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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_Police	Bristol Constabulary	["1 Archives","2 References"]	Former police force in England Cap badge of the Bristol Constabulary Bristol Constabulary, also called Bristol City Police, was a police force responsible for policing the city of Bristol in south-west England from its foundation in 1835 until 1974, when it was amalgamated under the Local Government Act 1972 with Somerset and Bath Constabulary and parts of the Gloucestershire Constabulary to form the Avon and Somerset Constabulary. At the time of its formation, Bristol Constabulary had an establishment of 232 officers, and was led by Superintendent Joseph Bishop, who had been appointed from the Metropolitan Police. By 1866 the force had grown to 296 officers, and by 1945 to 814. At the time of its amalgamation into the Avon and Somerset Constabulary on 1 April 1974, the force had 1247 officers. Unlike most city forces, the force was officially a constabulary, the usual name given to county forces, since Bristol was a county as well as a city. Archives Records of the Bristol Constabulary and Avon and Somerset Constabulary are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. Pol) (online catalogue). References ^ "Police Records". Somerset County Council. Retrieved 16 October 2015. ^ "History of the Force". Avon and Somerset Constabulary. Retrieved 16 October 2015. ^ Hallett, Penny (1986). 150 years policing of Bristol. Bristol: Avon and Somerset Constabulary. p. 7. ^ a b Hallett, Penny (1986). 150 years policing of Bristol. Bristol: Avon and Somerset Constabulary. p. 9. This article related to government in the United Kingdom or its constituent countries is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bristol_Constabulary.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"Somerset and Bath Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_and_Bath_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Avon and Somerset Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Avon and Somerset Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constabulary"}],"text":"Cap badge of the Bristol ConstabularyBristol Constabulary, also called Bristol City Police, was a police force responsible for policing the city of Bristol in south-west England from its foundation in 1835 until 1974, when it was amalgamated under the Local Government Act 1972 with Somerset and Bath Constabulary and parts of the Gloucestershire Constabulary to form the Avon and Somerset Constabulary.[1][2]At the time of its formation, Bristol Constabulary had an establishment of 232 officers, and was led by Superintendent Joseph Bishop,[3] who had been appointed from the Metropolitan Police. By 1866 the force had grown to 296 officers, and by 1945 to 814.[4] At the time of its amalgamation into the Avon and Somerset Constabulary on 1 April 1974, the force had 1247 officers.[4]Unlike most city forces, the force was officially a constabulary, the usual name given to county forces, since Bristol was a county as well as a city.","title":"Bristol Constabulary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avon and Somerset Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Bristol Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Archives"},{"link_name":"online catalogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.bristol.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=Pol&pos=1"}],"text":"Records of the Bristol Constabulary and Avon and Somerset Constabulary are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. Pol) (online catalogue).","title":"Archives"}]	[{"image_text":"Cap badge of the Bristol Constabulary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bristol_Constabulary.jpg/220px-Bristol_Constabulary.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Police Records\". Somerset County Council. Retrieved 16 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/Police.htm","url_text":"\"Police Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Force\". Avon and Somerset Constabulary. Retrieved 16 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avonandsomerset.police.uk/about-us/organisational-structure-and-information/history-of-the-force/","url_text":"\"History of the Force\""}]},{"reference":"Hallett, Penny (1986). 150 years policing of Bristol. Bristol: Avon and Somerset Constabulary. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hallett, Penny (1986). 150 years policing of Bristol. Bristol: Avon and Somerset Constabulary. p. 9.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=Pol&pos=1","external_links_name":"online catalogue"},{"Link":"http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/Police.htm","external_links_name":"\"Police Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.avonandsomerset.police.uk/about-us/organisational-structure-and-information/history-of-the-force/","external_links_name":"\"History of the Force\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bristol_Constabulary&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spook_House_Mouse	Tom and Jerry Tales	["1 Voice cast","2 Episodes","3 Overseas animation studios","4 Home media","5 Video game","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]	American animated television series Tom and Jerry TalesTitle cardGenreComedySlapstickAdventureBased onTom and Jerryby William HannaJoseph BarberaDeveloped by Joseph Barbera Rob LaDuca Jeff Davison Voices of Don Brown Sam Vincent Michael Donovan Colin Murdock Reece Thompson Chantal Strand Nicole Oliver Janyse Jaud Scott McNeil Ellen Kennedy David Kaye Ashleigh Ball Theme music composerTom ErbaComposers Tom Erba (season 1) Gordon Goodwin (season 2) Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes26 (78 segments) (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Sander Schwartz (season 1) Joseph Barbera (season 1) Lisa Judson (season 2) Betsy McGowen (season 2) Dana Cluverius (season 2) Producers Tom Minton (season 1) Frank Molieri Editors Ken Solomon Rob DeSales Running time21–23 minutes (6–8 minutes per segment)Production companies Turner Entertainment Co. Warner Bros. Animation Original releaseNetworkKids' WBReleaseSeptember 23, 2006 (2006-09-23) –March 22, 2008 (2008-03-22)Related Tom & Jerry Kids (1990-93) The Tom and Jerry Show (2014-21) Tom and Jerry Tales is an American animated television series featuring the cat-and-mouse duo Tom and Jerry. Produced by Warner Bros. Animation and Turner Entertainment Co., it is the seventh installment in the Tom and Jerry franchise as well as the first Tom and Jerry production to emulate the original theatrical shorts created by Hanna-Barbera founders and former Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio staff William Hanna and Joseph Barbera for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer; it originally ran in the United States from September 23, 2006 to March 22, 2008, on Kids' WB. This is the first Tom and Jerry television series from Warner Bros. Animation after parent company Time Warner had bought Turner Broadcasting System, then-owners of the franchise, in 1996. Joseph Barbera served as executive producer for the series before his death on December 18, 2006, making this the final Tom and Jerry project with his involvement, and received story credit on some episodes of the first season. The series consists of 26 episodes across two seasons, each consisting of three 7-minute segments with a shared theme and approximately the same length as the original theatrical shorts. Some shorts – like The Karate Guard – were produced and completed in 2005 (explaining the 2005 copyright stamp in the end credits of the first season despite airing during the 2006–2007 season) as part of a 30-plus theatrical cartoon schedule canceled nearly two years after the financial failure of Looney Tunes: Back in Action. Voice cast Main article: List of Tom and Jerry characters Don Brown as Tom and Droopy (season 1) William Hanna as Tom's additional screams (only in archival audio recordings used in several season 1 episodes, albeit uncredited) Sam Vincent as Jerry, Sniffles and Kid Reece Thompson (season 1) and Chantal Strand (onwards) as Tuffy Michael Donovan as Spike, Droopy (season 2) and Topsy Colin Murdock as Butch and Meathead Nicole Oliver as Mrs. Two-Shoes and Baby Booties Trevor Devall as Radio Announcer Carlos Alazraqui as Casper Lombardo Ben Diskin as Ghost 2 Saffron Henderson as Playtpus Mother Ted Cole as Monkey Richard Newman as Narrator Kelly Sheridan as Miss Shapely Maryke Hendrikse as Princess Alien Mouse Ellie Harvie as Rhino Mother Maxine Miller as Green Witch Ellen Kennedy as Purple Witch and Geraldine Mouse Jake D. Smith as Baby Mouse Cathy Weseluck as Thomasina Nicole Bouma as Little Girl Tabitha St. Germain as White Hero Ian James Corlett as Bunny Scott McNeil as Rocket Shop Owner David Kaye as Mauricio Garry Chalk as Head Lifeguard Maurice LaMarche as Frankenstein Peter Kelamis as TV Announcer Janyse Jaud as Kitty Michael Dobson as Male Kangaroo John Payne as Buster Andrea Libman as Toodles Galore Brian Drummond as Joe Bear, Additional voices Louis Chirillo as Lion, Additional voices Lisa Ann Beley as Lionesses Paul Dobson as Drummer Rat Matt Hill as Surf Competition Announcer Chuck Huber as Bellhop Peter New as Tony the Greasy Pizza Guy Ashleigh Ball as Kangaroo Mother Episodes Main article: List of Tom and Jerry Tales episodes SeasonSegmentsEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired13913September 23, 2006 (2006-09-23)May 5, 2007 (2007-05-05)23913September 22, 2007 (2007-09-22)March 22, 2008 (2008-03-22) Overseas animation studios Yearim Productions (Seoul, South Korea) Lotto Animation (Seoul, South Korea) (season 1) Rough Draft Korea (Seoul, South Korea) (season 2) Toon City (Manila, Philippines) Home media Tom and Jerry Tales home video releases Season Episodes Years active Release dates United States 1 26 2006–07 Tom and Jerry Tales: Volume One was released on October 3, 2006. The episodes include: Ho Ho Horrors / Doggone Hill Hog / Northern Light Fish Fight / Way-Off Broadway / Egg Beats / Cry Uncle / Joy Riding Jokers / Cat Got Your Luggage? / City Dump Chumps / Tiger Cat / Feeding Time / Polar Peril. Tom and Jerry Tales: Volume Two was released on May 15, 2007. The episodes include: Octo Suave / Beach Bully Bingo / Treasure Map Scrap / Fire Breathing Tom Cat / Medieval Menace / The Itch / Digital Dilemma / Hi, Robot / Tomcat Jetpack / Piranha Be Loved By You / Spook House Mouse / Abracadumb. Tom and Jerry Tales: Volume Three was released on December 4, 2007. The episodes include: Bats What I Like About the South / Fraidy Cat Scat / Tomb it May Concern / Cat Nebula / Martian Mice / Spaced Out Cat / Din-O-Sores / Freaky Tiki / Prehisterics / Destruction Junction / Battle of the Power Tools / Jackhammered Cat / Tin Cat of Tomorrow / Beefcake Tom / Tomcat Superstar. Tom and Jerry Tales: Volume Four was released on March 11, 2008. The episodes include: Zent Out of Shape / I Dream of Meanie / Which Witch / More Powers to You / Catch Me Though You Can't / Power Tom / Don't Bring Your Pet to School Day / Cat Show Catastrophe / The Cat Whisperer with Casper Lombardo / Adventures in Penguin Sitting / Cat of Prey / Jungle Love. Tom and Jerry Tales: Volume Five was released on August 12, 2008. The episodes include: Invasion of the Body Slammers / Monster Con / Over the River and Boo the Woods / Xtreme Trouble / A Life Less Guarded / Sasquashed / Summer Squashing / League of Cats / Little Big Mouse / Bend it Like Thomas / Endless Bummer / Game Set Match. Tom and Jerry Tales: Volume Six was released on February 3, 2009. The episodes include: The Declaration of Independunce / Kitty Hawked / 24 Karat Kat / Hockey Schtick / Snow Brawl / Snow Mouse / DJ Jerry / Kitty Cat Blues / Flamenco Fiasco / You're Lion / Kangadoofus / Monkey Chow / Game of Mouse & Cat / Babysitting Blues / Catfish Follies. Tom and Jerry Tales: Volumes 1–3 was released on September 15, 2009. This collection includes the first three volumes. Tom and Jerry Tales: The Complete First Season, a two-disc set with the first thirteen episodes, was released on April 13, 2010. It was re-released on July 24, 2012 as part of Cartoon Network's 20th Anniversary. Tom and Jerry: The Deluxe Anniversary Collection, a two-disc set (Game of Mouse & Cat only on disc 2), was released on June 22, 2010. Tom and Jerry Fun Pack, a three-disc set (Tom and Jerry Tales: Volume One on disc 3), was released on June 28, 2011. Tom and Jerry: Fur Flying Adventures: Volume 2 was released on July 5, 2011. Four episodes include: Monster Con / The Declaration of Independunce / Kitty Hawked / Which Witch! It was re-released on October 7, 2014 as Tom and Jerry and Friends: Volume 2. Tom and Jerry: Fur Flying Adventures: Volume 3 was released on October 4, 2011. Eight episodes include: Beach Bully Bingo / A Life Less Guarded / Northern Light Fish Fight / Doggone Hill Dog / Sasquashed / Snow Mouse / Spook House Mouse / Don't Bring Your Pet to School. Tom and Jerry: In a Dog House was released on March 6, 2012. Nine episodes include: 24 Karat Kat / Destruction Junction / Beefcake Tom / Bend It Like Thomas / Game Set Match / Feeding Time / DJ Jerry / Beach Bully Bingo / A Life Less Guarded. Tom and Jerry: Summer Holidays was released on March 6, 2012. Two episodes include: Beach Bully Bingo / A Life Less Guarded. All six volumes were later released in 2-packs. Video game On October 31, 2006, a video game based on the series was released for the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance. Developed by Sensory Sweep Studios, it was published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and also published by Eidos Interactive (Only in Europe and Australia). Playing as Jerry, the main objective of the game is to help Jerry get Tom into trouble. Many minor characters from the show make cameo appearances in the game, such as the female robotic mouse from the episode "Hi, Robot". See also The Tom and Jerry Show (1975) The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show Tom & Jerry Kids – a spinoff The Tom and Jerry Show (2014) – a reboot by Renegade Animation Tom and Jerry Special Shorts Tom and Jerry in New York – another reboot by Renegade Animation Notes ^ Released in the UK as Volume Four. ^ Released in the UK as Volume One. ^ Released in the UK as Volume Two. ^ Released in the UK as Volume Three. References ^ a b c Baisley, Sarah. "Kids' WB! on The CW 2006-2007 Saturday AM Schedule Launches Sept. 23". