIData from The Complete Book of Fighters [1]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nLength: 6.32 m (20 ft 9 in)\nWingspan: 9.42 m (30 ft 11 in)\nHeight: 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)\nWing area: 22.1 m2 (238 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 656 kg (1,446 lb)\nGross weight: 846 kg (1,865 lb)\nPowerplant: 1 × Benz Bz.IIIa 6-cylinder water-cooled in-line piston engine, 149 kW (200 hp) [7]\nPropellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 199 km/h (124 mph, 107 kn)\nService ceiling: 5,790 m (19,000 ft)\nTime to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 19 minutes\nWing loading: 38.3 kg/m2 (7.8 lb/sq ft)\nPower/mass: 0.18 kW/kg (0.11 hp/lb)ArmamentGuns: 2 × 7.92 mm LMG 08/15 machine guns","title":"Specifications (Roland D.VIb)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-complete_fighters_p338_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-complete_fighters_p338_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-complete_fighters_p338_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thetford_p166-167_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thetford_p167_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thetford_p166_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Aeroplane: LFG Roland D.VI\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.muzeumlotnictwa.pl/zbiory_sz.php?ido=9&w=a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Wingnut Wings - 1/32 Roland D.VIb (Benz Bz.IIIA engine)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wingnutwings.com/ww/productdetail?productid=3107&cat=3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ a b c Green and Swanborough 1994, p. 338.\n\n^ Gray and Thetford 1961, pp. 166–167.\n\n^ Gray and Thetford 1961, p. 167.\n\n^ Gray and Thetford 1961, p. 166.\n\n^ Polish Aviation Museum. \"Aeroplane: LFG Roland D.VI\". Polish Aviation Museum. Retrieved July 28, 2012.\n\n^ \"Wingnut Wings - 1/32 Roland D.VIb (Benz Bz.IIIA engine)\".\n\n^ The Bz.IIIa was not related to the Bz.III","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0143-5450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8317-3939-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-3939-8"}],"text":"Abbott, Dan S. & Grosz, Peter M. (1977). \"The Benighted Rolands\". Air Enthusiast (3): 38–48. ISSN 0143-5450.\nGray, Peter and Owen Thetford. German Aircraft of the First World War. London: Putnam, 1962.\nGray, Peter Laurence. German Aircraft of the First World War. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1970.\nGreen, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. ISBN 0-8317-3939-8.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"title":"Fokker D.VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_D.VII"},{"title":"Pfalz D.XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfalz_D.XII"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Noren
Andrew Noren
["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 Legacy","4 References","5 External links"]
Andrew NorenBorn1943 (1943)Santa Fe, New MexicoDiedMay 2, 2015 (aged 71)South CarolinaYears active1965–2004 Andrew Noren (1943–May 2, 2015) was an American avant-garde filmmaker. Biography Andrew Noren was born 1943 in Santa Fe, New Mexico and grew up in Southern California. Noren moved to New York in the mid 1960s, where he worked as an editor at ABC. Through his job, he was able to access a Bolex 16 mm camera, with which he began making films. His first work, A Change of Heart, was a narrative feature film inspired by Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless. After the film's premiere, Noren met Jonas Mekas through a co-worker. He started working at the Film-Makers' Cooperative, where he became connected to local avant-garde filmmakers. Noren began making more experimental works toying with different documentary approaches. For Say Nothing, he recorded a single 30-minute shot in which he administers a screen test. Inspired by the Lumière brothers, his film The New York Miseries was a collection of three-minute takes documenting his own life. It, along with several other works from Noren's early period, were accidentally destroyed in 1970 and are now lost films. Noren's next film Huge Pupils was the first entry in The Adventures of the Exquisite Corpse, an ongoing film cycle continued growing for the rest of his career. The cycle came to include nine films: Huge Pupils, False Pretenses, The Phantom Enthusiast, Charmed Particles, The Lighted Field, Imaginary Light, Time Being, Free to Go (Interlude), and Aberration of Starlight. In 1972 Noren began working at the Sherman Grinberg Film Library as a researcher and licensing agent for archived stock footage and newsreels. After Sherman Grinberg went out of business in 1998, Noren founded the Research Source, a visual research and copyright clearance company. Noren died of lung cancer in 2015. Filmography A Change of Heart (1965) Say Nothing (1965) The New York Miseries (1966) Bathing (1967) The Wind Variations (1968) Huge Pupils (1968) False Pretenses (1974) The Phantom Enthusiast (1975) Charmed Particles (1978) The Lighted Field (1987) Imaginary Light (1994) Time Being (2001) Free to Go (Interlude) (2003) Aberration of Starlight (2008) Legacy In 2023, The Lighted Field was inducted into the National Film Registry for its cultural and historical importance. References ^ a b c Hoberman, J. (December 24, 2015). "Andrew Noren, Avant-Garde Filmmaker, Fades to Black". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2018. ^ a b MacDonald, Scott (1991). "Illuminations". Film Quarterly. 44 (3): 30–34. doi:10.2307/1212794. ^ Sitney, P. Adams (2008). Eyes Upside Down: Visionary Filmmakers and the Heritage of Emerson. Oxford University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-19-533115-8. ^ MacDonald, Scott (October 2009). "In Common Hours". Artforum. Vol. 48, no. 2. p. 214. Retrieved October 20, 2018. ^ "'Home Alone' and 'Nightmare Before Christmas' added to National Film Registry : NPR". npr.org. Retrieved 2023-12-15. ^ "'Home Alone,' 'Fame,' and Apollo 13' Join National Film Registry - The New York Times". nytimes.com. Retrieved 2023-12-15. ^ "Apollo 13 and Home Alone Picked for National Registry". TIME. Retrieved 2023-12-15. External links Andrew Noren at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Artists Museum of Modern Art ULAN Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"avant-garde filmmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_film"}],"text":"Andrew Noren (1943–May 2, 2015) was an American avant-garde filmmaker.","title":"Andrew Noren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoberman-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Bolex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolex"},{"link_name":"16 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Godard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard"},{"link_name":"Breathless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathless_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"Jonas Mekas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Mekas"},{"link_name":"the Film-Makers' Cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Film-Makers%27_Cooperative"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoberman-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macdonald-film-quarterly-2"},{"link_name":"screen test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_test"},{"link_name":"Lumière brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_brothers"},{"link_name":"lost films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_films"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macdonald-film-quarterly-2"},{"link_name":"The Lighted Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lighted_Field"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoberman-nyt-1"}],"text":"Andrew Noren was born 1943 in Santa Fe, New Mexico and grew up in Southern California.[1]Noren moved to New York in the mid 1960s, where he worked as an editor at ABC. Through his job, he was able to access a Bolex 16 mm camera, with which he began making films. His first work, A Change of Heart, was a narrative feature film inspired by Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless. After the film's premiere, Noren met Jonas Mekas through a co-worker. He started working at the Film-Makers' Cooperative, where he became connected to local avant-garde filmmakers.[1][2]Noren began making more experimental works toying with different documentary approaches. For Say Nothing, he recorded a single 30-minute shot in which he administers a screen test. Inspired by the Lumière brothers, his film The New York Miseries was a collection of three-minute takes documenting his own life. It, along with several other works from Noren's early period, were accidentally destroyed in 1970 and are now lost films.[2]Noren's next film Huge Pupils was the first entry in The Adventures of the Exquisite Corpse, an ongoing film cycle continued growing for the rest of his career. The cycle came to include nine films: Huge Pupils, False Pretenses, The Phantom Enthusiast, Charmed Particles, The Lighted Field, Imaginary Light, Time Being, Free to Go (Interlude), and Aberration of Starlight.[3]In 1972 Noren began working at the Sherman Grinberg Film Library as a researcher and licensing agent for archived stock footage and newsreels. After Sherman Grinberg went out of business in 1998, Noren founded the Research Source, a visual research and copyright clearance company.[4]Noren died of lung cancer in 2015.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lighted Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lighted_Field"}],"text":"A Change of Heart (1965)\nSay Nothing (1965)\nThe New York Miseries (1966)\nBathing (1967)\nThe Wind Variations (1968)\nHuge Pupils (1968)\nFalse Pretenses (1974)\nThe Phantom Enthusiast (1975)\nCharmed Particles (1978)\nThe Lighted Field (1987)\nImaginary Light (1994)\nTime Being (2001)\nFree to Go (Interlude) (2003)\nAberration of Starlight (2008)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Film Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Registry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr.org-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-7"}],"text":"In 2023, The Lighted Field was inducted into the National Film Registry for its cultural and historical importance.[5][6][7]","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff-Kishner_reduction
Wolff–Kishner reduction
["1 History","2 Mechanism","3 Modifications","3.1 Huang Minlon modification","3.2 Barton modification","3.3 Cram modification","3.4 Henbest modification","3.5 Caglioti reaction","3.6 Deoxygenation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds","3.7 Myers modification","4 Side reactions","4.1 Azine formation","4.2 Reduction of ketones to alcohols by sodium ethoxide","4.3 Kishner–Leonard elimination","4.4 Cleavage or rearrangement of strained rings adjacent to the carbonyl group","5 Applications in total synthesis","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Wolff–Kishner reduction" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Reduction method involving hydrazine Wolff-Kischner reduction Named after Ludwig Wolff Nikolai Kischner Reaction type Organic redox reaction Identifiers Organic Chemistry Portal wolff-kishner-reduction RSC ontology ID RXNO:0000226 The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step. As such, there is no obvious retron for this reaction. The reaction was reported by Nikolai Kischner in 1911 and Ludwig Wolff in 1912. Scheme 1. Wolff-Kishner Reduction In general, the reaction mechanism first involves the in situ generation of a hydrazone by condensation of hydrazine with the ketone or aldehyde substrate. Sometimes it is however advantageous to use a pre-formed hydrazone as substrate (see modifications). The rate determining step of the reaction is de-protonation of the hydrazone by an alkoxide base to form a diimide anion by a concerted, solvent mediated protonation/de-protonation step. Collapse of this alkyldiimide with loss of N2 leads to formation of an alkylanion which can be protonated by solvent to give the desired product. Scheme 1-1. Summary of mechanism of Wolff-Kishner reaction Because the Wolff–Kishner reduction requires highly basic conditions, it is unsuitable for base-sensitive substrates. In some cases, formation of the required hydrazone will not occur at sterically hindered carbonyl groups, preventing the reaction. However, this method can be superior to the related Clemmensen reduction for compounds containing acid-sensitive functional groups such as pyrroles and for high-molecular weight compounds. History The Wolff–Kishner reduction was discovered independently by N. Kishner in 1911 and Ludwig Wolff in 1912. Kishner found that addition of pre-formed hydrazone to hot potassium hydroxide containing crushed platinized porous plate led to formation of the corresponding hydrocarbon. A review titled “Disability, Despotism, Deoxygenation—From Exile to Academy Member: Nikolai Matveevich Kizhner” describing the life and work of Kishner was published in 2013. Scheme 2. Kishner's conditions Wolff later accomplished the same result by heating an ethanol solution of semicarbazones or hydrazones in a sealed tube to 180 °C in the presence of sodium ethoxide. Scheme 3. Wolff's conditions The method developed by Kishner has the advantage of avoiding the requirement of a sealed tube, but both methodologies suffered from unreliability when applied to many hindered substrates. These disadvantages promoted the development of Wolff’s procedure, wherein the use of high-boiling solvents such as ethylene glycol and triethylene glycol were implemented to allow for the high temperatures required for the reaction while avoiding the need of a sealed tube. These initial modifications were followed by many other improvements as described below. Mechanism The mechanism of the Wolff–Kishner reduction has been studied by Szmant and coworkers. According to Szmant's research, the first step in this reaction is the formation of a hydrazone anion 1 by deprotonation of the terminal nitrogen by MOH. If semicarbazones are used as substrates, initial conversion into the corresponding hydrazone is followed by deprotonation. A range of mechanistic data suggests that the rate-determining step involves formation of a new carbon–hydrogen bond at the carbon terminal in the delocalized hydrazone anion. This proton capture takes place in a concerted fashion with a solvent-induced abstraction of the second proton at the nitrogen terminal. Szmant’s finding that this reaction is first order in both hydroxide ion and ketone hydrazone supports this mechanistic proposal. Several molecules of solvent have to be involved in this process in order to allow for a concerted process. A detailed Hammett analysis of aryl aldehydes, methyl aryl ketones and diaryl ketones showed a non-linear relationship which the authors attribute to the complexity of the rate-determining step. Mildly electron-withdrawing substituents favor carbon-hydrogen bond formation, but highly electron-withdrawing substituents will decrease the negative charge at the terminal nitrogen and in turn favor a bigger and harder solvation shell that will render breaking of the N-H bond more difficult. The exceptionally high negative entropy of activation values observed can be explained by the high degree of organization in the proposed transition state. It was furthermore found that the rate of the reaction depends on the concentration of the hydroxylic solvent and on the cation in the alkoxide catalyst. The presence of crown ether in the reaction medium can increase the reactivity of the hydrazone anion 1 by dissociating the ion pair and therefore enhance the reaction rate. The final step of the Wolff–Kishner reduction is the collapse of the diimide anion 2 in the presence of a proton source to give the hydrocarbon via loss of dinitrogen to afford an alkyl anion 3, which undergoes rapid and irreversible acid-base reaction with solvent to give the alkane. Evidence for this high-energy intermediate was obtained by Taber via intramolecular trapping. The stereochemical outcome of this experiment was more consistent with an alkyl anion intermediate than the alternative possibility of an alkyl radical. The overall driving force of the reaction is the evolution of nitrogen gas from the reaction mixture. Scheme 4. Mechanism of the Wolff-Kishner reduction Modifications Many of the efforts devoted to improve the Wolff–Kishner reduction have focused on more efficient formation of the hydrazone intermediate by removal of water and a faster rate of hydrazone decomposition by increasing the reaction temperature. Some of the newer modifications provide more significant advances and allow for reactions under considerably milder conditions. The table shows a summary of some of the modifications that have been developed since the initial discovery. Original procedure Huang Minlon Barton Cram Henbest Caglioti Myers Reagents carbonyl compound, 100% H2NNH2, Na or NaOEt carbonyl compound, 85% H2NNH2, KOH carbonyl compound, anhydrous H2NNH2, Na preformed hydrazone, KOtBu preformed hydrazone, KOtBu tosylhydrazone, hydride donor carbonyl compound, 1,2-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)- hydrazine, Sc(OTf)3, KOtBu Solvent high-boiling solvent, e.g. ethylene glycol high-boiling solvent, e.g. ethylene glycol high-boiling solvent, e.g. diethylene glycol anh. DMSO toluene THF DMSO Temperature 200 °C 180–200 °C (after removal of water and excess hydrazine) 210 °C 25 °C 111 °C 66 °C 25 °C Advantages single step procedure reduced reaction times, higher temperatures can be reached, no need to use anh. hydrazine allows decarbonylation of sterically hindered substrates proceeds at room temperature no slow addition of hydrazone necessary mild reaction conditions, possible with a variety of reducing agents very mild reaction conditions Disadvantages long reaction times (50–100 h) distillation necessary harsh reaction conditions isolation of hydrazone and slow addition necessary isolation of hydrazone necessary isolation of tosylhydrazone necessary. hydride donor may act as base synthesis of 1,2-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)- hydrazine necessary Functional group tolerance does not tolerate esters, amides, halogens, cyano-, and nitro-groups similar to original procedure similar to original procedure tolerates amides higher tolerance of α-substituents that would undergo elimination and α,β-unsaturated enones that would undergo migration under original conditions tolerates esters, amides, cyano-, nitro- and chloro-substituents with NaBH3CN as hydride source, does not tolerate primary bromo- and iodo-substituents not reported Huang Minlon modification In 1946, Huang Minlon reported a modified procedure for the Wolff–Kishner reduction of ketones in which excess hydrazine and water were removed by distillation after hydrazone formation. The temperature-lowering effect of water that was produced in hydrazone formation usually resulted in long reaction times and harsh reaction conditions even if anhydrous hydrazine was used in the formation of the hydrazone. The modified procedure consists of refluxing the carbonyl compound in 85% hydrazine hydrate with three equivalents of sodium hydroxide followed by distillation of water and excess hydrazine and elevation of the temperature to 200 °C. Significantly reduced reaction times and improved yields can be obtained using this modification. Minlon's original report described the reduction of β-(p-phenoxybenzoyl)propionic acid to γ-(p-phenoxyphenyl)butyric acid in 95% yield compared to 48% yield obtained by the traditional procedure. Scheme 5. Huang Minlon modification Barton modification Nine years after Huang Minlon’s first modification, Barton developed a method for the reduction of sterically hindered carbonyl groups. This method features rigorous exclusion of water, higher temperatures, and longer reaction times as well as sodium in diethylene glycol instead of alkoxide base. Under these conditions, some of the problems that normally arise with hindered ketones can be alleviated—for example, the C11-carbonyl group in the steroidal compound shown below was successfully reduced under Barton’s conditions while Huang–Minlon conditions failed to effect this transformation. Scheme 6. Barton modification Cram modification Slow addition of preformed hydrazones to potassium tert-butoxide in DMSO as reaction medium instead of glycols allows hydrocarbon formation to be conducted successfully at temperatures as low as 23 °C. Cram attributed the higher reactivity in DMSO as solvent to higher base strength of potassium tert-butoxide in this medium. Scheme 7. Cram modification This modification has not been exploited to great extent in organic synthesis due to the necessity to isolate preformed hydrazone substrates and to add the hydrazone over several hours to the reaction mixture. Henbest modification Henbest extended Cram’s procedure by refluxing carbonyl hydrazones and potassium tert-butoxide in dry toluene. Slow addition of the hydrazone is not necessary and it was found that this procedure is better suited for carbonyl compounds prone to base-induced side reactions than Cram's modification. It has for example been found that double bond migration in α,β-unsaturated enones and functional group elimination of certain α-substituted ketones are less likely to occur under Henbest's conditions. Caglioti reaction Treatment of tosylhydrazones with hydride-donor reagents to obtain the corresponding alkanes is known as the Caglioti reaction. The initially reported reaction conditions have been modified and hydride donors such as sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, or catecholborane can reduce tosylhydrazones to hydrocarbons. The reaction proceeds under relatively mild conditions and can therefore tolerate a wider array of functional groups than the original procedure. Reductions with sodium cyanoborohydride as reducing agent can be conducted in the presence of esters, amides, cyano-, nitro- and chloro-substituents. Primary bromo- and iodo-substituents are displaced by nucleophilic hydride under these conditions. Scheme 8. Caglioti modification Thereduction pathway is sensitive to the pH, the reducing agent, and the substrate. One possibility, occurring under acidic conditions, includes direct hydride attack of iminium ion 1 following prior protonation of the tosylhydrazone. The resulting tosylhydrazine derivative 2 subsequently undergoes elimination of p-toluenesulfinic acid and decomposes via a diimine intermediate 3 to the corresponding hydrocarbon.Scheme 9. Mechanistic proposal for the Caglioti reaction A slight variation of this mechanism occurs when tautomerization to the azohydrazone is facilitated by inductive effects. The transient azohydrazine 4 can then be reduced to the tosylhydrazine derivative 2 and furnish the decarbonylated product analogously to the first possibility. This mechanism operates when relatively weak hydride donors are used, such as sodium cyanoborohydride. It is known that these sodium cyanoborohydride is not strong enough to reduce imines, but can reduce iminium ions. Scheme 10. Alternative mechanistic proposal for the Caglioti reactionWhen stronger hydride donors are used, a different mechanism is operational, which avoids the use of acidic conditions. Hydride delivery occurs to give intermediate 5, followed by elimination of the metal sulfinate to give azo intermediate 6. This intermediate then decomposes, with loss of nitrogen gas, to give the reduced compound. When strongly basic hydride donors are used such as lithium aluminium hydride, then deprotonation of the tosyl hydrazone can occur before hydride delivery. Intermediate anion 7 can undergo hydride attack, eliminating a metal sulfinate to give azo anion 8. This readily decomposes to carbanion 9, which is protonated to give the reduced product. Scheme XX. Caglioti ReactionAs with the parent Wolff–Kishner reduction, the decarbonylation reaction can often fail due to unsuccessful formation of the corresponding tosylhydrazone. This is common for sterically hindered ketones, as was the case for the cyclic amino ketone shown below. Scheme 11. Unsuccessful substrate in Caglioti reaction Alternative methods of reduction can be employed when formation of the hydrazone fail, including thioketal reduction with Raney nickel or reaction with sodium triethylborohydride. Deoxygenation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl tosylhydrazones can be converted into the corresponding alkenes with migration of the double bond. The reduction proceeds stereoselectively to furnish the E geometric isomer. Scheme 12-1. Deoxygenation of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound A very mild method uses one equivalent of catecholborane to reduce α,β-unsaturated tosylhydrazones. Scheme 12-2. Deoxygenation of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound The mechanism of NaBH3CN reduction of α,β-unsaturated tosylhydrazones has been examined using deuterium-labeling. Alkene formation is initiated by hydride reduction of the iminium ion followed by double bond migration and nitrogen extrusion which occur in a concerted manner. Allylic diazene rearrangement as the final step in the reductive 1,3-transposition of α,β-unsaturated tosylhydrazones to the reduced alkenes can also be used to establish sp3-stereocenters from allylic diazenes containing prochiral stereocenters. The influence of the alkoxy stereocenter results in diastereoselective reduction of the α,β-unsaturated tosylhydrazone. The authors predicted that diastereoselective transfer of the diazene hydrogen to one face of the prochiral alkene could be enforced during the suprafacial rearrangement. Scheme 13. Mechanism of allylic diazene rearrangement Myers modification In 2004, Myers and coworkers developed a method for the preparation of N-tert-butyldimethylsilylhydrazones from carbonyl-containing compounds. These products can be used as a superior alternative to hydrazones in the transformation of ketones into alkanes. The advantages of this procedure are considerably milder reaction conditions and higher efficiency as well as operational convenience. The condensation of 1,2-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-hydrazine with aldehydes and ketones with Sc(OTf)3 as catalyst is rapid and efficient at ambient temperature. Formation and reduction of N-tert-butyldimethylsilylhydrazones can be conducted in a one pot procedure in high yield. Scheme 14. Myers modification The newly developed method was compared directly to the standard Huang–Minlon Wolff–Kishner reduction conditions (hydrazine hydrate, potassium hydroxide, diethylene glycol, 195 °C) for the steroidal ketone shown above. The product was obtained in 79% yield compared to 91% obtained from the reduction via an intermediate N-tert-butyldimethylsilylhydrazone. Side reactions The Wolff–Kishner reduction is not suitable for base–sensitive substrates and can under certain conditions be hampered by steric hindrance surrounding the carbonyl group. Some of the more common side-reactions are listed below. Azine formation A commonly encountered side-reaction in Wolff–Kishner reductions involves azine formation by reaction of hydrazone with the carbonyl compound. Formation of the ketone can be suppressed by vigorous exclusion of water during the reaction. Several of the presented procedures require isolation of the hydrazone compound prior to reduction. This can be complicated by further transformation of the product hydrazone to the corresponding hydrazine during product purification. Cram found that azine formation is favored by rapid addition of preformed hydrazones to potassium tert-butoxide in anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide. Scheme 15. Azine formation Reduction of ketones to alcohols by sodium ethoxide The second principal side reaction is the reduction of the ketone or aldehyde to the corresponding alcohol. After initial hydrolysis of the hydrazone, the free carbonyl derivative is reduced by alkoxide to the carbinol. In 1924, Eisenlohr reported that substantial amounts of hydroxydecalin were observed during the attempted Wolff–Kishner reduction of trans-β-decalone. In general, alcohol formation may be repressed by exclusion of water or by addition of excess hydrazine. Kishner–Leonard elimination Kishner noted during his initial investigations that in some instances, α-substitution of a carbonyl group can lead to elimination affording unsaturated hydrocarbons under typical reaction conditions. Leonard later further developed this reaction and investigated the influence of different α-substituents on the reaction outcome. He found that the amount of elimination increases with increasing steric bulk of the leaving group. Furthermore, α-dialkylamino-substituted ketones generally gave a mixture of reduction and elimination product whereas less basic leaving groups resulted in exclusive formation of the alkene product. Scheme 16. Kishner-Leonard elimination The fragmentation of α,β-epoxy ketones to allylic alcohols has been extended to a synthetically useful process and is known as the Wharton reaction. Cleavage or rearrangement of strained rings adjacent to the carbonyl group Grob rearrangement of strained rings adjacent to the carbonyl group has been observed by Erman and coworkers. During an attempted Wolff–Kishner reduction of trans-π-bromocamphor under Cram’s conditions, limonene was isolated as the only product. Similarly, cleavage of strained rings adjacent to the carbonyl group can occur. When 9β,19-cyclo-5α-pregnane-3,11,20-trione 3,20-diethylene ketal was subjected to Huang–Minlon conditions, ring-enlargement was observed instead of formation of the 11-deoxo-compound. Scheme 17. Ring cleavage during Wolff-Kishner reduction Applications in total synthesis The Wolff–Kishner reduction has been applied to the total synthesis of scopadulcic acid B, aspidospermidine and dysidiolide. The Huang Minlon modification of the Wolff–Kishner reduction is one of the final steps in their synthesis of (±)-aspidospermidine. The carbonyl group that was reduced in the Wolff–Kishner reduction was essential for preceding steps in the synthesis. The tertiary amide was stable to the reaction conditions and reduced subsequently by lithium aluminum hydride. Scheme 18. Synthsesis of Aspidospermidine Amides are usually not suitable substrates for the Wolff–Kishner reduction as demonstrated by the example above. Coe and coworkers found however that a twisted amide can be efficiently reduced under Wolff–Kishner conditions. The authors explain this observation with the stereoelectronic bias of the substrate which prevents “anti–Bredt” iminium ion formation and therefore favors ejection of alcohol and hydrazone formation. The amide functionality in this strained substrate can be considered as isolated amine and ketone functionalities as resonance stabilization is prevented due to torsional restrictions. The product was obtained in 68% overall yield in a two step procedure. Scheme 19. Reduction of a twisted amide A tricyclic carbonyl compound was reduced using the Huang Minlon modification of the Wolff–Kishner reduction. Several attempts towards decarbonylation of tricyclic allylic acetate containing ketone failed and the acetate functionality had to be removed to allow Wolff–Kishner reduction. Finally, the allylic alcohol was installed via oxyplumbation. Scheme 20. Synthesis of sec-credenol The Wolff–Kishner reduction has also been used on kilogram scale for the synthesis of a functionalized imidazole substrate. Several alternative reduction methods were investigated, but all of the tested conditions remained unsuccessful. Safety concerns for a large scale Wolff–Kishner reduction were addressed and a highly optimized procedure afforded to product in good yield. Scheme 21. Large-scale application An allylic diazene rearrangement was used in the synthesis of the C21–C34 fragment of antascomicin B. The hydrazone was reduced selectively with catecholborane and excess reducing agent decomposed with sodium thiosulfate. The crude reaction product was then treated with sodium acetate and to give the 1,4-syn isomer. Scheme 22. Allylic diazene rearrangement See also Clemmensen reduction Wharton reaction Shapiro reaction References ^ Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, p. 1835, ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1 ^ a b Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J. (2007). Advanced Organic Chemistry: Part B: Reactions and Synthesis (5th ed.). New York: Springer. p. 453. ISBN 978-0387683546. ^ a b c Kishner, N (1911). "Wolff–Kishner reduction; Huang–Minlon modification". J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc. 43: 582–595. ^ a b c d Wolff, L. (1912). "Chemischen Institut der Universität Jena: Methode zum Ersatz des Sauerstoffatoms der Ketone und Aldehyde durch Wasserstoff. ". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 394: 86–108. doi:10.1002/jlac.19123940107. ^ Lewis, D. E. (2013). "Disability, Despotism, Deoxygenation-From Exile to Academy Member: Nikolai Matveevich Kizhner". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (45): 11704–11712. doi:10.1002/anie.201303165. PMID 24123691. ^ a b Herr, C. H.; Whitmore, F. C.; Schiessler, R. W. (1945). "The Wolff-Kishner Reaction at Atmospheric Pressure". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 67 (12): 2061. doi:10.1021/ja01228a002. ^ a b Soffer, M. D.; Soffer, M. B.; Sherk, K. W. (1945). "A Low Pressure Method for Wolff—Kishner Reduction". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 67 (9): 1435. doi:10.1021/ja01225a004. ^ a b Szmant, H. H.; Harmuth, C. M. (1964). "The Wolff-Kishner Reaction of Hydrazones". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 86 (14): 2909. doi:10.1021/ja01068a028. ^ Szmant, H. H. (1968). "The Mechanism of the Wolff-Kishner Reduction, Elimination, and Isomerization Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 7 (2): 120–128. doi:10.1002/anie.196801201. ^ Szmant, H. H.; Roman, M. N. (1966). "The Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on the Rate of the Wolff-Kishner Reaction of Benzophenone Hydrazone1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 88 (17): 4034. doi:10.1021/ja00969a025. ^ a b Szmant, H. H.; Alciaturi, C. E. (1977). "Mechanistic aspects of the Wolff-Kishner reaction. 6. Comparison of the hydrazones of benzophenone, fluorenone, dibenzotropone, and dibenzosuberone". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 42 (6): 1081. doi:10.1021/jo00426a034. ^ Szmant, H. H.; Harnsberger, H. F.; Butler, T. J.; Barie, W. P. (1952). "Kinetics of the Wolff-Kishner Reaction of Diaryl Ketone Hydrazones". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 74 (11): 2724. doi:10.1021/ja01131a009. ^ Taber, D. F.; Stachel, S. J. (1992). "On the mechanism of the Wolff-Kishner reduction". Tetrahedron Letters. 33 (7): 903. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)91571-5. ^ a b Huang-Minlon, [N. A. (1946). "A Simple Modification of the Wolff-Kishner Reduction". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 68 (12): 2487–2488. doi:10.1021/ja01216a013. ^ a b Osdene, T. S.; Timmis, G. M.; Maguire, M. H.; Shaw, G.; Goldwhite, H.; Saunders, B. C.; Clark, E. R.; Epstein, P. F.; Lamchen, M.; Stephen, A. M.; Tipper, C. F. H.; Eaborn, C.; Mukerjee, S. K.; Seshadri, T. R.; Willenz, J.; Robinson, R.; Thomas, A. F.; Hickman, J. R.; Kenyon, J.; Crocker, H. P.; Hall, R. H.; Burnell, R. H.; Taylor, W. I.; Watkins, W. M.; Barton, D. H. R.; Ives, D. A. J.; Thomas, B. R. (1955). "Notes". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 2038. doi:10.1039/JR9550002038. ^ a b c Cram, D. J.; Sahyun, M. R. V. (1962). "Room Temperature Wolff-Kishner Reduction and Cope Elimination Reactions". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 84 (9): 1734. doi:10.1021/ja00868a048. ^ a b Grundon, M. F.; Henbest, H. B.; Scott, M. D. (1963). "344. The reactions of hydrazones and related compounds with strong bases. Part I. A modified Wolff?Kishner procedure". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 1855–1858. doi:10.1039/JR9630001855. ^ a b Caglioti, L.; Magi, M. (1963). "The reaction of tosylhydrazones with lithium aluminium hydride". Tetrahedron. 19 (7): 1127. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)98571-0. ^ a b Furrow, M. E.; Myers, A. G. (2004). "Practical Procedures for the Preparation ofN-tert-Butyldimethylsilylhydrazones and Their Use in Modified Wolff−Kishner Reductions and in the Synthesis of Vinyl Halides andgem-Dihalides". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126 (17): 5436–5445. doi:10.1021/ja049694s. PMID 15113215. ^ Huang-Minlon, [N. A. . (1949). "Reduction of Steroid Ketones and other Carbonyl Compounds by Modified Wolff--Kishner Method". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 71 (10): 3301–3303. doi:10.1021/ja01178a008. ^ a b Leonard, N. J.; Gelfand, S. (1955). "The Kishner Reduction-Elimination. II. α-Substituted Pinacolones1,2". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 77 (12): 3272. doi:10.1021/ja01617a036. ^ Caglioti, L. (1966). "The reduction of tosylhydrazones and of acyl tosylhydrazides". Tetrahedron. 22 (2): 487–493. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(66)80015-7. ^ Hutchins, R. O.; Milewski, C. A.; Maryanoff, B. E. (1973). "Selective deoxygenation of ketones and aldehydes including hindered systems with sodium cyanoborohydride". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 95 (11): 3662. doi:10.1021/ja00792a033. ^ Hutchins, R. O. (1991). Comp. Org. Synth. Pergamon. pp. 327–362. ^ Miller, V. P.; Yang, D. Y.; Weigel, T. M.; Han, O.; Liu, H. W. (1989). "Studies of the mechanistic diversity of sodium cyanoborohydride reduction of tosylhydrazones". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 54 (17): 4175. doi:10.1021/jo00278a035. ^ Bosch, J.; Bonjoch, J. (1981). "Synthetic route to 6-functionalized 2-azabicyclo\3.3.1]nonanes". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 46 (8): 1538. doi:10.1021/jo00321a004. ^ Hutchins, R. O.; Kacher, M.; Rua, L. (1975). "Synthetic utility and mechanism of the reductive deoxygenation of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated p-tosylhydrazones with sodium cyanoborohydride". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 40 (7): 923. doi:10.1021/jo00895a024. ^ Kabalka, G. W.; Yang, D. T. C.; Baker, J. D. (1976). "Deoxygenation of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones via the catecholborane reduction of the corresponding tosylhydrazones". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 41 (3): 574. doi:10.1021/jo00865a043. ^ Taylor, E. J.; Djerassi, C. (1976). "Mechanism of the sodium cyanoborohydride reduction of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated tosylhydrazones". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 98 (8): 2275. doi:10.1021/ja00424a046. ^ Qi, W.; McIntosh, M. C. (2008). "Acyclic 1,4-Stereocontrol via Reductive 1,3-Transpositions". Organic Letters. 10 (2): 357–359. doi:10.1021/ol702921x. PMC 2613761. PMID 18092798. ^ Eisenlohr, F.; Polenske, R. (1924). "Über die raumisomeren Formen des Dekahydro-naphthalins (Dekalins)". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series). 57 (9): 1639. doi:10.1002/cber.19240570902. ^ Leonard, N. J.; Gelfand, S. (1955). "The Kishner Reduction-Elimination. I. Cyclic and Open Chain α-Aminoketones1,2". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 77 (12): 3269. doi:10.1021/ja01617a035. ^ Wharton, P.; Bohlen, D. (1961). "Communications- Hydrazine Reduction of α, β-Epoxy Ketones to Allylic Alcohols". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 26 (9): 3615. doi:10.1021/jo01067a117. ^ Gustafson, D. H.; Erman, W. F. (1965). "A Novel Fragmentation of trans-π-Bromocamphor". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 30 (5): 1665. doi:10.1021/jo01016a516. ^ Kupchan, S. M.; Abushanab, E.; Shamasundar, K. T.; By, A. W. (1967). "Buxus alkaloids. 13. A synthetic approach to the 9(10--19) abeo-pregnane system". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 89 (24): 6327–6332. doi:10.1021/ja01000a060. PMID 6066048. ^ Overman, L. E.; Ricca, D. J.; Tran, V. D. (1993). "First total synthesis of scopadulcic acid B". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 115 (5): 2042. doi:10.1021/ja00058a064. ^ Marino, J. P.; Rubio, M. B.; Cao, G.; De Dios, A. (2002). "Total Synthesis of (+)-Aspidospermidine: A New Strategy for the Enantiospecific Synthesis of Aspidosperma Alkaloids". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (45): 13398–13399. doi:10.1021/ja026357f. PMID 12418888. ^ a b Kawano, M.; Kiuchi, T.; Negishi, S.; Tanaka, H.; Hoshikawa, T.; Matsuo, J. I.; Ishibashi, H. (2013). "Regioselective Inter- and Intramolecular Formal \4+2] Cycloaddition of Cyclobutanones with Indoles and Total Synthesis of (±)-Aspidospermidine". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (3): 906–10. doi:10.1002/anie.201206734. PMID 23184896. ^ Miyaoka, H.; Kajiwara, Y.; Hara, Y.; Yamada, Y. (2001). "Total Synthesis of Natural Dysidiolide". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 66 (4): 1429–1435. doi:10.1021/jo0015772. PMID 11312976. ^ Bashore, C. G.; Samardjiev, I. J.; Bordner, J.; Coe, J. W. (2003). "Twisted Amide Reduction under Wolff−Kishner Conditions: Synthesis of a Benzo-1-Aza-Adamantane Derivative". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 125 (11): 3268–3272. doi:10.1021/ja028152c. PMID 12630882. ^ Green, J. C.; Pettus, T. R. R. (2011). "An Oxidative Dearomatization-Induced \5 + 2] Cascade Enabling the Syntheses of α-Cedrene, α-Pipitzol, andsec-Cedrenol". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (5): 1603–1608. doi:10.1021/ja109925g. PMID 21194216. ^ Kuethe, J. T.; Childers, K. G.; Peng, Z.; Journet, M.; Humphrey, G. R.; Vickery, T.; Bachert, D.; Lam, T. T. (2009). "A Practical, Kilogram-Scale Implementation of the Wolff−Kishner Reduction". Organic Process Research & Development. 13 (3): 576. doi:10.1021/op9000274. ^ Hutchison, John M.; Gibson, Andrew S.; Williams, David T.; McIntosh, Matthias C. (2011). "Synthesis of the C21–C34 fragment of antascomicin B". Tetrahedron Letters. 52 (48): 6349–6351. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.027. ISSN 0040-4039. PMC 3244276. PMID 22199407. Further reading Todd, D. The Wolff-Kishner Reduction. In Org. React. (eds. Adams, E.); John-Wiley & Sons, Inc.: London, 1948, 4, 378 Hutchins, R. O. Reduction of C=X to CH2 by Wolff-Kishner and Other Hydrazone Methods. In Comp. Org. Synth. (eds. Trost, B. M., Fleming, I.); Pergamon: Oxford, 1991, 8, 327 Lewis, D. E. The Wolff-Kishner Reduction and Related Reactions. Discovery and Development; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2019. ISBN 9780128157275
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"carbonyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl"},{"link_name":"methylene groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Springer-2"},{"link_name":"retron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Kischner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Kischner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kishner-3"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wolff"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolff-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolff-Kishner-reaction_scheme-new.png"},{"link_name":"hydrazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazone"},{"link_name":"hydrazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazine"},{"link_name":"modifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Modifications"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Springer-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolff-Kishner_mechanism-s.png"},{"link_name":"Clemmensen reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemmensen_reduction"}],"text":"Reduction method involving hydrazineThe Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups.[1][2] In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step. As such, there is no obvious retron for this reaction. The reaction was reported by Nikolai Kischner in 1911[3] and Ludwig Wolff in 1912.[4]Scheme 1. Wolff-Kishner ReductionIn general, the reaction mechanism first involves the in situ generation of a hydrazone by condensation of hydrazine with the ketone or aldehyde substrate. Sometimes it is however advantageous to use a pre-formed hydrazone as substrate (see modifications). The rate determining step of the reaction is de-protonation of the hydrazone by an alkoxide base to form a diimide anion by a concerted, solvent mediated protonation/de-protonation step. Collapse of this alkyldiimide with loss of N2[2] leads to formation of an alkylanion which can be protonated by solvent to give the desired product.Scheme 1-1. Summary of mechanism of Wolff-Kishner reactionBecause the Wolff–Kishner reduction requires highly basic conditions, it is unsuitable for base-sensitive substrates. In some cases, formation of the required hydrazone will not occur at sterically hindered carbonyl groups, preventing the reaction. However, this method can be superior to the related Clemmensen reduction for compounds containing acid-sensitive functional groups such as pyrroles and for high-molecular weight compounds.","title":"Wolff–Kishner reduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kishner-3"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wolff"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolff-4"},{"link_name":"hydrazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kishner1.png"},{"link_name":"semicarbazones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicarbazones"},{"link_name":"hydrazones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolff-new.png"},{"link_name":"ethylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"triethylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schiessler-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soffer-7"}],"text":"The Wolff–Kishner reduction was discovered independently by N. Kishner[3] in 1911 and Ludwig Wolff in 1912.[4] Kishner found that addition of pre-formed hydrazone to hot potassium hydroxide containing crushed platinized porous plate led to formation of the corresponding hydrocarbon. A review titled “Disability, Despotism, Deoxygenation—From Exile to Academy Member: Nikolai Matveevich Kizhner” describing the life and work of Kishner was published in 2013.[5]Scheme 2. Kishner's conditionsWolff later accomplished the same result by heating an ethanol solution of semicarbazones or hydrazones in a sealed tube to 180 °C in the presence of sodium ethoxide.Scheme 3. Wolff's conditionsThe method developed by Kishner has the advantage of avoiding the requirement of a sealed tube, but both methodologies suffered from unreliability when applied to many hindered substrates. These disadvantages promoted the development of Wolff’s procedure, wherein the use of high-boiling solvents such as ethylene glycol and triethylene glycol were implemented to allow for the high temperatures required for the reaction while avoiding the need of a sealed tube.[6][7] These initial modifications were followed by many other improvements as described below.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szmant1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szmant2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szmant3-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szmant4-11"},{"link_name":"semicarbazones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicarbazones"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolff-4"},{"link_name":"rate-determining step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate-determining_step"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szmant5-12"},{"link_name":"Hammett analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_analysis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szmant1-8"},{"link_name":"crown ether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_ether"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szmant4-11"},{"link_name":"alkyl anion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanion"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stachel-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolff-Kishner_mechanism-new.png"}],"text":"The mechanism of the Wolff–Kishner reduction has been studied by Szmant and coworkers.[8][9][10][11] According to Szmant's research, the first step in this reaction is the formation of a hydrazone anion 1 by deprotonation of the terminal nitrogen by MOH. If semicarbazones are used as substrates, initial conversion into the corresponding hydrazone is followed by deprotonation.[4] A range of mechanistic data suggests that the rate-determining step involves formation of a new carbon–hydrogen bond at the carbon terminal in the delocalized hydrazone anion. This proton capture takes place in a concerted fashion with a solvent-induced abstraction of the second proton at the nitrogen terminal. Szmant’s finding that this reaction is first order in both hydroxide ion and ketone hydrazone supports this mechanistic proposal.[12] Several molecules of solvent have to be involved in this process in order to allow for a concerted process. A detailed Hammett analysis[8] of aryl aldehydes, methyl aryl ketones and diaryl ketones showed a non-linear relationship which the authors attribute to the complexity of the rate-determining step. Mildly electron-withdrawing substituents favor carbon-hydrogen bond formation, but highly electron-withdrawing substituents will decrease the negative charge at the terminal nitrogen and in turn favor a bigger and harder solvation shell that will render breaking of the N-H bond more difficult. The exceptionally high negative entropy of activation values observed can be explained by the high degree of organization in the proposed transition state.It was furthermore found that the rate of the reaction depends on the concentration of the hydroxylic solvent and on the cation in the alkoxide catalyst. The presence of crown ether in the reaction medium can increase the reactivity of the hydrazone anion 1 by dissociating the ion pair and therefore enhance the reaction rate.[11] \nThe final step of the Wolff–Kishner reduction is the collapse of the diimide anion 2 in the presence of a proton source to give the hydrocarbon via loss of dinitrogen to afford an alkyl anion 3, which undergoes rapid and irreversible acid-base reaction with solvent to give the alkane. Evidence for this high-energy intermediate was obtained by Taber via intramolecular trapping. The stereochemical outcome of this experiment was more consistent with an alkyl anion intermediate than the alternative possibility of an alkyl radical.[13] The overall driving force of the reaction is the evolution of nitrogen gas from the reaction mixture.Scheme 4. Mechanism of the Wolff-Kishner reduction","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schiessler-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soffer-7"}],"text":"Many of the efforts devoted to improve the Wolff–Kishner reduction have focused on more efficient formation of the hydrazone intermediate by removal of water and a faster rate of hydrazone decomposition by increasing the reaction temperature.[6][7] Some of the newer modifications provide more significant advances and allow for reactions under considerably milder conditions.\nThe table shows a summary of some of the modifications that have been developed since the initial discovery.","title":"Modifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huang Minlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Minlon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huang-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huang2-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huang-Minlon_modification.png"}],"sub_title":"Huang Minlon modification","text":"In 1946, Huang Minlon reported a modified procedure for the Wolff–Kishner reduction of ketones in which excess hydrazine and water were removed by distillation after hydrazone formation.[14][20] The temperature-lowering effect of water that was produced in hydrazone formation usually resulted in long reaction times and harsh reaction conditions even if anhydrous hydrazine was used in the formation of the hydrazone. The modified procedure consists of refluxing the carbonyl compound in 85% hydrazine hydrate with three equivalents of sodium hydroxide followed by distillation of water and excess hydrazine and elevation of the temperature to 200 °C. Significantly reduced reaction times and improved yields can be obtained using this modification. Minlon's original report described the reduction of β-(p-phenoxybenzoyl)propionic acid to γ-(p-phenoxyphenyl)butyric acid in 95% yield compared to 48% yield obtained by the traditional procedure.Scheme 5. Huang Minlon modification","title":"Modifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton1-15"},{"link_name":"diethylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylene_glycol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barton1.png"}],"sub_title":"Barton modification","text":"Nine years after Huang Minlon’s first modification, Barton developed a method for the reduction of sterically hindered carbonyl groups.[15] This method features rigorous exclusion of water, higher temperatures, and longer reaction times as well as sodium in diethylene glycol instead of alkoxide base. Under these conditions, some of the problems that normally arise with hindered ketones can be alleviated—for example, the C11-carbonyl group in the steroidal compound shown below was successfully reduced under Barton’s conditions while Huang–Minlon conditions failed to effect this transformation.Scheme 6. Barton modification","title":"Modifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cram-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cram_modification1.png"}],"sub_title":"Cram modification","text":"Slow addition of preformed hydrazones to potassium tert-butoxide in DMSO as reaction medium instead of glycols allows hydrocarbon formation to be conducted successfully at temperatures as low as 23 °C.[16] Cram attributed the higher reactivity in DMSO as solvent to higher base strength of potassium tert-butoxide in this medium.Scheme 7. Cram modificationThis modification has not been exploited to great extent in organic synthesis due to the necessity to isolate preformed hydrazone substrates and to add the hydrazone over several hours to the reaction mixture.","title":"Modifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henbest-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leonard2-21"}],"sub_title":"Henbest modification","text":"Henbest extended Cram’s procedure by refluxing carbonyl hydrazones and potassium tert-butoxide in dry toluene.[17] Slow addition of the hydrazone is not necessary and it was found that this procedure is better suited for carbonyl compounds prone to base-induced side reactions than Cram's modification. It has for example been found that double bond migration in α,β-unsaturated enones and functional group elimination of certain α-substituted ketones are less likely to occur under Henbest's conditions.[21]","title":"Modifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tosylhydrazones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosylhydrazone"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caglioti1-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caglioti2-22"},{"link_name":"sodium cyanoborohydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_cyanoborohydride"},{"link_name":"sodium triacetoxyborohydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triacetoxyborohydride"},{"link_name":"catecholborane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholborane"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maryanoff-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caglioti2.png"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu-25"},{"link_name":"iminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminium"},{"link_name":"diimine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diimine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caglioti-mechanism-new.png"},{"link_name":"tautomerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautomer"},{"link_name":"inductive effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_effects"},{"link_name":"sodium cyanoborohydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_cyanoborohydride"},{"link_name":"imines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imine"},{"link_name":"iminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alternative_mechanism_for_caglioti_reaction-new.png"},{"link_name":"sulfinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfinate"},{"link_name":"nitrogen gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_gas"},{"link_name":"lithium aluminium hydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride"},{"link_name":"carbanion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caglioti_Reaction_Mechanism.png"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonjoch-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unsuccessful_substrate-new.png"},{"link_name":"thioketal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioketal"},{"link_name":"Raney nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel"},{"link_name":"sodium triethylborohydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triethylborohydride"}],"sub_title":"Caglioti reaction","text":"Treatment of tosylhydrazones with hydride-donor reagents to obtain the corresponding alkanes is known as the Caglioti reaction.[18][22] The initially reported reaction conditions have been modified and hydride donors such as sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, or catecholborane can reduce tosylhydrazones to hydrocarbons.[23] The reaction proceeds under relatively mild conditions and can therefore tolerate a wider array of functional groups than the original procedure. Reductions with sodium cyanoborohydride as reducing agent can be conducted in the presence of esters, amides, cyano-, nitro- and chloro-substituents. Primary bromo- and iodo-substituents are displaced by nucleophilic hydride under these conditions.Scheme 8. Caglioti modificationThereduction pathway is sensitive to the pH, the reducing agent, and the substrate.[24][25] One possibility, occurring under acidic conditions, includes direct hydride attack of iminium ion 1 following prior protonation of the tosylhydrazone. The resulting tosylhydrazine derivative 2 subsequently undergoes elimination of p-toluenesulfinic acid and decomposes via a diimine intermediate 3 to the corresponding hydrocarbon.Scheme 9. Mechanistic proposal for the Caglioti reactionA slight variation of this mechanism occurs when tautomerization to the azohydrazone is facilitated by inductive effects. The transient azohydrazine 4 can then be reduced to the tosylhydrazine derivative 2 and furnish the decarbonylated product analogously to the first possibility. This mechanism operates when relatively weak hydride donors are used, such as sodium cyanoborohydride. It is known that these sodium cyanoborohydride is not strong enough to reduce imines, but can reduce iminium ions.Scheme 10. Alternative mechanistic proposal for the Caglioti reactionWhen stronger hydride donors are used, a different mechanism is operational, which avoids the use of acidic conditions. Hydride delivery occurs to give intermediate 5, followed by elimination of the metal sulfinate to give azo intermediate 6. This intermediate then decomposes, with loss of nitrogen gas, to give the reduced compound. When strongly basic hydride donors are used such as lithium aluminium hydride, then deprotonation of the tosyl hydrazone can occur before hydride delivery. Intermediate anion 7 can undergo hydride attack, eliminating a metal sulfinate to give azo anion 8. This readily decomposes to carbanion 9, which is protonated to give the reduced product.Scheme XX. Caglioti ReactionAs with the parent Wolff–Kishner reduction, the decarbonylation reaction can often fail due to unsuccessful formation of the corresponding tosylhydrazone. This is common for sterically hindered ketones, as was the case for the cyclic amino ketone shown below.[26]Scheme 11. Unsuccessful substrate in Caglioti reactionAlternative methods of reduction can be employed when formation of the hydrazone fail, including thioketal reduction with Raney nickel or reaction with sodium triethylborohydride.","title":"Modifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchins-1-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unsaturated_carbonyl_compound-1.png"},{"link_name":"catecholborane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholborane"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unsaturated_carbonyl2.png"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Djerassi-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mechanism_of_allylic_diazene_rearrangement1.png"}],"sub_title":"Deoxygenation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds","text":"α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl tosylhydrazones can be converted into the corresponding alkenes with migration of the double bond. The reduction proceeds stereoselectively to furnish the E geometric isomer.[27]Scheme 12-1. Deoxygenation of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compoundA very mild method uses one equivalent of catecholborane to reduce α,β-unsaturated tosylhydrazones.[28]Scheme 12-2. Deoxygenation of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compoundThe mechanism of NaBH3CN reduction of α,β-unsaturated tosylhydrazones has been examined using deuterium-labeling. Alkene formation is initiated by hydride reduction of the iminium ion followed by double bond migration and nitrogen extrusion which occur in a concerted manner.[29]\nAllylic diazene rearrangement as the final step in the reductive 1,3-transposition of α,β-unsaturated tosylhydrazones to the reduced alkenes can also be used to establish sp3-stereocenters from allylic diazenes containing prochiral stereocenters. The influence of the alkoxy stereocenter results in diastereoselective reduction of the α,β-unsaturated tosylhydrazone.[30] The authors predicted that diastereoselective transfer of the diazene hydrogen to one face of the prochiral alkene could be enforced during the suprafacial rearrangement.Scheme 13. Mechanism of allylic diazene rearrangement","title":"Modifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myers-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myers_modification-new.png"}],"sub_title":"Myers modification","text":"In 2004, Myers and coworkers developed a method for the preparation of N-tert-butyldimethylsilylhydrazones from carbonyl-containing compounds.[19] These products can be used as a superior alternative to hydrazones in the transformation of ketones into alkanes. The advantages of this procedure are considerably milder reaction conditions and higher efficiency as well as operational convenience. The condensation of 1,2-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-hydrazine with aldehydes and ketones with Sc(OTf)3 as catalyst is rapid and efficient at ambient temperature. Formation and reduction of N-tert-butyldimethylsilylhydrazones can be conducted in a one pot procedure in high yield.Scheme 14. Myers modification[This graphic is wrong. It should be TBS-N, not TBSO-N] \nThe newly developed method was compared directly to the standard Huang–Minlon Wolff–Kishner reduction conditions (hydrazine hydrate, potassium hydroxide, diethylene glycol, 195 °C) for the steroidal ketone shown above. The product was obtained in 79% yield compared to 91% obtained from the reduction via an intermediate N-tert-butyldimethylsilylhydrazone.","title":"Modifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steric hindrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steric_hindrance"}],"text":"The Wolff–Kishner reduction is not suitable for base–sensitive substrates and can under certain conditions be hampered by steric hindrance surrounding the carbonyl group. Some of the more common side-reactions are listed below.","title":"Side reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cram-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azine_formation1.png"}],"sub_title":"Azine formation","text":"A commonly encountered side-reaction in Wolff–Kishner reductions involves azine formation by reaction of hydrazone with the carbonyl compound. Formation of the ketone can be suppressed by vigorous exclusion of water during the reaction. Several of the presented procedures require isolation of the hydrazone compound prior to reduction. This can be complicated by further transformation of the product hydrazone to the corresponding hydrazine during product purification. Cram found that azine formation is favored by rapid addition of preformed hydrazones to potassium tert-butoxide in anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide.[16]Scheme 15. Azine formation","title":"Side reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polenske-31"}],"sub_title":"Reduction of ketones to alcohols by sodium ethoxide","text":"The second principal side reaction is the reduction of the ketone or aldehyde to the corresponding alcohol. After initial hydrolysis of the hydrazone, the free carbonyl derivative is reduced by alkoxide to the carbinol. In 1924, Eisenlohr reported that substantial amounts of hydroxydecalin were observed during the attempted Wolff–Kishner reduction of trans-β-decalone.[31] In general, alcohol formation may be repressed by exclusion of water or by addition of excess hydrazine.","title":"Side reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leonard2-21"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leonard1-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kishner-Leonard_elim.png"},{"link_name":"Wharton reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_reaction"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wharton-33"}],"sub_title":"Kishner–Leonard elimination","text":"Kishner noted during his initial investigations that in some instances, α-substitution of a carbonyl group can lead to elimination affording unsaturated hydrocarbons under typical reaction conditions. Leonard later further developed this reaction and investigated the influence of different α-substituents on the reaction outcome.[21][32] He found that the amount of elimination increases with increasing steric bulk of the leaving group. Furthermore, α-dialkylamino-substituted ketones generally gave a mixture of reduction and elimination product whereas less basic leaving groups resulted in exclusive formation of the alkene product.Scheme 16. Kishner-Leonard eliminationThe fragmentation of α,β-epoxy ketones to allylic alcohols has been extended to a synthetically useful process and is known as the Wharton reaction.[33]","title":"Side reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grob rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grob_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erman-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shamasundar-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolff-K_ring_cleavage.png"}],"sub_title":"Cleavage or rearrangement of strained rings adjacent to the carbonyl group","text":"Grob rearrangement of strained rings adjacent to the carbonyl group has been observed by Erman and coworkers.[34] During an attempted Wolff–Kishner reduction of trans-π-bromocamphor under Cram’s conditions, limonene was isolated as the only product.Similarly, cleavage of strained rings adjacent to the carbonyl group can occur. When 9β,19-cyclo-5α-pregnane-3,11,20-trione 3,20-diethylene ketal was subjected to Huang–Minlon conditions, ring-enlargement was observed instead of formation of the 11-deoxo-compound.[35]Scheme 17. Ring cleavage during Wolff-Kishner reduction","title":"Side reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Overman-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marino-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishibashi-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamada-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ishibashi-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Application1.png"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coe-40"},{"link_name":"anti–Bredt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Bredt"},{"link_name":"iminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Application_2.png"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pettus-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Application_3.png"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lam-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Application_4.png"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutchisonGibson2011-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Application_5.png"}],"text":"The Wolff–Kishner reduction has been applied to the total synthesis of scopadulcic acid B,[36] aspidospermidine[37][38] and dysidiolide.[39]\nThe Huang Minlon modification of the Wolff–Kishner reduction is one of the final steps in their synthesis of (±)-aspidospermidine. The carbonyl group that was reduced in the Wolff–Kishner reduction was essential for preceding steps in the synthesis. The tertiary amide was stable to the reaction conditions and reduced subsequently by lithium aluminum hydride.[38]Scheme 18. Synthsesis of AspidospermidineAmides are usually not suitable substrates for the Wolff–Kishner reduction as demonstrated by the example above. Coe and coworkers found however that a twisted amide can be efficiently reduced under Wolff–Kishner conditions.[40] The authors explain this observation with the stereoelectronic bias of the substrate which prevents “anti–Bredt” iminium ion formation and therefore favors ejection of alcohol and hydrazone formation. The amide functionality in this strained substrate can be considered as isolated amine and ketone functionalities as resonance stabilization is prevented due to torsional restrictions. The product was obtained in 68% overall yield in a two step procedure.Scheme 19. Reduction of a twisted amideA tricyclic carbonyl compound was reduced using the Huang Minlon modification of the Wolff–Kishner reduction.[41] Several attempts towards decarbonylation of tricyclic allylic acetate containing ketone failed and the acetate functionality had to be removed to allow Wolff–Kishner reduction. Finally, the allylic alcohol was installed via oxyplumbation.Scheme 20. Synthesis of sec-credenolThe Wolff–Kishner reduction has also been used on kilogram scale for the synthesis of a functionalized imidazole substrate. Several alternative reduction methods were investigated, but all of the tested conditions remained unsuccessful. Safety concerns for a large scale Wolff–Kishner reduction were addressed and a highly optimized procedure afforded to product in good yield.[42]Scheme 21. Large-scale applicationAn allylic diazene rearrangement was used in the synthesis of the C21–C34 fragment of antascomicin B.[43] The hydrazone was reduced selectively with catecholborane and excess reducing agent decomposed with sodium thiosulfate. The crude reaction product was then treated with sodium acetate and to give the 1,4-syn isomer.Scheme 22. Allylic diazene rearrangement","title":"Applications in total synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780128157275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128157275"}],"text":"Todd, D. The Wolff-Kishner Reduction. In Org. React. (eds. Adams, E.); John-Wiley & Sons, Inc.: London, 1948, 4, 378\nHutchins, R. O. Reduction of C=X to CH2 by Wolff-Kishner and Other Hydrazone Methods. In Comp. Org. Synth. (eds. Trost, B. M., Fleming, I.); Pergamon: Oxford, 1991, 8, 327\nLewis, D. E. The Wolff-Kishner Reduction and Related Reactions. Discovery and Development; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2019. ISBN 9780128157275","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Scheme 1. Wolff-Kishner Reduction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wolff-Kishner-reaction_scheme-new.png/420px-Wolff-Kishner-reaction_scheme-new.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 1-1. Summary of mechanism of Wolff-Kishner reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wolff-Kishner_mechanism-s.png/900px-Wolff-Kishner_mechanism-s.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 2. Kishner's conditions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kishner1.png/340px-Kishner1.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 3. Wolff's conditions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Wolff-new.png/550px-Wolff-new.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 4. Mechanism of the Wolff-Kishner reduction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wolff-Kishner_mechanism-new.png/620px-Wolff-Kishner_mechanism-new.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 5. Huang Minlon modification","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Huang-Minlon_modification.png/650px-Huang-Minlon_modification.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 6. Barton modification","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Barton1.png/600px-Barton1.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 7. Cram modification","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cram_modification1.png/350px-Cram_modification1.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 8. Caglioti modification","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Caglioti2.png/580px-Caglioti2.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 9. Mechanistic proposal for the Caglioti reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Caglioti-mechanism-new.png/680px-Caglioti-mechanism-new.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 10. Alternative mechanistic proposal for the Caglioti reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Alternative_mechanism_for_caglioti_reaction-new.png/700px-Alternative_mechanism_for_caglioti_reaction-new.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme XX. Caglioti Reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Caglioti_Reaction_Mechanism.png/602px-Caglioti_Reaction_Mechanism.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 11. Unsuccessful substrate in Caglioti reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Unsuccessful_substrate-new.png/400px-Unsuccessful_substrate-new.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 12-1. Deoxygenation of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Unsaturated_carbonyl_compound-1.png/620px-Unsaturated_carbonyl_compound-1.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 12-2. Deoxygenation of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Unsaturated_carbonyl2.png/320px-Unsaturated_carbonyl2.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 13. Mechanism of allylic diazene rearrangement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mechanism_of_allylic_diazene_rearrangement1.png/460px-Mechanism_of_allylic_diazene_rearrangement1.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 14. Myers modification","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Myers_modification-new.png/700px-Myers_modification-new.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 15. Azine formation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Azine_formation1.png/500px-Azine_formation1.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 16. Kishner-Leonard elimination","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kishner-Leonard_elim.png/300px-Kishner-Leonard_elim.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 17. Ring cleavage during Wolff-Kishner reduction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wolff-K_ring_cleavage.png/450px-Wolff-K_ring_cleavage.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 18. Synthsesis of Aspidospermidine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Application1.png/630px-Application1.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 19. Reduction of a twisted amide","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Application_2.png/640px-Application_2.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 20. Synthesis of sec-credenol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Application_3.png/650px-Application_3.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 21. Large-scale application","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Application_4.png/530px-Application_4.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme 22. Allylic diazene rearrangement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Application_5.png/700px-Application_5.png"}]
[{"title":"Clemmensen reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemmensen_reduction"},{"title":"Wharton reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_reaction"},{"title":"Shapiro reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro_reaction"}]
[{"reference":"Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, p. 1835, ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_March","url_text":"March, Jerry"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JDR-nZpojeEC&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-72091-1","url_text":"978-0-471-72091-1"}]},{"reference":"Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J. (2007). Advanced Organic Chemistry: Part B: Reactions and Synthesis (5th ed.). New York: Springer. p. 453. ISBN 978-0387683546.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387683546","url_text":"978-0387683546"}]},{"reference":"Kishner, N (1911). \"Wolff–Kishner reduction; Huang–Minlon modification\". J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc. 43: 582–595.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wolff, L. (1912). \"Chemischen Institut der Universität Jena: Methode zum Ersatz des Sauerstoffatoms der Ketone und Aldehyde durch Wasserstoff. [Erste Abhandlung]\". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 394: 86–108. doi:10.1002/jlac.19123940107.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1427603","url_text":"\"Chemischen Institut der Universität Jena: Methode zum Ersatz des Sauerstoffatoms der Ketone und Aldehyde durch Wasserstoff. [Erste Abhandlung]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.19123940107","url_text":"10.1002/jlac.19123940107"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, D. E. (2013). \"Disability, Despotism, Deoxygenation-From Exile to Academy Member: Nikolai Matveevich Kizhner\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (45): 11704–11712. doi:10.1002/anie.201303165. PMID 24123691.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201303165","url_text":"10.1002/anie.201303165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24123691","url_text":"24123691"}]},{"reference":"Herr, C. H.; Whitmore, F. C.; Schiessler, R. W. (1945). \"The Wolff-Kishner Reaction at Atmospheric Pressure\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 67 (12): 2061. doi:10.1021/ja01228a002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01228a002","url_text":"10.1021/ja01228a002"}]},{"reference":"Soffer, M. D.; Soffer, M. B.; Sherk, K. W. (1945). \"A Low Pressure Method for Wolff—Kishner Reduction\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 67 (9): 1435. doi:10.1021/ja01225a004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01225a004","url_text":"10.1021/ja01225a004"}]},{"reference":"Szmant, H. H.; Harmuth, C. M. (1964). \"The Wolff-Kishner Reaction of Hydrazones\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 86 (14): 2909. doi:10.1021/ja01068a028.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01068a028","url_text":"10.1021/ja01068a028"}]},{"reference":"Szmant, H. H. (1968). \"The Mechanism of the Wolff-Kishner Reduction, Elimination, and Isomerization Reactions\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 7 (2): 120–128. doi:10.1002/anie.196801201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.196801201","url_text":"10.1002/anie.196801201"}]},{"reference":"Szmant, H. H.; Roman, M. N. (1966). \"The Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on the Rate of the Wolff-Kishner Reaction of Benzophenone Hydrazone1\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 88 (17): 4034. doi:10.1021/ja00969a025.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00969a025","url_text":"10.1021/ja00969a025"}]},{"reference":"Szmant, H. H.; Alciaturi, C. E. (1977). \"Mechanistic aspects of the Wolff-Kishner reaction. 6. Comparison of the hydrazones of benzophenone, fluorenone, dibenzotropone, and dibenzosuberone\". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 42 (6): 1081. doi:10.1021/jo00426a034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo00426a034","url_text":"10.1021/jo00426a034"}]},{"reference":"Szmant, H. H.; Harnsberger, H. F.; Butler, T. J.; Barie, W. P. (1952). \"Kinetics of the Wolff-Kishner Reaction of Diaryl Ketone Hydrazones\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 74 (11): 2724. doi:10.1021/ja01131a009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01131a009","url_text":"10.1021/ja01131a009"}]},{"reference":"Taber, D. F.; Stachel, S. J. (1992). \"On the mechanism of the Wolff-Kishner reduction\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worku_Bikila
Worku Bikila
["1 International Competitions","2 Personal bests","3 References","4 External links"]
Ethiopian long-distance runner Worku Bikila (born 6 May 1968) is a retired Ethiopian long-distance runner, who specialized mainly in the 5000 metres. His 10,000 metres time of 27:06.44 minutes in 1995 was the second-fastest time that year, behind Haile Gebrselassie. He represented Ethiopia at the World Championships in Athletics on three occasions (1993, 1995 and 1997). He was a two-time winner at the Zevenheuvelenloop 15,000 metres, from 1997 to 1998. Since retiring, Bikila has put his energies into forming two companies that have brought much-needed revenue to his local community in Dukam, Ethiopia: Worku Bikila Water Well Drilling Limited performs water well monitoring, exploration, observation, and abandonment services, while Worku Bikila Hotel is a hotel for international travellers. International Competitions Year Competition Venue Position Event Notes Representing  Ethiopia 1992 African Championships Belle Vue Maurel, Mauritius 2nd 5000 m Olympic Games Barcelona, Spain 6th 5000 m 1993 World Championships Stuttgart, Germany 4th 5000 m African Championships Durban, South Africa 3rd 5000 m 1995 World Championships Gothenburg, Sweden 6th 5000 m 1997 World Championships Athens, Greece 12th 5000 m Personal bests 3000 metres – 7:42.44 min (1997) 5000 metres – 12:57.23 min (1995) 10,000 metres – 27:06.44 min (1995) Half marathon – 1:02:15 hrs (2002) Marathon – 2:11:48 hrs (2001) References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Worku Bikila Hotel Dukem Addis Ababa Ethiopia". Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2022. External links Worku Bikila at World Athletics Authority control databases: People World Athletics
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethiopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"long-distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_runner"},{"link_name":"5000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_metres"},{"link_name":"10,000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_metres"},{"link_name":"Haile Gebrselassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Gebrselassie"},{"link_name":"World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Zevenheuvelenloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zevenheuvelenloop"},{"link_name":"Dukam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dukam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Worku Bikila (born 6 May 1968) is a retired Ethiopian long-distance runner, who specialized mainly in the 5000 metres. His 10,000 metres time of 27:06.44 minutes in 1995 was the second-fastest time that year, behind Haile Gebrselassie. He represented Ethiopia at the World Championships in Athletics on three occasions (1993, 1995 and 1997). He was a two-time winner at the Zevenheuvelenloop 15,000 metres, from 1997 to 1998.Since retiring, Bikila has put his energies into forming two companies that have brought much-needed revenue to his local community in Dukam, Ethiopia: Worku Bikila Water Well Drilling Limited performs water well monitoring, exploration, observation, and abandonment services,[1] while Worku Bikila Hotel is a hotel for international travellers.[2]","title":"Worku Bikila"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International Competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_metres"},{"link_name":"5000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_metres"},{"link_name":"10,000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_metres"},{"link_name":"Half marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_marathon"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"}],"text":"3000 metres – 7:42.44 min (1997)\n5000 metres – 12:57.23 min (1995)\n10,000 metres – 27:06.44 min (1995)\nHalf marathon – 1:02:15 hrs (2002)\nMarathon – 2:11:48 hrs (2001)","title":"Personal bests"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_A._Pierce
Gilbert A. Pierce
["1 Biography","2 Notes","3 Sources","4 External links"]
American politician Gilbert PierceUnited States Senatorfrom North DakotaIn officeNovember 25, 1889 – March 4, 1891Preceded bySeat establishedSucceeded byHenry C. HansbroughGovernor of the Dakota TerritoryIn officeJune 25, 1884 – February 5, 1887Preceded byNehemiah G. OrdwaySucceeded byLouis K. ChurchMember of the Indiana House of RepresentativesIn office1868 Personal detailsBornGilbert Ashville Pierce(1839-01-11)January 11, 1839East Otto, New York, U.S.DiedFebruary 15, 1901(1901-02-15) (aged 62)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.Political partyRepublicanEducationUniversity of ChicagoSignature Gilbert Ashville Pierce (January 11, 1839 – February 15, 1901) was an American author, journalist, playwright, and a member of the Indiana House of Representatives, the eighth Governor of Dakota Territory (serving from 1884 to 1887), and representative for North Dakota in the United States Senate. Pierce County, North Dakota was named in his honor. Biography Gilbert Pierce was born at East Otto, Cattaraugus County, New York. He and his parents moved to Indiana. Pierce attended the University of Chicago; where he studied writing, literature, and law. He enlisted in the ninth Indiana Volunteers as a second lieutenant in 1861. By 1864, Pierce was a colonel and an inspector general of the War Department. In 1868, he became a member of the Indiana House of Representatives. From 1868 to 1871, Pierce was a journal clerk of the United States Senate. After resigning, he edited a Republican Chicago newspaper called the Inter Ocean as well as wrote a number of plays, novels, and sketches. In 1877, Pierce became managing editor of the Inter Ocean before assuming a similar position for the Chicago News. On June 25, 1884, Gilbert Pierce was appointed Governor of Dakota Territory by President Chester A. Arthur. Because of the corruption of his predecessor, Governor Pierce's appointment was treated with suspicion by residents of Dakota Territory. Because of bad feelings over the moving of the territorial capital, Pierce chose to be sworn in at the former capital city of Yankton on July 25, 1884, before assuming office at the new capital of Bismarck. With time, the new Governor gained respect in the territory. Governor Pierce vetoed a bill to move the capital from Bismarck to Pierre. He and the legislature did agree to establish the School of Mines at Rapid City. Pierce vetoed a bill to grant equal suffrage to women. He was a proponent of statehood and quickly signed a bill into law to authorize a state constitutional convention for southern Dakota Territory. In August 1886, Governor Pierce resigned but remained in office until February 5, 1887. After leaving office, he served in Bismarck as a correspondent for newspapers in St. Paul, Minnesota. After North Dakota became a state in 1889, Pierce was elected to one term as United States Senator. In 1891, he purchased a half interest in the Minneapolis Tribune before selling it to become business manager of the Chicago Post and Times-Herald. In 1893, Pierce was appointed U.S. Minister to Portugal by President Benjamin Harrison; but failing health forced Pierce to resign after only a few months. Pierce's last years were spent in British Columbia, Washington, and California before the time of his death at the Lexington Hotel in Chicago, aged 62. Notes ^ Governors of North Dakota, Gilbert A. Pierce ^ "County History". Official Portal for North Dakota State Government. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2011. ^ a b The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. I. James T. White & Company. 1893. p. 294. Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via Google Books. ^ "Death of Gilbert A. Pierce". Chicago Tribune. February 16, 1901. p. 5. Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Sources United States Congress. "Gilbert A. Pierce (id: P000334)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. External links Gilbert A. Pierce at Find a Grave Political offices Preceded byNehemiah G. Ordway Governor of the Dakota Territory 1884–1887 Succeeded byLouis K. Church U.S. Senate New seat U.S. Senator (Class 3) from North Dakota 1889–1891 Served alongside: Lyman R. Casey Succeeded byHenry C. Hansbrough vteGovernors of Dakota Territory Brookings (Acting) Jayne Edmunds Faulk Burbank McCook (Acting) Burbank Pennington Howard Ordway Pierce Church Mellette vteUnited States senators from North DakotaClass 1 Casey Roach McCumber Frazier Langer Brunsdale Q. Burdick J. Burdick Conrad Heitkamp Cramer Class 3 Pierce Hansbrough Johnson Thompson Purcell Gronna Ladd Nye Moses Young Andrews Conrad Dorgan Hoeven vte United States Ambassadors to Portugal Minister Plenipotentiary Humphreys (Minister Resident) Smith Sumter Graham Dearborn (Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary) Chargé d'Affaires Brent Kavanagh Barrow Rencher Hopkins Clay Haddock O'Sullivan Minister Resident O'Sullivan G. Morgan Harvey Shellabarger C. Lewis Moran Moran (chargé d'affaires) Minister Resident/Consul General Francis Richmond E. Lewis Loring Batcheller Pierce Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Caruth Townsend Irwin Loomis Bryan Gage E. Morgan Woods Birch Dearing South Caldwell Pell Fish Norweb Ambassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary Norweb Baruch Wiley MacVeagh Cannon Guggenheim Bonbright Elbrick Anderson Bennett Knight Scott Carlucci Bloomfield Holmes Shakespeare Rowell Briggs Bagley McGowan Palmer Hoffman Stephenson Katz Sherman Glass Levine Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland People US Congress Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Dakota_Territory"},{"link_name":"Dakota Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Territory"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pierce County, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_County,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ND_Counties-2"}],"text":"Gilbert Ashville Pierce (January 11, 1839 – February 15, 1901) was an American author, journalist, playwright, and a member of the Indiana House of Representatives, the eighth Governor of Dakota Territory (serving from 1884 to 1887), and representative for North Dakota in the United States Senate.[1] Pierce County, North Dakota was named in his honor.[2]","title":"Gilbert A. Pierce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Otto,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cattaraugus County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattaraugus_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-3"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Inter Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Inter_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Chester A. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur"},{"link_name":"Yankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankton,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"School of Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_School_of_Mines_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Rapid City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"St. Paul, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-3"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Times-Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Times-Herald"},{"link_name":"U.S. Minister to Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Lexington Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Hotel_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Gilbert Pierce was born at East Otto, Cattaraugus County, New York.[3] He and his parents moved to Indiana. Pierce attended the University of Chicago; where he studied writing, literature, and law. He enlisted in the ninth Indiana Volunteers as a second lieutenant in 1861. By 1864, Pierce was a colonel and an inspector general of the War Department.In 1868, he became a member of the Indiana House of Representatives. From 1868 to 1871, Pierce was a journal clerk of the United States Senate. After resigning, he edited a Republican Chicago newspaper called the Inter Ocean as well as wrote a number of plays, novels, and sketches. In 1877, Pierce became managing editor of the Inter Ocean before assuming a similar position for the Chicago News.On June 25, 1884, Gilbert Pierce was appointed Governor of Dakota Territory by President Chester A. Arthur. Because of the corruption of his predecessor, Governor Pierce's appointment was treated with suspicion by residents of Dakota Territory. Because of bad feelings over the moving of the territorial capital, Pierce chose to be sworn in at the former capital city of Yankton on July 25, 1884, before assuming office at the new capital of Bismarck. With time, the new Governor gained respect in the territory.Governor Pierce vetoed a bill to move the capital from Bismarck to Pierre. He and the legislature did agree to establish the School of Mines at Rapid City. Pierce vetoed a bill to grant equal suffrage to women. He was a proponent of statehood and quickly signed a bill into law to authorize a state constitutional convention for southern Dakota Territory.In August 1886, Governor Pierce resigned but remained in office until February 5, 1887. After leaving office, he served in Bismarck as a correspondent for newspapers in St. Paul, Minnesota. After North Dakota became a state in 1889, Pierce was elected to one term as United States Senator.[3]In 1891, he purchased a half interest in the Minneapolis Tribune before selling it to become business manager of the Chicago Post and Times-Herald. In 1893, Pierce was appointed U.S. Minister to Portugal by President Benjamin Harrison; but failing health forced Pierce to resign after only a few months.Pierce's last years were spent in British Columbia, Washington, and California before the time of his death at the Lexington Hotel in Chicago, aged 62.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Governors of North Dakota, Gilbert A. Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.nd.gov/exhibits/governors/tgovernors8.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ND_Counties_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"County History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150202151843/http://www.nd.gov/content.htm?parentCatID=83&id=County%20History"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nd.gov/content.htm?parentCatID=83&id=County%20History"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cyclopaedia_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cyclopaedia_3-1"},{"link_name":"The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lcVKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA294"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Death of Gilbert A. Pierce\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/75742930/death-of-gilbert-a-pierce/"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"}],"text":"^ Governors of North Dakota, Gilbert A. Pierce\n\n^ \"County History\". Official Portal for North Dakota State Government. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2011.\n\n^ a b The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. I. James T. White & Company. 1893. p. 294. Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"Death of Gilbert A. Pierce\". Chicago Tribune. February 16, 1901. p. 5. Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Gilbert A. Pierce (id: P000334)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000334"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"United States Congress. \"Gilbert A. Pierce (id: P000334)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"County History\". Official Portal for North Dakota State Government. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150202151843/http://www.nd.gov/content.htm?parentCatID=83&id=County%20History","url_text":"\"County History\""},{"url":"http://www.nd.gov/content.htm?parentCatID=83&id=County%20History","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. I. James T. White & Company. 1893. p. 294. Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lcVKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA294","url_text":"The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Gilbert A. Pierce\". Chicago Tribune. February 16, 1901. p. 5. Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75742930/death-of-gilbert-a-pierce/","url_text":"\"Death of Gilbert A. Pierce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Gilbert A. Pierce (id: P000334)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000334","url_text":"\"Gilbert A. Pierce (id: P000334)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Diogene