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ Simon, Ben (July 15, 2007). "Tom & Jerry Tales: Volume 1". Animated Views. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ a b Simon, Ben (July 15, 2007). "Tom & Jerry Tales: Volume 2". Animated Views. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ DeMott, Rick (December 4, 2007). "Tom & Jerry Tales 3 Crashes Onto DVD". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ a b Felix, Justin (May 19, 2008). "Tom and Jerry Tales: Volume Four". DVD Talk. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ Moody, Annemarie (August 11, 2008). "DVD Releases For August 12, 2008". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ a b Moody, Annemarie (February 2, 2009). "Madagascar 2, Oliver & Co., Space Buddies & Fear(s) of the Dark Hit DVD/Blu-ray". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ McCutcheon, David (January 8, 2010). "Tales of Tom and Jerry - The Complete First Season". IGN. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ a b Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Inc. (October 31, 2006). "Tom and Jerry Tales Videogame Hits Stores Today, October 31" (Press release). Business Wire. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. ^ a b "Tom and Jerry Tales". IGN. Retrieved 2022-11-28. External links Official website Tom and Jerry Tales at IMDb vteTom and JerryCharacters Tom Cat Jerry Mouse Nibbles Spike and Tyke Mammy Two Shoes Theatrical releases Theatrical shorts (1940–58, 1961–67, 2005) Spike and Tyke (1957) Tom and Jerry: The Movie (1992) Tom and Jerry (2021) Cameos Anchors Aweigh (1945) Dangerous When Wet (1953) DVD releases Spotlight Collection The Classic Collection Golden Collection The Chuck Jones Collection The Gene Deitch Collection The Deluxe Anniversary Collection Television series The Tom and Jerry Show (1975) The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (1980) Tom & Jerry Kids (1990–93) episodes Tom and Jerry Tales (2006–08) episodes The Tom and Jerry Show (2014–21) episodes Tom and Jerry Special Shorts (2021) Tom and Jerry in New York (2021) Television specials Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration (1989) The Mansion Cat (2001) Santa's Little Helpers (2014) Direct-to-video films The Magic Ring (2002) Blast Off to Mars (2005) The Fast and the Furry (2005) Shiver Me Whiskers (2006) A Nutcracker Tale (2007) Meet Sherlock Holmes (2010) The Wizard of Oz (2011) Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse (2012) Giant Adventure (2013) The Lost Dragon (2014) Spy Quest (2015) Back to Oz (2016) Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (2017) Cowboy Up! (2022) Snowman's Land (2022) Video games Tom & Jerry (1989) The Movie (1992) Fists of Furry (2000) House Trap (2000) War of the Whiskers (2002) Infurnal Escape (2003) Other Tom and Jerry & Tex Avery Too! Feature films The Alley Cat MultiVersus Category vteKids' WBGeneralprogrammingtopics Program list Saturday-morning cartoon (preview specials) Weekday cartoon Modern animation in the United States Pillow Head Hour Toonami Succeeding blocks The CW4Kids / Toonzai (programs) Vortexx International versions Australia Asian cartoons and animedubbed in English Astro Boy (2004) Cardcaptors (2000–2001) Cubix: Robots for Everyone (2001–2003) Dragon Ball Z (2001) Eon Kid (2007–2008) MegaMan NT Warrior (2003–2005) Pokémon (1999–2006) Sailor Moon (2001) Transformers: Cybertron (2005) Viewtiful Joe (2005–2006) Yu-Gi-Oh! (2001–2006) Decode Entertainment/DiC Entertainment/Cookie Jar Group/Wildbrain Brats of the Lost Nebula (1998) Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1997–1998) Johnny Test (2006–2008, seasons 2–3) Magi-Nation (2007–2008) Spider Riders (2006–2007) Will and Dewitt (2007–2008) World of Quest (2008) Marvel/Disney–ABCDomestic Television X-Men: Evolution (2000–2003) The Spectacular Spider-Man (2008) Adelaide Productions/Sony Pictures Television Channel Umptee-3 (1997–1998) Generation O! (2000–2001) Jackie Chan Adventures (2000–2005) Max Steel (2000–2001) Men in Black: The Series (1997–2001) Phantom Investigators (2002) Astro Boy (2004) The Spectacular Spider-Man (2008) Universal Animation Studios/DreamWorks Animation/NBCU TV Distribution Earthworm Jim (1995–1996) Invasion America (1998) The Mummy (2001–2003) Nelvana Rescue Heroes (2001–2003) Waynehead (1996–1997) Warner Bros. Animation/Warner Bros. Television Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island (2005–2006) Detention (1999–2001) Histeria! (1998–2001) Johnny Test (2005–2007, Seasons 1–2) ¡Mucha Lucha! (2002–2005) The Nightmare Room (2001–2002) Ozzy & Drix (2002–2004) Road Rovers (1996–1997) Waynehead (1996–1997) Xiaolin Showdown (2003–2006) Based onDC Comics Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995) Batman Beyond (1999–2001) The New Batman Adventures (1997–1999) The New Batman/Superman Adventures (1997–2000) Static Shock (2000–2004) Superman: The Animated Series (1996–2000) The Zeta Project (2001–2002) Teen Titans (2003–2005; 2007–2008) The Batman (2004–2008) Krypto the Superdog (2006–2007) Legion of Super Heroes (2006–2008) Hanna-Barbera The New Adventures of Captain Planet (1997–1998) The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show (2002–2003) The New Scooby-Doo Movies (2002) Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! (2006–2008) Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (2002–2003) The Scooby-Doo Show (2002–2003) Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (2002–2004) Tom and Jerry Tales (2006–2008) What's New, Scooby-Doo? (2002–2005) LooneyTunes Animaniacs (1995–1998) Freakazoid! (1995–1997) Pinky and the Brain (1995–2000) Tiny Toon Adventures (1997–2000) Bugs 'n' Daffy (1996–1999) Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain (1998–1999) The Cat&Birdy Warneroonie PinkyBrainy Big Cartoonie Show (1999–2000) The Daffy Duck Show (1996–1997) Loonatics Unleashed (2005–2007) The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries (1995–2001) That's Warner Bros.! (1995–1996) CartoonNetworkStudios Codename: Kids Next Door (2004) Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends (2005) The Powerpuff Girls (2002) Samurai Jack (2001) Misc. programs Da Boom Crew (2004) The Legend of Calamity Jane (1997) Monster Allergy (2006–2007) Skunk Fu! (2007–2008) Specials Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (2002) Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys (2005) Pokémon: The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon (2006) Wakko's Wish (2000) vteWarner Bros. AnimationFranchisesLooney Tunes andMerrie MelodiesFilms Shorts characters The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981) Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982) Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983) Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988) Space Jam (1996) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2024) Coyote vs. Acme (unreleased) TV series The Bugs Bunny Show The Porky Pig Show Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends Tiny Toon Adventures characters Taz-Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Bugs 'n' Daffy Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Baby Looney Tunes Duck Dodgers characters Loonatics Unleashed characters The Looney Tunes Show episodes New Looney Tunes Looney Tunes Cartoons Bugs Bunny Builders Tiny Toons Looniversity DC Comics Batman: The Animated Series Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Superman: The Animated Series The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Teen Titans Justice League Unlimited The Batman Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes Batman: The Brave and the Bold Mad Young Justice Green Lantern: The Animated Series DC Nation Shorts Teen Titans Go! Beware the Batman Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles Vixen Justice League Action Freedom Fighters: The Ray Constantine: City of Demons DC Super Hero Girls TV series Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Harley Quinn Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons Aquaman: King of Atlantis DC League of Super-Pets (2022) Batwheels Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Creature Commandos My Adventures with Superman Animaniacs Animaniacs (1993 series) characters episodes Freakazoid! Pinky and the Brain episodes Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Animaniacs (2020 series) Scooby-Doo (media) What's New, Scooby-Doo? Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! "Scoobynatural" (Supernatural episode) Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? Scoob! (2020) Velma Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry Tales The Tom and Jerry Show Tom and Jerry Special Shorts Tom & Jerry (2021) Tom and Jerry in New York Osmosis Jones Osmosis Jones (2001) Ozzy & Drix The Lego Movie The Lego Movie (2014) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Unikitty! The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) Hanna-Barbera Wacky Races Jellystone! Yabba Dabba Dinosaurs ThunderCats ThunderCats (2011 TV series) ThunderCats Roar Films and specialsTheatrical films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Space Jam (1996) Cats Don't Dance (1997) Quest for Camelot (1998) The Iron Giant (1999) Osmosis Jones (2001) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) The Lego Movie (2014) Storks (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Smallfoot (2018) The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) Scoob! (2020) Tom & Jerry (2021) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2024) The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim (2024) Coyote vs. Acme (unreleased) Scoob! Holiday Haunt (unreleased) Television specials A Miser Brothers' Christmas (2008) Scooby-Doo! Spooky Games (2012) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special (2012) Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays (2012) Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Scarecrow (2013) Scooby-Doo! Mecha Mutt Menace (2013) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise (2014) Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals (2014) Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers (2014) Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered (2014) Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas (2014) Scooby-Doo! and the Beach Beastie (2015) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship (2015) Lego Scooby-Doo! Knight Time Terror (2015) DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High (2016) Direct-to-video1990s Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation (1992) Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998) Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island (1998) Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost (1999) Wakko's Wish (1999) 2000s Tweety's High-Flying Adventure (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders (2000) Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase (2001) Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002) Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (2003) Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster (2004) Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.! (2004) ¡Mucha Lucha!: The Return of El Maléfico (2005) Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005) Aloha, Scooby-Doo! (2005) Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005) The Batman vs. Dracula (2005) Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? (2005) Scooby-Doo! Pirates Ahoy! (2006) Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006) Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006) Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006) Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006) Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007) Superman: Doomsday (2007) Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007) Justice League: The New Frontier (2008) Batman: Gotham Knight (2008) Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King (2008) Wonder Woman (2009) Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword (2009) Green Lantern: First Flight (2009) Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009) 2010s2010 Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Batman: Under the Red Hood Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare Superman/Batman: Apocalypse 2011 All-Star Superman Green Lantern: Emerald Knights Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Scooby-Doo! Legend of the Phantosaur Batman: Year One 2012 Justice League: Doom Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire Superman vs. The Elite Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (2012/2013) Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Big Top Scooby-Doo! 2013 Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon Superman: Unbound Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright 2014 JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Justice League: War Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery Son of Batman Batman: Assault on Arkham Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon 2015 Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! Batman vs. Robin Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery Justice League: Gods and Monsters Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom 2016 Batman: Bad Blood Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash Justice League vs. Teen Titans Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout Batman: The Killing Joke Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders 2017 Justice League Dark Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! Teen Titans: The Judas Contract DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Lego Scooby-Doo! Blowout Beach Bash Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face 2018 Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Batman: Gotham by Gaslight Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay Batman Ninja Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis The Death of Superman Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis 2019 Reign of the Supermen Scooby-Doo! and the Curse of the 13th Ghost Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman: Hush Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans Lego DC Batman: Family Matters Scooby-Doo! Return to Zombie Island Wonder Woman: Bloodlines 2020s2020 Superman: Red Son Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge Lego DC: Shazam!: Magic and Monsters Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie Superman: Man of Tomorrow Happy Halloween, Scooby-Doo! 2021 Batman: Soul of the Dragon Scooby-Doo! The Sword and the Scoob Justice Society: World War II Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam Batman: The Long Halloween Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms Straight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog Injustice 2022 Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! Catwoman: Hunted Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse King Tweety Green Lantern: Beware My Power Trick or Treat Scooby-Doo! Mortal Kombat Legends: Snow Blind Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land Green Lantern: Beware My Power 2023 Legion of Super-Heroes Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Taz: Quest for Burger Justice League: Warworld Babylon 5: The Road Home Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too! Mortal Kombat Legends: Cage Match 2024 Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths – Part One Short films The Duxorcist (1987) The Night of the Living Duck (1988) Box-Office Bunny (1990) Chariots of Fur (1994) Carrotblanca (1995) Another Froggy Evening (1995) Superior Duck (1996) Pullet Surprise (1997) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension (1997) From Hare to Eternity (1997) Father of the Bird (1997) Little Go Beep (2000) Chase Me (2003) The Karate Guard (2005) DC Showcase: The Spectre (2010) DC Showcase: Jonah Hex (2010) Coyote Falls (2010) Fur of Flying (2010) DC Showcase: Green Arrow (2010) Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam (2010) Rabid Rider (2010) DC Showcase: Catwoman (2011) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat (2011) Daffy's Rhapsody (2012) The Master (2016) The Late Batsby (2018) Other TV series1990s Road Rovers Waynehead Free Willy Histeria! Detention 2000s Baby Blues ¡Mucha Lucha! 3-South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island Johnny Test (characters) 2010s Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Green Eggs and Ham 2020s Little Ellen Gremlins: Secrets of the Mogwai See also List of Warner Bros. Animation productions Warner Bros. Pictures Animation Warner Bros. Feature Animation Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna-Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe Unproduced projects List of Warner Bros. theatrical animated feature films Category vteRough Draft StudiosFeature filmsTheatrical FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992) Beavis and Butt-Head Do America (1996) The Powerpuff Girls Movie (2002) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (2004) The Simpsons Movie (2007) The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (2015) Direct-to-DVD Stitch! The Movie (2003) Futurama: Bender's Big Score (2007) Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs (2008) Futurama: Bender's Game (2008) Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder (2009) Madea's Tough Love (2015) Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run (2015) Television The Flintstones: On the Rocks (2001) Globehunters: An Around the World in 80 Days Adventure (2002) The Electric Piper (2003) Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama (2005) Steven Universe: The Movie (2019) We Bare Bears: The Movie (2020) Big City Greens the Movie: Spacecation (2024) Short films A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith Duck Dodgers - Attack of the Drones Inside the CIA MADtv's Spy vs. Spy The Whizzard of Ow TV series 3-South Adventure Time American Dragon: Jake Long Amphibia The Angry Beavers Baby Blues Beavis and Butt-Head Ben 10: Omniverse Benjamin Blümchen Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer Big City Greens The Brothers Grunt Camp Lazlo CatDog Catscratch ChalkZone Chibiverse Class of 3000 Clone High Codename: Kids Next Door Cow and Chicken Craig of the Creek The Critic Danny Phantom Daria Dexter's Laboratory Dilbert Disenchantment Drawn Together Dragon Tales Eek! Stravaganza Evil Con Carne Family Guy Full English Futurama Gravity Falls The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Grim & Evil Hailey's On It! Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Harold and the Purple Crayon Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law I Am Weasel Jackie Chan Adventures Jessica's Big Little World Johnny Bravo Jumanji Kim Possible King of the Hill Korgoth of Barbaria The Life and Times of Juniper Lee The Looney Tunes Show The Maxx My Life as a Teenage Robot The Nanny Napoleon Dynamite New Looney Tunes The Oblongs The Owl House Phineas and Ferb Pinky and the Brain The Patrick Star Show The Powerpuff Girls The Ren & Stimpy Show The Replacements Rocko's Modern Life Sammy Samurai Jack Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Sheep in the Big City The Simpsons Sit Down, Shut Up SpongeBob SquarePants Squirrel Boy Summer Camp Island Star vs. the Forces of Evil Star Wars: Clone Wars Steven Universe Steven Universe Future Sym-Bionic Titan Tarantula Tig N' Seek Timon & Pumbaa Tom and Jerry Tales The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat Uncle Grandpa We Baby Bears We Bare Bears Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones? The X's People Gregg Vanzo Claudia Katz Peter Avanzino Dwayne Carey-Hill Rich Moore	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animated television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_series"},{"link_name":"cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat"},{"link_name":"mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse"},{"link_name":"Tom and Jerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation"},{"link_name":"Turner Entertainment Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"original theatrical shorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry_filmography"},{"link_name":"Hanna-Barbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Barbera"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_cartoon_studio"},{"link_name":"William Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hanna"},{"link_name":"Joseph Barbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barbera"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWNTheCW2006-2007-1"},{"link_name":"Kids' WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids%27_WB"},{"link_name":"Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarnerMedia"},{"link_name":"Turner Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"The Karate Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Karate_Guard"},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes: Back in Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes:_Back_in_Action"}],"text":"Tom and Jerry Tales is an American animated television series featuring the cat-and-mouse duo Tom and Jerry. Produced by Warner Bros. Animation and Turner Entertainment Co., it is the seventh installment in the Tom and Jerry franchise as well as the first Tom and Jerry production to emulate the original theatrical shorts created by Hanna-Barbera founders and former Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio staff William Hanna and Joseph Barbera for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer; it originally ran in the United States from September 23, 2006[1] to March 22, 2008, on Kids' WB. This is the first Tom and Jerry television series from Warner Bros. Animation after parent company Time Warner had bought Turner Broadcasting System, then-owners of the franchise, in 1996.Joseph Barbera served as executive producer for the series before his death on December 18, 2006, making this the final Tom and Jerry project with his involvement, and received story credit on some episodes of the first season. The series consists of 26 episodes across two seasons, each consisting of three 7-minute segments with a shared theme and approximately the same length as the original theatrical shorts. Some shorts – like The Karate Guard – were produced and completed in 2005 (explaining the 2005 copyright stamp in the end credits of the first season despite airing during the 2006–2007 season) as part of a 30-plus theatrical cartoon schedule canceled nearly two years after the financial failure of Looney Tunes: Back in Action.","title":"Tom and Jerry Tales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Brown_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cat"},{"link_name":"Droopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droopy"},{"link_name":"William Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hanna"},{"link_name":"Sam Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Vincent_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Jerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Reece Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Chantal Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Strand"},{"link_name":"Tuffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibbles_(Tom_and_Jerry)"},{"link_name":"Michael Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Donovan"},{"link_name":"Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_and_Tyke_(characters)"},{"link_name":"Droopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droopy"},{"link_name":"Topsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsy_(Tom_and_Jerry)"},{"link_name":"Butch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_(Tom_and_Jerry)"},{"link_name":"Meathead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meathead_(Tom_and_Jerry)"},{"link_name":"Nicole Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Two-Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tom_and_Jerry_characters#Tom_and_Jerry_Tales_(2006_series)"},{"link_name":"Trevor Devall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Devall"},{"link_name":"Carlos Alazraqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Alazraqui"},{"link_name":"Ben Diskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Diskin"},{"link_name":"Saffron Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Ted Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cole"},{"link_name":"Richard Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Newman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Maryke Hendrikse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryke_Hendrikse"},{"link_name":"Ellie Harvie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Harvie"},{"link_name":"Cathy Weseluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Weseluck"},{"link_name":"Nicole Bouma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Bouma"},{"link_name":"Tabitha St. Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabitha_St._Germain"},{"link_name":"Ian James Corlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_James_Corlett"},{"link_name":"Scott McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McNeil"},{"link_name":"David Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kaye_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Garry Chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Chalk"},{"link_name":"Maurice LaMarche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_LaMarche"},{"link_name":"Peter Kelamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kelamis"},{"link_name":"Janyse Jaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janyse_Jaud"},{"link_name":"Michael Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dobson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Andrea Libman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Libman"},{"link_name":"Toodles Galore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tom_and_Jerry_characters"},{"link_name":"Brian Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Louis Chirillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Chirillo"},{"link_name":"Lisa Ann Beley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann_Beley"},{"link_name":"Paul Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dobson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Matt Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hill"},{"link_name":"Chuck Huber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Huber"},{"link_name":"Peter New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_New"},{"link_name":"Ashleigh Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashleigh_Ball"}],"text":"Don Brown as Tom and Droopy (season 1)\nWilliam Hanna as Tom's additional screams (only in archival audio recordings used in several season 1 episodes, albeit uncredited)\nSam Vincent as Jerry, Sniffles and Kid\nReece Thompson (season 1) and Chantal Strand (onwards) as Tuffy\nMichael Donovan as Spike, Droopy (season 2) and Topsy\nColin Murdock as Butch and Meathead\nNicole Oliver as Mrs. Two-Shoes and Baby Booties\nTrevor Devall as Radio Announcer\nCarlos Alazraqui as Casper Lombardo\nBen Diskin as Ghost 2\nSaffron Henderson as Playtpus Mother\nTed Cole as Monkey\nRichard Newman as Narrator\nKelly Sheridan as Miss Shapely\nMaryke Hendrikse as Princess Alien Mouse\nEllie Harvie as Rhino Mother\nMaxine Miller as Green Witch\nEllen Kennedy as Purple Witch and Geraldine Mouse\nJake D. Smith as Baby Mouse\nCathy Weseluck as Thomasina\nNicole Bouma as Little Girl\nTabitha St. Germain as White Hero\nIan James Corlett as Bunny\nScott McNeil as Rocket Shop Owner\nDavid Kaye as Mauricio\nGarry Chalk as Head Lifeguard\nMaurice LaMarche as Frankenstein\nPeter Kelamis as TV Announcer\nJanyse Jaud as Kitty\nMichael Dobson as Male Kangaroo\nJohn Payne as Buster\nAndrea Libman as Toodles Galore\nBrian Drummond as Joe Bear, Additional voices\nLouis Chirillo as Lion, Additional voices\nLisa Ann Beley as Lionesses\nPaul Dobson as Drummer Rat\nMatt Hill as Surf Competition Announcer\nChuck Huber as Bellhop\nPeter New as Tony the Greasy Pizza Guy\nAshleigh Ball as Kangaroo Mother","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2006%E2%80%9307)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2007%E2%80%9308)"}],"text":"SeasonSegmentsEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired13913September 23, 2006 (2006-09-23)May 5, 2007 (2007-05-05)23913September 22, 2007 (2007-09-22)March 22, 2008 (2008-03-22)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yearim Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearim"},{"link_name":"Rough Draft Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Draft_Studios"},{"link_name":"Toon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon_City"}],"text":"Yearim Productions (Seoul, South Korea)\nLotto Animation (Seoul, South Korea) (season 1)\nRough Draft Korea (Seoul, South Korea) (season 2)\nToon City (Manila, Philippines)","title":"Overseas animation studios"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All six volumes were later released in 2-packs.","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWGameHits-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tom_and_Jerry_Tales-14"},{"link_name":"Sensory Sweep Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_Sweep_Studios"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Eidos Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos_Interactive"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWGameHits-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tom_and_Jerry_Tales-14"},{"link_name":"cameo appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"}],"text":"On October 31, 2006, a video game based on the series was released for the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance.[9][10] Developed by Sensory Sweep Studios, it was published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and also published by Eidos Interactive (Only in Europe and Australia).[9][10] Playing as Jerry, the main objective of the game is to help Jerry get Tom into trouble. Many minor characters from the show make cameo appearances in the game, such as the female robotic mouse from the episode \"Hi, Robot\".","title":"Video game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ Released in the UK as Volume Four.\n\n^ Released in the UK as Volume One.\n\n^ Released in the UK as Volume Two.\n\n^ Released in the UK as Volume Three.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"The Tom and Jerry Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tom_and_Jerry_Show_(1975_TV_series)"},{"title":"The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tom_and_Jerry_Comedy_Show"},{"title":"Tom & Jerry Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_%26_Jerry_Kids"},{"title":"The Tom and Jerry Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tom_and_Jerry_Show_(2014_TV_series)"},{"title":"Renegade Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renegade_Animation"},{"title":"Tom and Jerry Special Shorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry_Special_Shorts"},{"title":"Tom and Jerry in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry_in_New_York"}]	[{"reference":"Baisley, Sarah. \"Kids' WB! on The CW 2006-2007 Saturday AM Schedule Launches Sept. 23\". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/kids-wb-cw-2006-2007-saturday-am-schedule-launches-sept-23","url_text":"\"Kids' WB! on The CW 2006-2007 Saturday AM Schedule Launches Sept. 23\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140705124339/http://www.awn.com/news/kids-wb-cw-2006-2007-saturday-am-schedule-launches-sept-23","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Ben (July 15, 2007). \"Tom & Jerry Tales: Volume 1\". Animated Views. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://animatedviews.com/2007/tom-and-jerry-tales-one/","url_text":"\"Tom & Jerry Tales: Volume 1\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140704151820/http://animatedviews.com/2007/tom-and-jerry-tales-one/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Ben (July 15, 2007). \"Tom & Jerry Tales: Volume 2\". Animated Views. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://animatedviews.com/2007/tom-and-jerry-tales-two/","url_text":"\"Tom & Jerry Tales: Volume 2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140704165247/http://animatedviews.com/2007/tom-and-jerry-tales-two/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DeMott, Rick (December 4, 2007). \"Tom & Jerry Tales 3 Crashes Onto DVD\". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/tom-jerry-tales-3-crashes-dvd","url_text":"\"Tom & Jerry Tales 3 Crashes Onto DVD\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715084337/http://www.awn.com/news/tom-jerry-tales-3-crashes-dvd","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Felix, Justin (May 19, 2008). \"Tom and Jerry Tales: Volume Four\". DVD Talk. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/33289/tom-and-jerry-tales-volume-four/","url_text":"\"Tom and Jerry Tales: Volume Four\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140717044045/http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/33289/tom-and-jerry-tales-volume-four/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moody, Annemarie (August 11, 2008). \"DVD Releases For August 12, 2008\". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/dvd-releases-august-12-2008","url_text":"\"DVD Releases For August 12, 2008\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715084208/http://www.awn.com/news/dvd-releases-august-12-2008","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moody, Annemarie (February 2, 2009). \"Madagascar 2, Oliver & Co., Space Buddies & Fear(s) of the Dark Hit DVD/Blu-ray\". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/madagascar-2-oliver-co-space-buddies-fears-dark-hit-dvdblu-ray","url_text":"\"Madagascar 2, Oliver & Co., Space Buddies & Fear(s) of the Dark Hit DVD/Blu-ray\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165310/http://www.awn.com/news/madagascar-2-oliver-co-space-buddies-fears-dark-hit-dvdblu-ray","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCutcheon, David (January 8, 2010). \"Tales of Tom and Jerry - The Complete First Season\". IGN. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/01/08/tales-of-tom-and-jerry","url_text":"\"Tales of Tom and Jerry - The Complete First Season\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123413/http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/01/08/tales-of-tom-and-jerry","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Inc. (October 31, 2006). \"Tom and Jerry Tales Videogame Hits Stores Today, October 31\" (Press release). Business Wire. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20061031005968/en/Tom-Jerry-Tales-Videogame-Hits-Stores-Today","url_text":"\"Tom and Jerry Tales Videogame Hits Stores Today, October 31\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141233/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20061031005968/en/Tom-Jerry-Tales-Videogame-Hits-Stores-Today","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom and Jerry Tales\". IGN. Retrieved 2022-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/games/tom-and-jerry-tales","url_text":"\"Tom and Jerry Tales\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.awn.com/news/kids-wb-cw-2006-2007-saturday-am-schedule-launches-sept-23","external_links_name":"\"Kids' WB! on The CW 2006-2007 Saturday AM Schedule Launches Sept. 23\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140705124339/http://www.awn.com/news/kids-wb-cw-2006-2007-saturday-am-schedule-launches-sept-23","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://animatedviews.com/2007/tom-and-jerry-tales-one/","external_links_name":"\"Tom & Jerry Tales: Volume 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140704151820/http://animatedviews.com/2007/tom-and-jerry-tales-one/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://animatedviews.com/2007/tom-and-jerry-tales-two/","external_links_name":"\"Tom & Jerry Tales: Volume 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140704165247/http://animatedviews.com/2007/tom-and-jerry-tales-two/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.awn.com/news/tom-jerry-tales-3-crashes-dvd","external_links_name":"\"Tom & Jerry Tales 3 Crashes Onto DVD\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715084337/http://www.awn.com/news/tom-jerry-tales-3-crashes-dvd","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/33289/tom-and-jerry-tales-volume-four/","external_links_name":"\"Tom and Jerry Tales: Volume Four\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140717044045/http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/33289/tom-and-jerry-tales-volume-four/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.awn.com/news/dvd-releases-august-12-2008","external_links_name":"\"DVD Releases For August 12, 2008\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715084208/http://www.awn.com/news/dvd-releases-august-12-2008","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.awn.com/news/madagascar-2-oliver-co-space-buddies-fears-dark-hit-dvdblu-ray","external_links_name":"\"Madagascar 2, Oliver & Co., Space Buddies & Fear(s) of the Dark Hit DVD/Blu-ray\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165310/http://www.awn.com/news/madagascar-2-oliver-co-space-buddies-fears-dark-hit-dvdblu-ray","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/01/08/tales-of-tom-and-jerry","external_links_name":"\"Tales of Tom and Jerry - The Complete First Season\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123413/http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/01/08/tales-of-tom-and-jerry","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20061031005968/en/Tom-Jerry-Tales-Videogame-Hits-Stores-Today","external_links_name":"\"Tom and Jerry Tales Videogame Hits Stores Today, October 31\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141233/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20061031005968/en/Tom-Jerry-Tales-Videogame-Hits-Stores-Today","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/games/tom-and-jerry-tales","external_links_name":"\"Tom and Jerry Tales\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://kidswb.warnerbros.com/kids/shows-TomAndJerry","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0780438/","external_links_name":"Tom and Jerry Tales"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva-Maria_Graefe	Eva-Maria Graefe	["1 Education and career","2 Recognition","3 References","4 External links"]	German mathematical physicist Eva-Maria Graefe is a German mathematical physicist who works as a reader in mathematical physics at Imperial College London and as a University Research Fellow of the Royal Society. Her research involves ultracold atoms and non-Hermitian quantum mechanics, an area she describes informally as the study of "holes in quantum systems" by which dissipation degrades their quantum behavior. Education and career Graefe studied physics at the University of Kaiserslautern, completing her doctorate there in 2009. Her dissertation, Quantum-classical correspondence for a Bose-Hubbard dimer and its non-Hermitian generalisation, was supervised by Hans-Jürgen Korsch. She did postdoctoral research in quantum chaos at the University of Bristol before joining Imperial College. There, she was supported as a L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Fellow prior to her position as a Royal Society University Research Fellow. Recognition Graefe is the 2019 winner of the Anne Bennett Prize of the London Mathematical Society, "in recognition of her outstanding research in quantum theory and the inspirational role she has played among female students and early career researchers in mathematics and physics". The award cited her work with Hans-Jürgen Korsch on mean-field approximation of parity-time symmetric Bose–Einstein condensates, her work with G. Demange on the exceptional points of non-Hermitian operators, and her work with R. Schubert on semiclassical limits of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics. References ^ a b Dr Eva-Maria Graefe, Imperial College London, retrieved 2019-07-22 ^ a b 2014 UK & Ireland For Women in Science Fellows Announced, L'Oreal, retrieved 2019-07-22 ^ a b Dr Eva-Marie Graefe juggles science and motherhood – with help from L'Oreal and UNESCO, Laboratory News, 12 December 2014, archived from the original on 2017-06-12 ^ a b "Eva-Maria Graefe", Author profile, American Physical Society, retrieved 2019-07-22 ^ Quantum-classical correspondence for a Bose-Hubbard dimer and its non-Hermitian generalisation (PDF), University of Kaiserslautern, retrieved 2019-07-22 ^ Anne Bennett Prize 2019: Citation for Dr Eva-Maria Graefe (PDF), London Mathematical Society, retrieved 2019-07-22 External links Eva-Maria Graefe, Royal Society University Research Fellow (interview), Maths Careers Dr Eva-Maria Graefe – Watson Forum Interview Eva-Maria Graefe publications indexed by Google Scholar Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Academics Google Scholar ORCID ResearcherID	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"ultracold atoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultracold_atom"},{"link_name":"non-Hermitian quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hermitian_quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loreal-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-labnews-3"}],"text":"Eva-Maria Graefe is a German mathematical physicist who works as a reader in mathematical physics at Imperial College London and as a University Research Fellow of the Royal Society. Her research involves ultracold atoms and non-Hermitian quantum mechanics,[1] an area she describes informally as the study of \"holes in quantum systems\" by which dissipation degrades their quantum behavior.