Franco Diogene
["1 Life and career","2 Selected filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
Italian actor and comedian (1947–2005) Franco DiogeneFranco Franchi and Franco Diogene in Il giustiziere di mezzogiorno (1975)BornConcetto Francesco Diogene(1947-10-20)20 October 1947Catania, ItalyDied27 May 2005(2005-05-27) (aged 57)Genoa, ItalyOccupationActor Franco Diogene (20 October 1947 – 27 May 2005) was an Italian actor and comedian. Life and career Born Concetto Francesco Diogene in Catania, he was the son of a Sicilian father and a Ligurian mother. At 5 years old, Diogene moved to Genoa with his family. In Genoa he completed his studies, and also started acting in a little theater of a parish. Since the early 1970s, he was one of the most active character actors in Italian cinema, often cast in humorous roles. He was also cast in several international productions, such as Midnight Express (in the role of Yesil, the Turkish lawyer who unsuccessfully defended Billy Hayes in court) and The Name of the Rose, mainly thanks to his foreign language skills. Diogene was also active as a stand-up comedian, and he was the organizer of the beauty contest "Miss Top Model Universe". Diogene died of a heart attack, aged 57 years old. Selected filmography Due mafiosi contro Al Capone (1966) - Night club Announcer Maria Rosa la guardona (1973) Teresa the Thief (1973) Il colonnello Buttiglione diventa generale (1974) Kidnap (1974) - Nino Ante Up (1974) - Peppino il Barbiere Buttiglione diventa capo del servizio segreto (1975) - Tenente Parisi The Suspicious Death of a Minor (1975) - Pesce's Lawyer (uncredited) Nude per l'assassino (1975) - Maurizio Teasers (1975) - Monica's Lover La collegiale (1975) - Carlo De Marchi Il giustiziere di mezzogiorno (1975) - Vigile Corrotto Sex with a Smile (1976) - Ignazio, her husband (segment "I soldi in banca") La madama (1976) - Fruttivendolo As of Tomorrow (1976) - Garage Owner (uncredited) Roma, l'altra faccia della violenza (1976) - Lawyer Goodnight, Ladies and Gentlemen (1976) - Grocer (uncredited) Cuginetta, amore mio! (1976) - Sciaccaluga Tentacles (1977) - Chuck Taxi Girl (1977) - Sheik Abdul Lala Midnight Express (1978) - Yesil Gardenia (1979) - Friend of Gardenia A Policewoman on the Porno Squad (1979) - Joe Maccarone I contrabbandieri di Santa Lucia (1979) - Achmet Supersexymarket (1979) Saturday, Sunday and Friday (1979) - The lawyer (segment "Venerdì") Il viziaccio (1980) City of Women (1980) - Party Guest (uncredited) L'insegnante al mare con tutta la classe (1980) - Headmaster Delitto a Porta Romana (1980) - Busoni - the usurer Trhauma (1980) - Bitto Il terno a letto (1980) Madly in Love (1981) - Capo cameriere Il paramedico (1982) - 'Palletta'-The Car Wrecker La casa stregata (1982) Attenti a quei P2 (1982) - Emiro Kashieri Giovani, belle... probabilmente ricche (1982) - L'avvocato Grand Hotel Excelsior (1980) - Ing. Binotti Attila flagello di Dio (1982) - Mercante genovese Heads I Win, Tails You Lose (1982) - The soccer team's owner Stesso mare stessa spiaggia (1983) - Piero The World of Don Camillo (1984) - Binella Il ragazzo di campagna (1984) - 1st Recruitment Manager Madman at War (1985) - Nitti Killer contro killers (1985) - Hagen The Mines of Kilimanjaro (1986) - Tai-Ling The Name of the Rose (1986) - Päpstliche Gesandte #1 7 chili in 7 giorni (1986) - Assessore Turri Il burbero (1986) - Controllore vagoni letto Il lupo di mare (1987) Russicum - I giorni del diavolo (1988) The Big Blue (1988) - Receptionist Interzone (1989) - Rat There Was a Castle with Forty Dogs (1990) - Padre di Violetta The Bachelor (1990) Occhio alla perestrojka (1990) - Racist Receptionist Fuga da Kayenta (1991) - Sheriff Baker Acquitted for Having Committed the Deed (1992) Ci hai rotto papà (1993) - Colonnello Nardini Piccolo grande amore (1993) Caino e Caino (1993) - Direttore della Casa di Riposo The House of the Spirits (1993) - Man at the Party 18000 giorni fa (1993) - Dottor Bianchi Policemen (1995) - Bunny The Stendhal Syndrome (1996) - Victim's husband Esercizi di stile (1996) Con rabbia e con amore (1997) - Man with white Mercedes near the beach Il tocco - La sfida (1997) - Omaccio Figurine (1997) - Mister Atlas La classe non è acqua (1997) - Professore siciliano Boom (1999) - Coluso (Segment: Il figlio di Claudio Villa) Voci (2000) - Libraio Proibito baciare (2000) The Bankers of God: The Calvi Affair (2002) - Luigi Mennini Il compagno americano (2003) - Carboni References ^ a b c d e Roberto Chiti, Roberto Poppi. Dizionario del cinema italiano. Gli attori. Gremese Editore, 2003. ISBN 8884402131. ^ a b c d e f "Addio a Franco Diogene cento film, teatro e tanta tv". La Repubblica. 29 May 2005. Retrieved 25 January 2014. External links Franco Diogene at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy United States Poland People Deutsche Biographie This article about an Italian actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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At 5 years old, Diogene moved to Genoa with his family.[1][2] In Genoa he completed his studies, and also started acting in a little theater of a parish.[1][2] Since the early 1970s, he was one of the most active character actors in Italian cinema, often cast in humorous roles.[1][2] He was also cast in several international productions, such as Midnight Express (in the role of Yesil, the Turkish lawyer who unsuccessfully defended Billy Hayes in court) and The Name of the Rose, mainly thanks to his foreign language skills.[1][2] Diogene was also active as a stand-up comedian, and he was the organizer of the beauty contest \"Miss Top Model Universe\".[1][2]Diogene died of a heart attack, aged 57 years old.[2]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Due mafiosi contro Al Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_mafiosi_contro_Al_Capone"},{"link_name":"Teresa the Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_the_Thief"},{"link_name":"Kidnap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnap_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Ante Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Up_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Suspicious Death of a Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suspicious_Death_of_a_Minor"},{"link_name":"Nude per l'assassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_per_l%27assassino"},{"link_name":"Teasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_liceale"},{"link_name":"Il giustiziere di mezzogiorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_giustiziere_di_mezzogiorno"},{"link_name":"Sex with a Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_with_a_Smile"},{"link_name":"La madama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_madama"},{"link_name":"As of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Roma, l'altra faccia della violenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma,_l%27altra_faccia_della_violenza"},{"link_name":"Goodnight, Ladies and Gentlemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodnight,_Ladies_and_Gentlemen"},{"link_name":"Tentacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentacles_(film)"},{"link_name":"Taxi Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_Girl_(film)"},{"link_name":"Midnight Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Express_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gardenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardenia_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Policewoman on the Porno Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Policewoman_on_the_Porno_Squad"},{"link_name":"Saturday, Sunday and Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday,_Sunday_and_Friday"},{"link_name":"City of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Women"},{"link_name":"L'insegnante al mare con tutta la classe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27insegnante_al_mare_con_tutta_la_classe"},{"link_name":"Delitto a Porta Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delitto_a_Porta_Romana"},{"link_name":"Madly in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madly_in_Love"},{"link_name":"Il paramedico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_paramedico"},{"link_name":"La casa stregata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_casa_stregata"},{"link_name":"Giovani, belle... probabilmente ricche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovani,_belle..._probabilmente_ricche"},{"link_name":"Grand Hotel Excelsior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hotel_Excelsior"},{"link_name":"Attila flagello di Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_flagello_di_Dio"},{"link_name":"Heads I Win, Tails You Lose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_I_Win,_Tails_You_Lose"},{"link_name":"The World of Don Camillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_of_Don_Camillo"},{"link_name":"Il ragazzo di campagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_ragazzo_di_campagna"},{"link_name":"Madman at War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madman_at_War"},{"link_name":"The Mines of Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mines_of_Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"The Name of the Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose_(film)"},{"link_name":"7 chili in 7 giorni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_chili_in_7_giorni"},{"link_name":"Il burbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_burbero"},{"link_name":"The Big Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Blue"},{"link_name":"There Was a Castle with Forty Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Was_a_Castle_with_Forty_Dogs"},{"link_name":"The Bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bachelor_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Acquitted for Having Committed the Deed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquitted_for_Having_Committed_the_Deed"},{"link_name":"The House of the Spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Spirits_(film)"},{"link_name":"Policemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policemen_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Stendhal Syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stendhal_Syndrome"},{"link_name":"The Bankers of God: The Calvi Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bankers_of_God:_The_Calvi_Affair"}],"text":"Due mafiosi contro Al Capone (1966) - Night club Announcer\nMaria Rosa la guardona (1973)\nTeresa the Thief (1973)\nIl colonnello Buttiglione diventa generale (1974)\nKidnap (1974) - Nino\nAnte Up (1974) - Peppino il Barbiere\nButtiglione diventa capo del servizio segreto (1975) - Tenente Parisi\nThe Suspicious Death of a Minor (1975) - Pesce's Lawyer (uncredited)\nNude per l'assassino (1975) - Maurizio\nTeasers (1975) - Monica's Lover\nLa collegiale (1975) - Carlo De Marchi\nIl giustiziere di mezzogiorno (1975) - Vigile Corrotto\nSex with a Smile (1976) - Ignazio, her husband (segment \"I soldi in banca\")\nLa madama (1976) - Fruttivendolo\nAs of Tomorrow (1976) - Garage Owner (uncredited)\nRoma, l'altra faccia della violenza (1976) - Lawyer\nGoodnight, Ladies and Gentlemen (1976) - Grocer (uncredited)\nCuginetta, amore mio! (1976) - Sciaccaluga\nTentacles (1977) - Chuck\nTaxi Girl (1977) - Sheik Abdul Lala\nMidnight Express (1978) - Yesil\nGardenia (1979) - Friend of Gardenia\nA Policewoman on the Porno Squad (1979) - Joe Maccarone\nI contrabbandieri di Santa Lucia (1979) - Achmet\nSupersexymarket (1979)\nSaturday, Sunday and Friday (1979) - The lawyer (segment \"Venerdì\")\nIl viziaccio (1980)\nCity of Women (1980) - Party Guest (uncredited)\nL'insegnante al mare con tutta la classe (1980) - Headmaster\nDelitto a Porta Romana (1980) - Busoni - the usurer\nTrhauma (1980) - Bitto\nIl terno a letto (1980)\nMadly in Love (1981) - Capo cameriere\nIl paramedico (1982) - 'Palletta'-The Car Wrecker\nLa casa stregata (1982)\nAttenti a quei P2 (1982) - Emiro Kashieri\nGiovani, belle... probabilmente ricche (1982) - L'avvocato\nGrand Hotel Excelsior (1980) - Ing. Binotti\nAttila flagello di Dio (1982) - Mercante genovese\nHeads I Win, Tails You Lose (1982) - The soccer team's owner\nStesso mare stessa spiaggia (1983) - Piero\nThe World of Don Camillo (1984) - Binella\nIl ragazzo di campagna (1984) - 1st Recruitment Manager\nMadman at War (1985) - Nitti\nKiller contro killers (1985) - Hagen\nThe Mines of Kilimanjaro (1986) - Tai-Ling\nThe Name of the Rose (1986) - Päpstliche Gesandte #1\n7 chili in 7 giorni (1986) - Assessore Turri\nIl burbero (1986) - Controllore vagoni letto\nIl lupo di mare (1987)\nRussicum - I giorni del diavolo (1988)\nThe Big Blue (1988) - Receptionist\nInterzone (1989) - Rat\nThere Was a Castle with Forty Dogs (1990) - Padre di Violetta\nThe Bachelor (1990)\nOcchio alla perestrojka (1990) - Racist Receptionist\nFuga da Kayenta (1991) - Sheriff Baker\nAcquitted for Having Committed the Deed (1992)\nCi hai rotto papà (1993) - Colonnello Nardini\nPiccolo grande amore (1993)\nCaino e Caino (1993) - Direttore della Casa di Riposo\nThe House of the Spirits (1993) - Man at the Party\n18000 giorni fa (1993) - Dottor Bianchi\nPolicemen (1995) - Bunny\nThe Stendhal Syndrome (1996) - Victim's husband\nEsercizi di stile (1996)\nCon rabbia e con amore (1997) - Man with white Mercedes near the beach\nIl tocco - La sfida (1997) - Omaccio\nFigurine (1997) - Mister Atlas\nLa classe non è acqua (1997) - Professore siciliano\nBoom (1999) - Coluso (Segment: Il figlio di Claudio Villa)\nVoci (2000) - Libraio\nProibito baciare (2000)\nThe Bankers of God: The Calvi Affair (2002) - Luigi Mennini\nIl compagno americano (2003) - Carboni","title":"Selected filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kill
West Kill
["1 Course","1.1 Spruceton Valley","1.2 Below West Kill hamlet","2 Watershed","3 History","4 Geology","5 Hydrology","5.1 Water quality","5.2 Flood control","6 Fishery","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 42°14′45″N 74°22′36″W / 42.24583°N 74.37667°W / 42.24583; -74.37667Tributary of the Schoharie Creek in Greene County, New York West KillWest Kill from Shoemaker RoadLocation of the mouth of the West KillShow map of New YorkWest Kill (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationCountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkRegionCatskillsCountyGreeneTownsHunter, LexingtonPhysical characteristicsSourceW slope of Hunter Mountain • coordinates42°10′24″N 74°14′15″W / 42.17333°N 74.23750°W / 42.17333; -74.23750 • elevation3,100 ft (940 m) MouthSchoharie Creek • locationLexington, New York • coordinates42°14′45″N 74°22′36″W / 42.24583°N 74.37667°W / 42.24583; -74.37667 • elevation1,299 ft (396 m)Length11 mi (18 km), E-WBasin size31.2 sq mi (81 km2)Discharge  • locationE of Spruceton • average10.1 cu ft/s (0.29 m3/s) • minimum.45 cu ft/s (0.013 m3/s) • maximum4,320 cu ft/s (122 m3/s) Discharge  • locationN of West Kill • average41.7 cu ft/s (1.18 m3/s) • minimum1.3 cu ft/s (0.037 m3/s) • maximum19,100 cu ft/s (540 m3/s) Basin featuresProgressionWest Kill → Schoharie Creek → Mohawk River → Hudson River → Upper New York BayTributaries  • leftPettit Brook, Styles Brook, Hagadone Brook, Bennett Brook,Newton Brook, Beech Ridge Brook, Roarback Brook • rightHunter Brook, Herdman Brook, Schoolhouse BrookWaterfallsDiamond Notch Falls The West Kill, an 11-mile-long (18 km) tributary of Schoharie Creek, flows through the town of Lexington, New York, United States, from its source on Hunter Mountain, the second-highest peak of the Catskill Mountains. Ultimately its waters reach the Hudson River via the Mohawk. Since it drains into the Schoharie upstream of Schoharie Reservoir, it is part of the New York City water supply system. It lends its name to both a mountain to its south and a small town midway along its length. The West Kill's 31.2-square-mile (81 km2) watershed accounts for 10 percent of the reservoir's basin. It has the highest elevations and steepest slopes of any of the Schoharie's subwatersheds, with runoff from seven of the 35 Catskill High Peaks draining into the stream. Due to limited development and extensive land protection in the stream's watershed, its water is relatively clean, supporting a habitat for both wild and stocked trout; historically it has drawn fly fishers and other anglers. However, the West Kill has contributed to turbidity issues with the Schoharie creek and reservoir due to recent floods; several government agencies have worked together to develop a management plan that will mitigate the floods and the turbidity. Course The upper 8 miles (13 km) of the West Kill flows west through the Spruceton Valley to the hamlet of West Kill. From there it turns to a more northerly course to the Schoharie at Lexington. vteWest Kill Legend Source Diamond Notch Falls Hunter Brook Pettit Brook Herdman Brook Styles Brook Hagadone Brook Schoolhouse Brook Bennett Brook Newton Brook NY 42 Beech Ridge Brook NY 42 Roarback Brook NY 42 Schoharie Creek Spruceton Valley Two streams that later join rise in the cirque between Hunter and Southwest Hunter mountains, amidst the dense forests of the West Kill Wilderness Area, part of the Catskill Park. The source of the northern stream is at 3,100 feet (940 m), the higher of the two. It flows through a narrow groove down the steep upper slopes of the cirque for its first quarter-mile (400 m). Just under 2,700 feet (820 m) in elevation, the terrain becomes gentler. At the town line between Hunter and Lexington, the two streams join. The West Kill flows steadily downhill for its next half-mile (800 m) as the Devil's Path hiking trail, itself descending the mountain, gradually comes closer to the stream and follows it along its north side. Diamond Notch Falls At Diamond Notch Falls, the Devil's Path merges briefly with the Diamond Notch Trail coming in from the west. The two cross the West Kill on a wooden bridge, the uppermost crossing of the stream. Just south of the stream, the trails again diverge, with the Devil's Path following the stream for a short distance on that side before beginning its ascent of West Kill Mountain to the southwest. The Diamond Notch Trail runs parallel to the kill for another 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to the trailhead parking lot, the eastern end of Greene County Route 6, known locally as Spruceton Road, at 2,220 feet (680 m) elevation. Shortly after that, the valley begins to widen slightly. The West Kill receives its first tributary, an unnamed stream that flows into it from the slopes of the eponymous mountain to its south. West of that confluence the kill begins to pass some cleared areas and structures. As Spruceton Road bends to the north away from the stream, its first named tributary, Hunter Brook, flows in from the north just 500 feet (150 m) east of where Spruceton Road crosses. After receiving Pettit Brook from the south, Spruceton Road returns to the north side of West Kill. Privately owned Wolff Road crosses the West Kill 2,500 feet (760 m) beyond. A half-mile further west, a short local street, Ad Van Road, crosses. Just below, at the former hamlet of Spruceton, Herdman Brook flows into the West Kill from the slopes of Evergreen Mountain to the north. Styles Brook follows shortly, draining the cirque below West Kill Mountain's summit, from the south, just west of where Baker Road crosses to provide access to several farms on that side. Cleared fields and structures are now found on both sides of the stream. Another 1,200 feet (370 m) further west, the kill again crosses under Spruceton Road. The road and stream meander west another mile (1.6 km), never getting very far from each other, as the West Kill receives more unnamed tributaries from the mountains to the north and south. Auffarth and Tumbleweed Ranch roads cross the kill along this stretch. After returning to the south side of Spruceton Road, the West Kill receives Hagadone Brook from the valley on its south, between the two ridges on the north face of North Dome. Schoolhouse Brook flows in from the north 1,500 feet (460 m) further west. Shoemaker Road, providing access to several properties on the stream's south side, crosses 250 feet (76 m) east of where Bennett Brook flows in from the south. Long Road crosses over the West Kill 0.6 mile (1 km) downstream, just above where Newton Brook flows down from a valley on the slopes of Mount Sherrill to the south. After following Spruceton Road closely for an equivalent distance, the stream crosses under it for the last time. As the West Kill reaches the similarly named hamlet, it descends under 1,500 feet (460 m) in elevation. Below West Kill hamlet As the West Kill passes north of West Kill, at first flowing right behind some of the hamlet's houses, it begins to turn toward the northwest as it widens briefly through an area with several bars. After the stream narrows again, it returns more to the west-northwest to flow under New York State Route 42. About 150 feet (46 m) beyond the bridge, it veers back to north-northeast, then north-northwest again, paralleling the highway. Through this stretch it receives three unnamed tributaries from the west, all rising from the slopes of the unnamed mountains northwest of Deep Notch. The mouth of the West Kill At a bend in the stream a mile (1.6 km) north of West Kill, where the Shandaken Tunnel's visible surface right-of-way, along with a power line, cross the kill twice, Beech Ridge Brook flows in from the west. Immediately north of the bend, the West Kill crosses under Route 42, entering a section where both banks are shored up with riprap for the next 800 feet (240 m) as the stream and road again follow a north-northeasterly course. The natural banks return where Roarback Brook, the lowest tributary of the West Kill, flows in from slopes of Vly Mountain to the west. After a mile (1.6 km), the West Kill crosses under Route 42 for the last time just west of the hamlet of Lexington. Shortly afterwards, it turns east then slightly east-southeast to its mouth at Schoharie Creek. At this point it has descended to just above 1,300 feet (400 m) in elevation. Watershed Cascades along the creek The West Kill's 31.2-square-mile (81 km2) watershed, accounting for 10 percent of the total Schoharie Reservoir watershed, is, like the stream itself, predominantly in the town of Lexington. Its eastern area, where the stream rises, is in Hunter, and some of the uppermost areas where its lower western tributaries arise are in another neighboring town, Halcott. Ridgelines between the mountains on either side form the watershed's boundaries except for the area around its mouth at Lexington. On the north side Rusk Mountain and the peaks to its west form the boundary between the West Kill watershed and the Schoharie's. South of the range from Southwest Hunter Mountain to Mount Sherrill drainage flows into Esopus Creek, another Hudson tributary in Ulster County. The unnamed peaks over 3,000 feet (910 m) in elevation between Halcott and Vly mountains on the southwestern boundary are part of the Catskill Divide, since the Vly Creek basin on the opposite side is part of the Delaware River watershed. On the northwest is the smaller watershed of the Little West Kill, another Schoharie tributary. The highest point in the West Kill watershed is the approximately 4,040-foot (1,230 m) summit of Hunter Mountain, also the highest point in the Schoharie and Mohawk watersheds. As a whole the watershed has the highest overall elevation of any subwatershed within the Schoharie basin. It also boasts the steepest average slope, at 29 percent, with a drainage density of 0.0013 m/m2, lower than average for the Catskills. Within the watershed, the predominant land use is open space. Almost two-thirds of the land, 16,182 acres (65.49 km2), is deliberately undeveloped, much of it in forested lands on the mountains, most of which are protected area managed by the state Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). Most of the watershed is within New York's Catskill Park, where the state constitution requires that land owned by the state be kept "forever wild" as part of New York's Forest Preserve. High-elevation boreal forest on West Kill Mountain Most of the forest in the watershed is deciduous, accounting for nearly three-quarters of the watershed's total land cover. These woodlands are mostly the beech-birch-maple northern hardwood forest that covers much of the Catskills. The next largest amount is coniferous forest at 14 percent, most of it in the montane spruce-fir boreal forest that grows on the higher-elevation mountain summits and the ridges between them, with some remaining Eastern hemlock stands and reforested areas of Norway spruce also included. Mixed forests, including areas where the deciduous forest is transitioning to coniferous on mountain slopes, accounts for another 11 percent of cover, and grass in open fields is 2 percent of the total. Water covers 21 acres (8.5 ha); the National Wetlands Inventory maintained by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has identified 79 separate wetlands within the West Kill watershed, totaling 128.7 acres (52.1 ha), including all open water. While the largest portion is the stream itself, about 54 percent of the total acreage is palustrine wetlands such as marshes and swamps. Only 7 acres (2.8 ha) of the basin is covered with impervious surfaces like road pavement (the watershed has a road density of 0.004 kilometres (0.0025 mi) of road per 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of land area). After open space, low-density and vacant residential use accounts for most of the remaining land in the watershed, at 33.3 percent. Agriculture, most of it the raising of livestock, accounts for 2.6 percent. Hotels come in at 0.7 percent. History Before European colonization, it is possible that the Iroquois and other Native American peoples who lived in the Catskill region might have explored the West Kill valley. But there is no evidence that they did, and they did not settle in the mountains due to their low-quality farmland, preferring the richer soils closer to the rivers. If they did venture into the Catskills, it was to travel across them, hunt or practice religious rituals. Even when Europeans came, settlers did not go to the West Kill valley. It was surveyed, and lot lines were drawn up as part of the 1708 Hardenburgh Patent, the land grant that marks the formal beginning of European land ownership in the Catskills. There is no record of anyone living in the current boundaries of the town of Lexington before independence. Robert R. Livingston, whose family had traded shares of the patent and eventually came to own half of its two million acres (8,100 km2), leased one lot in the town in 1777, but it is not known whether the lessee chose to live there. The earliest known settler in Lexington was a man named Dryer, who used the West Kill's waterpower to operate a woolen factory in 1780. Some other settlers, the first inhabitants of the hamlet of West Kill, were also reported as having moved in around the same time. Others followed quickly, drawn by the promise of abundant furs and timber on land that was still cheap. In 1813 Lexington was separated from Woodstock into the present town. How much of this early growth took place along the West Kill is uncertain. In his 1813 gazetteer of the state as it was at the time, Horatio Gates Spafford (who described Lexington under Windham) describes the Schoharie and the Batavia Kill, which empties into it upstream from Lexington, as already supporting many rapidly-built mills. He does not mention the West Kill, which, while some other accounts also report similar milling operations along it, may also indeed have been comparatively undeveloped at that time.: 18–19  Within a decade that changed. The Catskills became home to many small tanneries, who found the bark of the range's many stands of Eastern hemlock to be an excellent source of tannin. Hides from all over the Americas were shipped to Greene County to be tanned. In 1821 one tannery was opened on the West Kill at the site of today's hamlet, spurring that community's growth. It made up for its remote location with access to the stream's water and the vast supply of bark in the surrounding forests. Another tannery on the West Kill opened in 1830, about two miles (3.2 km) above the hamlet. The same year there was a schism among the Baptist congregation in Lexington over whether to replace their elderly pastor, and the dissenting group left to form their own church in West Kill. Three years later, a post office was established in the hamlet, showing how the upper West Kill valley had gained population in three decades.: 20–21  By the mid-19th century, tanneries had begun to close as supplies of usable hemlock bark dwindled. In the years after the American Civil War, few were left, and the operators of the boarding houses built or converted from farmhouses to provide housing for tannery workers began reopening them as summer resorts. They promoted them as offering a quieter, more relaxed vacation experience than more popular, more accessible resorts like the Catskill Mountain House to the east.: 26–27  In 1867, records showed several of these resorts existed, as far up the West Kill as Spruceton. Despite their economic success, during the latter half of the century the area's population declined, due not only to the loss of the tanning jobs but the difficulty of farming the land. Dairy farming had the most potential, but without a railroad in reach farmers could not get their products, even butter and cheese, to larger markets.: 26–27  With that loss of population, the infrastructure along the West Kill was also neglected. Old millraces and dams were no longer recorded on maps, and the road up the valley went unmaintained past the Hunter town line since fewer people lived that far up the valley. Another road that had once provided an outlet for the valley other than through West Kill, to Peck Hollow past North Dome, also fell into disrepair.: 26–27  Just before the end of the century, Article 14 of the 1894 state constitution, retained ever since, established the Forest Preserve, under which all state land in the Catskill Park (established in 1904) was to remain forever wild, constraining development in the West Kill watershed. The protection this provided the watershed led New York City to construct Schoharie Reservoir in the mid-1920s to supply its growing population. During the same time, the advent of the automobile gave Americans more control over where and how long they vacationed, leading many New Yorkers to go places other than the Catskills, while those who still came generally spent less time there. Some motels were built along the West Kill in the Spruceton Valley to capture this traffic, but farming began to play an even larger role in the area's economy.: 28–29  This state of affairs changed slightly in the later 20th century. Hikers began regularly visiting Diamond Notch Falls and climbing the mountains (both with and without trails) around the valley. As some older farmers on the gentler northern slopes of the Spruceton Valley got out of the business, the former farms and some of the privately owned forests around them were subdivided to create large lots for weekend and summer residences: 31–32  In 2017 West Kill Brewing, a microbrewery, was established near the head of the Spruceton Valley, using locally sourced yeast, thyme, maple syrup, and other ingredients along with the waters of the nearby streams. Geology While the Catskills originated during the Devonian period, around 375 million years ago, as a former river delta uplifted and became a dissected plateau, the Spruceton Valley evinces the comparatively recent effects of the Wisconsin glaciation, which ended 12,000 years ago. Cirques, the U-shaped valleys including the one in which the West Kill rises, abound, and other mountain valleys from which the stream's tributaries descend were formed by alpine glaciers that remained as the large ice sheets retreated to the north in the face of the warming climate. Meltwater fed many streams, which eventually became today's West Kill. Most of the watershed's bedrock is the combination of shale, sandstone and siltstone that underlies the Catskills. The upper Spruceton Valley is underlain by rocks of the Lower Walton Formation; puddingstones and other conglomerates are found in the Upper Walton Formation at high elevations. From just above the hamlet of West Kill to its mouth, the West Kill flows over rocks of the Oneonta Formation. The superficial deposits within the watershed also reflect its glacial origins. While the high elevations are covered with rock, glacial till dominates further down, including in much of the West Kill's upper reaches. Alluvium begins to be seen about midway down the Spruceton Valley, with outwash visible as the stream bends towards the north at the hamlet of West Kill. Closer to Lexington and the stream's mouth there are some kame areas along the banks. Most of the eroded bedrock that has reached the West Kill's streambed is, in its upper reaches, imbricated, worn into small plate-shaped rocks that nest with each other in a scale-like pattern. There are also areas where the bedrock forms lateral and vertical grade controls, Diamond Notch Falls being the most prominent example. Areas of the streambed where bedrock is not exposed and no imbricated rocks have settled are generally covered in a fine red lacustrine silty clay. Hydrology The West Kill's watershed receives an average 45.2 inches (1,150 mm) of precipitation annually, making it one of the wettest areas of the Catskills. Most of it is concentrated in seasonal events such as summer thunderstorms or remnants of hurricanes later in the year. Rain-on-snow events in springtime are another large contributor; the northern-facing slopes of West Kill, North Dome, Sherrill and the other mountains on the south side of the Spruceton Valley receive little direct sunlight during the year, thus retaining large areas of snowpack late into the spring. This pattern of precipitation, combined with the West Kill watershed's slopes, the steepest in the Schoharie Basin, and low drainage density, results in flashiness, as the stream and its tributaries rise and fall quickly in response to storm events. The forests that cover much of the watershed tend to mitigate this somewhat, but not so much on the north side of the valley since the limited sunlight makes for less dense vegetation. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) maintains two stream gauges along the West Kill. One, in operation since the 1950s but not reporting continuous data until 1997, is located on the lower stream, roughly 1.4 miles (2.3 km) north of the hamlet of West Kill, just downstream from the Beech Ridge Brook confluence. The other, established in 1997 and reporting continuously since then, is located near the kill's headwaters, at the last crossing of Spruceton Road, just below the Hunter Brook confluence. Graph from lower USGS stream gauge showing rise in discharge after Hurricane Irene In 2016, the lower gauge reported an average discharge of 41.7 cubic feet (1.18 m3) per second; at Spruceton the mean flow was 10.1 cubic feet (0.29 m3) per second. Both stations recorded their highest discharges ever on the same day: August 28, 2011, as Hurricane Irene passed through the area. At the West Kill station the stream was flowing at 19,100 cubic feet (540 m3) per second, and Spruceton's discharge was 4,320 cubic feet (122 m3). Minimums for both stations are 1.3 cubic feet (0.037 m3) and 0.45 cubic feet (0.013 m3) per second respectively, with West Kill's low coming over a period of several days in August 2002 and Spruceton's on several occasions in September 1998 and October 1999. DEC rates the West Kill's water quality at Class C, suitable for fishing and non-contact human recreation. The agency also adds a "(TS)", indicating that the stream's waters are ideal for trout spawning. The kill's waters are pure enough to be part of the New York City water supply system; after draining into the Schoharie they are impounded at Schoharie Reservoir downstream, where they can be delivered through the Shandaken Tunnel back under the hamlet of West Kill to Esopus Creek at Shandaken. From there they go to Ashokan Reservoir, which supplies 10 percent of the city's water, and then, via the Catskill Aqueduct, to customers, without requiring filtration. Water quality The West Kill's waters are part of the New York City water supply system Because of the West Kill's role in the city's water system, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has monitored the stream's overall quality. That began in 1994 with a station one-eighth of a mile (201 m) above the stream's mouth; in 2002, a second station was established near the USGS stream gauge above Spruceton. Both have generally reported consistent high quality, better than the nearby subwatersheds of the East and Batavia kills. Metrics important to aquatic life habitat have remained above levels legally mandated or recommended. The West Kill has reported dissolved oxygen at 10 mg/L, safely above the 7 mg/L level DEC considers safe for trout spawning. Fecal coliform levels have never exceeded 10 CFU/100 ml, less than 5 percent of the state legal maximum to be considered safe for drinking. Phosphorus and sulfate levels are low, specific conductivity is also low, suggesting a low degree of chloride contamination, and the stream's overall pH has remained within the same 6.6–7.9 range as other streams in the upper Schoharie basin. The West Kill's water temperature is in a 6–10 °C (43–50 °F) annual range, reflecting the considerable shade provided by forest cover around its headwaters. However, the West Kill's turbidity levels, while not abnormal, have been seen as sufficiently high to contribute to turbidity problems downstream of its mouth at the reservoir. Readings have generally been around 2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units, which by itself is not a problem, but is similar to that of the Batavia Kill, a longer tributary with a more developed watershed that drains into the Schoharie downstream from the West Kill. This may be the result of disturbances to the streambed and the loss of riparian cover upstream; the lower stretches, particularly the channelized reach along Route 42, are showing signs of incision. More of the silts and clays on the streambed could thus be stirred up and become suspended sediment. Flood control Before Hurricane Irene, which exceeded the 100-year flood levels as mapped by the Federal Emergency Management Agency's flood insurance rate map and came close to 500-year levels,: 32  there had been some major floods of the West Kill; a 1927 event that washed away every bridge in the valley and the flooding that followed the rapid melting of snow that fell in the January 1996 blizzard are often cited as notable past floods of the stream. But since streamflow has only been regularly monitored since the 1990s, there is not enough data yet to make estimates of flood frequency below the 100-year level and thus map the West Kill's floodplain more accurately. In the mid-2000s, DEC began developing newer maps of the floodplains using aerial Lidar mapping; they were finished in 2006.: 13  In 2005, a combined effort of the Greene County Soil and Water Conservation District and the DEP resulted in a management plan for the West Kill. The stream was subdivided into 21 sections from where it leaves Forest Preserve land to its mouth and inventoried in great detail. Issues of concern for habitat and flood management were identified and recommendations made. The areas of greatest concern for flooding were the reach of the stream around the hamlet of West Kill and further downstream around the Beech Ridge Brook confluence. In both the stream channel widens, having shown considerable aggradation over the years, and floods have changed its course considerably in the past, leaving wide bars on both banks and in the middle of the channel. As a result, the 100-year-floodplain is wider than elsewhere along the stream in both areas.: 13 : 13  While the Beech Ridge unit's floodplain boundary does not include any houses, there are three within it along Route 42 just north of West Kill, making effective flood control here important. The authors of the stream management plan speculate that the kill's lower than expected sinuosity as it flows out of the Spruceton Valley may be the result not of flooding but of an attempt to divert the stream further north and make more of the alluvial land to its south available for farming. While this has not increased the flood risk there, it has made the stream compensate with increased sinuosity further downstream.: 4  The plan notes that, while a comparatively large portion (for the West Kill) of the stream banks have had some sort of revetment installed,: 4  the riparian vegetation along the stream is in many areas lacking. Some mowed areas from adjacent properties in the hamlet come right up to the stream's banks. Japanese knotweed, an invasive species which can displace more appropriate riparian vegetation, was found in several spots; the plan recommends an effort to eradicate the species throughout the entire watershed.: 6  Around Beech Ridge, by contrast, the many channels, resulting in braiding when the stream is at bankfull levels, are the result of past floods. Even modest ones can easily reconfigure the channel, as has happened several times over the late 20th century. The inventory found less stabilization and more erosion on the banks as a result.: 7–10  There was even more knotweed in this section. The erosion on the banks, the plan noted, had the potential to threaten sections of Route 42 alongside. At the bottom of the section the narrowing of the channel just above a private bridge (since destroyed) was causing severe aggradation, possibly worsening any flooding that might occur upstream from it.: 7–10  Six years after that plan was released, that lower portion of the stream saw the most serious flooding from Irene and other events. In 2014, the town's Flood Commission hired Milone & MacBroom, a New Paltz engineering firm, to evaluate various options related to the stream course between the hamlets of West Kill and Lexington. Two years later, after having run computer simulations of flood events at all frequency levels up to 500-year, the firm concluded that the only option which provided benefit worth the cost was to replace the lowest bridge over the West Kill on Route 42, just below where Loucks Road forks off to the west.: 36  Milone & MacBroom explained that the former bridge, due to both the 45-degree angle at which it crossed the West Kill and its height over the stream, constricted the stream flow during 100-year floods. The firm indicated it was consulting with the state Department of Transportation on the design for a new bridge. It called for the bridge's lower chord to be raised a foot; the additional freeboard would allow more water to flow downstream during floods, thus lowering their levels upstream, away from homes and businesses along the road.: 36  In 2017 the bridge was replaced at a cost of $4.1 million, part of a larger ongoing project to replace bridges all over the state; a temporary bridge over the West Kill allowed traffic to continue using the route during construction. Fishery Art Flick, author of the influential fly fishing Streamside Guide, published in 1947, lived in Lexington and ran the West Kill Tavern, a short distance up the stream, until his death in 1985. He hosted many visiting anglers, including some celebrities, at his family's West Kill Tavern, a short distance upstream from the Schoharie. When he was not fishing, writing or running the hotel, he was advocating for conservation of the streams. While trout fishermen today have been advised to avoid the lower West Kill due to the turbidity issues, DEC nevertheless stocks those waters with 700 brown trout yearlings annually, supplementing the stream's native population. Wild rainbow trout are also present, closer to the Schoharie, and brook trout become more common in the Spruceton Valley. To provide access, DEC has acquired public fishing rights from local landowners in addition to those short stretches where it already owns land adjoining the creek. On the lower stream, these include both sides of the reach that runs alongside Route 42 between the highway's last bridge over the kill to roughly the Roarback Brook confluence and the braided areas from above Beech Ridge Brook to just upstream from the Route 42 bridge at the hamlet of West Kill. Upstream of the hamlet, there is a mile of access on both sides between the state land east of Deyoe Road and the Bennett Brook confluence. A small parking lot at the Spruceton Road bridge upstream from Hagadone Brook is available for anglers, and in the vicinity of Spruceton itself much of the stream is publicly accessible to the unnamed tributary on the south between Styles and Pettit brooks. See also Geography portalHudson Valley portal List of rivers in New York Notes ^ This is the elevation that is shown rising at on the U.S. Geological Survey map ^ The floods after Irene reconfigured the site of the station such that its recorded elevation has subsequently been lowered by 5 feet (1.5 m) ^ It is considered likely that most of the chlorides present in the West Kill come from road salt used in the winter to keep Spruceton Road and Route 42 clear ^ The floods washed away the bridge carrying Van Valkenburgh Road, just above the stream's mouth; as of 2018 it has not been replaced and does not look likely to be.: 30  References ^ a b "West Kill". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2018-01-09. ^ a b c "Public Fishing Rights Maps – West Kill" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ "West Kill". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved April 23, 2017. ^ a b c d e "Hydrology and Flood History" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ a b c d e f "Geology of the West Kill Watershed" (PDF). Catskill Streams. p. 4. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ a b c d e "2.2 Physiography" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey — Hunter quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). 1:24,000. USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 6, 2018. ^ a b Northeastern Catskill Trails (Map) (9th ed.). 1:63,3600. NY/NJTC Catskill Trails. Cartography by NY/NJTC. New York–New Jersey Trail Conference. 2010. §§ L5–M5. ^ U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). 1:24,000. USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 6, 2018. ^ ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). 1:24,000. USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey — West Kill quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey — West Kill quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ a b c d e "Water Quality" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ The National Map (Map). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ a b c d e "Land Use/Land Cover" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ a b "Regional Setting" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ a b "Wetlands & Floodplains" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ Evers, Alf (1972). The Catskills: From Wilderness to Woodstock. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0879511623. The lower slopes of the outer Catskills were hunting grounds and not year-round residences through a thousand years and more of Indian life ... The Indian's physical connection with the Catskills was never great ... Indians were animists—they believed that all parts of the universe and everything in it possessed souls ... they lived at a stage of human development where a mountain may be a kindly mother or a relentless enemy—while still remaining a mountain ... No record remains of how the Catskills looked to the Indians or what part they played in the Indian understanding of life ... But we know beyond doubt of certain roles which the mountains played in the world of the Indians around them. One of them was as a barrier first between groups of Indians differing in language and customs ^ a b Ravage, Jessie A. (December 1, 2015). "Historic Resources Survey: Town of Lexington, Greene County, New York" (PDF). p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h Ravage, pp. 18–38; accessed June 10, 2020 ^ "West Kill Brewing". West Kill Brewing. Retrieved January 12, 2018. ^ a b c d e "USGS 01349810 West Kill near West Kill NY". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ a b c d "USGS 01349711 West Kill below Hunter Brook Spruceton NY". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ "USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics for New York: USGS 01349810 West Kill near West Kill NY". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ "USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics for New York: USGS 01349711 West Kill below Hunter Brook Spruceton NY". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ "Stream-related Activities and Permit Requirements" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ FEMA's National Flood Hazard Layer (Official) (Map). Cartography by Federal Emergency Management Agency. ArcGIS. November 28, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ a b c d Milone & MacBroom, Inc. (May 2016). "Local Flood Analysis: Town of Lexington Along the Schoharie Creek and the West Kill In the Hamlets of Lexington and West Kill, Greene County, New York" (PDF). Town of Lexington, New York. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ a b "West Kill Stream Management Plan". Catskill Streams. December 31, 2005. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b c d e "West Kill Management Unit 15" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ a b c "West Kill Management Unit 17" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ "Governor Cuomo Announces $13 Million Bridge Replacement Project in Greene County is Underway" (Press release). Albany, New York. New York Governor's office. May 5, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ "Arthur B. Flick Dies; Wrote on Fly Fishing". The New York Times. September 3, 1985. Retrieved January 12, 2018. ^ Newman, Eric (2010). Flyfisher's Guide to New York. Wilderness Adventures Press. p. 80. ISBN 9781932098792. Retrieved January 12, 2018. Further reading Scientific papers with data collected from the West Kill: Ernst, Anne G.; Warren, Dana; Baldigo, Barry (July 2012). "Natural-Channel-Design Restorations That Changed Geomorphology Have Little Effect on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Headwater Streams" (PDF). Restoration Ecology. 20 (4): 532–540. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00790.x. Ernst, Anne G.; Baldigo, Barry; Warren, Dana R.; Miller, Sarah J. (2010). "Variable Responses of Fish Assemblages, Habitat, and Stability to Natural-Channel-Design Restoration in Catskill Mountain Streams". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 139 (2): 449–467. doi:10.1577/T08-152.1. Ernst, Anne G.; Baldigo, Barry; Mulvihill, Christiane I.; Vian, Mark (2010). "Effects of Natural-Channel-Design Restoration on Habitat Quality in Catskill Mountain Streams, New York". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 139 (2): 468–482. doi:10.1577/T08-153.1. George, Scott D.; Baldigo, Barry; Smith, Martyn J.; McKeown, Donald M.; Faulring, Jason M. (2016). "Variations in water temperature and implications for trout populations in the Upper Schoharie Creek and West Kill, New York, USA". Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 31 (1): 93–108. doi:10.1080/02705060.2015.1033769. Nagle, Peter; Fahey, Timothy J.; Ritchie, Jerry C.; Woodbury, Peter B. (March 15, 2007). "Variations in sediment sources and yields in the Finger Lakes and Catskills regions of New York" (PDF). Hydrological Processes. 21 (6): 828–838. doi:10.1002/hyp.6611. hdl:1813/7661. Raymond, Peter A.; Saiers, James E. (September 2010). "Event controlled DOC export from forested watersheds" (PDF). Biogeochemistry. 100 (1–3): 197–209. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1016.2917. doi:10.1007/s10533-010-9416-7. Stoddard, John L. (November 1991). "Trends in Catskill Stream Water Quality: Evidence From Historical Data". Water Resources Research. 27 (11): 2855–2864. doi:10.1029/91WR02009. vteHudson River watershedTributaries Batavia Kill Batten Kill Birch Creek Black Meadow Creek Boreas River Bowery Creek Bowmans Creek Breakneck Brook Brimstone Creek Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek East Kill Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Indian River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Ohisa Creek Onesquethaw Creek Opalescent River Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Plattekill Creek Platter Kill Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake TownsNew York Albany Amsterdam Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Briarcliff Manor Carmel Catskill Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Fishkill Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Haverstraw Hyde Park Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams Nyack Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Sleepy Hollow Somers Southeast Troy Utica Wallkill Wappinger Warwick West Point Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown New Jersey Alpine Bayonne Cliffside Park Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fort Lee Hoboken Jersey City North Bergen Sparta Tenafly Weehawken West New York Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Holland Tunnel Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston–Rhinecliff Bridge Lincoln Tunnel Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh–Beacon Bridge Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present) The Palisades Perrine's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Verkeerder Kill Falls Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEC_fishing_rights_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Schoharie Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_Creek"},{"link_name":"Lexington, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hunter Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Mountain_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Catskill Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_River"},{"link_name":"Schoharie Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"New York City water supply system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_water_supply_system"},{"link_name":"a mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kill_Mountain"},{"link_name":"a small town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WKSMP_Hydrology-4"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_PDF_highest_elevation-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Physiography_PDF-6"},{"link_name":"runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"Catskill High Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_High_Peaks"},{"link_name":"stocked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_stocking"},{"link_name":"fly fishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing"},{"link_name":"anglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling"},{"link_name":"turbidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidity"}],"text":"Tributary of the Schoharie Creek in Greene County, New YorkThe West Kill, an 11-mile-long (18 km)[2] tributary of Schoharie Creek, flows through the town of Lexington, New York, United States, from its source on Hunter Mountain, the second-highest peak of the Catskill Mountains.[3] Ultimately its waters reach the Hudson River via the Mohawk. Since it drains into the Schoharie upstream of Schoharie Reservoir, it is part of the New York City water supply system. It lends its name to both a mountain to its south and a small town midway along its length.The West Kill's 31.2-square-mile (81 km2)[4] watershed accounts for 10 percent of the reservoir's basin. It has the highest elevations[5] and steepest slopes[6] of any of the Schoharie's subwatersheds, with runoff from seven of the 35 Catskill High Peaks draining into the stream. Due to limited development and extensive land protection in the stream's watershed, its water is relatively clean, supporting a habitat for both wild and stocked trout; historically it has drawn fly fishers and other anglers. However, the West Kill has contributed to turbidity issues with the Schoharie creek and reservoir due to recent floods; several government agencies have worked together to develop a management plan that will mitigate the floods and the turbidity.","title":"West Kill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Schoharie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_Creek"}],"text":"The upper 8 miles (13 km) of the West Kill flows west through the Spruceton Valley to the hamlet of West Kill. From there it turns to a more northerly course to the Schoharie at Lexington.","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cirque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque"},{"link_name":"Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Mountain_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Southwest Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Hunter_Mountain"},{"link_name":"West Kill Wilderness Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Kill_Wilderness_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Catskill Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_Park"},{"link_name":"source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_headwaters-7"},{"link_name":"Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"two streams join","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_headwaters-7"},{"link_name":"Devil's Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Path_(hiking_trail)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYNJTC_Map_141-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond_Notch_Falls_in_summer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diamond Notch Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Notch_Falls"},{"link_name":"West Kill Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kill_Mountain"},{"link_name":"kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_(body_of_water)"},{"link_name":"trailhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailhead"},{"link_name":"Greene County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Route 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_county_routes_in_Greene_County,_New_York#Routes_1%E2%80%9340"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYNJTC_Map_141-9"},{"link_name":"Hunter Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Brook"},{"link_name":"Pettit Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pettit_Brook"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_valley_head-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACME_Mapper_Wolff_Road-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACME_Mapper_Ad_Van_Road-12"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Herdman Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdman_Brook"},{"link_name":"Evergreen Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_Spruceton-13"},{"link_name":"Styles Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styles_Brook"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACME_Mapper_Baker_Road-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_Spruceton-13"},{"link_name":"meander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_west_of_Spruceton-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACME_Mapper_Auffarth_and_Tumbleweed_Ranch_roads-16"},{"link_name":"Hagadone Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagadone_Brook"},{"link_name":"North Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dome_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Schoolhouse Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolhouse_Brook"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_east_of_West_Kill-17"},{"link_name":"Bennett Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Brook_(West_Kill_tributary)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACME_Mapper_Shoemaker_Road-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACME_Mapper_Long_Road-19"},{"link_name":"Newton Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Brook_(West_Kill)"},{"link_name":"Mount Sherrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sherrill"},{"link_name":"the similarly named hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_West_Kill-20"}],"sub_title":"Spruceton Valley","text":"Two streams that later join rise in the cirque between Hunter and Southwest Hunter mountains, amidst the dense forests of the West Kill Wilderness Area, part of the Catskill Park. The source of the northern stream is at 3,100 feet (940 m),[a] the higher of the two. It flows through a narrow groove down the steep upper slopes of the cirque for its first quarter-mile (400 m).[7]Just under 2,700 feet (820 m) in elevation, the terrain becomes gentler. At the town line between Hunter and Lexington, the two streams join.[7] The West Kill flows steadily downhill for its next half-mile (800 m) as the Devil's Path hiking trail, itself descending the mountain, gradually comes closer to the stream and follows it along its north side.[8]Diamond Notch FallsAt Diamond Notch Falls, the Devil's Path merges briefly with the Diamond Notch Trail coming in from the west. The two cross the West Kill on a wooden bridge, the uppermost crossing of the stream. Just south of the stream, the trails again diverge, with the Devil's Path following the stream for a short distance on that side before beginning its ascent of West Kill Mountain to the southwest. The Diamond Notch Trail runs parallel to the kill for another 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to the trailhead parking lot, the eastern end of Greene County Route 6, known locally as Spruceton Road, at 2,220 feet (680 m) elevation.[8]Shortly after that, the valley begins to widen slightly. The West Kill receives its first tributary, an unnamed stream that flows into it from the slopes of the eponymous mountain to its south. West of that confluence the kill begins to pass some cleared areas and structures. As Spruceton Road bends to the north away from the stream, its first named tributary, Hunter Brook, flows in from the north just 500 feet (150 m) east of where Spruceton Road crosses. After receiving Pettit Brook from the south, Spruceton Road returns to the north side of West Kill.[9]Privately owned Wolff Road crosses the West Kill 2,500 feet (760 m) beyond.[10] A half-mile further west, a short local street, Ad Van Road, crosses.[11] Just below, at the former hamlet of Spruceton, Herdman Brook flows into the West Kill from the slopes of Evergreen Mountain to the north.[12] Styles Brook follows shortly, draining the cirque below West Kill Mountain's summit, from the south, just west of where Baker Road crosses to provide access to several farms on that side. Cleared fields and structures are now found on both sides of the stream.[13]Another 1,200 feet (370 m) further west, the kill again crosses under Spruceton Road.[12] The road and stream meander west another mile (1.6 km), never getting very far from each other, as the West Kill receives more unnamed tributaries from the mountains to the north and south.[14] Auffarth and Tumbleweed Ranch roads cross the kill along this stretch.[15]After returning to the south side of Spruceton Road, the West Kill receives Hagadone Brook from the valley on its south, between the two ridges on the north face of North Dome. Schoolhouse Brook flows in from the north 1,500 feet (460 m) further west.[16] Shoemaker Road, providing access to several properties on the stream's south side, crosses 250 feet (76 m) east of where Bennett Brook flows in from the south.[17]Long Road crosses over the West Kill 0.6 mile (1 km) downstream,[18] just above where Newton Brook flows down from a valley on the slopes of Mount Sherrill to the south. After following Spruceton Road closely for an equivalent distance, the stream crosses under it for the last time. As the West Kill reaches the similarly named hamlet, it descends under 1,500 feet (460 m) in elevation.[19]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACME_Mapper_West_Kill-21"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_42"},{"link_name":"Deep Notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Notch"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_West_Kill-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mouth_of_the_West_Kill_at_Schoharie_Creek,_Lexington,_NY.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shandaken Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandaken_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"right-of-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"Beech Ridge Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_Ridge_Brook"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_Beech_Ridge_to_mouth-22"},{"link_name":"riprap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riprap"},{"link_name":"Roarback Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roarback_Brook"},{"link_name":"Vly Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vly_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACME_Mapper_Beech_Ridge_riprap-23"},{"link_name":"Schoharie Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_Creek"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_Beech_Ridge_to_mouth-22"}],"sub_title":"Below West Kill hamlet","text":"As the West Kill passes north of West Kill, at first flowing right behind some of the hamlet's houses, it begins to turn toward the northwest as it widens briefly through an area with several bars.[20] After the stream narrows again, it returns more to the west-northwest to flow under New York State Route 42. About 150 feet (46 m) beyond the bridge, it veers back to north-northeast, then north-northwest again, paralleling the highway. Through this stretch it receives three unnamed tributaries from the west, all rising from the slopes of the unnamed mountains northwest of Deep Notch.[19]The mouth of the West KillAt a bend in the stream a mile (1.6 km) north of West Kill, where the Shandaken Tunnel's visible surface right-of-way, along with a power line, cross the kill twice, Beech Ridge Brook flows in from the west.[21] Immediately north of the bend, the West Kill crosses under Route 42, entering a section where both banks are shored up with riprap for the next 800 feet (240 m) as the stream and road again follow a north-northeasterly course. The natural banks return where Roarback Brook, the lowest tributary of the West Kill, flows in from slopes of Vly Mountain to the west.[22]After a mile (1.6 km), the West Kill crosses under Route 42 for the last time just west of the hamlet of Lexington. Shortly afterwards, it turns east then slightly east-southeast to its mouth at Schoharie Creek. At this point it has descended to just above 1,300 feet (400 m) in elevation.[21]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cascades_on_West_Kill.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Physiography_PDF-6"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Water_Quality-24"},{"link_name":"Halcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcott,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Physiography_PDF-6"},{"link_name":"Rusk Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Esopus Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esopus_Creek"},{"link_name":"Ulster County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Halcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcott_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Vly Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vly_Creek"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"Little West Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_West_Kill"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Map_watershed_view-25"},{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_PDF_highest_elevation-5"},{"link_name":"drainage density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_density"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Physiography_PDF-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WKSMP_Hydrology-4"},{"link_name":"land use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use"},{"link_name":"open space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_Use-26"},{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"Department of Environmental Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation"},{"link_name":"state constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Forest Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Preserve_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regional_Setting-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devil%27s_Path_in_boreal_forest_near_summit_of_West_Kill_Mountain,_Spruceton,_NY.jpg"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"land cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_cover"},{"link_name":"northern hardwood forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hardwood_forest"},{"link_name":"coniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferous"},{"link_name":"boreal forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forest"},{"link_name":"Eastern hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_hemlock"},{"link_name":"reforested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforestation"},{"link_name":"Norway spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_spruce"},{"link_name":"Mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_Use-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_Use-26"},{"link_name":"National Wetlands Inventory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory"},{"link_name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands"},{"link_name":"palustrine wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palustrine_wetland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wetlands_&_Floodplains-28"},{"link_name":"impervious surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impervious_surface"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_Use-26"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Physiography_PDF-6"},{"link_name":"density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_density"},{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_Use-26"}],"text":"Cascades along the creekThe West Kill's 31.2-square-mile (81 km2)[6] watershed, accounting for 10 percent of the total Schoharie Reservoir watershed,[23] is, like the stream itself, predominantly in the town of Lexington. Its eastern area, where the stream rises, is in Hunter, and some of the uppermost areas where its lower western tributaries arise are in another neighboring town, Halcott. Ridgelines between the mountains on either side form the watershed's boundaries except for the area around its mouth at Lexington.[6]On the north side Rusk Mountain and the peaks to its west form the boundary between the West Kill watershed and the Schoharie's. South of the range from Southwest Hunter Mountain to Mount Sherrill drainage flows into Esopus Creek, another Hudson tributary in Ulster County. The unnamed peaks over 3,000 feet (910 m) in elevation between Halcott and Vly mountains on the southwestern boundary are part of the Catskill Divide, since the Vly Creek basin on the opposite side is part of the Delaware River watershed. On the northwest is the smaller watershed of the Little West Kill, another Schoharie tributary.[24]The highest point in the West Kill watershed is the approximately 4,040-foot (1,230 m) summit of Hunter Mountain, also the highest point in the Schoharie and Mohawk watersheds. As a whole the watershed has the highest overall elevation of any subwatershed within the Schoharie basin.[5] It also boasts the steepest average slope, at 29 percent, with a drainage density of 0.0013 m/m2,[6] lower than average for the Catskills.[4]Within the watershed, the predominant land use is open space. Almost two-thirds of the land,[25] 16,182 acres (65.49 km2), is deliberately undeveloped, much of it in forested lands on the mountains, most of which are protected area managed by the state Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). Most of the watershed is within New York's Catskill Park, where the state constitution requires that land owned by the state be kept \"forever wild\" as part of New York's Forest Preserve.[26]High-elevation boreal forest on West Kill MountainMost of the forest in the watershed is deciduous, accounting for nearly three-quarters of the watershed's total land cover. These woodlands are mostly the beech-birch-maple northern hardwood forest that covers much of the Catskills. The next largest amount is coniferous forest at 14 percent, most of it in the montane spruce-fir boreal forest that grows on the higher-elevation mountain summits and the ridges between them, with some remaining Eastern hemlock stands and reforested areas of Norway spruce also included. Mixed forests, including areas where the deciduous forest is transitioning to coniferous on mountain slopes, accounts for another 11 percent of cover, and grass in open fields is 2 percent of the total.[25]Water covers 21 acres (8.5 ha);[25] the National Wetlands Inventory maintained by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has identified 79 separate wetlands within the West Kill watershed, totaling 128.7 acres (52.1 ha), including all open water. While the largest portion is the stream itself, about 54 percent of the total acreage is palustrine wetlands such as marshes and swamps.[27] Only 7 acres (2.8 ha) of the basin is covered with impervious surfaces like road pavement[25] (the watershed has a road density of 0.004 kilometres (0.0025 mi) of road per 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of land area).[6]After open space, low-density and vacant residential use accounts for most of the remaining land in the watershed, at 33.3 percent. Agriculture, most of it the raising of livestock, accounts for 2.6 percent. Hotels come in at 0.7 percent.[25]","title":"Watershed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alf_Evers_book-29"},{"link_name":"lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_lot"},{"link_name":"Hardenburgh Patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardenburgh_Patent"},{"link_name":"land grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grant"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_independence"},{"link_name":"Robert R. Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lexington_history_PDF_page_17%E2%80%9318-30"},{"link_name":"Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lexington_history_PDF_page_17%E2%80%9318-30"},{"link_name":"gazetteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer"},{"link_name":"Windham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windham,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Batavia Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia_Kill_(Schoharie_Creek_tributary)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lexington_history_second_PDF-31"},{"link_name":"tanneries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannery"},{"link_name":"Eastern hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_hemlock"},{"link_name":"tannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin"},{"link_name":"tanned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lexington_history_second_PDF-31"},{"link_name":"schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schism"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lexington_history_second_PDF-31"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"boarding houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_house"},{"link_name":"Catskill Mountain House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_Mountain_House"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lexington_history_second_PDF-31"},{"link_name":"Dairy farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lexington_history_second_PDF-31"},{"link_name":"millraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millrace"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lexington_history_second_PDF-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lexington_history_second_PDF-31"},{"link_name":"without trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-trail_hiking"},{"link_name":"subdivided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_subdivision"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lexington_history_second_PDF-31"},{"link_name":"microbrewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbrewery"},{"link_name":"thyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyme"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West_Kill_Brewing-32"}],"text":"Before European colonization, it is possible that the Iroquois and other Native American peoples who lived in the Catskill region might have explored the West Kill valley. But there is no evidence that they did, and they did not settle in the mountains due to their low-quality farmland, preferring the richer soils closer to the rivers. If they did venture into the Catskills, it was to travel across them, hunt or practice religious rituals.[28]Even when Europeans came, settlers did not go to the West Kill valley. It was surveyed, and lot lines were drawn up as part of the 1708 Hardenburgh Patent, the land grant that marks the formal beginning of European land ownership in the Catskills. There is no record of anyone living in the current boundaries of the town of Lexington before independence. Robert R. Livingston, whose family had traded shares of the patent and eventually came to own half of its two million acres (8,100 km2), leased one lot in the town in 1777, but it is not known whether the lessee chose to live there.[29]The earliest known settler in Lexington was a man named Dryer, who used the West Kill's waterpower to operate a woolen factory in 1780. Some other settlers, the first inhabitants of the hamlet of West Kill, were also reported as having moved in around the same time. Others followed quickly, drawn by the promise of abundant furs and timber on land that was still cheap. In 1813 Lexington was separated from Woodstock into the present town.[29]How much of this early growth took place along the West Kill is uncertain. In his 1813 gazetteer of the state as it was at the time, Horatio Gates Spafford (who described Lexington under Windham) describes the Schoharie and the Batavia Kill, which empties into it upstream from Lexington, as already supporting many rapidly-built mills. He does not mention the West Kill, which, while some other accounts also report similar milling operations along it, may also indeed have been comparatively undeveloped at that time.[30]: 18–19Within a decade that changed. The Catskills became home to many small tanneries, who found the bark of the range's many stands of Eastern hemlock to be an excellent source of tannin. Hides from all over the Americas were shipped to Greene County to be tanned. In 1821 one tannery was opened on the West Kill at the site of today's hamlet, spurring that community's growth. It made up for its remote location with access to the stream's water and the vast supply of bark in the surrounding forests.[30]Another tannery on the West Kill opened in 1830, about two miles (3.2 km) above the hamlet. The same year there was a schism among the Baptist congregation in Lexington over whether to replace their elderly pastor, and the dissenting group left to form their own church in West Kill. Three years later, a post office was established in the hamlet, showing how the upper West Kill valley had gained population in three decades.[30]: 20–21By the mid-19th century, tanneries had begun to close as supplies of usable hemlock bark dwindled. In the years after the American Civil War, few were left, and the operators of the boarding houses built or converted from farmhouses to provide housing for tannery workers began reopening them as summer resorts. They promoted them as offering a quieter, more relaxed vacation experience than more popular, more accessible resorts like the Catskill Mountain House to the east.[30]: 26–27In 1867, records showed several of these resorts existed, as far up the West Kill as Spruceton. Despite their economic success, during the latter half of the century the area's population declined, due not only to the loss of the tanning jobs but the difficulty of farming the land. Dairy farming had the most potential, but without a railroad in reach farmers could not get their products, even butter and cheese, to larger markets.[30]: 26–27With that loss of population, the infrastructure along the West Kill was also neglected. Old millraces and dams were no longer recorded on maps, and the road up the valley went unmaintained past the Hunter town line since fewer people lived that far up the valley. Another road that had once provided an outlet for the valley other than through West Kill, to Peck Hollow past North Dome, also fell into disrepair.[30]: 26–27Just before the end of the century, Article 14 of the 1894 state constitution, retained ever since, established the Forest Preserve, under which all state land in the Catskill Park (established in 1904) was to remain forever wild, constraining development in the West Kill watershed. The protection this provided the watershed led New York City to construct Schoharie Reservoir in the mid-1920s to supply its growing population. During the same time, the advent of the automobile gave Americans more control over where and how long they vacationed, leading many New Yorkers to go places other than the Catskills, while those who still came generally spent less time there. Some motels were built along the West Kill in the Spruceton Valley to capture this traffic, but farming began to play an even larger role in the area's economy.[30]: 28–29This state of affairs changed slightly in the later 20th century. Hikers began regularly visiting Diamond Notch Falls and climbing the mountains (both with and without trails) around the valley. As some older farmers on the gentler northern slopes of the Spruceton Valley got out of the business, the former farms and some of the privately owned forests around them were subdivided to create large lots for weekend and summer residences[30]: 31–32  In 2017 West Kill Brewing, a microbrewery, was established near the head of the Spruceton Valley, using locally sourced yeast, thyme, maple syrup, and other ingredients along with the waters of the nearby streams.[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian"},{"link_name":"river delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta"},{"link_name":"uplifted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_uplift"},{"link_name":"dissected plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissected_plateau"},{"link_name":"effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_landform"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin glaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation"},{"link_name":"U-shaped valleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-shaped_valley"},{"link_name":"alpine glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_glacier"},{"link_name":"ice sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_PDF_highest_elevation-5"},{"link_name":"bedrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"siltstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone"},{"link_name":"Walton Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Formation"},{"link_name":"puddingstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddingstone_(rock)"},{"link_name":"conglomerates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Oneonta Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneonta_Formation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_PDF_highest_elevation-5"},{"link_name":"superficial deposits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_deposits"},{"link_name":"glacial till","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_till"},{"link_name":"Alluvium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvium"},{"link_name":"outwash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwash"},{"link_name":"kame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kame"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_PDF_highest_elevation-5"},{"link_name":"imbricated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbrication_(sedimentology)"},{"link_name":"lacustrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lacustrine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_PDF_highest_elevation-5"}],"text":"While the Catskills originated during the Devonian period, around 375 million years ago, as a former river delta uplifted and became a dissected plateau, the Spruceton Valley evinces the comparatively recent effects of the Wisconsin glaciation, which ended 12,000 years ago. Cirques, the U-shaped valleys including the one in which the West Kill rises, abound, and other mountain valleys from which the stream's tributaries descend were formed by alpine glaciers that remained as the large ice sheets retreated to the north in the face of the warming climate. Meltwater fed many streams, which eventually became today's West Kill.[5]Most of the watershed's bedrock is the combination of shale, sandstone and siltstone that underlies the Catskills. The upper Spruceton Valley is underlain by rocks of the Lower Walton Formation; puddingstones and other conglomerates are found in the Upper Walton Formation at high elevations. From just above the hamlet of West Kill to its mouth, the West Kill flows over rocks of the Oneonta Formation.[5]The superficial deposits within the watershed also reflect its glacial origins. While the high elevations are covered with rock, glacial till dominates further down, including in much of the West Kill's upper reaches. Alluvium begins to be seen about midway down the Spruceton Valley, with outwash visible as the stream bends towards the north at the hamlet of West Kill. Closer to Lexington and the stream's mouth there are some kame areas along the banks.[5]Most of the eroded bedrock that has reached the West Kill's streambed is, in its upper reaches, imbricated, worn into small plate-shaped rocks that nest with each other in a scale-like pattern. There are also areas where the bedrock forms lateral and vertical grade controls, Diamond Notch Falls being the most prominent example. Areas of the streambed where bedrock is not exposed and no imbricated rocks have settled are generally covered in a fine red lacustrine silty clay.[5]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"snowpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowpack"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WKSMP_Hydrology-4"},{"link_name":"drainage density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_density"},{"link_name":"flashiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_flood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WKSMP_Hydrology-4"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"stream gauges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_gauge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WKSMP_Hydrology-4"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_lower_streamflow_monitoring_station_page-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_upper_streamflow_monitoring_station_page-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Kill_Hurricane_Irene_flood_graph.png"},{"link_name":"discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_West_Kill_station_annual_statistics_page-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_Spruceton_station_annual_statistics_page-36"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Irene passed through the area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Irene_in_New_York#Catskill_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_lower_streamflow_monitoring_station_page-33"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_upper_streamflow_monitoring_station_page-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_lower_streamflow_monitoring_station_page-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_upper_streamflow_monitoring_station_page-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_lower_streamflow_monitoring_station_page-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_upper_streamflow_monitoring_station_page-34"},{"link_name":"water quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stream_Activities-38"},{"link_name":"New York City water supply system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_water_supply_system"},{"link_name":"Schoharie Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Shandaken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandaken,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ashokan Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokan_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Catskill Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"filtration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_filtration"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regional_Setting-27"}],"text":"The West Kill's watershed receives an average 45.2 inches (1,150 mm) of precipitation annually, making it one of the wettest areas of the Catskills. Most of it is concentrated in seasonal events such as summer thunderstorms or remnants of hurricanes later in the year. Rain-on-snow events in springtime are another large contributor; the northern-facing slopes of West Kill, North Dome, Sherrill and the other mountains on the south side of the Spruceton Valley receive little direct sunlight during the year, thus retaining large areas of snowpack late into the spring.[4]This pattern of precipitation, combined with the West Kill watershed's slopes, the steepest in the Schoharie Basin, and low drainage density, results in flashiness, as the stream and its tributaries rise and fall quickly in response to storm events. The forests that cover much of the watershed tend to mitigate this somewhat, but not so much on the north side of the valley since the limited sunlight makes for less dense vegetation.[4]The United States Geological Survey (USGS) maintains two stream gauges along the West Kill. One, in operation since the 1950s but not reporting continuous data until 1997,[4] is located on the lower stream, roughly 1.4 miles (2.3 km) north of the hamlet of West Kill, just downstream from the Beech Ridge Brook confluence.[32] The other, established in 1997 and reporting continuously since then, is located near the kill's headwaters, at the last crossing of Spruceton Road, just below the Hunter Brook confluence.[33]Graph from lower USGS stream gauge showing rise in discharge after Hurricane IreneIn 2016, the lower gauge reported an average discharge of 41.7 cubic feet (1.18 m3) per second;[34] at Spruceton the mean flow was 10.1 cubic feet (0.29 m3) per second.[35] Both stations recorded their highest discharges ever on the same day: August 28, 2011, as Hurricane Irene passed through the area. At the West Kill station the stream was flowing at 19,100 cubic feet (540 m3) per second,[32][b] and Spruceton's discharge was 4,320 cubic feet (122 m3).[33] Minimums for both stations are 1.3 cubic feet (0.037 m3)[32] and 0.45 cubic feet (0.013 m3)[33] per second respectively, with West Kill's low coming over a period of several days in August 2002[32] and Spruceton's on several occasions in September 1998 and October 1999.[33]DEC rates the West Kill's water quality at Class C, suitable for fishing and non-contact human recreation. The agency also adds a \"(TS)\", indicating that the stream's waters are ideal for trout spawning.[36] The kill's waters are pure enough to be part of the New York City water supply system; after draining into the Schoharie they are impounded at Schoharie Reservoir downstream, where they can be delivered through the Shandaken Tunnel back under the hamlet of West Kill to Esopus Creek at Shandaken. From there they go to Ashokan Reservoir, which supplies 10 percent of the city's water, and then, via the Catskill Aqueduct, to customers, without requiring filtration.[26]","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rushing_water_in_West_Kill_below_Diamond_Notch_Falls,_Spruceton,_NY.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York City water supply system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_water_supply_system"},{"link_name":"New York City Department of Environmental Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Environmental_Protection"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kill"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Water_Quality-24"},{"link_name":"dissolved oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenation_(environmental)"},{"link_name":"Fecal coliform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_coliform"},{"link_name":"Phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus"},{"link_name":"sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate"},{"link_name":"specific conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_conductivity"},{"link_name":"chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Water_Quality-24"},{"link_name":"turbidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidity"},{"link_name":"riparian cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_buffer"},{"link_name":"incision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_incision"},{"link_name":"suspended sediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_load"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Water_Quality-24"}],"sub_title":"Water quality","text":"The West Kill's waters are part of the New York City water supply systemBecause of the West Kill's role in the city's water system, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has monitored the stream's overall quality. That began in 1994 with a station one-eighth of a mile (201 m) above the stream's mouth; in 2002, a second station was established near the USGS stream gauge above Spruceton. Both have generally reported consistent high quality, better than the nearby subwatersheds of the East and Batavia kills.[23]Metrics important to aquatic life habitat have remained above levels legally mandated or recommended. The West Kill has reported dissolved oxygen at 10 mg/L, safely above the 7 mg/L level DEC considers safe for trout spawning. Fecal coliform levels have never exceeded 10 CFU/100 ml, less than 5 percent of the state legal maximum to be considered safe for drinking. Phosphorus and sulfate levels are low, specific conductivity is also low, suggesting a low degree of chloride contamination,[c] and the stream's overall pH has remained within the same 6.6–7.9 range as other streams in the upper Schoharie basin. The West Kill's water temperature is in a 6–10 °C (43–50 °F) annual range, reflecting the considerable shade provided by forest cover around its headwaters.[23]However, the West Kill's turbidity levels, while not abnormal, have been seen as sufficiently high to contribute to turbidity problems downstream of its mouth at the reservoir. Readings have generally been around 2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units, which by itself is not a problem, but is similar to that of the Batavia Kill, a longer tributary with a more developed watershed that drains into the Schoharie downstream from the West Kill. This may be the result of disturbances to the streambed and the loss of riparian cover upstream; the lower stretches, particularly the channelized reach along Route 42, are showing signs of incision. More of the silts and clays on the streambed could thus be stirred up and become suspended sediment.[23]","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"100-year flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100-year_flood"},{"link_name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency"},{"link_name":"flood insurance rate map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_insurance_rate_map"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEMA_FIRM-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Local_Flood_Analysis-41"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"January 1996 blizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_blizzard_of_1996"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WKSMP_page-43"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"Lidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wetlands_&_Floodplains-28"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMP_Unit_15_PDF-44"},{"link_name":"Greene County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Soil and Water Conservation District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_district"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WKSMP_page-43"},{"link_name":"aggradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggradation"},{"link_name":"bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMP_Unit_15_PDF-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMP_Unit_17_PDF-45"},{"link_name":"sinuosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinuosity"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMP_Unit_15_PDF-44"},{"link_name":"revetment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revetment"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMP_Unit_15_PDF-44"},{"link_name":"Japanese knotweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_knotweed"},{"link_name":"invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMP_Unit_15_PDF-44"},{"link_name":"braiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braided_river"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMP_Unit_17_PDF-45"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMP_Unit_17_PDF-45"},{"link_name":"New Paltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Paltz_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Local_Flood_Analysis-41"},{"link_name":"Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss"},{"link_name":"freeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeboard_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Local_Flood_Analysis-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuomo_press_release_on_bridge-46"}],"sub_title":"Flood control","text":"Before Hurricane Irene, which exceeded the 100-year flood levels as mapped by the Federal Emergency Management Agency's flood insurance rate map[37] and came close to 500-year levels,[38]: 32 [d] there had been some major floods of the West Kill; a 1927 event that washed away every bridge in the valley and the flooding that followed the rapid melting of snow that fell in the January 1996 blizzard are often cited as notable past floods of the stream.[39] But since streamflow has only been regularly monitored since the 1990s, there is not enough data yet to make estimates of flood frequency below the 100-year level and thus map the West Kill's floodplain more accurately. In the mid-2000s, DEC began developing newer maps of the floodplains using aerial Lidar mapping;[27] they were finished in 2006.[40]: 13In 2005, a combined effort of the Greene County Soil and Water Conservation District and the DEP resulted in a management plan for the West Kill. The stream was subdivided into 21 sections from where it leaves Forest Preserve land to its mouth and inventoried in great detail. Issues of concern for habitat and flood management were identified and recommendations made.[39]The areas of greatest concern for flooding were the reach of the stream around the hamlet of West Kill and further downstream around the Beech Ridge Brook confluence. In both the stream channel widens, having shown considerable aggradation over the years, and floods have changed its course considerably in the past, leaving wide bars on both banks and in the middle of the channel. As a result, the 100-year-floodplain is wider than elsewhere along the stream in both areas.[40]: 13 [41]: 13While the Beech Ridge unit's floodplain boundary does not include any houses, there are three within it along Route 42 just north of West Kill, making effective flood control here important. The authors of the stream management plan speculate that the kill's lower than expected sinuosity as it flows out of the Spruceton Valley may be the result not of flooding but of an attempt to divert the stream further north and make more of the alluvial land to its south available for farming. While this has not increased the flood risk there, it has made the stream compensate with increased sinuosity further downstream.[40]: 4The plan notes that, while a comparatively large portion (for the West Kill) of the stream banks have had some sort of revetment installed,[40]: 4  the riparian vegetation along the stream is in many areas lacking. Some mowed areas from adjacent properties in the hamlet come right up to the stream's banks. Japanese knotweed, an invasive species which can displace more appropriate riparian vegetation, was found in several spots; the plan recommends an effort to eradicate the species throughout the entire watershed.[40]: 6Around Beech Ridge, by contrast, the many channels, resulting in braiding when the stream is at bankfull levels, are the result of past floods. Even modest ones can easily reconfigure the channel, as has happened several times over the late 20th century. The inventory found less stabilization and more erosion on the banks as a result.[41]: 7–10There was even more knotweed in this section. The erosion on the banks, the plan noted, had the potential to threaten sections of Route 42 alongside. At the bottom of the section the narrowing of the channel just above a private bridge (since destroyed) was causing severe aggradation, possibly worsening any flooding that might occur upstream from it.[41]: 7–10Six years after that plan was released, that lower portion of the stream saw the most serious flooding from Irene and other events. In 2014, the town's Flood Commission hired Milone & MacBroom, a New Paltz engineering firm, to evaluate various options related to the stream course between the hamlets of West Kill and Lexington. Two years later, after having run computer simulations of flood events at all frequency levels up to 500-year, the firm concluded that the only option which provided benefit worth the cost was to replace the lowest bridge over the West Kill on Route 42, just below where Loucks Road forks off to the west.[38]: 36Milone & MacBroom explained that the former bridge, due to both the 45-degree angle at which it crossed the West Kill and its height over the stream, constricted the stream flow during 100-year floods. The firm indicated it was consulting with the state Department of Transportation on the design for a new bridge. It called for the bridge's lower chord to be raised a foot; the additional freeboard would allow more water to flow downstream during floods, thus lowering their levels upstream, away from homes and businesses along the road.[38]: 36  In 2017 the bridge was replaced at a cost of $4.1 million, part of a larger ongoing project to replace bridges all over the state; a temporary bridge over the West Kill allowed traffic to continue using the route during construction.[42]","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fly fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Art_Flick_obit-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flyfisher's_Guide-48"},{"link_name":"stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_stocking"},{"link_name":"brown trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trout"},{"link_name":"rainbow trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"brook trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEC_fishing_rights_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEC_fishing_rights_PDF-2"}],"text":"Art Flick, author of the influential fly fishing Streamside Guide, published in 1947, lived in Lexington and ran the West Kill Tavern, a short distance up the stream, until his death in 1985. He hosted many visiting anglers, including some celebrities, at his family's West Kill Tavern, a short distance upstream from the Schoharie. When he was not fishing, writing or running the hotel, he was advocating for conservation of the streams.[43]While trout fishermen today have been advised to avoid the lower West Kill due to the turbidity issues,[44] DEC nevertheless stocks those waters with 700 brown trout yearlings annually, supplementing the stream's native population. Wild rainbow trout are also present, closer to the Schoharie, and brook trout become more common in the Spruceton Valley.[2]To provide access, DEC has acquired public fishing rights from local landowners in addition to those short stretches where it already owns land adjoining the creek. On the lower stream, these include both sides of the reach that runs alongside Route 42 between the highway's last bridge over the kill to roughly the Roarback Brook confluence and the braided areas from above Beech Ridge Brook to just upstream from the Route 42 bridge at the hamlet of West Kill. Upstream of the hamlet, there is a mile of access on both sides between the state land east of Deyoe Road and the Bennett Brook confluence. A small parking lot at the Spruceton Road bridge upstream from Hagadone Brook is available for anglers, and in the vicinity of Spruceton itself much of the stream is publicly accessible to the unnamed tributary on the south between Styles and Pettit brooks.[2]","title":"Fishery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_headwaters-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_lower_streamflow_monitoring_station_page-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"road salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_salt"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Water_Quality-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Kill&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Local_Flood_Analysis-41"}],"text":"^ This is the elevation that is shown rising at on the U.S. Geological Survey map[7]\n\n^ The floods after Irene reconfigured the site of the station such that its recorded elevation has subsequently been lowered by 5 feet (1.5 m)[32]\n\n^ It is considered likely that most of the chlorides present in the West Kill come from road salt used in the winter to keep Spruceton Road and Route 42 clear[23]\n\n^ The floods washed away the bridge carrying Van Valkenburgh Road, just above the stream's mouth; as of 2018[update] it has not been replaced and does not look likely to be.[38]: 30","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Natural-Channel-Design Restorations That Changed Geomorphology Have Little Effect on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Headwater Streams\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/31703/WarrenDanaFisheriesWildlifeNaturalChannelDesign.pdf?sequence=1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00790.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1526-100X.2011.00790.x"},{"link_name":"\"Variable Responses of Fish Assemblages, Habitat, and Stability to Natural-Channel-Design Restoration in Catskill Mountain Streams\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/240765624"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1577/T08-152.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1577%2FT08-152.1"},{"link_name":"\"Effects of Natural-Channel-Design Restoration on Habitat Quality in Catskill Mountain Streams, New York\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/250019775"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1577/T08-153.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1577%2FT08-153.1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/02705060.2015.1033769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F02705060.2015.1033769"},{"link_name":"\"Variations in sediment sources and yields in the Finger Lakes and Catskills regions of New York\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dspace.gcswcd.com/bitstream/handle/123456789/75/Nagle_et_al_HydroProcesses_2007.pdf?sequence=1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/hyp.6611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fhyp.6611"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1813/7661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1813%2F7661"},{"link_name":"\"Event controlled DOC export from forested watersheds\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/sites/harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/files/publications/pdfs/Raymond_Biogeochemistry_2010.pdf"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.1016.2917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1016.2917"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s10533-010-9416-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10533-010-9416-7"},{"link_name":"\"Trends in Catskill Stream Water Quality: Evidence From Historical Data\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/253114768"},{"link_name":"Water Resources Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Resources_Research"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1029/91WR02009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1029%2F91WR02009"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Batavia Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia_Kill_(Schoharie_Creek_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Batten Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batten_Kill"},{"link_name":"Birch Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_Creek_(Esopus_Creek_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Black Meadow Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Meadow_Creek"},{"link_name":"Boreas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreas_River"},{"link_name":"Bowery Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowery_Creek"},{"link_name":"Bowmans Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowmans_Creek"},{"link_name":"Breakneck Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakneck_Brook"},{"link_name":"Brimstone Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brimstone_Creek"},{"link_name":"Canajoharie Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canajoharie_Creek"},{"link_name":"Caroga Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroga_Creek"},{"link_name":"Casperkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casperkill"},{"link_name":"Catskill Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_Creek"},{"link_name":"Cayadutta Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayadutta_Creek"},{"link_name":"Cedar River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_River_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Claverack Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claverack_Creek"},{"link_name":"Clove Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove_Brook"},{"link_name":"Cobleskill Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobleskill_Creek"},{"link_name":"Coeymans Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeymans_Creek"},{"link_name":"Coxsackie Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsackie_Creek"},{"link_name":"Cross River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Croton River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croton_River"},{"link_name":"East Branch Croton River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Branch_Croton_River"},{"link_name":"East Branch Sacandaga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Branch_Sacandaga_River"},{"link_name":"East Canada Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Canada_Creek"},{"link_name":"East Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kill"},{"link_name":"Eightmile Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eightmile_Creek_(Tenmile_Creek)"},{"link_name":"Esopus Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esopus_Creek"},{"link_name":"Fall Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Kill"},{"link_name":"Fishkill Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishkill_Creek"},{"link_name":"Fonteyn Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonteyn_Kill"},{"link_name":"Fulmer Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmer_Creek"},{"link_name":"Hannacrois Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannacrois_Creek"},{"link_name":"Honnedaga Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honnedaga_Brook"},{"link_name":"Hoosic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosic_River"},{"link_name":"Indian River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_River_(Hudson_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Jackson Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Creek_(Sprout_Creek)"},{"link_name":"Jan De Bakkers Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_De_Bakkers_Kill"},{"link_name":"Kaaterskill Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaterskill_Creek"},{"link_name":"Kayaderosseras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayaderosseras"},{"link_name":"Kinderhook Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderhook_Creek"},{"link_name":"Kisco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisco_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Creek_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Little Shawangunk Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Shawangunk_Kill"},{"link_name":"Maritje Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritje_Kill"},{"link_name":"Miami River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_River_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Mill Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Creek_(Hudson_River)"},{"link_name":"Mohawk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_River"},{"link_name":"Moodna Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodna_Creek"},{"link_name":"Moordener Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moordener_Kill"},{"link_name":"Moyer Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyer_Creek"},{"link_name":"Muddy Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Kill"},{"link_name":"Neepaulakating Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neepaulakating_Creek"},{"link_name":"Normans Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans_Kill"},{"link_name":"Nowadaga Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowadaga_Creek"},{"link_name":"Ohisa Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohisa_Creek"},{"link_name":"Onesquethaw Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onesquethaw_Creek"},{"link_name":"Opalescent River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalescent_River"},{"link_name":"Oriskany Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriskany_Creek"},{"link_name":"Otsquago Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsquago_Creek"},{"link_name":"Otter Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_Kill"},{"link_name":"Papakating Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papakating_Creek"},{"link_name":"Peekskill Hollow Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peekskill_Hollow_Creek"},{"link_name":"Plattekill Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattekill_Creek"},{"link_name":"Platter Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platter_Kill"},{"link_name":"Pocantico River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocantico_River"},{"link_name":"Pochuck Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochuck_Creek"},{"link_name":"Poesten Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poesten_Kill"},{"link_name":"Potic Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potic_Creek"},{"link_name":"Quassaick Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quassaick_Creek"},{"link_name":"Roeliff Jansen Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roeliff_Jansen_Kill"},{"link_name":"Rondout Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondout_Creek"},{"link_name":"Sacandaga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacandaga_River"},{"link_name":"Sauquoit Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauquoit_Creek"},{"link_name":"Saw Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_Kill_(Hudson_River)"},{"link_name":"Saw Mill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_Mill_River"},{"link_name":"Sawyer Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawyer_Kill"},{"link_name":"Schoharie Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_Creek"},{"link_name":"Schroon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroon_River"},{"link_name":"Shawangunk Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawangunk_Kill"},{"link_name":"Sparkill Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkill_Creek"},{"link_name":"Sprout Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprout_Creek"},{"link_name":"Steele Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steele_Creek_(Mohawk_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Stockport Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_Creek"},{"link_name":"Stony Clove Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Clove_Creek"},{"link_name":"Taghkanic Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghkanic_Creek"},{"link_name":"Tenmile Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenmile_Creek_(Catskill_Creek)"},{"link_name":"Tin Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Brook"},{"link_name":"Titicus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titicus_River"},{"link_name":"Verkeerder Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkeerder_Kill"},{"link_name":"Vloman Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vloman_Kill"},{"link_name":"Wallkill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallkill_River"},{"link_name":"Walloomsac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloomsac_River"},{"link_name":"Wappinger Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger_Creek"},{"link_name":"Wawayanda Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawayanda_Creek"},{"link_name":"West Branch Papakating Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Branch_Papakating_Creek"},{"link_name":"West Branch Sacandaga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Branch_Sacandaga_River"},{"link_name":"West Canada Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Canada_Creek"},{"link_name":"West Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Wynants Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynants_Kill"},{"link_name":"Alcove Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcove_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Ashokan Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokan_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Basic Creek Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Creek_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Beacon Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Reservoir_(Dutchess_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Bog Brook Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_Brook_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Cedar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Lake_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Chadwick Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadwick_Lake"},{"link_name":"Chub Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chub_Lake_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Cross River Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Croton Falls Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croton_Falls_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Dyken Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyken_Pond"},{"link_name":"East Branch Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Branch_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"East Caroga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Caroga_Lake"},{"link_name":"Fall Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Lake_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Franklinton Vlaie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinton_Vlaie"},{"link_name":"Garnet Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet_Lake"},{"link_name":"Glenmere Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenmere_Lake"},{"link_name":"Great Sacandaga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sacandaga_Lake"},{"link_name":"Great Vlaie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Vlaie"},{"link_name":"Henderson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Lake_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Honnedaga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honnedaga_Lake"},{"link_name":"Indian Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Lake_(Hamilton_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Lizard Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard_Pond_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Lake Maratanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maratanza"},{"link_name":"Muscoot Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscoot_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Lake Neepaulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Neepaulin"},{"link_name":"New Croton Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Croton_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Notch Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_Lake"},{"link_name":"Piseco Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piseco_Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pleasant_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Queechy Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queechy_Lake"},{"link_name":"Rondout Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondout_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Sacandaga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacandaga_Lake"},{"link_name":"Saratoga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Lake"},{"link_name":"Sturgeon Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon_Pool"},{"link_name":"Surprise Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise_Lake_Camp"},{"link_name":"Sylvan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvan_Lake_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Lake Tear of the Clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tear_of_the_Clouds"},{"link_name":"Thompson Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Pond"},{"link_name":"Titicus Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titicus_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Trout Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout_Lake_(Arietta,_Hamilton_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"West Caroga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Caroga_Lake"},{"link_name":"Whaley Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaley_Lake"},{"link_name":"Winnisook Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnisook_Lake"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Beekman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekman,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Blooming Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blooming_Grove,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Briarcliff Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briarcliff_Manor,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Catskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Clifton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cohoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohoes,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Colonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonie,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cortlandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortlandt,_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Fishkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fishkill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Greenbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Greenbush,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Fishkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishkill_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Glenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenville,_Schenectady_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Gloversville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloversville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Greenburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenburgh,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Guilderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilderland,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Halfmoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfmoon,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Herkimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkimer_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Haverstraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverstraw_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland,_New_York"},{"link_name":"LaGrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGrange,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreau,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hartford,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New Paltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Paltz,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Windsor,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Newburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Niskayuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niskayuna,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Nyack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyack,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ossining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossining_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Peekskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peekskill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Plattekill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattekill_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Poughkeepsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Queensbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensbury,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Saugerties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugerties,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Schenectady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Shawangunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawangunk,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sleepy Hollow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Somers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somers,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Utica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Wallkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallkill,_Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Wappinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappinger,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick,_New_York"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Whitestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitestown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Wilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Yonkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bayonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Cliffside Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffside_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Edgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Englewood Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Fort Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hoboken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Jersey City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"North Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bergen,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Tenafly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenafly,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Weehawken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weehawken,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"West New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_New_York,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Park"},{"link_name":"Ashokan Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokan_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Blenheim Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Buskirk Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buskirk_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Catskill Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Champlain Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlain_Canal"},{"link_name":"Cohoes Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohoes_Falls"},{"link_name":"Copeland Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copeland_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Delaware and Hudson Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Canal"},{"link_name":"Eagleville Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagleville_Bridge"},{"link_name":"East River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_River"},{"link_name":"Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal"},{"link_name":"George Washington Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Harlem River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_River"},{"link_name":"Helderberg Escarpment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helderberg_Escarpment"},{"link_name":"Holland Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Hudson Highlands State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Highlands_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Kaaterskill Clove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaterskill_Clove"},{"link_name":"Kaaterskill Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaterskill_Falls"},{"link_name":"Kill Van Kull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_Van_Kull"},{"link_name":"Kingston–Rhinecliff Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston%E2%80%93Rhinecliff_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Mid-Hudson Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Hudson_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Newburgh–Beacon Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh%E2%80%93Beacon_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappan_Zee_Bridge_(2017%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"The Palisades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palisades_(Hudson_River)"},{"link_name":"Perrine's Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrine%27s_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Plotter Kill Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotter_Kill_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Pollepel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollepel_Island"},{"link_name":"Popolopen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolopen"},{"link_name":"Rexleigh Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexleigh_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Rip Van Winkle Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Center Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Center_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Schoharie Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Shushan Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shushan_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Statue of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Taconic Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taconic_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Verkeerder Kill Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkeerder_Kill_Falls"},{"link_name":"Walkway over the Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkway_over_the_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallkill_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"West Canada Lake Wilderness Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Canada_Lake_Wilderness_Area"}],"text":"Scientific papers with data collected from the West Kill:Ernst, Anne G.; Warren, Dana; Baldigo, Barry (July 2012). \"Natural-Channel-Design Restorations That Changed Geomorphology Have Little Effect on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Headwater Streams\" (PDF). Restoration Ecology. 20 (4): 532–540. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00790.x.\nErnst, Anne G.; Baldigo, Barry; Warren, Dana R.; Miller, Sarah J. (2010). \"Variable Responses of Fish Assemblages, Habitat, and Stability to Natural-Channel-Design Restoration in Catskill Mountain Streams\". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 139 (2): 449–467. doi:10.1577/T08-152.1.\nErnst, Anne G.; Baldigo, Barry; Mulvihill, Christiane I.; Vian, Mark (2010). \"Effects of Natural-Channel-Design Restoration on Habitat Quality in Catskill Mountain Streams, New York\". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 139 (2): 468–482. doi:10.1577/T08-153.1.\nGeorge, Scott D.; Baldigo, Barry; Smith, Martyn J.; McKeown, Donald M.; Faulring, Jason M. (2016). \"Variations in water temperature and implications for trout populations in the Upper Schoharie Creek and West Kill, New York, USA\". Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 31 (1): 93–108. doi:10.1080/02705060.2015.1033769.\nNagle, Peter; Fahey, Timothy J.; Ritchie, Jerry C.; Woodbury, Peter B. (March 15, 2007). \"Variations in sediment sources and yields in the Finger Lakes and Catskills regions of New York\" (PDF). Hydrological Processes. 21 (6): 828–838. doi:10.1002/hyp.6611. hdl:1813/7661.\nRaymond, Peter A.; Saiers, James E. (September 2010). \"Event controlled DOC export from forested watersheds\" (PDF). Biogeochemistry. 100 (1–3): 197–209. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1016.2917. doi:10.1007/s10533-010-9416-7.\nStoddard, John L. (November 1991). \"Trends in Catskill Stream Water Quality: Evidence From Historical Data\". Water Resources Research. 27 (11): 2855–2864. doi:10.1029/91WR02009.vteHudson River watershedTributaries\nBatavia Kill\nBatten Kill\nBirch Creek\nBlack Meadow Creek\nBoreas River\nBowery Creek\nBowmans Creek\nBreakneck Brook\nBrimstone Creek\nCanajoharie Creek\nCaroga Creek\nCasperkill\nCatskill Creek\nCayadutta Creek\nCedar River\nClaverack Creek\nClove Brook\nCobleskill Creek\nCoeymans Creek\nCoxsackie Creek\nCross River\nCroton River\nEast Branch Croton River\nEast Branch Sacandaga River\nEast Canada Creek\nEast Kill\nEightmile Creek\nEsopus Creek\nFall Kill\nFishkill Creek\nFonteyn Kill\nFulmer Creek\nHannacrois Creek\nHonnedaga Brook\nHoosic River\nIndian River\nJackson Creek\nJan De Bakkers Kill\nKaaterskill Creek\nKayaderosseras\nKinderhook Creek\nKisco River\nLake Creek\nLittle Shawangunk Kill\nMaritje Kill\nMiami River\nMill Creek\nMohawk River\nMoodna Creek\nMoordener Kill\nMoyer Creek\nMuddy Kill\nNeepaulakating Creek\nNormans Kill\nNowadaga Creek\nOhisa Creek\nOnesquethaw Creek\nOpalescent River\nOriskany Creek\nOtsquago Creek\nOtter Kill\nPapakating Creek\nPeekskill Hollow Creek\nPlattekill Creek\nPlatter Kill\nPocantico River\nPochuck Creek\nPoesten Kill\nPotic Creek\nQuassaick Creek\nRoeliff Jansen Kill\nRondout Creek\nSacandaga River\nSauquoit Creek\nSaw Kill\nSaw Mill River\nSawyer Kill\nSchoharie Creek\nSchroon River\nShawangunk Kill\nSparkill Creek\nSprout Creek\nSteele Creek\nStockport Creek\nStony Clove Creek\nTaghkanic Creek\nTenmile Creek\nTin Brook\nTiticus River\nVerkeerder Kill\nVloman Kill\nWallkill River\nWalloomsac River\nWappinger Creek\nWawayanda Creek\nWest Branch Papakating Creek\nWest Branch Sacandaga River\nWest Canada Creek\nWest Kill\nWynants Kill\nLakes\nAlcove Reservoir\nAshokan Reservoir\nBasic Creek Reservoir\nBeacon Reservoir\nBog Brook Reservoir\nCedar Lake\nChadwick Lake\nChub Lake\nCross River Reservoir\nCroton Falls Reservoir\nDyken Pond\nEast Branch Reservoir\nEast Caroga Lake\nFall Lake\nFranklinton Vlaie\nGarnet Lake\nGlenmere Lake\nGreat Sacandaga Lake\nGreat Vlaie\nHenderson Lake\nHonnedaga Lake\nIndian Lake\nLizard Pond\nLake Maratanza\nMuscoot Reservoir\nLake Neepaulin\nNew Croton Reservoir\nNotch Lake\nPiseco Lake\nLake Pleasant\nQueechy Lake\nRondout Reservoir\nSacandaga Lake\nSaratoga Lake\nSturgeon Pool\nSurprise Lake\nSylvan Lake\nLake Tear of the Clouds\nThompson Pond\nTiticus Reservoir\nTrout Lake\nWest Caroga Lake\nWhaley Lake\nWinnisook Lake\nTownsNew York\nAlbany\nAmsterdam\nBeacon\nBedford\nBeekman\nBennington\nBethlehem\nBlooming Grove\nBriarcliff Manor\nCarmel\nCatskill\nClifton Park\nCohoes\nColonie\nCortlandt\nEast Fishkill\nEast Greenbush\nFishkill\nGlenville\nGloversville\nGreenburgh\nGuilderland\nHalfmoon\nHerkimer\nHaverstraw\nHyde Park\nKingston\nKirkland\nLaGrange\nLloyd\nMalta\nMiddletown\nMilton\nMonroe\nMontgomery\nMoreau\nMount Pleasant\nNew Castle\nNew Hartford\nNew Paltz\nNew Windsor\nNew York City\nNewburgh\nNiskayuna\nNorth Adams\nNyack\nOssining\nPeekskill\nPlattekill\nPoughkeepsie\nQueensbury\nRome\nRotterdam\nSaugerties\nSchenectady\nShawangunk\nSleepy Hollow\nSomers\nSoutheast\nTroy\nUtica\nWallkill\nWappinger\nWarwick\nWest Point\nWhitestown\nWilton\nYonkers\nYorktown\nNew Jersey\nAlpine\nBayonne\nCliffside Park\nEdgewater\nEnglewood Cliffs\nFort Lee\nHoboken\nJersey City\nNorth Bergen\nSparta\nTenafly\nWeehawken\nWest New York\nLandmarks\nAdirondack Mountains\nAdirondack Park\nAshokan Bridge\nBlenheim Bridge\nBuskirk Bridge\nCatskill Mountains\nChamplain Canal\nCohoes Falls\nCopeland Bridge\nDelaware and Hudson Canal\nEagleville Bridge\nEast River\nErie Canal\nGeorge Washington Bridge\nHarlem River\nHelderberg Escarpment\nHolland Tunnel\nHudson Highlands State Park\nKaaterskill Clove\nKaaterskill Falls\nKill Van Kull\nKingston–Rhinecliff Bridge\nLincoln Tunnel\nMid-Hudson Bridge\nNewburgh–Beacon Bridge\nTappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)\nThe Palisades\nPerrine's Bridge\nPlotter Kill Preserve\nPollepel Island\nPopolopen\nRexleigh Bridge\nRip Van Winkle Bridge\nSalisbury Center Bridge\nSchoharie Bridge\nShushan Bridge\nStatue of Liberty\nTaconic Mountains\nVerkeerder Kill Falls\nWalkway over the Hudson\nWallkill River National Wildlife Refuge\nWest Canada Lake Wilderness Area","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Diamond Notch Falls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Diamond_Notch_Falls_in_summer.jpg/220px-Diamond_Notch_Falls_in_summer.jpg"},{"image_text":"The mouth of the West Kill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mouth_of_the_West_Kill_at_Schoharie_Creek%2C_Lexington%2C_NY.jpg/220px-Mouth_of_the_West_Kill_at_Schoharie_Creek%2C_Lexington%2C_NY.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cascades along the creek","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cascades_on_West_Kill.jpg/220px-Cascades_on_West_Kill.jpg"},{"image_text":"High-elevation boreal forest on West Kill Mountain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Devil%27s_Path_in_boreal_forest_near_summit_of_West_Kill_Mountain%2C_Spruceton%2C_NY.jpg/220px-Devil%27s_Path_in_boreal_forest_near_summit_of_West_Kill_Mountain%2C_Spruceton%2C_NY.jpg"},{"image_text":"Graph from lower USGS stream gauge showing rise in discharge after Hurricane Irene","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/West_Kill_Hurricane_Irene_flood_graph.png/220px-West_Kill_Hurricane_Irene_flood_graph.png"},{"image_text":"The West Kill's waters are part of the New York City water supply system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rushing_water_in_West_Kill_below_Diamond_Notch_Falls%2C_Spruceton%2C_NY.jpg/220px-Rushing_water_in_West_Kill_below_Diamond_Notch_Falls%2C_Spruceton%2C_NY.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hudson_river_from_bear_mountain_bridge.jpg"},{"title":"Hudson Valley portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hudson_Valley"},{"title":"List of rivers in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_New_York"}]
[{"reference":"\"West Kill\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2018-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/970773","url_text":"\"West Kill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Public Fishing Rights Maps – West Kill\" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/pfrwestkill.pdf","url_text":"\"Public Fishing Rights Maps – West Kill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation","url_text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation"}]},{"reference":"\"West Kill\". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved April 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/inventory/?site_no=0135020105","url_text":"\"West Kill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Hydrology and Flood History\" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catskillstreams.org/pdfs/WKSMP/5_hydro.pdf","url_text":"\"Hydrology and Flood History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geology of the West Kill Watershed\" (PDF). Catskill Streams. p. 4. Retrieved January 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catskillstreams.org/pdfs/WKSMP/6_geology.pdf","url_text":"\"Geology of the West Kill Watershed\""}]},{"reference":"\"2.2 Physiography\" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catskillstreams.org/pdfs/WKSMP/4_physiography.pdf","url_text":"\"2.2 Physiography\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Geological Survey — Hunter quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). 1:24,000. USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=42.17344&lon=-74.23797&datum=nad83&zoom=4","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey — Hunter quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Northeastern Catskill Trails (Map) (9th ed.). 1:63,3600. NY/NJTC Catskill Trails. Cartography by NY/NJTC. New York–New Jersey Trail Conference. 2010. §§ L5–M5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93New_Jersey_Trail_Conference","url_text":"New York–New Jersey Trail Conference"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). 1:24,000. USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=42.18195&lon=-74.27076&datum=nad83&zoom=2&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.18889,-74.28819&z=18&t=H","url_text":"ACME Mapper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.18905,-74.29792&z=18&t=H","url_text":"ACME Mapper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). 1:24,000. USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=42.19132&lon=-74.30732&datum=nad83&zoom=2&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.19234,-74.30905&z=18&t=H","url_text":"ACME Mapper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=42.19132&lon=-74.32592&datum=nad83&zoom=4&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.19304,-74.33057&z=17&t=H","url_text":"ACME Mapper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=42.19794&lon=-74.35618&datum=nad83&zoom=2&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey — Lexington quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.19785,-74.35775&z=17&t=H&marker0=42.17344%2C-74.23797%2CWest%20Kill","url_text":"ACME Mapper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.20091,-74.36756&z=18&t=H","url_text":"ACME Mapper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Geological Survey — West Kill quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=42.19794&lon=-74.35618&datum=nad83&zoom=2&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey — West Kill quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.20998,-74.38602&z=17&t=H","url_text":"ACME Mapper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Geological Survey — West Kill quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.) (Map). USGS 7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps. Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. TopoQuest.com. Retrieved January 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=42.23312&lon=-74.39386&datum=nad83&zoom=2&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey — West Kill quadrangle — New York (Greene Co.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"ACME Mapper (Map). Cartography by Google Maps. ACME Laboratories. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mapper.acme.com/?ll=42.23479,-74.38996&z=18&t=H","url_text":"ACME Mapper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Water Quality\" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catskillstreams.org/pdfs/WKSMP/14_water_quality.pdf","url_text":"\"Water Quality\""}]},{"reference":"The National Map (Map). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/basic/?basemap=b1&category=nhd&q=&zoom=11&bbox=-74.61982727,42.07885889,-74.14329529,42.38796576&preview=&avail=&refpoly=8-digit_HU_(Subbasin)","url_text":"The National Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Land Use/Land Cover\" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catskillstreams.org/pdfs/WKSMP/9_landuse.pdf","url_text":"\"Land Use/Land Cover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regional Setting\" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catskillstreams.org/pdfs/WKSMP/3_regional_setting.pdf","url_text":"\"Regional Setting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wetlands & Floodplains\" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catskillstreams.org/pdfs/WKSMP/7_wetlands.pdf","url_text":"\"Wetlands & Floodplains\""}]},{"reference":"Evers, Alf (1972). The Catskills: From Wilderness to Woodstock. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0879511623. The lower slopes of the outer Catskills were hunting grounds and not year-round residences through a thousand years and more of Indian life ... The Indian's physical connection with the Catskills was never great ... Indians were animists—they believed that all parts of the universe and everything in it possessed souls ... they lived at a stage of human development where a mountain may be a kindly mother or a relentless enemy—while still remaining a mountain ... No record remains of how the Catskills looked to the Indians or what part they played in the Indian understanding of life ... But we know beyond doubt of certain roles which the mountains played in the world of the Indians around them. One of them was as a barrier first between groups of Indians differing in language and customs","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Evers","url_text":"Evers, Alf"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EC5u77yvHP4C&q","url_text":"The Catskills: From Wilderness to Woodstock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York","url_text":"Woodstock, NY"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879511623","url_text":"978-0879511623"}]},{"reference":"Ravage, Jessie A. (December 1, 2015). \"Historic Resources Survey: Town of Lexington, Greene County, New York\" (PDF). p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180112100901/http://www.lexingtonny.com/uploads/3/4/3/9/34399421/historic_resources_survey_pg_1_to_18.pdf","url_text":"\"Historic Resources Survey: Town of Lexington, Greene County, New York\""},{"url":"http://www.lexingtonny.com/uploads/3/4/3/9/34399421/historic_resources_survey_pg_1_to_18.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"West Kill Brewing\". West Kill Brewing. Retrieved January 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westkillbrewing.com/","url_text":"\"West Kill Brewing\""}]},{"reference":"\"USGS 01349810 West Kill near West Kill NY\". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/ny/nwis/uv?site_no=01349810","url_text":"\"USGS 01349810 West Kill near West Kill NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"USGS 01349711 West Kill below Hunter Brook Spruceton NY\". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/ny/nwis/uv?site_no=01349711","url_text":"\"USGS 01349711 West Kill below Hunter Brook Spruceton NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics for New York: USGS 01349810 West Kill near West Kill NY\". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/ny/nwis/annual/?referred_module=sw&site_no=01349810&por_01349810_105025=1496862,00060,105025,1998,2016&year_type=W&format=html_table&date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&rdb_compression=value&submitted_form=parameter_selection_list","url_text":"\"USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics for New York: USGS 01349810 West Kill near West Kill NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics for New York: USGS 01349711 West Kill below Hunter Brook Spruceton NY\". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/ny/nwis/annual/?referred_module=sw&site_no=01349711&por_01349711_105024=1496861,00060,105024,1998,2016&year_type=W&format=html_table&date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&rdb_compression=file&submitted_form=parameter_selection_list","url_text":"\"USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics for New York: USGS 01349711 West Kill below Hunter Brook Spruceton NY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Stream-related Activities and Permit Requirements\" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catskillstreams.org/pdfs/WKSMP/13_permits.pdf","url_text":"\"Stream-related Activities and Permit Requirements\""}]},{"reference":"FEMA's National Flood Hazard Layer (Official) (Map). Cartography by Federal Emergency Management Agency. ArcGIS. November 28, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://fema.maps.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=cbe088e7c8704464aa0fc34eb99e7f30&extent=-74.42253061401358,42.198530096634826,-74.35420938598632,42.21950974448209","url_text":"FEMA's National Flood Hazard Layer (Official)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency","url_text":"Federal Emergency Management Agency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcGIS","url_text":"ArcGIS"}]},{"reference":"Milone & MacBroom, Inc. (May 2016). \"Local Flood Analysis: Town of Lexington Along the Schoharie Creek and the West Kill In the Hamlets of Lexington and West Kill, Greene County, New York\" (PDF). Town of Lexington, New York. Retrieved January 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lexingtonny.com/uploads/3/4/3/9/34399421/2016-06-02_lexington_final_report.pdf","url_text":"\"Local Flood Analysis: Town of Lexington Along the Schoharie Creek and the West Kill In the Hamlets of Lexington and West Kill, Greene County, New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_New_York","url_text":"Lexington, New York"}]},{"reference":"\"West Kill Stream Management Plan\". Catskill Streams. December 31, 2005. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catskillstreams.org/West_Kill_Stream_Management_Plan.html","url_text":"\"West Kill Stream Management Plan\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Kill Management Unit 15\" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catskillstreams.org/pdfs/WKSMP/45_MU15.pdf","url_text":"\"West Kill Management Unit 15\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Kill Management Unit 17\" (PDF). Catskill Streams. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catskillstreams.org/pdfs/WKSMP/45_MU17.pdf","url_text":"\"West Kill Management Unit 17\""}]},{"reference":"\"Governor Cuomo Announces $13 Million Bridge Replacement Project in Greene County is Underway\" (Press release). Albany, New York. New York Governor's office. May 5, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-13-million-bridge-replacement-project-greene-county-underway","url_text":"\"Governor Cuomo Announces $13 Million Bridge Replacement Project in Greene County is Underway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York","url_text":"New York Governor's office"}]},{"reference":"\"Arthur B. Flick Dies; Wrote on Fly Fishing\". The New York Times. September 3, 1985. Retrieved January 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/03/sports/arthur-b-flick-dies-wrote-on-fly-fishing.html","url_text":"\"Arthur B. Flick Dies; Wrote on Fly Fishing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Newman, Eric (2010). Flyfisher's Guide to New York. Wilderness Adventures Press. p. 80. ISBN 9781932098792. Retrieved January 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xBP4G6l9LOgC&pg=PA75","url_text":"Flyfisher's Guide to New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932098792","url_text":"9781932098792"}]},{"reference":"Ernst, Anne G.; Warren, Dana; Baldigo, Barry (July 2012). \"Natural-Channel-Design Restorations That Changed Geomorphology Have Little Effect on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Headwater Streams\" (PDF). Restoration Ecology. 20 (4): 532–540. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00790.x.","urls":[{"url":"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/31703/WarrenDanaFisheriesWildlifeNaturalChannelDesign.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"Natural-Channel-Design Restorations That Changed Geomorphology Have Little Effect on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Headwater Streams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1526-100X.2011.00790.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00790.x"}]},{"reference":"Ernst, Anne G.; Baldigo, Barry; Warren, Dana R.; Miller, Sarah J. (2010). \"Variable Responses of Fish Assemblages, Habitat, and Stability to Natural-Channel-Design Restoration in Catskill Mountain Streams\". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 139 (2): 449–467. doi:10.1577/T08-152.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240765624","url_text":"\"Variable Responses of Fish Assemblages, Habitat, and Stability to Natural-Channel-Design Restoration in Catskill Mountain Streams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577%2FT08-152.1","url_text":"10.1577/T08-152.1"}]},{"reference":"Ernst, Anne G.; Baldigo, Barry; Mulvihill, Christiane I.; Vian, Mark (2010). \"Effects of Natural-Channel-Design Restoration on Habitat Quality in Catskill Mountain Streams, New York\". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 139 (2): 468–482. doi:10.1577/T08-153.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250019775","url_text":"\"Effects of Natural-Channel-Design Restoration on Habitat Quality in Catskill Mountain Streams, New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577%2FT08-153.1","url_text":"10.1577/T08-153.1"}]},{"reference":"George, Scott D.; Baldigo, Barry; Smith, Martyn J.; McKeown, Donald M.; Faulring, Jason M. (2016). \"Variations in water temperature and implications for trout populations in the Upper Schoharie Creek and West Kill, New York, USA\". Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 31 (1): 93–108. doi:10.1080/02705060.2015.1033769.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02705060.2015.1033769","url_text":"10.1080/02705060.2015.1033769"}]},{"reference":"Nagle, Peter; Fahey, Timothy J.; Ritchie, Jerry C.; Woodbury, Peter B. (March 15, 2007). \"Variations in sediment sources and yields in the Finger Lakes and Catskills regions of New York\" (PDF). Hydrological Processes. 21 (6): 828–838. doi:10.1002/hyp.6611. hdl:1813/7661.","urls":[{"url":"http://dspace.gcswcd.com/bitstream/handle/123456789/75/Nagle_et_al_HydroProcesses_2007.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"Variations in sediment sources and yields in the Finger Lakes and Catskills regions of New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhyp.6611","url_text":"10.1002/hyp.6611"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F7661","url_text":"1813/7661"}]},{"reference":"Raymond, Peter A.; Saiers, James E. (September 2010). \"Event controlled DOC export from forested watersheds\" (PDF). Biogeochemistry. 100 (1–3): 197–209. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1016.2917. doi:10.1007/s10533-010-9416-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/sites/harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/files/publications/pdfs/Raymond_Biogeochemistry_2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Event controlled DOC export from forested watersheds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1016.2917","url_text":"10.1.1.1016.2917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10533-010-9416-7","url_text":"10.1007/s10533-010-9416-7"}]},{"reference":"Stoddard, John L. (November 1991). \"Trends in Catskill Stream Water Quality: Evidence From Historical Data\". Water Resources Research. 27 (11): 2855–2864. doi:10.1029/91WR02009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253114768","url_text":"\"Trends in Catskill Stream Water Quality: Evidence From Historical Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Resources_Research","url_text":"Water Resources Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F91WR02009","url_text":"10.1029/91WR02009"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_Kesrouan
Farouk Kesrouani
["1 References"]
Lebanese boxer Farouk KesrouaniPersonal informationNationalityLebaneseBorn (1950-02-08) 8 February 1950 (age 74)SportSportBoxing Farouk Kesrouani (born 8 February 1950) is a Lebanese boxer. He competed in the men's light middleweight event at the 1972 Summer Olympics. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Farouk Kesrouani Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2018. This biographical article related to Lebanese boxing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Farouk Kesrouani Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418081000/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ke/farouk-kesrouani-1.html","url_text":"\"Farouk Kesrouani Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ke/farouk-kesrouani-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Oge_O%27Neill
Henry Oge O'Neill
[]
Henry Oge O'Neill, also spelt as Henry Og O'Neill (Irish: Enrí Og Ó Néill), may refer to: Henry Og O'Neill, son of Conn Mor O'Neill, king of Tyrone Henry Og MacShane, son of Henry MacShane O'Neill Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh
["1 History","2 Divisional Commissioner","3 List of divisions","4 Proposed divisions","5 See also","6 References"]
First-level administrative divisions of Bangladesh Divisions of Bangladeshবাংলাদেশের বিভাগBangladesher bibhagA clickable map of Bangladesh exhibiting its divisions.CategoryUnitary stateLocationPeople's Republic of BangladeshNumber8PopulationsHighest: 39,675,000 (Dhaka)Lowest: 8,331,000 (Barisal)AreasLargest: 33,908.55 km2 (13,092.16 sq mi) (Chittagong)Smallest: 10,584.06 km2 (4,086.53 sq mi) (Mymensingh)GovernmentDivisional CommissionAdministratorDivisional CommissionerSubdivisionsDistrict This article is part of a series on thePolitics of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Constitution Amendments Law of Bangladesh Bangladesh Code Penal Code Human rights Article 70 Judicial review Government President: Mohammed Shahabuddin Prime Minister: Sheikh Hasina Cabinet: Hasina V Taxation Agencies Civil Service Local governments Parliament Speaker: Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury Leader of the House: Sheikh Hasina Leader of the Opposition: GM Quader Judiciary Supreme Court: Appellate Division High Court Division District courts Metropolitan courts Chief Justice: Obaidul Hassan Attorney General: AM Amin Uddin Bangladesh Bar Council Administrative divisions Divisions Districts Subdistricts Local Councils Elections Parliamentary constituencies Election commission General: 20182024 2029 Presidential: 201820232028 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of / in Bangladesh Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Foreign relations Bangladeshi diaspora Bangladesh portal Other countries vte Divisions are the first-level administrative divisions in Bangladesh. As of 2023, there are eight divisions of Bangladesh, each named after the major city within its jurisdiction that also serves as the administrative seat of that division. Each division is divided into several districts which are further subdivided into upazilas, then union councils. History Following the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the country had four divisions: Chittagong Division, Dacca Division, Khulna Division, and Rajshahi Division. In 1982, the English spelling of the Dacca Division (along with the name of the capital city) was changed into Dhaka Division to more closely match the Bengali pronunciation. In 1993, Barisal Division was split off from Khulna Division, and in 1995, Sylhet Division was split off from Chittagong Division. On 25 January 2010, Rangpur Division was split off from Rajshahi Division. On 14 September 2015, Mymensingh Division was split off from Dhaka Division and added as the eighth division. In 2015, the process started to create two more divisions: Comilla Division and Faridpur Division. In October 2021, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina announced the formation of two new divisions, Meghna and Padma, named after the eponymous rivers, in the places of Comilla and Faridpur Divisions. Divisional Commissioner Divisional Commissioner is the administrative head of a division. Divisional Commissioner is appointed by the government from an Additional Secretary level officer of Bangladesh Civil Service (B.C.S.) Administration Cadre. The role of a Divisional Commissioner's office is to act as the supervisory head of all the government offices (except the central government offices) situated in the division. A Divisional Commissioner is given the direct responsibility of supervising the revenue and development administration of a division. The Divisional Commissioner is assisted by the several Additional Divisional Commissioners, Senior Assistant Commissioners and other bureaucratic officials. List of divisions The following table outlines some key statistics about the eight divisions of Bangladesh as found in the 2011 Population and Housing Census conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (B.B.S.). Division ISO codes Capital Est. Subdivisions Area (km2) Population (2022) Density (people/km2) (2022) Districts Upazilas Union Councils Barisal Division BD-A Barisal 1993 6 41 352 13,225.20 9,100,102 688 Chittagong Division BD-B Chittagong 1829 11 103 949 33,908.55 33,202,326 979 Dhaka Division BD-C Dhaka 1829 13 89 885 20,593.74 44,215,107 2,147 Khulna Division BD-D Khulna 1960 10 59 571 22,284.22 17,416,645 782 Mymensingh Division BD-H Mymensingh 2015 4 35 351 10,584.06 12,225,498 1,155 Rajshahi Division BD-E Rajshahi 1829 8 67 565 18,153.08 20,353,119 1,121 Rangpur Division BD-F Rangpur 2010 8 58 535 16,184.99 17,610,956 1,088 Sylhet Division BD-G Sylhet 1996 4 41 338 12,635.22 11,034,863 873 Bangladesh BD Dhaka 1971 64 493 4,546 147,569 165,158,616 1,119 Proposed divisions Two more divisions have been proposed to ease down administrative work load due to increase in population: Meghna Division – proposed to consist of the six northern districts of the current Chittagong Division: Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Comilla, Feni, Laxmipur, and Noakhali. Padma Division – proposed to consist of Faridpur, Gopalganj, Madaripur, Rajbari, and Shariatpur districts. Their formation has been confirmed in October 2021 by the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. See also ISO 3166 codes List of regions of Bangladesh by Human Development Index Districts of Bangladesh Upazilas of Bangladesh Union councils of Bangladesh List of cities and towns in Bangladesh Villages of Bangladesh References ^ "Divisions of Bangladesh". Statoids. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2014. ^ a b "3 new divisions to be formed". The Independent. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015. ^ a b "PM Hasina: New divisions will be named Padma, Meghna". Dhaka Tribune. 21 October 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "List of Divisional Commissioners". Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2017. ^ "Divisional And District Commissioners Are Important For A Prosperous Bangladesh: PM". Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017. ^ "List of Additional Divisional Commissioners". Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017. ^ "New divisional commissioner joins". The Independent. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2017. ^ a b c "2022 Population & Housing Census: Preliminary Results" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2012. ^ "Mymensingh to become new division". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015. ^ "Faridpur will be made as 'Padma division' soon: Mosharraf". Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024. vteBangladesh articlesHistory Timeline Outline Topics: Bengal Aviation Literature Military Postal Rulers Cyclones Years Ancient Vedic period Anga Vanga Pundra Suhma Kingdom Magadha Pradyota Shaishunaga Nanda Gangaridai Maurya Empire Shunga Empire Kanva dynasty Gupta Empire Classical and Medieval Founding Kingdom: Gauda Kingdom Classical Empires: Pala Kamboja Sena Sultanates: Islamic rulers Delhi Sultanate Khalji dynasty Bengal Sultanate Sur Empire Baro-Bhuyan Mughal period: Bengal Subah Nawabs of Bengal Battle of Plassey Colonial and Pakistan era Portuguese Bengala British Bengal: Famine of 1770 Sepoy Rebellion Bengal Renaissance Partition of Bengal (1905) Prime Minister of Bengal Lahore Resolution Famine of 1943 Direct Action Day Partition of Bengal (1947) East Pakistan: Language Movement Legislative election in 1954 Six point movement 1969 Uprising General election in 1970 Proclamation of Independence Bangladesh Liberation War: Provisional Government Genocide Rape Timeline Republic of Bangladesh Famine of 1974 Military coups 1975 1981 1982 1990 Uprising Political crisis in 2006–08 Bangladesh Rifles revolt Battle of Begums Protests in 2013 Regional Chittagong Dhaka Jessore Noakhali Rangpur Sylhet Geography Administrative: Divisions Districts Sub-districts Cities and towns Borders Nature: Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Rivers Places: Bay of Bengal Bengal Fan Chittagong Hill Tracts Cox's Bazar Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Hatirjheel Sundarbans World Heritage Sites PoliticsGovernment Executive: President List Prime Minister List Cabinet Elections: Election Commission General elections Presidential elections Political parties Foreign relations Foreign policies Jatiya Sangsad (parliament): Constituencies Speaker Local government: City corporations Municipalities Upazila Parishads Union councils Law: Constitution Supreme Court High Court Division International Crimes Tribunal Chief Justice Attorney General Human rights: Forced disappearance Freedom of religion LGBT rights Women Military and enforcement Armed Forces: Army Navy Air Force Paramilitary: Border Guard Coast Guard Ansar Village Defence Party President Guard Regiment Special Security Force Intelligence: NSI DGFI CTIB Special Branch Police: APBn CID CTTC PBI RAB SPBn Economy Bangladesh Planning Commission Industries: Automotive Ceramics Electronics Food Pharmaceutical Textile Shipbuilding Steel Tea production Finance sectors: Banking Bangladesh Bank (central bank) Bangladeshi taka (currency) Financial system Stock Exchange: Chittagong Dhaka 2011 scam Energy and resources: Energy policy Electricity Natural gas and petroleum Nuclear energy Renewable energy Export Processing Zones Agriculture: Rice Poultry Fishing Forestry Tourism Poverty Infrastructure: Post Telecommunications Real estate Water supply and sanitation Transport: Airports Airlines Railway Roads Ports SocietyDemographics Ethnic groups Bangladeshis Bengalis Names Crime Corruption Human trafficking Terrorism Education Schools Universities Health Hunger Religion Society Culture Architecture Bangaliana Baul Bangladeshi nationalism Bengalization Calendars Cinema Cuisine Language Bengal studies Literature Music Public holidays Sports Theatre Radio stations Sexuality Marriage Symbols Amar Shonar Bangla Bangamata Bengal fire Bengal tiger Bungalow Flag Government Seal Ilish Jackfruit Kabaddi Bengal cat Mango tree National Emblem National Martyrs' Memorial Notuner Gaan Oriental magpie-robin Water lily Inventions and discoveries OutlineIndex Category Portal vte Divisions and districts of BangladeshBarisal Division Barguna Barishal Bhola Jhalokati Patuakhali Pirojpur Chittagong Division Bandarban Brahmanbaria Chandpur Chattogram Cumilla Cox's Bazar Feni Khagrachhari Lakshmipur Noakhali Rangamati Dhaka Division Dhaka Faridpur Gazipur Gopalganj Kishoreganj Madaripur Manikganj Munshiganj Narayanganj Narsingdi Rajbari Shariatpur Tangail Khulna Division Bagerhat Chuadanga Jashore Jhenaidah Khulna Kushtia Magura Meherpur Narail Satkhira Mymensingh Division Jamalpur Mymensingh Netrokona Sherpur Rajshahi Division Bogura Joypurhat Naogaon Natore Chapai Nawabganj Pabna Rajshahi Sirajganj Rangpur Division Dinajpur Gaibandha Kurigram Lalmonirhat Nilphamari Panchagarh Rangpur Thakurgaon Sylhet Division Habiganj Moulvibazar Sunamganj Sylhet vteArticles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countriesSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia2 Azerbaijan1 Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus2 East Timor Egypt1 Georgia1 India Indonesia1 Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan1 North Korea province special city South Korea province provincial-level city Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia1 Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey1 Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen1 States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia2 Northern Cyprus2 Palestine South Ossetia2 Taiwan Table of administrative divisions by country1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"upazilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upazila"},{"link_name":"union councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_council_(Bangladesh)"}],"text":"Divisions are the first-level administrative divisions in Bangladesh. As of 2023, there are eight divisions of Bangladesh, each named after the major city within its jurisdiction that also serves as the administrative seat of that division. Each division is divided into several districts which are further subdivided into upazilas, then union councils.","title":"Divisions of Bangladesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independence of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh#People's_Republic_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Division"},{"link_name":"Dacca Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Division"},{"link_name":"Khulna Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Division"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi_Division"},{"link_name":"Dhaka Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Division"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Barisal Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisal_Division"},{"link_name":"split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangladesh_divisions_1993-1998.png"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Division"},{"link_name":"Rangpur Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpur_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statoids-1"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh_Division"},{"link_name":"Comilla Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna_Division"},{"link_name":"Faridpur Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Division"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theindependentbd.com-2"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Hasina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina"},{"link_name":"Meghna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna_Division"},{"link_name":"Padma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Division"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Following the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the country had four divisions: Chittagong Division, Dacca Division, Khulna Division, and Rajshahi Division. In 1982, the English spelling of the Dacca Division (along with the name of the capital city) was changed into Dhaka Division to more closely match the Bengali pronunciation.In 1993, Barisal Division was split off from Khulna Division, and in 1995, Sylhet Division was split off from Chittagong Division. On 25 January 2010, Rangpur Division was split off from Rajshahi Division.[1] On 14 September 2015, Mymensingh Division was split off from Dhaka Division and added as the eighth division. In 2015, the process started to create two more divisions: Comilla Division and Faridpur Division.[2] In October 2021, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina announced the formation of two new divisions, Meghna and Padma, named after the eponymous rivers,[3] in the places of Comilla and Faridpur Divisions.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Divisional Commissioner is the administrative head of a division. Divisional Commissioner is appointed by the government from an Additional Secretary level officer of Bangladesh Civil Service (B.C.S.) Administration Cadre. The role of a Divisional Commissioner's office is to act as the supervisory head of all the government offices (except the central government offices) situated in the division. A Divisional Commissioner is given the direct responsibility of supervising the revenue and development administration of a division. The Divisional Commissioner is assisted by the several Additional Divisional Commissioners, Senior Assistant Commissioners and other bureaucratic officials.[4][5][6][7]","title":"Divisional Commissioner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Bureau_of_Statistics"}],"text":"The following table outlines some key statistics about the eight divisions of Bangladesh as found in the 2011 Population and Housing Census conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (B.B.S.).","title":"List of divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theindependentbd.com-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thedailystar.net-9"},{"link_name":"Meghna Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna_Division"},{"link_name":"Brahmanbaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanbaria_District"},{"link_name":"Chandpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandpur_District"},{"link_name":"Comilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_District"},{"link_name":"Feni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni_District"},{"link_name":"Laxmipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmipur_District"},{"link_name":"Noakhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noakhali_District"},{"link_name":"Padma Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Division"},{"link_name":"Faridpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridpur_District"},{"link_name":"Gopalganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopalganj_District,_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Madaripur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaripur_District"},{"link_name":"Rajbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajbari_District"},{"link_name":"Shariatpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariatpur_District"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Hasina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Two more divisions have been proposed to ease down administrative work load due to increase in population:[2][9]Meghna Division – proposed to consist of the six northern districts of the current Chittagong Division: Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Comilla, Feni, Laxmipur, and Noakhali.\nPadma Division – proposed to consist of Faridpur, Gopalganj, Madaripur, Rajbari, and Shariatpur districts.[10]Their formation has been confirmed in October 2021 by the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.[3]","title":"Proposed divisions"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindlip_Hall
Hindlip Hall
["1 Early history","1.1 Priest holes","1.2 After the plot","2 Later history","2.1 1940","2.2 Today","3 References"]
Coordinates: 52°13′19″N 2°10′12″W / 52.222065°N 2.170056°W / 52.222065; -2.170056 Stately home in HindlipHindlip HallThe hall in 2005Location within WorcestershireGeneral informationTypeStately homeLocationHindlipCoordinates52°13′19″N 2°10′12″W / 52.222065°N 2.170056°W / 52.222065; -2.170056Completed1575 (rebuilt c. 1820)OwnerIn the care of the West Mercia PoliceWebsitehttps://www.westmercia.police.uk/article/4406/Hindlip-Hall-Police-Headquarters Hindlip Hall is a stately home in Hindlip, Worcestershire, England. The first major hall was built before 1575, and it played a significant role in both the Babington and the Gunpowder plots, where it hid four people in priest holes. It was Humphrey Littleton who told the authorities that Edward Oldcorne was hiding here after he had been heard saying Mass at Hindlip Hall. Four people were executed and the owner at that time barely escaped execution himself due to the intercession of Lord Monteagle. It was later owned by a poet and was for a while a girls' school before being rebuilt by Lord Southwell in 1820. The Hall was designated as a potential home for the war cabinet in 1940. It is now home to the West Mercia Police and Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service headquarters. Early history The house was originally built before 1575 to replace an earlier timber framed manor house in a brick construction with towers and large windows, by John Habington, an official in the court of Elizabeth I. John, his wife Catherine, and his three children Edward, Thomas and Dorothy were all Catholic Recusants. After their father's death in 1582, Sir Edward and Sir Thomas were involved in the Babington plot which hoped to put a Catholic queen on the throne. Edward was beheaded but Thomas was shown mercy due to being godson to Queen Elizabeth I. During her visit to Worcester, Queen Elizabeth dined at Hindlip Hall on 16 August 1575. Priest holes After imprisonment, Thomas Habington and his wife, Mary, retired to Hindlip Hall, which they had adapted as a refuge with priest holes constructed for Catholic priests including some built by Nicholas Owen. Mary was the sister-in-law of Lord Monteagle. When the Gunpowder plot was discovered, as a result of Lord Monteagle's letter, the Jesuit priest Edward Oldcorne was at Hindlip. Oldcome recounted, under interrogation, that on the 8 November 1605 there arrived Oswald Tesimond from Robert Wintour's who told Mr (H)Abington and himself that "he brought them the worst news that they had ever heard, and they were all undone." Tesimond said that certain people had intended to blow up the parliament house but they had been discovered a few days before. The first hall. In December, Oldcorne was joined by Nicholas Owen, Henry Garnet and Ralph Ashley who were hiding because they were also under suspicion of involvement. The hall was searched on 20 January 1606 but no one was discovered and Abington denied that there was anyone hiding. The four were not discovered even though Garnet and Oldcorne were in one hiding place whilst the two lay brothers were in another. However the house continued to be searched for the next twelve days. A document written at the time records they "found two cunning and very artificial conveyances in the main brick-wall, so ingeniously framed, and with such art, as it cost much labour ere they could be found. Three other secret places, contrived with no less skill and industry, were found in and about the chimneys, in one whereof two of the traitors were close concealed. These chimney-conveyances being so strangely formed, having the entrances into them so curiously covered over with brick, mortared and made fast to planks of wood, and coloured black, like the other parts of the chimney, that very diligent inquisition might well have passed by, without throwing the least suspicion upon such unsuspicious places." There were in fact eleven hiding places discovered. Two of the Jesuits came out after a few days but Oldcorne and Garnet survived for eight days before they surrendered. Oldcorne and Garnet were arrested by Sir Henry Bromley and held briefly at the castle at Holt before being taken to the Tower of London en route to execution in Worcester. Thomas Habington was again arrested, and sentenced, but spared. He spent the rest of his life writing. It is said in several sources that he was not allowed outside the county, but there is evidence that this is unlikely. After the plot Thomas's son, William Habington, was a minor poet and his son, Thomas, died without a natural heir and left the hall to Sir William Compton. Later history The old hall was destroyed by fire and was demolished in 1820. The new hall was built by Lord Southwell in a Greek Revival style. After his death in 1860 the hall was bought by the Burton-on-Trent brewer Henry Allsopp, who became the first Baron Hindlip in 1886. The house and gardens continued to be improved. In 1887 Lord Hindlip had a new 6-acre (24,000 m2) lake created and the old one was filled in and 4,000 fish were taken out. The Allsopp family moved to Wiltshire early in the 20th century. The Hall went through a number of uses including about twenty five years as a girls' school. 1940 During the Second World War it was taken over by the Ministry of Works. There were emergency plans drawn up to move Cabinet-level Ministers of the Crown to Hindlip Hall if required, with the Prime Minister's office also based nearby at Spetchley Court. In 1947 after the war it came into the ownership of Worcestershire County Council and the land was set aside for future use as a college, with the main house turned into the headquarters of the County Police. Today Since 1967 the Hall has been the West Mercia Police police headquarters. It is close to junction six of the M5 motorway. The church of St. James is no longer supported by the Church of England (since 1997), but is now the church for the constabulary. In 2018, Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service relocated its headquarters to Hindlip Park, co-locating with West Mercia Police. In 1985 the Hall was designated a Grade II* listed building. Whilst the building is not open to the general public and surveillance is heavily monitored, access to the grounds can be gained via public footpaths from Hindlip Lane to the south and Pershore Lane to the northeast. References ^ Humphrey Littleton Archived 2008-08-07 at the Wayback Machine, gunpowder-plot.org, accessed 7 July 2008 ^ a b c West Mercia Police Archived 2006-04-28 at the Wayback Machine accessed 7 July 2008 ^ a b c d e f g h Heritage Gateway; architectural description of listed building ^ a b Hindlip's Gunpowder Plot secrets, BBC, About worcestershire ^ John Nichols, Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, vol. 1 (London, 1823), p. 540. ^ a b Lives of the Saints By Alban Butler, Peter Doyle, ISBN 0-86012-253-0 ^ Criminal Trials by David Jardine, 1846, accessed 6 July 2008 ^ a b c Allan Fea, Secret Chambers and Hiding Places ^ Venerable Edward Oldcorne in the Catholic Encyclopedia, in Wikisource, accessed 4 July 2008 ^ Lord Hindlip's new lake, New York Times, 9 September 1887 accessed 7 July 2008 ^ A Brideshead hideaway for princesses at war, Ben Fenton, Daily Telegraph, 10 January 2006 accessed 7 July 2008 ^ West Mercia Police - History of Hindlip Hall Archived 2010-10-14 at the Wayback Machine , accessed 21 April 2010 ^ Genealogy and Heraldry Archived 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine accessed 7 July 2008 ^ "Fire service and police now sharing headquarters at Hindlip Hall". Worcester News. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019. ^ Rogers, Joseph (2016). A Spectrum Of Settlements. Blurb Inc. p. 123. ISBN 9781364234751.