[2][3]","title":"Eva-Maria Graefe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kaiserslautern"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aps-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diss-5"},{"link_name":"quantum chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chaos"},{"link_name":"University of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aps-4"},{"link_name":"L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al-UNESCO_For_Women_in_Science_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loreal-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-labnews-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"}],"text":"Graefe studied physics at the University of Kaiserslautern, completing her doctorate there in 2009.[4] Her dissertation, Quantum-classical correspondence for a Bose-Hubbard dimer and its non-Hermitian generalisation, was supervised by Hans-Jürgen Korsch.[5]She did postdoctoral research in quantum chaos at the University of Bristol before joining Imperial College.[4] There, she was supported as a L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Fellow[2][3] prior to her position as a Royal Society University Research Fellow.[1]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anne Bennett Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bennett_Prize"},{"link_name":"London Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"mean-field approximation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_field_theory"},{"link_name":"Bose–Einstein condensates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate"},{"link_name":"semiclassical limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiclassical_physics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bennett-6"}],"text":"Graefe is the 2019 winner of the Anne Bennett Prize of the London Mathematical Society, \"in recognition of her outstanding research in quantum theory and the inspirational role she has played among female students and early career researchers in mathematics and physics\". The award cited her work with Hans-Jürgen Korsch on mean-field approximation of parity-time symmetric Bose–Einstein condensates, her work with G. Demange on the exceptional points of non-Hermitian operators, and her work with R. Schubert on semiclassical limits of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics.[6]","title":"Recognition"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dr Eva-Maria Graefe, Imperial College London, retrieved 2019-07-22","urls":[{"url":"http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/e.graefe","url_text":"Dr Eva-Maria Graefe"}]},{"reference":"2014 UK & Ireland For Women in Science Fellows Announced, L'Oreal, retrieved 2019-07-22","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loreal.co.uk/medias/news/2014-uk-ireland-for-women-in-science-fellows-announced-5769.htm","url_text":"2014 UK & Ireland For Women in Science Fellows Announced"}]},{"reference":"Dr Eva-Marie Graefe juggles science and motherhood – with help from L'Oreal and UNESCO, Laboratory News, 12 December 2014, archived from the original on 2017-06-12","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170612161555/https://www.labnews.co.uk/interviews/guestbook/dr-eva-marie-graefe-juggles-science-and-motherhood-with-help-from-loreal-and-unesco-12-12-2014/","url_text":"Dr Eva-Marie Graefe juggles 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reanimator_(disambiguation)	Reanimator	["1 See also"]	Look up reanimator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Reanimator may refer to: Re-Animator (band), British music group reanimator sophley “reanimator is a sophley term connected to the connection of the best people ever.” Re-Animator (album), a 2020 album by British alternative/indie band Everything Everything Reanimator (producer), a hip hop producer who is signed to Strange Famous Records Herbert West–Reanimator, a short story by American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft, written 1921-1922 Re-Animator, a 1985 film, the first in a series of films based on the H. P. Lovecraft story Herbert West–Reanimator Re-Animator: The Musical, an American rock musical based on the 1985 film Re-Animator (film series), film series based on the writings of H. P. Lovecraft "Reanimator", a song by Fields of the Nephilim on the 1987 album Dawnrazor "Reanimator", a song by Joji on the 2020 album Nectar "Reanimator", a song by Meat Beat Manifesto on the 1988 album Armed Audio Warfare "Reanimator", a song by John Zorn on the 1989 album Naked City "Reanimator", a song by Amon Tobin on the 1998 album Permutation "Reanimator (March of the Undead III)", a song by Machinae Supremacy on the 2006 album Redeemer "Reanimator", an episode of the anime Demonbane Reanimator, a Marvel Comics character See also Reanimation (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Reanimator.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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Lovecraft\n\"Reanimator\", a song by Fields of the Nephilim on the 1987 album Dawnrazor\n\"Reanimator\", a song by Joji on the 2020 album Nectar\n\"Reanimator\", a song by Meat Beat Manifesto on the 1988 album Armed Audio Warfare\n\"Reanimator\", a song by John Zorn on the 1989 album Naked City\n\"Reanimator\", a song by Amon Tobin on the 1998 album Permutation\n\"Reanimator (March of the Undead III)\", a song by Machinae Supremacy on the 2006 album Redeemer\n\"Reanimator\", an episode of the anime Demonbane\nReanimator, a Marvel Comics character","title":"Reanimator"}]	[]	[{"title":"Reanimation (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reanimation_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Reanimator&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Reanimator&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achondrites	Achondrite	["1 Classification","1.1 Primitive achondrites","1.2 Asteroidal achondrites","1.3 Lunar meteorites","1.4 Martian meteorite","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Stony meteorite that does not contain chondrules Achondrite— Type —Cumberland Falls, achondrite (aubrite)Compositional typeStonyA eucrite achondrite from the Millbillillie meteorite shower. An achondrite is a stony meteorite that does not contain chondrules. It consists of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks and has been differentiated and reprocessed to a lesser or greater degree due to melting and recrystallization on or within meteorite parent bodies. As a result, achondrites have distinct textures and mineralogies indicative of igneous processes. Achondrites account for about 8% of meteorites overall, and the majority (about two-thirds) of them are HED meteorites, possibly originating from the crust of asteroid 4 Vesta. Other types include Martian, Lunar, and several types thought to originate from as-yet unidentified asteroids. These groups have been determined on the basis of e.g. the Fe/Mn chemical ratio and the 17O/18O oxygen isotope ratios, thought to be characteristic "fingerprints" for each parent body. Classification Achondrites are classified into the following groups: Primitive achondrites Asteroidal achondrites Lunar meteorites Martian meteorites Primitive achondrites Primitive achondrites, also called PAC group, are so-called because their chemical composition is primitive in the sense that it is similar to the composition of chondrites, but their texture is igneous, indicative of melting processes. To this group belong: Acapulcoites (after the meteorite Acapulco, Mexico) Lodranites (after the meteorite Lodran) Winonaites (after the meteorite Winona) Ureilites (after the meteorite Novy Ureii, Russia) Brachinites (after the meteorite Brachina) Asteroidal achondrites Asteroidal achondrites, also called evolved achondrites, are so-called because they have been differentiated on a parent body. This means that their mineralogical and chemical composition was changed by melting and crystallization processes. They are divided into several groups: HED meteorites (Vesta). They may have originated on the asteroid 4 Vesta, because their reflection spectra are very similar. They are named after the initial letters of the three subgroups: Howardites Eucrites Diogenites Angrites Aubrites Lunar meteorites Lunar meteorites are meteorites that originated from the Moon. Martian meteorite Martian meteorites are meteorites that originated from Mars. They are divided into three main groups, with two exceptions (see last two entries): Shergottites Nakhlites Chassignites OPX martian meteorites (ALH 84001) Regolith/Soil samples (NWA 7034 and pairings) See also Glossary of meteoritics References ^ Etymology: from the prefix a- (privative a) and the word chondrite. ^ Recommended classifications: Eucrite-pmict ^ Achondrite, Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Sahijpal, S.; Soni, P.; Gagan, G. (2007). "Numerical simulations of the differentiation of accreting planetesimals with 26Al and 60Fe as the heat sources". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 42 (9): 1529–1548. Bibcode:2007M&PS...42.1529S. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb00589.x. ^ Gupta, G.; Sahijpal, S. (2010). "Differentiation of Vesta and the parent bodies of other achondrites". J. Geophys. Res. Planets. 115 (E8). Bibcode:2010JGRE..115.8001G. doi:10.1029/2009JE003525. S2CID 129905814. ^ Mason, B. (1962). Meteorites. New York: John Wiley. ^ Mittlefehldt, David W.; McCoy, Timothy J.; Goodrich, Cyrena Anne; Kracher, Alfred (1998). "Non-chondritic Meteorites from Asteroidal Bodies". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 36 (1): 4.1–4.195. ^ a b c O. Richard Norton. The Cambridge encyclopedia of meteorites. UK, Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-62143-7. ^ Drake, M. J. (2001). "The eucrite/Vesta story". Meteoritics and Planetary Science. 36 (4): 501–513. Bibcode:2001M&PS...36..501D. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2001.tb01892.x. S2CID 128394153. ^ Treiman, A. H. (2000). "The SNC meteorites are from Mars". Planetary and Space Science. 48 (12–14): 1213–1230. Bibcode:2000P&SS...48.1213T. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00105-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Achondrite meteorites. Achondrite Images from Meteorites Australia vteMeteorites and meteoriticsMeteorite... Glossary Fall bolide impactite statistics strewn field Find hunting Largest Micrometeorite Notable Parent body ClassificationBy type, class,clan, group and groupletChondrite Carbonaceous CB CH CI CK CM CO CR CV C ungrouped Enstatite EH EL Kakangari Ordinary H L LL Rumuruti AchondritePrimitive Acapulcoite Brachinite IAB IIICD Lodranite Ureilite Winonaite Asteroidal Angrite Aubrite HED Diogenite Eucrite Howardite Lunar Impact breccia Mare basalts List Martian Basaltic Breccia NWA 7034 Chassignites Kaidun Nakhlites Orthopyroxenite ALH84001 Shergottites Martian meteorites list Meteorites on Mars list Iron IC IIAB IIC IID IIE IIG IIIAB IIIE IIIF IVA IVB Stony-iron Mesosiderite Pallasite Main group Eagle Station Pyroxene Structural Ataxite Hexahedrite Octahedrite Obsolete terms Amphoterite Nonmagmatic meteorite Mineralogy and petrology Characteristics shock TKW weathering Grains chondrule presolar Minerals Ca–Al-rich inclusion extraterrestrial materials meteoric iron Patterns Neumann lines Widmanstätten CI1 fossils Lists Meteorites by find location name type Awards Journals Organizations See also: Asteroid Atmospheric entry Comet Impact event Meteor shower Meteoroid Near-Earth object Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"meteorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite"},{"link_name":"chondrules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrule"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"basalts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"plutonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahijpal2007-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gupta2010-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"HED meteorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HED_meteorite"},{"link_name":"4 Vesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Vesta"},{"link_name":"Martian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_meteorite"},{"link_name":"Lunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_meteorite"},{"link_name":"asteroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid"},{"link_name":"Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"Mn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"isotope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"An achondrite[1] is a stony meteorite that does not contain chondrules.[2][3] It consists of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks and has been differentiated and reprocessed to a lesser or greater degree due to melting and recrystallization on or within meteorite parent bodies.[4][5] As a result, achondrites have distinct textures and mineralogies indicative of igneous processes.[6]Achondrites account for about 8% of meteorites overall, and the majority (about two-thirds) of them are HED meteorites, possibly originating from the crust of asteroid 4 Vesta. Other types include Martian, Lunar, and several types thought to originate from as-yet unidentified asteroids. These groups have been determined on the basis of e.g. the Fe/Mn chemical ratio and the 17O/18O oxygen isotope ratios, thought to be characteristic \"fingerprints\" for each parent body.