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The first major hall was built before 1575, and it played a significant role in both the Babington and the Gunpowder plots, where it hid four people in priest holes. It was Humphrey Littleton who told the authorities that Edward Oldcorne was hiding here after he had been heard saying Mass at Hindlip Hall.[1] Four people were executed and the owner at that time barely escaped execution himself due to the intercession of Lord Monteagle.It was later owned by a poet and was for a while a girls' school before being rebuilt by Lord Southwell in 1820. The Hall was designated as a potential home for the war cabinet in 1940. It is now home to the West Mercia Police and Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service headquarters.[2]","title":"Hindlip Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG-3"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Recusants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recusant"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Habington"},{"link_name":"Babington plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babington_plot"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The house was originally built before 1575 to replace an earlier timber framed manor house[3] in a brick construction with towers and large windows, by John Habington, an official in the court of Elizabeth I. John, his wife Catherine, and his three children Edward, Thomas and Dorothy were all Catholic Recusants. After their father's death in 1582, Sir Edward and Sir Thomas were involved in the Babington plot which hoped to put a Catholic queen on the throne. Edward was beheaded but Thomas was shown mercy due to being godson to Queen Elizabeth I.[4]During her visit to Worcester, Queen Elizabeth dined at Hindlip Hall on 16 August 1575.[5]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"priest holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_hole"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Owen_(Jesuit)"},{"link_name":"Lord Monteagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parker,_4th_Baron_Monteagle"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_priest"},{"link_name":"Edward Oldcorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Oldcorne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lives-6"},{"link_name":"Oswald Tesimond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Tesimond"},{"link_name":"Robert Wintour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wintour"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindlip_hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Owen_(Jesuit)"},{"link_name":"Henry Garnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Garnet"},{"link_name":"Ralph Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Ashley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secret-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secret-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secret-8"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Garnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Garnet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lives-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cath-9"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Bromley"},{"link_name":"Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-4"}],"sub_title":"Priest holes","text":"After imprisonment, Thomas Habington and his wife, Mary, retired to Hindlip Hall, which they had adapted as a refuge with priest holes constructed for Catholic priests including some built by Nicholas Owen. Mary was the sister-in-law of Lord Monteagle.When the Gunpowder plot was discovered, as a result of Lord Monteagle's letter, the Jesuit priest Edward Oldcorne was at Hindlip.[6] Oldcome recounted, under interrogation, that on the 8 November 1605 there arrived Oswald Tesimond from Robert Wintour's who told Mr (H)Abington and himself that \"he brought them the worst news that they had ever heard, and they were all undone.\" Tesimond said that certain people had intended to blow up the parliament house but they had been discovered a few days before.[7]The first hall.In December, Oldcorne was joined by Nicholas Owen, Henry Garnet and Ralph Ashley who were hiding because they were also under suspicion of involvement. The hall was searched on 20 January 1606 but no one was discovered and Abington denied that there was anyone hiding.[8] The four were not discovered even though Garnet and Oldcorne were in one hiding place whilst the two lay brothers were in another. However the house continued to be searched for the next twelve days. A document written at the time records they \"found two cunning and very artificial conveyances in the main brick-wall, so ingeniously framed, and with such art, as it cost much labour ere they could be found. Three other secret places, contrived with no less skill and industry, were found in and about the chimneys, in one whereof two of the traitors were close concealed. These chimney-conveyances being so strangely formed, having the entrances into them so curiously covered over with brick, mortared and made fast to planks of wood, and coloured black, like the other parts of the chimney, that very diligent inquisition might well have passed by, without throwing the least suspicion upon such unsuspicious places.\"[8]There were in fact eleven hiding places discovered.[8] Two of the Jesuits came out after a few days but Oldcorne and Garnet survived for eight days before they surrendered.[6]Oldcorne and Garnet[9] were arrested by Sir Henry Bromley and held briefly at the castle at Holt before being taken to the Tower of London en route to execution in Worcester.Thomas Habington was again arrested, and sentenced, but spared. He spent the rest of his life writing. It is said in several sources that he was not allowed outside the county, but there is evidence that this is unlikely.[4]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Habington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Habington"}],"sub_title":"After the plot","text":"Thomas's son, William Habington, was a minor poet and his son, Thomas, died without a natural heir and left the hall to Sir William Compton.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-police-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG-3"},{"link_name":"Lord Southwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Southwell,_3rd_Viscount_Southwell"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG-3"},{"link_name":"Henry Allsopp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allsopp,_1st_Baron_Hindlip"},{"link_name":"Baron Hindlip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Hindlip"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG-3"}],"text":"The old hall was destroyed by fire and was demolished in 1820.[2][3]The new hall was built by Lord Southwell in a Greek Revival style.[3] After his death in 1860 the hall was bought by the Burton-on-Trent brewer Henry Allsopp, who became the first Baron Hindlip in 1886.[3] The house and gardens continued to be improved. In 1887 Lord Hindlip had a new 6-acre (24,000 m2) lake created and the old one was filled in and 4,000 fish were taken out.[10]\nThe Allsopp family moved to Wiltshire early in the 20th century.[3] The Hall went through a number of uses including about twenty five years as a girls' school.","title":"Later history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Ministers of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forcehist-12"}],"sub_title":"1940","text":"During the Second World War it was taken over by the Ministry of Works. There were emergency plans drawn up to move Cabinet-level Ministers of the Crown to Hindlip Hall if required, with the Prime Minister's office also based nearby at Spetchley Court.[11] In 1947 after the war it came into the ownership of Worcestershire County Council[3] and the land was set aside for future use as a college, with the main house turned into the headquarters of the County Police.[12]","title":"Later history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Mercia Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Mercia_Police"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG-3"},{"link_name":"M5 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5_motorway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-police-2"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gen-13"},{"link_name":"Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_and_Worcester_Fire_and_Rescue_Service"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Grade II* listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_building"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Today","text":"Since 1967 the Hall has been the West Mercia Police police headquarters.[3] It is close to junction six of the M5 motorway.[2] The church of St. James is no longer supported by the Church of England (since 1997), but is now the church for the constabulary.[13] In 2018, Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service relocated its headquarters to Hindlip Park, co-locating with West Mercia Police.[14]In 1985 the Hall was designated a Grade II* listed building.[3] Whilst the building is not open to the general public and surveillance is heavily monitored, access to the grounds can be gained via public footpaths from Hindlip Lane to the south[15] and Pershore Lane to the northeast.","title":"Later history"}]
[{"image_text":"The first hall.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hindlip_hall.jpg/220px-Hindlip_hall.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Fire service and police now sharing headquarters at Hindlip Hall\". Worcester News. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/17202163.heading-here/","url_text":"\"Fire service and police now sharing headquarters at Hindlip Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Joseph (2016). A Spectrum Of Settlements. Blurb Inc. p. 123. ISBN 9781364234751.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781364234751","url_text":"9781364234751"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeno
Aldeno
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°59′N 11°5′E / 45.983°N 11.083°E / 45.983; 11.083Comune in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, ItalyAldenoComuneComune di AldenoView of AldenoLocation of Aldeno AldenoLocation of Aldeno in ItalyShow map of ItalyAldenoAldeno (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol)Show map of Trentino-Alto Adige/SüdtirolCoordinates: 45°59′N 11°5′E / 45.983°N 11.083°E / 45.983; 11.083CountryItalyRegionTrentino-Alto Adige/SüdtirolProvinceTrentino (TN)Area • Total8 km2 (3 sq mi)Elevation210 m (690 ft)Population (2018-01-01) • Total2,818 • Density350/km2 (910/sq mi)DemonymAldeneriTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code38060Dialing code0461Patron saintSaint ModestWebsiteOfficial website Aldeno is a comune in Trentino in north Italy. References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. External links Homepage of the city vteMunicipalities of Trentino Ala Albiano Aldeno Altavalle Altopiano della Vigolana Amblar-Don Andalo Arco Avio Baselga di Pinè Bedollo Besenello Bieno Bleggio Superiore Bocenago Bondone Borgo Chiese Borgo d'Anaunia Borgo Lares Borgo Valsugana Brentonico Bresimo Caderzone Terme Calceranica al Lago Caldes Caldonazzo Calliano Campitello di Fassa Campodenno Canal San Bovo Canazei Capriana Carisolo Carzano Castel Condino Castel Ivano Castello Tesino Castello-Molina di Fiemme Castelnuovo Cavalese Cavareno Cavedago Cavedine Cavizzana Cembra Lisignago Cimone Cinte Tesino Cis Civezzano Cles Comano Terme Commezzadura Contà Croviana Dambel Denno Dimaro Folgarida Drena Dro Fai della Paganella Fiavé Fierozzo Folgaria Fornace Frassilongo Garniga Terme Giovo Giustino Grigno Imer Isera Lavarone Lavis Ledro Levico Terme Livo Lona-Lases Luserna Madruzzo Malè Massimeno Mazzin Mezzana Mezzano Mezzocorona Mezzolombardo Moena Molveno Mori Nago-Torbole Nogaredo Nomi Novaledo Novella Ospedaletto Ossana Palù del Fersina Panchià Peio Pellizzano Pelugo Pergine Valsugana Pieve Tesino Pieve di Bono-Prezzo Pinzolo Pomarolo Porte di Rendena Predaia Predazzo Primiero San Martino di Castrozza Rabbi Riva del Garda Romeno Roncegno Terme Ronchi Valsugana Ronzo-Chienis Ronzone Rovereto Roveré della Luna Ruffrè-Mendola Rumo Sagron Mis Samone San Giovanni di Fassa San Lorenzo Dorsino San Michele all'Adige Sant'Orsola Terme Sanzeno Sarnonico Scurelle Segonzano Sella Giudicarie Sfruz Soraga di Fassa Sover Spiazzo Spormaggiore Sporminore Stenico Storo Strembo Telve Telve di Sopra Tenna Tenno Terragnolo Terre d'Adige Terzolas Tesero Tione di Trento Ton Torcegno Trambileno Trento Tre Ville Valdaone Valfloriana Vallarsa Vallelaghi Vermiglio Vignola-Falesina Villa Lagarina Ville d'Anaunia Ville di Fiemme Volano Ziano di Fiemme Authority control databases: National Czech Republic This Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_van_Melle
John van Melle
[]
John van MelleBornJohannes van Melle(1887-02-11)11 February 1887GoesDied8 November 1953(1953-11-08) (aged 66) John van Melle (11 February 1887 – 8 November 1953) was the pen name of a Dutch-born South African writer. His real name was Johannes van Melle. Van Melle was born in Goes. He arrived in South Africa in 1906, and after a short sojourn in the Netherlands East Indies, settled in South Africa permanently in 1913. He worked as a teacher in many rural schools and soon started to publish in both Dutch and the newly emerging Afrikaans language. Van Melle's best known work is the novel Bart Nel, a classic of Afrikaans literature. It tells the tale of a farmer whose indomitable spirit allows him to survive the destruction and loss of his farm in wartime and being abandoned by his wife and family. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands People Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef This article about a South African writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Five_(football)
The Famous Five (football)
["1 References"]
Picture depicting the Famous Five at Easter Road stadium The Famous Five is the collective term for Hibernian's forward line of Gordon Smith, Bobby Johnstone, Lawrie Reilly, Eddie Turnbull and Willie Ormond. The north stand at Easter Road was named in their honour when it was rebuilt in 1995. All five players have been inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame. The first time that the Famous Five all started together in a competitive match was on 15 October 1949 versus Queen of the South at Easter Road. The Edinburgh club won the match 2–0. The first time they ever played together however, was in a pre-season friendly match against Nithsdale Wanderers at Sanquhar, when they won 7-2. The last match all five players started together was against Clyde at Easter Road on 29 January 1955. Despite Ormond and Reilly getting both on the scoresheet, the visitors won the match 3–2. Most or all of the players featured significantly as Hibs won league championships in 1948, 1951 and 1952 – a remarkable achievement given that the club has only won one other championship, in 1903. Hibs also finished second to Rangers in 1953 on goal average and second to Rangers by a point in 1950. The team was less successful in cup competitions, however. Their only Scottish Cup Final appearance in this period was in 1947, where they lost 2–1 to Dave Halliday's Aberdeen. Hibs reached the final of the Coronation Cup in 1953 by winning against Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur, but lost 2–0 to Celtic in the final despite dominating play. It was due to this successful period that Hibs played in the inaugural European Cup in the 1955–56 season, even though the club had only finished in 5th place in 1955, 15 points behind champions Aberdeen. The club reached the semi-finals of the European Cup, losing to Stade Reims. The forward line was never picked as a whole unit for a Scottish international side. Four of the players appeared in a Scottish League XI game in October 1952, with Turnbull replaced by Dundee player Billy Steel. Reilly scored four of the five Scotland goals. References ^ Seating plan of the Famous Five stand Archived 2008-05-30 at the Wayback Machine, Hibernian official site. ^ Strachan, Colleen (15 November 2010). "Caldo hails Hibs spirit after fightback". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 15 November 2010. ^ "QosFC: Club History". ^ "60th anniversary of the Famous Five's final match". The Scotsman. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2020."ON THIS DAY IN 1965". Who Ate All The Pies. 29 January 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2020. ^ FEELING LUCKY?, Sunday Herald, 27 February 2005. ^ Coronation Cup in Glasgow 1953, RSSSF. ^ Season 1955–56, www.europeancuphistory.com ^ Dons denied Euro spot.. Archived 2007-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Aberdeen F.C. official site. ^ "BBC - A Sporting Nation - Hibernian reach the first European Cup semi-finals 1956". ^ "Wed 08 Oct 1952 SFL 5 League Of Ireland 1". London Hearts Supporters' Club. Retrieved 29 November 2011. vteHibernian Football Club Players Managers Records & Statistics History History Seasons Europe Notable matches Home stadium The Meadows (1870s) Hibernian Park (1880–1891) Easter Road (1893–present) Training ground Hibernian Training Centre Other teams Reserves and Academy Hibernian Women Rivalries Edinburgh derby Songs Sunshine on Leith Glory Glory to the Hibees Related articles The Famous Five Capital City Service Toronto City Wilson Cup All articles
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The north stand at Easter Road was named in their honour when it was rebuilt in 1995.[1] All five players have been inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame.[2]The first time that the Famous Five all started together in a competitive match was on 15 October 1949 versus Queen of the South at Easter Road. The Edinburgh club won the match 2–0.[3] The first time they ever played together however, was in a pre-season friendly match against Nithsdale Wanderers at Sanquhar, when they won 7-2. The last match all five players started together was against Clyde at Easter Road on 29 January 1955. Despite Ormond and Reilly getting both on the scoresheet, the visitors won the match 3–2.[4]Most or all of the players featured significantly as Hibs won league championships in 1948, 1951 and 1952 – a remarkable achievement given that the club has only won one other championship, in 1903. Hibs also finished second to Rangers in 1953 on goal average and second to Rangers by a point in 1950. The team was less successful in cup competitions, however. Their only Scottish Cup Final appearance in this period was in 1947, where they lost 2–1 to Dave Halliday's Aberdeen.[5] Hibs reached the final of the Coronation Cup in 1953 by winning against Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur, but lost 2–0 to Celtic in the final despite dominating play.[6]It was due to this successful period that Hibs played in the inaugural European Cup in the 1955–56 season,[7] even though the club had only finished in 5th place in 1955, 15 points behind champions Aberdeen.[8] The club reached the semi-finals of the European Cup, losing to Stade Reims.[9]The forward line was never picked as a whole unit for a Scottish international side. Four of the players appeared in a Scottish League XI game in October 1952, with Turnbull replaced by Dundee player Billy Steel. Reilly scored four of the five Scotland goals.[10]","title":"The Famous Five (football)"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Glendalough
Bishop of Glendalough
["1 History","2 Diocesan bishops of Glendalough","3 Medieval titular bishops of Glendalough","4 Modern titular bishops and archbishops of Glenndálocha","5 References"]
The monastery at Glendalough Christianity portal The Bishop of Glendalough (Irish: Easpuig Gleann Dá Loch) was an episcopal title which took its name after the monastery at Glendalough in County Wicklow, Republic of Ireland. An Irish version of the place name, Glenndálocha, is now used for a titular see. History For abbots of Glendalough and early monastic bishops, see Abbot of Glendalough. The diocese of Glendalough was one of the dioceses established at the Synod of Rathbreasail, held in 1111. After the death of Bishop William Piro and the failed effort to get possession of the see by Bishop-elect Robert de Bedford, the dioceses of Glendalough and Dublin were united in 1214. The union of the two was confirmed by Pope Innocent III on 25 February 1216, and confirmed again by Pope Honorius III on 6 October 1216. During the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, a number of titular bishops were appointed, but none of them had effective possession of the see. After the Reformation in Ireland, the title Bishop of Glendalough was dropped by the Roman Catholic archbishops of Dublin, but is still used by the Church of Ireland archbishops of Dublin. In 1969, an Irish version of the place name, Glenndálocha, is now used by Roman Catholic Church for a titular see which is currently vacant. Diocesan bishops of Glendalough Bishops of Glendalough From Until Incumbent Notes unknown 1126 Áed Ua Modáin Died in office bef.1140 unknown (name not known) Became bishop before 1140; death date unknown bef.1152 c.1157 Gilla na Náem Became bishop before the Synod of Kells in March 1152; resigned circa 1157; died 7 April 1160/61 c.1157 1173 Cináed Ua Rónáin Became bishop circa 1157; died in office; also known as Celestinus and Clemens bef.1176 1186 Máel Callann Ua Cléirchén Became bishop before 1176; died in office; also known as Malchus unknown c.1192 Macrobius Died in office 1192 1212 William Piro Became bishop in 1192; died in office before 30 July 1212 1213/14 (Robert de Bedford) Elected bishop in 1213 or 1214, but failed to gain possession of the see; later elected Bishop of Lismore in 1218 Medieval titular bishops of Glendalough Titular Bishops of Glendalough From Until Incumbent Notes unknown 1481 Michael Died before 22 October 1481 1481 1497 Denis White, O.P. Appointed 22 October 1481, but did not get possession; resigned 30 May 1497 unknown 1494 John Died before 10 November 1494 1494 1495 Ivo Ruffi, O.F.M. Appointed 10 November 1494; died before 21 August 1495 1500 unknown Francis FitzJohn of Corduba, O.F.M. Appointed 21 August 1500; death date unknown Modern titular bishops and archbishops of Glenndálocha Titular Bishops and Archbishops of Glenndálocha From Until Incumbent Notes 1969 1971 Raymond D'Mello Formerly Bishop of Mangalore, India (1959–1964) and Bishop of Allahabad, India (1964–1969); appointed Titular Bishop of Glenndálocha 20 December 1969; died 24 November 1971 1973 1981 Marian Przykucki Appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Poznań and Titular Bishop of Glenndálocha 12 December 1973; ordained bishop 3 February 1974; appointed Bishop of Culm (Chełmno) 15 June 1981 1982 1996 Donal Brendan Murray Appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Dublin and Titular Bishop of Glenndálocha 4 March 1982; ordained bishop 18 April 1982; appointed Bishop of Limerick 10 February 1996 1998 2003 Diarmuid Martin Appointed Titular Bishop of Glenndálocha 5 December 1998; ordained bishop 6 January 1999; elevated Titular Archbishop of Glenndálocha 17 January 2001; appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Dublin 3 May 2003 and succeeded Archbishop of Dublin 26 April 2004 2006 2021 Guy A. Sansaricq Appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn and Titular Bishop of Glenndálocha 6 June 2006; ordained bishop 22 August 2006; died 21 August 2021 References ^ a b c Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1986). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. ^ a b Glenndálocha (Titular See). Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved on 15 December 2009.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glendalough_monastery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_polity"},{"link_name":"Glendalough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendalough"},{"link_name":"County Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"}],"text":"The monastery at GlendaloughChristianity portalThe Bishop of Glendalough (Irish: Easpuig Gleann Dá Loch) was an episcopal title which took its name after the monastery at Glendalough in County Wicklow, Republic of Ireland. An Irish version of the place name, Glenndálocha, is now used for a titular see.","title":"Bishop of Glendalough"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbot of Glendalough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot_of_Glendalough"},{"link_name":"Synod of Rathbreasail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Rathbreasail"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"Pope Honorius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBOBC-1"},{"link_name":"Reformation in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic archbishops of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_(Roman_Catholic)"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland archbishops of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_(Church_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cathhierglen-2"}],"text":"For abbots of Glendalough and early monastic bishops, see Abbot of Glendalough.The diocese of Glendalough was one of the dioceses established at the Synod of Rathbreasail, held in 1111. After the death of Bishop William Piro and the failed effort to get possession of the see by Bishop-elect Robert de Bedford, the dioceses of Glendalough and Dublin were united in 1214. The union of the two was confirmed by Pope Innocent III on 25 February 1216, and confirmed again by Pope Honorius III on 6 October 1216. During the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, a number of titular bishops were appointed, but none of them had effective possession of the see.[1] After the Reformation in Ireland, the title Bishop of Glendalough was dropped by the Roman Catholic archbishops of Dublin, but is still used by the Church of Ireland archbishops of Dublin.In 1969, an Irish version of the place name, Glenndálocha, is now used by Roman Catholic Church for a titular see which is currently vacant.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Diocesan bishops of Glendalough"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medieval titular bishops of Glendalough"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern titular bishops and archbishops of Glenndálocha"}]
[{"image_text":"The monastery at Glendalough","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Glendalough_monastery.jpg/175px-Glendalough_monastery.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1986). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X","url_text":"0-521-56350-X"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Gemological_Institute
International Gemological Institute
["1 Operations","2 Market position","3 Expansion","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) International Gemological InstituteCompany typeGemological institute (laboratory)Founded1975; 49 years ago (1975)HeadquartersAntwerp, BelgiumNumber of locationsNew York City, Hong Kong, Mumbai, Bangkok, Dubai, Tel Aviv, Los Angeles, Kolkata, New Delhi, Surat, Chennai, Thrissur, Ahmedabad, Shanghai, Cavalese, Ahmedabad and HyderabadParentBlackstone Group(2023–present)Websiteigi.org International Gemological Institute (IGI) is a Belgian diamond, colored stone and jewelry certification organization. Established in 1975, it is the largest independent gemological laboratory worldwide. IGI is headquartered in Antwerp, Belgium, and has offices in New York City, Hong Kong, Mumbai, Bangkok, Tokyo, Dubai, Tel Aviv, Toronto, Los Angeles, Kolkata, New Delhi, Surat, Chennai, Thrissur, Ahmedabad, Shanghai, and Cavalese. It also runs Schools of Gemology in several locations around the globe. On May 21, 2023, Blackstone Group announced their acquisition of IGI. Operations IGI has a staff of over 650 gemologists, appraisers and professional office personnel. The International Gemological Institute "has been at the forefront of technology since its commencement in 1975". This characteristic can be seen in the actions that the IGI has taken recently towards creating an Online Data Retrieval program and its Registration and Recovery Service. The IGI is also perfecting methods to reliably distinguish between synthetic and natural diamonds. IGI provides its services to the public through diamond dealers, and jewelry manufactures. IGI provides independent grading reports, colored stone reports, identification and appraisal reports, diamond authentication and attestations of origin, and laser inscription services. They also offers diamond and colored stone courses through IGI's Schools of Gemology. The IGI school was the first to offer the practical Rough Diamond course. Graduates from the IGI school of Gemology are awarded an IGI Diploma. The Toronto location will be closing. Market position IGI is the largest laboratory for certification of diamonds and fine jewelry. IGI has the only international certification lab controlled by one central governing body that adheres to one internationally accepted system for diamond grading. IGI is International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001: 2000 certified in four countries, including the United States, Canada, India and the United Arab Emirates. Recently, IGI became the first gem lab to collaborate with the Tanzanite Foundation to help distribute jewelry certificates using the Tanzanite Quality Scale, developed by the Tanzanite Foundation in collaboration with IGI. An estimated 11 percent of all diamonds purchased by India's consumers come from IGI vendors in Kolkata. Expansion In March 2007, IGI collaborated with the Tanzanite Foundation to produce a globally acceptable grading scale, called the Tanzanite Quality Scale (TQS), for the popular gem called Tanzanite, which was discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s and is rapidly becoming a globally recognized gem. In April 2010, IGI marked the opening of their laboratory in Surat, India. This is IGI's fifth diamond grading laboratory in India. References ^ Roe, Rebecca (December 2007). "Spotlight on International Gemological Institute". Jewelers Inc. ^ "Blackstone Acquires International Gemological Institute (IGI)". Blackstone. Retrieved 2023-09-14. ^ "IGI's Online Services Provide a Consumer-Friendly Approach to Diamond and Gemstone Education and Protection". Mid-America Jewelry News. October 2007. ^ "Diamonds.net - IGI Offering Rough Diamond Course". 1996-09-06. ^ "About IGI: JCK Online". JCK Online. Archived from the original on 2008-04-19. Retrieved 2008-06-27. ^ "Tanzanite Foundation, IGI Team Up on Grading". March 22, 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-09-08. ^ Jarrett, Diana (November 2, 2007). "Tanzanite Makes the Grade". Rapaport Diamond Report. ^ "Diamonds.net - IGI Launches in the Heart of the Diamond Industry". 2010-04-15. Further reading UNNIKRISHNAN, C H (28 October 2005). "IGI plans second testing laboratory in New Delhi ; International Gemological Institute (IGI) is planning to set up its..." Business Standard. Retrieved 2008-06-23. "Four IGI Labs are now ISO certified". Diamond World News Service. June 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23. "Diamond Certificates And Its Importance In The Industry". April 19, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022. Simon, Bernard (June 27, 2002). "Adding Brand Names To Nameless Stones". Diamond New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-24. "International Gemological Institute". Europa Star. April 1, 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-24. "Diamonds". National Jeweler Network. June 3, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2008-06-24. "Product Gallery". JCK's High-Volume Jeweler. November 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-24. Miller, Jeff (March 10, 2008). "Botswana: IGI Launches Polished Course". Rapaport News. Retrieved 2008-06-24. "Tanzanite Foundation, IGI Team Up on Grading". Colored-stone.com. March–April 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-26. External links Official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond"},{"link_name":"colored stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone"},{"link_name":"jewelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Surat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Thrissur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrissur"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Cavalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalese"},{"link_name":"Blackstone Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"International Gemological Institute (IGI) is a Belgian diamond, colored stone and jewelry certification organization. Established in 1975, it is the largest independent gemological laboratory worldwide.[1]IGI is headquartered in Antwerp, Belgium, and has offices in New York City, Hong Kong, Mumbai, Bangkok, Tokyo, Dubai, Tel Aviv, Toronto, Los Angeles, Kolkata, New Delhi, Surat, Chennai, Thrissur, Ahmedabad, Shanghai, and Cavalese. It also runs Schools of Gemology in several locations around the globe.On May 21, 2023, Blackstone Group announced their acquisition of IGI.[2]","title":"International Gemological Institute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"IGI has a staff of over 650 gemologists, appraisers and professional office personnel. The International Gemological Institute \"has been at the forefront of technology since its commencement in 1975\". This characteristic can be seen in the actions that the IGI has taken recently towards creating an Online Data Retrieval program and its Registration and Recovery Service.[3] The IGI is also perfecting methods to reliably distinguish between synthetic and natural diamonds.[citation needed]IGI provides its services to the public through diamond dealers, and jewelry manufactures. IGI provides independent grading reports, colored stone reports, identification and appraisal reports, diamond authentication and attestations of origin, and laser inscription services. They also offers diamond and colored stone courses through IGI's Schools of Gemology. The IGI school was the first to offer the practical Rough Diamond course.[4] Graduates from the IGI school of Gemology are awarded an IGI Diploma.The Toronto location will be closing.[when?][citation needed]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tanzanite Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanzanite_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"IGI is the largest laboratory for certification of diamonds and fine jewelry.[5] IGI has the only international certification lab controlled by one central governing body that adheres to one internationally accepted system for diamond grading.[citation needed] IGI is International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001: 2000 certified in four countries, including the United States, Canada, India and the United Arab Emirates.[citation needed] Recently, IGI became the first gem lab to collaborate with the Tanzanite Foundation to help distribute jewelry certificates using the Tanzanite Quality Scale, developed by the Tanzanite Foundation in collaboration with IGI.[6] An estimated 11 percent of all diamonds purchased by India's consumers come from IGI vendors in Kolkata.[citation needed]","title":"Market position"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanzanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In March 2007, IGI collaborated with the Tanzanite Foundation to produce a globally acceptable grading scale, called the Tanzanite Quality Scale (TQS), for the popular gem called Tanzanite, which was discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s and is rapidly becoming a globally recognized gem.[7]In April 2010, IGI marked the opening of their laboratory in Surat, India. This is IGI's fifth diamond grading laboratory in India.[8]","title":"Expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"IGI plans second testing laboratory in New Delhi ; International Gemological Institute (IGI) is planning to set up its...\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//moreresults.factiva.com/results/index/index.aspx?ref=BSTN000020051027e1as0001t"},{"link_name":"\"Four IGI Labs are now ISO certified\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//diamondworld.net/contentview.aspx?item=2691"},{"link_name":"\"Diamond Certificates And Its Importance In The Industry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bernardine.com/diamond-certificates-and-its-importance/"},{"link_name":"\"Adding Brand Names To Nameless Stones\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E7DF153EF934A15755C0A9649C8B63&scp=9&sq=International+Gemological+Institute&st=nyt"},{"link_name":"\"International Gemological Institute\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/general-merchandise-stores/4169008-1.html"},{"link_name":"\"Diamonds\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080629224024/http://www.nationaljewelernetwork.com/njn/content_display/diamonds/e3i5d0b266ef36902815f0dd4e41672f62b"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationaljewelernetwork.com/njn/content_display/diamonds/e3i5d0b266ef36902815f0dd4e41672f62b"},{"link_name":"\"Product Gallery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3195/is_200501/ai_n13125741"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"\"Botswana: IGI Launches Polished Course\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diamonds.net/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=20893"},{"link_name":"\"Tanzanite Foundation, IGI Team Up on Grading\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.colored-stone.com/stories/mar07/tanzanite.cfm"}],"text":"UNNIKRISHNAN, C H (28 October 2005). \"IGI plans second testing laboratory in New Delhi ; International Gemological Institute (IGI) is planning to set up its...\" Business Standard. Retrieved 2008-06-23.\n\"Four IGI Labs are now ISO certified\". Diamond World News Service. June 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23.\n\"Diamond Certificates And Its Importance In The Industry\". April 19, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.\nSimon, Bernard (June 27, 2002). \"Adding Brand Names To Nameless Stones\". Diamond New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-24.\n\"International Gemological Institute\". Europa Star. April 1, 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-24.\n\"Diamonds\". National Jeweler Network. June 3, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2008-06-24.\n\"Product Gallery\". JCK's High-Volume Jeweler. November 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-24. [dead link]\nMiller, Jeff (March 10, 2008). \"Botswana: IGI Launches Polished Course\". Rapaport News. Retrieved 2008-06-24.\n\"Tanzanite Foundation, IGI Team Up on Grading\". Colored-stone.com. March–April 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-26.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Roe, Rebecca (December 2007). \"Spotlight on International Gemological Institute\". Jewelers Inc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Blackstone Acquires International Gemological Institute (IGI)\". Blackstone. Retrieved 2023-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackstone.com/news/press/blackstone-acquires-international-gemological-institute-igi/","url_text":"\"Blackstone Acquires International Gemological Institute (IGI)\""}]},{"reference":"\"IGI's Online Services Provide a Consumer-Friendly Approach to Diamond and Gemstone Education and Protection\". Mid-America Jewelry News. October 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Diamonds.net - IGI Offering Rough Diamond Course\". 1996-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diamonds.net/News/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=1354&ArticleTitle=IGI+Offering+Rough+Diamond+Course","url_text":"\"Diamonds.net - IGI Offering Rough Diamond Course\""}]},{"reference":"\"About IGI: JCK Online\". JCK Online. Archived from the original on 2008-04-19. Retrieved 2008-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080419080946/http://jck.firstlightera.com/EN/Microsites/1/International+Gemological+Institute/ec89e412-a92c-44aa-be25-43baa2b63d58","url_text":"\"About IGI: JCK Online\""},{"url":"http://jck.firstlightera.com/EN/Microsites/1/International+Gemological+Institute/ec89e412-a92c-44aa-be25-43baa2b63d58","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tanzanite Foundation, IGI Team Up on Grading\". March 22, 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080908085100/http://www.colored-stone.com/stories/mar07/tanzanite.cfm","url_text":"\"Tanzanite Foundation, IGI Team Up on Grading\""},{"url":"http://www.colored-stone.com/stories/mar07/tanzanite.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jarrett, Diana (November 2, 2007). \"Tanzanite Makes the Grade\". Rapaport Diamond Report.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Diamonds.net - IGI Launches in the Heart of the Diamond Industry\". 2010-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diamonds.net/News/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=30566&ArticleTitle=IGI+Launches+in+the+Heart+of+the+Diamond+Industry","url_text":"\"Diamonds.net - IGI Launches in the Heart of the Diamond Industry\""}]},{"reference":"UNNIKRISHNAN, C H (28 October 2005). \"IGI plans second testing laboratory in New Delhi ; International Gemological Institute (IGI) is planning to set up its...\" Business Standard. Retrieved 2008-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://moreresults.factiva.com/results/index/index.aspx?ref=BSTN000020051027e1as0001t","url_text":"\"IGI plans second testing laboratory in New Delhi ; International Gemological Institute (IGI) is planning to set up its...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four IGI Labs are now ISO certified\". Diamond World News Service. June 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://diamondworld.net/contentview.aspx?item=2691","url_text":"\"Four IGI Labs are now ISO certified\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diamond Certificates And Its Importance In The Industry\". April 19, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bernardine.com/diamond-certificates-and-its-importance/","url_text":"\"Diamond Certificates And Its Importance In The Industry\""}]},{"reference":"Simon, Bernard (June 27, 2002). \"Adding Brand Names To Nameless Stones\". Diamond New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E7DF153EF934A15755C0A9649C8B63&scp=9&sq=International+Gemological+Institute&st=nyt","url_text":"\"Adding Brand Names To Nameless Stones\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Gemological Institute\". Europa Star. April 1, 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/general-merchandise-stores/4169008-1.html","url_text":"\"International Gemological Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diamonds\". National Jeweler Network. June 3, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2008-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080629224024/http://www.nationaljewelernetwork.com/njn/content_display/diamonds/e3i5d0b266ef36902815f0dd4e41672f62b","url_text":"\"Diamonds\""},{"url":"http://www.nationaljewelernetwork.com/njn/content_display/diamonds/e3i5d0b266ef36902815f0dd4e41672f62b","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Product Gallery\". JCK's High-Volume Jeweler. November 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3195/is_200501/ai_n13125741","url_text":"\"Product Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Jeff (March 10, 2008). \"Botswana: IGI Launches Polished Course\". Rapaport News. Retrieved 2008-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diamonds.net/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=20893","url_text":"\"Botswana: IGI Launches Polished Course\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tanzanite Foundation, IGI Team Up on Grading\". Colored-stone.com. March–April 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.colored-stone.com/stories/mar07/tanzanite.cfm","url_text":"\"Tanzanite Foundation, IGI Team Up on Grading\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Gemological_Institute&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://igi.org/","external_links_name":"igi.org"},{"Link":"https://www.blackstone.com/news/press/blackstone-acquires-international-gemological-institute-igi/","external_links_name":"\"Blackstone Acquires International Gemological Institute (IGI)\""},{"Link":"http://www.diamonds.net/News/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=1354&ArticleTitle=IGI+Offering+Rough+Diamond+Course","external_links_name":"\"Diamonds.net - IGI Offering Rough Diamond Course\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080419080946/http://jck.firstlightera.com/EN/Microsites/1/International+Gemological+Institute/ec89e412-a92c-44aa-be25-43baa2b63d58","external_links_name":"\"About IGI: JCK Online\""},{"Link":"http://jck.firstlightera.com/EN/Microsites/1/International+Gemological+Institute/ec89e412-a92c-44aa-be25-43baa2b63d58","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080908085100/http://www.colored-stone.com/stories/mar07/tanzanite.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Tanzanite Foundation, IGI Team Up on Grading\""},{"Link":"http://www.colored-stone.com/stories/mar07/tanzanite.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.diamonds.net/News/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=30566&ArticleTitle=IGI+Launches+in+the+Heart+of+the+Diamond+Industry","external_links_name":"\"Diamonds.net - IGI Launches in the Heart of the Diamond Industry\""},{"Link":"http://moreresults.factiva.com/results/index/index.aspx?ref=BSTN000020051027e1as0001t","external_links_name":"\"IGI plans second testing laboratory in New Delhi ; International Gemological Institute (IGI) is planning to set up its...\""},{"Link":"http://diamondworld.net/contentview.aspx?item=2691","external_links_name":"\"Four IGI Labs are now ISO certified\""},{"Link":"https://www.bernardine.com/diamond-certificates-and-its-importance/","external_links_name":"\"Diamond Certificates And Its Importance In The Industry\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E7DF153EF934A15755C0A9649C8B63&scp=9&sq=International+Gemological+Institute&st=nyt","external_links_name":"\"Adding Brand Names To Nameless Stones\""},{"Link":"http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/general-merchandise-stores/4169008-1.html","external_links_name":"\"International Gemological Institute\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080629224024/http://www.nationaljewelernetwork.com/njn/content_display/diamonds/e3i5d0b266ef36902815f0dd4e41672f62b","external_links_name":"\"Diamonds\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationaljewelernetwork.com/njn/content_display/diamonds/e3i5d0b266ef36902815f0dd4e41672f62b","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3195/is_200501/ai_n13125741","external_links_name":"\"Product Gallery\""},{"Link":"http://www.diamonds.net/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=20893","external_links_name":"\"Botswana: IGI Launches Polished Course\""},{"Link":"http://www.colored-stone.com/stories/mar07/tanzanite.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Tanzanite Foundation, IGI Team Up on Grading\""},{"Link":"https://igi.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVLT
List of K-Love stations
["1 References","2 External links"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of K-Love stations" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The following is a list of full-power radio stations, HD Radio subchannels and low-power translators in the United States broadcasting K-Love programming, which can be sorted by their call signs, frequencies, city of license, state and broadcast area. Blue background indicates a low-power FM translator. Gray background indicates an HD Radio subchannel. Call sign Frequency City of license State Broadcast area W212AP 90.3 Notasulga AL Auburn W241AI 96.1 Gorgas AL Birmingham WMJJ-HD3 96.5-3 Birmingham AL Birmingham KRLE 89.7 Carbon Hill AL Carbon Hill WLGQ 91.5 Gadsden AL Gadsden W225AH 92.9 Huntsville AL Huntsville WHVK 103.5 New Hope AL Huntsville WLVM 98.3 Chickasaw AL Mobile WMRK-FM 107.9 Shorter AL Montgomery WLXQ 99.1 Greensboro AL Tuscaloosa KAKL 88.5 Anchorage AK Anchorage K253CA 98.5 Eagle River AK Eagle River KZLR 88.3 Fairbanks AK Fairbanks KLSF 89.7 Juneau AK Juneau K201EG 88.1 Ketchikan AK Ketchikan K210CF 89.9 Kodiak AK Kodiak K257GG 99.3 Wasilla AK Wasilla KVPP 88.9 Pago Pago AS Pago Pago KLKI 89.9 Bullhead City AZ Bullhead City KKMR 106.5 Arizona City AZ Casa Grande K214DT 90.7 Flagstaff AZ Flagstaff KLKA 88.5 Globe AZ Globe KLVK 89.1 Fountain Hills AZ Phoenix KLVA 89.9 Superior AZ Phoenix KLPT 90.9 Prescott AZ Prescott KLTQ 90.9 Thatcher AZ Safford KLTU 88.1 Mammoth AZ Tucson K216GP 91.1 Wickenburg AZ Wickenburg K220KF 92.1 Wickenburg AZ Wickenburg K229CF 93.7 Batesville AR Batesville K222DN 92.3 Booneville, etc. AR Booneville KAKV 88.9 El Dorado AR El Dorado KLFH 90.7 Fort Smith AR Fort Smith KLFS 90.3 Van Buren AR Fort Smith KHLR 91.9 Harrison AR Harrison KLRO 90.1 Hot Springs AR Hot Springs K250BH 97.9 Jonesboro AR Jonesboro KIYS-HD3 101.7-3 Walnut Ridge AR Jonesboro KLFJ 105.3 Hoxie AR Jonesboro KWLR 96.9 Maumelle AR Little Rock KLMK 90.7 Marvell AR Marvell K235DB 94.9 Mena AR Mena KLRM 90.7 Melbourne AR Mountain Home K226AG 93.1 Pine Bluff AR Pine Bluff KLUY 88.7 Searcy AR Searcy KKLT 89.3 Texarkana AR Texarkana K255CN 98.9 Auburn CA Auburn KBLV 88.7 Tehachapi CA Bakersfield K205BM 88.9 Oakland CA Berkeley KWLU 98.9 Chester CA Chester KLVC 88.3 Magalia CA Chico KAWK 88.3 Coalinga CA Coalinga K208GB 89.5 Crescent City CA Crescent City K240DX 95.9 Eureka CA Eureka KLVG 103.7 Garberville CA Eureka K220JB 91.9 Leisure Town CA Fairfield K224DK 92.7 Fontana CA Fontana KLVY 91.1 Fairmead CA Fresno K206BQ 89.1 Hollister CA Gilroy KKLP 91.1 Perris CA Hemet K238AH 95.5 King City CA King City K236AW 95.1 Lancaster CA Lancaster KHKL 91.9 Laytonville CA Laytonville KKLQ 100.3 Los Angeles CA Los Angeles KLVN 88.3 Livingston CA Modesto KLXF 90.5 Modesto CA Modesto K253AX 98.5 Susanville CA Mount Shasta K225AU 92.9 Nevada City CA Nevada City KMVS 89.3 Moss Beach CA Pacifica KLXB 105.1 Bermuda Dunes CA Palm Springs K221DQ 92.1 Petaluma CA Petaluma KKLC 107.9 Fall River Mills CA Redding K270AA 101.9 Redding CA Redding KLXP 89.7 Randsburg CA Ridgecrest KLVB 99.5 Citrus Heights CA Sacramento KLRS 89.7 Lodi CA Sacramento–Stockton KLVM 88.9 Santa Cruz CA Salinas–Monterey KLVJ 102.1 Encinitas CA San Diego KLVS 107.3 Livermore CA San Francisco KJLV 95.3 Los Gatos CA San Jose KSLY 96.1 Inyokern CA San Luis Obispo KLSB 97.5 Goleta CA Santa Barbara KLVR 91.9 Middletown CA Santa Rosa K290CJ 105.9 Soledad CA Soledad K264BP 100.7 West Sonora CA Sonora K275BT 102.9 Stockton CA Stockton K253AA 98.5 Susanville CA Susanville KKLM 104.1 Murrieta CA Temecula KYKL 90.7 Tracy CA Tracy KULV 97.1 Ukiah CA Ukiah K276EK 103.1 Vacaville CA Vacaville KLXD 89.5 Victorville CA Victorville KLXY 90.5 Woodlake CA Visalia K240EJ 95.9 Yreka CA Yreka K210BO 89.9 Aspen CO Aspen KBKV 88.7 Breckenridge CO Breckenridge K300AE 107.9 Breckenridge CO Breckenridge K213AT 90.5 Buena Vista CO Buena Vista K267AZ 101.3 Cedaredge CO Cedaredge KLCX 106.9 Pueblo CO Colorado Springs K215BS 90.9 Craig CO Craig KLDV 91.1 Morrison CO Denver K212GJ 90.3 Dillon CO Dillon KLCQ 88.5 Durango CO Durango K204GT 88.7 Estes Park CO Estes Park KLXV 91.9 Glenwood Springs CO Glenwood Springs K209FA 89.7 Glenwood Springs CO Glenwood Springs KLFV 90.3 Grand Junction CO Grand Junction K220AH 91.9 Gunnison CO Gunnison KLRY 91.3 Gypsum CO Gypsum KLHQ 99.5 Hotchkiss CO Hotchkiss K206AZ 89.1 Leadville CO Leadville K269EQ 101.7 Loveland CO Loveland K219AW 91.7 Meeker CO Meeker K210CE 89.9 Mesa CO Mesa K223BR 92.5 Montrose CO Montrose K213BX 90.5 Nucla CO Nucla K218BP 91.5 Parachute CO Parachute K220BM 91.9 Rangely CO Rangely KLBV 89.3 Steamboat Springs CO Steamboat Springs KLZV 91.3 Brush CO Sterling K257FD 99.3 Sterling CO Sterling KLMQ 90.7 Placerville CO Telluride K212FY 90.3 Vail CO Vail WCCC 106.9 Hartford CT Hartford W277AH 103.3 Dover DE Dover WLVW 107.3 Washington DC Washington WDLV 88.7 Fort Myers FL Fort Myers WJKV 90.9 Jacksonville FL Jacksonville WKWR 89.9 Key West FL Key West WMLV 89.7 Miami FL Miami WPFM 107.9 Panama City FL Panama City WPLV 95.7 Navarre FL Pensacola WLSF 88.3 Starke FL Starke WKVH 91.9 Monticello FL Tallahassee W279CU 103.7 Tallahassee FL Tallahassee W214BD 90.7 Gifford–Vero Beach FL Vero Beach WFLV 90.7 West Palm Beach FL West Palm Beach WHKV 106.1 Sylvester GA Albany WKMW 88.7 Americus GA Americus WAKL 106.7 Gainesville GA Atlanta WEKL 102.3 Augusta GA Augusta W290AS 105.9 Bainbridge GA Bainbridge WKCC 90.5 Columbus GA Columbus WLVG 105.1 Clermont GA Gainesville WGLH 103.9 Hawkinsville GA Hawkinsville WLXF 105.5 Macon GA Macon WUKV 95.7 Trion GA Rome WKZV 102.1 Tybee Island GA Savannah WVKV 95.3 Nashville GA Valdosta–Tifton W220EP 90.3 Warner Robins GA Warner Robins WGLU 102.5 Warner Robins GA Warner Robins K204GM 88.7 Hilo HI Hilo KLUU 103.5 Wahiawa HI Honolulu K233DC 94.5 Kailua HI Kailua–Kona KKHI 95.9 Kaunakakai HI Lahaina, Hawaii KMKV 100.7 Kihei HI Maui, Hawaii KLXI 99.5 Fruitland ID Boise K279CV 103.7 Burley ID Burley K218EZ 91.5 Pocatello ID Pocatello KLRI 89.5 Rigby ID Pocatello–Idaho Falls K221FT 92.1 Twin Falls ID Twin Falls KXTA-HD4 99.1-4 Gooding ID Twin Falls WCKL 97.9 Chicago IL Chicago WCLR 92.5 DeKalb IL Chicago and western suburbs W256CA 99.1 Joliet IL Joliet WOKL 89.1 Round Lake Beach IL North Chicago WLKU 98.9 Rock Island IL Quad Cities WILV 91.1 Rockford IL Rockford WZKL 91.7 Woodstock IL Woodstock W224CL 92.7 Anderson IN Anderson W247AY 97.3 Bedford IN Bedford WBKC 90.9 Morgantown IN Bloomington W271BG 102.1 Columbus IN Columbus W288CM 105.5 Connersville IN Connersville WIKL 101.7 Elwood IN Elwood WKVN 95.3 Morganfield IN Evansville WYNG 94.9 Mount Carmel IN Evansville WKLU 101.9 Brownsburg IN Indianapolis WLXJ 88.9 Battle Ground IN Lafayette WKMV 88.3 Muncie IN Muncie WIKV 89.3 Plymouth IN Plymouth WKRT 89.3 Richmond IN Richmond WJLR 91.5 Seymour IN Seymour WQKV 88.7 Warsaw IN Warsaw K250BC 97.9 Ames IA Ames K299AU 107.7 Burlington IA Burlington K281BS 104.1 Hiawatha IA Cedar Rapids K237GC 95.3 Des Moines IA Des Moines KKDM-HD3 107.5-3 Des Moines IA Des Moines K279BX 103.7 Des Moines IA Des Moines K213DV 90.5 Pleasant Hill IA Des Moines KLFG 89.5 Fort Dodge IA Fort Dodge KQKL 95.3 Keokuk IA Keokuk KKLG 88.3 Newton IA Newton K212GH 90.3 Ottumwa IA Ottumwa KILV 107.5 Castana IA Sioux City K261DY 100.1 Sioux City IA Sioux City K249DT 97.7 Atchison KS Atchison KEKL 90.7 Emporia KS Emporia KRTY 91.9 Great Bend KS Great Bend K230BP 93.9 Hutchinson KS Hutchinson KGLV 88.9 Manhattan KS Manhattan–Topeka K217CY 91.3 Oberlin KS Oberlin KSKG-HD3 99.9-3 Salina KS Salina K245BN 96.9 Salina KS Salina KTLI 99.1 El Dorado KS Wichita WEBF 89.9 Lerose KY Beattyville WXKY 96.3 Stanford KY Danville WKYF 92.1 Fredonia KY Fredonia WKVO 89.9 Georgetown KY Lexington WVRB 95.3 Wilmore KY Lexington WWLT 103.1 Manchester KY London W285DT 104.9 London KY London WHKQ 92.3 Louisa KY Louisa WLEZ 99.3 Lebanon Junction KY Louisville W250BD 97.9 Louisville KY Louisville WSDF-HD2 100.5-2 Louisville KY Louisville W236AN 95.1 Floyds Knobs KY Louisville W227AX 93.3 Morehead KY Morehead WEKV 101.9 Central City KY Owensboro–Evansville WKYP 90.1 Ledbetter KY Paducah WKVY 88.1 Somerset KY Somerset KLXA 89.9 Alexandria LA Alexandria WBKL 92.7 Clinton LA Baton Rouge K292GE 106.3 Bunkie LA Bunkie KLXH 106.3 Thibodaux LA Houma KIKL 90.9 Lafayette LA Lafayette KRLR 89.1 Sulphur LA Lake Charles KLXN 104.1 Rosepine LA Leesville–DeRidder KLXE 93.5 Calhoun LA Monroe K284DE 104.7 Monroe LA Monroe KLNQ 106.5 Atlanta LA Natchitoches KNOL 107.5 Jean Lafitte LA New Orleans KLHV 88.5 Cotton Valley LA Shreveport WKVV 101.7 Searsport ME Bangor WKVZ 102.1 Dexter ME Bangor WMSJ 89.3 Freeport ME Portland WPKC-FM 92.1 Sanford ME Sanford WLVV 88.3 Midland MD Midland WLBW 92.1 Fenwick Island MD Ocean City WLSW 105.5 Salisbury MD Salisbury WKMY 99.9 Athol MA Athol WKVB 107.3 Westborough MA Boston–Worcester WNKC 104.9 Gloucester MA Gloucester–North Shore W260AS 99.9 Lawrence MA Lawrence WTKL 91.1 North Dartmouth MA New Bedford WDKL 102.7 Mount Clemens MI Detroit W261BH 100.1 Flint MI Flint WKVR 88.9 Flint MI Flint W252CP 98.3 Holly MI Holly W298BW 107.5 Iron Mountain MI Iron Mountain WKIW 88.3 Ironwood MI Ironwood W292DA 106.3 Linden MI Linden WCRR 88.9 Manistique MI Manistique WSHN 89.3 Munising MI Marquette WLKB 89.1 Bay City MI Saginaw WAWM 98.9 Petoskey MI Traverse City K249ED 97.7 Albertville MN Minneapolis K260BA 99.9 Coon Rapids MN Minneapolis K257EP 99.3 Dilworth MN Fargo KTCZ-HD2 97.1-2 Minneapolis MN Minneapolis–St. Paul KFXN-HD3 100.3-3 Minneapolis MN Minneapolis–St. Paul KMKL 90.3 North Branch MN North Branch KKLW 90.9 Willmar MN Willmar KRLP 88.1 Windom MN Windom WLXD 104.5 State College MS Columbus–Starkville–West Point WLRK 91.5 Greenville MS Greenville WLRJ 104.7 Greenville MS Greenville WLVN 101.3 Grenada MS Grenada WLGF 107.1 Gulfport MS Gulfport WLVZ 107.1 Collins MS Hattiesburg WAIH 96.5 Holly Springs MS Holly Springs WJLV 94.7 Jackson MS Jackson WLXW 89.7 Waynesboro MS Laurel WKLV-FM 93.5 Butler MS Meridian W233AS 94.5 Marion MS Meridian WKFF 102.1 Sardis MS Oxford W214BL 90.7 Oxford MS Oxford KLRQ 96.1 Clinton MO Clinton KMFC 92.1 Centralia MO Columbia K295CI 106.5 Columbia MO Columbia KOBC 90.7 Joplin MO Joplin KLRX 97.3 Lee's Summit MO Kansas City K253BG 98.5 St. Joseph MO St. Joseph KBMV-FM 107.1 Birch Tree MO West Plains KLRV 90.9 Billings MT Billings KLBZ 89.3 Bozeman MT Bozeman KQLR 89.7 Whitehall MT Butte KLSK 100.3 Great Falls MT Great Falls KHLV 90.1 Helena MT Helena K255CH 98.9 Kalispell MT Kalispell KLKM 88.7 Kalispell MT Kalispell K224DV 92.7 Kalispell MT Kalispell K229BU 93.7 Missoula MT Missoula KKVU-HD2 104.5-2 Missoula MT Missoula KLNB 88.3 Grand Island NE Grand Island K212GI 90.3 Hastings NE Hastings KFLV 89.9 Wilber NE Lincoln K220GT 91.9 Lincoln NE Lincoln KVLD 91.7 Norfolk NE Norfolk KMLV 88.1 Ralston NE Omaha KLJV 88.3 Scottsbluff NE Scottsbluff K226AL 93.1 Carson City NV Carson City K236AP 95.1 Fallon NV Fallon K236BM 95.1 Spring Valley NV Las Vegas KVID 88.5 Mesquite NV Las Vegas KVKL 91.1 Las Vegas NV Las Vegas KLRH 92.9 Reno NV Reno W298CU 107.5 Chester NH Chester WAKC 102.3 Concord NH Concord WYKC 99.1 Whitefield NH Littleton WLKC 105.7 Campton NH Plymouth WPKC 1540 Exeter NH Portsmouth W246BP 97.1 Exeter NH Portsmouth WKVP 106.9 Camden NJ Philadelphia WLRB 102.7 Ocean City NJ Atlantic City WEZW 93.1 Wildwood Crest NJ Cape May KLAG 91.7 Alamogordo NM Alamogordo KQLV 90.7 Santa Fe NM Albuquerque KLXC 90.3 Carlsbad NM Carlsbad KELU 90.3 Grants NM Clovis KLLU 88.9 Gallup NM Gallup KLHK 88.3 Hobbs NM Hobbs K228FI 93.5 Las Cruces NM Las Cruces K212EF 90.3 Las Vegas NM Las Vegas KVLK 89.5 Milan NM Milan KRLU 90.1 Roswell NM Roswell KLXZ 91.3 Ruidoso NM Ruidoso KLCF 91.1 Truth or Consequences NM Truth or Consequences KVLP 91.7 Tucumcari NM Tucumcari WYKV 94.5 Ravena NY Albany W281AK 104.1 Amsterdam NY Amsterdam WBKV 102.5 Buffalo NY Buffalo WQLR 94.7 Chateaugay NY Cornwall, Ontario–Montreal, Quebec, Canada W235BB 94.9 Hauppauge NY Hauppauge–Long Island WLKW 95.3 Celoron NY Jamestown WLGV 90.9 Gloversville NY Johnstown WPLJ 95.5 New York NY New York WKVJ 89.7 Dannemora NY Plattsburgh WGKV 101.7 Pulaski NY Pulaski WKDL 104.9 Brockport NY Rochester WKEL 88.1 Webster NY Rochester WJKE 101.3 Stillwater NY Saratoga Springs W283BA 104.5 Selden NY Selden–Long Island WKLZ 105.9 Syracuse NY Syracuse WKVU 107.3 Utica NY Utica WKWV 90.1 Watertown NY Watertown WRCM 91.9 Wingate NC Charlotte WKVK 106.7 Semora NC Durham WKFV 107.3 Clinton NC Fayetteville WWLV 94.1 Lexington NC Greensboro–High Point–Winston-Salem WLXB 98.9 Bethel NC Greenville WKHC 97.1 Hatteras NC Hatteras W289DX 105.7 Henderson NC Henderson WKGV 104.1 Swansboro NC Jacksonville WFVL 102.3 Lumberton NC Lumberton WBNK 92.7 Pine Knoll Shores NC New Bern WLXZ 90.3 Pinehurst NC Pinehurst WRKV 88.9 Raleigh NC Raleigh WNCB-HD2 93.9-2 Cary NC Raleigh W232CH 94.3 Raleigh NC Raleigh W271BT 102.1 Rocky Mount NC Rocky Mount W270AW 103.9 Sanford NC Sanford W288BQ 105.5 Wake Forest NC Wake Forest W238AV 95.5 Wilmington NC Wilmington W263BA 100.5 Wilmington NC Wilmington W202CD 88.3 Wilson NC Wilson W288BP 105.5 Wilson NC Wilson KBMK 88.3 Bismarck ND Bismarck KLDQ 100.7 Harwood ND Fargo K237ER 95.3 Grand Forks ND Grand Forks KJKL 89.1 Jamestown ND Jamestown KNDL 100.7 Berthold ND Minot KNDW 91.7 Williston ND Williston W214CD 90.7 Wadsworth OH Akron WOHK 96.1 Ashtabula OH Ashtabula W231CQ 94.1 Athens OH Athens W231BY 94.1 Bellefontaine OH Bellefontaine W290BA 105.9 Bowling Green OH Bowling Green WNPQ 104.3 New Philadelphia OH Canton WNLT 104.3 Delhi Hills OH Cincinnati WKCD 90.3 Cedarville OH Dayton W219DS 91.7 Findlay OH Findlay W279BR 103.7 Greenville OH Greenville W206CH 89.1 Hinckley OH Hinckley W212BM 90.3 Jackson OH Jackson WVLO 99.3 Cridersville OH Lima WYKL 98.7 Crestline OH Mansfield W257AB 99.3 Marion OH Marion WPYK 104.1 New Boston OH Portsmouth W231AZ 94.1 Sidney OH Sidney W281AL 104.1 Harbor View OH Toledo WNKL 96.9 Wauseon OH Toledo W279BB 103.7 Urbana OH Urbana W224BO 92.7 West Union OH West Union WKLN 102.3 Wilmington OH Wilmington WLVX 107.1 Greenville OH Youngstown WYLR 101.9 Hubbard OH Youngstown K212FZ 90.3 Ada OK Ada KKVO 90.9 Altus OK Altus K205FI 88.9 Ardmore OK Ardmore KKLB 89.1 Bartlesville OK Bartlesville K255BE 98.9 Tulsa OK Tulsa K293AP 106.5 Sand Springs OK Tulsa K265DT 100.9 Chickasha OK Chickasha K276FR 103.1 Duncan OK Duncan K288FX 105.5 North Enid OK Enid KWKL 89.9 Grandfield OK Lawton KTKL 88.5 Stigler OK McAlester KYLV 88.9 Oklahoma City OK Oklahoma City K292FJ 106.3 Stillwater OK Stillwater K240ED 95.9 Tulsa OK Tulsa KDKL 103.7 Okemah OK Tulsa KLOY 88.7 Ocean Park OR Astoria KVLB 90.5 Bend OR Bend K223CS 92.5 Cave Junction OR Cave Junction K219CK 91.7 Coos Bay OR Coos Bay K265DF 100.9 Eugene OR Eugene K297AJ 107.3 Coburg OR Eugene KLXG 91.1 Grants Pass OR Grants Pass K216EB 91.1 Hood River OR Hood River KLKF 100.7 Malin OR Klamath Falls K205DV 88.9 La Grande OR La Grande KVLQ 90.1 La Pine OR La Pine KLMD 101.1 Talent OR Medford–Ashland K210CW 89.9 Newport OR Newport KLVP 97.9 Aloha OR Portland KLOV 89.3 Winchester OR Roseburg KLVU 107.1 Sweet Home OR Salem–Albany K215CR 90.9 The Dalles OR The Dalles KLON 90.3 Tillamook OR Tillamook WLKE 93.5 Gallitzin PA Altoona WKBP 95.9 Benton PA Bloomsburg WKHW 88.5 Halifax PA Halifax WKHL 92.1 Palmyra PA Harrisburg WLKJ 105.7 Portage PA Johnstown W296CD 107.1 Jonestown PA Jonestown WLOQ 96.3 Oil City PA Oil City WPKV 98.3 Duquesne PA Pittsburgh WLKA 88.3 Tafton PA Scranton WJKB 105.1 Sheffield PA Sheffield WLKH 97.7 Somerset PA Somerset WKPA 107.9 Port Matilda PA State College W223BY 92.5 Connellsville PA Uniontown WKWP 88.1 Williamsport PA Williamsport WJKL 105.7 San Juan PR San Juan WLVO 95.5 Providence RI Providence WKIV 88.1 Westerly RI Westerly WMHK 89.7 Columbia SC Columbia WKVG 94.5 Greenville SC Greenville–Spartanburg WKVC 88.9 North Myrtle Beach SC Myrtle Beach WORG 100.3 Elloree SC Orangeburg WLXK 88.3 Boiling Springs SC Spartanburg KLRJ 94.9 Aberdeen SD Aberdeen K209EM 89.7 Huron SD Huron K209FX 89.7 Mitchell SD Mitchell KSFS 90.1 Sioux Falls SD Sioux Falls KLRK-FM 88.7 Yankton SD Yankton W269BB 101.7 Brownsville TN Brownsville WZKV 90.7 Dyersburg TN Dyersburg W292CZ 106.3 Jackson TN Jackson W245AR 96.9 Jackson TN Jackson WYLV 88.3 Maynardville TN Knoxville WLFM 103.9 Lawrenceburg TN Lawrenceburg WKVF 94.9 Bartlett TN Memphis WMLE 94.1 Germantown TN Memphis WMXK 94.1 Morristown TN Morristown WLVU 97.1 Belle Meade TN Nashville WXKV 90.5 Selmer TN Selmer–Jackson WKTH 88.5 Tullahoma TN Tullahoma KXLV 89.1 Amarillo TX Amarillo K280EU 103.9 Amarillo TX Amarillo K274BL 102.7 Anthony TX Anthony KFMK 105.9 Round Rock TX Austin KVLR 92.5 Sunset Valley TX Austin KLTW 105.3 Winnie TX Beaumont K251AL 98.1 Beaumont TX Beaumont K247AZ 97.3 Sand Springs TX Big Spring K222BE 92.3 Borger TX Borger K222AW 92.3 Bowie TX Bowie K291BD 106.1 Brownfield TX Brownfield KVLX 103.9 Franklin TX Bryan–College Station KPLV 88.7 Corpus Christi TX Corpus Christi KLLR 91.9 Dripping Springs TX Dripping Springs K223AU 92.5 Dumas TX Dumas KKLY 89.5 El Paso TX El Paso KGKV 88.1 Doss TX Fredericksburg K234AM 94.7 Groves TX Groves KRLH 90.9 Hereford TX Hereford KLVH 97.1 Cleveland TX Houston KZKV 103.1 Karnes City TX Karnes City KLKV 99.9 Hunt TX Kerrville K300BO 107.9 Killeen TX Killeen KVLT 88.5 Temple TX Killeen KKLU 90.9 Lubbock TX Lubbock K255BB 98.9 Mauriceville TX Mauriceville KLVW 90.5 Odessa TX Midland–Odessa K280GC 103.9 New Braunfels TX New Braunfels K228EB 93.5 Pampa TX Pampa K296EW 107.1 Pampa TX Pampa KLRW 88.5 Byrne TX San Angelo KZLV 91.3 Lytle TX San Antonio KMLR 106.3 Gonzales TX San Marcos–New Braunfels KZLO 88.7 Kilgore TX Tyler-Longview KVLW 88.1 Gatesville TX Waco K241BW 96.1 Waco TX Waco KZKL 90.5 Wichita Falls TX Wichita Falls KNKL 88.1 Tremonton UT Logan K207EM 89.3 Moab UT Moab K273BT 102.5 Price UT Price KKLV 107.5 Kaysville UT Salt Lake City K252DI 93.5 Salt Lake City UT Salt Lake City K203EY 88.5 St. George UT St. George K201IZ 88.1 Vernal UT Vernal KUKV 90.9 Vernal UT Vernal WZKC 103.1 Royalton VT Royalton WLGX 106.9 Bedford VA Bedford WGCK-FM 99.7 Coeburn VA Coeburn WLJV 89.5 Spotsylvania VA Fredericksburg WLTK 102.9 New Market VA Harrisonburg WLZV 94.3 Buckland VA Manassas W250BQ 97.9 Newport News VA Newport News WZLV 90.7 Cape Charles VA Norfolk WNOH-HD3 105.3-3 Windsor VA Norfolk W227BR 93.3 Portsmouth VA Norfolk WKYV 100.3 Petersburg VA Petersburg WLFV 98.9 Midlothian VA Richmond WLRX 106.1 Vinton VA Roanoke W249CT 97.7 Williamsburg VA Williamsburg WTCF 103.3 Wardensville VA Winchester WVIE 107.3 Charlotte Amalie VI St. Thomas K210ES 89.9 Aberdeen WA Aberdeen K269FS 101.7 Centralia WA Centralia K203EN 88.5 Ellensburg WA Ellensburg KLGW 98.5 Grand Coulee WA Grand Coulee K276EU 103.1 Kennewick WA Kennewick KLWO 90.3 Longview WA Longview KNBQ 98.5 Central Park WA Olympia K215DP 90.9 Port Angeles WA Port Angeles KLSW 104.5 Covington WA Seattle K300AP 107.9 Sunnyside WA Sunnyside KRKL 93.3 Tri-Cities WA Tri-Cities KLUW 88.1 East Wenatchee WA Wenatchee KLWA 101.3 Westport WA Westport KYKV 103.1 Selah WA Yakima W251BH 98.1 Montgomery WV Charleston WKVW 93.3 Marmet WV Charleston WKJL 88.1 Clarksburg WV Clarksburg W216CJ 91.1 Harrisville WV Harrisville WHKU 91.9 Proctorville WV Huntington W230AY 93.9 Westover WV Morgantown WUKL 106.9 Masontown WV Morgantown WLKP 91.9 Belpre WV Parkersburg WLKV 90.7 Ripley WV Ripley W235BF 94.9 St. Albans WV St. Albans W257BP 99.3 Weirton WV Weirton WULV 88.7 Moundsville WV Wheeling W271AC 102.1 Appleton WI Appleton W291CM 106.1 Appleton WI Appleton W206AH 89.1 Eau Claire WI Eau Claire WDKV 91.7 Fond du Lac WI Fond du Lac WPFF 90.5 Sturgeon Bay WI Green Bay WLCW 100.1 West Salem WI La Crosse WLVE 105.3 Mukwonago WI Milwaukee W247AS 97.3 New London WI New London W287BZ 105.3 Oshkosh WI Oshkosh W245AK 96.9 Sheboygan WI Sheboygan KLWC 89.1 Casper WY Casper KLWV 90.9 Laramie WY Cheyenne–Laramie KLOF 88.9 Gillette WY Gillette KMLT 88.3 Jackson WY Jackson KRKM 91.7 Fort Washakie WY Riverton KLWR 101.9 North Rock Springs WY Rock Springs K299AG 107.7 Rock Springs WY Rock Springs K210AM 89.9 Sheridan WY Sheridan References External links Master Station List
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"subchannels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"translators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"K-Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Love"},{"link_name":"call signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"city of license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"broadcast area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market"}],"text":"The following is a list of full-power radio stations, HD Radio subchannels and low-power translators in the United States broadcasting K-Love programming, which can be sorted by their call signs, frequencies, city of license, state and broadcast area.Blue background indicates a low-power FM translator.\nGray background indicates an HD Radio subchannel.","title":"List of K-Love stations"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Bo%C4%8Dkaj
Petar Bočkaj
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Career statistics","3.1 Club","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
Croatian footballer Petar BočkajPersonal informationDate of birth (1996-07-23) 23 July 1996 (age 27)Place of birth Zagreb, CroatiaHeight 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) Left-back, wingerTeam informationCurrent team Dinamo ZagrebYouth career2003–2011 Zagorec2011–2013 Dinamo ZagrebSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2014–2015 Maksimir 25 (7)2015–2016 Inter Zaprešić 30 (1)2016–2017 Lokomotiva 27 (2)2017–2021 Osijek 120 (14)2021– Dinamo Zagreb 38 (5)2023–2024 → Pafos (loan) 33 (2)International career‡2013 Croatia U17 1 (0)2013 Croatia U18 1 (0)2017 Croatia U21 3 (1) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 22 May 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 13 November 2017 Petar Bočkaj (born 23 July 1996) is a Croatian footballer who plays as a left-back or winger for Dinamo Zagreb. Club career Having passed through the ranks of the GNK Dinamo Zagreb youth academy, Bočkaj spent his first two professional seasons with NK Inter Zaprešić and NK Lokomotiva in the Croatian First Football League. In June 2017, he transferred to NK Osijek, together with his teammate Eros Grezda. International career On 23 March 2017, Bočkaj made his debut for Croatia U21 in a friendly match against Slovenia. Career statistics Club As of 22 May 2024 Club Season League National Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Inter Zaprešić 2015–16 Prva HNL 30 1 2 1 — — 32 2 Lokomotiva 2016–17 27 2 2 1 5 1 — 34 4 Osijek 2017–18 29 4 2 1 8 3 — 39 8 2018–19 20 4 3 1 4 0 — 27 5 2019–20 24 4 2 3 2 0 — 28 7 2020–21 29 2 1 1 1 0 — 31 3 2021–22 18 0 3 1 3 0 — 24 1 Total 120 14 11 7 18 3 — 149 24 Dinamo Zagreb 2021–22 Prva HNL 16 2 — 2 0 — 18 2 2022–23 22 3 2 1 4 1 — 28 5 Total 38 5 2 1 6 1 0 0 46 7 Pafos (loan) 2023–24 Cypriot First Division 33 2 5 0 — — 38 2 Career total 248 24 22 10 29 5 0 0 299 39 Honours Pafos Cypriot Cup: 2023–24 References ^ "Petar Bočkaj". GNK Dinamo Zagreb. Retrieved 7 September 2022. ^ Inhof, Krunoslav (9 June 2017). "Bočkaj, Mudražija i Šorša novi su igrači NK Osijeka". Radio Osijek. Retrieved 4 August 2017. ^ "Croatia-Slovenia 3:0". HNS-CFF.hr. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017. ^ Καρτσάκης, Νίκος (18 May 2024). "Ομόνοια - Πάφος 0-3: Έγραψαν ιστορία οι Παφίτες, κατακτώντας το πρώτο Κύπελλο της ιστορίας τους". gazzetta.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 19 May 2024. External links Petar Bočkaj at Soccerway Petar Bočkaj at the Croatian Football Federation Petar Bočkaj at Croatian Football Statistics (archived) (in Croatian) vtePafos FC – current squad 1 Ivušić 3 Melluso 4 Kvída 5 Goldar 7 Bruno 8 Kané 9 Davó 10 Jairo 11 Manga 12 Bočkaj 13 Ikoko 14 Demetriou 17 Rus 18 Abdusalamov 22 Tanković 23 Michail 24 Valakari 25 Name 27 Twumasi 30 Dragomir 34 Dall'lgna 40 Josipović 49 Tavares 60 Pelágio 88 Pêpê Manager: Juan Carlos Carcedo
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Atlanta_Hawks_season
2008–09 Atlanta Hawks season
["1 Key dates","2 Draft picks","3 Roster","3.1 Roster Notes","4 Regular season","4.1 Standings","4.2 Record vs. opponents","4.3 Game log","5 Playoffs","6 Player statistics","6.1 Legend","6.2 Season","6.3 Free agents","6.3.1 Additions","6.3.2 Subtractions","7 References"]
Season of National Basketball Association team the Atlanta Hawks NBA professional basketball team season 2008–09 Atlanta Hawks seasonHead coachMike WoodsonOwnersAtlanta Spirit LLCArenaPhilips ArenaResultsRecord47–35 (.573)PlaceDivision: 2nd (Southeast)Conference: 4th (Eastern)Playoff finishConference Semifinals(lost to Cavaliers 0–4)Stats at Basketball-Reference.comLocal mediaTelevisionFox Sports SouthSportSouthRadioWQXI < 2007–08 2009–10 > The 2008–09 Atlanta Hawks season was the team's 60th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the 41st in Atlanta. It ended on Monday, May 11, 2009, with a loss at home to the Cleveland Cavaliers in the second round of the playoffs in a sweep. Key dates June 26: The 2008 NBA draft took place in New York City. July 1: The free agency period started. Draft picks Main article: 2008 NBA draft The Hawks did not have any draft picks in the 2008 NBA draft. Roster 2008–09 Atlanta Hawks rostervte Players Coaches Pos. No. Name Height Weight DOB From G 10 Bibby, Mike 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 190 lb (86 kg) Arizona G 12 Claxton, Speedy 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) 166 lb (75 kg) Hofstra G/F 1 Evans, Maurice 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 220 lb (100 kg) Texas G 3 Gardner, Thomas 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Missouri F/C 15 Horford, Al 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 250 lb (113 kg) Florida F 50 Hunter, Othello 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Ohio State G/F 2 Johnson, Joe 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 240 lb (109 kg) Arkansas F/C 44 Jones, Solomon 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 230 lb (104 kg) South Florida G 4 Law, Acie 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 195 lb (88 kg) Texas A&M F/C 33 Morris, Randolph 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 266 lb (121 kg) Kentucky G 22 Murray, Flip 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 190 lb (86 kg) Shaw C 27 Pachulia, Zaza 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 240 lb (109 kg) Republic of Georgia F 5 Smith, Josh 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Oak Hill Academy HS (VA) G 6 West, Mario 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 210 lb (95 kg) Georgia Tech F 24 Williams, Marvin 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 230 lb (104 kg) North Carolina Head coach Mike Woodson Assistant coach(es) Bob Bender Larry Drew Tyrone Hill Jim Todd Legend (DP) Unsigned draft pick(FA) Free agent(S) Suspended Injured Roster Notes Othello Hunter was born and raised in the U.S., but is also a Liberian citizen. Regular season Standings Southeast Divisionvte W L PCT GB Home Road Div GP y-Orlando Magic 59 23 .720 — 32–9 27–14 14–2 82 x-Atlanta Hawks 47 35 .573 12 31–10 16–25 11–5 82 x-Miami Heat 43 39 .524 16 28–13 15–26 9–7 82 Charlotte Bobcats 35 47 .427 24 23–18 12–29 5–11 82 Washington Wizards 19 63 .232 40 13–28 6–35 1–15 82 # Eastern Conferencevte Team W L PCT GB 1 z-Cleveland Cavaliers 66 16 .805 — 2 y-Boston Celtics 62 20 .756 4 3 y-Orlando Magic 59 23 .720 7 4 x-Atlanta Hawks 47 35 .573 19 5 x-Miami Heat 43 39 .524 23 6 x-Philadelphia 76ers 41 41 .500 25 7 x-Chicago Bulls 41 41 .500 25 8 x-Detroit Pistons 39 43 .476 27 9 Indiana Pacers 36 46 .439 30 10 Charlotte Bobcats 35 47 .427 31 11 New Jersey Nets 34 48 .415 32 12 Milwaukee Bucks 34 48 .415 32 13 Toronto Raptors 33 49 .402 33 14 New York Knicks 32 50 .390 34 15 Washington Wizards 19 63 .232 47 Record vs. opponents 2008-09 NBA Records Team ATL BOS CHA CHI CLE DAL DEN DET GSW HOU IND LAC LAL MEM MIA MIL MIN NJN NOH NYK OKC ORL PHI PHO POR SAC SAS TOR UTA WAS Atlanta — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Boston 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Charlotte 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Chicago 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Cleveland 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Dallas 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Denver 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Detroit 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 – 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Golden State 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Houston 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Indiana 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 L.A. Clippers 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 L.A. Lakers 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Memphis 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Miami 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Milwaukee 1–3 1–2 3–1 1–3 0–4 1–1 1–1 1–3 1–1 1–1 2–2 1–1 0–2 1–1 1–2 — 0–2 2–2 0–2 3–1 2–0 1–3 0–3 0–2 0–2 2–0 2–0 2–2 1–1 3–0 Minnesota 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 0—0 0—0 0—0 0—0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 New Jersey 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 0—0 0—0 New Orleans 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 New York 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Oklahoma City 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 – 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Orlando 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 – 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Philadelphia 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 – 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 Phoenix 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 – 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 Portland 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 – 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 Sacramento 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 – 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 San Antonio 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0—0 – 0–0 0–0 0–0 Toronto 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 0–0 Utah 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 0–0 Washington 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 — Game log 2008–09 game log October: 1–0 (home: 0–0; road: 1–0) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record 1 October 29 @ Orlando W 99–85 Joe Johnson (25) Josh Smith (10) Mike Bibby, Al Horford (4) Amway Arena17,461 1–0 November: 9–6 (home: 5–1; road: 4–5) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record 2 November 1 Philadelphia W 95–88 Joe Johnson (35) Josh Smith (11) Joe Johnson (5) Philips Arena19,651 2–0 3 November 5 @ New Orleans W 87–79 Joe Johnson (24) Josh Smith (11) Joe Johnson, Al Horford, Mike Bibby (4) New Orleans Arena16,030 3–0 4 November 7 Toronto W 110–92 Mike Bibby (19) Solomon Jones (9) Mike Bibby (12) Philips Arena18,290 4–0 5 November 9 @ Oklahoma City W 89–85 Joe Johnson (25) Al Horford (12) Mike Bibby (4) Ford Center18,231 5–0 6 November 11 @ Chicago W 113–108 Al Horford (27) Al Horford (17) Joe Johnson (8) United Center21,738 6–0 7 November 12 @ Boston L 102–103 Joe Johnson (28) Maurice Evans, Zaza Pachulia, Solomon Jones (5) Joe Johnson (7) TD Banknorth Garden18,624 6–1 8 November 14 @ New Jersey L 108–115 Joe Johnson (32) Al Horford (11) Joe Johnson (5) Izod Center15,309 6–2 9 November 15 New Jersey L 107–119 Joe Johnson (31) Marvin Williams, Al Horford, Solomon Jones (6) Mike Bibby (7) Philips Arena18,729 6–3 10 November 18 @ Indiana L 96–113 Joe Johnson (25) Zaza Pachulia (8) Mike Bibby (5) Conseco Fieldhouse13,379 6–4 11 November 19 Washington W 91–87 Mike Bibby (25) Zaza Pachulia (18) Joe Johnson (8) Philips Arena14,416 7–4 12 November 21 Charlotte W 88–83 Joe Johnson (30) Marvin Williams, Maurice Evans (10) Joe Johnson (8) Philips Arena15,068 8–4 13 November 22 @ Cleveland L 96–110 Maurice Evans (21) Al Horford (9) Acie Law (7) Quicken Loans Arena20,562 8–5 14 November 26 Milwaukee W 102–96 Al Horford (21) Al Horford (9) Joe Johnson (9) Philips Arena15,730 9–5 15 November 28 @ Toronto L 88–93 Mike Bibby (24) Zaza Pachulia (17) Joe Johnson (7) Air Canada Centre19,200 9–6 16 November 29 @ Washington W 102–98 Mike Bibby (21) Al Horford (13) Mike Bibby, Al Horford (6) Verizon Center18,110 10–6 December: 11–4 (home: 9–1; road: 2–3) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record 17 December 3 Memphis W 105–95 Joe Johnson (26) Zaza Pachulia, Josh Smith (6) Mike Bibby (10) Philips Arena12,088 11–6 18 December 5 New York W 98–95 Marvin Williams (18) Al Horford (9) Mike Bibby (9) Philips Arena16,366 12–6 19 December 6 @ Dallas L 98–100 Joe Johnson (32) Zaza Pachulia (12) Mike Bibby (5) American Airlines Center19,966 12–7 20 December 9 @ Houston L 84–92 Joe Johnson (22) Josh Smith (11) Josh Smith, Joe Johnson (4) Toyota Center16,439 12–8 21 December 10 @ San Antonio L 89–95 Joe Johnson (29) Al Horford (7) Mike Bibby (7) AT&T Center18,161 12–9 22 December 12 @ Miami W 87–73 Joe Johnson (21) Al Horford (10) Mike Bibby (8) American Airlines Arena19,600 13–9 23 December 13 Cleveland W 97–92 Mike Bibby (24) Al Horford, Josh Smith (8) Joe Johnson (8) Philips Arena19,200 14–9 24 December 15 Charlotte W 83–79 Joe Johnson (28) Al Horford (14) Joe Johnson (8) Philips Arena12,733 15–9 25 December 17 Boston L 85–88 Joe Johnson (20) Al Horford (11) Joe Johnson, Josh Smith, Al Horford (4) Philips Arena18,729 15–10 26 December 19 Golden State W 115–99 Marvin Williams (22) Marvin Williams (9) Josh Smith, Mike Bibby (7) Philips Arena16,768 16–10 27 December 21 Detroit W 85–78 Mike Bibby (27) Al Horford (11) Joe Johnson (7) Philips Arena15,233 17–10 28 December 23 Oklahoma City W 99–88 Marvin Williams (21) Joe Johnson (11) Joe Johnson (11) Philips Arena12,138 18–10 29 December 27 Chicago W 129–117 Joe Johnson (41) Al Horford (10) Joe Johnson (8) Philips Arena18,031 19–10 30 December 29 Denver W 109–91 Joe Johnson (25) Al Horford (10) Mike Bibby (9) Philips Arena17,131 20–10 31 December 30 @ Indiana W 110–104 Joe Johnson (27) Al Horford (14) Mike Bibby (6) Conseco Fieldhouse13,762 21–10 January: 6–10 (home: 4–3; road: 2–7) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record 32 January 2 @ New Jersey L 91–93 (OT) Mike Bibby (22) Joe Johnson (9) Joe Johnson (9) Izod Center16,851 21–11 33 January 3 Houston W 103–100 Josh Smith (29) Al Horford (6) Joe Johnson (14) Philips Arena16,740 22–11 34 January 7 Orlando L 102–106 Josh Smith (21) Al Horford (13) Mike Bibby, Joe Johnson (9) Philips Arena13,748 22–12 35 January 9 @ Orlando L 87–121 Acie Law (16) Solomon Jones (8) Joe Johnson (4) Amway Arena17,461 22–13 36 January 11 Philadelphia L 94–109 Joe Johnson (25) Zaza Pachulia (6) Joe Johnson (9) Philips Arena15,079 22–14 37 January 13 @ Phoenix L 102–107 Josh Smith (24) Marvin Williams (12) Joe Johnson, Mike Bibby (3) US Airways Center18,422 22–15 38 January 14 @ L.A. Clippers W 97–80 Josh Smith (26) Josh Smith (8) Joe Johnson (7) Staples Center15,901 23–15 39 January 16 @ Golden State L 114–119 Joe Johnson (25) Zaza Pachulia (8) Mike Bibby (7) Oracle Arena18,832 23–16 40 January 19 Toronto W 87–84 Joe Johnson (28) Josh Smith (14) Mike Bibby (5) Philips Arena17,199 24–16 41 January 20 @ Chicago W 105–102 Mike Bibby (31) Josh Smith (14) Joe Johnson (8) United Center20,389 25–16 42 January 23 Milwaukee W 117–87 Ronald Murray (25) Marvin Williams (9) Mike Bibby (15) Philips Arena18,556 26–16 43 January 25 Phoenix L 99–104 Josh Smith (19) Josh Smith (12) Joe Johnson (13) Philips Arena19,153 26–17 44 January 26 @ Miami L 79–95 Joe Johnson (19) Josh Smith (10) Joe Johnson (4) American Airlines Arena18,103 26–18 45 January 28 @ New York L 104–112 Marvin Williams (28) Josh Smith (12) Joe Johnson, Mike Bibby (7) Madison Square Garden18,180 26–19 46 January 30 New Jersey W 105–88 Joe Johnson (29) Marvin Williams (11) Josh Smith (6) Philips Arena17,561 27–19 47 January 31 @ Milwaukee L 107–110 Mike Bibby (24) Josh Smith (11) Joe Johnson (9) Bradley Center15,881 27–20 February: 6–5 (home: 2–1; road: 4–4) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record 48 February 4 @ Minnesota W 94–86 Mike Bibby (24) Marvin Williams (10) Mike Bibby (7) Target Center13,745 28–20 49 February 6 @ Charlotte W 102–97 Marvin Williams (29) Zaza Pachulia (8) Mike Bibby, Al Horford (4) Time Warner Cable Arena15,140 29–20 50 February 7 L.A. Clippers L 97–121 Joe Johnson, Marvin Williams (17) Josh Smith (15) Acie Law (6) Philips Arena18,729 29–21 51 February 10 Washington W 111–90 Joe Johnson (22) Zaza Pachulia (12) Joe Johnson (8) Philips Arena17,027 30–21 52 February 11 @ Detroit W 99–95 Joe Johnson (27) Marvin Williams (8) Josh Smith (7) The Palace of Auburn Hills20,124 31–21 53 February 17 @ L.A. Lakers L 83–96 Joe Johnson (14) Zaza Pachulia (12) Joe Johnson (5) Staples Center18,997 31–22 54 February 18 @ Sacramento W 105–100 Mike Bibby (29) Al Horford (18) Joe Johnson (6) ARCO Arena11,213 32–22 55 February 20 @ Portland L 98–108 Mike Bibby (27) Joe Johnson (8) Joe Johnson (7) Rose Garden20,250 32–23 56 February 23 @ Utah L 89–108 Joe Johnson (15) Al Horford, Zaza Pachulia, Marvin Williams (6) Ronald Murray, Al Horford (5) EnergySolutions Arena19,911 32–24 57 February 25 @ Denver L 109–110 Marvin Williams (31) Al Horford (11) Joe Johnson (8) Pepsi Center18,418 32–25 58 February 27 Miami W 91–83 Joe Johnson (24) Al Horford (22) Joe Johnson (5) Philips Arena19,157 33–25 March: 10–7 (home: 9–3; road: 1–4) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record 59 March 1 Cleveland L 87–88 Joe Johnson (21) Marvin Williams, Al Horford (10) Joe Johnson (4) Philips Arena19,639 33–26 60 March 2 @ Washington W 98–89 Marvin Williams (28) Al Horford (8) Joe Johnson (13) Verizon Center10,189 34–26 61 March 4 @ New York L 105–109 Al Horford (20) Al Horford (13) Joe Johnson (6) Madison Square Garden18,931 34–27 62 March 6 @ Charlotte L 91–98 Al Horford (15) Marvin Williams (8) Mike Bibby (6) Time Warner Cable Arena15,058 34–28 63 March 7 Detroit W 87–83 Josh Smith (19) Josh Smith, Al Horford (12) Joe Johnson (6) Philips Arena19,101 35–28 64 March 9 New Orleans W 89–79 Joe Johnson (30) Josh Smith (13) Mike Bibby, Josh Smith, Acie Law (3) Philips Arena14,204 36–28 65 March 11 Utah W 100–93 Joe Johnson (31) Al Horford, Josh Smith (12) Joe Johnson (9) Philips Arena13,112 37–28 66 March 13 Indiana W 101–87 Joe Johnson (30) Al Horford (15) Joe Johnson, Mike Bibby (6) Philips Arena14,079 38–28 67 March 15 Portland W 98–80 Joe Johnson (35) Josh Smith (8) Joe Johnson (6) Philips Arena14,413 39–28 68 March 17 Sacramento W 119–97 Al Horford (23) Al Horford (12) Mike Bibby (7) Philips Arena14,226 40–28 69 March 19 Dallas W 95–87 Joe Johnson (24) Josh Smith (9) Mike Bibby (7) Philips Arena17,499 41–28 70 March 21 @ Cleveland L 96–102 Joe Johnson (24) Al Horford (11) Al Horford (6) Quicken Loans Arena20,562 41–29 71 March 23 Minnesota W 109–97 Ronald Murray (30) Al Horford (13) Mike Bibby (9) Philips Arena13,425 42–29 72 March 25 San Antonio L 92–102 Joe Johnson (30) Al Horford (13) Josh Smith (5) Philips Arena18,529 42–30 73 March 27 Boston L 93–99 Joe Johnson, Josh Smith (22) Al Horford (14) Joe Johnson, Josh Smith (4) Philips Arena20,054 42–31 74 March 29 L.A. Lakers W 86–76 Mike Bibby (21) Zaza Pachulia (13) Joe Johnson (8) Philips Arena20,148 43–31 75 March 31 @ Philadelphia L 85–98 Josh Smith (33) Zaza Pachulia, Al Horford (8) Joe Johnson (7) Wachovia Center18,256 43–32 April: 4–3 (home: 2–1; road: 2–2) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record 76 April 3 @ Boston L 92–104 Ronald Murray (21) Josh Smith (10) Mike Bibby (6) TD Banknorth Garden18,624 43–33 77 April 4 Orlando L 82–88 Joe Johnson (21) Al Horford (13) Mike Bibby (5) Philips Arena19,608 43–34 78 April 7 @ Toronto W 118–110 Joe Johnson, Josh Smith (25) Al Horford (12) Mike Bibby (10) Air Canada Centre17,613 44–34 79 April 8 @ Milwaukee W 113–105 Joe Johnson (30) Al Horford (9) Mike Bibby (8) Bradley Center13,073 45–34 80 April 10 Indiana W 122–118 Josh Smith (30) Al Horford (15) Mike Bibby (9) Philips Arena17,222 46–34 81 April 14 Miami W 81–79 Ronald Murray (17) Mario West (9) Ronald Murray (5) Philips Arena18,179 47-34 82 April 15 @ Memphis L 90–98 Ronald Murray (29) Zaza Pachulia, Othello Hunter (9) Ronald Murray (6) FedExForum12,736 47-35 2008–09 schedule Playoffs 2009 playoff game log First Round: 4–3 (home: 3–1; road: 1–2) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Series 1 April 19 Miami W 90–64 Josh Smith (23) Smith, Pachulia (10) Mike Bibby (9) Philips Arena18,851 1–0 2 April 22 Miami L 93–108 Mike Bibby (18) Al Horford (11) Al Horford (5) Philips Arena19,146 1–1 3 April 25 @ Miami L 78–107 three players tied (13) Josh Smith (8) three players tied (3) American Airlines Arena19,600 1–2 4 April 27 @ Miami W 81–71 Mike Bibby (15) Zaza Pachulia (18) Joe Johnson (5) American Airlines Arena19,600 2–2 5 April 29 Miami W 106–91 Joe Johnson (25) Josh Smith (8) Joe Johnson (6) Philips Arena19,051 3–2 6 May 1 @ Miami L 72–98 Mike Bibby (20) Josh Smith (10) Mike Bibby (3) American Airlines Arena19,600 3–3 7 May 3 Miami W 91–78 Joe Johnson (27) Josh Smith (9) Mike Bibby (6) Philips Arena18,864 4–3 Conference Semifinals: 0–4 (home: 0–2; road: 0–2) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Series 1 May 5 @ Cleveland L 72–99 Josh Smith (22) Al Horford (8) Mike Bibby (8) Quicken Loans Arena20,562 0–1 2 May 7 @ Cleveland L 85–105 Maurice Evans (16) Zaza Pachulia (12) Maurice Evans (4) Quicken Loans Arena20,562 0–2 3 May 9 Cleveland L 82–97 Joe Johnson (17) Smith, Johnson (5) Mike Bibby (5) Philips Arena20,143 0–3 4 May 11 Cleveland L 74–84 Josh Smith (26) Josh Smith (8) Joe Johnson (7) Philips Arena19,241 0–4 2009 schedule Player statistics Legend Legend   GP Games played   GS  Games started  MPG  Minutes per game  FG%  Field-goal percentage  3P%  3-point field-goal percentage  FT%  Free-throw percentage  RPG  Rebounds per game  APG  Assists per game  SPG  Steals per game  BPG  Blocks per game  PPG  Points per game Season Shaded block denotes team leader(s) in that statistic. Player GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Mike Bibby 28 28 34.0 .458 .432 .776 3.6 5.0 1.4 0.1 15.9 Maurice Evans 28 4 23.8 .411 .370 .750 3.7 0.9 0.6 0.1 7.5 Al Horford 26 26 33.0 .516 .000 .719 8.5 2.7 0.6 1.7 10.9 Joe Johnson 28 28 39.8 .450 .354 .820 4.8 5.6 1.1 0.5 22.6 Solomon Jones (basketball) 21 0 13.5 .578 .000 .774 3.0 0.3 0.1 0.9 3.7 Acie Law 24 0 10.3 .393 .250 .714 1.3 1.8 0.2 0.0 3.0 Ronald Murray 28 0 20.1 .407 .353 .746 1.9 1.4 1.1 0.2 8.7 Zaza Pachulia 26 11 18.1 .416 .000 .662 5.8 0.7 0.3 0.3 5.2 Josh Smith 16 16 34.1 .426 .273 .671 7.2 2.9 1.5 1.9 13.0 Marvin Williams 27 27 35.3 .474 .388 .800 6.3 1.6 0.8 0.6 13.8 Free agents On August 11, it was announced that Hawks forward Josh Smith will remain with the Hawks after the Hawks matched an offer sheet from the Memphis Grizzlies. The terms have not been disclosed but it's believed that Smith gets a five-year deal worth about $58 million. Additions Player Signed Former team Flip Murray August 14 Pacers Subtractions Player Left New team Josh Childress Greek club Olympiakos References ^ "Hawks keep F Smith, match Grizzlies' offer sheet". August 8, 2008. ^ "CANOE -- SLAM! Sports - Basketball - News: Basketball transactions". Archived from the original on September 26, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "CANOE -- SLAM! Sports - Basketball - NCAA: Hornets guard Jannero Pargo signs one-year deal with Dynamo Moscow". slam.canoe.ca. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) vteAtlanta Hawks seasons Franchise Seasons 1940s 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1950s 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1960s 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–691970s 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–791980s 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–891990s 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–992000s 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–092010s 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2020s 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory vte2008–09 NBA season by team 2008 NBA draft All-Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions EasternAtlantic Boston New Jersey New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington WesternNorthwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Hawks keep F Smith, match Grizzlies' offer sheet\". August 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=3525609","url_text":"\"Hawks keep F Smith, match Grizzlies' offer sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"CANOE -- SLAM! Sports - Basketball - News: Basketball transactions\". Archived from the original on September 26, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20080926083336/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Basketball/News/2008/08/14/6443891-cp.html","url_text":"\"CANOE -- SLAM! Sports - Basketball - News: Basketball transactions\""}]},{"reference":"\"CANOE -- SLAM! Sports - Basketball - NCAA: Hornets guard Jannero Pargo signs one-year deal with Dynamo Moscow\". slam.canoe.ca. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20080926083331/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Basketball/NCAA/2008/08/15/6467236-ap.html","url_text":"\"CANOE -- SLAM! Sports - Basketball - NCAA: Hornets guard Jannero Pargo signs one-year deal with Dynamo Moscow\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Greaves_(prospector)
Richard Greaves (prospector)
["1 Biography","2 Prospecting","3 References"]
Gold explorer and prospector in Western Australia Richard Greaves at the time of receiving his life membership to the Perth Rifle Club Richard Tuckey Greaves, better known as Dick Greaves, was a prospector and an expert marksman with a rifle. Biography Greaves was born near Flinders Street, Melbourne, on the banks of the Yarra River in the colony of Victoria in 1852 or 1853. As a child he lived on the Victorian Goldfields, where his father was a prospector. After the death of both his parents Greaves settled in the Williamstown area, where in 1866 he joined the Williamstown Volunteer Artillery. In 1873 he joined the Victorian Permanent Artillery, one of the first paid forces in the colony. Greaves stayed with them for about two years. They spent every day drilling and marching; on parade they were renowned for their precision and skill. However rifle shooting was never practised, and during this time Greaves did not once fire a rifle. He joined the Victoria Police, where his commanding presence and physical attributes made him an ideal recruit, but here again his interest in rifle shooting was not nurtured. He moved to New South Wales and joined the New South Wales Artillery unit, where he was encouraged by his officers to regularly shoot rifles; he was a leading marksman representing NSW in many interstate competitions. Greaves rose to the rank of sergeant and was assigned as the recruitment officer for the No 1 Battery of the Volunteer Artillery; this battery was set to embark to the Sudan. Just before the battery sailed his wife objected to the separation, so he left the artillery. In 1885 he moved to Western Australia, and began prospecting for gold, funded by £600 that he had brought with him. Greaves competed on over 50 different rifle ranges across Australia, representing Victoria, NSW, and later Western Australia, and collected over 300 prizes as a marksman. Greaves founded the Perth Rifle Club and was later recognised for his efforts with life membership. Due to ill-health caused by mining, Greaves became the caretaker of James Street State School. He died in the caretaker's quarters at the James Street school on 17 March 1916 and was buried at Karrakatta Cemetery in grave Baptist AA 160A. Prospecting The syndicate that participated in the successful 1887 expedition Just after arriving in Perth Greaves was shown a rock owned by William Lawrence, who thought it was copper. Due to his experience Greaves identified it as gold. Lawrence gave Greaves approximately 1 pound (0.45 kg) of the rock, from which he extracted 6 ounces (170 g) of gold, which he sold for £4 per ounce. This started Greaves on his search for gold in Western Australia, though it was some years before he was successful. Greaves and Ted Payne found gold in the Yilgarn region of Western Australia in 1887, starting the first of the major gold rushes in Western Australia. Greaves struggled to be rewarded for his involvement in the discovery of gold. As leader of the party, Harry Anstey collected a £500 reward for the discovery. Lawrence, on behalf of the syndicate, through the courts was able to recover £50 from Anesty for the expense in funding the expedition, while Greaves was given £5. It has never been established what Anstey did with the remaining £445. In 1906 a petition was presented for the Government of Western Australia to pay Greaves an annuity of £100. In 1906 Greaves published a book called The Golden West, which detailed the experiences of prospecting for gold and the people who were there. In it he noted that Anstey was rewarded for finding gold by the Western Australian Colonial Government, and would never had found anything without the support of Payne and himself. References ^ a b c "Summary Of Record Information - Richard Tuckey Greaves". Metropolitan Cemeteries Board. Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ a b c "A Pioneer Prospector". The West Australian. Vol. XXXII, no. 4, 356. Western Australia. 18 March 1916. p. 8. Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ a b c d e "A Crack Marksman". Western Mail. Vol. XXIX, no. 1, 478. Western Australia. 24 April 1914. p. 34. Retrieved 23 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "The Late Mr. Richard Greaves". The Daily News. Vol. XXXV, no. 12, 828. Perth, Western Australia. 21 March 1916. p. 6 (Third Edition). Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "A Pioneer Prospector—The Late Mr. Richard Greaves". Western Mail. Vol. XXXI, no. 1, 578. Perth, Western Australia. 24 March 1916. p. 25. Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "A Pioneer Prospector". Kalgoorlie Western Argus. Vol. 21, no. 4957. Western Australia. 28 March 1916. p. 11. Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "SUDDEN DEATH". The Daily News. Vol. XXXV, no. 12, 825. Western Australia. 17 March 1916. p. 8 (THIRD EDITION). Retrieved 26 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "GENERAL NEWS". The Murchison Times And Day Dawn Gazette. Vol. 12, no. 71. Western Australia. 27 January 1906. p. 2. Retrieved 23 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Greaves, Dick; Riseley, Tom (1900), The thirst for gold : being the adventures of the early prospectors, retrieved 22 January 2024 ^ "Obit: "Dick" Greaves". Sunday Times (Perth). No. 950. Western Australia. 19 March 1916. p. 3 (Country Edition : First Section). Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Mr. Richard Greaves". Geraldton Murchison Telegraph. Vol. VIII, no. 12. Western Australia. 18 July 1896. p. 2. Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Richard Greaves Testimonial Fund". Geraldton Advertiser. No. 479. Western Australia. 19 October 1896. p. 3. Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "THE DAWS OF THE EASTERN FIELDS". Kalgoorlie Miner. Vol. 18, no. 5247. Western Australia. 29 July 1912. p. 6. Retrieved 23 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "PROSPECTING PIONEERS". Coolgardie Miner. Vol. XII, no. 3462. Western Australia. 25 January 1906. p. 4. Retrieved 24 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Greaves, Dick (1981), The golden West and how it was discovered, Hesperian Press, ISBN 978-0-85905-009-8 ^ "A Pioneer Prospector's Book". Sunday Times (Perth). No. 306. Western Australia. 15 November 1903. p. 6. Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "The Case of Richard Greaves". The West Australian. 11 August 1904. p. 5 – via Trove.
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In 1873 he joined the Victorian Permanent Artillery, one of the first paid forces in the colony. Greaves stayed with them for about two years. They spent every day drilling and marching; on parade they were renowned for their precision and skill. However rifle shooting was never practised, and during this time Greaves did not once fire a rifle.[3] He joined the Victoria Police, where his commanding presence and physical attributes made him an ideal recruit, but here again his interest in rifle shooting was not nurtured.[3]He moved to New South Wales and joined the New South Wales Artillery unit, where he was encouraged by his officers to regularly shoot rifles; he was a leading marksman representing NSW in many interstate competitions. Greaves rose to the rank of sergeant and was assigned as the recruitment officer for the No 1 Battery of the Volunteer Artillery; this battery was set to embark to the Sudan. Just before the battery sailed his wife objected to the separation, so he left the artillery.[3]In 1885 he moved to Western Australia, and began prospecting for gold, funded by £600 that he had brought with him.[2]Greaves competed on over 50 different rifle ranges across Australia, representing Victoria, NSW, and later Western Australia, and collected over 300 prizes as a marksman. Greaves founded the Perth Rifle Club and was later recognised for his efforts with life membership.[3]Due to ill-health caused by mining, Greaves became the caretaker of James Street State School. He died in the caretaker's quarters at the James Street school on 17 March 1916 and was buried at Karrakatta Cemetery in grave Baptist AA 160A.[1][2][4][5][6][7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slwa_b1976225_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Yilgarn region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Yilgarn"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"gold rushes in Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Harry Anstey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Anstey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The syndicate that participated in the successful 1887 expeditionJust after arriving in Perth Greaves was shown a rock owned by William Lawrence, who thought it was copper. Due to his experience Greaves identified it as gold. Lawrence gave Greaves approximately 1 pound (0.45 kg) of the rock, from which he extracted 6 ounces (170 g) of gold, which he sold for £4 per ounce. This started Greaves on his search for gold in Western Australia, though it was some years before he was successful.[8]Greaves and Ted Payne found gold in the Yilgarn region of Western Australia in 1887,[9] starting the first of the major gold rushes in Western Australia.[10]Greaves struggled to be rewarded for his involvement in the discovery of gold.[11][12] As leader of the party, Harry Anstey collected a £500 reward for the discovery. Lawrence, on behalf of the syndicate, through the courts was able to recover £50 from Anesty for the expense in funding the expedition, while Greaves was given £5. It has never been established what Anstey did with the remaining £445.[13] In 1906 a petition was presented for the Government of Western Australia to pay Greaves an annuity of £100.[14]In 1906 Greaves published a book called The Golden West,[15] which detailed the experiences of prospecting for gold and the people who were there. In it he noted that Anstey was rewarded for finding gold by the Western Australian Colonial Government, and would never had found anything without the support of Payne and himself.[16][17]","title":"Prospecting"}]
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null
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Retrieved 24 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article217447769","url_text":"\"PROSPECTING PIONEERS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolgardie_Miner","url_text":"Coolgardie Miner"}]},{"reference":"Greaves, Dick (1981), The golden West and how it was discovered, Hesperian Press, ISBN 978-0-85905-009-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85905-009-8","url_text":"978-0-85905-009-8"}]},{"reference":"\"A Pioneer Prospector's Book\". Sunday Times (Perth). No. 306. Western Australia. 15 November 1903. p. 6. Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57187976","url_text":"\"A Pioneer Prospector's Book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_(Perth)","url_text":"Sunday Times (Perth)"}]},{"reference":"\"The Case of Richard Greaves\". The West Australian. 11 August 1904. p. 5 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/25095478","url_text":"\"The Case of Richard Greaves\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://portal.mcb.wa.gov.au/name-search/ns-detail/?id=e26c3fdf-8c1d-ec11-b6e7-00224814c0bd","external_links_name":"\"Summary Of Record Information - Richard Tuckey Greaves\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article26974500","external_links_name":"\"A Pioneer Prospector\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37977294","external_links_name":"\"A Crack Marksman\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article80895477","external_links_name":"\"The Late Mr. Richard Greaves\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37596393","external_links_name":"\"A Pioneer Prospector—The Late Mr. Richard Greaves\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33603288","external_links_name":"\"A Pioneer Prospector\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article80889996","external_links_name":"\"SUDDEN DEATH\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233407764","external_links_name":"\"GENERAL NEWS\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18400726","external_links_name":"The thirst for gold : being the adventures of the early prospectors"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58011094","external_links_name":"\"Obit: \"Dick\" Greaves\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260160019","external_links_name":"\"Mr. Richard Greaves\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252768880","external_links_name":"\"Richard Greaves Testimonial Fund\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92587246","external_links_name":"\"THE DAWS OF THE EASTERN FIELDS\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article217447769","external_links_name":"\"PROSPECTING PIONEERS\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57187976","external_links_name":"\"A Pioneer Prospector's Book\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/25095478","external_links_name":"\"The Case of Richard Greaves\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Like_It_Loud_(EP)
I Like It Loud (EP)
["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 References"]
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "I Like It Loud" EP – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2018 EP by TiëstoI Like It LoudEP by TiëstoReleased30 March 2018Length11:14Label Musical Freedom Spinnin' ProducerTiëstoJohn ChristianMestoMatisse & SadkoMOTiTiësto chronology Club Life, Vol. 5 - China(2017) I Like It Loud(2018) Together(2019) I Like It Loud is the debut extended play by Dutch DJ Tiësto. Released through his Musical Freedom record label on 30 March 2018, the EP features four songs. Background He announced the EP on social media on 25 March 2018, saying "Thank you @ultra! Excited to announce my new I Like It Loud EP drops this Friday March 30." The EP was described as "an explosive body of work, brimming with festival bangers." The title track from the EP is a remake of the song by Marshal Masters. The songs in the EP are of different genres - the first is of Melbourne bounce, the second is of progressive house, the third is of future house and the fourth is of big room house. Track listing I Like It Loud track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."I Like It Loud" (with John Christian featuring Marshall Masters & the Ultimate MC)Tijs VerwestJohn DirneMarc TraunerSir Shawn3:562."Dawnbreaker" (with Matisse & Sadko)VerwestAlexander ParkhomenkoYury Parkhomenko2:383."Coming Home" (with Mesto)VerwestMelle Stomp2:164."Break the House Down" (with MOTi)VerwestTimotheus "Moti" Romme2:24Total length:11:14 References ^ "Tiësto drops highly energetic 'I Like It Loud' EP". We Rave You. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "Tiësto's Just Unloaded A Massive New 4-Song EP". Your EDM. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "Tiesto & John Christian Turn It Up on 'I Like It Loud': Listen". Billboard. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "Turn it up: Tiësto's 'I Like It Loud' EP has arrived". Dancing Astronaut. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "Tiësto Is Dropping A New EP Friday & Debuted Some Of It At Ultra ". Your EDM. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "Tiesto Rounds Off Week of Releases With Collaborative EP 'I Like It Loud EP '". Rave Jungle. 31 March 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "Tiësto: 'I Like It Loud' EP - OUT NOW – EDM Authority". EDM Authority. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ Einck, Henry. "Tiësto - I Like It Loud (EP)". Dance-Charts.de (in German). Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "Tiësto Releases Festival Ready 'I Like It Loud' EP Featuring Matisse & Sadko, MOTi & More". The Bangin Beats. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018. vteTiësto Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums In My Memory Just Be Elements of Life Kaleidoscope A Town Called Paradise The London Sessions Drive Remix albums Elements of Life: Remixed Kaleidoscope: Remixed Mix albumsIn Search of Sunrise In Search of Sunrise 2 4: Latin America 5: Los Angeles 6: Ibiza 7: Asia Club Life Vol. 1 - Las Vegas Vol. 2 - Miami Vol. 3 - Stockholm Vol. 4 - New York City Vol. 5 - China Magik One: First Flight Two: Story of the Fall Three: Far from Earth Four: A New Adventure Five: Heaven Beyond Six: Live in Amsterdam Seven: Live in Los Angeles Forbidden Paradise 3: The Quest for Atlantis 4: High as a Kite 5: Arctic Expedition 6: Valley of Fire 7: Deep Forest Space Age Space Age 1.0 Space Age 2.0 Other Global Clubbing: Netherlands Live at Innercity: Amsterdam RAI Summerbreeze Revolution Nyana Parade of the Athletes Magikal Journey Extended plays I Like It Loud Singlesas Tiësto "Theme from Norefjell" "Sparkles" "Lethal Industry" "Suburban Train" / "Urban Train" "Flight 643" "643 (Love's on Fire)" "Obsession" "In My Memory" "Traffic" "Just Be" "Love Comes Again" "Adagio for Strings" "UR" / "A Tear in the Open" "dance4life" "He's a Pirate" "In the Dark" "Break My Fall" "Ride" "I Will Be Here" "Escape Me" "Feel It" "Who Wants to Be Alone" "Feel It in My Bones" "C'mon" "C'mon (Catch 'Em by Surprise)" "Zero 76" "Work Hard, Play Hard" "Maximal Crazy" "The First Note Is Silent" "What Can We Do (A Deeper Love)" "We Own the Night" "Pair of Dice" "United" "Chasing Summers" "Take Me" "Red Lights" "Wasted" "Let's Go" "Say Something" "Light Years Away" "Secrets" "The Only Way Is Up" "Split (Only U)" "Chemicals" "Wombass" "Get Down" "The Right Song" "Summer Nights" "On My Way" "Harder" "Scream" "Carry You Home" "Jackie Chan" "Grapevine" "Ritual" "God Is a Dancer" "Blue" "Nothing Really Matters" "Coffee (Give Me Something)" "The Business" "The Business Part II" "Don't Be Shy" "The Motto" "Hot in It" "10:35" "Thank You (Not So Bad)" "Contigo" as Allure "The Loves We Lost" "Somewhere Inside" "Pair of Dice" as Alibi "Eternity" as VER:WEST "5 Seconds Before Sunrise" Promotional singles "Battleship Grey" "Speed Rail" "Halfway There" Other tracks "Last Train" "Set Yourself Free" "Lose You" Remixes "Silence" (DJ Tiësto In Search of Sunrise Mix) "Innocente (Falling in Love)" (DJ Tiësto Remix) "Southern Sun" (DJ Tiësto Mix) "We Are All Made of Stars" (DJ Tiësto's Full Vocal Remix) "Imagination" (Tiësto Remix) "All of Me" (Tiësto's Birthday Treatment Remix) "L'amour toujours" (Tiësto Edit) "Resilient" (Tiësto Remix) Video albums Live at Innercity: Amsterdam RAI Another Day at the Office Tiësto in Concert Tiësto in Concert 2 Copenhagen: Elements of Life World Tour Tours Area2 Tour Just Be: Train Tour In Search of Sunrise 5 Asia Tour Elements of Life World Tour In Search of Sunrise: Summer Tour 2008 Kaleidoscope World Tour A Town Called Paradise World Tour Related articles Gouryella Kamaya Painters Tiësto's Club Life
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_science_subsystem
Radio science subsystem
["1 Function of the RSS","2 Applications","3 Spacecraft using RSS","4 Functions","5 Specifications","6 References"]
A radio science subsystem (RSS) is a subsystem placed on board a spacecraft for radio science purposes. Function of the RSS The RSS uses radio signals to probe a medium such as a planetary atmosphere. The spacecraft transmits a highly stable signal to ground stations, receives such a signal from ground stations, or both. Since the transmitted signal parameters are accurately known to the receiver, any changes to these parameters are attributable to the propagation medium or to the relative motion of the spacecraft and ground station. The RSS is usually not a separate instrument; its functions are usually "piggybacked" on the existing telecommunications subsystem. More advanced systems use multiple antennas with orthogonal polarizations. Applications Radio science is commonly used to determine the gravity field of a moon or planet by observing Doppler shift. This requires a highly stable oscillator on the spacecraft, or more commonly a "2-way coherent" transponder that phase locks the transmitted signal frequency to a rational multiple of a received uplink signal that usually also carries spacecraft commands. Another common radio science observation is in radio occultation, performed as a spacecraft is occulted by a planetary body. As the spacecraft moves behind the planet, its radio signals cuts through successively deeper layers of the planetary atmosphere. Measurements of signal strength and polarization vs time can yield data on the composition and temperature of the atmosphere at different altitudes. It is also common to use multiple radio frequencies coherently derived from a common source to measure the dispersion of the propagation medium. This is especially useful in determining the free electron content of a planetary ionosphere. Spacecraft using RSS Cassini–Huygens Mariner 2, 4,5,6,7,9, and 10 Voyager 1 and 2 MESSENGER Venus Express Functions Determine composition of gas clouds such as atmospheres, solar coronas. Characterize gravitational fields Estimate masses of celestial satellites that do not have satellites of their own. To estimate particle size of particle fields Estimate densities of ion fields. Specifications Given a deep space network (DSN) of receivers and/or transmitters. A Ka-band traveling wave tube amplifier (K-TWTA) amplifies signals to a transmitting antenna to be received by a distal radio telescope. Ka-band translator (KAT) receives signal from a high gain antenna and retransmits the signal back to DSN. In this way the phase and phase-shift resulting from signal modification Ka-band exciter (KEX) it supplies telemetry data. S-band transmitter is used for radio science experiments. The transmitter receives signal from the RFS, amplifies and multiplies the signal, sending a 2290 MHz signal to the antenna. Filter microwave emitter allow only microwaves of a given frequency to be emitted, there is a polarizing element. There are two-bypass filters and a wave-guide. The bypass filters allow different feed polarizations, receiving and transmitting. References ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Radio Science Subsystem (RSS) Archived 2008-06-17 at the Wayback Machine Ulysess - European Space Agency ^ Srinivasan DK, Perry ME, Fielhauer KB, Smith DE and Zuber MT. The Radio Frequency Subsystem and Radio Science on the MESSENGER Mission. 2007. Space Science Reviews 131 :557-571doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9270-7 ^ Instruments - RSS: Radio Science Subsystem Cassini-Huygens, ESA vteScience instruments on satellites and spacecraftRadar Cassini–Huygens Magellan Pioneer Venus Orbiter REASON SELENE SHARAD MARSIS Venera 4 8 9 10 15 16 WISDOM Radio science Akatsuki Cassini–Huygens Europa-UVS ExoMars lander Galileo InSight Kaguya Magellan Mariner 2 3 4 5 6, 7 9 10 Mars Express MESSENGER Nozomi Pioneer 7 10 11 Pioneer Venus Orbiter Sakigake Venus Express Venera 9 Voyager 1 2 RadiometerMicrowaveNear-Earth AQUA AMR-C (Sentinel-6) AMSR-E (AQUA) AMSR (ADEOS II) AMSR2 (Shizuku) DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15 DMSP 5D-2/F16 ERSS Envisat GPM Core Kanopus-ST MIRAS MISR, MOPITT (Terra) MSR (MOS-1, MOS-1b) MTVZA (Meteor-3M-1) MTVZA-GYa Meteor-M2 Meteor-M2-1 Nimbus 7 RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (Sich-1M) Seasat Sentinel-3 SMAP SMMR SMOS SSM/I SSMIS TRMM WSF-M Zond-PP Interplanetary Cassini-Huygens Electra (radio) Mariner 2 MWR (Juno) Rosetta Infrared-visibleNear-Earth AVHRR ASTER, MISR (Terra) AIRS AVNIR AVNIR-2 CERES (TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP, NOAA-20) ERBS ERSS GLI (ADEOS II) Kanopus-V-IK MESSR and VTIR MOS-1 1b Meteor-2 MODIS (Terra, Aqua) OPS (JERS-1) ORI (EURECA) Radiation Budget Instrument SGLI (GCOM-C) SLSTR (Sentinel-3) VIIRS (Suomi NPP, NOAA-21) Interplanetary COMARS+ (on Schiaparelli) Diviner (on LRO) HP3 (on InSight) IRIS Luna 13 Mariner 6 and 7 Mariner 10 Mars 96 2M No.521 2M No.522 Pioneer 10 11 PMIRR (on Mars Climate Orbiter) Venera 9 10 Voyager 1 2 Ultraviolet (UV)Near-Earth ORI (EURECA) LYRA Proba-2 SpectrophotometersLong wavelengthInterplanetary ISO Visible-IR (VIRS)Near-Earth CASE MOMS Multispectral Scanner SCIAMACHY TES TRMM Interplanetary AKARI Rosalind Franklin rover MA-MISS ISEM Infrared Space Observatory IRIS (Voyager 1 and 2) JIRAM (on Juno) M3 Mariner 6 and 7 MESSENGER MERIS E-THEMIS, MISE, SUDA (on Europa Clipper) Ralph SPICAM SPICAV Venus Emissivity Mapper UV-visible (UVVS)Interplanetary Alice Mariner 6 and 7 Mariner 10 MESSENGER NOMAD SPICAM SPICAV UVS Voyager 1 2 RamanInterplanetary Raman Laser Spectrometer (Rosalind Franklin rover) SHERLOC (Perseverance rover) MagnetometerNear-Earth GOES QuakeSat 1 and 2 SGVM Proba-2 Interplanetary FIELDS Pioneer 10 11 Voyager 1 2 MAG (Juno) ICEMAG and PIMS (Europa Clipper) Triaxial fluxgateNear-Earth Swarm Interplanetary Cassini–Huygens FIELDS Magsat Mariner 2 4 5 10 MESSENGER Pioneer 11 Venus Express Helium vaporNear-Earth Swarm Interplanetary Cassini–Huygens ParticledetectorsIon detectorsNear-Earth DEMETER TPMU and DSLP Proba-2 Interplanetary ASPERA-3 ASPERA-4 Mariner 2 SPS Ulysses Neutral particle detectorInterplanetary ADRON-RM (Rosalind Franklin rover) ASPERA-3 (on Mars Express) ASPERA-4 (on Venus Express) DAN (on Curiosity) FREND (on ExoMars TGO) Nozomi SPS (on Mariner 2) Ulysses Mass spectrometerInterplanetary MASPEX (Europa Clipper) MOMA (Rosalind Franklin rover) Seismometers SEIS (on InSight) Viking 1 2 Imagers/telescopes High Resolution Stereo Camera HiRISE LORRI Mars Orbiter Camera Microscopes MicrOmega-IR (Rosalind Franklin rover) Astronomicalinstruments International Lunar Observatory MoonLIGHT Misc Deep Space Atomic Clock Inertial Stellar Compass Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter Plasma Wave Subsystem
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Radio science subsystem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_signal"},{"link_name":"medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplanetary_medium"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere"},{"link_name":"ground stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_station"},{"link_name":"parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter"},{"link_name":"propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_propagation"},{"link_name":"piggybacked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggybacking_(data_transmission)"},{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"orthogonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal"},{"link_name":"polarizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)#Polarization"}],"text":"The RSS uses radio signals to probe a medium such as a planetary atmosphere. The spacecraft transmits a highly stable signal to ground stations, receives such a signal from ground stations, or both. Since the transmitted signal parameters are accurately known to the receiver, any changes to these parameters are attributable to the propagation medium or to the relative motion of the spacecraft and ground station.The RSS is usually not a separate instrument; its functions are usually \"piggybacked\" on the existing telecommunications subsystem. More advanced systems use multiple antennas with orthogonal polarizations.","title":"Function of the RSS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"gravity field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_field"},{"link_name":"moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"Doppler shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_shift"},{"link_name":"oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillator"},{"link_name":"transponder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder"},{"link_name":"phase locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_lock"},{"link_name":"uplink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uplink"},{"link_name":"radio occultation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_occultation"},{"link_name":"signal strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_strength"},{"link_name":"radio frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"},{"link_name":"electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"}],"text":"Radio science is commonly used to determine the gravity field of a moon or planet by observing Doppler shift. This requires a highly stable oscillator on the spacecraft, or more commonly a \"2-way coherent\" transponder that phase locks the transmitted signal frequency to a rational multiple of a received uplink signal that usually also carries spacecraft commands.Another common radio science observation is in radio occultation, performed as a spacecraft is occulted by a planetary body. As the spacecraft moves behind the planet, its radio signals cuts through successively deeper layers of the planetary atmosphere. Measurements of signal strength and polarization vs time can yield data on the composition and temperature of the atmosphere at different altitudes.It is also common to use multiple radio frequencies coherently derived from a common source to measure the dispersion of the propagation medium. This is especially useful in determining the free electron content of a planetary ionosphere.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cassini–Huygens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mariner 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2"},{"link_name":"Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_program"},{"link_name":"MESSENGER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MESSENGER"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Venus Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Express"}],"text":"Cassini–Huygens[1]\nMariner 2, 4,5,6,7,9, and 10\nVoyager 1 and 2\nMESSENGER[2]\nVenus Express","title":"Spacecraft using RSS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gas clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_cloud"},{"link_name":"solar coronas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_corona"},{"link_name":"gravitational fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_field"},{"link_name":"satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"particle fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics"},{"link_name":"ion fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_field&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Determine composition of gas clouds such as atmospheres, solar coronas.\nCharacterize gravitational fields\nEstimate masses of celestial satellites that do not have satellites of their own.\nTo estimate particle size of particle fields\nEstimate densities of ion fields.[3]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deep space network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_space_network"},{"link_name":"Ka-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-band"},{"link_name":"traveling wave tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveling_wave_tube"},{"link_name":"amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier"},{"link_name":"antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"radio telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_telescope"},{"link_name":"telemetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry"},{"link_name":"microwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"}],"text":"Given a deep space network (DSN) of receivers and/or transmitters.\nA Ka-band traveling wave tube amplifier (K-TWTA) amplifies signals to a transmitting antenna to be received by a distal radio telescope.\nKa-band translator (KAT) receives signal from a high gain antenna and retransmits the signal back to DSN. In this way the phase and phase-shift resulting from signal modification\nKa-band exciter (KEX) it supplies telemetry data.\nS-band transmitter is used for radio science experiments. The transmitter receives signal from the RFS, amplifies and multiplies the signal, sending a 2290 MHz signal to the antenna.\nFilter microwave emitter allow only microwaves of a given frequency to be emitted, there is a polarizing element. There are two-bypass filters and a wave-guide. The bypass filters allow different feed polarizations, receiving and transmitting.","title":"Specifications"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/instruments-cassini-rss.cfm","external_links_name":"Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Radio Science Subsystem (RSS)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617050100/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/instruments-cassini-rss.cfm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-007-9270-7","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11214-007-9270-7"},{"Link":"http://ulysses.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=34954&fbodylongid=1623","external_links_name":"Instruments - RSS: Radio Science Subsystem"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigby_Wolf
Bigby Wolf
["1 Concept and design","2 Fictional character biography","3 In other media","4 Reception","4.1 Analysis","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
Comics character Bigby WolfBigby Wolf, as illustrated in cover art of Fables: The Wolf Among Us #22 by Eric Nguyen.Publication informationPublisherVertigo ComicsFirst appearanceFables #1 (July 2002)Created byBill WillinghamLan MedinaIn-story informationSpeciesWerewolf (Fable)Team affiliationsFabletownNotable aliasesBig Bad Wolf (sobriquet)Abilities Effectively immortal Superhuman strength, speed, stamina, agility, reflexes, durability, senses Superhuman breath Wind breath Wolf transformation Bigby Wolf is a fictional character in the American comic book series Fables published by DC Comics and its alternative imprint Vertigo. The character first appears in Fables #1 (July 2002) and was created by Bill Willingham and Lan Medina. He frequently serves as the lead character among the ensemble cast of Fables and is the central protagonist of Fables: Werewolves of the Heartland as well as Fables: The Wolf Among Us, the comic book adaptation of the 2013 video game The Wolf Among Us. Within the series, Bigby Wolf is a member of the "Fable" community – fantastical characters from fairy tales and folklore who formed a clandestine society centuries ago within New York City known as Fabletown, after their Homelands have been conquered by a mysterious and deadly enemy known as "the Adversary". Bigby is the embodiment of the Big Bad Wolf, a villainous wolf character appearing in several cautionary tales that include Grimms' Fairy Tales such as Little Red Riding Hood, Peter and the Wolf, and The Three Little Pigs, as well as some of Aesop's Fables. Effectively immortal like most other Fables, Bigby is capable of shapeshifting between human form, a therianthropic hybrid wolf-like creature form, and a giant wolf form. After gaining the ability to shapeshift and being pardoned for his past deeds, Bigby assumed the role of Fabletown's sheriff, and in the following centuries he has mostly remained in his human form and tries to put his dark past as a menacing predator behind him. Bigby Wolf has received a positive reception for his complex characterization as an anti-heroic figure, and is considered by critics to be the closest character the Fable series has to a protagonist. The video game iteration of Bigby in The Wolf Among Us has also been well received. Concept and design Bigby Wolf's first appearance is in Chapter One of the first story arc of Fables, titled "Old Tales Revisited", which has been collected in the trade paperback Fables: Legends in Exile. The story arc involves the mystery around Rose Red's apparent murder, where her boyfriend Jack Horner informs Bigby that she has been killed. Bigby informs Rose's sister, Snow White, and then proceeds to investigate the crime scene as the sheriff of Fabletown. In these early appearances, Bigby's well-muscled body, shaggy hair and habitual scowl on his face is similar to Hugh Jackman's portrayal of the Marvel Comics character Wolverine. Bigby's visual design evokes a film noir feel, and invited comparisons to Clint Eastwood's Dirty Harry character, and to Humphrey Bogart's various private detective characters: he has a constant five o'clock shadow over his face, who chain-smokes and wears a beige trench coat and loosened tie over his dress shirt, which is itself rolled into sleeves. "At his core, Bigby is a monster. The civilized Bigby is a shell around him, the purpose of which is to keep the monster from getting out. But sometimes, shells break". Bill Willingham on Bigby Wolf As a character patterned after the outlaw cultural hero archetype, Bigby shares similar traits with the likes of Jesse James or Robin Hood than traditional fairy-tale oriented ones. Bigby is depicted as primarily a champion of what he believes is right, who has never taken the law too strictly as he has shown a willingness to bend his own rules. Though Bigby resists the typical binary representation of man and animal, the series begins following a fairly typical transformative man/animal trajectory for his character arc. The creative team of the comic book series, Mark Buckingham and Bill Willingham, confirmed that Bigby started off with a malevolent personality as part of his origin story, but his fascination with Snow White and his desire to protect her was a turning point for his character arc. Bigby's ongoing personal journey to redemption, as depicted in the series, is constantly interspersed with multiple opportunities to revert to his bestial, violent nature, which is never completely absent according to Buckingham and Willingham. His constant internal struggle to keep his true nature in check is deemed necessary for him to coexist peacefully with other beings in a community, and that it is the only way for a creature like him to find redemption and forgiveness. While he serves an instrumental role to protect Fabletown from various threats, he often terrifies the very people he works to protect due to their knowledge of his dark past. Bigby is featured as the central protagonist of a graphic novel spin-off, Fables: Werewolves of the Heartland, which follows the character as he searches for a new home on behalf of Fabletown. Bigby appears in the crossover comic Batman vs. Bigby! A Wolf in Gotham, which was published by DC Comics from September 2021 to February 2022. Fictional character biography Having reformed from his violent ways, Bigby became the cigarette-smoking, trench coat-clad sheriff of Fabletown. He is extremely cunning and resourceful, in addition to being an excellent detective. Due to Snow White's possession of a lycanthropy-stained knife, he is now a werewolf and can change between wolf form, human form and an intermediate "wolfman" stage at will. In "The Great Fables Crossover", it is revealed that Bigby's nature as one of the North Wind's sons allows him to change forms at will. He is the son of the North Wind, which is where his legendary "huff and puff" ability comes from as well as control over the lower-tier winds. Despite his reformation, he can still be vicious if he believes the situation calls for it. He develops feelings for Snow White and the two have a litter of seven children together. He quits his position as the sheriff due to the election of Prince Charming as Mayor, whom he despises, and leaves Fabletown. He has since returned and married Snow, and now lives with her and their cubs on a specially set-aside area of land up at the Farm. In "The Destiny Game", Bigby forces The Lady Of The Lake to change his fate: he will never grow old, but he will continue to grow in strength and power; fall in love with Snow White; father seven children who will become gods and monsters who will lay waste to worlds; and he will die seven times, outliving all of his cubs. So far, it is unknown how often Bigby has died. Bigby eventually meets his end at the hands of Prince Brandish, who turns him into a glass statue and then destroys it. While the 13th-floor residents try to piece him together in hopes of reviving him, Mrs. Sprat removes a part of his glass body. Bigby is seen in his personal Heaven, where he meets Boy Blue and his son. Boy Blue tells him that while he can return to the living world, it would be a daunting task. Blue states that Bigby was meant to be one of the great destroyers, but that his fate was altered due to his love for Snow White. Bigby is eventually revived, but in a feral state. In the final arc he kills several mundy officers, along with Ozma, Beast, and Thrushbread. It is unclear if this state is due to Mrs. Sprat's actions or the challenge Boy Blue spoke of, but Winter's narration suggests the former. He is restored when Conner stands up to him. He and Snow then live happily ever after and have many descendants. In other media Bigby in the form of a giant wolf battles the glass clones of Bloody Mary in The Wolf Among Us. Bigby Wolf appears as the protagonist of The Wolf Among Us, a graphic adventure game played from a third-person perspective. Bigby is voiced by Adam Harrington, who also voices the Woodsman from Little Red Riding Hood, Bigby's longtime rival. Players control Bigby as he investigates the brutal murders of fairy tale characters and slowly unwinds the mystery of the Fabletown killer. When exploring an environment, Bigby can interact with objects and talk with non-player characters, many of whom are established series characters including Snow White, the Woodsman, and Beauty from Beauty and the Beast. Dialogue options chosen during conversations may have a positive or negative effect on how other characters view Bigby, and their perceptions have far-reaching consequences which influence future events in the narrative. Some scenes are more action-oriented, which subjects Bigby to a series of quick time event (QTE) prompts for players to respond to. The video game's branching narrative is adapted and streamlined into a single canon plotline as Fables: The Wolf Among Us, with its first issue released on December 10, 2014 and published by Vertigo Comics. It was written by Matthew Sturges and Dave Justus, and serves as a canon prequel story to the comic book series. The series concluded on November 3, 2015 and collected as Fables: The Wolf Among Us Vol. 1. Bigby is the main character of the upcoming sequel The Wolf Among Us 2, which will continue events after the first game, though it still serves as a prequel to the comic series. Harrington is set to reprise his role as the character. The game is developed by LCG Entertainment, doing business as Telltale Games, in association with AdHoc Studio which is composed of former Telltale Games staff. Reception Bigby Wolf has been positively received by critics. Some sources consider Bigby to be the closest thing the series has to a protagonist the Fable series, known for its large ensemble cast of characters, has to a leading man due to the central role he plays throughout much of the narrative. Kannenberg found that Bigby's initial depiction as a trenchcoat-wearing cynical detective with a chainsmoking habit in his early appearances adds a convincing touch of noir to the story. IGN picked Bigby as one of their favorite Fables characters, describing him as "Wolverine and Cyclops of the Fables team rolled into one", and "probably the most unlikely family man in all of Fabledom" which adds to his appeal as a main character. Justin Clark from GameSpot described Bigby as a "brusque, cold, and brooding" Wolverine who wears Sam Spade's trench coat, noting his physical resemblance to the Lost series character James "Sawyer" Ford and that his "past misdeeds weigh on him constantly". While ultimately a malleable character by nature, he felt that the video game iteration of Bigby is a "different, lighter, more human character" even in light of any cruel decisions the player could make as Bigby. David Hinkle from Engadget praised the game's "intoxicating" mingling of mature themes like penance and redemption with fairy tale magic and superstitions as part of Bigby's character arc. He noted that Bigby is neither truly benevolent or malevolent and that he exists somewhere in the middle in terms of morality, showing empathy one moment yet purposefully provocative in another moment. Josiah Harrist from Killscreen found that Bigby "steals the spotlight as the seemingly irredeemable anti-hero craving redemption" and that it is ironic that "Fabletown's biggest, baddest monster happens to be the one keeping the peace". Ozzie Mejia from Shacknews called Bigby "an interesting, multi-dimensional character" who can be moulded into "a heartless pursuer of vengeance" or an individual with "a heart of gold underneath his gruff exterior" depending on player choice. Bigby Wolf from The Wolf Among Us was named Most Memorable Character for New Game Network's Game of the Year Awards 2014. For his work as Bigby Wolf, in 2014 Harrington received nominations from the BAFTA Games Awards for "Story and Performer" and from the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) awards for "Performance in a Drama, Lead". Following the initial announcement of a sequel to the Wolf Among Us in July 2017, Alex Walker from Kotaku expressed a preference for a story that revolves more around Bigby's desires, as opposed to Snow White or the political machinations of Fabletown which dominated the first game's narrative. Analysis In his essay "Negotiating Wartime Masculinity in Bill Willingham's Fables", Mark C. Hill described Bigby's characterization as "part hard-nosed detective, part soldier, part anti-hero", and that his role as the protector of Fabletown involved an eclectic cross between "small town sheriff and clandestine spy-master". He noted that Bigby's stereotypical Hollywood police detective persona is only one aspect of the disparate narratives and centuries of cultural ideologies that makes up the character's personal history. Hill linked Bigby to Joseph Campbell's hero myth pattern studies as an outsider marked with supernatural powers from birth, to the Beowulf legend with his ability to assume the alternate form of a werewolf-like creature, and to the politics of conflict and war that surround the creation of the Fables series with the character's service history and involvement in a counter-insurgency storyline. Hill argued that the character serves as a "liminal margin", a concept originally developed by Homi K. Bhabha, "where pedogogical, nationalistic and resistant narrative discourses construct, maneuver and negotiate identity". Claudia Schwabe agreed with Hill's observation that while Bigby's masculinity and heroism are further emphasized through his involvement with military conflict, she called to question his argument that the "War Stories" story arc does not question or challenge the courage, duty or righteousness of America's war effort but instead glorified the cultural memory of the masculine hero-soldier in a war worth fighting for, and drew attention to what she perceived as the subversive nature of Part 2 of the story arc which presents the question of monstrosity or "otherness" versus evil. She pointed out that Bigby, a supernatural werewolf creature based in America, eventually befriends his "enemy", a Nazi-created version of the classic Frankenstein's monster who in fact harbors no hostile intentions towards Bigby, after he was tricked into killing the creature, claiming that the outcome of the story arc demonstrates the series' willingness to challenge readers' imagination of classic monsters and fairy-tale creatures as evil beings. To her view, the Fable series indicates that all evil acts may be forgiven and that any villainous character could find redemption if they are willing and able to make the attempt. In her book A Tour of Fabletown: Patterns and Plots in Bill Willingham's Fables, Neta Gordon observed that new elements of Bigby's character were introduced in the series' later story arcs, where he is often depicted an interested, caring and protective father. Gordon opined that Bigby's fatherly persona augments his function as a "purveyor of wartime masculinity", and that it is "unusually rich" when compared to conventional fairy tale and folklore fathers. By the final volume of Fables, Bigby's importance in the series' narrative is greatly reduced, operating mostly as Snow White's domestic partner. The potential for Bigby to unleash his anger and rage at other characters in The Wolf Among Us has been subject to discussion and analysis. Brian Albert from IGN compared Bigby to Lee Everett from The Walking Dead video game and opined that, unlike Lee, Bigby's reputation dominates his conversations, his work, and his relationships and never has the chance to be seen as a new person. Albert felt uncomfortable projecting his personal views onto what he believes to be a defined character during his playthrough, and as a result he came to appreciate the power of the game's narrative. Within this context, he felt that Bigby's circumstances justify the moments where he is allowed to embrace his dark nature and bring harm to other characters. G. Christopher Williams from Pop Matters was amused by the possibility of Bigby (at the player's discretion) retaliating against non-player characters over their misogynistic misuse of the word "bitch", which literally means a female dog, as a form of insult. Williams argued that Bigby has the potential to become an "instructional tool for those who are concerned with casual misogyny" as well as "the kind of numbing effect that overused language has on its meanings and implications". References ^ a b c d e f Claudia Schwabe (2019). Craving Supernatural Creatures: German Fairy-Tale Figures in American Pop Culture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-081-434-197-1. ^ a b McKay and Miller, 266. ^ a b Kannenberg, 121. ^ Bobby, 182 ^ Hill, 183. ^ Richard George (September 13, 2006). "Whose Side Are They On?". IGN. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ a b David Hinkle (August 20, 2013). "Suspending disbelief in The Wolf Among Us". Engadget. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ a b c Jesse Schedeen (September 30, 2009). "IGN Comics' Favorite Fables". IGN. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ Mark Langshaw (January 10, 2010). "Bigby Wolf to star in Vertigo novel". Digital Spy. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ Jesse Schedeen (June 11, 2021). "DC Comics Revives Fables, Now With 100% More Batman". IGN. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ Brown, Chris (October 17, 2013). "The Wolf Among Us Episode 1: Faith review". Gameplanet. Retrieved June 8, 2016. ^ Ashley Reed (July 30, 2014). "6 things you didn't know about The Wolf Among Us". Gamesradar. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ a b Ozzie Mejia (July 10, 2014). "The Wolf Among Us review: no mere fairy tale". Shacknews. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ Aziz, Hamza (October 10, 2013). "Review: The Wolf Among Us: Faith". Destructoid. Modern Method. Retrieved June 8, 2016. ^ Watters, Chris (October 21, 2013). "The Wolf Among Us: Episode 1 Review - Testing My Faith". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 9, 2016. ^ "'Fables: The Wolf Among Us': Matthew Sturges, Dave Justus on the case". Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ Hennon, Blake (2014-10-10). "'Fables: The Wolf Among Us': Matthew Sturges, Dave Justus on the case". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved 2014-10-13. ^ Takahashi, Dean (December 12, 2019). "Telltale confirms it will make The Wolf Among Us 2". Venture Beat. Retrieved December 16, 2019. ^ Bobby, 181. ^ Justin Clark (December 5, 2014). "The Wolf Among Us Review". GameSpot. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ Josiah Harrist (July 30, 2014). "With The Wolf Among Us, Telltale takes a turn for the nihilistic". Killscreen. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ "Game of the Year Awards 2014 - Page 2". New Game Network. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015. ^ "Games in 2015 – BAFTA Awards". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved December 13, 2015. ^ "NAVGTR Awards (2014)". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. Archived from the original on 2017-03-22. Retrieved 2021-04-21. ^ Alex Walker (July 10, 2017). "The Wolf Among Us 2 Comes Out 2018". Kotaku. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ a b Hill, 182. ^ a b Gordon, 34. ^ Brian Albert (December 10, 2013). "Becoming the Big, Bad Wolf Among Us". IGN. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ G. Christopher Williams (November 13, 2013). "Bigby and Bitches: A Big Bad Wolf That Can't Bear Misogyny". Pop Matters. Retrieved September 26, 2020. Bibliography Susan Redington Bobby, ed. (2014). Fairy Tales Reimagined: Essays on New Retellings. McFarland. ISBN 978-078-645-396-2. Robert McKay; John Miller (2017). Werewolves, Wolves and the Gothic. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-1786831026. Karin Kukkonen (2020). Contemporary Comics Storytelling. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-149-620-908-5. Neta Gordon (2016). A Tour of Fabletown: Patterns and Plots in Bill Willingham's Fables. McFarland. ISBN 978-147-662-401-3. Gene Kannenberg (2008). 500 Essential Graphic Novels: The Ultimate Guide. HarperCollins. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-345-46781-2. vteFables by Bill WillinghamSeries Fables Jack of Fables Fairest Fables: The Wolf Among Us Specials 1001 Nights of Snowfall Peter & Max: A Fables Novel Cinderella: From Fabletown with Love Batman vs. Bigby! A Wolf in Gotham Characters Bigby Wolf Jack Horner Boy Blue Flycatcher Pinocchio Geppetto Locations The Homelands Golden Boughs Retirement Village Video games The Wolf Among Us The Wolf Among Us 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_(comics)"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Bill Willingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Willingham"},{"link_name":"Lan Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan_Medina"},{"link_name":"Fables: The Wolf Among Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables:_The_Wolf_Among_Us"},{"link_name":"The Wolf Among Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_Among_Us"},{"link_name":"fairy tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tales"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Homelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelands_(Fables)"},{"link_name":"Big Bad Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bad_Wolf"},{"link_name":"wolf character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"cautionary tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cautionary_tales"},{"link_name":"Grimms' Fairy Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales"},{"link_name":"Little Red Riding Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood"},{"link_name":"Peter and the Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_the_Wolf"},{"link_name":"The Three Little Pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Little_Pigs"},{"link_name":"Aesop's Fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables"},{"link_name":"therianthropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapeshifting"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological_hybrid"},{"link_name":"wolf-like creature form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf"},{"link_name":"shapeshift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapeshifting"}],"text":"Bigby Wolf is a fictional character in the American comic book series Fables published by DC Comics and its alternative imprint Vertigo. The character first appears in Fables #1 (July 2002) and was created by Bill Willingham and Lan Medina. He frequently serves as the lead character among the ensemble cast of Fables and is the central protagonist of Fables: Werewolves of the Heartland as well as Fables: The Wolf Among Us, the comic book adaptation of the 2013 video game The Wolf Among Us.Within the series, Bigby Wolf is a member of the \"Fable\" community – fantastical characters from fairy tales and folklore who formed a clandestine society centuries ago within New York City known as Fabletown, after their Homelands have been conquered by a mysterious and deadly enemy known as \"the Adversary\". Bigby is the embodiment of the Big Bad Wolf, a villainous wolf character appearing in several cautionary tales that include Grimms' Fairy Tales such as Little Red Riding Hood, Peter and the Wolf, and The Three Little Pigs, as well as some of Aesop's Fables. Effectively immortal like most other Fables, Bigby is capable of shapeshifting between human form, a therianthropic hybrid wolf-like creature form, and a giant wolf form. After gaining the ability to shapeshift and being pardoned for his past deeds, Bigby assumed the role of Fabletown's sheriff, and in the following centuries he has mostly remained in his human form and tries to put his dark past as a menacing predator behind him.Bigby Wolf has received a positive reception for his complex characterization as an anti-heroic figure, and is considered by critics to be the closest character the Fable series has to a protagonist. The video game iteration of Bigby in The Wolf Among Us has also been well received.","title":"Bigby Wolf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Horner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Horner_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Snow White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_(Fables)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jackman"},{"link_name":"portrayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(film_series_character)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craving-1"},{"link_name":"film noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKay_and_Miller,_266-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kannenberg,_121-3"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"Dirty Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Harry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Bogart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craving-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craving-1"},{"link_name":"Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Side-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engadget-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKay_and_Miller,_266-2"},{"link_name":"Mark Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Buckingham_(comic_book_artist)"},{"link_name":"Bill Willingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Willingham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craving-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Favorite-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digitalspy-9"},{"link_name":"crossover comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Batman vs. Bigby! A Wolf in Gotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_vs._Bigby!_A_Wolf_in_Gotham"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batman-10"}],"text":"Bigby Wolf's first appearance is in Chapter One of the first story arc of Fables, titled \"Old Tales Revisited\", which has been collected in the trade paperback Fables: Legends in Exile. The story arc involves the mystery around Rose Red's apparent murder, where her boyfriend Jack Horner informs Bigby that she has been killed. Bigby informs Rose's sister, Snow White, and then proceeds to investigate the crime scene as the sheriff of Fabletown. In these early appearances, Bigby's well-muscled body, shaggy hair and habitual scowl on his face is similar to Hugh Jackman's portrayal of the Marvel Comics character Wolverine.[1] Bigby's visual design evokes a film noir feel,[2][3] and invited comparisons to Clint Eastwood's Dirty Harry character,[4] and to Humphrey Bogart's various private detective characters:[1] he has a constant five o'clock shadow over his face, who chain-smokes and wears a beige trench coat and loosened tie over his dress shirt, which is itself rolled into sleeves.\"At his core, Bigby is a monster. The civilized Bigby is a shell around him, the purpose of which is to keep the monster from getting out. But sometimes, shells break\".\n\n\nBill Willingham on Bigby Wolf[1]As a character patterned after the outlaw cultural hero archetype, Bigby shares similar traits with the likes of Jesse James or Robin Hood than traditional fairy-tale oriented ones.[5] Bigby is depicted as primarily a champion of what he believes is right, who has never taken the law too strictly as he has shown a willingness to bend his own rules.[6][7] Though Bigby resists the typical binary representation of man and animal, the series begins following a fairly typical transformative man/animal trajectory for his character arc.[2] The creative team of the comic book series, Mark Buckingham and Bill Willingham, confirmed that Bigby started off with a malevolent personality as part of his origin story, but his fascination with Snow White and his desire to protect her was a turning point for his character arc. Bigby's ongoing personal journey to redemption, as depicted in the series, is constantly interspersed with multiple opportunities to revert to his bestial, violent nature, which is never completely absent according to Buckingham and Willingham.[1] His constant internal struggle to keep his true nature in check is deemed necessary for him to coexist peacefully with other beings in a community, and that it is the only way for a creature like him to find redemption and forgiveness. While he serves an instrumental role to protect Fabletown from various threats, he often terrifies the very people he works to protect due to their knowledge of his dark past.[8]Bigby is featured as the central protagonist of a graphic novel spin-off, Fables: Werewolves of the Heartland, which follows the character as he searches for a new home on behalf of Fabletown.[9] Bigby appears in the crossover comic Batman vs. Bigby! A Wolf in Gotham, which was published by DC Comics from September 2021 to February 2022.[10]","title":"Concept and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trench coat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenchcoat"},{"link_name":"detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"lycanthropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycanthropy"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"}],"text":"Having reformed from his violent ways, Bigby became the cigarette-smoking, trench coat-clad sheriff of Fabletown. He is extremely cunning and resourceful, in addition to being an excellent detective. Due to Snow White's possession of a lycanthropy-stained knife, he is now a werewolf and can change between wolf form, human form and an intermediate \"wolfman\" stage at will. In \"The Great Fables Crossover\", it is revealed that Bigby's nature as one of the North Wind's sons allows him to change forms at will. He is the son of the North Wind, which is where his legendary \"huff and puff\" ability comes from as well as control over the lower-tier winds. Despite his reformation, he can still be vicious if he believes the situation calls for it.He develops feelings for Snow White and the two have a litter of seven children together. He quits his position as the sheriff due to the election of Prince Charming as Mayor, whom he despises, and leaves Fabletown. He has since returned and married Snow, and now lives with her and their cubs on a specially set-aside area of land up at the Farm. In \"The Destiny Game\", Bigby forces The Lady Of The Lake to change his fate: he will never grow old, but he will continue to grow in strength and power; fall in love with Snow White; father seven children who will become gods and monsters who will lay waste to worlds; and he will die seven times, outliving all of his cubs. So far, it is unknown how often Bigby has died.Bigby eventually meets his end at the hands of Prince Brandish, who turns him into a glass statue and then destroys it. While the 13th-floor residents try to piece him together in hopes of reviving him, Mrs. Sprat removes a part of his glass body. Bigby is seen in his personal Heaven, where he meets Boy Blue and his son. Boy Blue tells him that while he can return to the living world, it would be a daunting task. Blue states that Bigby was meant to be one of the great destroyers, but that his fate was altered due to his love for Snow White. Bigby is eventually revived, but in a feral state. In the final arc he kills several mundy officers, along with Ozma, Beast, and Thrushbread. It is unclear if this state is due to Mrs. Sprat's actions or the challenge Boy Blue spoke of, but Winter's narration suggests the former. He is restored when Conner stands up to him. He and Snow then live happily ever after and have many descendants.","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bigby_in_the_giant_wolf_form.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bloody Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Mary_folklore_in_popular_culture#Video_games"},{"link_name":"The Wolf Among Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_Among_Us"},{"link_name":"The Wolf Among Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_Among_Us"},{"link_name":"graphic adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_adventure_game"},{"link_name":"third-person perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_camera_system#Third-person_view"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gameplanet_Review-11"},{"link_name":"Adam Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harrington_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"the Woodsman from Little Red Riding Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamesradar-12"},{"link_name":"non-player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_character"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shacknews-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-14"},{"link_name":"quick time event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_time_event"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot_Review-15"},{"link_name":"Fables: The Wolf Among Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables:_The_Wolf_Among_Us"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Wolf Among Us 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_Among_Us_2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"doing business as","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_business_as"},{"link_name":"Telltale Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telltale_Games"},{"link_name":"AdHoc Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdHoc_Studio"}],"text":"Bigby in the form of a giant wolf battles the glass clones of Bloody Mary in The Wolf Among Us.Bigby Wolf appears as the protagonist of The Wolf Among Us, a graphic adventure game played from a third-person perspective.[11] Bigby is voiced by Adam Harrington, who also voices the Woodsman from Little Red Riding Hood, Bigby's longtime rival.[12] Players control Bigby as he investigates the brutal murders of fairy tale characters and slowly unwinds the mystery of the Fabletown killer. When exploring an environment, Bigby can interact with objects and talk with non-player characters, many of whom are established series characters including Snow White, the Woodsman, and Beauty from Beauty and the Beast. Dialogue options chosen during conversations may have a positive or negative effect on how other characters view Bigby, and their perceptions have far-reaching consequences which influence future events in the narrative.[13][14] Some scenes are more action-oriented, which subjects Bigby to a series of quick time event (QTE) prompts for players to respond to.[15]The video game's branching narrative is adapted and streamlined into a single canon plotline as Fables: The Wolf Among Us, with its first issue released on December 10, 2014 and published by Vertigo Comics. It was written by Matthew Sturges and Dave Justus, and serves as a canon prequel story to the comic book series.[16] The series concluded on November 3, 2015 and collected as Fables: The Wolf Among Us Vol. 1.[17]Bigby is the main character of the upcoming sequel The Wolf Among Us 2, which will continue events after the first game, though it still serves as a prequel to the comic series. Harrington is set to reprise his role as the character.[18] The game is developed by LCG Entertainment, doing business as Telltale Games, in association with AdHoc Studio which is composed of former Telltale Games staff.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Favorite-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kannenberg,_121-3"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"Cyclops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclops_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Favorite-8"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"Sam Spade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Spade"},{"link_name":"Lost series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"James \"Sawyer\" Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%22Sawyer%22_Ford"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engadget-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Killscreen-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shacknews-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGN2-22"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Games Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Games_Awards"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku-25"}],"text":"Bigby Wolf has been positively received by critics. Some sources consider Bigby to be the closest thing the series has to a protagonist the Fable series, known for its large ensemble cast of characters, has to a leading man due to the central role he plays throughout much of the narrative.[8][19] Kannenberg found that Bigby's initial depiction as a trenchcoat-wearing cynical detective with a chainsmoking habit in his early appearances adds a convincing touch of noir to the story.[3] IGN picked Bigby as one of their favorite Fables characters, describing him as \"Wolverine and Cyclops of the Fables team rolled into one\", and \"probably the most unlikely family man in all of Fabledom\" which adds to his appeal as a main character.[8]Justin Clark from GameSpot described Bigby as a \"brusque, cold, and brooding\" Wolverine who wears Sam Spade's trench coat, noting his physical resemblance to the Lost series character James \"Sawyer\" Ford and that his \"past misdeeds weigh on him constantly\". While ultimately a malleable character by nature, he felt that the video game iteration of Bigby is a \"different, lighter, more human character\" even in light of any cruel decisions the player could make as Bigby.[20] David Hinkle from Engadget praised the game's \"intoxicating\" mingling of mature themes like penance and redemption with fairy tale magic and superstitions as part of Bigby's character arc. He noted that Bigby is neither truly benevolent or malevolent and that he exists somewhere in the middle in terms of morality, showing empathy one moment yet purposefully provocative in another moment.[7] Josiah Harrist from Killscreen found that Bigby \"steals the spotlight as the seemingly irredeemable anti-hero craving redemption\" and that it is ironic that \"Fabletown's biggest, baddest monster happens to be the one keeping the peace\".[21] Ozzie Mejia from Shacknews called Bigby \"an interesting, multi-dimensional character\" who can be moulded into \"a heartless pursuer of vengeance\" or an individual with \"a heart of gold underneath his gruff exterior\" depending on player choice.[13]Bigby Wolf from The Wolf Among Us was named Most Memorable Character for New Game Network's Game of the Year Awards 2014.[22] For his work as Bigby Wolf, in 2014 Harrington received nominations from the BAFTA Games Awards for \"Story and Performer\" and from the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) awards for \"Performance in a Drama, Lead\".[23][24]Following the initial announcement of a sequel to the Wolf Among Us in July 2017, Alex Walker from Kotaku expressed a preference for a story that revolves more around Bigby's desires, as opposed to Snow White or the political machinations of Fabletown which dominated the first game's narrative.[25]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill,_182-26"},{"link_name":"Joseph Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Campbell"},{"link_name":"hero myth pattern studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero%27s_journey"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf"},{"link_name":"Homi K. Bhabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homi_K._Bhabha"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill,_182-26"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein's monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craving-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craving-1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon,_34-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon,_34-27"},{"link_name":"Lee Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Everett"},{"link_name":"The Walking Dead video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becoming-28"},{"link_name":"bitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitch_(slang)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popmatters-29"}],"sub_title":"Analysis","text":"In his essay \"Negotiating Wartime Masculinity in Bill Willingham's Fables\", Mark C. Hill described Bigby's characterization as \"part hard-nosed detective, part soldier, part anti-hero\", and that his role as the protector of Fabletown involved an eclectic cross between \"small town sheriff and clandestine spy-master\". He noted that Bigby's stereotypical Hollywood police detective persona is only one aspect of the disparate narratives and centuries of cultural ideologies that makes up the character's personal history.[26] Hill linked Bigby to Joseph Campbell's hero myth pattern studies as an outsider marked with supernatural powers from birth, to the Beowulf legend with his ability to assume the alternate form of a werewolf-like creature, and to the politics of conflict and war that surround the creation of the Fables series with the character's service history and involvement in a counter-insurgency storyline. Hill argued that the character serves as a \"liminal margin\", a concept originally developed by Homi K. Bhabha, \"where pedogogical, nationalistic and resistant narrative discourses construct, maneuver and negotiate identity\".[26]Claudia Schwabe agreed with Hill's observation that while Bigby's masculinity and heroism are further emphasized through his involvement with military conflict, she called to question his argument that the \"War Stories\" story arc does not question or challenge the courage, duty or righteousness of America's war effort but instead glorified the cultural memory of the masculine hero-soldier in a war worth fighting for, and drew attention to what she perceived as the subversive nature of Part 2 of the story arc which presents the question of monstrosity or \"otherness\" versus evil. She pointed out that Bigby, a supernatural werewolf creature based in America, eventually befriends his \"enemy\", a Nazi-created version of the classic Frankenstein's monster who in fact harbors no hostile intentions towards Bigby, after he was tricked into killing the creature, claiming that the outcome of the story arc demonstrates the series' willingness to challenge readers' imagination of classic monsters and fairy-tale creatures as evil beings.[1] To her view, the Fable series indicates that all evil acts may be forgiven and that any villainous character could find redemption if they are willing and able to make the attempt.[1]In her book A Tour of Fabletown: Patterns and Plots in Bill Willingham's Fables, Neta Gordon observed that new elements of Bigby's character were introduced in the series' later story arcs, where he is often depicted an interested, caring and protective father.[27] Gordon opined that Bigby's fatherly persona augments his function as a \"purveyor of wartime masculinity\", and that it is \"unusually rich\" when compared to conventional fairy tale and folklore fathers.[27] By the final volume of Fables, Bigby's importance in the series' narrative is greatly reduced, operating mostly as Snow White's domestic partner.The potential for Bigby to unleash his anger and rage at other characters in The Wolf Among Us has been subject to discussion and analysis. Brian Albert from IGN compared Bigby to Lee Everett from The Walking Dead video game and opined that, unlike Lee, Bigby's reputation dominates his conversations, his work, and his relationships and never has the chance to be seen as a new person. Albert felt uncomfortable projecting his personal views onto what he believes to be a defined character during his playthrough, and as a result he came to appreciate the power of the game's narrative. Within this context, he felt that Bigby's circumstances justify the moments where he is allowed to embrace his dark nature and bring harm to other characters.[28] G. Christopher Williams from Pop Matters was amused by the possibility of Bigby (at the player's discretion) retaliating against non-player characters over their misogynistic misuse of the word \"bitch\", which literally means a female dog, as a form of insult. Williams argued that Bigby has the potential to become an \"instructional tool for those who are concerned with casual misogyny\" as well as \"the kind of numbing effect that overused language has on its meanings and implications\".[29]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-078-645-396-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-078-645-396-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1786831026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786831026"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-149-620-908-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-149-620-908-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-147-662-401-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-147-662-401-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-345-46781-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-46781-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fables"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Fables"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fables"},{"link_name":"Fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Bill Willingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Willingham"},{"link_name":"Fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jack of Fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_of_Fables"},{"link_name":"Fairest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairest_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Fables: The Wolf Among Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables:_The_Wolf_Among_Us"},{"link_name":"1001 Nights of Snowfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1001_Nights_of_Snowfall"},{"link_name":"Peter & Max: A Fables Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_%26_Max:_A_Fables_Novel"},{"link_name":"Cinderella: From Fabletown with Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella:_From_Fabletown_with_Love"},{"link_name":"Batman vs. Bigby! A Wolf in Gotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_vs._Bigby!_A_Wolf_in_Gotham"},{"link_name":"Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fables_characters"},{"link_name":"Bigby Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Jack Horner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Horner_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Boy Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Blue_(Fables)"},{"link_name":"Flycatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flycatcher_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(Fables)"},{"link_name":"Geppetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geppetto_(Fables)"},{"link_name":"The Homelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelands_(Fables)"},{"link_name":"Golden Boughs Retirement Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Boughs_Retirement_Village"},{"link_name":"The Wolf Among Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_Among_Us"},{"link_name":"The Wolf Among Us 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_Among_Us_2"}],"text":"Susan Redington Bobby, ed. (2014). Fairy Tales Reimagined: Essays on New Retellings. McFarland. ISBN 978-078-645-396-2.\nRobert McKay; John Miller (2017). Werewolves, Wolves and the Gothic. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-1786831026.\nKarin Kukkonen (2020). Contemporary Comics Storytelling. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-149-620-908-5.\nNeta Gordon (2016). A Tour of Fabletown: Patterns and Plots in Bill Willingham's Fables. McFarland. ISBN 978-147-662-401-3.\nGene Kannenberg (2008). 500 Essential Graphic Novels: The Ultimate Guide. HarperCollins. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-345-46781-2.vteFables by Bill WillinghamSeries\nFables\nJack of Fables\nFairest\nFables: The Wolf Among Us\nSpecials\n1001 Nights of Snowfall\nPeter & Max: A Fables Novel\nCinderella: From Fabletown with Love\nBatman vs. Bigby! A Wolf in Gotham\nCharacters\nBigby Wolf\nJack Horner\nBoy Blue\nFlycatcher\nPinocchio\nGeppetto\nLocations\nThe Homelands\nGolden Boughs Retirement Village\nVideo games\nThe Wolf Among Us\nThe Wolf Among Us 2","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Bigby in the form of a giant wolf battles the glass clones of Bloody Mary in The Wolf Among Us.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Bigby_in_the_giant_wolf_form.jpg/220px-Bigby_in_the_giant_wolf_form.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Claudia Schwabe (2019). Craving Supernatural Creatures: German Fairy-Tale Figures in American Pop Culture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-081-434-197-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-081-434-197-1","url_text":"978-081-434-197-1"}]},{"reference":"Richard George (September 13, 2006). \"Whose Side Are They On?\". IGN. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/12/whose-side-are-they-on","url_text":"\"Whose Side Are They On?\""}]},{"reference":"David Hinkle (August 20, 2013). \"Suspending disbelief in The Wolf Among Us\". Engadget. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2013-08-20-suspending-disbelief-in-the-wolf-among-us.html","url_text":"\"Suspending disbelief in The Wolf Among Us\""}]},{"reference":"Jesse Schedeen (September 30, 2009). \"IGN Comics' Favorite Fables\". IGN. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/09/29/ign-comics-favorite-fables","url_text":"\"IGN Comics' Favorite Fables\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Langshaw (January 10, 2010). \"Bigby Wolf to star in Vertigo novel\". Digital Spy. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalspy.com/comics/a199165/bigby-wolf-to-star-in-vertigo-novel/","url_text":"\"Bigby Wolf to star in Vertigo novel\""}]},{"reference":"Jesse Schedeen (June 11, 2021). \"DC Comics Revives Fables, Now With 100% More Batman\". IGN. Retrieved June 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sea.ign.com/everafter-from-the-pages-of-fables/172822/news/dc-comics-revives-fables-now-with-100-more-batman","url_text":"\"DC Comics Revives Fables, Now With 100% More Batman\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Chris (October 17, 2013). \"The Wolf Among Us Episode 1: Faith review\". Gameplanet. Retrieved June 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gameplanet.com.au/pc/reviews/g525f3b1c9b3f2/The-Wolf-Among-Us-Episode-1-Faith-review/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F","url_text":"\"The Wolf Among Us Episode 1: Faith review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplanet","url_text":"Gameplanet"}]},{"reference":"Ashley Reed (July 30, 2014). \"6 things you didn't know about The Wolf Among Us\". Gamesradar. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/6-things-you-didnt-know-about-wolf-among-us/","url_text":"\"6 things you didn't know about The Wolf Among Us\""}]},{"reference":"Ozzie Mejia (July 10, 2014). \"The Wolf Among Us review: no mere fairy tale\". Shacknews. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shacknews.com/article/85314/the-wolf-among-us-review-no-mere-fairy-tale","url_text":"\"The Wolf Among Us review: no mere fairy tale\""}]},{"reference":"Aziz, Hamza (October 10, 2013). \"Review: The Wolf Among Us: Faith\". Destructoid. Modern Method. Retrieved June 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destructoid.com/review-the-wolf-among-us-faith-263249.phtml","url_text":"\"Review: The Wolf Among Us: Faith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"}]},{"reference":"Watters, Chris (October 21, 2013). \"The Wolf Among Us: Episode 1 Review - Testing My Faith\". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-wolf-among-us-episode-1-review-testing-my-fait/1900-6415497","url_text":"\"The Wolf Among Us: Episode 1 Review - Testing My Faith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"\"'Fables: The Wolf Among Us': Matthew Sturges, Dave Justus on the case\". Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141011204457/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/comics/fables-the-wolf-among-us-matthew-sturges-dave-justus-on-the-case/","url_text":"\"'Fables: The Wolf Among Us': Matthew Sturges, Dave Justus on the case\""},{"url":"http://herocomplex.latimes.com/comics/fables-the-wolf-among-us-matthew-sturges-dave-justus-on-the-case/#/0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hennon, Blake (2014-10-10). \"'Fables: The Wolf Among Us': Matthew Sturges, Dave Justus on the case\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved 2014-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180921222415/https://www.comixology.com/Fables-The-Wolf-Among-Us-Vol-1/digital-comic/288845","url_text":"\"'Fables: The Wolf Among Us': Matthew Sturges, Dave Justus on the case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://www.comixology.com/Fables-The-Wolf-Among-Us-Vol-1/digital-comic/288845","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (December 12, 2019). \"Telltale confirms it will make The Wolf Among Us 2\". Venture Beat. Retrieved December 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2019/12/12/telltale-confirms-it-will-make-the-wolf-among-us-2","url_text":"\"Telltale confirms it will make The Wolf Among Us 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_Beat","url_text":"Venture Beat"}]},{"reference":"Justin Clark (December 5, 2014). \"The Wolf Among Us Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-wolf-among-us-review/1900-6415981/","url_text":"\"The Wolf Among Us Review\""}]},{"reference":"Josiah Harrist (July 30, 2014). \"With The Wolf Among Us, Telltale takes a turn for the nihilistic\". Killscreen. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://killscreen.com/previously/articles/wolf-among-us-telltale-takes-turn-nihilistic/","url_text":"\"With The Wolf Among Us, Telltale takes a turn for the nihilistic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Game of the Year Awards 2014 - Page 2\". New Game Network. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newgamenetwork.com/article/1211/2/game-of-the-year-awards-2014/","url_text":"\"Game of the Year Awards 2014 - Page 2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150112213608/http://www.newgamenetwork.com/article/1211/2/game-of-the-year-awards-2014/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Games in 2015 – BAFTA Awards\". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved December 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/2015/games","url_text":"\"Games in 2015 – BAFTA Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts","url_text":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts"}]},{"reference":"\"NAVGTR Awards (2014)\". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. Archived from the original on 2017-03-22. Retrieved 2021-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170322064850/http://navgtr.org/archives/2445/","url_text":"\"NAVGTR Awards (2014)\""},{"url":"http://navgtr.org/archives/2445","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alex Walker (July 10, 2017). \"The Wolf Among Us 2 Comes Out 2018\". Kotaku. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kotaku.com.au/2017/07/the-wolf-among-us-2-comes-out-2018/","url_text":"\"The Wolf Among Us 2 Comes Out 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Brian Albert (December 10, 2013). \"Becoming the Big, Bad Wolf Among Us\". IGN. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/12/09/becoming-the-big-bad-wolf-among-us","url_text":"\"Becoming the Big, Bad Wolf Among Us\""}]},{"reference":"G. Christopher Williams (November 13, 2013). \"Bigby and Bitches: A Big Bad Wolf That Can't Bear Misogyny\". Pop Matters. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/176363-bigby-and-bitches-a-big-bad-wolf-that-cant-bear-misogyny-2495709607.html","url_text":"\"Bigby and Bitches: A Big Bad Wolf That Can't Bear Misogyny\""}]},{"reference":"Susan Redington Bobby, ed. (2014). Fairy Tales Reimagined: Essays on New Retellings. McFarland. ISBN 978-078-645-396-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-078-645-396-2","url_text":"978-078-645-396-2"}]},{"reference":"Robert McKay; John Miller (2017). Werewolves, Wolves and the Gothic. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-1786831026.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786831026","url_text":"978-1786831026"}]},{"reference":"Karin Kukkonen (2020). Contemporary Comics Storytelling. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-149-620-908-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-149-620-908-5","url_text":"978-149-620-908-5"}]},{"reference":"Neta Gordon (2016). A Tour of Fabletown: Patterns and Plots in Bill Willingham's Fables. McFarland. ISBN 978-147-662-401-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-147-662-401-3","url_text":"978-147-662-401-3"}]},{"reference":"Gene Kannenberg (2008). 500 Essential Graphic Novels: The Ultimate Guide. HarperCollins. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-345-46781-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-46781-2","url_text":"978-0-345-46781-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathic
Polymath
["1 Etymology","2 Renaissance man","3 In academia","3.1 Robert Root-Bernstein and colleagues","3.2 Peter Burke","3.3 Bharath Sriraman","3.4 Michael Araki","3.5 Kaufman, Beghetto and colleagues","3.6 Waqas Ahmed","4 Examples","5 Related terms","6 See also","7 References and notes","8 Further reading"]
Individual whose knowledge spans a substantial number of subjects "Universal man" redirects here. For the sculpture by Canadian artist Gerald Gladstone, see Universal Man. "Polyhistor" redirects here. For the Roman author and book also known as Polyhistor, see Solinus. For the ancient Greek scholar, see Alexander Polyhistor. For other uses, see Polymath (disambiguation). Benjamin Franklin is one of the foremost polymaths in history. Franklin was a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer and political philosopher. He further attained a legacy as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A polymath (Greek: πολυμαθής, romanized: polymathēs, lit. 'having learned much'; Latin: homo universalis, lit. 'universal human') or polyhistor (Greek: πολυΐστωρ, romanized: poly'īstor, lit. 'well-learned') is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. Embodying a basic tenet of Renaissance humanism that humans are limitless in their capacity for development, the concept led to the notion that people should embrace all knowledge and develop their capacities as fully as possible. This is expressed in the term Renaissance man, often applied to the gifted people of that age who sought to develop their abilities in all areas of accomplishment: intellectual, artistic, social, physical, and spiritual. Etymology In Western Europe, the first work to use the term polymathy in its title (De Polymathia tractatio: integri operis de studiis veterum) was published in 1603 by Johann von Wowern, a Hamburg philosopher. Von Wowern defined polymathy as "knowledge of various matters, drawn from all kinds of studies ... ranging freely through all the fields of the disciplines, as far as the human mind, with unwearied industry, is able to pursue them". Von Wowern lists erudition, literature, philology, philomathy, and polyhistory as synonyms. The earliest recorded use of the term in the English language is from 1624, in the second edition of The Anatomy of Melancholy by Robert Burton; the form polymathist is slightly older, first appearing in the Diatribae upon the first part of the late History of Tithes of Richard Montagu in 1621. Use in English of the similar term polyhistor dates from the late 16th century. Renaissance man "Renaissance man" redirects here. For use as a title of cultural works, see Renaissance Man. The term "Renaissance man" was first recorded in written English in the early 20th century. It is used to refer to great thinkers living before, during, or after the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination". Many notable polymaths lived during the Renaissance period, a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through to the 17th century that began in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spread to the rest of Europe. These polymaths had a rounded approach to education that reflected the ideals of the humanists of the time. A gentleman or courtier of that era was expected to speak several languages, play a musical instrument, write poetry, and so on, thus fulfilling the Renaissance ideal. The idea of a universal education was essential to achieving polymath ability, hence the word university was used to describe a seat of learning. However, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc". At this time, universities did not specialize in specific areas, but rather trained students in a broad array of science, philosophy, and theology. This universal education gave them a grounding from which they could continue into apprenticeship toward becoming a master of a specific field. When someone is called a "Renaissance man" today, it is meant that rather than simply having broad interests or superficial knowledge in several fields, the individual possesses a more profound knowledge and a proficiency, or even an expertise, in at least some of those fields. Some dictionaries use the term "Renaissance man" to describe someone with many interests or talents, while others give a meaning restricted to the Renaissance and more closely related to Renaissance ideals. In academia Robert Root-Bernstein and colleagues Robert Root-Bernstein is considered the principal responsible for rekindling interest in polymathy in the scientific community. His works emphasize the contrast between the polymath and two other types: the specialist and the dilettante. The specialist demonstrates depth but lacks breadth of knowledge. The dilettante demonstrates superficial breadth but tends to acquire skills merely "for their own sake without regard to understanding the broader applications or implications and without integrating it".: 857  Conversely, the polymath is a person with a level of expertise that is able to "put a significant amount of time and effort into their avocations and find ways to use their multiple interests to inform their vocations".: 857  A key point in the work of Root-Bernstein and colleagues is the argument in favor of the universality of the creative process. That is, although creative products, such as a painting, a mathematical model or a poem, can be domain-specific, at the level of the creative process, the mental tools that lead to the generation of creative ideas are the same, be it in the arts or science. These mental tools are sometimes called intuitive tools of thinking. It is therefore not surprising that many of the most innovative scientists have serious hobbies or interests in artistic activities, and that some of the most innovative artists have an interest or hobbies in the sciences. Root-Bernstein and colleagues' research is an important counterpoint to the claim by some psychologists that creativity is a domain-specific phenomenon. Through their research, Root-Bernstein and colleagues conclude that there are certain comprehensive thinking skills and tools that cross the barrier of different domains and can foster creative thinking: " who discuss integrating ideas from diverse fields as the basis of creative giftedness ask not 'who is creative?' but 'what is the basis of creative thinking?' From the polymathy perspective, giftedness is the ability to combine disparate (or even apparently contradictory) ideas, sets of problems, skills, talents, and knowledge in novel and useful ways. Polymathy is therefore the main source of any individual's creative potential".: 857  In "Life Stages of Creativity", Robert and Michèle Root-Bernstein suggest six typologies of creative life stages. These typologies are based on real creative production records first published by Root-Bernstein, Bernstein, and Garnier (1993). Type 1 represents people who specialize in developing one major talent early in life (e.g., prodigies) and successfully exploit that talent exclusively for the rest of their lives. Type 2 individuals explore a range of different creative activities (e.g., through worldplay or a variety of hobbies) and then settle on exploiting one of these for the rest of their lives. Type 3 people are polymathic from the outset and manage to juggle multiple careers simultaneously so that their creativity pattern is constantly varied. Type 4 creators are recognized early for one major talent (e.g., math or music) but go on to explore additional creative outlets, diversifying their productivity with age. Type 5 creators devote themselves serially to one creative field after another. Type 6 people develop diversified creative skills early and then, like Type 5 individuals, explore these serially, one at a time. Finally, his studies suggest that understanding polymathy and learning from polymathic exemplars can help structure a new model of education that better promotes creativity and innovation: "we must focus education on principles, methods, and skills that will serve them in learning and creating across many disciplines, multiple careers, and succeeding life stages".: 161  Peter Burke Peter Burke, Professor Emeritus of Cultural History and Fellow of Emmanuel College at Cambridge, discussed the theme of polymathy in some of his works. He has presented a comprehensive historical overview of the ascension and decline of the polymath as, what he calls, an "intellectual species". He observes that in ancient and medieval times, scholars did not have to specialize. However, from the 17th century on, the rapid rise of new knowledge in the Western world—both from the systematic investigation of the natural world and from the flow of information coming from other parts of the world—was making it increasingly difficult for individual scholars to master as many disciplines as before. Thus, an intellectual retreat of the polymath species occurred: "from knowledge in every field to knowledge in several fields, and from making original contributions in many fields to a more passive consumption of what has been contributed by others".: 72  Given this change in the intellectual climate, it has since then been more common to find "passive polymaths", who consume knowledge in various domains but make their reputation in one single discipline, than "proper polymaths", who—through a feat of "intellectual heroism"—manage to make serious contributions to several disciplines. However, Burke warns that in the age of specialization, polymathic people are more necessary than ever, both for synthesis—to paint the big picture—and for analysis. He says: "It takes a polymath to 'mind the gap' and draw attention to the knowledges that may otherwise disappear into the spaces between disciplines, as they are currently defined and organized".: 183  Finally, he suggests that governments and universities should nurture a habitat in which this "endangered species" can survive, offering students and scholars the possibility of interdisciplinary work. Bharath Sriraman Bharath Sriraman, of the University of Montana, also investigated the role of polymathy in education. He poses that an ideal education should nurture talent in the classroom and enable individuals to pursue multiple fields of research and appreciate both the aesthetic and structural/scientific connections between mathematics, arts and the sciences. In 2009, Sriraman published a paper reporting a 3-year study with 120 pre-service mathematics teachers and derived several implications for mathematics pre-service education as well as interdisciplinary education. He utilized a hermeneutic-phenomenological approach to recreate the emotions, voices and struggles of students as they tried to unravel Russell's paradox presented in its linguistic form. They found that those more engaged in solving the paradox also displayed more polymathic thinking traits. He concludes by suggesting that fostering polymathy in the classroom may help students change beliefs, discover structures and open new avenues for interdisciplinary pedagogy. Michael Araki Michael Araki is a professor at the UNSW Business School at the University of New South Wales, Australia. He sought to formalize in a general model how the development of polymathy takes place. His Developmental Model of Polymathy (DMP) is presented in a 2018 article with two main objectives: organize the elements involved in the process of polymathy development into a structure of relationships that is wed to the approach of polymathy as a life project, and; provide an articulation with other well-developed constructs, theories, and models, especially from the fields of giftedness and education. The model, which was designed to reflect a structural model, has five major components: polymathic antecedents polymathic mediators polymathic achievements intrapersonal moderators environmental moderators The Developmental Model of Polymathy (DMP) Regarding the definition of the term polymathy, the researcher, through an analysis of the extant literature, concluded that although there are a multitude of perspectives on polymathy, most of them ascertain that polymathy entails three core elements: breadth, depth and integration. Breadth refers to comprehensiveness, extension and diversity of knowledge. It is contrasted with the idea of narrowness, specialization, and the restriction of one's expertise to a limited domain. The possession of comprehensive knowledge at very disparate areas is a hallmark of the greatest polymaths. Depth refers to the vertical accumulation of knowledge and the degree of elaboration or sophistication of one's sets of one's conceptual network. Like Robert Root-Bernstein, Araki uses the concept of dilettancy as a contrast to the idea of profound learning that polymathy entails. Integration, although not explicit in most definitions of polymathy, is also a core component of polymathy according to the author. Integration involves the capacity of connecting, articulating, concatenating or synthesizing different conceptual networks, which in non-polymathic persons might be segregated. In addition, integration can happen at the personality level, when the person is able to integrate their diverse activities in a synergic whole, which can also mean a psychic (motivational, emotional and cognitive) integration. Finally, the author also suggests that, via a psychoeconomic approach, polymathy can be seen as a "life project". That is, depending on a person's temperament, endowments, personality, social situation and opportunities (or lack thereof), the project of a polymathic self-formation may present itself to the person as more or less alluring and more or less feasible to be pursued. Kaufman, Beghetto and colleagues James C. Kaufman, from the Neag School of Education at the University of Connecticut, and Ronald A. Beghetto, from the same university, investigated the possibility that everyone could have the potential for polymathy as well as the issue of the domain-generality or domain-specificity of creativity. Based on their earlier four-c model of creativity, Beghetto and Kaufman proposed a typology of polymathy, ranging from the ubiquitous mini-c polymathy to the eminent but rare Big-C polymathy, as well as a model with some requirements for a person (polymath or not) to be able to reach the highest levels of creative accomplishment. They account for three general requirements—intelligence, motivation to be creative, and an environment that allows creative expression—that are needed for any attempt at creativity to succeed. Then, depending on the domain of choice, more specific abilities will be required. The more that one's abilities and interests match the requirements of a domain, the better. While some will develop their specific skills and motivations for specific domains, polymathic people will display intrinsic motivation (and the ability) to pursue a variety of subject matters across different domains. Regarding the interplay of polymathy and education, they suggest that rather than asking whether every student has multicreative potential, educators might more actively nurture the multicreative potential of their students. As an example, the authors cite that teachers should encourage students to make connections across disciplines, use different forms of media to express their reasoning/understanding (e.g., drawings, movies, and other forms of visual media). Waqas Ahmed In his 2018 book The Polymath, British author Waqas Ahmed defines polymaths as those who have made significant contributions to at least three different fields. Rather than seeing polymaths as exceptionally gifted, he argues that every human being has the potential to become one: that people naturally have multiple interests and talents. He contrasts this polymathic nature against what he calls "the cult of specialisation". For example, education systems stifle this nature by forcing learners to specialise in narrow topics. The book argues that specialisation encouraged by the production lines of the Industrial Revolution is counter-productive both to the individual and wider society. It suggests that the complex problems of the 21st century need the versatility, creativity, and broad perspectives characteristic of polymaths. For individuals, Ahmed says, specialisation is dehumanising and stifles their full range of expression whereas polymathy "is a powerful means to social and intellectual emancipation" which enables a more fulfilling life. In terms of social progress, he argues that answers to specific problems often come from combining knowledge and skills from multiple areas, and that many important problems are multi-dimensional in nature and cannot be fully understood through one specialism. Rather than interpreting polymathy as a mix of occupations or of intellectual interests, Ahmed urges a breaking of the "thinker"/"doer" dichotomy and the art/science dichotomy. He argues that an orientation towards action and towards thinking support each other, and that human beings flourish by pursuing a diversity of experiences as well as a diversity of knowledge. He observes that successful people in many fields have cited hobbies and other "peripheral" activities as supplying skills or insights that helped them succeed. Ahmed examines evidence suggesting that developing multiple talents and perspectives is helpful for success in a highly specialised field. He cites a study of Nobel Prize-winning scientists which found them 25 times more likely to sing, dance, or act than average scientists. Another study found that children scored higher in IQ tests after having drum lessons, and he uses such research to argue that diversity of domains can enhance a person's general intelligence. Ahmed cites many historical claims for the advantages of polymathy. Some of these are about general intellectual abilities that polymaths apply across multiple domains. For example, Aristotle wrote that full understanding of a topic requires, in addition to subject knowledge, a general critical thinking ability that can assess how that knowledge was arrived at. Another advantage of a polymathic mindset is in the application of multiple approaches to understanding a single issue. Ahmed cites biologist E. O. Wilson's view that reality is approached not by a single academic discipline but via a consilience between them. One argument for studying multiple approaches is that it leads to open-mindedness. Within any one perspective, a question may seem to have a straightforward, settled answer. Someone aware of different, contrasting answers will be more open-minded and aware of the limitations of their own knowledge. The importance of recognising these limitations is a theme that Ahmed finds in many thinkers, including Confucius, ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, and Nicolas of Cusa. He calls it "the essential mark of the polymath." A further argument for multiple approaches is that a polymath does not see diverse approaches as diverse, because they see connections where other people see differences. For example da Vinci advanced multiple fields by applying mathematical principles to each. Examples Further information: List of Renaissance figures Polymaths include the great scholars and thinkers of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, who excelled at several fields in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and the arts. In the Italian Renaissance, the idea of the polymath was allegedly expressed by Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472), a polymath himself, in the statement that "a man can do all things if he will". Well-known and celebrated polymaths include Avicenna, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo , Robert Hooke, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Al-Biruni, Hildegard of Bingen, Ibn al-Haytham, Rabindranath Tagore, Mikhail Lomonosov, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Alan Turing, Benjamin Franklin, John von Neumann, Omar Khayyam, Charles Sanders Peirce, Henri Poincaré, Isaac Asimov, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johann Weikhard von Valvasor, René Descartes, Aristotle, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Averroes, Archimedes, Hypatia, Blaise Pascal, Africanus Horton, Wang Wei, Isaac Newton, Pierre-Paul Riquet, Leonhard Euler, Émilie du Châtelet, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, Florence Nightingale, Bertrand Russell, B. R. Ambedkar, Nicole Oresme, Thomas Young, Sequoyah, Thomas Jefferson, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Maya Angelou, and Friedrich Engels. Related terms Aside from Renaissance man, similar terms in use are homo universalis (Latin) and uomo universale (Italian), which translate to 'universal man'. The related term generalist—contrasted with a specialist—is used to describe a person with a general approach to knowledge. The term universal genius or versatile genius is also used, with Leonardo da Vinci as the prime example again. The term is used especially for people who made lasting contributions in at least one of the fields in which they were actively involved and when they took a universality of approach. When a person is described as having encyclopedic knowledge, they exhibit a vast scope of knowledge. However, this designation may be anachronistic in the case of persons such as Eratosthenes, whose reputation for having encyclopedic knowledge predates the existence of any encyclopedic object. See also Amateur Competent man Creative class Genius Interdisciplinarity Jack of all trades, master of none Multipotentiality Opsimath Philomath Polyglotism Polygraph (author) Polymatheia – a muse of knowledge in Greek mythology References and notes ^ Though numerous figures in history could be considered to be polymaths, they are not listed here, as they are not only too numerous to list, but also as the definition of any one figure as a polymath is disputable, due to the term's loosely-defined nature, there being no given set of characteristics outside of a person having a wide range of learning across a number of different disciplines; many also did not identify as polymaths, the term having only come into existence in the early 17th century. ^ a b "Ask The Philosopher: Tim Soutphommasane – The quest for renaissance man". The Australian. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ "Polyhistor". The Free Dictionary. ^ a b Murphy, Kathryn (2014). "Robert Burton and the problems of polymathy". Renaissance Studies. 28 (2): 279. doi:10.1111/rest.12054. S2CID 162763342. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2020. ^ Burke, Peter (2011). "O polímata: a história cultural e social de um tipo intellectual". Leitura: Teoria & Prática. ISSN 0102-387X. ^ Wower, Johann (1665). De Polymathia tractatio: integri operis de studiis veterum. ^ "polymath, n. and adj. Archived 8 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine". OED Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Accessed December 2019. ^ "polymathist, n.". OED Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Accessed December 2019. ^ "polyhistor, n.". OED Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Accessed December 2019. ^ Harper, Daniel (2001). "Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2006. ^ Gardner, Helen (1970). Art through the Ages. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World. pp. 450–456. ISBN 9780155037526. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1966) , A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press ^ "Renaissance man — Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". M-w.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2012. ^ "Oxford concise dictionary". Askoxford.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2012. ^ Shavinina, L. (2013). How to develop innovators? Innovation education for the gifted1. Gifted Education International, 29(1), 54–68. ^ a b c d Sriraman, B. (2009). Mathematical paradoxes as pathways into beliefs and polymathy: An experimental inquiry. ZDM, 41(1–2), 29–38. ^ a b R. Root-Bernstein, 2009 ^ a b Root-Bernstein, R. (2015). Arts and crafts as adjuncts to STEM education to foster creativity in gifted and talented students. Asia Pacific Education Review, 16(2), 203–212. ^ Root-Bernstein, R. (2009). Multiple giftedness in adults: The case of polymaths. In International handbook on giftedness (pp. 853–870). Springer, Dordrecht. ^ a b Root-Bernstein, R. (2003). The art of innovation: Polymaths and universality of the creative process. In The international handbook on innovation (pp. 267–278). ^ a b Root-Bernstein, R., Allen, L., Beach, L., Bhadula, R., Fast, J., Hosey, C., ... & Podufaly, A. (2008). Arts foster scientific success: Avocations of nobel, national academy, royal society, and sigma xi members. Journal of Psychology of Science and Technology, 1(2), 51–63. ^ Root-Bernstein, R., & Root-Bernstein, M. (2011). Life stages of creativity. ^ Root‐Bernstein, R. S., Bernstein, M., & Gamier, H. (1993). Identification of scientists making long‐term, high‐impact contributions, with notes on their methods of working. Creativity Research Journal, 6(4), 329–343. ^ Root-Bernstein, R. S., Bernstein, M., & Garnier, H. (1995). Correlations between avocations, scientific style, work habits, and professional impact of scientists. Creativity Research Journal, 8(2), 115–137. ^ Root-Bernstein, R., & Root-Bernstein, M. (2017). People, passions, problems: The role of creative exemplars in teaching for creativity. In Creative contradictions in education (pp. 143–164). Springer, Cham. ^ Burke, P. (2012). A social history of knowledge II: From the encyclopaedia to Wikipedia (Vol. 2). Polity. ^ Burke, P. (2010). The polymath: A cultural and social history of an intellectual species. Explorations in cultural history: Essays for Peter McCaffery, 67–79. ^ Burke, Peter (2020). The Polymath: A Cultural History from Leonardo da Vinci to Susan Sontag. Yale University Press. p. 352. ISBN 9780300252088. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2020. ^ Burke, 2010 ^ Burke, 2012 ^ Sriraman, B., & Dahl, B. (2009). On bringing interdisciplinary ideas to gifted education. In International handbook on giftedness (pp. 1235–1256). Springer, Dordrecht. ^ a b c d Araki, M. E. (2018). Polymathy: A new outlook. Journal of Genius and Eminence, 3(1), 66–82. Retrieved from: Researchgate.net ^ Araki, M. E. (2015). Polymathic leadership: Theoretical foundation and construct development. (Master's thesis), Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Retrieved from: researchgate.net Archived 29 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine ^ Araki, M. E., & Pires, P. (2019). < Modern Literature on Polymathy: A Brief Review (January 10, 2019). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3313137 ^ a b Kaufman, J. C., Beghetto, R. A., Baer, J., & Ivcevic, Z. (2010). Creativity polymathy: What Benjamin Franklin can teach your kindergartener. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(4), 380–387. ^ Kaufman, J. C., Beghetto, R. A., & Baer, J. (2010). Finding young Paul Robeson: Exploring the question of creative polymathy. Innovations in educational psychology, 141–162. ^ Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2009). Beyond big and little: The four c model of creativity. Review of general psychology, 13(1), 1. ^ a b Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2009). Do we all have multicreative potential?. ZDM, 41(1–2), 39–44. ^ a b c Robinson, Andrew (11 May 2019). "In pursuit of polymathy". The Lancet. 393 (10184): 1926. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30995-X. S2CID 149445248. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2022. ^ Ahmed 2018, p. 85. ^ a b Ahmed 2018, p. 282-283. ^ Ahmed 2018, pp. 160, 164, 176. ^ Hill, Andrew (11 February 2019). "The hidden benefits of hiring Jacks and Jills of all trades". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2021. ^ Ahmed 2018, p. 146. ^ Ahmed 2018, p. 148. ^ a b Ahmed 2018, p. 134-136. ^ Ahmed 2018, p. 173-174. ^ "Renaissance man – Definition, Characteristics, & Examples". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2012. ^ "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019. BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN MOḤAMMAD b. Aḥmad (362/973- after 442/1050), scholar and polymath of the period of the late Samanids and early Ghaznavids and one of the two greatest intellectual figures of his time in the eastern lands of the Muslim world, the other being Ebn Sīnā (Avicenna). Further reading Carr, Edward (1 October 2009). "Last Days of the Polymath". Intelligent Life. The Economist Group. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2017. Edmonds, David (August 2017). Does the world need polymaths? Archived 24 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine, BBC. Frost, Martin, "Polymath: A Renaissance Man". Grafton, A, "The World of the Polyhistors: Humanism and Encyclopedism", Central European History, 18: 31–47. (1985). Jaumann, Herbert, "Was ist ein Polyhistor? Gehversuche auf einem verlassenen Terrain", Studia Leibnitiana, 22: 76–89. (1990) . Mikkelsen, Kenneth; Martin, Richard (2016). The Neo-Generalist: Where You Go is Who You Are. London: LID Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781910649558. Retrieved 6 August 2019. Mirchandani, Vinnie, "The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations" Archived 7 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, John Wiley & Sons. (2010). Sher, Barbara (2007). Refuse to Choose!: A Revolutionary Program for Doing Everything that You Love. : Rodale. ISBN 978-1594866265. Twigger, Robert, "Anyone can be a Polymath" We live in a one-track world, but anyone can become a polymath Archived 10 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Aeon Essays. Ahmed, Waqas (2018). The Polymath: Unlocking the Power of Human Versatility. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119508489. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2019. Waquet, F, (ed.) "Mapping the World of Learning: The 'Polyhistor' of Daniel Georg Morhof" (2000) ISBN 978-3447043991. Wiens, Kyle (May 2012). "In defense of polymaths". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2015. Brown, Vincent Polymath-Info Portal Archived 17 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Man"},{"link_name":"Solinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solinus"},{"link_name":"Alexander Polyhistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Polyhistor"},{"link_name":"Polymath (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Founding Fathers of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aus-1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Renaissance humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism"},{"link_name":"gifted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_giftedness"}],"text":"\"Universal man\" redirects here. For the sculpture by Canadian artist Gerald Gladstone, see Universal Man.\"Polyhistor\" redirects here. For the Roman author and book also known as Polyhistor, see Solinus. For the ancient Greek scholar, see Alexander Polyhistor.For other uses, see Polymath (disambiguation).Benjamin Franklin is one of the foremost polymaths in history. Franklin was a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer and political philosopher. He further attained a legacy as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.A polymath (Greek: πολυμαθής, romanized: polymathēs, lit. 'having learned much'; Latin: homo universalis, lit. 'universal human')[1] or polyhistor (Greek: πολυΐστωρ, romanized: poly'īstor, lit. 'well-learned')[2] is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.Embodying a basic tenet of Renaissance humanism that humans are limitless in their capacity for development, the concept led to the notion that people should embrace all knowledge and develop their capacities as fully as possible. This is expressed in the term Renaissance man, often applied to the gifted people of that age who sought to develop their abilities in all areas of accomplishment: intellectual, artistic, social, physical, and spiritual.","title":"Polymath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann von Wowern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_von_Wowern"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"philomathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomathy"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"The Anatomy of Melancholy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Melancholy"},{"link_name":"Robert Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burton_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed-6"},{"link_name":"Richard Montagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Montagu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed3-8"}],"text":"In Western Europe, the first work to use the term polymathy in its title (De Polymathia tractatio: integri operis de studiis veterum) was published in 1603 by Johann von Wowern, a Hamburg philosopher.[3][4][5] Von Wowern defined polymathy as \"knowledge of various matters, drawn from all kinds of studies ... ranging freely through all the fields of the disciplines, as far as the human mind, with unwearied industry, is able to pursue them\".[3] Von Wowern lists erudition, literature, philology, philomathy, and polyhistory as synonyms.The earliest recorded use of the term in the English language is from 1624, in the second edition of The Anatomy of Melancholy by Robert Burton;[6] the form polymathist is slightly older, first appearing in the Diatribae upon the first part of the late History of Tithes of Richard Montagu in 1621.[7] Use in English of the similar term polyhistor dates from the late 16th century.[8]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renaissance Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Man_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_-_Renaissance_man-9"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG-10"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Late Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"humanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Humanism"},{"link_name":"gentleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman"},{"link_name":"courtier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtier"},{"link_name":"musical instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(form_of_address)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"\"Renaissance man\" redirects here. For use as a title of cultural works, see Renaissance Man.The term \"Renaissance man\" was first recorded in written English in the early 20th century.[9] It is used to refer to great thinkers living before, during, or after the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man of \"unquenchable curiosity\" and \"feverishly inventive imagination\".[10] Many notable polymaths[a] lived during the Renaissance period, a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through to the 17th century that began in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spread to the rest of Europe. These polymaths had a rounded approach to education that reflected the ideals of the humanists of the time. A gentleman or courtier of that era was expected to speak several languages, play a musical instrument, write poetry, and so on, thus fulfilling the Renaissance ideal.The idea of a universal education was essential to achieving polymath ability, hence the word university was used to describe a seat of learning. However, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to \"a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc\".[11] At this time, universities did not specialize in specific areas, but rather trained students in a broad array of science, philosophy, and theology. This universal education gave them a grounding from which they could continue into apprenticeship toward becoming a master of a specific field.When someone is called a \"Renaissance man\" today, it is meant that rather than simply having broad interests or superficial knowledge in several fields, the individual possesses a more profound knowledge and a proficiency, or even an expertise, in at least some of those fields.[12]Some dictionaries use the term \"Renaissance man\" to describe someone with many interests or talents,[13] while others give a meaning restricted to the Renaissance and more closely related to Renaissance ideals.","title":"Renaissance man"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Root-Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Root-Bernstein"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Robert Root-Bernstein and colleagues","text":"Robert Root-Bernstein is considered the principal responsible for rekindling interest in polymathy in the scientific community.[14][15] His works emphasize the contrast between the polymath and two other types: the specialist and the dilettante. The specialist demonstrates depth but lacks breadth of knowledge. The dilettante demonstrates superficial breadth but tends to acquire skills merely \"for their own sake without regard to understanding the broader applications or implications and without integrating it\".[16]: 857  Conversely, the polymath is a person with a level of expertise that is able to \"put a significant amount of time and effort into their avocations and find ways to use their multiple interests to inform their vocations\".[17]: 857 [18][19][20][21]A key point in the work of Root-Bernstein and colleagues is the argument in favor of the universality of the creative process. That is, although creative products, such as a painting, a mathematical model or a poem, can be domain-specific, at the level of the creative process, the mental tools that lead to the generation of creative ideas are the same, be it in the arts or science.[19] These mental tools are sometimes called intuitive tools of thinking. It is therefore not surprising that many of the most innovative scientists have serious hobbies or interests in artistic activities, and that some of the most innovative artists have an interest or hobbies in the sciences.[17][20][22][23]Root-Bernstein and colleagues' research is an important counterpoint to the claim by some psychologists that creativity is a domain-specific phenomenon. Through their research, Root-Bernstein and colleagues conclude that there are certain comprehensive thinking skills and tools that cross the barrier of different domains and can foster creative thinking: \"[creativity researchers] who discuss integrating ideas from diverse fields as the basis of creative giftedness ask not 'who is creative?' but 'what is the basis of creative thinking?' From the polymathy perspective, giftedness is the ability to combine disparate (or even apparently contradictory) ideas, sets of problems, skills, talents, and knowledge in novel and useful ways. Polymathy is therefore the main source of any individual's creative potential\".[16]: 857  In \"Life Stages of Creativity\", Robert and Michèle Root-Bernstein suggest six typologies of creative life stages. These typologies are based on real creative production records first published by Root-Bernstein, Bernstein, and Garnier (1993).Type 1 represents people who specialize in developing one major talent early in life (e.g., prodigies) and successfully exploit that talent exclusively for the rest of their lives.\nType 2 individuals explore a range of different creative activities (e.g., through worldplay or a variety of hobbies) and then settle on exploiting one of these for the rest of their lives.\nType 3 people are polymathic from the outset and manage to juggle multiple careers simultaneously so that their creativity pattern is constantly varied.\nType 4 creators are recognized early for one major talent (e.g., math or music) but go on to explore additional creative outlets, diversifying their productivity with age.\nType 5 creators devote themselves serially to one creative field after another.\nType 6 people develop diversified creative skills early and then, like Type 5 individuals, explore these serially, one at a time.Finally, his studies suggest that understanding polymathy and learning from polymathic exemplars can help structure a new model of education that better promotes creativity and innovation: \"we must focus education on principles, methods, and skills that will serve them [students] in learning and creating across many disciplines, multiple careers, and succeeding life stages\".[24]: 161","title":"In academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Burke_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Peter Burke","text":"Peter Burke, Professor Emeritus of Cultural History and Fellow of Emmanuel College at Cambridge, discussed the theme of polymathy in some of his works. He has presented a comprehensive historical overview of the ascension and decline of the polymath as, what he calls, an \"intellectual species\".[25][26][27]He observes that in ancient and medieval times, scholars did not have to specialize. However, from the 17th century on, the rapid rise of new knowledge in the Western world—both from the systematic investigation of the natural world and from the flow of information coming from other parts of the world—was making it increasingly difficult for individual scholars to master as many disciplines as before. Thus, an intellectual retreat of the polymath species occurred: \"from knowledge in every [academic] field to knowledge in several fields, and from making original contributions in many fields to a more passive consumption of what has been contributed by others\".[28]: 72Given this change in the intellectual climate, it has since then been more common to find \"passive polymaths\", who consume knowledge in various domains but make their reputation in one single discipline, than \"proper polymaths\", who—through a feat of \"intellectual heroism\"—manage to make serious contributions to several disciplines.However, Burke warns that in the age of specialization, polymathic people are more necessary than ever, both for synthesis—to paint the big picture—and for analysis. He says: \"It takes a polymath to 'mind the gap' and draw attention to the knowledges that may otherwise disappear into the spaces between disciplines, as they are currently defined and organized\".[29]: 183Finally, he suggests that governments and universities should nurture a habitat in which this \"endangered species\" can survive, offering students and scholars the possibility of interdisciplinary work.","title":"In academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bharath Sriraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharath_Sriraman"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"Russell's paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"}],"sub_title":"Bharath Sriraman","text":"Bharath Sriraman, of the University of Montana, also investigated the role of polymathy in education. He poses that an ideal education should nurture talent in the classroom and enable individuals to pursue multiple fields of research and appreciate both the aesthetic and structural/scientific connections between mathematics, arts and the sciences.[30]In 2009, Sriraman published a paper reporting a 3-year study with 120 pre-service mathematics teachers and derived several implications for mathematics pre-service education as well as interdisciplinary education.[15] He utilized a hermeneutic-phenomenological approach to recreate the emotions, voices and struggles of students as they tried to unravel Russell's paradox presented in its linguistic form. They found that those more engaged in solving the paradox also displayed more polymathic thinking traits. He concludes by suggesting that fostering polymathy in the classroom may help students change beliefs, discover structures and open new avenues for interdisciplinary pedagogy.[15]","title":"In academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Developmental_Model_of_Polymathy.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-32"}],"sub_title":"Michael Araki","text":"Michael Araki is a professor at the UNSW Business School at the University of New South Wales, Australia. He sought to formalize in a general model how the development of polymathy takes place. His Developmental Model of Polymathy (DMP) is presented in a 2018 article with two main objectives:organize the elements involved in the process of polymathy development into a structure of relationships that is wed to the approach of polymathy as a life project, and;\nprovide an articulation with other well-developed constructs, theories, and models, especially from the fields of giftedness and education.[31]The model, which was designed to reflect a structural model, has five major components:polymathic antecedents\npolymathic mediators\npolymathic achievements\nintrapersonal moderators\nenvironmental moderators[31]The Developmental Model of Polymathy (DMP)Regarding the definition of the term polymathy, the researcher, through an analysis of the extant literature, concluded that although there are a multitude of perspectives on polymathy, most of them ascertain that polymathy entails three core elements: breadth, depth and integration.[31][32][33]Breadth refers to comprehensiveness, extension and diversity of knowledge. It is contrasted with the idea of narrowness, specialization, and the restriction of one's expertise to a limited domain. The possession of comprehensive knowledge at very disparate areas is a hallmark of the greatest polymaths.Depth refers to the vertical accumulation of knowledge and the degree of elaboration or sophistication of one's sets of one's conceptual network. Like Robert Root-Bernstein, Araki uses the concept of dilettancy as a contrast to the idea of profound learning that polymathy entails.Integration, although not explicit in most definitions of polymathy, is also a core component of polymathy according to the author. Integration involves the capacity of connecting, articulating, concatenating or synthesizing different conceptual networks, which in non-polymathic persons might be segregated. In addition, integration can happen at the personality level, when the person is able to integrate their diverse activities in a synergic whole, which can also mean a psychic (motivational, emotional and cognitive) integration.Finally, the author also suggests that, via a psychoeconomic approach, polymathy can be seen as a \"life project\". That is, depending on a person's temperament, endowments, personality, social situation and opportunities (or lack thereof), the project of a polymathic self-formation may present itself to the person as more or less alluring and more or less feasible to be pursued.[31]","title":"In academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James C. Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Kaufman"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-38"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-35"}],"sub_title":"Kaufman, Beghetto and colleagues","text":"James C. Kaufman, from the Neag School of Education at the University of Connecticut, and Ronald A. Beghetto, from the same university, investigated the possibility that everyone could have the potential for polymathy as well as the issue of the domain-generality or domain-specificity of creativity.[34][35]Based on their earlier four-c model of creativity, Beghetto and Kaufman[36][37] proposed a typology of polymathy, ranging from the ubiquitous mini-c polymathy to the eminent but rare Big-C polymathy, as well as a model with some requirements for a person (polymath or not) to be able to reach the highest levels of creative accomplishment. They account for three general requirements—intelligence, motivation to be creative, and an environment that allows creative expression—that are needed for any attempt at creativity to succeed. Then, depending on the domain of choice, more specific abilities will be required. The more that one's abilities and interests match the requirements of a domain, the better. While some will develop their specific skills and motivations for specific domains, polymathic people will display intrinsic motivation (and the ability) to pursue a variety of subject matters across different domains.[37]Regarding the interplay of polymathy and education, they suggest that rather than asking whether every student has multicreative potential, educators might more actively nurture the multicreative potential of their students. As an example, the authors cite that teachers should encourage students to make connections across disciplines, use different forms of media to express their reasoning/understanding (e.g., drawings, movies, and other forms of visual media).[34]","title":"In academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Polymath"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0a-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201885-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0a-39"},{"link_name":"production lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_line"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0a-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018282-283-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018282-283-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018160,_164,_176-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"IQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018146-44"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018148-45"},{"link_name":"E. O. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson"},{"link_name":"consilience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience_(book)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018134-136-46"},{"link_name":"open-mindedness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mindedness"},{"link_name":"Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius"},{"link_name":"ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"Nicolas of Cusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018134-136-46"},{"link_name":"da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018173-174-47"}],"sub_title":"Waqas Ahmed","text":"In his 2018 book The Polymath, British author Waqas Ahmed defines polymaths as those who have made significant contributions to at least three different fields.[15] Rather than seeing polymaths as exceptionally gifted, he argues that every human being has the potential to become one: that people naturally have multiple interests and talents.[38] He contrasts this polymathic nature against what he calls \"the cult of specialisation\".[39] For example, education systems stifle this nature by forcing learners to specialise in narrow topics.[38] The book argues that specialisation encouraged by the production lines of the Industrial Revolution is counter-productive both to the individual and wider society. It suggests that the complex problems of the 21st century need the versatility, creativity, and broad perspectives characteristic of polymaths.[38]For individuals, Ahmed says, specialisation is dehumanising and stifles their full range of expression whereas polymathy \"is a powerful means to social and intellectual emancipation\" which enables a more fulfilling life.[40] In terms of social progress, he argues that answers to specific problems often come from combining knowledge and skills from multiple areas, and that many important problems are multi-dimensional in nature and cannot be fully understood through one specialism.[40] Rather than interpreting polymathy as a mix of occupations or of intellectual interests, Ahmed urges a breaking of the \"thinker\"/\"doer\" dichotomy and the art/science dichotomy. He argues that an orientation towards action and towards thinking support each other, and that human beings flourish by pursuing a diversity of experiences as well as a diversity of knowledge. He observes that successful people in many fields have cited hobbies and other \"peripheral\" activities as supplying skills or insights that helped them succeed.[41]Ahmed examines evidence suggesting that developing multiple talents and perspectives is helpful for success in a highly specialised field. He cites a study of Nobel Prize-winning scientists which found them 25 times more likely to sing, dance, or act than average scientists.[42] Another study found that children scored higher in IQ tests after having drum lessons, and he uses such research to argue that diversity of domains can enhance a person's general intelligence.[43]Ahmed cites many historical claims for the advantages of polymathy. Some of these are about general intellectual abilities that polymaths apply across multiple domains. For example, Aristotle wrote that full understanding of a topic requires, in addition to subject knowledge, a general critical thinking ability that can assess how that knowledge was arrived at.[44] Another advantage of a polymathic mindset is in the application of multiple approaches to understanding a single issue. Ahmed cites biologist E. O. Wilson's view that reality is approached not by a single academic discipline but via a consilience between them.[45] One argument for studying multiple approaches is that it leads to open-mindedness. Within any one perspective, a question may seem to have a straightforward, settled answer. Someone aware of different, contrasting answers will be more open-minded and aware of the limitations of their own knowledge. The importance of recognising these limitations is a theme that Ahmed finds in many thinkers, including Confucius, ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, and Nicolas of Cusa. He calls it \"the essential mark of the polymath.\"[45] A further argument for multiple approaches is that a polymath does not see diverse approaches as diverse, because they see connections where other people see differences. For example da Vinci advanced multiple fields by applying mathematical principles to each.[46]","title":"In academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Renaissance figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_figures"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Italian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Leon Battista Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Avicenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"Robert Hooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"Al-Biruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Hildegard of Bingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Haytham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Lomonosov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov"},{"link_name":"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"Alan Turing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"John von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"},{"link_name":"Omar Khayyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayyam"},{"link_name":"Charles Sanders Peirce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce"},{"link_name":"Henri Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus"},{"link_name":"Johann Weikhard von Valvasor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Weikhard_von_Valvasor"},{"link_name":"René Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Averroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes"},{"link_name":"Archimedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes"},{"link_name":"Hypatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia"},{"link_name":"Blaise Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Africanus Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanus_Horton"},{"link_name":"Wang Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Paul Riquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Riquet"},{"link_name":"Leonhard Euler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler"},{"link_name":"Émilie du Châtelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet"},{"link_name":"Nikola Tesla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"B. R. Ambedkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar"},{"link_name":"Nicole Oresme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Oresme"},{"link_name":"Thomas Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Sequoyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoyah"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Simon Laplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace"},{"link_name":"Maya Angelou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Angelou"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels"}],"text":"Further information: List of Renaissance figuresPolymaths include the great scholars and thinkers of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, who excelled at several fields in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and the arts. In the Italian Renaissance, the idea of the polymath was allegedly expressed by Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472), a polymath himself, in the statement that \"a man can do all things if he will\".[47] Well-known and celebrated polymaths include Avicenna, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo , Robert Hooke, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Al-Biruni,[48] Hildegard of Bingen, Ibn al-Haytham, Rabindranath Tagore, Mikhail Lomonosov, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Alan Turing, Benjamin Franklin, John von Neumann, Omar Khayyam, Charles Sanders Peirce, Henri Poincaré, Isaac Asimov, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johann Weikhard von Valvasor, René Descartes, Aristotle, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Averroes, Archimedes, Hypatia, Blaise Pascal, Africanus Horton, Wang Wei, Isaac Newton, Pierre-Paul Riquet, Leonhard Euler, Émilie du Châtelet, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, Florence Nightingale, Bertrand Russell, B. R. Ambedkar, Nicole Oresme, Thomas Young, Sequoyah, Thomas Jefferson, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Maya Angelou, and Friedrich Engels.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"uomo universale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uomo_universale"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aus-1"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"encyclopedic knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedic_knowledge"},{"link_name":"Eratosthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes"},{"link_name":"encyclopedic object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia"}],"text":"Aside from Renaissance man, similar terms in use are homo universalis (Latin) and uomo universale (Italian), which translate to 'universal man'.[1] The related term generalist—contrasted with a specialist—is used to describe a person with a general approach to knowledge.The term universal genius or versatile genius is also used, with Leonardo da Vinci as the prime example again. The term is used especially for people who made lasting contributions in at least one of the fields in which they were actively involved and when they took a universality of approach.When a person is described as having encyclopedic knowledge, they exhibit a vast scope of knowledge. However, this designation may be anachronistic in the case of persons such as Eratosthenes, whose reputation for having encyclopedic knowledge predates the existence of any encyclopedic object.","title":"Related terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aus_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aus_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ask The Philosopher: Tim Soutphommasane – The quest for renaissance man\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/opinion/the-quest-for-renaissance-man/news-story/cda1cda9d478b9e428b1e990efe64b95?sv=d81122bf03913e839a82860813e6c4e"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Polyhistor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thefreedictionary.com/polyhistor"},{"link_name":"The Free Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Robert Burton and the problems of polymathy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10953b9e-24fd-48a0-8cf6-d9d9524e16c1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/rest.12054","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Frest.12054"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162763342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162763342"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210430205310/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10953b9e-24fd-48a0-8cf6-d9d9524e16c1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0102-387X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0102-387X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oed_6-0"},{"link_name":"polymath, n. and adj.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oed.com/view/Entry/147212"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140508234545/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/147212"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oed2_7-0"},{"link_name":"polymathist, n.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oed.com/view/Entry/266236"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oed3_8-0"},{"link_name":"polyhistor, n.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oed.com/view/Entry/147200"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_-_Renaissance_man_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"Online Etymology 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2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAhmed2018"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018282-283_41-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018282-283_41-1"},{"link_name":"Ahmed 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAhmed2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018160,_164,_176_42-0"},{"link_name":"Ahmed 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAhmed2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"\"The hidden benefits of hiring Jacks and Jills of all trades\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e7487264-2ac0-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ft.com/content/e7487264-2ac0-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018146_44-0"},{"link_name":"Ahmed 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAhmed2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018148_45-0"},{"link_name":"Ahmed 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAhmed2018"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018134-136_46-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018134-136_46-1"},{"link_name":"Ahmed 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAhmed2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018173-174_47-0"},{"link_name":"Ahmed 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAhmed2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"\"Renaissance man – Definition, Characteristics, & Examples\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497891/Renaissance-man"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150503093146/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497891/Renaissance-man"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/biruni-abu-rayhan-index"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191117010119/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/biruni-abu-rayhan-index"}],"text":"^ Though numerous figures in history could be considered to be polymaths, they are not listed here, as they are not only too numerous to list, but also as the definition of any one figure as a polymath is disputable, due to the term's loosely-defined nature, there being no given set of characteristics outside of a person having a wide range of learning across a number of different disciplines; many also did not identify as polymaths, the term having only come into existence in the early 17th century.^ a b \"Ask The Philosopher: Tim Soutphommasane – The quest for renaissance man\". The Australian. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2018.\n\n^ \"Polyhistor\". The Free Dictionary.\n\n^ a b Murphy, Kathryn (2014). \"Robert Burton and the problems of polymathy\". Renaissance Studies. 28 (2): 279. doi:10.1111/rest.12054. S2CID 162763342. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2020.\n\n^ Burke, Peter (2011). \"O polímata: a história cultural e social de um tipo intellectual\". Leitura: Teoria & Prática. ISSN 0102-387X.\n\n^ Wower, Johann (1665). De Polymathia tractatio: integri operis de studiis veterum.\n\n^ \"polymath, n. and adj. Archived 8 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine\". OED Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Accessed December 2019.\n\n^ \"polymathist, n.\". OED Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Accessed December 2019.\n\n^ \"polyhistor, n.\". OED Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Accessed December 2019.\n\n^ Harper, Daniel (2001). \"Online Etymology Dictionary\". Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2006.\n\n^ Gardner, Helen (1970). Art through the Ages. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World. pp. 450–456. ISBN 9780155037526.\n\n^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1966) [1879], A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n\n^ \"Renaissance man — Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary\". M-w.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2012.\n\n^ \"Oxford concise dictionary\". Askoxford.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2012.\n\n^ Shavinina, L. (2013). How to develop innovators? Innovation education for the gifted1. Gifted Education International, 29(1), 54–68.\n\n^ a b c d Sriraman, B. (2009). Mathematical paradoxes as pathways into beliefs and polymathy: An experimental inquiry. ZDM, 41(1–2), 29–38.\n\n^ a b R. Root-Bernstein, 2009\n\n^ a b Root-Bernstein, R. (2015). Arts and crafts as adjuncts to STEM education to foster creativity in gifted and talented students. Asia Pacific Education Review, 16(2), 203–212.\n\n^ Root-Bernstein, R. (2009). Multiple giftedness in adults: The case of polymaths. In International handbook on giftedness (pp. 853–870). Springer, Dordrecht.\n\n^ a b Root-Bernstein, R. (2003). The art of innovation: Polymaths and universality of the creative process. In The international handbook on innovation (pp. 267–278).\n\n^ a b Root-Bernstein, R., Allen, L., Beach, L., Bhadula, R., Fast, J., Hosey, C., ... & Podufaly, A. (2008). Arts foster scientific success: Avocations of nobel, national academy, royal society, and sigma xi members. Journal of Psychology of Science and Technology, 1(2), 51–63.\n\n^ Root-Bernstein, R., & Root-Bernstein, M. (2011). Life stages of creativity.\n\n^ Root‐Bernstein, R. S., Bernstein, M., & Gamier, H. (1993). Identification of scientists making long‐term, high‐impact contributions, with notes on their methods of working. Creativity Research Journal, 6(4), 329–343.\n\n^ Root-Bernstein, R. S., Bernstein, M., & Garnier, H. (1995). Correlations between avocations, scientific style, work habits, and professional impact of scientists. Creativity Research Journal, 8(2), 115–137.\n\n^ Root-Bernstein, R., & Root-Bernstein, M. (2017). People, passions, problems: The role of creative exemplars in teaching for creativity. In Creative contradictions in education (pp. 143–164). Springer, Cham.\n\n^ Burke, P. (2012). A social history of knowledge II: From the encyclopaedia to Wikipedia (Vol. 2). Polity.\n\n^ Burke, P. (2010). The polymath: A cultural and social history of an intellectual species. Explorations in cultural history: Essays for Peter McCaffery, 67–79.\n\n^ Burke, Peter (2020). The Polymath: A Cultural History from Leonardo da Vinci to Susan Sontag. Yale University Press. p. 352. ISBN 9780300252088. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2020.\n\n^ Burke, 2010\n\n^ Burke, 2012\n\n^ Sriraman, B., & Dahl, B. (2009). On bringing interdisciplinary ideas to gifted education. In International handbook on giftedness (pp. 1235–1256). Springer, Dordrecht.\n\n^ a b c d Araki, M. E. (2018). Polymathy: A new outlook. Journal of Genius and Eminence, 3(1), 66–82. Retrieved from: Researchgate.net\n\n^ Araki, M. E. (2015). Polymathic leadership: Theoretical foundation and construct development. (Master's thesis), Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Retrieved from: researchgate.net Archived 29 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Araki, M. E., & Pires, P. (2019). < Modern Literature on Polymathy: A Brief Review (January 10, 2019). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3313137\n\n^ a b Kaufman, J. C., Beghetto, R. A., Baer, J., & Ivcevic, Z. (2010). Creativity polymathy: What Benjamin Franklin can teach your kindergartener. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(4), 380–387.\n\n^ Kaufman, J. C., Beghetto, R. A., & Baer, J. (2010). Finding young Paul Robeson: Exploring the question of creative polymathy. Innovations in educational psychology, 141–162.\n\n^ Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2009). Beyond big and little: The four c model of creativity. Review of general psychology, 13(1), 1.\n\n^ a b Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2009). Do we all have multicreative potential?. ZDM, 41(1–2), 39–44.\n\n^ a b c Robinson, Andrew (11 May 2019). \"In pursuit of polymathy\". The Lancet. 393 (10184): 1926. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30995-X. S2CID 149445248. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2022.\n\n^ Ahmed 2018, p. 85.\n\n^ a b Ahmed 2018, p. 282-283.\n\n^ Ahmed 2018, pp. 160, 164, 176.\n\n^ Hill, Andrew (11 February 2019). \"The hidden benefits of hiring Jacks and Jills of all trades\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2021.\n\n^ Ahmed 2018, p. 146.\n\n^ Ahmed 2018, p. 148.\n\n^ a b Ahmed 2018, p. 134-136.\n\n^ Ahmed 2018, p. 173-174.\n\n^ \"Renaissance man – Definition, Characteristics, & Examples\". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2012.\n\n^ \"BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica\". www.iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019. BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN MOḤAMMAD b. Aḥmad (362/973- after 442/1050), scholar and polymath of the period of the late Samanids and early Ghaznavids and one of the two greatest intellectual figures of his time in the eastern lands of the Muslim world, the other being Ebn Sīnā (Avicenna).","title":"References and notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carr, Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._H._Carr"},{"link_name":"\"Last Days of the Polymath\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.1843magazine.com/content/edward-carr/last-days-polymath"},{"link_name":"Intelligent Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Economist Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist_Group"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191220210456/https://www.1843magazine.com/content/edward-carr/last-days-polymath"},{"link_name":"Edmonds, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edmonds_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Does the world need polymaths?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.com/news/magazine-40865986"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210624230321/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-40865986"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"\"Polymath: A Renaissance Man\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060111210817/http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/Polymath.html"},{"link_name":"The Neo-Generalist: Where You Go is Who You Are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//richardmartinwriter.com/the-neo-generalist/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781910649558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910649558"},{"link_name":"\"The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=v7bP_KlooLwC"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230407101215/https://books.google.com/books?id=v7bP_KlooLwC"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Refuse to Choose!: A Revolutionary Program for Doing Everything that You Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/refusetochoose00barb"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1594866265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594866265"},{"link_name":"We live in a one-track world, but anyone can become a polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aeon.co/essays/we-live-in-a-one-track-world-but-anyone-can-become-a-polymath"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210610103354/https://aeon.co/essays/we-live-in-a-one-track-world-but-anyone-can-become-a-polymath"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"The Polymath: Unlocking the Power of Human Versatility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Polymath:+Unlocking+the+Power+of+Human+Versatility-p-9781119508489"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781119508489","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119508489"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210417033240/https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Polymath:+Unlocking+the+Power+of+Human+Versatility-p-9781119508489"},{"link_name":"\"In defense of polymaths\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hbr.org/2012/05/in-defense-of-polymaths/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210417033220/https://hbr.org/2012/05/in-defense-of-polymaths/"},{"link_name":"Polymath-Info Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//polymath-info.com/index.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210417033231/http://polymath-info.com/index.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Carr, Edward (1 October 2009). \"Last Days of the Polymath\". Intelligent Life. The Economist Group. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2017.\nEdmonds, David (August 2017). Does the world need polymaths? Archived 24 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine, BBC.\nFrost, Martin, \"Polymath: A Renaissance Man\".\nGrafton, A, \"The World of the Polyhistors: Humanism and Encyclopedism\", Central European History, 18: 31–47. (1985).\nJaumann, Herbert, \"Was ist ein Polyhistor? Gehversuche auf einem verlassenen Terrain\", Studia Leibnitiana, 22: 76–89. (1990) .\nMikkelsen, Kenneth; Martin, Richard (2016). The Neo-Generalist: Where You Go is Who You Are. London: LID Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781910649558. Retrieved 6 August 2019.\nMirchandani, Vinnie, \"The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations\" Archived 7 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, John Wiley & Sons. (2010).\nSher, Barbara (2007). Refuse to Choose!: A Revolutionary Program for Doing Everything that You Love. [Emmaus, Pa.]: Rodale. ISBN 978-1594866265.\nTwigger, Robert, \"Anyone can be a Polymath\" We live in a one-track world, but anyone can become a polymath Archived 10 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Aeon Essays.\nAhmed, Waqas (2018). The Polymath: Unlocking the Power of Human Versatility. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119508489. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2019.\nWaquet, F, (ed.) \"Mapping the World of Learning: The 'Polyhistor' of Daniel Georg Morhof\" (2000) ISBN 978-3447043991.\nWiens, Kyle (May 2012). \"In defense of polymaths\". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2015.\nBrown, Vincent Polymath-Info Portal Archived 17 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Benjamin Franklin is one of the foremost polymaths in history. Franklin was a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer and political philosopher. He further attained a legacy as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg/225px-Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Developmental Model of Polymathy (DMP)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Developmental_Model_of_Polymathy.jpg/550px-Developmental_Model_of_Polymathy.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur"},{"title":"Competent man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competent_man"},{"title":"Creative class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_class"},{"title":"Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius"},{"title":"Interdisciplinarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinarity"},{"title":"Jack of all trades, master of none","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_of_all_trades,_master_of_none"},{"title":"Multipotentiality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipotentiality"},{"title":"Opsimath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsimath"},{"title":"Philomath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomath"},{"title":"Polyglotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglotism"},{"title":"Polygraph (author)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph_(author)"},{"title":"Polymatheia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymatheia"},{"title":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"}]
[{"reference":"\"Ask The Philosopher: Tim Soutphommasane – The quest for renaissance man\". The Australian. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/opinion/the-quest-for-renaissance-man/news-story/cda1cda9d478b9e428b1e990efe64b95?sv=d81122bf03913e839a82860813e6c4e","url_text":"\"Ask The Philosopher: Tim Soutphommasane – The quest for renaissance man\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polyhistor\". The Free Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreedictionary.com/polyhistor","url_text":"\"Polyhistor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Dictionary","url_text":"The Free Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Kathryn (2014). \"Robert Burton and the problems of polymathy\". Renaissance Studies. 28 (2): 279. doi:10.1111/rest.12054. S2CID 162763342. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10953b9e-24fd-48a0-8cf6-d9d9524e16c1","url_text":"\"Robert Burton and the problems of polymathy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frest.12054","url_text":"10.1111/rest.12054"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162763342","url_text":"162763342"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210430205310/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10953b9e-24fd-48a0-8cf6-d9d9524e16c1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Peter (2011). \"O polímata: a história cultural e social de um tipo intellectual\". Leitura: Teoria & Prática. ISSN 0102-387X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0102-387X","url_text":"0102-387X"}]},{"reference":"Wower, Johann (1665). De Polymathia tractatio: integri operis de studiis veterum.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harper, Daniel (2001). \"Online Etymology Dictionary\". Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Renaissance+man&searchmode=phrase","url_text":"\"Online Etymology Dictionary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011163322/http://etymonline.com/index.php?search=Renaissance+man&searchmode=phrase","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Helen (1970). Art through the Ages. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World. pp. 450–456. ISBN 9780155037526.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthro000gard","url_text":"Art through the Ages"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthro000gard/page/450","url_text":"450–456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780155037526","url_text":"9780155037526"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1966) [1879], A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Renaissance man — Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary\". M-w.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=Renaissance+man","url_text":"\"Renaissance man — Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060518094413/http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=renaissance+man","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford concise dictionary\". Askoxford.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930004730/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/orexxnaissanceman?view=uk","url_text":"\"Oxford concise dictionary\""},{"url":"http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/orexxnaissanceman?view=uk","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Peter (2020). The Polymath: A Cultural History from Leonardo da Vinci to Susan Sontag. Yale University Press. p. 352. ISBN 9780300252088. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. 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Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361930995X","url_text":"\"In pursuit of polymathy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2930995-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30995-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149445248","url_text":"149445248"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307221045/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361930995X","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Andrew (11 February 2019). \"The hidden benefits of hiring Jacks and Jills of all trades\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e7487264-2ac0-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8","url_text":"\"The hidden benefits of hiring Jacks and Jills of all trades\""},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/e7487264-2ac0-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Renaissance man – Definition, Characteristics, & Examples\". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497891/Renaissance-man","url_text":"\"Renaissance man – Definition, Characteristics, & Examples\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150503093146/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497891/Renaissance-man","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica\". www.iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019. BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN MOḤAMMAD b. Aḥmad (362/973- after 442/1050), scholar and polymath of the period of the late Samanids and early Ghaznavids and one of the two greatest intellectual figures of his time in the eastern lands of the Muslim world, the other being Ebn Sīnā (Avicenna).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/biruni-abu-rayhan-index","url_text":"\"BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191117010119/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/biruni-abu-rayhan-index","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carr, Edward (1 October 2009). \"Last Days of the Polymath\". Intelligent Life. The Economist Group. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._H._Carr","url_text":"Carr, Edward"},{"url":"https://www.1843magazine.com/content/edward-carr/last-days-polymath","url_text":"\"Last Days of the Polymath\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Life_(magazine)","url_text":"Intelligent Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist_Group","url_text":"The Economist Group"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191220210456/https://www.1843magazine.com/content/edward-carr/last-days-polymath","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mikkelsen, Kenneth; Martin, Richard (2016). The Neo-Generalist: Where You Go is Who You Are. London: LID Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781910649558. Retrieved 6 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://richardmartinwriter.com/the-neo-generalist/","url_text":"The Neo-Generalist: Where You Go is Who You Are"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910649558","url_text":"9781910649558"}]},{"reference":"Sher, Barbara (2007). Refuse to Choose!: A Revolutionary Program for Doing Everything that You Love. [Emmaus, Pa.]: Rodale. ISBN 978-1594866265.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/refusetochoose00barb","url_text":"Refuse to Choose!: A Revolutionary Program for Doing Everything that You Love"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594866265","url_text":"978-1594866265"}]},{"reference":"Ahmed, Waqas (2018). The Polymath: Unlocking the Power of Human Versatility. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119508489. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Polymath:+Unlocking+the+Power+of+Human+Versatility-p-9781119508489","url_text":"The Polymath: Unlocking the Power of Human Versatility"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119508489","url_text":"9781119508489"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417033240/https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Polymath:+Unlocking+the+Power+of+Human+Versatility-p-9781119508489","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wiens, Kyle (May 2012). \"In defense of polymaths\". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://hbr.org/2012/05/in-defense-of-polymaths/","url_text":"\"In defense of polymaths\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417033220/https://hbr.org/2012/05/in-defense-of-polymaths/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Road_(song)
Country Road (song)
["1 Background","2 Chart history","3 References"]
1971 single by James Taylor"Country Road"German 7" picture sleeveSingle by James Taylorfrom the album Sweet Baby James B-side"Sunny Skies"ReleasedFebruary 1971GenreFolk rock, country rockLength3:24LabelWarner Bros.Songwriter(s)James TaylorProducer(s)Peter AsherJames Taylor singles chronology "Fire and Rain" (1970) "Country Road" (1971) "You've Got a Friend" (1971) "Country Road" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter James Taylor, released in February 1971 by Warner Bros. Records. It is the third single from Taylor's second studio album, Sweet Baby James. "Country Road" is also featured on James Taylor's 1976 Greatest Hits record. The song has been played at most of his concerts since 1970. Randy Meisner, later of the Eagles, played bass on the album version. Background The song was inspired by Somerset Street in Belmont, Massachusetts, a wooded road running adjacent to the land owned by McLean Hospital where Taylor had committed himself in 1965 to receive treatment for depression. Taylor's friend Danny Kortchmar said "Country Road": captures the restless, anticipatory, vaguely hopeful feeling that plays a large part on James' character and appears in "Carolina in My Mind," "Blossom", and "Sweet Baby James." The road leads away from his ensnaring family: "Mama don't understand it / She wants to know where I've been / I'd have to be some kind of natural-born fool to want to pass that way again." It also takes him away from shattered affairs, prep schools, mental institutions—all manner of traps and bummers. At the end of the road lie freedom and ideal life in Carolina, and "a heavenly band of angels." Music lecturer James Perrone says the theme of "Country Road" is the happiness and freedom of being alone. He noted the theme of solitude appears on other songs on Sweet Baby James including the title track and "Sunny Skies." "Sunny Skies was also released as the b-side of the "Country Road" single. According to Allmusic critic Ronnie D. Lankford, Jr., "Country Road" "perfectly marked the transition between the '60s and the '70s." "This is because the lyrics suggest that it's time for those tired of trying to solve all the world's problems to leave them to Jesus and go away on their own". Lankford said the song's "simple arrangement," with acoustic guitar and "laid back" vocals are well matched to the lyrics. Music author Barney Hoskyns called "Country Road" "a perfect distillation of the new rural mood" which had become popular at the time. Upon its single release, Record World said "Already a popular song, this is the logical choice for his next hit single. Added interest will be generated in that it's a bit different from the album cut." Cash Box called it a "gem" and said "Somewhat akin to his 'Fire & Rain' sound, the new release should have little problem streaking into top forty running." Billboard called it a "strong rhythm item" with an "exceptional performance." Chart history The re-recorded Country Road single version was recorded and mixed at Crystal-Sound, December 30, 1970, and released on 7" vinyl in February 1971. In 2003, the single version was included on CD for the first time on the compilation album "You’ve Got A Friend: The Best Of James Taylor”. "Country Road" reached number 37 on the Billboard pop singles chart and number 9 Easy Listening in early 1971. On the Canadian charts, the song was a bigger hit on both the Pop (#19) and Adult Contemporary (#3) charts. Chart (1971) Peakposition Canada RPM Top Singles 19 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 3 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 37 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 25 References ^ Monaco, Rachel. "James Taylor: 5 best song lyrics or verses". Axs. Retrieved February 3, 2019. ^ Crouse, T. (February 18, 1971). "The First Family of the New Rock". Rolling Stone. p. 34. ^ a b Perrone, J.E. (2012). Perrone, J.E. (ed.). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 9780313379062. ^ a b c Lankford, R.D. Jr. "Country Road". Allmusic. Retrieved April 11, 2014. ^ Hoskyns, B. (2010). Hotel California: The True-Life Adventures of Crosby, Stills, Nash, Young, Mitchell, Taylor, Browne, Ronstadt, Geffen, the Eagles, and Their Many Friends. John Wiley & Sons. p. 109. ISBN 9781118040508. ^ "Picks of the Week" (PDF). Record World. January 30, 1971. p. 1. Retrieved April 22, 2023. ^ "CashBox Singles Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. January 30, 1971. p. 26. Retrieved April 22, 2023. ^ "Spotlight Singles" (PDF). Billboard. January 30, 1971. p. 60. Retrieved April 22, 2023. ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 237. ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1990 – ISBN 0-89820-089-X ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 237. ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, March 20, 1971 vteJames TaylorStudio albums James Taylor Sweet Baby James Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon One Man Dog Walking Man Gorilla In the Pocket JT Flag Dad Loves His Work That's Why I'm Here Never Die Young New Moon Shine Hourglass October Road Covers Before This World American Standard Live albums Live/Best Live One Man Band Amchitka Live at the Troubadour Live at the Beacon Theatre (DVD video) Holiday albums A Christmas Album James Taylor at Christmas Compilation albums Greatest Hits Classic Songs Greatest Hits Volume 2 The Best of James Taylor The Essential James Taylor Extended plays Other Covers Singles "Carolina in My Mind" "Knocking 'Round the Zoo" "Sweet Baby James" "Fire and Rain" "Country Road" "You've Got a Friend" "Long Ago and Far Away" "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" "One Man Parade" "Hymn" "Mockingbird" (with Carly Simon) "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" "Mexico" "Shower the People" "Woman's Gotta Have It" "Handy Man" "Your Smiling Face" "Honey Don't Leave L.A." "Devoted to You" (with Carly Simon) "Up on the Roof" "Her Town Too" "Hard Times" "Everyday" "It's Growing" "Change" Other songs "Night Owl" "Something in the Way She Moves" "Sunny Skies" "Steamroller Blues" "You Can Close Your Eyes" "Highway Song" "I Was a Fool to Care" "Bartender's Blues" "Secret O' Life" "Millworker" "Summer's Here" Related articles Discography James Taylor and the Original Flying Machine Working Vote for Change Tour Troubadour Reunion Tour Carly Simon Sally Taylor Kate Taylor Livingston Taylor Alex Taylor Isaac M. Taylor Two-Lane Blacktop
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"singer-songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer-songwriter"},{"link_name":"James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._records"},{"link_name":"Sweet Baby James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Baby_James"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(James_Taylor_album)"},{"link_name":"Randy Meisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Meisner"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"}],"text":"1971 single by James Taylor\"Country Road\" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter James Taylor, released in February 1971 by Warner Bros. Records. It is the third single from Taylor's second studio album, Sweet Baby James. \"Country Road\" is also featured on James Taylor's 1976 Greatest Hits record. The song has been played at most of his concerts since 1970. Randy Meisner, later of the Eagles, played bass on the album version.","title":"Country Road (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belmont, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-axs-1"},{"link_name":"McLean Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Danny Kortchmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Kortchmar"},{"link_name":"Carolina in My Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_in_My_Mind"},{"link_name":"Sweet Baby James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Baby_James_(song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-album-3"},{"link_name":"title track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Baby_James_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sunny Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Skies_(song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-album-3"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"lyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Barney Hoskyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Hoskyns"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Record World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_World"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"Fire & Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_and_Rain_(song)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The song was inspired by Somerset Street in Belmont, Massachusetts,[1] a wooded road running adjacent to the land owned by McLean Hospital where Taylor had committed himself in 1965 to receive treatment for depression. \nTaylor's friend Danny Kortchmar said \"Country Road\":captures the restless, anticipatory, vaguely hopeful feeling that plays a large part on James' character and appears in \"Carolina in My Mind,\" \"Blossom\", and \"Sweet Baby James.\" The road leads away from his ensnaring family: \"Mama don't understand it / She wants to know where I've been / I'd have to be some kind of natural-born fool to want to pass that way again.\" It also takes him away from shattered affairs, prep schools, mental institutions—all manner of traps and bummers. At the end of the road lie freedom and ideal life in Carolina, and \"a heavenly band of angels.\"[2]Music lecturer James Perrone says the theme of \"Country Road\" is the happiness and freedom of being alone.[3] He noted the theme of solitude appears on other songs on Sweet Baby James including the title track and \"Sunny Skies.\"[3] \"Sunny Skies was also released as the b-side of the \"Country Road\" single. According to Allmusic critic Ronnie D. Lankford, Jr., \"Country Road\" \"perfectly marked the transition between the '60s and the '70s.\"[4] \"This is because the lyrics suggest that it's time for those tired of trying to solve all the world's problems to leave them to Jesus and go away on their own\".[4] Lankford said the song's \"simple arrangement,\" with acoustic guitar and \"laid back\" vocals are well matched to the lyrics.[4] Music author Barney Hoskyns called \"Country Road\" \"a perfect distillation of the new rural mood\" which had become popular at the time.[5]Upon its single release, Record World said \"Already a popular song, this is the logical choice for his next hit single. Added interest will be generated in that it's a bit different from the album cut.\"[6] Cash Box called it a \"gem\" and said \"Somewhat akin to his 'Fire & Rain' sound, the new release should have little problem streaking into top forty running.\"[7] Billboard called it a \"strong rhythm item\" with an \"exceptional performance.\"[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard pop singles chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Easy Listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Listening"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The re-recorded Country Road single version was recorded and mixed at Crystal-Sound, December 30, 1970, and released on 7\" vinyl in February 1971. In 2003, the single version was included on CD for the first time on the compilation album \"You’ve Got A Friend: The Best Of James Taylor”. \"Country Road\" reached number 37 on the Billboard pop singles chart and number 9 Easy Listening in early 1971.[9] On the Canadian charts, the song was a bigger hit on both the Pop (#19) and Adult Contemporary (#3) charts.","title":"Chart history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Monaco, Rachel. \"James Taylor: 5 best song lyrics or verses\". Axs. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axs.com/james-taylor-5-best-song-lyrics-or-verses-54838","url_text":"\"James Taylor: 5 best song lyrics or verses\""}]},{"reference":"Crouse, T. (February 18, 1971). \"The First Family of the New Rock\". Rolling Stone. p. 34.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Crouse","url_text":"Crouse, T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Perrone, J.E. (2012). Perrone, J.E. (ed.). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN 9780313379062.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313379062","url_text":"9780313379062"}]},{"reference":"Lankford, R.D. Jr. \"Country Road\". Allmusic. Retrieved April 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/country-road-mt0010821191","url_text":"\"Country Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Hoskyns, B. (2010). Hotel California: The True-Life Adventures of Crosby, Stills, Nash, Young, Mitchell, Taylor, Browne, Ronstadt, Geffen, the Eagles, and Their Many Friends. John Wiley & Sons. p. 109. ISBN 9781118040508.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Hoskyns","url_text":"Hoskyns, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118040508","url_text":"9781118040508"}]},{"reference":"\"Picks of the Week\" (PDF). Record World. January 30, 1971. p. 1. Retrieved April 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/71/RR-1971-01-30.pdf","url_text":"\"Picks of the Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"CashBox Singles Reviews\" (PDF). Cash Box. January 30, 1971. p. 26. Retrieved April 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1971/Cash-Box-1971-01-30.pdf","url_text":"\"CashBox Singles Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spotlight Singles\" (PDF). Billboard. January 30, 1971. p. 60. Retrieved April 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1971/Billboard%201971-01-30.pdf","url_text":"\"Spotlight Singles\""}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.axs.com/james-taylor-5-best-song-lyrics-or-verses-54838","external_links_name":"\"James Taylor: 5 best song lyrics or verses\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/country-road-mt0010821191","external_links_name":"\"Country Road\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/71/RR-1971-01-30.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Picks of the Week\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1971/Cash-Box-1971-01-30.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CashBox Singles Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1971/Billboard%201971-01-30.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Spotlight Singles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150607212421/http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19710320.html","external_links_name":"Cash Box Top 100 Singles, March 20, 1971"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Colombe-l%C3%A8s-Vienne
Sainte-Colombe, Rhône
["1 Notable people","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 45°31′34″N 4°52′03″E / 45.5261°N 4.8675°E / 45.5261; 4.8675Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceSainte-ColombeCommuneSainte-Colombe, as seen from the Lattre-de-Tassigny bridge (Vienne) Coat of armsLocation of Sainte-Colombe Sainte-ColombeShow map of FranceSainte-ColombeShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 45°31′34″N 4°52′03″E / 45.5261°N 4.8675°E / 45.5261; 4.8675CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentRhôneArrondissementLyonCantonMornantIntercommunalityCA Vienne CondrieuGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Marc DeleigueArea11.6 km2 (0.6 sq mi)Population (2021)1,953 • Density1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code69189 /69560Elevation150–308 m (492–1,010 ft) (avg. 155 m or 509 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Sainte-Colombe (French pronunciation: ⓘ; Arpitan: Sente-Colomba), sometimes referred to as Sainte-Colombe-lès-Vienne, is a commune in the Rhône department in eastern France. Occupied since Roman times, it is across the Rhône river from Vienne. Notable people Kenza Dali (1991), football player for Aston Villa and the France national team See also Communes of the Rhône department Maurice Luiset References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Benoît Helly; Anne Le Bot-Helly; Bernard Liou (1986). "Un dépôt d'amphores Dressel 20 à inscriptions peintes découvert à Sainte-Colombe (Rhône)". Archaeonautica (in French) (6): 121–145. ^ "PORTRAIT : Qui est Kenza Dali, l'atout expérimenté du milieu de l'équipe de France féminine de football". 90min.com (in French). 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-06-30. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sainte-Colombe (Rhône). vteCommunes of the Rhône department Affoux Aigueperse Alix Ambérieux Amplepuis Ampuis Ancy Anse L'Arbresle Les Ardillats Arnas Aveize Azolette Bagnols Beaujeu Beauvallon Belleville-en-Beaujolais Belmont-d'Azergues Bessenay Bibost Blacé Le Breuil Brignais Brindas Brullioles Brussieu Bully Cenves Cercié Chabanière Chambost-Allières Chambost-Longessaigne Chamelet La Chapelle-sur-Coise Chaponnay Chaponost Charentay Charnay Chasselay Châtillon Chaussan Chazay-d'Azergues Chénas Chénelette Les Chères Chessy Chevinay Chiroubles Civrieux-d'Azergues Claveisolles Cogny Coise Colombier-Saugnieu Communay Condrieu Corcelles-en-Beaujolais Cours Courzieu Cublize Denicé Deux-Grosnes Dième Dommartin Dracé Duerne Échalas Émeringes Éveux Fleurie Fleurieux-sur-l'Arbresle Frontenas Genas Gleizé Grandris Grézieu-la-Varenne Grézieu-le-Marché Les Haies Les Halles Haute-Rivoire Jons Joux Juliénas Jullié Lacenas Lachassagne Lamure-sur-Azergues Lancié Lantignié Larajasse Légny Lentilly Létra Limas Loire-sur-Rhône Longes Longessaigne Lozanne Lucenay Marchampt Marcilly-d'Azergues Marcy Marennes Meaux-la-Montagne Messimy Meys Millery Moiré Montagny Montmelas-Saint-Sorlin Montromant Montrottier Morancé Mornant Odenas Orliénas Le Perréon Pollionnay Pomeys Pommiers Porte des Pierres Dorées Poule-les-Écharmeaux Propières Pusignan Quincié-en-Beaujolais Ranchal Régnié-Durette Riverie Rivolet Ronno Rontalon Sain-Bel Saint-André-la-Côte Saint-Appolinaire Saint-Bonnet-de-Mure Saint-Bonnet-des-Bruyères Saint-Bonnet-le-Troncy Saint-Clément-de-Vers Saint-Clément-les-Places Saint-Clément-sur-Valsonne Saint-Cyr-le-Chatoux Saint-Cyr-sur-le-Rhône Saint-Didier-sur-Beaujeu Sainte-Catherine Sainte-Colombe Sainte-Consorce Sainte-Foy-l'Argentière Sainte-Paule Saint-Étienne-des-Oullières Saint-Étienne-la-Varenne Saint-Forgeux Saint-Genis-l'Argentière Saint-Georges-de-Reneins Saint-Germain-Nuelles Saint-Igny-de-Vers Saint-Jean-des-Vignes Saint-Jean-la-Bussière Saint-Julien Saint-Julien-sur-Bibost Saint-Just-d'Avray Saint-Lager Saint-Laurent-d'Agny Saint-Laurent-de-Chamousset Saint-Laurent-de-Mure Saint-Marcel-l'Éclairé Saint-Martin-en-Haut Saint-Nizier-d'Azergues Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu Saint-Pierre-la-Palud Saint-Romain-de-Popey Saint-Romain-en-Gal Saint-Romain-en-Gier Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon Saint-Symphorien-sur-Coise Saint-Vérand Saint-Vincent-de-Reins Salles-Arbuissonnas-en-Beaujolais Sarcey Les Sauvages Savigny Sérézin-du-Rhône Simandres Soucieu-en-Jarrest Sourcieux-les-Mines Souzy Taluyers Taponas Tarare Ternand Ternay Theizé Thizy-les-Bourgs Thurins Toussieu Trèves Tupin-et-Semons Val d'Oingt Valsonne Vaugneray Vaux-en-Beaujolais Vauxrenard Vernay Ville-sur-Jarnioux Villechenève Villefranche-sur-Saônesubpr Villié-Morgon Vindry-sur-Turdine Vourles Yzeron subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Other IdRef This Rhône geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[sɛ̃t kɔlɔ̃b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Persepha-Sainte-Colombe.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Persepha-Sainte-Colombe.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Persepha-Sainte-Colombe.wav"},{"link_name":"Arpitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Vienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceSainte-Colombe (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t kɔlɔ̃b] ⓘ; Arpitan: Sente-Colomba), sometimes referred to as Sainte-Colombe-lès-Vienne, is a commune in the Rhône department in eastern France. Occupied since Roman times, it is across the Rhône river from Vienne.[3]","title":"Sainte-Colombe, Rhône"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenza Dali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenza_Dali"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_W.F.C."},{"link_name":"France national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Kenza Dali (1991), football player for Aston Villa and the France national team[4]","title":"Notable people"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Rhône department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Rh%C3%B4ne_department"},{"title":"Maurice Luiset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Luiset"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-69189","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"Benoît Helly; Anne Le Bot-Helly; Bernard Liou (1986). \"Un dépôt d'amphores Dressel 20 à inscriptions peintes découvert à Sainte-Colombe (Rhône)\". Archaeonautica (in French) (6): 121–145.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/nauti_0154-1854_1986_num_6_1_892","url_text":"\"Un dépôt d'amphores Dressel 20 à inscriptions peintes découvert à Sainte-Colombe (Rhône)\""}]},{"reference":"\"PORTRAIT : Qui est Kenza Dali, l'atout expérimenté du milieu de l'équipe de France féminine de football\". 90min.com (in French). 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.90min.com/fr/posts/portrait-qui-est-kenza-dali-l-atout-experimente-du-milieu-de-l-equipe-de-france-feminine-de-football","url_text":"\"PORTRAIT : Qui est Kenza Dali, l'atout expérimenté du milieu de l'équipe de France féminine de football\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta_films
Operetta film
["1 Selected films","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 Further reading"]
For the film of the same name, see Operetta (film). Film genre Operetta films (German: Operettenfilm) are a genre of musical films associated with, but not exclusive to, German language cinema. The genre began in the late 1920s, but its roots stretch back into the tradition of nineteenth century Viennese operettas. Although some silent films had based their plots on stage operettas, the genre was largely a result of the switch from silent to sound films. The first all-talking operetta was The Desert Song (1929). This operetta had been filmed late in 1928 and was released early in 1929. The 1929 film Melody of the Heart, made by the German studio UFA, is credited as being the first all-talking "operetta film" made in Europe. It had been intended as a silent film, but the dramatic arrival of sound forced its production to be switched. Its combination of music and dancing proved to be a successful formula, and it was followed by many similar films. During the 1930s the trend spread to Britain, where a number of Operetta films were made (often in co-productions with German or Austrian studios), France and the United States. Many German émigré film-makers following the Nazi rise to power in 1933 were able to find work in other countries because of their experience in the genre. In the United States, a popular run of Operetta films were made starring Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy. In Britain the 1934 Richard Tauber film Blossom Time was a major hit, spawning a number of imitations. Selected films The Desert Song (1929) The Love Parade (1929) Rio Rita (1929) Melody of the Heart (1929) Bride of the Regiment (1930) Song of the West (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) Song of the Flame (1930) Golden Dawn (1930) The Vagabond King (1930) The Lottery Bride (1930) Sweet Kitty Bellairs (1930) Viennese Nights (1930) Dixiana (1930) The Land of Smiles (1930) New Moon (1930) Monte Carlo (1930) Retreat on the Rhine (1930) Kiss Me Again (1931) One Heavenly Night (1931) Children of Dreams (1931) Victoria and Her Hussar (1931) The Love Express (1931) The Emperor's Sweetheart (1931) The Merry Wives of Vienna (1931) Der Kongreß tanzt (1931) Mamsell Nitouche (1932) Gräfin Mariza (1932) Goodnight, Vienna (1932) Passionately (1932) Bitter Sweet (1933) Bon Voyage (1933) There Is Only One Love (1933) A Southern Maid (1933) The Tsarevich (1933) The Queen's Affair (1934) A Night in Venice (1934) Princess Charming (1934) Roses from the South (1934) Waltzes from Vienna (1934) Frasquita (1934) The Voice of Love (1934) Blossom Time (1934) Two Hearts in Waltztime (1934) Music in the Air (1934) Maskerade (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) Ball at the Savoy (1935) Naughty Marietta (1935) Heart's Desire (1935) The Blonde Carmen (1935) Happy Arenas (1935) I Dream Too Much (1935) Rose Marie (1936) Dreams Come True (1936) You Are Me (1936) Chaste Susanne (1937) Maytime (1937) The Lilac Domino (1937) The Girl of the Golden West (1938) Roxy and the Wonderteam (1938) Sweethearts (1938) The Mikado (1939) Opera Ball (1939) New Moon (1940) Bitter Sweet (1940) Operetta (1940) The Chocolate Soldier (1941) Vienna Blood (1942) The Desert Song (1943) Silva (1944) Viennese Girls (1945) Waltz Time (1945) The Laughing Lady (1946) Northwest Outpost (1947) The Dancing Years (1950) Véronique (1950) Dance Into Happiness (1951) The Merry Farmer (1951) Andalusia (1951) Imperial Violets (1952) Voices of Spring (1952) The Land of Smiles (1952) The Beauty of Cadiz (1953) The Desert Song (1953) The Flower of Hawaii (1953) Rose Marie (1954) Victoria and Her Hussar (1954) Oklahoma! (1955) Four Days in Paris (1955) Leila and Gábor (1956) Opera Ball (1956) The King and I (1956) The Singer from Mexico (1957) The White Horse Inn (1960) The Bird Seller (1962) The Sound of Music (1965) The Mikado (1967) The Pirates of Penzance (1983) References ^ Hardt (1996), p. 130. ^ Phillips (2004), p. 63. Bibliography Hardt, Usula (1996). 'From Caligari to California: Erich Pommer's Life in the International Film Wars. Berghahn Books. Phillips, Alastair (2004). City of Darkness, City of Light: Émigré Filmmakers in Paris, 1929–1939. Amsterdam University Press. Further reading Richards, Jeffrey, ed. (1998). The Unknown 1930s: An Alternative History of the British Cinema, 1929–1939'. I.B. Tauris & Co. vteFilm genresBy style Action Arthouse Heroic bloodshed Hong Kong action Adventure Survival Art Biographical Christian Comedy Action Black Commedia all'italiana Sexy Bromantic Dramedy Gross out Horror Parody Mo lei tau Thriller Remarriage Romantic Sex Screwball Silent Slapstick Cyberpunk Japanese Documentary Animated City symphony Docudrama Mockumentary Mondo Pseudo Semi Travel Video essay Drama Calligrafismo Dramedy Historical Legal Melodrama Korean Erotic Commedia sexy all'italiana Pink Sexploitation Thriller Educational Social guidance Epic Sword-and-sandal Experimental Exploitation see Exploitation film template Fantasy Comedy Contemporary Fantastique High Historical Magic realism Science Film noir Neo-noir Pulp noir Tech noir Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Horror Arthouse Body Cannibal Chinese horror Christmas horror Comedy Eco Fantastique Found footage German underground Ghost Giallo Holiday Japanese horror Korean horror Lovecraftian Natural New French Extremity Psycho-biddy Psychological Religious Science fiction Slasher Splatter Satanic Maximalist film Minimalist film Mumblecore Musical Arthouse Backstage Jukebox Musicarello Operetta Sceneggiata Mystery Detective Occult detective Whodunit Giallo Pop culture fiction Crossover Pornographic Hardcore pornography Softcore pornography (Malayalam) Propaganda Reality Romantic Comedy Bromantic Fantasy Gothic Paranormal Thriller Science fiction Art Comedy Fantastique Fantasy Gothic Horror Military New Wave Planetary romance Space opera Steampunk Tokusatsu Western Slice of life Slow cinema Thriller Comedy Erotic Financial Giallo Legal New French Extremity Political Psychological Romantic Techno Transgressive Cinema of Transgression Extreme cinema New French Extremity Trick By theme Animals Beach party Body swap Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming-of-age Concert Crime Detective Gangster Gentleman thief Gokudō Gong'an Heist Heroic bloodshed Hood Mafia Mafia comedy Mumbai underworld Poliziotteschi Yakuza Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Ecchi Economic Ethnographic Exploitation Blaxploitation Mexploitation Turksploitation Extraterrestrial Food and drink Gendai-geki Ghost Goona-goona epic Gothic Romance Space Suburban Girls with guns Harem Hentai Lolicon Shotacon Tentacle erotica Homeland Isekai Jidaigeki Samurai Kaitō LGBT Yaoi Yuri Luchador Magical girl Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Ninja Wuxia Mecha Anime Monster Giant monster Kaiju Mummy Vampire Zombie Zombie comedy Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shoshimin-eiga Slavery Slice of life Snuff South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword-and-sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Contemporary Western Dacoit Western Fantasy Florida Horror Meat pie Northern Ostern Revisionist Science fiction Singing cowboy Space Spaghetti Weird Western Zapata Western By movement or period Absolute American eccentric cinema New Objectivity Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Calligrafismo Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana Czechoslovak New Wave Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film d'art Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Indiewood Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operetta (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta_(film)"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"musical films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_films"},{"link_name":"German language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Viennese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"operettas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operettas"},{"link_name":"silent films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_films"},{"link_name":"sound films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_films"},{"link_name":"The Desert Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desert_Song_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"Melody of the Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_of_the_Heart"},{"link_name":"UFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardt1996130-1"},{"link_name":"co-productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-production_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"émigré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips200463-2"},{"link_name":"Jeanette MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanette_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Nelson Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Eddy"},{"link_name":"Richard Tauber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Tauber"},{"link_name":"Blossom Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Time_(1934_film)"}],"text":"For the film of the same name, see Operetta (film).Film genreOperetta films (German: Operettenfilm) are a genre of musical films associated with, but not exclusive to, German language cinema. The genre began in the late 1920s, but its roots stretch back into the tradition of nineteenth century Viennese operettas.Although some silent films had based their plots on stage operettas, the genre was largely a result of the switch from silent to sound films. The first all-talking operetta was The Desert Song (1929). This operetta had been filmed late in 1928 and was released early in 1929. The 1929 film Melody of the Heart, made by the German studio UFA, is credited as being the first all-talking \"operetta film\" made in Europe. It had been intended as a silent film, but the dramatic arrival of sound forced its production to be switched. Its combination of music and dancing proved to be a successful formula, and it was followed by many similar films.[1]During the 1930s the trend spread to Britain, where a number of Operetta films were made (often in co-productions with German or Austrian studios), France and the United States. Many German émigré film-makers following the Nazi rise to power in 1933 were able to find work in other countries because of their experience in the genre.[2] In the United States, a popular run of Operetta films were made starring Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy. In Britain the 1934 Richard Tauber film Blossom Time was a major hit, spawning a number of imitations.","title":"Operetta film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Desert Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desert_Song_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"The Love Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Parade"},{"link_name":"Rio Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Rita_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"Melody of the Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_of_the_Heart"},{"link_name":"Bride of the Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_of_the_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Song of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"The Rogue Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rogue_Song"},{"link_name":"Song of the Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Flame"},{"link_name":"Golden Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Vagabond King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vagabond_King_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"The Lottery Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lottery_Bride"},{"link_name":"Sweet Kitty Bellairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Kitty_Bellairs"},{"link_name":"Viennese Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennese_Nights"},{"link_name":"Dixiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiana_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Land of Smiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_of_Smiles_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"New Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Moon_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"Retreat on the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_on_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Kiss Me Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Me_Again_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"One Heavenly Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Heavenly_Night"},{"link_name":"Children of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Her Hussar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Her_Hussar_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"The Love Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Express"},{"link_name":"The Emperor's Sweetheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Sweetheart"},{"link_name":"The Merry Wives of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Der Kongreß tanzt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Kongre%C3%9F_tanzt"},{"link_name":"Mamsell Nitouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamsell_Nitouche_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Gräfin Mariza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A4fin_Mariza_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Goodnight, Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodnight,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Passionately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionately_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bitter Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"Bon Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Voyage_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"There Is Only One Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Is_Only_One_Love"},{"link_name":"A Southern Maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Southern_Maid_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Tsarevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tsarevich_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"The Queen's Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Affair"},{"link_name":"A Night in Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Night_in_Venice_(1934_German_film)"},{"link_name":"Princess Charming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Charming_(film)"},{"link_name":"Roses from the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roses_from_the_South_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Waltzes from Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltzes_from_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Frasquita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasquita"},{"link_name":"The Voice of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_of_Love_(film)"},{"link_name":"Blossom Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Time_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Music in the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_in_the_Air_(film)"},{"link_name":"Maskerade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskerade_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Merry Widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Widow_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Ball at the Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_at_the_Savoy_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"Naughty Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_Marietta_(film)"},{"link_name":"Heart's Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%27s_Desire_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"The Blonde Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blonde_Carmen"},{"link_name":"Happy Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Arenas_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"I Dream Too Much","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Dream_Too_Much_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"Rose Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Marie_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Dreams Come True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_Come_True_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"You Are Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_Me"},{"link_name":"Chaste Susanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaste_Susanne_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Maytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maytime_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"The Lilac Domino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lilac_Domino_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Girl of the Golden West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_of_the_Golden_West_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Roxy and the Wonderteam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_and_the_Wonderteam"},{"link_name":"Sweethearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweethearts_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"The Mikado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mikado_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Opera Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Ball_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"New Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Moon_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Bitter Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Operetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Chocolate Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chocolate_Soldier_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vienna Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Blood_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Desert Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desert_Song_(1943_film)"},{"link_name":"Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silva_(film)"},{"link_name":"Viennese Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennese_Girls"},{"link_name":"Waltz Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz_Time_(1945_film)"},{"link_name":"The Laughing Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Laughing_Lady"},{"link_name":"Northwest Outpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Outpost"},{"link_name":"The Dancing Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dancing_Years_(film)"},{"link_name":"Véronique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ronique_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dance Into Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Into_Happiness_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"The Merry Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Farmer_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia_(film)"},{"link_name":"Imperial Violets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Violets_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Voices of Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voices_of_Spring_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"The Land of Smiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_of_Smiles_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"The Beauty of Cadiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beauty_of_Cadiz"},{"link_name":"The Desert Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desert_Song_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"The Flower of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flower_of_Hawaii_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Rose Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Marie_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Her Hussar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Her_Hussar_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma!_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Four Days in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Days_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"Leila and Gábor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_and_G%C3%A1bor"},{"link_name":"Opera Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Ball_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"The King and I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_and_I_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"The Singer from Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singer_from_Mexico"},{"link_name":"The White Horse Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Horse_Inn_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"The Bird Seller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bird_Seller_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Mikado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mikado_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"The Pirates of Penzance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance_(film)"}],"text":"The Desert Song (1929)\nThe Love Parade (1929)\nRio Rita (1929)\nMelody of the Heart (1929)\nBride of the Regiment (1930)\nSong of the West (1930)\nThe Rogue Song (1930)\nSong of the Flame (1930)\nGolden Dawn (1930)\nThe Vagabond King (1930)\nThe Lottery Bride (1930)\nSweet Kitty Bellairs (1930)\nViennese Nights (1930)\nDixiana (1930)\nThe Land of Smiles (1930)\nNew Moon (1930)\nMonte Carlo (1930)\nRetreat on the Rhine (1930)\nKiss Me Again (1931)\nOne Heavenly Night (1931)\nChildren of Dreams (1931)\nVictoria and Her Hussar (1931)\nThe Love Express (1931)\nThe Emperor's Sweetheart (1931)\nThe Merry Wives of Vienna (1931)\nDer Kongreß tanzt (1931)\nMamsell Nitouche (1932)\nGräfin Mariza (1932)\nGoodnight, Vienna (1932)\nPassionately (1932)\nBitter Sweet (1933)\nBon Voyage (1933)\nThere Is Only One Love (1933)\nA Southern Maid (1933)\nThe Tsarevich (1933)\nThe Queen's Affair (1934)\nA Night in Venice (1934)\nPrincess Charming (1934)\nRoses from the South (1934)\nWaltzes from Vienna (1934)\nFrasquita (1934)\nThe Voice of Love (1934)\nBlossom Time (1934)\nTwo Hearts in Waltztime (1934)\nMusic in the Air (1934)\nMaskerade (1934)\nThe Merry Widow (1934)\nBall at the Savoy (1935)\nNaughty Marietta (1935)\nHeart's Desire (1935)\nThe Blonde Carmen (1935)\nHappy Arenas (1935)\nI Dream Too Much (1935)\nRose Marie (1936)\nDreams Come True (1936)\nYou Are Me (1936)\nChaste Susanne (1937)\nMaytime (1937)\nThe Lilac Domino (1937)\nThe Girl of the Golden West (1938)\nRoxy and the Wonderteam (1938)\nSweethearts (1938)\nThe Mikado (1939)\nOpera Ball (1939)\nNew Moon (1940)\nBitter Sweet (1940)\nOperetta (1940)\nThe Chocolate Soldier (1941)\nVienna Blood (1942)\nThe Desert Song (1943)\nSilva (1944)\nViennese Girls (1945)\nWaltz Time (1945)\nThe Laughing Lady (1946)\nNorthwest Outpost (1947)\nThe Dancing Years (1950)\nVéronique (1950)\nDance Into Happiness (1951)\nThe Merry Farmer (1951)\nAndalusia (1951)\nImperial Violets (1952)\nVoices of Spring (1952)\nThe Land of Smiles (1952)\nThe Beauty of Cadiz (1953)\nThe Desert Song (1953)\nThe Flower of Hawaii (1953)\nRose Marie (1954)\nVictoria and Her Hussar (1954)\nOklahoma! (1955)\nFour Days in Paris (1955)\nLeila and Gábor (1956)\nOpera Ball (1956)\nThe King and I (1956)\nThe Singer from Mexico (1957)\nThe White Horse Inn (1960)\nThe Bird Seller (1962)\nThe Sound of Music (1965)\nThe Mikado (1967)\nThe Pirates of Penzance (1983)","title":"Selected films"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hardt, Usula (1996). 'From Caligari to California: Erich Pommer's Life in the International Film Wars. Berghahn Books.\nPhillips, Alastair (2004). City of Darkness, City of Light: Émigré Filmmakers in Paris, 1929–1939. Amsterdam University Press.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Film_genres"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres"},{"link_name":"Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_genre"},{"link_name":"Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Arthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthouse_action_film"},{"link_name":"Heroic bloodshed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong 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Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacoit_Western"},{"link_name":"Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Western"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Western"},{"link_name":"Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_Western"},{"link_name":"Meat pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Western"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Ostern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostern"},{"link_name":"Revisionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_Western"},{"link_name":"Science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_Western"},{"link_name":"Singing cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_cowboy"},{"link_name":"Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Western"},{"link_name":"Spaghetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_Western"},{"link_name":"Weird Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_West"},{"link_name":"Zapata Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapata_Western"},{"link_name":"Absolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_film"},{"link_name":"American eccentric cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema"},{"link_name":"New Objectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"Australian New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Auteur films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteur"},{"link_name":"Berlin School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"Bourekas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourekas_film"},{"link_name":"Brighton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"British New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Kitchen sink realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism"},{"link_name":"Budapest school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_school"},{"link_name":"Calligrafismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligrafismo"},{"link_name":"Cannibal boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibal_film"},{"link_name":"Cinéma du look","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look"},{"link_name":"Cinema Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Novo"},{"link_name":"Cinema of Transgression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression"},{"link_name":"Cinéma pur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur"},{"link_name":"Commedia all'italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Documentary Film Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement"},{"link_name":"Dogme 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogme_95"},{"link_name":"Erra Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erra_Cinema"},{"link_name":"European art cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_art_cinema"},{"link_name":"Film d'art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_d%27art"},{"link_name":"Film gris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_gris"},{"link_name":"Free Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Cinema"},{"link_name":"French New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"German Expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Expressionism"},{"link_name":"German underground horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_underground_horror"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Grupo Cine Liberación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Heimatfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimatfilm"},{"link_name":"Hollywood on the Tiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Indiewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiewood"},{"link_name":"Iranian New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Italian futurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema"},{"link_name":"Italian neorealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_neorealism"},{"link_name":"Japanese New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Kammerspielfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammerspielfilm"},{"link_name":"L.A. Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Lettrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettrism"},{"link_name":"Modernist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_film"},{"link_name":"Mumblecore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumblecore"},{"link_name":"Neorealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorealism_(art)"},{"link_name":"New French Extremity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Extremity"},{"link_name":"New German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_German_Cinema"},{"link_name":"New generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)"},{"link_name":"New Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"New Nollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema"},{"link_name":"New Queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Queer_Cinema"},{"link_name":"No wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Nuevo Cine Mexicano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano"},{"link_name":"Pan-Indian film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Indian_film"},{"link_name":"Parallel cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_cinema"},{"link_name":"Persian Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfarsi"},{"link_name":"Poetic realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_realism"},{"link_name":"Polish Film School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Film_School"},{"link_name":"Poliziotteschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliziotteschi"},{"link_name":"Praška filmska škola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prague_film_school"},{"link_name":"Prussian film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_film"},{"link_name":"Pure Film Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement"},{"link_name":"Remodernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remodernist_film"},{"link_name":"Romanian New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Slow cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_cinema"},{"link_name":"Spaghetti Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_Western"},{"link_name":"Socialist realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_realism"},{"link_name":"Social realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism"},{"link_name":"Kitchen sink realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism"},{"link_name":"Soviet parallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema"},{"link_name":"Structural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_film"},{"link_name":"Surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealist_cinema"},{"link_name":"Sword-and-sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword-and-sandal"},{"link_name":"Telefoni Bianchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi"},{"link_name":"Third Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Toronto New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Vulgar auteurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Black Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave"},{"link_name":"Adult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_film"},{"link_name":"Children and family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_film"},{"link_name":"Anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga"},{"link_name":"Seinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinen_manga"},{"link_name":"Stag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag_film"},{"link_name":"Teen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_film"},{"link_name":"Shōnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga"},{"link_name":"Shōjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_film"},{"link_name":"Chick flick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_flick"},{"link_name":"Josei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei_manga"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film"},{"link_name":"Actuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuality_film"},{"link_name":"Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"Anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthouse_animation"},{"link_name":"Cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_cartoon"},{"link_name":"Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation"},{"link_name":"Stop-motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion"},{"link_name":"Traditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation"},{"link_name":"Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_film"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_film"},{"link_name":"B movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movie"},{"link_name":"Behind-the-scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind-the-scenes"},{"link_name":"Black-and-white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white"},{"link_name":"Blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)"},{"link_name":"Cinéma vérité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Classical Hollywood cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema"},{"link_name":"Collage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage_film"},{"link_name":"Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film"},{"link_name":"Compilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_film"},{"link_name":"Composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_film"},{"link_name":"Computer screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenlife"},{"link_name":"Cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_film"},{"link_name":"midnight movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_movie"},{"link_name":"Database cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_cinema"},{"link_name":"Docufiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docufiction"},{"link_name":"Ethnofiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnofiction"},{"link_name":"Experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_film"},{"link_name":"Abstract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_animation"},{"link_name":"Feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film"},{"link_name":"Featurette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featurette"},{"link_name":"Film à clef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef"},{"link_name":"Film-poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film-poem"},{"link_name":"Found footage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)"},{"link_name":"Grindhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse"},{"link_name":"Hyperlink cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_film"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla filmmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking"},{"link_name":"List of American independent films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films"},{"link_name":"Interstitial art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_art"},{"link_name":"Live action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_action"},{"link_name":"animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation"},{"link_name":"Low-budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-budget_film"},{"link_name":"Major film studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_film_studios"},{"link_name":"Masala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masala_film"},{"link_name":"Maximalist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximalist_film"},{"link_name":"Message picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_picture"},{"link_name":"Meta-film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacinema"},{"link_name":"Minimalist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalist_film"},{"link_name":"Mockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockbuster"},{"link_name":"Modernist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_film"},{"link_name":"Musical short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_short"},{"link_name":"Mythopoeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythopoeia"},{"link_name":"Neorealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorealism_(art)"},{"link_name":"No-budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-budget_film"},{"link_name":"One-shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-shot_film"},{"link_name":"Paracinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracinema"},{"link_name":"Participatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_cinema"},{"link_name":"Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_film"},{"link_name":"Postmodernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernist_film"},{"link_name":"Reverse motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_motion"},{"link_name":"Satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Sceneggiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceneggiata"},{"link_name":"Semidocumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidocumentary"},{"link_name":"Serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_film"},{"link_name":"Shinpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinpa"},{"link_name":"Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Slow cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_cinema"},{"link_name":"Socialist realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_realism"},{"link_name":"Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film"},{"link_name":"Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_film"},{"link_name":"Video nasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_nasty"},{"link_name":"Vulgar auteurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism"},{"link_name":"Z movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_movie"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Film_genres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film"}],"text":"Richards, Jeffrey, ed. (1998). The Unknown 1930s: An Alternative History of the British Cinema, 1929–1939'. I.B. Tauris & Co.vteFilm genresBy style\nAction\nArthouse\nHeroic bloodshed\nHong Kong action\nAdventure\nSurvival\nArt\nBiographical\nChristian\nComedy\nAction\nBlack\nCommedia all'italiana\nSexy\nBromantic\nDramedy\nGross out\nHorror\nParody\nMo lei tau\nThriller\nRemarriage\nRomantic\nSex\nScrewball\nSilent\nSlapstick\nCyberpunk\nJapanese\nDocumentary\nAnimated\nCity symphony\nDocudrama\nMockumentary\nMondo\nPseudo\nSemi\nTravel\nVideo essay\nDrama\nCalligrafismo\nDramedy\nHistorical\nLegal\nMelodrama\nKorean\nErotic\nCommedia sexy all'italiana\nPink\nSexploitation\nThriller\nEducational\nSocial guidance\nEpic\nSword-and-sandal\nExperimental\nExploitation\nsee Exploitation film template\nFantasy\nComedy\nContemporary\nFantastique\nHigh\nHistorical\nMagic realism\nScience\nFilm noir\nNeo-noir\nPulp noir\nTech noir\nGothic\nRomance\nSouthern\nSpace\nSuburban\nUrban\nHorror\nArthouse\nBody\nCannibal\nChinese horror\nChristmas horror\nComedy\nEco\nFantastique\nFound footage\nGerman underground\nGhost\nGiallo\nHoliday\nJapanese horror\nKorean horror\nLovecraftian\nNatural\nNew French Extremity\nPsycho-biddy\nPsychological\nReligious\nScience fiction\nSlasher\nSplatter\nSatanic\nMaximalist film\nMinimalist film\nMumblecore\nMusical\nArthouse\nBackstage\nJukebox\nMusicarello\nOperetta\nSceneggiata\nMystery\nDetective\nOccult detective\nWhodunit\nGiallo\nPop culture fiction\nCrossover\nPornographic\nHardcore pornography\nSoftcore pornography\n(Malayalam)\nPropaganda\nReality\nRomantic\nComedy\nBromantic\nFantasy\nGothic\nParanormal\nThriller\nScience fiction\nArt\nComedy\nFantastique\nFantasy\nGothic\nHorror\nMilitary\nNew Wave\nPlanetary romance\nSpace opera\nSteampunk\nTokusatsu\nWestern\nSlice of life\nSlow cinema\nThriller\nComedy\nErotic\nFinancial\nGiallo\nLegal\nNew French Extremity\nPolitical\nPsychological\nRomantic\nTechno\nTransgressive\nCinema of Transgression\nExtreme cinema\nNew French Extremity\nTrick\nBy theme\nAnimals\nBeach party\nBody swap\nBuddy\nBuddy cop\nFemale\nCannibal\nChicano\nColonial\nComing-of-age\nConcert\nCrime\nDetective\nGangster\nGentleman thief\nGokudō\nGong'an\nHeist\nHeroic bloodshed\nHood\nMafia\nMafia comedy\nMumbai underworld\nPoliziotteschi\nYakuza\nDance\nDisaster\nApocalyptic\nDrug\nPsychedelic\nStoner\nDystopian\nEcchi\nEconomic\nEthnographic\nExploitation\nBlaxploitation\nMexploitation\nTurksploitation\nExtraterrestrial\nFood and drink\nGendai-geki\nGhost\nGoona-goona epic\nGothic\nRomance\nSpace\nSuburban\nGirls with guns\nHarem\nHentai\nLolicon\nShotacon\nTentacle erotica\nHomeland\nIsekai\nJidaigeki\nSamurai\nKaitō\nLGBT\nYaoi\nYuri\nLuchador\nMagical girl\nMartial arts\nBruceploitation\nChopsocky\nGun fu\nKung fu\nNinja\nWuxia\nMecha\nAnime\nMonster\nGiant monster\nKaiju\nMummy\nVampire\nZombie\nZombie comedy\nMountain\nMouth of Garbage\nMuslim social\nNature\nEnvironmental issues\nOpera\nOutlaw biker\nOzploitation\nPartisan film\nPrison\nWomen\nRace\nRape and revenge\nRoad\nRubble\nRumberas\nSexploitation\nBavarian porn\nCommedia sexy all'italiana\nMexican sex comedy\nNazi exploitation\nPornochanchada\nNunsploitation\nSex report\nShoshimin-eiga\nSlavery\nSlice of life\nSnuff\nSouth Seas\nSports\nSpy\nEurospy\nSuperhero\nSurfing\nSwashbuckler\nSword-and-sandal\nSword and sorcery\nTravel\nTrial\nVigilante\nWar\nAnti-war\nEuro War\nSubmarine\nWestern\nAcid\nContemporary Western\nDacoit Western\nFantasy\nFlorida\nHorror\nMeat pie\nNorthern\nOstern\nRevisionist\nScience fiction\nSinging cowboy\nSpace\nSpaghetti\nWeird Western\nZapata Western\nBy movement or period\nAbsolute\nAmerican eccentric cinema\nNew Objectivity\nAustralian New Wave\nAuteur films\nBerlin School\nBourekas\nBrighton School\nBritish New Wave\nKitchen sink realism\nBudapest school\nCalligrafismo\nCannibal boom\nCinéma du look\nCinema Novo\nCinema of Transgression\nCinéma pur\nCommedia all'italiana\nCzechoslovak New Wave\nDocumentary Film Movement\nDogme 95\nErra Cinema\nEuropean art cinema\nFilm d'art\nFilm gris\nFree Cinema\nFrench New Wave\nGerman Expressionist\nGerman underground horror\nNigerian Golden Age\nGrupo Cine Liberación\nHeimatfilm\nHollywood on the Tiber\nHong Kong New Wave\nIndiewood\nIranian New Wave\nItalian futurist\nItalian neorealist\nJapanese New Wave\nKammerspielfilm\nL.A. Rebellion\nLettrist\nModernist film\nMumblecore\nNeorealist\nNew French Extremity\nNew German\nNew generation\nNew Hollywood\nNew Nollywood\nNew Queer\nNo wave\nNuevo Cine Mexicano\nPan-Indian film\nParallel cinema\nPersian Film\nPoetic realist\nPolish Film School\nPoliziotteschi\nPraška filmska škola\nPrussian film\nPure Film Movement\nRemodernist\nRomanian New Wave\nSlow cinema\nSpaghetti Western\nSocialist realist\nSocial realist\nKitchen sink realism\nSoviet parallel\nStructural\nSurrealist\nSword-and-sandal\nTelefoni Bianchi\nThird Cinema\nToronto New Wave\nVulgar auteurism\nYugoslav Black Wave\nBy demographic\nAdult\nBlack\nChildren and family\nAnime\nMen\nSeinen\nStag\nTeen\nShōnen\nShōjo\nWomen\nChick flick\nJosei\nBy format, technique, approach, or production\n3D\nActuality\nAnimation\nAnime\nArt\nCartoon\nComputer\nStop-motion\nTraditional\nAnthology\nArt\nB movie\nBehind-the-scenes\nBlack-and-white\nBlockbuster\nCinéma vérité\nClassical Hollywood cinema\nCollage\nColor\nCompilation\nComposite\nComputer screen\nCult\nmidnight movie\nDatabase cinema\nDocufiction\nEthnofiction\nExperimental\nAbstract\nFeature\nFeaturette\nFilm à clef\nFilm-poem\nFound footage\nGrindhouse\nHyperlink cinema\nIndependent\nGuerrilla filmmaking\nList of American independent films\nInterstitial art\nLive action\nanimation\nLow-budget\nMajor film studios\nMasala\nMaximalist film\nMessage picture\nMeta-film\nMinimalist film\nMockbuster\nModernist film\nMusical short\nMythopoeia\nNeorealist\nNo-budget\nOne-shot\nParacinema\nParticipatory\nPoetry\nPostmodernist\nReverse motion\nSatire\nSceneggiata\nSemidocumentary\nSerial\nShinpa\nShort\nSilent\nSlow cinema\nSocialist realist\nSound\nUnderground\nVideo nasty\nVulgar auteurism\nZ movie\n\n Category\n Portal","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Hardt, Usula (1996). 'From Caligari to California: Erich Pommer's Life in the International Film Wars. Berghahn Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Phillips, Alastair (2004). City of Darkness, City of Light: Émigré Filmmakers in Paris, 1929–1939. Amsterdam University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Richards, Jeffrey, ed. (1998). The Unknown 1930s: An Alternative History of the British Cinema, 1929–1939'. I.B. Tauris & Co.","urls":[]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Monaco_ePrix
2019 Monaco ePrix
["1 Report","1.1 Background","2 Classification","2.1 Qualifying","2.2 Race","3 Standings after the race","4 Notes","5 References"]
Formula E electric car race 2019 Monaco ePrix Race 9 of 12 of the 2018–19 Formula E season← Previous raceNext race → Layout of the Monaco Formula E street circuitRace detailsDate 11 May 2019Official name 2019 Monaco E-PrixLocation Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo, MonacoCourse Street circuitCourse length 1.765 km (1.097 miles)Distance 51 laps, 90.018 km (55.935 miles)Weather SunnyAir: 18.1 to 17.8 °C (64.6 to 64.0 °F)Track: 24.9 to 22.8 °C (76.8 to 73.0 °F)Pole positionDriver Jean-Éric Vergne Techeetah-DSTime 50.042Fastest lapDriver Pascal Wehrlein MahindraTime 52.385 on lap 46PodiumFirst Jean-Éric Vergne Techeetah-DSSecond Oliver Rowland e.Dams-NissanThird Felipe Massa Venturi Lap leaders Motor car race The 2019 Monaco ePrix (formally the 2019 Monaco E-Prix) was a Formula E electric car race held at the Circuit de Monaco on 11 May 2019. It was the ninth race of the 2018–19 Formula E season and the third edition of the event. Report Background The Monaco ePrix was confirmed to be returning to the Formula E calendar on 4 November 2018. It was the first time the race was held since 2017 as the event is held biennially, alternating with the Historic Grand Prix of Monaco. Originally, series founder and CEO Alejandro Agag had wanted to upgrade to using the full size Circuit de Monaco instead of the shorter version used in 2017 and 2015 centred around the Rainier III Nautical Stadium. However, plans for this fell through when the FIA objected to it in September 2018. Going into the weekend, Virgin Racing's Robin Frijns lead the championship with 81 points, a 1 point lead over Techeetah's André Lotterer with BMW Andretti's António Félix da Costa down in 3rd with 70 points. In the team's standings, Techeetah lead with 142 points followed behind by Envision Virgin with 135 and defending constructors champions, Audi Sport Abt Schaeffler down in 3rd with 129. After the previous round in Paris, three drivers were left with three place grid penalties for qualifying for causing collisions. They were Jerome D'Ambrosio who collided with Frijns's team mate Sam Bird, Edoardo Mortara who collided with Jaguar's Alex Lynn and Oliver Rowland who collided with Alexander Sims. Classification Qualifying Pos. No. Driver Team Time Gap Grid 1 22 Oliver Rowland e.Dams-Nissan 50.021 – 31,2 2 25 Jean-Éric Vergne Techeetah-DS 50.042 +0.021 1 3 20 Mitch Evans Jaguar 50.112 +0.091 123 4 94 Pascal Wehrlein Mahindra 50.128 +0.107 2 5 19 Felipe Massa Venturi 50.218 +0.197 4 6 23 Sébastien Buemi e.Dams-Nissan 50.234 +0.213 5 7 27 Alexander Sims Andretti-BMW 50.351 – 6 8 3 Alex Lynn Jaguar 50.370 +0.019 7 9 28 António Félix da Costa Andretti-BMW 50.375 +0.024 8 10 7 José María López Dragon-Penske 50.432 +0.081 9 11 5 Stoffel Vandoorne HWA-Venturi 50.451 +0.100 10 12 4 Robin Frijns Virgin-Audi 50.498 +0.147 11 13 11 Lucas di Grassi Audi 50.502 +0.151 13 14 6 Maximilian Günther Dragon-Penske 50.514 +0.163 224 15 2 Sam Bird Virgin-Audi 50.526 +0.175 14 16 16 Oliver Turvey NIO 50.578 +0.227 15 17 64 Jérôme d'Ambrosio Mahindra 50.601 +0.250 192 18 66 Daniel Abt Audi 50.602 +0.251 16 19 48 Edoardo Mortara Venturi 50.618 +0.267 212 20 17 Gary Paffett HWA-Venturi 50.664 +0.313 17 21 8 Tom Dillmann NIO 50.811 +0.460 18 22 36 André Lotterer Techeetah-DS 51.018 +0.667 20 Source: Notes: ^1  – Oliver Rowland set the fastest time and received three points for pole position but received a three-place grid penalty for colliding with Alexander Sims in the Paris ePrix. Therefore, he started in third place and Jean-Éric Vergne started in pole position. ^2  – Oliver Rowland, Jérôme d'Ambrosio and Edoardo Mortara received three place grid penalties for causing a collision in the previous race in Paris ^3  – Mitch Evans received a 10-place grid penalty after a qualifying infringement and reached his third reprimand. ^4  – Maximilian Günther received a 10-place grid penalty after speeding under Full Course Yellow during FP1 and reached his third reprimand. Race Pos. No. Driver Team Laps Time/Retired Grid Points 1 25 Jean-Éric Vergne Techeetah-DS 51 46:05.547 1 25 2 22 Oliver Rowland e.Dams-Nissan 51 +0.201 3 18+33 3 19 Felipe Massa Venturi 51 +1.261 4 15 4 94 Pascal Wehrlein Mahindra 51 +1.439 2 12+14 5 23 Sébastien Buemi e.Dams-Nissan 51 +6.215 5 10 6 20 Mitch Evans Jaguar 51 +16.213 12 8 7 36 André Lotterer Techeetah-DS 51 +16.848 20 6 8 3 Alex Lynn Jaguar 51 +18.112 7 4 9 5 Stoffel Vandoorne HWA-Venturi 51 +18.551 10 2 10 7 José María López Dragon-Penske 51 +18.860 9 1 11 64 Jérôme d'Ambrosio Mahindra 51 +21.488 19 12 17 Gary Paffett HWA-Venturi 51 +21.853 17 13 27 Alexander Sims Andretti-BMW 51 +26.934 6 14 8 Tom Dillmann NIO 51 +31.861 18 15 66 Daniel Abt Audi 51 +49.4001 16 16 2 Sam Bird Virgin-Audi 50 Puncture 14 17 4 Robin Frijns Virgin-Audi 46 Collision 11 Ret 16 Oliver Turvey NIO 32 Collision 15 Ret 11 Lucas di Grassi Audi 31 Collision 13 Ret 48 Edoardo Mortara Venturi 29 Technical 21 Ret 6 Maximilian Günther Dragon-Penske 29 Accident 22 DSQ 28 António Félix da Costa Andretti-BMW 51 Power usage2 8 Source: Notes: ^1  – Daniel Abt received a drive through penalty converted into a 33-second time penalty for causing a collision. ^2  – António Félix da Costa originally finished sixth, but was disqualified for exceeding power usage over 200kW. ^3  – Pole position. ^4  – Fastest lap. Standings after the race Drivers' Championship standings +/– Pos Driver Points 5 1 Jean-Éric Vergne 87 2 André Lotterer 86 2 3 Robin Frijns 81 1 4 António Félix da Costa 70 1 5 Lucas di Grassi 70 Teams' Championship standings +/– Pos Constructor Points 1 DS Techeetah 173 2 Virgin-Audi 135 3 Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler 129 4 Mahindra 116 2 5 e.Dams-Nissan 99 Notes: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Notes ^ Oliver Rowland set the fastest time and received three points for pole position but had a three-place grid penalty for colliding with Alexander Sims in the Paris ePrix. Therefore, he started in third place and Jean-Éric Vergne started in pole position. References ^ "Formula E 2018 - 2019 season: calendar, teams and drivers". DrivingElectric. ^ "Formula E set to use full Monaco GP circuit". www.motorsport.com. ^ "Formula E's plans to use Monaco F1 layout set to fall through". www.motorsport.com. ^ Fischer, Tom Errington, Alex Kalinauckas, Norman. "Three Formula E drivers get grid penalties for Paris E-Prix clashes". Autosport.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "R09 Qualifying" (PDF). Retrieved 11 May 2019. Previous race:2019 Paris ePrix FIA Formula E Championship2018–19 season Next race:2019 Berlin ePrix Previous race:2017 Monaco ePrix Monaco ePrix Next race:2021 Monaco ePrix vteFormula E ePrix by season2023–24 MXC DIR1 DIR2 SAP TOK MIS1 MIS2 MCO BER1 BER2 SHA1 SHA2 POR1 POR2 LON1 LON2 2022–23 MXC DIR1 DIR2 HYD CAP SAP BER1 BER2 MCO JAK1 JAK2 POR RME1 RME2 LON1 LON2 2021–22 DIR1 DIR2 MXC RME1 RME2 MCO BER1 BER2 JAK MRK NYC1 NYC2 LON1 LON2 SEO1 SEO2 2020–21 DIR1 DIR2 RME1 RME2 VAL1 VAL2 MCO PUE1 PUE2 NYC1 NYC2 LON1 LON2 BER1 BER2 2019–20 DIR1 DIR2 SCL MXC MRK BER1 BER2 BER3 BER4 BER5 BER6 2018–19 DIR MRK SCL MXC HKG SNY RME PAR MCO BER BRN NYC1 NYC2 2017–18 HKG1 HKG2 MRK SCL MXC PDE RME PAR BER ZUR NYC1 NYC2 2016–17 HKG MRK BUE MXC MCO PAR BER1 BER2 NYC1 NYC2 MTL1 MTL2 2015–16 BEI PUT PDE BUE MXC LBH PAR BER LON1 LON2 2014–15 BEI PUT PDE BUE MIA LBH MCO BER MSC LON1 LON2 vteFormula ESeasons 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Current ePrix (2023–24) Mexico City Diriyah São Paulo Tokyo Misano Monaco Berlin Shanghai Portland London Future ePrix (2024–25) Jakarta Miami Former ePrix Beijing Bern Buenos Aires Cape Town Hong Kong Hyderabad Long Beach Marrakesh Montreal Moscow New York City Paris Puebla Punta del Este Putrajaya Rome Santiago Sanya Seoul Valencia Zürich Support series Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy (2018–2020) Roborace (2016–18) Race cars SRT01-e (Gen1) SRT05e (Gen2, Gen2EVO) Gen3 Related lists List of champions List of drivers List of driver records List of ePrix
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_E"},{"link_name":"Circuit de Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_de_Monaco"},{"link_name":"2018–19 Formula E season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Formula_E_season"}],"text":"Motor car raceThe 2019 Monaco ePrix (formally the 2019 Monaco E-Prix) was a Formula E electric car race held at the Circuit de Monaco on 11 May 2019. It was the ninth race of the 2018–19 Formula E season and the third edition of the event.","title":"2019 Monaco ePrix"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Monaco_ePrix"},{"link_name":"Historic Grand Prix of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Grand_Prix_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Agag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Agag"},{"link_name":"Circuit de Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_de_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Rainier III Nautical Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_III_Nautical_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Virgin Racing's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envision_Virgin_Racing"},{"link_name":"Robin Frijns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Frijns"},{"link_name":"Techeetah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techeetah"},{"link_name":"André Lotterer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lotterer"},{"link_name":"BMW Andretti's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andretti_Autosport"},{"link_name":"António Félix da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa"},{"link_name":"Audi Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_Sport"},{"link_name":"Abt Schaeffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abt_Sportsline"},{"link_name":"previous round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Paris_ePrix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jerome D'Ambrosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_D%27Ambrosio"},{"link_name":"Sam Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Bird"},{"link_name":"Edoardo Mortara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Mortara"},{"link_name":"Jaguar's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_Racing"},{"link_name":"Alex Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Oliver Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Rowland"},{"link_name":"Alexander Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Sims_(racing_driver)"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The Monaco ePrix was confirmed to be returning to the Formula E calendar on 4 November 2018.[1] It was the first time the race was held since 2017 as the event is held biennially, alternating with the Historic Grand Prix of Monaco. Originally, series founder and CEO Alejandro Agag had wanted to upgrade to using the full size Circuit de Monaco instead of the shorter version used in 2017 and 2015 centred around the Rainier III Nautical Stadium.[2] However, plans for this fell through when the FIA objected to it in September 2018.[3]Going into the weekend, Virgin Racing's Robin Frijns lead the championship with 81 points, a 1 point lead over Techeetah's André Lotterer with BMW Andretti's António Félix da Costa down in 3rd with 70 points. In the team's standings, Techeetah lead with 142 points followed behind by Envision Virgin with 135 and defending constructors champions, Audi Sport Abt Schaeffler down in 3rd with 129.After the previous round in Paris, three drivers were left with three place grid penalties for qualifying for causing collisions.[4] They were Jerome D'Ambrosio who collided with Frijns's team mate Sam Bird, Edoardo Mortara who collided with Jaguar's Alex Lynn and Oliver Rowland who collided with Alexander Sims.","title":"Report"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"Oliver Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Rowland"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"Oliver Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Rowland"},{"link_name":"Jérôme d'Ambrosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_d%27Ambrosio"},{"link_name":"Edoardo Mortara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Mortara"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Paris_ePrix"},{"link_name":"^3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_3"},{"link_name":"Mitch Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Evans"},{"link_name":"^4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_4"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_G%C3%BCnther"}],"sub_title":"Qualifying","text":"Notes:^1  – Oliver Rowland set the fastest time and received three points for pole position but received a three-place grid penalty for colliding with Alexander Sims in the Paris ePrix. Therefore, he started in third place and Jean-Éric Vergne started in pole position.\n^2  – Oliver Rowland, Jérôme d'Ambrosio and Edoardo Mortara received three place grid penalties for causing a collision in the previous race in Paris\n^3  – Mitch Evans received a 10-place grid penalty after a qualifying infringement and reached his third reprimand.\n^4  – Maximilian Günther received a 10-place grid penalty after speeding under Full Course Yellow during FP1 and reached his third reprimand.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_9"},{"link_name":"Daniel Abt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Abt"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_8"},{"link_name":"António Félix da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa"},{"link_name":"^3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_6"},{"link_name":"^4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_7"}],"sub_title":"Race","text":"Notes:^1  – Daniel Abt received a drive through penalty converted into a 33-second time penalty for causing a collision.\n^2  – António Félix da Costa originally finished sixth, but was disqualified for exceeding power usage over 200kW.\n^3  – Pole position.\n^4  – Fastest lap.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Jean-Éric Vergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"André Lotterer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lotterer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Robin Frijns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Frijns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"António Félix da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Lucas di Grassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"DS Techeetah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techeetah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Virgin-Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envision_Virgin_Racing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Audi Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"ABT Schaeffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abt_Sportsline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mahindra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindra_Racing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"e.Dams-Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAMS"}],"text":"Drivers' Championship standings\n\n\n\n+/–\n\nPos\n\nDriver\n\nPoints\n\n\n 5\n\n1\n\n Jean-Éric Vergne\n\n87\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n André Lotterer\n\n86\n\n\n 2\n\n3\n\n Robin Frijns\n\n81\n\n\n 1\n\n4\n\n António Félix da Costa\n\n70\n\n\n 1\n\n5\n\n Lucas di Grassi\n\n70\n\n\n\n\nTeams' Championship standings\n\n\n\n+/–\n\nPos\n\nConstructor\n\nPoints\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n DS Techeetah\n\n173\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n Virgin-Audi\n\n135\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler\n\n129\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n Mahindra\n\n116\n\n\n 2\n\n5\n\n e.Dams-Nissan\n\n99Notes: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.","title":"Standings after the race"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Oliver Rowland set the fastest time and received three points for pole position but had a three-place grid penalty for colliding with Alexander Sims in the Paris ePrix. Therefore, he started in third place and Jean-Éric Vergne started in pole position.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_Movies
Cooking Channel (Canadian TV channel)
["1 History","1.1 As SexTV: The Channel","1.2 As W Movies","1.3 As Cooking Channel","2 Programming","3 References","4 External links"]
Canadian TV channel Television channel Cooking ChannelCountryCanadaBroadcast areaNationwideHeadquartersToronto, OntarioProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to letterboxed 480i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerCorus Entertainment (80.2%)Warner Bros. Discovery (19.8%)Sister channelsABC SparkAdult SwimCMTDTourFood NetworkHGTVMagnolia NetworkOprah Winfrey NetworkSliceW NetworkHistoryLaunchedSeptember 7, 2001; 22 years ago (2001-09-07)Former namesSexTV: The Channel (2001–2010) W Movies (2010–2016)LinksWebsitecookingchannel.ca Cooking Channel is a Canadian English language discretionary specialty channel majority-owned by Corus Entertainment. Dedicated to programming related to food and cooking, it serves as a spin-off of Food Network. The channel was launched in 2001 as SexTV: The Channel under the ownership of CHUM Limited named after the program of the same name aired on Citytv. The channel was acquired in 2006 when Bell Globemedia acquired the assets of CHUM which was completed in 2007 while the Citytv stations were sold to Rogers Media. Corus acquired the channel in 2010 and relaunched it as W Movies, a spin-off of W Network focused on films targeting women. On December 12, 2016, the channel relaunched as a Canadian version of Cooking Channel; following the relaunch, Scripps Networks Interactive took a minority interest in the channel. History As SexTV: The Channel In June 2001, CHUM Limited received approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a national Category 2 specialty channel known as Relationship Television, a channel described as being "devoted exclusively to programming related to love, romance, marriage, relationship-themed game shows, sexuality and gender issues, family planning, relationship breakdown and magazine style programming featuring romantic vacation resorts." SexTV: The Channel logo (2001-2010) The channel was launched three months later on September 7, 2001 as SexTV: The Channel, a channel modeled after and its name derived from SexTV, a now-former program on Citytv (which was a CHUM-owned property at the time). SexTV aired programming on sex and human sexuality, including issues on love, dating, romance and related subjects. In July 2006, Bell Globemedia (later CTVglobemedia) announced that it would purchase CHUM for an estimated CAD$1.7 billion. Due to CTV planning to retain the Citytv network, SexTV: The Channel was among the channels along with A-Channel, Access, CKX-TV Brandon and CLT to be sold to Rogers Communications on April 9, 2007, awaiting the final approval. The sale was approved by the CRTC on June 8, 2007, on the condition that CTV must divest the Citytv stations, effectively cancelling the sale of SexTV: The Channel to Rogers and the transaction was completed on June 22, 2007 while the Citytv stations were sold to Rogers later that year. As W Movies W Movies logo (2010-2016) On July 14, 2009, CTVglobemedia announced that it would sell Sex TV, along with Drive-In Classics (then Sundance Channel, now defunct), to Corus Entertainment for a combined CAD$40 million. In late September, Corus announced that the channel would be rebranded as W Movies, a spin-off of W Network with a focus on films targeting women. The sale was approved by the CRTC on November 19, with the transaction being completed by December. The on-air relaunch as W Movies took place on March 1, 2010. On December 2, 2011, W Movies launched a high definition feed. It is currently available through all major television providers in the country. As Cooking Channel On October 19, 2016, Corus announced that W Movies would be relaunched as a Canadian version of Cooking Channel on December 12, 2016. The network served as a spin-off of Corus's Canadian version of Food Network, and came shortly after Bell Media's re-launch of Gusto, which competes directly against Food Network. Scripps Networks Interactive subsequently acquired a 19.8% interest in the channel. Programming Further information: List of programs broadcast by Cooking Channel The Cooking Channel airs programming identical to its U.S. counterpart, focusing primarily on instruction- and personality-based programming largely displaced by Food Network's current focus on reality and competition-style series. As SexTV: The Channel, the network aired programming devoted to human sexuality including issues on love, dating, romance and related subjects. Past programs on the network included Sex Wars: Gender in the Age of Representation, Beyond Carnival: Sex in Brazil, and Sexploration. References ^ Decision CRTC 2001-304; CRTC; 2001-06-04 ^ The history of CHUM Archived October 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The Globe and Mail, June 12, 2006. ^ Bell Globemedia acquires CHUM Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine; Fasken Martineau; 2006-07-12 ^ Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2007-165; CRTC; 2007-06-08 ^ Corus to acquire Drive-In Classics and SexTV from CTVglobemedia for $40 million; The Canadian Press; 2009-07-14 ^ "Corus shuttering Discovery Kids, will re-brand Sex TV and Drive-In Classics channels Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine", CARTT.ca, September 29, 2009 ^ (CRTC), Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (November 19, 2009). "ARCHIVED - SexTV: The Channel and Drive-In Classics Channel - Acquisition of assets". www.crtc.gc.ca. Retrieved April 22, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Corus feeds the food genre with new channel". Realscreen. Retrieved October 19, 2016. ^ "Corus Entertainment shareholders report (Q3 2017)" (PDF). Corus Entertainment. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017. On December 12, 2016, the Company sold a 19.8% interest in 7202377 Canada Inc. (the "Cooking Channel"), a subsidiary, to Scripps Network LLC for $7,500, the fair value at the date of the sale. Cash proceeds of $5,250 were received upon closing. Control of this subsidiary did not change, therefore a business combination did not occur External links Official website vteCorus EntertainmentBroadcast televisionGlobal (O&O) CFRE-DT CFSK-DT CHAN-DT CHBC-DT CHEX-DT CHEX-DT-2 CHNB-DT CICT-DT CIHF-DT CIII-DT CISA-DT CITV-DT CKMI-DT CKND-DT CKWS-DT Cable television/specialty channelsChildren Boomerang Cartoon Network Disney Channel Disney Junior Disney XD Nickelodeon Treehouse YTV Entertainment ABC Spark Adult Swim CMT Crime & Investigation DejaView Global News: BC 1 History History2 Lifetime MovieTime National Geographic Wild National Geographic Showcase W Network Lifestyle Cooking Channel DTour Food Network HGTV Magnolia Network OWN Slice Corus Média (French) Historia La Chaîne Disney SériesPlus Télétoon (la nuit) Over-the-top streaming Teletoon+ StackTV Terrestrial radio(by call sign)AM CFIQ CFPL CHED CHML CHQR CHQT CJOB CJOY CKGO CKNW FM CFGQ-FM CFHK-FM CFLG-FM CFMI-FM CFMK-FM CFNY-FM CFOX-FM CFPG-FM CFPL-FM CHAY-FM CILQ-FM CIMJ-FM CING-FM CIQB-FM CISN-FM CJDV-FM CJKR-FM CJOT-FM CJSS-FM CJXY-FM CKBT-FM CKCB-FM CKDK-FM CKNG-FM CKQB-FM CKRU-FM CKRY-FM CKWF-FM CKWS-FM Production assets Corus Studios Kids Can Press Nelvana Aircraft Pictures Waterside Studios Former/defunct/historical brands and predecessors Action Alliance Atlantis BBC Canada BBC Kids Canwest CHCA-TV CJNT-TV CoolTV Cosmopolitan TV Country Canada Discovery Kids Dusk E! Edge TV Family Fine Living Fox Sports World Canada FYI Global Reality Channel HBO Canada (Western & North feed) IFC KidsCo Klutz Press Encore Avenue Leonardo World Locomotion Moffat Communications Movie Central Max Trax Nick+ Selkirk Communications Shaw Media Sundance Channel Teletoon at Night Teletoon Retro Télétoon Rétro Video Italia Western International Communications X-Treme Sports Some of the assets listed above are majority-owned, wholly-owned, by Corus Entertainment, or are under license. Refer to full asset list for detailed information. vteWarner Bros. Discovery InternationalEMEAFrance Animal Planet Boomerang Cartoon Network Cartoonito Discovery Channel Eurosport Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Eurosport 2 Xtra Events FIA World Endurance Championship FIA WTCR FIM Endurance World Championship FIM Speedway Grand Prix UCI Track Champions League HGTV - Home & Garden TV Investigation Discovery TCM Cinéma TLC Warner TV Warner TV Next Germany,Benelux& CEE Animal Planet Germany Netherlands & Flanders Cartoon Network Central & Eastern Europe Germany Netherlands & Flanders Bulgaria & SEE Cartoonito Discovery Flanders Germany Joyn (German streaming platform) Hungary CIS DMAX (Germany) Tele 5 (Germany) TLC Germany MENA Netherlands Warner TV Germany Comedy Film Serie Romania Travel Channel SouthernEurope &M.E.N.A. Animal Planet Boing Africa Italy (49%) Spain Boomerang Italy Cartoon Network Arabic Hindi Africa and Middle East Italy Portugal Turkey Cartoonito Italy MENA Portugal Turkey Discovery Italy Spain Portugal MENA DMAX Italy Spain Turkey DKissJV (ES) Frisbee (IT) Giallo (IT) K2 (IT) Motor Trend (IT) NOVE (IT) Real Time (IT) Warner TV Italy Spain Fine Living MENA DKids Fatafeat TLC (Turkey) TNT Africa Travel Channel NordicTerritories Animal Planet Cartoon Network Cartoonito Discovery Denmark Finland Sweden Norway TLC Sweden Norway Travel Channel Denmark 6'eren Canal 9 Kanal 4 Kanal 5 Max Finland Frii Kutonen TV5 Kanal 5 Kanal 9 Kanal 11 Norway FEM Max Travel Channel TVNorge VOX Sweden Kanal 5 Kanal 9 Kanal 11 UK andIreland Animal Planet Boomerang Cartoon Network Cartoonito Discovery Discovery History Discovery Turbo DMAX Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Quest Quest Red Really TLC TNT Sports TNT Sports 4 TNT Sports Box Office Poland Animal Planet Cartoon Network Cartoonito Discovery Channel Metro TLC TVN Group (PL) TVN TVN 7 TVN24 TVN24 BiS TVN Fabuła TVN Style TVN Turbo TTV Warner TV Asia-PacificOceania Animal Planet Boomerang Cartoon Network Discovery Discovery Turbo Investigation Discovery TLC New Zealand Bravo Eden Living Newshub Rush Three South andEast Asia AFN Animal Planet Boomerang South Korea Thailand Cartoon Network Philippines Southeast Asia Japan South Korea Cartoonito Discovery Discovery Science Discovery Asia DMAX Eve HBO Asia Cinemax HBO Family HBO Hits HBO Signature Rugby Pass TV TLC Warner TV World Heritage Channel Mondo TV TABI Channel India Animal Planet Cartoon Network India HD+ Pakistan Discovery Tamil Discovery Kids Discovery Science Discovery Turbo Eurosport India Investigation Discovery Pogo TLC AmericasLatinAmerica Adult Swim Animal Planet Cartoon Network Cartoonito Discovery Discovery Home & Health Discovery Kids Discovery Science Discovery Theater Discovery Turbo Discovery World Food Network Brazil Latin America HGTV Brazil Latin America Investigação Discovery (Brazil) Investigation Discovery Space TLC TNT TNT Novelas TNT Series TNT Sports Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico Tooncast Warner TV CanadaJV CTV Specialty TV Animal Planet Discovery Discovery Science Discovery Velocity Corus Entertainment Cooking Channel Food Network HGTV Magnolia Network Licensed Adult Swim Boomerang Cartoon Network HBO Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"discretionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discretionary_service"},{"link_name":"specialty channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_channel"},{"link_name":"Corus Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Food Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Network_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"SexTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SexTV"},{"link_name":"CHUM Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_Limited"},{"link_name":"Citytv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citytv"},{"link_name":"Bell Globemedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Media"},{"link_name":"Rogers Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Media"},{"link_name":"W Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_Network"},{"link_name":"Cooking Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_Channel"},{"link_name":"Scripps Networks Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Networks_Interactive"}],"text":"Television channelCooking Channel is a Canadian English language discretionary specialty channel majority-owned by Corus Entertainment. Dedicated to programming related to food and cooking, it serves as a spin-off of Food Network.The channel was launched in 2001 as SexTV: The Channel under the ownership of CHUM Limited named after the program of the same name aired on Citytv. The channel was acquired in 2006 when Bell Globemedia acquired the assets of CHUM which was completed in 2007 while the Citytv stations were sold to Rogers Media. Corus acquired the channel in 2010 and relaunched it as W Movies, a spin-off of W Network focused on films targeting women. On December 12, 2016, the channel relaunched as a Canadian version of Cooking Channel; following the relaunch, Scripps Networks Interactive took a minority interest in the channel.","title":"Cooking Channel (Canadian TV channel)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CHUM Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_Limited"},{"link_name":"Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SexTV.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SexTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SexTV"},{"link_name":"Citytv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex"},{"link_name":"human sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality"},{"link_name":"CTVglobemedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTVglobemedia"},{"link_name":"CAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Citytv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citytv"},{"link_name":"A-Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_2"},{"link_name":"Access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_2_Alberta"},{"link_name":"CKX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKX-TV"},{"link_name":"CLT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey_Network_(Canadian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Rogers Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Communications"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"As SexTV: The Channel","text":"In June 2001, CHUM Limited received approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a national Category 2 specialty channel known as Relationship Television, a channel described as being \"devoted exclusively to programming related to love, romance, marriage, relationship-themed game shows, sexuality and gender issues, family planning, relationship breakdown and magazine style programming featuring romantic vacation resorts.\"[1]SexTV: The Channel logo (2001-2010)The channel was launched three months later on September 7, 2001 as SexTV: The Channel,[2] a channel modeled after and its name derived from SexTV, a now-former program on Citytv (which was a CHUM-owned property at the time). SexTV aired programming on sex and human sexuality, including issues on love, dating, romance and related subjects.In July 2006, Bell Globemedia (later CTVglobemedia) announced that it would purchase CHUM for an estimated CAD$1.7 billion.[3] Due to CTV planning to retain the Citytv network, SexTV: The Channel was among the channels along with A-Channel, Access, CKX-TV Brandon and CLT to be sold to Rogers Communications on April 9, 2007, awaiting the final approval. The sale was approved by the CRTC on June 8, 2007, on the condition that CTV must divest the Citytv stations, effectively cancelling the sale of SexTV: The Channel to Rogers and the transaction was completed on June 22, 2007 while the Citytv stations were sold to Rogers later that year.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wmovies.svg"},{"link_name":"Sundance Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Channel_(Canadian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Corus Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"CAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"W Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_Network"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"high definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"}],"sub_title":"As W Movies","text":"W Movies logo (2010-2016)On July 14, 2009, CTVglobemedia announced that it would sell Sex TV, along with Drive-In Classics (then Sundance Channel, now defunct), to Corus Entertainment for a combined CAD$40 million.[5] In late September, Corus announced that the channel would be rebranded as W Movies, a spin-off of W Network with a focus on films targeting women.[6] The sale was approved by the CRTC on November 19,[7] with the transaction being completed by December. The on-air relaunch as W Movies took place on March 1, 2010.On December 2, 2011, W Movies launched a high definition feed. It is currently available through all major television providers in the country.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cooking Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_Channel"},{"link_name":"Canadian version of Food Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Network_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Bell Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Media"},{"link_name":"Gusto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Life_Channel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-realscreen-cooking-8"},{"link_name":"Scripps Networks Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Networks_Interactive"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"As Cooking Channel","text":"On October 19, 2016, Corus announced that W Movies would be relaunched as a Canadian version of Cooking Channel on December 12, 2016. The network served as a spin-off of Corus's Canadian version of Food Network, and came shortly after Bell Media's re-launch of Gusto, which competes directly against Food Network.[8] Scripps Networks Interactive subsequently acquired a 19.8% interest in the channel.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of programs broadcast by Cooking Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Cooking_Channel"},{"link_name":"reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"}],"text":"Further information: List of programs broadcast by Cooking ChannelThe Cooking Channel airs programming identical to its U.S. counterpart, focusing primarily on instruction- and personality-based programming largely displaced by Food Network's current focus on reality and competition-style series.As SexTV: The Channel, the network aired programming devoted to human sexuality including issues on love, dating, romance and related subjects. Past programs on the network included Sex Wars: Gender in the Age of Representation, Beyond Carnival: Sex in Brazil, and Sexploration.","title":"Programming"}]
[{"image_text":"SexTV: The Channel logo (2001-2010)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SexTV.svg/150px-SexTV.svg.png"},{"image_text":"W Movies logo (2010-2016)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wmovies.svg/125px-Wmovies.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"(CRTC), Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (November 19, 2009). \"ARCHIVED - SexTV: The Channel and Drive-In Classics Channel - Acquisition of assets\". www.crtc.gc.ca. Retrieved April 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2009/2009-706.htm","url_text":"\"ARCHIVED - SexTV: The Channel and Drive-In Classics Channel - Acquisition of assets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corus feeds the food genre with new channel\". Realscreen. Retrieved October 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://realscreen.com/2016/10/19/corus-feeds-the-food-genre-with-new-channel/","url_text":"\"Corus feeds the food genre with new channel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corus Entertainment shareholders report (Q3 2017)\" (PDF). Corus Entertainment. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017. On December 12, 2016, the Company sold a 19.8% interest in 7202377 Canada Inc. (the \"Cooking Channel\"), a subsidiary, to Scripps Network LLC for $7,500, the fair value at the date of the sale. Cash proceeds of $5,250 were received upon closing. Control of this subsidiary did not change, therefore a business combination did not occur","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170703032219/http://www.corusent.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/corus_2017q3_shareholdersreport.pdf","url_text":"\"Corus Entertainment shareholders report (Q3 2017)\""},{"url":"http://www.corusent.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/corus_2017q3_shareholdersreport.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://cookingchannel.ca/","external_links_name":"cookingchannel.ca"},{"Link":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2001/DB2001-304.htm","external_links_name":"Decision CRTC 2001-304"},{"Link":"http://www.friends.ca/news-item/4163","external_links_name":"The history of CHUM"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055738/http://www.friends.ca/news-item/4163","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fasken.com/experience/detail.aspx?experience=890","external_links_name":"Bell Globemedia acquires CHUM"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927151854/http://www.fasken.com/experience/detail.aspx?experience=890","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2007/db2007-165.htm","external_links_name":"Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2007-165"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5i4jBQpwSQ3B5WAteEE7PrNmF_Hkg","external_links_name":"Corus to acquire Drive-In Classics and SexTV from CTVglobemedia for $40 million"},{"Link":"http://www.cartt.ca/news/FullStory.cfm?NewsNo=8693","external_links_name":"Corus shuttering Discovery Kids, will re-brand Sex TV and Drive-In Classics channels"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225105827/http://www.cartt.ca/news/FullStory.cfm?NewsNo=8693","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2009/2009-706.htm","external_links_name":"\"ARCHIVED - SexTV: The Channel and Drive-In Classics Channel - Acquisition of assets\""},{"Link":"http://realscreen.com/2016/10/19/corus-feeds-the-food-genre-with-new-channel/","external_links_name":"\"Corus feeds the food genre with new channel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170703032219/http://www.corusent.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/corus_2017q3_shareholdersreport.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Corus Entertainment shareholders report (Q3 2017)\""},{"Link":"http://www.corusent.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/corus_2017q3_shareholdersreport.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cookingchannel.ca/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunggyi_Township
Taunggyi Township
["1 Borders","2 Demographics","2.1 2014","3 Towns","4 Communities","5 Notes","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 20°47′N 97°02′E / 20.783°N 97.033°E / 20.783; 97.033Township in the Shan State of Myanmar Township in Shan State, BurmaTaunggyi TownshipTownshipShwe Bhone Pwint Pagoda and TaunggyiLocation in Taunggyi districtTaunggyi TownshipCoordinates: 20°47′N 97°02′E / 20.783°N 97.033°E / 20.783; 97.033Country BurmaStateShan StateDistrictTaunggyi DistrictCapitalTaunggyiArea • Total420.9 sq mi (1,090.0 km2)Population (2014)381,639Time zoneUTC+6:30 (MST) Taunggyi Township is a township of Taunggyi District in the Shan State of Myanmar. The principal town is Taunggyi. Borders Taunggyi Township is bordered by the following townships: Lawksawk to the north Hopong to the north and east Hsi Hseng to the east and south Nyaungshwe (Yawunghwe) to the west Kalaw to the west Formerly, the northern half of Hopong Township was part of Mong Kung Township (Mongkaung Township). Demographics 2014 Historical PopulationYearPop.±%1973 —    1983 —    2014 381,639—    Source: Ministry of Labor, Immigration, and Population data The 2014 Myanmar Census reported that Taunggyi Township had a population of 381,639. The population density was 350.1 people per km2. The census reported that the median age was 26.2 years, and 95 males per 100 females. There were 82,604 households; the mean household size was 4.3. Towns Taunggyi Ayethaya Kyauktalonegyi Kunlon Communities In addition to the town of Taunggyi itself, there are two large towns in Taunggyi Township: Ayetharyar and Kyauktalonegyi. Among the many villages and wards (village census tracts) in Taunggyi Township are: Chaunggauk Hang Si, Htedaung, Kanpaw Tang-tok, Kon-Kawng, Lothkan, Mai Tang Hsong, Man Kong, Nyawngkon, Sakangyi, Shwenyaung, and Wan Mansaw. Notes ^ "Myanmar States/Divisions & Townships Overview Map" Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) ^ a b c d "Taunggyi Township Report" (PDF). 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. October 2017. ^ "Hang Si Map — Satellite Images of Hang Si" Maplandia ^ "Htedaung Map — Satellite Images of Htedaung" Maplandia ^ "Kanpaw Tang-tok Map — Satellite Images of Kanpaw Tang-tok" Maplandia ^ "Kon-kawng Map — Satellite Images of Kon-kawng" Maplandia ^ "Lothkan Map — Satellite Images of Lothkan" Maplandia ^ "Mai Tang Hsong Map — Satellite Images of Mai Tang Hsong" Maplandia ^ "Man Kong Map — Satellite Images of Man Kong" Maplandia ^ "Nyawngkon Map — Satellite Images of Nyawngkon" Maplandia ^ "Sakangyi Map — Satellite Images of Sakangyi" Maplandia ^ "Shwenyaung Map — Satellite Images of Shwenyaung" Maplandia ^ "Wan Mansaw Map — Satellite Images of Wan Mansaw" Maplandia External links "Taunggyi Google Satellite Map" Maplandia World Gazetteer "Taunggyi Township Shan State" Map, 14 June 2010, Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) vteShan StateCapital: TaunggyiEast Shan StateKengtung District Kengtung Township Mong Khet Township Mong La Township (SR4) Mong Yang Township Mine Pauk Subtownship Minelar Subtownship Mong Hpayak District Mong Hpayak Township (SR4) Mong Yawng Township Mineyu Subtownship Mong Hsat District Mong Hsat Township Mong Ping Township Mong Ton Township Minekoke Subtownship Mong Hta Ponparkyin Tontar Subtownship Tachileik District Tachileik Township Kyaing Lap Subtownship (Kenglap) Talay Subtownship North Shan StateKyaukme District Hsipaw Township Kyaukme Township Namtu Township Nawnghkio Township Minelon Subtownship Minengaw Subtownship Lashio District Hseni Township Kunlong Township Lashio Township Mongyai Township Tangyan Township Laukkaing Districtsee Kokang Self-Administered ZoneMu Se District Kutkai Township Mu Se Township Nanhkan Township Manhero Subtownship Monekoe Subtownship Pansai Subtownship (Kyu-kok) Tamoenye Subtownship Hopang Districtsee Wa Self-Administered DivisionMatman Districtsee Wa Self-Administered DivisionMongmit District Mabein Township Mongmit Township Kokang Self-Administered Zone Laukkaing Township Konkyan Township Chinshwehaw Subtownship Mawhtike Subtownship Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone1 Mantong Township1 Namhsan Township1 Wa Self-Administered Division Hopang Township2 Mongmaw Township2 (Minemaw) Pangwaun Township2 (Panwine) Namtit Subtownship2 Panlong Subtownship2 Matman Township3 (Metman) Namphan Township3 (Naphang) Pangsang Township3 (Pan San) Man Kan Subtownship3 South Shan StateLangkho District Langhko Township Mawkmai Township Mong Nai Township Mong Pan Township Homane Subtownship Kengtaung Subtownship Loilen District Kunhing Township Kyethi Township Lai-Hka Township Loilen Township Mong Hsu Township Mong Kung Township Nansang Township Karli Subtownship Kholan Subtownship Minenaung Subtownship Minesan Subtownship Panglong Subtownship Taunggyi District Kalaw Township Lawksawk Township Nyaungshwe Township Pekon Township Taunggyi Township Indaw Subtownship Kyauktalongyi Subtownship Naungtayar Subtownship Danu Self-Administered Zone Pindaya Township Ywangan Township Pa-O Self-Administered Zone Hopong Township Hsi Hseng Township Pinlaung Township Main cities and towns Taunggyi Aungban Ayetharyar Chinshwehaw Hong Pai Hopang Hopong Hseni Hsi Hseng Hsipaw Kalaw Kengtung Kunhing Kunlong Kutkai Kyaukme Kyethi Lai-Hka Langkho Lashio Laukkaing Lawksawk Loilen Mabein Mantong Mawkmai Mong Hpayak Mong Hsat Mong Hsu Mong Khet Mong Kung Mong Nai Mong Pan Mong Ping Mong Ton Mong Yang Mong Yawng Mongko Mongmit Mongyai Muse Nanhkan Namhsan Namtu Nansang Nawnghkio Nyaungshwe Panglong Pekon Pinlaung Ponparkyin, Shan State, Myanmar Tachileik Tangyan 1 - also part of Kyaukme District; 2 - also part of Hopang District; 3 - also part of Matman District This Shan State location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships_of_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Taunggyi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunggyi_District"},{"link_name":"Shan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_State"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Taunggyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunggyi"}],"text":"Township in the Shan State of MyanmarTownship in Shan State, BurmaTaunggyi Township is a township of Taunggyi District in the Shan State of Myanmar. The principal town is Taunggyi.","title":"Taunggyi Township"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lawksawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawksawk_Township"},{"link_name":"Hopong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopong_Township"},{"link_name":"Hsi Hseng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsi_Hseng_Township"},{"link_name":"Nyaungshwe (Yawunghwe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaungshwe_Township"},{"link_name":"Kalaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaw_Township"},{"link_name":"Mong Kung Township (Mongkaung Township)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong_Kung_Township"}],"text":"Taunggyi Township is bordered[1] by the following townships:Lawksawk to the north\nHopong to the north and east\nHsi Hseng to the east and south\nNyaungshwe (Yawunghwe) to the west\nKalaw to the westFormerly, the northern half of Hopong Township was part of Mong Kung Township (Mongkaung Township).","title":"Borders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 Myanmar Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Myanmar_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"2014","text":"The 2014 Myanmar Census reported that Taunggyi Township had a population of 381,639.[2] The population density was 350.1 people per km2.[2] The census reported that the median age was 26.2 years, and 95 males per 100 females.[2] There were 82,604 households; the mean household size was 4.3.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taunggyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunggyi"},{"link_name":"Ayethaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayethaya"},{"link_name":"Kyauktalonegyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyauktalonegyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kunlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlon"}],"text":"Taunggyi\nAyethaya\nKyauktalonegyi\nKunlon","title":"Towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayetharyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayetharyar"},{"link_name":"Kyauktalonegyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyauktalonegyi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"In addition to the town of Taunggyi itself, there are two large towns in Taunggyi Township: Ayetharyar and Kyauktalonegyi. Among the many villages and wards (village census tracts) in Taunggyi Township are:","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Myanmar States/Divisions & Townships Overview Map\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.burmalibrary.org/docs6/MIMU001_A3_SD%20&%20Township%20Overview.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-3"},{"link_name":"\"Taunggyi Township Report\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dop.gov.mm/sites/dop.gov.mm/files/publication_docs/taunggyi_0.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Hang Si Map — Satellite Images of Hang Si\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplandia.com/burma/shan/taunggyi/hang-si/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Htedaung Map — Satellite Images of Htedaung\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplandia.com/burma/shan/taunggyi/htedaung/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Kanpaw Tang-tok Map — Satellite Images of Kanpaw Tang-tok\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplandia.com/burma/shan/taunggyi/kanpaw-tang-tok/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Kon-kawng Map — Satellite Images of Kon-kawng\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplandia.com/burma/shan/taunggyi/kon-kawng/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Lothkan Map — Satellite Images of Lothkan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplandia.com/burma/shan/taunggyi/lothkan/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Mai Tang Hsong Map — Satellite Images of Mai Tang Hsong\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplandia.com/burma/shan/taunggyi/mai-tang-hsong/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Man Kong Map — Satellite Images of Man Kong\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplandia.com/burma/shan/taunggyi/man-kong/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Nyawngkon Map — Satellite Images of Nyawngkon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplandia.com/burma/shan/taunggyi/nyawngkon/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Sakangyi Map — Satellite Images of Sakangyi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplandia.com/burma/shan/taunggyi/sakangyi/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Shwenyaung Map — Satellite Images of Shwenyaung\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplandia.com/burma/shan/taunggyi/shwenyaung/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Wan Mansaw Map — Satellite Images of Wan Mansaw\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplandia.com/burma/shan/taunggyi/wan-mansaw/"}],"text":"^ \"Myanmar States/Divisions & Townships Overview Map\" Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU)\n\n^ a b c d \"Taunggyi Township Report\" (PDF). 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. October 2017.\n\n^ \"Hang Si Map — Satellite Images of Hang Si\" Maplandia\n\n^ \"Htedaung Map — Satellite Images of Htedaung\" Maplandia\n\n^ \"Kanpaw Tang-tok Map — Satellite Images of Kanpaw Tang-tok\" Maplandia\n\n^ \"Kon-kawng Map — Satellite Images of Kon-kawng\" Maplandia\n\n^ \"Lothkan Map — Satellite Images of Lothkan\" Maplandia\n\n^ \"Mai Tang Hsong Map — Satellite Images of Mai Tang Hsong\" Maplandia\n\n^ \"Man Kong Map — Satellite Images of Man Kong\" Maplandia\n\n^ \"Nyawngkon Map — Satellite Images of Nyawngkon\" Maplandia\n\n^ \"Sakangyi Map — Satellite Images of Sakangyi\" Maplandia\n\n^ \"Shwenyaung Map — Satellite Images of Shwenyaung\" Maplandia\n\n^ \"Wan Mansaw Map — Satellite Images of Wan Mansaw\" Maplandia","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Taunggyi Township Report\" (PDF). 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dop.gov.mm/sites/dop.gov.mm/files/publication_docs/taunggyi_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Taunggyi Township Report\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_Dekker
Inge Dekker
["1 Personal life","2 Personal bests","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Dutch swimmer (born 1985) Inge DekkerPersonal informationNational team NetherlandsBorn (1985-08-18) 18 August 1985 (age 38)Assen, NetherlandsHeight1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Weight67 kg (148 lb)WebsiteIngeDekker.comSportSportSwimmingStrokesButterfly, freestyleClubNationaal Zweminstituut Eindhoven Medal record Women's swimming Representing  Netherlands Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 1 1 1 World Championships (LC) 3 0 3 World Championships (SC) 7 0 2 European Championships (LC) 2 6 2 European Championships (SC) 15 6 3 Total 28 13 11 Olympic Games 2008 Beijing 4×100 m freestyle 2012 London 4×100 m freestyle 2004 Athens 4×100 m freestyle World Championships (LC) 2009 Rome 4×100 m freestyle 2011 Shanghai 50 m butterfly 2011 Shanghai 4×100 m freestyle 2007 Melbourne 50 m butterfly 2007 Melbourne 4×100 m freestyle 2013 Barcelona 4×100 m freestyle World Championships (SC) 2006 Shanghai 4×100 m freestyle 2008 Manchester 4×100 m freestyle 2008 Manchester 4×200 m freestyle 2010 Dubai 4×100 m freestyle 2014 Doha 4×50 m freestyle 2014 Doha 4×100 m freestyle 2014 Doha 4×200 m freestyle 2008 Manchester 50 m butterfly 2014 Doha 50 m butterfly European Championships (LC) 2006 Budapest 100 m butterfly 2008 Eindhoven 4×100 m freestyle 2004 Madrid 4×100 m freestyle 2006 Budapest 4×100 m freestyle 2008 Eindhoven 50 m butterfly 2008 Eindhoven 100 m butterfly 2014 Berlin 4×100 m mixed medley 2014 Berlin 4×100 m freestyle 2008 Eindhoven 100 m freestyle 2008 Eindhoven 4×100 m medley European Championships (SC) 2004 Vienna 4×50 m freestyle 2004 Vienna 4×50 m medley 2005 Trieste 4×50 m freestyle 2005 Trieste 4×50 m medley 2007 Debrecen 100 m butterfly 2007 Debrecen 4×50 m freestyle 2008 Rijeka 4×50 m freestyle 2009 Istanbul 100 m freestyle 2009 Istanbul 50 m butterfly 2009 Istanbul 100 m butterfly 2009 Istanbul 4×50 m freestyle 2009 Istanbul 4×50 m medley 2010 Eindhoven 50 m butterfly 2010 Eindhoven 100 m butterfly 2015 Netanya 4×50 m medley 2005 Trieste 50 m butterfly 2006 Helsinki 50 m butterfly 2006 Helsinki 100 m butterfly 2006 Helsinki 4×50 m freestyle 2007 Debrecen 50 m butterfly 2015 Netanya 4×50 m freestyle 2013 Herning 50 m butterfly 2013 Herning 4×50 m mixed freestyle 2015 Netanya 4×50 m mixed freestyle Inge Dekker (born 18 August 1985) is a Dutch former competitive swimmer who specialised in butterfly and freestyle events. She won the bronze medal with the Dutch women's 4×100-metre freestyle relay team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, alongside teammates Inge de Bruijn, Marleen Veldhuis and Chantal Groot. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Dekker became Olympic champion in the 4×100-metre freestyle together with Ranomi Kromowidjojo, Femke Heemskerk and Marleen Veldhuis, setting a then Olympic record. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she was part of the Dutch 4 x 100 metre freestyle team that won the silver medal, with Veldhuis, Heemskerk and Kromowidjojo, behind the Australian team who set a new Olympic record. Dekker in 2015 Personal life Dekker's younger sister Lia was also a member of the Dutch national swimming team. In February 2016, Dekker was diagnosed with cervical cancer. In March, she had a successful surgery and she made the 2016 Summer Olympics, which were her fourth Olympics. Personal bests Short course Event Time Date Location 50 m freestyle 23.53 2009-12-11 Istanbul, Turkey 100 m freestyle 51.35 2009-12-11 Istanbul, Turkey 200 m freestyle 1:54.73 2014-12-03 Doha, Qatar 50 m butterfly NR 24.59 2014-09-01 Dubai, United Arab Emirates 100 m butterfly NR 55.74 2009-12-13 Istanbul, Turkey 200 m butterfly 2:09.98 2006-12-07 Helsinki, Finland Long course Event Time Date Location 50 m freestyle 24.42 2012-03-16 Amsterdam, Netherlands 100 m freestyle 53.61 2009-07-26 Rome, Italy 200 m freestyle 1:57.00 2009-07-28 Rome, Italy 50 m butterfly 25.50 2014-06-15 Rome, Italy 100 m butterfly 57.32 2014-07-11 Dordrecht, Netherlands See also List of world records in swimming List of European records in swimming List of Dutch records in swimming References Profile on Zwemkroniek (in Dutch) ^ "Veldhuis anchors Dutch to relay gold". Reuters. 2008-08-10. Retrieved 2015-12-22. ^ "2012 London Olympics: Australia Reclaims Women's 400 Free Relay Gold; Natalie Coughlin Ties for Most Decorated Female Olympic Swimmer – Swimming World News". Swimming World News. Retrieved 2015-12-22. ^ "Inge Dekker Undergoes Successful Cervical Cancer Surgery". Swimming World. March 24, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016. ^ a b Inge Dekker. Zwemkroniek Online. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. ^ a b Inge Dekker swimrankings.net External links Official website Inge Dekker at World Aquatics Inge Dekker at Swimrankings.net Inge Dekker at Olympics.com Inge Dekker at Olympic.org (archived) Inge Dekker at Olympedia Inge Dekker at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) Links to related articles vteOlympic champions in women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 1912:  Belle Moore, Jennie Fletcher, Annie Speirs, Irene Steer (GBR) 1920:  Margaret Woodbridge, Frances Schroth, Irene Guest, Ethelda Bleibtrey (USA) 1924:  Euphrasia Donnelly, Gertrude Ederle, Ethel Lackie, Mariechen Wehselau (USA) 1928:  Adelaide Lambert, Albina Osipowich, Eleanor Saville, Martha Norelius (USA) 1932:  Helen Johns, Eleanor Saville, Josephine McKim, Helene Madison (USA) 1936:  Jopie Selbach, Tini Wagner, Willy den Ouden, Rie Mastenbroek (NED) 1948:  Marie Corridon, Thelma Kalama, Brenda Helser, Ann Curtis (USA) 1952:  Ilona Novák, Judit Temes, Éva Novák-Gerard, Katalin Szőke (HUN) 1956:  Dawn Fraser, Faith Leech, Sandra Morgan, Lorraine Crapp (AUS) 1960:  Joan Spillane, Shirley Stobs, Carolyn Wood, Chris von Saltza (USA) 1964:  Sharon Stouder, Donna de Varona, Lillian Watson, Kathy Ellis (USA) 1968:  Jane Barkman, Linda Gustavson, Susan Pedersen, Jan Henne (USA) 1972:  Shirley Babashoff, Jane Barkman, Jenny Kemp, Sandy Neilson (USA) 1976:  Kim Peyton, Jill Sterkel, Shirley Babashoff, Wendy Boglioli (USA) 1980:  Barbara Krause, Caren Metschuck, Ines Diers, Sarina Hülsenbeck (GDR) 1984:  Jenna Johnson, Carrie Steinseifer, Dara Torres, Nancy Hogshead (USA) 1988:  Kristin Otto, Katrin Meissner, Daniela Hunger, Manuela Stellmach (GDR) 1992:  Nicole Haislett, Angel Martino, Jenny Thompson, Dara Torres, Ashley Tappin, Crissy Ahmann-Leighton (USA) 1996:  Angel Martino, Amy Van Dyken, Catherine Fox, Jenny Thompson, Lisa Jacob, Melanie Valerio (USA) 2000:  Amy Van Dyken, Courtney Shealy, Jenny Thompson, Dara Torres, Erin Phenix, Ashley Tappin (USA) 2004:  Alice Mills, Libby Lenton, Petria Thomas, Jodie Henry, Sarah Ryan (AUS) 2008:  Inge Dekker, Ranomi Kromowidjojo, Femke Heemskerk, Marleen Veldhuis, Hinkelien Schreuder, Manon van Rooijen (NED) 2012:  Alicia Coutts, Cate Campbell, Brittany Elmslie, Melanie Schlanger, Emily Seebohm, Yolane Kukla, Libby Trickett (AUS) 2016:  Emma McKeon, Brittany Elmslie, Bronte Campbell, Cate Campbell, Madison Wilson (AUS) 2020:  Bronte Campbell, Meg Harris, Emma McKeon, Cate Campbell, Mollie O'Callaghan, Madison Wilson (AUS) vteWorld long-course champions in women's 50 m butterfly 2001: Inge de Bruijn (NED) 2003: Inge de Bruijn (NED) 2005: Danni Miatke (AUS) 2007: Therese Alshammar (SWE) 2009: Marieke D'Cruz (AUS) 2011: Inge Dekker (NED) 2013: Jeanette Ottesen (DEN) 2015: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2017: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2019: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2022: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2023: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2024: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) vteWorld long-course champions in women's 4×100 m freestyle relay 1973: Kornelia Ender, Andrea Eife, Andrea Hübner, Sylvia Eichner (GDR) 1975: Kornelia Ender, Barbara Krause, Claudia Hempel, Ute Brückner (GDR) 1978: Tracy Caulkins, Stephanie Elkins, Jill Sterkel, Cynthia Woodhead (USA) 1982: Birgit Meineke, Susanne Link, Kristin Otto, Caren Metschuck (GDR) 1986: Kristin Otto, Manuela Stellmach, Sabina Schulze, Heike Friedrich (GDR) 1991: Nicole Haislett, Julie Cooper, Whitney Hedgepeth, Jenny Thompson (USA) 1994: Le Jingyi, Shan Ying, Le Ying, Lü Bin (CHN) 1998: Lindsay Farella, Amy Van Dyken, Barbara Bedford, Jenny Thompson (USA) 2001: Petra Dallmann, Antje Buschschulte, Katrin Meissner, Sandra Völker (GER) 2003: Natalie Coughlin, Lindsay Benko, Rhi Jeffrey, Jenny Thompson (USA) 2005: Jodie Henry, Alice Mills, Shayne Reese, Libby Trickett (AUS) 2007: Libby Trickett, Melanie Schlanger, Shayne Reese, Jodie Henry (AUS) 2009: Inge Dekker, Ranomi Kromowidjojo, Femke Heemskerk, Marleen Veldhuis (NED) 2011: Inge Dekker, Ranomi Kromowidjojo, Marleen Veldhuis, Femke Heemskerk (NED) 2013: Missy Franklin, Natalie Coughlin, Shannon Vreeland, Megan Romano (USA) 2015: Emily Seebohm, Emma McKeon, Bronte Campbell, Cate Campbell (AUS) 2017: Mallory Comerford, Kelsi Dahlia, Katie Ledecky, Simone Manuel (USA) 2019: Bronte Campbell, Brianna Throssell, Emma McKeon, Cate Campbell (AUS) 2022: Mollie O'Callaghan, Madison Wilson, Meg Harris, Shayna Jack (AUS) 2023: Mollie O'Callaghan, Shayna Jack, Meg Harris, Emma McKeon (AUS) 2024: Kim Busch, Janna van Kooten, Kira Toussaint, Marrit Steenbergen (NED) vteWorld short-course champions in women's 4×50 m freestyle relay 2014:  Inge Dekker, Femke Heemskerk, Maud van der Meer, Ranomi Kromowidjojo (NED) 2016:  Michelle Williams, Sandrine Mainville, Taylor Ruck, Penny Oleksiak (CAN) 2018:  Madison Kennedy, Mallory Comerford, Kelsi Dahlia, Erika Brown (USA) 2021:  Abbey Weitzeil, Claire Curzan, Katharine Berkoff, Kate Douglass (USA) 2022:  Torri Huske, Claire Curzan, Erika Brown, Kate Douglass (USA) vteWorld short-course champions in women's 4×100 m freestyle relay 1993:  China (Lü, Shan, Jia, Le) 1995:  China (Chao, Shan, Han, Le) 1997:  China (Le, Chao, Shan, Nian) 1999:  Great Britain (Sheppard, Huddart, Pickering, Rolph) 2000:  Sweden (Jöhncke, Alshammar, Kammerling, Sjöberg) 2002:  Sweden (Lillhage, Alshammar, Sjöberg, Kammerling) 2004:  United States (Weir, Joyce, Benko, Thompson) 2006:  Netherlands (Dekker, Schreuder, Groot, Veldhuis) 2008:  Netherlands (Schreuder, Heemskerk, Dekker, Veldhuis) 2010:  Netherlands (Heemskerk, Dekker, Schreuder, Kromowidjojo) 2012:  United States (Romano, Hardy, Neal, Schmitt) 2014:  Netherlands (Dekker, Heemskerk, van der Meer, Kromowidjojo) 2016:  United States (Weir, Worrell, Kennedy, Comerford) 2018:  United States (Smoliga, Neal, Comerford, Dahlia) 2021:  United States (Douglass, Curzan, Berkoff, Weitzeil)           Canada (Sanchez, Mac Neil, Smith, Savard) 2022:  Australia (O'Callaghan, Wilson, Harris, McKeon) vteWorld short-course champions in women's 4x200 m freestyle relay 1993:  China (Shan, Zhou, Le, Lü) 1995:  Canada (Limpert, Shakespeare, Evanetz, Malar) 1997:  China (Wang, Nian, Chen, Shan) 1999:  Sweden (Lillhage, Jöhncke, Sjöberg, Svahnström) 2000:  Great Britain (Huddart, Jackson, Legg, Pickering) 2002:  China (Xu, Zhu, Tang, Yang) 2004:  United States (Vollmer, Komisarz, Benko, Sandeno) 2006:  Australia (Barratt, Schipper, Reese, Lenton) 2008:  Netherlands (Dekker, Heemskerk, Veldhuis, Kromowidjojo) 2010:  China (Chen, Tang, Liu, Zhu) 2012:  United States (Romano, Chenault, Vreeland, Schmitt) 2014:  Netherlands (Dekker, Heemskerk, Kromowidjojo, van Rouwendaal) 2016:  Canada (Savard, Ruck, Goss, Oleksiak) 2018:  China (Li, Yang, Zhang, Wang) 2021:  Canada (McIntosh, Sanchez, Savard, Smith) 2022:  Australia (Wilson, O'Callaghan, Neale, Pallister) vteEuropean champions in women's 100 m butterfly 1954: Jutta Langenau (GDR) 1958: Tineke Lagerberg (NED) 1962: Ada Kok (NED) 1966: Ada Kok (NED) 1970: Andrea Gyarmati (HUN) 1974: Rosemarie Kother (GDR) 1977: Andrea Pollack (GDR) 1981: Ute Geweniger (GDR) 1983: Ines Geissler (GDR) 1985: Kornelia Gressler (GDR) 1987: Kristin Otto (GDR) 1989: Catherine Plewinski (FRA) 1991: Catherine Plewinski (FRA) 1993: Catherine Plewinski (FRA) 1995: Mette Jacobsen (DEN) 1997: Mette Jacobsen (DEN) 1999: Inge de Bruijn (NED) 2000: Martina Moravcová (SVK) 2002: Martina Moravcová (SVK) 2004: Martina Moravcová (SVK) 2006: Inge Dekker (NED) 2008: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2010: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2012: Ingvild Snildal (NOR) 2014: Jeanette Ottesen (DEN) 2016: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2018: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2020: Anna Ntountounaki (GRE) / Marie Wattel (FRA) 2022: Louise Hansson (SWE) vteEuropean champions in women's 4×100 m freestyle relay 1927: Great Britain (Laverty, Davies, King, Cooper) 1931: Netherlands (Baumeister, Vierdag, den Ouden, Braun) 1934: Netherlands (Selbach, Timmermans, Mastenbroek, den Ouden) 1938: Denmark (Riise, Kraft, Ove-Petersen, Hveger) 1947: Denmark (Svendsen, Harup, Andersen, Nathansen) 1950: Netherlands (Massaar, Termeulen, Linssen-Vaessen, Heijting-Schuhmacher) 1954: Hungary (Gyenge, Sebő, Temes, Szőke) 1958: Netherlands (Schimmel, Lagerberg, Kraan, Gastelaars) 1962: Netherlands (Gastelaars, Lasterie, Terpstra, Tigelaar) 1966: Soviet Union (Sipchenko, Rudenko, Ustinova, Sosnova) 1970: East Germany (Wetzko, Komar, Sehmisch, Schulze) 1974: East Germany (Ender, Franke, Eife, Hübner) 1977: East Germany (Treiber, Wächtler, Priemer, Krause) 1981: East Germany (Meineke, Metschuck, Diers, Link) 1983: East Germany (Otto, Link, Sirch, Meineke) 1985: East Germany (Strauss, König, Stellmach, Friedrich) 1987: East Germany (Stellmach, Friedrich, Otto, Meissner) 1989: East Germany (Meissner, Stellmach, Hunger, Friedrich) 1991: Netherlands (van der Plaats, de Bruijn, Mastenbroek, Brienesse) 1993: Germany (van Almsick, Kielgass, Stellmach, Hunger) 1995: Germany (van Almsick, Osygus, Kielgass, Hunger) 1997: Germany (Meissner, Osygus, Buschschulte, Völker) 1999: Germany (Meissner, Buschschulte, van Almsick, Völker) 2000: Sweden (Jöhncke, Sjöberg, Kammerling, Alshammar) 2002: Germany (Meissner, Dallmann, Völker, van Almsick) 2004: France (Figuès, Couderc, Mongel, Metella) 2006: Germany (Dallmann, Götz, Steffen, Liebs) 2008: Netherlands (Dekker, Kromowidjojo, Heemskerk, Veldhuis) 2010: Germany (Samulski, Lippok, Vitting, Schreiber) 2012: Germany (Steffen, Lippok, Vitting, Schreiber) 2014: Sweden (Coleman, Kuras, Hansson, Sjöström) 2016: Netherlands (van der Meer, Heemskerk, Steenbergen, Kromowidjojo) 2018: France (Wattel, Bonnet, Fabre, Gastaldello) 2020: Great Britain (Hope, Hopkin, Wood, Anderson) 2022: Great Britain (Hope, Hopkin, Harris, Anderson) vteEuropean short course champions in women's 100 m freestyle 1996: Sandra Völker (GER) 1998: Sue Rolph (GBR) 1999–2000: Therese Alshammar (SWE) 2001: Inge de Bruijn (NED) 2002: Martina Moravcová (SVK) and Alena Popchanka (BLR) 2003–2004: Malia Metella (FRA) 2005–2006: Marleen Veldhuis (NED) 2007: Britta Steffen (GER) 2008: Marleen Veldhuis (NED) 2009: Inge Dekker (NED) 2010: Ranomi Kromowidjojo (NED) 2011: Britta Steffen (GER) 2012: Veronika Popova (RUS) 2013: Ranomi Kromowidjojo (NED) 2015: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2017: Ranomi Kromowidjojo (NED) 2019: Freya Anderson (GBR) 2021: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) vteEuropean Short Course Champions in Women's 50 m Butterfly 1991: Inge de Bruijn (NED) 1992–1993: Louise Karlsson (SWE) 1994: Angela Postma (NED) 1996: Johanna Sjöberg (SWE) 1998: Inge de Bruijn (NED) 1999–2000: Anna-Karin Kammerling (SWE) 2001: Therese Alshammar (SWE) 2002–2005: Anna-Karin Kammerling (SWE) 2006: Therese Alshammar (SWE) 2007: Anna-Karin Kammerling (SWE) 2008: Hinkelien Schreuder (NED) 2009: Hinkelien Schreuder (NED) and Inge Dekker (NED) 2010: Inge Dekker (NED) 2011–2012: Jeanette Ottesen (DEN) 2013–2015: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2017: Ranomi Kromowidjojo (NED) 2019: Mélanie Henique (FRA) 2021: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) vteEuropean short course champions in women's 100 m butterfly 1996: Johanna Sjöberg (SWE) 1998: Martina Moravcová (SVK) 1999: Johanna Sjöberg (SWE) 2000–2005: Martina Moravcová (SVK) 2006: Antje Buschschulte (GER) 2007: Inge Dekker (NED) 2008: Jeanette Ottesen (DEN) 2009: Inge Dekker (NED) 2010: Inge Dekker (NED) 2011: Jeanette Ottesen (DEN) 2012: Ilaria Bianchi (ITA) 2013–2017: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) 2019: Anastasiya Shkurdai (BLR) 2021: Sarah Sjöström (SWE) vteEuropean short course champions in Women's 4 × 50 m freestyle relay 2005: Netherlands (Schreuder, Dekker, Groot, Veldhuis) 2006: Sweden (Kuras, Alshammar, Kammerling, Lillhage) 2007: Netherlands (Dekker, Schreuder, Kromowidjojo, Veldhuis) 2008: Netherlands (Schreuder, Dekker, Kromowidjojo, Veldhuis) 2009: Netherlands (Dekker, Schreuder, de Jonge, Kromowidjojo) 2010: Netherlands (Dekker, Heemskerk, Schreuder, Kromowidjojo) 2011: Germany (Steffen, Brandt, Schmiedel, Schreiber) 2012: Denmark (Ottesen, Rasmussen, Levisen, Blume) 2013: Denmark (Blume, Ottesen, Rasmussen, Nielsen) 2015: Italy (Di Pietro, Ferraioli, Pezzato, Pellegrini) 2017: Netherlands (Kromowidjojo, Heemskerk, van Vliet, van Roon) 2019: France (Gastaldello, Henique, Bousquin, Santamans) and Netherlands (van Vliet, Toussaint, Heemskerk, van Roon) 2021: Russia (Nasretdinova, Surkova, Kameneva, Klepikova) vteEuropean Short Course Champions in Women's 4 × 50 m medley relay 2005: Netherlands (Schreuder, Nijhuis, Dekker, Veldhuis) 2006: Germany (Pietsch, Schäfer, Buschschulte, Samulski) 2007: Germany (Pietsch, Schäfer, Mehlhorn, Steffen) 2008: Netherlands (Kromowidjojo, Nijhuis, Schreuder, Veldhuis) 2009: Netherlands (Schreuder, Nijhuis, Dekker, Kromowidjojo) 2010: Netherlands (Schreuder, Nijhuis, Dekker, Kromowidjojo) 2011: Denmark (Nielsen, Møller Pedersen, Ottesen, Blume) 2012: Denmark (Thomsen, Møller Pedersen, Ottesen, Blume) 2013: Denmark (Nielsen, Møller Pedersen, Ottesen, Blume) 2015: Netherlands (Vermeulen, Nijhuis, Dekker, Kromowidjojo) 2017: Sweden (Rosvall, Hansson, Sjöström, Coleman) 2019: Poland (Tchórz, Sztandera, Fiedkiewicz, Wasick) 2021: Russia (Kameneva, Godun, Surkova, Klepikova) vte2004 Dutch Olympic swimming teamMen's competition Pieter van den Hoogenband Joris Keizer Johan Kenkhuis Thijs van Valkengoed Mark Veens Mitja Zastrow Klaas-Erik Zwering Women's competition Madelon Baans Inge de Bruijn Inge Dekker Chantal Groot Annabel Kosten Celina Lemmen Stefanie Luiken Haike van Stralen Marleen Veldhuis vte2008 Dutch Olympic swimming teamMen's competition Robin van Aggele Nick Driebergen Pieter van den Hoogenband Robert Lijesen Thijs van Valkengoed Bas van Velthoven Maarten van der Weijden Mitja Zastrow Women's competition Linda Bank Inge Dekker Edith van Dijk Chantal Groot Femke Heemskerk Saskia de Jonge Ranomi Kromowidjojo Manon van Rooijen Hinkelien Schreuder Jolijn van Valkengoed Marleen Veldhuis vte2012 Dutch Olympic swimming teamMen's competition Dion Dreesens Nick Driebergen Job Kienhuis Bastiaan Lijesen Lennart Stekelenburg Joeri Verlinden Sebastiaan Verschuren Women's competition Inge Dekker Femke Heemskerk Ranomi Kromowidjojo Moniek Nijhuis Sharon van Rouwendaal Hinkelien Schreuder Marleen Veldhuis vte2016 Dutch Olympic swimming teamMen's competition Maarten Brzoskowski Dion Dreesens Ben Schwietert Kyle Stolk Joeri Verlinden Sebastiaan Verschuren Ferry Weertman Women's competition Inge Dekker Femke Heemskerk Andrea Kneppers Ranomi Kromowidjojo Maud van der Meer Robin Neumann Sharon van Rouwendaal Marrit Steenbergen Kira Toussaint Esmee Vermeulen Coaches Philippe Lucas Patrick Pearson Martin Truijens Marcel Wouda
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_stroke"},{"link_name":"freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_swimming"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Inge de Bruijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_de_Bruijn"},{"link_name":"Marleen Veldhuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marleen_Veldhuis"},{"link_name":"Chantal Groot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Groot"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ranomi Kromowidjojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomi_Kromowidjojo"},{"link_name":"Femke Heemskerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femke_Heemskerk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazan_2015_-_50m_butterfly_Inge_Dekker.JPG"}],"text":"Inge Dekker (born 18 August 1985) is a Dutch former competitive swimmer who specialised in butterfly and freestyle events. She won the bronze medal with the Dutch women's 4×100-metre freestyle relay team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, alongside teammates Inge de Bruijn, Marleen Veldhuis and Chantal Groot. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Dekker became Olympic champion in the 4×100-metre freestyle together with Ranomi Kromowidjojo, Femke Heemskerk and Marleen Veldhuis, setting a then Olympic record.[1] At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she was part of the Dutch 4 x 100 metre freestyle team that won the silver medal, with Veldhuis, Heemskerk and Kromowidjojo, behind the Australian team who set a new Olympic record.[2]Dekker in 2015","title":"Inge Dekker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia_Dekker"},{"link_name":"cervical cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Dekker's younger sister Lia was also a member of the Dutch national swimming team.In February 2016, Dekker was diagnosed with cervical cancer. In March, she had a successful surgery and she made the 2016 Summer Olympics,[3] which were her fourth Olympics.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personal bests"}]
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[{"title":"List of world records in swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_swimming"},{"title":"List of European records in swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_records_in_swimming"},{"title":"List of Dutch records in swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_records_in_swimming"}]
[{"reference":"\"Veldhuis anchors Dutch to relay gold\". Reuters. 2008-08-10. Retrieved 2015-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-swimming-women-relay-idUSSP7814120080810","url_text":"\"Veldhuis anchors Dutch to relay gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 London Olympics: Australia Reclaims Women's 400 Free Relay Gold; Natalie Coughlin Ties for Most Decorated Female Olympic Swimmer – Swimming World News\". Swimming World News. Retrieved 2015-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/2012-london-olympics-australia-reclaims-womens-400-free-relay-gold-natalie-coughlin-ties-for-most-decorated-female-olympic-swimmer/","url_text":"\"2012 London Olympics: Australia Reclaims Women's 400 Free Relay Gold; Natalie Coughlin Ties for Most Decorated Female Olympic Swimmer – Swimming World News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inge Dekker Undergoes Successful Cervical Cancer Surgery\". Swimming World. March 24, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/inge-dekker-undergoes-successful-cervical-cancer-surgery/","url_text":"\"Inge Dekker Undergoes Successful Cervical Cancer Surgery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_World","url_text":"Swimming World"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_County
Fang County
["1 History","1.1 Republic of China","1.2 People's Republic of China","2 Geography","3 Climate","4 Administrative divisions","4.1 Former divisions","5 Economy","6 Transport","7 References"]
Coordinates: 32°06′N 110°36′E / 32.100°N 110.600°E / 32.100; 110.600County in Hubei, People's Republic of ChinaFang County 房县CountyInscription in cliff face next to the entrance of the "Yeren Cave". The inscription reads "Ye Ren Dong" ("Wild Man Cave").FangxianLocation in HubeiCoordinates: 32°06′N 110°36′E / 32.100°N 110.600°E / 32.100; 110.600CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceHubeiPrefecture-level cityShiyanArea • Total5,110 km2 (1,970 sq mi)Population (2010) • Total390,991 • Density77/km2 (200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard) Fang County or Fangxian (simplified Chinese: 房县; traditional Chinese: 房縣; pinyin: Fáng Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Shiyan City. The county spans an area of 5,110 square kilometres (1,970 sq mi), and has a population of 390,991 as of 2010. History During the Spring and Autumn period, the region was known as Fangzhu (Chinese: 防渚; pinyin: Fángzhǔ). During the Warring States period, the area belonged to the State of Chu. The area was incorporated as Fangling County (simplified Chinese: 房陵县; traditional Chinese: 房陵縣; pinyin: Fánglíng Xiàn) during the Qin dynasty, where it belonged to the Hanzhong Commandery . In 636 CE, the area of present-day Fang County was organized as Fang Prefecture . In 1277, Fang Prefecture was changed to Fang County, which it has remained since. It was placed under the jurisdiction of Xiangyang Fu . In 1476, Xiangyang Fu was changed to Yunyang Fu . Republic of China Upon the establishment of the Republic of China, the area was placed under the jurisdiction of Xiangyang Circuit . In 1931, the area was re-organized as the 11th Administrative Inspectorate  of Hubei Province. In 1936, it was changed to be under the 8th Administrative Inspectorate of Hubei Province. People's Republic of China In 1949, upon the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the area was administered under the Liangyun Prefecture . The area was moved to the jurisdiction of the Yunyang Prefecture  in 1965. In 1994, the county was moved to the jurisdiction of the newly-formed prefecture-level city of Shiyan. Geography The Wudang Mountains run through the northern part of Fang County, and the Daba Mountains run through its southern part. The lowest part of the county is Jiangjiapo (Chinese: 姜家坡), in Damuchang , which stands 180 metres (590 ft) above sea level. The highest part of the county is Guanjiaya (Chinese: 关家垭), in Shangkan Township , which stands 2,485.6 metres (8,155 ft) above sea level. Climate Climate data for Fangxian (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 20.6(69.1) 25.6(78.1) 33.7(92.7) 35.0(95.0) 37.9(100.2) 38.9(102.0) 41.4(106.5) 39.3(102.7) 40.3(104.5) 32.0(89.6) 28.9(84.0) 20.5(68.9) 41.4(106.5) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.5(47.3) 11.6(52.9) 16.9(62.4) 23.0(73.4) 26.6(79.9) 30.0(86.0) 32.0(89.6) 30.9(87.6) 26.4(79.5) 21.3(70.3) 15.7(60.3) 10.2(50.4) 21.1(70.0) Daily mean °C (°F) 2.4(36.3) 5.1(41.2) 9.9(49.8) 15.7(60.3) 19.9(67.8) 23.8(74.8) 26.1(79.0) 25.1(77.2) 20.7(69.3) 15.3(59.5) 9.3(48.7) 4.0(39.2) 14.8(58.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.7(28.9) 0.6(33.1) 4.7(40.5) 10.2(50.4) 14.9(58.8) 19.1(66.4) 22.2(72.0) 21.3(70.3) 17.0(62.6) 11.5(52.7) 5.2(41.4) 0.0(32.0) 10.4(50.8) Record low °C (°F) −10.1(13.8) −8.8(16.2) −5.5(22.1) −1.0(30.2) 2.9(37.2) 11.3(52.3) 13.7(56.7) 13.3(55.9) 6.6(43.9) −0.5(31.1) −4.6(23.7) −15.6(3.9) −15.6(3.9) Average precipitation mm (inches) 11.4(0.45) 15.0(0.59) 40.3(1.59) 60.5(2.38) 105.4(4.15) 111.2(4.38) 132.5(5.22) 137.2(5.40) 89.7(3.53) 72.1(2.84) 31.0(1.22) 11.6(0.46) 817.9(32.21) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.1 6.9 9.3 10.2 12.8 12.2 13.9 12.3 11.5 11.2 8.3 6.3 121 Average snowy days 5.6 3.9 1.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1 3.3 15.7 Average relative humidity (%) 71 69 68 71 74 76 80 81 80 80 78 73 75 Mean monthly sunshine hours 111.4 109.3 145.7 164.7 175.3 173.3 188.4 177.7 129.5 117.1 112.9 116.8 1,722.1 Percent possible sunshine 35 35 39 42 41 41 44 44 35 34 36 37 39 Source: China Meteorological Administration Administrative divisions Fang County administers 12 towns and 8 townships. Township-level divisions of Fang County Name Hanzi Pinyin Division type Population (2010) Chengguan  城关镇 Chéngguān Zhèn Town 89,898 Jundian  军店镇 Jūndiàn Zhèn Town 32,346 Hualongyan  化龙堰镇 Huàlóngyàn Zhèn Town 20,163 Tucheng  土城镇 Tǔchéng Zhèn Town 16,404 Damuchang  大木厂镇 Dàmùchǎng Zhèn Town 26,828 Qingfeng  青峰镇 Qīngfēng Zhèn Town 27,231 Mengusi  门古寺镇 Méngǔsì Zhèn Town 26,488 Baihe  白鹤镇 (房县) Báihè Zhèn Town 28,435 Yerengu  野人谷镇 Yěréngǔ Zhèn Town 9,638 Hongta  红塔镇 Hóngtǎ Zhèn Town 31,367 Yaohuai  窑淮镇 Yáohuái Zhèn Town 10,763 Yinjifu 尹吉甫镇 Yǐnjífǔ Zhèn Town 7,261 Yaoping Township  姚坪乡 Yáopíng Xiāng Township 13,008 Shahe Township  沙河乡 Shāhé Xiāng Township 7,197 Wanyuhe Township  万峪河乡 Wànyùhé Xiāng Township 6,917 Shangkan Township  上龛乡 Shàngkān Xiāng Township 8,712 Zhongba Township  中坝乡 Zhōngbà Xiāng Township 7,130 Jiudao Township  九道乡 Jiǔdào Xiāng Township 8,675 Huilong Township 回龙乡 Huílóng Xiāng Township 3,022 Wutai Township  五台乡 Wǔtái Xiāng Township 3,268 Former divisions In March 2012, Langkou Township (Chinese: 榔口乡; pinyin: Lángkǒu Xiāng) was abolished, and merged into the town of Yinjifu. Economy Mineral deposits in the county include copper, iron, lead, zinc, phosphorus, sulfur, coal, and gypsum. A number of large caves in Fang County also serve as tourist attractions. Transport National Highway 209 runs through the county. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r 房县历史沿革 . xzqh.org (in Chinese). 2014-07-22. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2021-02-03. ^ a b c d e f g 房县概况地图 . xzqh.org (in Chinese). 2014-07-22. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2021-02-03. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 11 June 2023. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023. ^ a b 2020年统计用区划代码（房县） (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2021-02-03. ^ 房县行政区划 . 房县政府网 (in Simplified Chinese). 29 May 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018. 城关镇{...}军店镇{...}化龙堰镇{...}门古寺镇{...}大木厂镇{...}青峰镇{...}土城镇{...}窑淮镇{...}尹吉甫镇{...}红塔镇{...}白鹤镇{...}野人谷镇{...}沙河乡{...}万峪河乡{...}九道乡{...}上龛乡{...}中坝乡{...}姚坪乡{...}五台乡{...}黑獐沟{...}九口山{...}杨岔山{...}温泉{...}旱粮场{...}毛家山{...}潭家湾{...}西蒿{...}代东河{...} vteCounty-level divisions of Hubei ProvinceWuhan (capital)Sub-provincial cityWuhan Jiang'an District Jianghan District Qiaokou District Hanyang District Wuchang District Qingshan District Hongshan District Dongxihu District Hannan District Caidian District Jiangxia District Huangpi District Xinzhou District Prefecture-level citiesHuangshi Huangshigang District Xisaishan District Xialu District Tieshan District Daye city Yangxin County Shiyan Zhangwan District Maojian District Yunyang District Danjiangkou city Zhushan County Fang County Yunxi County Zhuxi County Yichang Xiling District Wujiagang District Dianjun District Xiaoting District Yiling District Zhijiang city Yidu city Dangyang city Yuan'an County Xingshan County Zigui County Changyang County Wufeng County Xiangyang Xiangcheng District Fancheng District Xiangzhou District Laohekou city Zaoyang city Yicheng city Nanzhang County Gucheng County Baokang County Ezhou Echeng District Liangzihu District Huarong District Jingmen Dongbao District Duodao District Zhongxiang city Jingshan city Shayang County Xiaogan Xiaonan District Yingcheng city Anlu city Hanchuan city Xiaochang County Dawu County Yunmeng County Jingzhou Shashi District Jingzhou District Honghu city Jianli city Shishou city Songzi city Jiangling County Gong'an County Huanggang Huangzhou District Macheng city Wuxue city Hong'an County Luotian County Yingshan County Xishui County Qichun County Huangmei County Tuanfeng County Longganhu Administrative District Xianning Xian'an District Chibi city Jiayu County Tongcheng County Chongyang County Tongshan County Suizhou Zengdu District Guangshui city Sui County Autonomous prefecturesEnshi Enshi city Lichuan city Jianshi County Badong County Xuan'en County Xianfeng County Laifeng County Hefeng County Provincial administeredCounty-level cities Xiantao city Tianmen city Qianjiang city forestry district Shennongjia Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"房","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%BF"},{"link_name":"县","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8E%BF"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"房","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%BF"},{"link_name":"縣","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B8%A3"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Shiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiyan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"}],"text":"County in Hubei, People's Republic of ChinaFang County or Fangxian (simplified Chinese: 房县; traditional Chinese: 房縣; pinyin: Fáng Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Shiyan City.The county spans an area of 5,110 square kilometres (1,970 sq mi),[2] and has a population of 390,991 as of 2010.[1]","title":"Fang County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spring and Autumn period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"},{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"State of Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Qin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hanzhong Commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanzhong_Commandery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"},{"link_name":"Fang Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fang_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%BF%E5%B7%9E"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"},{"link_name":"Xiangyang Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiangyang_Fu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%84%E9%99%BD%E5%BA%9C"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"},{"link_name":"Yunyang Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yunyang_Fu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%96%E9%99%BD%E5%BA%9C"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"}],"text":"During the Spring and Autumn period, the region was known as Fangzhu (Chinese: 防渚; pinyin: Fángzhǔ).[1]During the Warring States period, the area belonged to the State of Chu.[1]The area was incorporated as Fangling County (simplified Chinese: 房陵县; traditional Chinese: 房陵縣; pinyin: Fánglíng Xiàn) during the Qin dynasty, where it belonged to the Hanzhong Commandery [zh].[1]In 636 CE, the area of present-day Fang County was organized as Fang Prefecture [zh].[1]In 1277, Fang Prefecture was changed to Fang County, which it has remained since.[1] It was placed under the jurisdiction of Xiangyang Fu [zh].[1]In 1476, Xiangyang Fu was changed to Yunyang Fu [zh].[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Xiangyang Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiangyang_Circuit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%84%E9%99%BD%E9%81%93"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"},{"link_name":"Administrative Inspectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrative_Inspectorate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%9D%A3%E5%AF%9F%E5%8D%80"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"}],"sub_title":"Republic of China","text":"Upon the establishment of the Republic of China, the area was placed under the jurisdiction of Xiangyang Circuit [zh].[1]In 1931, the area was re-organized as the 11th Administrative Inspectorate [zh] of Hubei Province.[1] In 1936, it was changed to be under the 8th Administrative Inspectorate of Hubei Province.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Liangyun Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liangyun_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E9%83%A7%E4%B8%93%E5%8C%BA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"},{"link_name":"Yunyang Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yunyang_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%A7%E9%98%B3%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"},{"link_name":"prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Shiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiyan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"}],"sub_title":"People's Republic of China","text":"In 1949, upon the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the area was administered under the Liangyun Prefecture [zh].[1]The area was moved to the jurisdiction of the Yunyang Prefecture [zh] in 1965.[1]In 1994, the county was moved to the jurisdiction of the newly-formed prefecture-level city of Shiyan.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wudang Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudang_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Daba Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daba_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Damuchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damuchang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%A8%E5%8E%82%E9%95%87"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Shangkan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shangkan_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E9%BE%9B%E4%B9%A1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The Wudang Mountains run through the northern part of Fang County, and the Daba Mountains run through its southern part.[2]The lowest part of the county is Jiangjiapo (Chinese: 姜家坡), in Damuchang [zh], which stands 180 metres (590 ft) above sea level.[2] The highest part of the county is Guanjiaya (Chinese: 关家垭), in Shangkan Township [zh], which stands 2,485.6 metres (8,155 ft) above sea level.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Climate data for Fangxian (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n33.7(92.7)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n37.9(100.2)\n\n38.9(102.0)\n\n41.4(106.5)\n\n39.3(102.7)\n\n40.3(104.5)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n41.4(106.5)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n30.9(87.6)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n10.4(50.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−10.1(13.8)\n\n−8.8(16.2)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n2.9(37.2)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n13.7(56.7)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n−0.5(31.1)\n\n−4.6(23.7)\n\n−15.6(3.9)\n\n−15.6(3.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n11.4(0.45)\n\n15.0(0.59)\n\n40.3(1.59)\n\n60.5(2.38)\n\n105.4(4.15)\n\n111.2(4.38)\n\n132.5(5.22)\n\n137.2(5.40)\n\n89.7(3.53)\n\n72.1(2.84)\n\n31.0(1.22)\n\n11.6(0.46)\n\n817.9(32.21)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n6.1\n\n6.9\n\n9.3\n\n10.2\n\n12.8\n\n12.2\n\n13.9\n\n12.3\n\n11.5\n\n11.2\n\n8.3\n\n6.3\n\n121\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n5.6\n\n3.9\n\n1.8\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1.1\n\n3.3\n\n15.7\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n71\n\n69\n\n68\n\n71\n\n74\n\n76\n\n80\n\n81\n\n80\n\n80\n\n78\n\n73\n\n75\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n111.4\n\n109.3\n\n145.7\n\n164.7\n\n175.3\n\n173.3\n\n188.4\n\n177.7\n\n129.5\n\n117.1\n\n112.9\n\n116.8\n\n1,722.1\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n35\n\n35\n\n39\n\n42\n\n41\n\n41\n\n44\n\n44\n\n35\n\n34\n\n36\n\n37\n\n39\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[3][4]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_China"},{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships_of_China"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-govf-6"}],"text":"Fang County administers 12 towns and 8 townships.[5][6]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_China"},{"link_name":"Yinjifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinjifu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhf-1"}],"sub_title":"Former divisions","text":"In March 2012, Langkou Township (Chinese: 榔口乡; pinyin: Lángkǒu Xiāng) was abolished, and merged into the town of Yinjifu.[1]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus"},{"link_name":"sulfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"gypsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Mineral deposits in the county include copper, iron, lead, zinc, phosphorus, sulfur, coal, and gypsum.[2]A number of large caves in Fang County also serve as tourist attractions.[2]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Highway 209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_209"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"National Highway 209 runs through the county.[2]","title":"Transport"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"房县历史沿革 [Fang County Historical Development]. xzqh.org (in Chinese). 2014-07-22. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2021-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/hb/15316.html","url_text":"房县历史沿革"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210204034049/http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/hb/15316.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"房县概况地图 [Fang County Overview]. xzqh.org (in Chinese). 2014-07-22. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2021-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/hb/15317.html","url_text":"房县概况地图"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200603201136/http://xzqh.org/html/show/hb/15317.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 11 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"2020年统计用区划代码（房县） [2020 Statistical Division Codes (Fang County)] (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2021-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2020/42/03/420325.html","url_text":"2020年统计用区划代码（房县）"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China","url_text":"National Bureau of Statistics of China"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210204025336/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2020/42/03/420325.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"房县行政区划 [Fang County Administrative Divisions]. 房县政府网 [Fang County Government Web] (in Simplified Chinese). 29 May 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018. 城关镇{...}军店镇{...}化龙堰镇{...}门古寺镇{...}大木厂镇{...}青峰镇{...}土城镇{...}窑淮镇{...}尹吉甫镇{...}红塔镇{...}白鹤镇{...}野人谷镇{...}沙河乡{...}万峪河乡{...}九道乡{...}上龛乡{...}中坝乡{...}姚坪乡{...}五台乡{...}黑獐沟{...}九口山{...}杨岔山{...}温泉{...}旱粮场{...}毛家山{...}潭家湾{...}西蒿{...}代东河{...}","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fangxian.gov.cn/zjfx_31714/xzqh_31717/201710/t20171012_1231303.shtml","url_text":"房县行政区划"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Boleat
Mark Boleat
["1 References","2 External links"]
Sir Mark John Boleat (born January 1949, in Jersey) is leader of the Jersey Alliance political party, and deputy chairman of the City of London Corporation's Policy and Resources Committee. He has previously been director general of the Building Societies Association, the Council of Mortgage Lenders and the Association of British Insurers. He is a Common Councilman for Cordwainer Ward and trustee of Centre for London. He was knighted in the 2017 Birthday Honours. Boleat was appointed Chairman of the LINK Scheme Ltd, the company that runs the UK ATM network in early 2017. Boleat joined the board of Arron Banks's Eldon Insurance Service Ltd on 12 June 2019. In the 2022 Jersey election, Boleat ran in the St Clement electoral district and was Jersey Alliance's candidate for the role of Chief Minister. Boleat polled last place out of 7 candidates in the district he stood in, receiving 721 votes, and was unelected. As a result of the election, the Jersey Alliance party lost 8 seats, with only a single seat representing the party in the States Assembly, until their sole member resigned from the Party several weeks later. References ^ a b "Sir Mark Boleat elected as Jersey Alliance Party leader". Jersey Evening Post. 12 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022. ^ Mark Boleat. City of London. Retrieved 28 October 2017. ^ "No. 61962". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 June 2017. p. B2. ^ "LINK / LINK announces Mark Boleat as new chairman". www.link.co.uk. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2020. ^ {Companies House} ^ Express, Bailiwick. "Arise Sir Mark: CM left out as Alliance elects leader". Bailiwick Express. Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ Express, Bailiwick. "Jersey Alliance leader enters "period of reflection" over election disaster". Bailiwick Express. Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ "Jersey Alliance yet to decide future as sole elected Member quits". Jersey Evening Post. 19 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022. External links Official website Political offices Preceded byStuart Fraser Chair of the Policy and Resources CommitteeCity of London Corporation May 2012 – 2017 Succeeded byCatherine McGuinness Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany This article about a person from Jersey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a British politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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