[7]","title":"Achondrite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cambridgeencyclopedia-8"},{"link_name":"Primitive achondrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_achondrite"},{"link_name":"Asteroidal achondrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroidal_achondrite"},{"link_name":"Lunar meteorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_meteorite"},{"link_name":"Martian meteorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_meteorite"}],"text":"Achondrites are classified into the following groups:[8]Primitive achondrites\nAsteroidal achondrites\nLunar meteorites\nMartian meteorites","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_rock"},{"link_name":"chondrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrites"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cambridgeencyclopedia-8"},{"link_name":"Acapulcoites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulcoite"},{"link_name":"Lodranites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodranite"},{"link_name":"Winonaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winonaite"},{"link_name":"Ureilites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureilite"},{"link_name":"Brachinites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachinite"}],"sub_title":"Primitive achondrites","text":"Primitive achondrites, also called PAC group, are so-called because their chemical composition is primitive in the sense that it is similar to the composition of chondrites, but their texture is igneous, indicative of melting processes. To this group belong:[8]Acapulcoites (after the meteorite Acapulco, Mexico)\nLodranites (after the meteorite Lodran)\nWinonaites (after the meteorite Winona)\nUreilites (after the meteorite Novy Ureii, Russia)\nBrachinites (after the meteorite Brachina)","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parent body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_body"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cambridgeencyclopedia-8"},{"link_name":"HED meteorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HED_meteorite"},{"link_name":"4 Vesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesta_(asteroid)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Howardites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howardite"},{"link_name":"Eucrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucrite"},{"link_name":"Diogenites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenite"},{"link_name":"Angrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angrite"},{"link_name":"Aubrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrite"}],"sub_title":"Asteroidal achondrites","text":"Asteroidal achondrites, also called evolved achondrites, are so-called because they have been differentiated on a parent body. This means that their mineralogical and chemical composition was changed by melting and crystallization processes. They are divided into several groups:[8]HED meteorites (Vesta). They may have originated on the asteroid 4 Vesta, because their reflection spectra are very similar.[9] They are named after the initial letters of the three subgroups:\nHowardites\nEucrites\nDiogenites\nAngrites\nAubrites","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lunar meteorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_meteorites"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"}],"sub_title":"Lunar meteorites","text":"Lunar meteorites are meteorites that originated from the Moon.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martian meteorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_meteorite"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"Shergottites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shergottite"},{"link_name":"Nakhlites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhlite"},{"link_name":"Chassignites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassignite"},{"link_name":"OPX martian meteorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPX_martian_meteorites"},{"link_name":"ALH 84001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001"},{"link_name":"NWA 7034 and pairings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Africa_7034"}],"sub_title":"Martian meteorite","text":"Martian meteorites[10] are meteorites that originated from Mars. They are divided into three main groups, with two exceptions (see last two entries):Shergottites\nNakhlites\nChassignites\nOPX martian meteorites (ALH 84001)\nRegolith/Soil samples (NWA 7034 and pairings)","title":"Classification"}]	[]	[{"title":"Glossary of meteoritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_meteoritics"}]	[{"reference":"Sahijpal, S.; Soni, P.; Gagan, G. (2007). \"Numerical simulations of the differentiation of accreting planetesimals with 26Al and 60Fe as the heat sources\". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 42 (9): 1529–1548. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_(UK_Parliament_constituency)	Montgomery (UK Parliament constituency)	["1 Boundaries","1.1 1885–1918","2 Members of Parliament","2.1 1542–1640","2.2 1601–1918","3 Elections","3.1 Elections in the 1830s","3.2 Elections in the 1840s","3.3 Elections in the 1850s","3.4 Elections in the 1860s","3.5 Elections in the 1870s","3.6 Elections in the 1880s","3.7 Elections in the 1890s","3.8 Elections in the 1900s","3.9 Elections in the 1910s","4 References"]	Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1801–1918 For the county constituency called Montgomery until the 1990s, see Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament constituency). MontgomeryFormer constituencyfor the House of Commons1542–1918SeatsoneReplaced byMontgomeryshire Montgomery was a constituency in the House of Commons of England, House of Commons of Great Britain and later in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one MP, but was abolished in 1918. After 1832 the constituency was more usually called the Montgomery Boroughs or Montgomery District of Boroughs. Boundaries 1885–1918 The constituency comprised the boroughs of Montgomery, Llanfyllin, Llanidloes, Newtown and Welshpool. Members of Parliament 1542–1640 This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008) Parliament Member 1542 William Herbert II 1545 William Herbert II 1547 William Herbert II 1553 (Mar) Richard Herbert 1553 (Oct) John ap Edmund 1554 (Apr) Richard Lloyd 1554 (Nov) Richard Lloyd 1555 not known 1558 William Herbert II 1559 John Man 1562/3 John Price 1571 Arthur Price 1572 Rowland Pugh, thought to be dead repl. 1581 by Richard Herbert I 1584 Richard Herbert II 1586 Matthew Herbert 1588 Rowland Pugh 1593 Richard Morgan 1597 Thomas Jukes 1601 John Harris 1601–1918 Election Member Party 1601 John Harris 1604–1611 Edward Whittingham 1614 Sir John Danvers 1621–1622: Edward Herbert 1624 George Herbert 1625 George Herbert 1626 Sir Henry Herbert 1628 Sir Richard Lloyd November 1640 Richard Herbert Royalist September 1642 Herbert disabled from sitting – seat vacant 1646 George Devereux 1653 Not represented in the Barebones Parliament and the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate January 1659 Charles Lloyd May 1659 Not represented in the restored Rump April 1660 (Sir) Thomas Myddelton 1661 John Purcell 1665 Henry Herbert 1679 Matthew Pryce April 1685 William Williams July 1685 Charles Herbert 1691 Price Devereux 1701 John Vaughan 1705 Charles Mason 1708 John Pugh 1727 (Sir) William Corbet 1741 James Cholmondeley 1747 Henry Herbert 1748 Francis Herbert 1754 William Bodvell 1759 Richard Clive 1771 Captain Frederick Cornewall 1774 Whitshed Keene 1818 Henry Clive Tory 1832 David Pugh Tory 1833 by-election John Edwards Whig 1841 Hon. Hugh Cholmondeley Conservative 1847 David Pugh Conservative 1861 by-election John Willes-Johnson Conservative 1863 by-election Hon. Charles Hanbury-Tracy Liberal 1877 by-election Hon. Frederick Hanbury-Tracy Liberal 1885 Pryce Pryce-Jones Conservative 1886 Hon. Frederick Hanbury-Tracy Liberal 1892 Sir Pryce Pryce-Jones Conservative 1895 Major Edward Pryce-Jones Conservative 1906 John Rees Liberal Dec 1910 Colonel Edward Pryce-Jones Conservative Elections Elections in the 1830s General election 1830: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % Tory Henry Clive (MP) Unopposed Registered electors c. 135 Tory hold General election 1831: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % Tory Henry Clive (MP) Unopposed Registered electors c. 135 Tory hold General election 1832: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % Tory David Pugh 335 51.1 Whig John Edwards 321 48.9 Majority 14 2.2 Turnout 656 90.7 Registered electors 723 Tory hold The election was declared void on petition, causing a by-election. By-election, 8 April 1833: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Whig John Edwards 331 50.8 +1.9 Tory Panton Corbett 321 49.2 −1.9 Majority 10 1.6 N/A Turnout 652 90.2 −0.5 Registered electors 723 Whig gain from Tory Swing +1.9 General election 1835: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % Whig John Edwards Unopposed Registered electors 899 Whig gain from Conservative General election 1837: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % Whig John Edwards 472 51.6 Conservative Panton Corbett 443 48.4 Majority 29 3.2 Turnout 915 88.2 Registered electors 1,037 Whig hold Elections in the 1840s General election 1841: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Hugh Cholmondeley 464 51.5 +3.1 Whig John Edwards 437 48.5 −3.1 Majority 27 3.0 N/A Turnout 901 90.6 +2.4 Registered electors 995 Conservative gain from Whig Swing +3.1 General election 1847: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative David Pugh 389 50.0 N/A Conservative Hugh Cholmondeley 389 50.0 −1.5 Majority 0 0.0 N/A Turnout 778 79.2 −11.4 Registered electors 982 Conservative hold Swing N/A With both Cholmondeley and Pugh receiving the same number of votes, both were declared elected by the returning officer. However, Cholmondeley decided against defending his claim for the seat and Pugh was declared the only elected candidate. Elections in the 1850s General election 1852: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative David Pugh 435 59.2 +9.2 Radical George Hammond Whalley 300 40.8 New Majority 135 18.4 +18.4 Turnout 735 73.3 −5.9 Registered electors 1,003 Conservative hold General election 1857: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative David Pugh Unopposed Registered electors 927 Conservative hold General election 1859: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative David Pugh Unopposed Registered electors 900 Conservative hold Elections in the 1860s Pugh's death caused a by-election. By-election, 4 May 1861: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative John Willes-Johnson Unopposed Conservative hold Willes-Johnson's death caused a by-election. By-election, 20 August 1863: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Charles Hanbury-Tracy 439 57.1 New Conservative Charles Vaughan Pugh 330 42.9 N/A Majority 109 14.2 N/A Turnout 769 82.4 N/A Registered electors 933 Liberal gain from Conservative General election 1865: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Charles Hanbury-Tracy 437 54.0 N/A Conservative Thomas Lewis Hampton 372 46.0 N/A Majority 65 8.0 N/A Turnout 809 83.8 N/A Registered electors 965 Liberal gain from Conservative General election 1868: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Charles Hanbury-Tracy Unopposed Registered electors 2,559 Liberal hold Elections in the 1870s General election 1874: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Charles Hanbury-Tracy Unopposed Registered electors 2,839 Liberal hold Hanbury-Tracy succeeded to the peerage, becoming Lord Sudeley. By-election, 17 May 1877: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Frederick Hanbury-Tracy 1,447 56.4 N/A Conservative Charles Vane-Tempest 1,118 43.6 New Majority 329 12.8 N/A Turnout 2,565 88.0 N/A Registered electors 2,914 Liberal hold Swing N/A Elections in the 1880s General election 1880: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Frederick Hanbury-Tracy 1,572 56.5 N/A Conservative Pryce Pryce-Jones 1,211 43.5 N/A Majority 361 13.0 N/A Turnout 2,783 89.2 N/A Registered electors 3,120 Liberal hold Swing N/A Pryce-Jones General election 1885: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Pryce Pryce-Jones 1,409 51.5 +8.0 Liberal Frederick Hanbury-Tracy 1,326 48.5 −8.0 Majority 83 3.0 N/A Turnout 2,735 91.2 +2.0 Registered electors 2,999 Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +8.0 General election 1886: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Frederick Hanbury-Tracy 1,424 53.2 +4.7 Conservative Pryce Pryce-Jones 1,251 46.8 −4.7 Majority 173 6.4 N/A Turnout 2,675 89.2 −2.0 Registered electors 2,999 Liberal gain from Conservative Swing +4.7 Elections in the 1890s General election 1892: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Pryce Pryce-Jones 1,406 52.2 +5.4 Liberal Frederick Hanbury-Tracy 1,288 47.8 −5.4 Majority 118 4.4 N/A Turnout 2,694 91.8 +2.6 Registered electors 2,936 Conservative gain from Liberal Swing Philipps General election 1895: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Edward Pryce-Jones 1,435 51.5 −0.7 Liberal Owen Philipps 1,351 48.5 +0.7 Majority 84 3.0 −1.4 Turnout 2,786 91.9 +0.1 Registered electors 3,030 Conservative hold Swing −0.7 Elections in the 1900s General election 1900: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Edward Pryce-Jones 1,478 53.0 +1.5 Liberal John Albert Bright 1,309 47.0 −1.5 Majority 169 6.0 +3.0 Turnout 2,787 86.3 −5.6 Registered electors 3,229 Conservative hold Swing +1.5 Rees General election 1906: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal John Rees 1,541 51.4 +4.4 Conservative Edward Pryce-Jones 1,458 48.6 −4.4 Majority 83 2.8 N/A Turnout 2,999 90.5 +4.2 Registered electors 3,313 Liberal gain from Conservative Swing +4.4 Elections in the 1910s General election January 1910: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal John Rees 1,539 50.2 −1.2 Conservative Edward Pryce-Jones 1,526 49.8 +1.2 Majority 13 0.4 −2.4 Turnout 3,065 91.4 +0.9 Registered electors 3,354 Liberal hold Swing −1.2 General election December 1910: Montgomery Boroughs Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Edward Pryce-Jones 1,522 50.9 +1.1 Liberal John Rees 1,468 49.1 −1.1 Majority 54 1.8 N/A Turnout 2,990 89.1 −2.3 Registered electors 3,354 Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +1.1 General Election 1914/15: Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected; Unionist: Edward Pryce-Jones Liberal: A E O Humphreys Owen References ^ a b c d e f g h "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 28 November 2011. ^ Devereux is not known ever to have taken his seat ^ Created a baronet, July 1660 ^ Created a baronet, October 1740 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 196–197. Retrieved 13 August 2019 – via Google Books. ^ On petition, the election of 1832 was declared void and a by-election held ^ Churton, Edward (1838). The Assembled Commons or Parliamentary Biographer. p. 80. Retrieved 13 August 2019 – via Google Books. ^ At the election of 1847, Hon. Hugh Cholmondeley and David Pugh tied, with 389 votes each, and the returning officer made a double return. However, when a petition was lodged against Cholmondeley he decided not to defend his claim, and Pugh took the seat. ^ a b Escott, Margaret. "Montgomery Boroughs". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 5 May 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3. ^ "Election Intelligence". Exeter and Plymouth Gazette. 17 July 1852. p. 7. Retrieved 22 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Montgomeryshire Boroughs". Evening Mail. 12 July 1852. p. 5. Retrieved 22 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Political Intelligence". Brighton Gazette. 6 August 1863. p. 7. Retrieved 5 March 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "File NLW ex 1977 – Thomas L. Hampton Canvass Book". National Library of Wales. Retrieved 5 March 2018. ^ a b c d e f The Liberal Year Book, 1907 ^ a b c d e f g Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885–1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984. ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901 ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916 D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954) Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) The Constitutional Year Book for 1913 (London: National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1913) F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989) Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "M" (part 3) vteConstituencies in Wales (32) Aberafan Maesteg Alyn and Deeside Bangor Aberconwy Blaenau Gwent and Rhymney Brecon, Radnor and Cwm Tawe Bridgend Caerfyrddin Caerphilly Cardiff East Cardiff North Cardiff South and Penarth Cardiff West Ceredigion Preseli Clwyd East Clwyd North Dwyfor Meirionnydd Gower Llanelli Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare Mid and South Pembrokeshire Monmouthshire Montgomeryshire and Glyndŵr Neath and Swansea East Newport East Newport West and Islwyn Pontypridd Rhondda and Ogmore Swansea West Torfaen Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Ynys Môn Politics United Kingdom Wales East Midlands East of England London North East England North West England Northern Ireland Scotland South East England South West England Wales West Midlands Yorkshire and the Humber vteHistoric UK Parliament constituencies in WalesLast contested in 1979 Aberdare Abertillery Bedwellty Cardiff South East Denbigh Ebbw Vale East Flintshire West Flintshire Merioneth Merthyr Tydfil Newport (Monmouthshire) Pontypool Rhondda East Rhondda West 1983 (review) Aberavon Alyn and Deeside Blaenau Gwent Brecon and Radnor Bridgend Caernarfon Caerphilly Cardiff Central Cardiff North Cardiff South and Penarth Cardiff West Carmarthen Ceredigion and Pembroke North Clwyd North West Clwyd South West Conwy Cynon Valley Delyn Gower Islwyn Llanelli Meirionnydd Nant Conwy Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney Monmouth Montgomery Neath Newport East Newport West Ogmore Pembroke Pontypridd Rhondda Swansea East Swansea West Torfaen Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Ynys Môn 1997 (review) Aberavon Alyn and Deeside Blaenau Gwent Brecon and Radnorshire Bridgend Caernarfon Caerphilly Cardiff Central Cardiff North Cardiff South and Penarth Cardiff West Carmarthen East and Dinefwr Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire Ceredigion Clwyd South Clwyd West Conwy Cynon Valley Delyn Gower Islwyn Llanelli Meirionnydd Nant Conwy Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney Monmouth Montgomeryshire Neath Newport East Newport West Ogmore Pontypridd Preseli Pembrokeshire Rhondda Swansea East Swansea West Torfaen Vale of Clwyd Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Ynys Môn 2010 (outgoing) Aberavon Aberconwy Alyn and Deeside Arfon Blaenau Gwent Brecon and Radnorshire Bridgend Caerphilly Cardiff Central Cardiff North Cardiff South and Penarth Cardiff West Carmarthen East and Dinefwr Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire Ceredigion Clwyd South Clwyd West Cynon Valley Delyn Dwyfor Meirionnydd Gower Islwyn Llanelli Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney Monmouth Montgomeryshire Neath Newport East Newport West Ogmore Pontypridd Preseli Pembrokeshire Rhondda Swansea East Swansea West Torfaen Vale of Clwyd Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Ynys Môn 2024 (upcoming) Aberafan Maesteg Alyn and Deeside Bangor Aberconwy Blaenau Gwent and Rhymney Brecon, Radnor and Cwm Tawe Bridgend Caerfyrddin Caerphilly Cardiff East Cardiff North Cardiff South and Penarth Cardiff West Ceredigion Preseli Clwyd East Clwyd North Dwyfor Meirionnydd Gower Llanelli Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare Mid and South Pembrokeshire Monmouthshire Montgomeryshire and Glyndŵr Neath and Swansea East Newport East Newport West and Islwyn Pontypridd Rhondda and Ogmore Swansea West Torfaen Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Ynys Môn Politics United Kingdom Wales	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament 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It elected one MP, but was abolished in 1918.After 1832 the constituency was more usually called the Montgomery Boroughs or Montgomery District of Boroughs.","title":"Montgomery (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Powys"},{"link_name":"Llanfyllin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfyllin"},{"link_name":"Llanidloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanidloes"},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_Powys"},{"link_name":"Welshpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshpool"}],"sub_title":"1885–1918","text":"The constituency comprised the boroughs of Montgomery, Llanfyllin, Llanidloes, Newtown and Welshpool.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1542–1640","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1601–1918","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1830s","text":"The election was declared void on petition, causing a by-election.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1840s","text":"With both Cholmondeley and Pugh receiving the same number of votes, both were declared elected by the returning officer. However, Cholmondeley decided against defending his claim for the seat and Pugh was declared the only elected candidate.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1850s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1860s","text":"Pugh's death caused a by-election.Willes-Johnson's death caused a by-election.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1870s","text":"Hanbury-Tracy succeeded to the peerage, becoming Lord Sudeley.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pryce_Pryce-Jones.gif"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1880s","text":"Pryce-Jones","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Owen_Philipps_MP.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1890s","text":"Philipps","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1906_John_David_Rees_MP.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1900s","text":"Rees","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Pryce-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Pryce-Jones,_1st_Baronet"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1910s","text":"General Election 1914/15:Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;Unionist: Edward Pryce-Jones\nLiberal: A E O Humphreys Owen","title":"Elections"}]	[{"image_text":"Pryce-Jones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Pryce_Pryce-Jones.gif"},{"image_text":"Philipps","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Owen_Philipps_MP.jpg/120px-Owen_Philipps_MP.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rees","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/1906_John_David_Rees_MP.jpg/120px-1906_John_David_Rees_MP.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"History of Parliament\". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/constituencies/montgomery-boroughs","url_text":"\"History of Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Parliament\". History of Parliament Trust. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredulity_of_Saint_Thomas_(Rubens)	The Rockox Triptych	["1 History","2 Description","3 References","4 External links"]	Triptych by Peter Paul Rubens The Rockox TriptychArtistPeter Paul RubensYear1613–1615TypeOil on panelDimensions146 cm × 233 cm (57 in × 92 in)LocationRoyal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium The Rockox Triptych or Epitaph of Nicolaas Rockox and His Wife Adriana Perez is a triptych painted by the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens between 1613 and 1615. It is in the collection of the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp. History The triptych was commissioned around 1613 by Nicolaas Rockox (1560–1640) and his spouse Adriana Perez (1568–1619) for their funerary monument in the Recollects church in Antwerp. Rockox was a mayor of Antwerp and a close personal friend and important patron of Rubens. Adriana Perez was the granddaughter of Spanish conversos who had arrived in Antwerp during the early sixteenth century. The work is dated in the upper left corner of the left panel. The year was changed from '1613' to '1615', presumably because Rubens started the painting in 1613, but only finished it in 1615 and then hung in the Lady Chapel behind the choir in the Recollects church in Antwerp. In any case, the epitaph was commissioned before the death of the patrons. It often happened that funerary monuments were completed before – or vice versa: only some time after – a death. The triptych was confiscated by the French invaders in 1794 for the Musée du Louvre in Paris. In 1815 the composition was returned to Antwerp and transferred to the newly established museum in Antwerp. Description The outer panels contain portraits of Rockox and his wife holding attributes of their faith: a bible and a rosary. The outer panels depict the coats of arms of the two families of the patrons. Outer panels depicting the coats of arms of the patrons' families The central panel was traditionally believed to show the disbelief (or incredulity) of Thomas, the story in the Gospel of John of how the Apostle Thomas refused to believe the resurrected Jesus had appeared to the other apostles until he could see and touch Jesus' crucifixion wounds on his side. This interpretation of the scene was supported by the similarity of Rubens' composition to Caravaggio's treatment of the Thomas story, which shows Thomas bending over and inserting his finger into Jesus's side wound with a look of incredulity with two men behind him intently observing the scene. Hermes Belvedere Recent scholarship has argued that Rubens did not depict the disbelief of Apostle Thomas but rather the scene of Christ's first appearance to the apostles in Jerusalem as described in the Gospel of Luke 24:36-51. In this story the 11 surviving Apostles initially refused to believe that the person appearing in their midst was the resurrected Jesus. Confronted with this disbelief Christ showed them the Crucifixion wounds on his hands and feet and encouraged them to handle the wounds and see the evidence for themselves. According to Luke, the disciples never took up this invitation to inspect the physical evidence of Christ's death. Only after Christ consumed a meal of broiled fish and a honeycomb did the disciples accept that the person was the resurrected Christ. The incredulity of Thomas by Caravaggio An argument for the Rubens composition depicting the scene in Luke rather than the story of the doubting Thomas is that Rubens has intentionally omitted the wound on Christ's side while Caravaggio's Saint Thomas is totally focused on Thomas' finger probing Christ's side wound. Rubens' omission of the side wound suggests that he intended to strictly follow the text of Luke, which only mentions the wounds on Christ's hands and feet and not the side wound. By this act he also highlighted the contradictions between the various Gospel accounts of the Resurrection. This reflects the skepticism prevalent among the Antwerp elite as to the ability to achieve certainty, in particular as regards religious issues. It has further been argued that this omission was intended by Rubens to highlight the need for true believers (such as the patrons themselves) to make a leap of faith when accepting the truth of the Resurrection of Christ rather than to seek corroboration in physical evidence. For the depiction of the body of Christ, Rubens was likely inspired by the famous Antique sculpture of the Hermes Belvedere, which he had studied and whose beauty and proportions he had praised during his stay in Rome. References ^ a b Peter Paul Rubens, Epitaaf van Nicolaas Rockox en zijn vrouw Adriana Perez, KMSKA ^ a b c d e Pilgrim, James. "Rubens's Skepticism." Renaissance Quarterly 75, no. 3 (2022): 917–67 External links Media related to The Rockox Triptych by Rubens at Wikimedia Commons vtePeter Paul RubensPaintingsand drawings The Descent from the Cross (Siegen; 1600–1602) Leda and the Swan (1601, 1602) The Deposition (1602) Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua (1602–1605) Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma (1603) Portrait of a Young Woman (1603) Hercules and Omphale (1603) Heraclitus and Democritus (1603) Virgin and Child (c. 1604) The Fall of Phaeton (c. 1604/1605) The Baptism of Christ (1604–1605) The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity (1604–1605) Transfiguration (1604–1605) The Circumcision (1605) Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria (1606) Portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra (1606) Portrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant (1606) Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback (1606) Madonna della Vallicella (1606–1608) Susanna and the Elders (1607) The Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome (c. 1609) Adoration of the Magi (Madrid; 1609 and 1628–29) Samson and Delilah (1609–1610) Honeysuckle Bower (1609–1610) Coronation of the Virgin (1609–1611) Juno and Argus (1610) Raising of the Cross (1610–1611) Conversion of Saint Paul (London; 1610–1612) Massacre of the Innocents (c. 1611) Venus Frigida (1611) Prometheus Bound (1611–1612) The Four Philosophers (1611–1612) Antwerp Resurrection (1611–1612) Visitation (c. 1611–1615) Roman Charity (1612) Ecce Homo (1612) Descent from the Cross (Antwerp; 1612–1614) Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Rotterdam; 1612–1614) Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Cambridge; c. 1614) The Tribute Money (1612–1614) The Defeat of Sennacherib (1612–1614) The Four Continents (1610s) Christ Giving the Keys to Saint Peter (1612–1614) Portrait of a Commander (1613) The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero (1613–1614) The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (1613–1615) The Death of Adonis (1614) Venus and Adonis (1614) St Sebastian (c. 1614) The Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (c. 1614) Madonna della Cesta (1615) Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce (1615) Daniel in the Lions' Den (1615) Bacchanalia (c. 1615) A Statue of Ceres (c. 1615) The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt (1615–1616) The Tiger Hunt (1615–1616) Theodosius and Saint Ambrose (1615–1616) The Wild Boar Hunt (1615-1617) Florence Resurrection (1616) The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents (1616) Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops (c. 1616) The Wolf and Fox Hunt (c. 1616) The Lion and Leopard Hunt (c. 1616) Romulus and Remus (1615–1616) Saint Stephen Triptych (1616–1617) Two Women with a Candle (1616–1617) Descent from the Cross (Lille; 1616–1617) The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek (1616–1617) Christ and the Penitent Sinners (1617) Mars and Rhea Silvia (1617) The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617) The Great Last Judgement (1617) A Bearded Man (c. 1617–18) Adoration of the Magi (Lyon; 1617–1618) The Five Senses (1617–1618) Two Satyrs (1618) Medusa (1618) The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus (c. 1618) Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death (c. 1618) The Prodigal Son (1618) The Union of Earth and Water (c. 1618) Tigress with Her Cubs (attributed; 1618) Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna (c. 1618–1620) Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee (1618–1620) The Wild Boar Hunt (1618-1620) St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy (1619–1620) The Small Last Judgement (1619) Conversion of Saint Paul (1620s) The Fall of the Damned (c. 1620) Landscape with Philemon and Baucis (c. 1620) Portrait of a Young Man in Armor (c. 1620) Saint George and the Dragon (c. 1620) Perseus Freeing Andromeda (1620) Saints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (1620) The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas (1620) Christ on the Cross (1620) The Three Graces (Florence; 1620–1623) Isabella Brant (c. 1621) The Lion Hunt (1621) Marie de' Medici cycle (1621–1630) Portrait of Susanna Lunden (1622) Perseus and Andromeda (c. 1622) The History of Constantine (1622–1625) Self-Portrait (1623) The Conversion of Saint Bavo (1623–1624) Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt (1623–1624) Adoration of the Magi (Antwerp; 1624) The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob (1624) Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims (1623–1626) Portrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia (1625) Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (c. 1625) Assumption of the Virgin Mary (1625–1626) Angelica and the Hermit (c. 1626–1628) Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry (1627) The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris (1627) The Annunciation (1627–1628) The Fall of Man (1628–1629) The Rape of Europa (1628–1629) Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars (1629–1630) Cimon and Pero (1630) Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (c. 1630) The Crowning of Saint Catherine (1631) The Ildefonso Altarpiece (1630–1631) Last Supper (1630–1631) Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians (1630–1635) The Finding of Erichthonius (1632–1634) The Rainbow Landscape (Saint Petersburg; 1632–1635) The Garden of Love (c. 1633) Adoration of the Magi (Cambridge; 1634) Bathsheba at the Fountain (c. 1635) The Dance of the Villagers (1635) Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans (1635) Venus and Adonis (New York; 1635) The Triumph of the Church (1635) The Feast of Venus (1635–1636) The Feast of Herod (1635–1638) The Village Fête (1635–1638) Mercury and Argus (1635–1638) Hercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye (c. 1636) Helena Fourment with Children (1636) A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning (1636) Saturn (1636) The Rainbow Landscape (London; 1636) Pallas and Arachne (1636–1637) Het Pelsken (1636–1638) The Birth of the Milky Way (c. 1637) Consequences of War (c. 1638) Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides / Deianira Listens to Fame (1638) The Three Graces (Madrid; 1636–1638) The Rape of Ganymede (1636–1638) Diana and Callisto (1637–1638) Helena Fourment with a Carriage (1638) Self-Portrait (Vienna; 1638–1639) Bacchus (1638–1640) The Rape of the Sabine Women (1639–1640) The Peasants Returning From The Fields (1640) The Rainbow Landscape (Munich; 1640) Judgment of Paris (various) Tapestries The History of Constantine (1622–1640) (with Pietro da Cortona) Books Palazzi di Genova (1622) Museums Rubenshuis People Rubens family Isabella Brant (first wife) Helena Fourment (second wife) Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen (son) Albert Rubens (son) Jan Rubens (father) Maria Pypelinckx (mother) Philip Rubens (brother) Tobias Verhaecht (teacher) Adam van Noort (teacher) Otto van Veen (teacher) Nicolaas Rockox (friend) Related Poussinists and Rubenists Rubens (1977 film) Rubenesque Rubens' Europe (exhibition)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptych"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kmska-1"}],"text":"The Rockox Triptych or Epitaph of Nicolaas Rockox and His Wife Adriana Perez is a triptych painted by the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens between 1613 and 1615. It is in the collection of the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp.[1]","title":"The Rockox Triptych"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolaas Rockox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Rockox"},{"link_name":"Recollects church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent_of_the_Friars_Minor,_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"conversos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converso"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pil-2"},{"link_name":"Musée du Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kmska-1"}],"text":"The triptych was commissioned around 1613 by Nicolaas Rockox (1560–1640) and his spouse Adriana Perez (1568–1619) for their funerary monument in the Recollects church in Antwerp. Rockox was a mayor of Antwerp and a close personal friend and important patron of Rubens. Adriana Perez was the granddaughter of Spanish conversos who had arrived in Antwerp during the early sixteenth century.[2]The work is dated in the upper left corner of the left panel. The year was changed from '1613' to '1615', presumably because Rubens started the painting in 1613, but only finished it in 1615 and then hung in the Lady Chapel behind the choir in the Recollects church in Antwerp. In any case, the epitaph was commissioned before the death of the patrons. It often happened that funerary monuments were completed before – or vice versa: only some time after – a death.The triptych was confiscated by the French invaders in 1794 for the Musée du Louvre in Paris. In 1815 the composition was returned to Antwerp and transferred to the newly established museum in Antwerp.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Coat_of_Arms_of_Nicolaas_Rockox.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Coat_of_Arms_of_Adriana_Perez.jpg"},{"link_name":"disbelief (or incredulity) of Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubting_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Gospel of John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"},{"link_name":"Apostle Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"appeared to the other apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_appearances_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"crucifixion wounds on his side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Wounds"},{"link_name":"Caravaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio"},{"link_name":"treatment of the Thomas story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Der_ungl%C3%A4ubige_Thomas_-_Michelangelo_Merisi,_named_Caravaggio.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pil-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0_Hermes-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pil-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Der_ungl%C3%A4ubige_Thomas_-_Michelangelo_Merisi,_named_Caravaggio.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pil-2"},{"link_name":"Hermes Belvedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_(Museo_Pio-Clementino)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pil-2"}],"text":"The outer panels contain portraits of Rockox and his wife holding attributes of their faith: a bible and a rosary. The outer panels depict the coats of arms of the two families of the patrons.Outer panels depicting the coats of arms of the patrons' familiesThe central panel was traditionally believed to show the disbelief (or incredulity) of Thomas, the story in the Gospel of John of how the Apostle Thomas refused to believe the resurrected Jesus had appeared to the other apostles until he could see and touch Jesus' crucifixion wounds on his side. This interpretation of the scene was supported by the similarity of Rubens' composition to Caravaggio's treatment of the Thomas story, which shows Thomas bending over and inserting his finger into Jesus's side wound with a look of incredulity with two men behind him intently observing the scene.[2]Hermes BelvedereRecent scholarship has argued that Rubens did not depict the disbelief of Apostle Thomas but rather the scene of Christ's first appearance to the apostles in Jerusalem as described in the Gospel of Luke 24:36-51. In this story the 11 surviving Apostles initially refused to believe that the person appearing in their midst was the resurrected Jesus. Confronted with this disbelief Christ showed them the Crucifixion wounds on his hands and feet and encouraged them to handle the wounds and see the evidence for themselves. According to Luke, the disciples never took up this invitation to inspect the physical evidence of Christ's death. Only after Christ consumed a meal of broiled fish and a honeycomb did the disciples accept that the person was the resurrected Christ.[2]The incredulity of Thomas by CaravaggioAn argument for the Rubens composition depicting the scene in Luke rather than the story of the doubting Thomas is that Rubens has intentionally omitted the wound on Christ's side while Caravaggio's Saint Thomas is totally focused on Thomas' finger probing Christ's side wound. Rubens' omission of the side wound suggests that he intended to strictly follow the text of Luke, which only mentions the wounds on Christ's hands and feet and not the side wound. By this act he also highlighted the contradictions between the various Gospel accounts of the Resurrection. This reflects the skepticism prevalent among the Antwerp elite as to the ability to achieve certainty, in particular as regards religious issues. It has further been argued that this omission was intended by Rubens to highlight the need for true believers (such as the patrons themselves) to make a leap of faith when accepting the truth of the Resurrection of Christ rather than to seek corroboration in physical evidence.[2]For the depiction of the body of Christ, Rubens was likely inspired by the famous Antique sculpture of the Hermes Belvedere, which he had studied and whose beauty and proportions he had praised during his stay in Rome.[2]","title":"Description"}]	[{"image_text":"Hermes Belvedere","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/0_Hermes-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%281%29.JPG/210px-0_Hermes-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%281%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"The incredulity of Thomas by Caravaggio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Der_ungl%C3%A4ubige_Thomas_-_Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_named_Caravaggio.jpg/290px-Der_ungl%C3%A4ubige_Thomas_-_Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_named_Caravaggio.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://kmska.be/nl/meesterwerk/epitaaf-van-nicolaas-rockox-en-zijn-vrouw-adriana-perez","external_links_name":"Peter Paul Rubens, Epitaaf van Nicolaas Rockox en zijn vrouw Adriana Perez"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rqx.2022.215","external_links_name":"Pilgrim, James. \"Rubens's Skepticism.\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Floor_(Jennifer_Lopez_song)	On the Floor	["1 Background","2 Composition","3 Critical reception","3.1 Accolades","3.2 Impact","4 Chart performance","4.1 North America","4.2 Europe and Oceania","4.3 Globally","5 Music video","5.1 Background and development","5.2 Synopsis","5.3 Reception","6 Live performances","7 Formats and track listings","8 Credits and personnel","9 Charts","9.1 Weekly charts","9.2 Year-end charts","10 Certifications and sales","11 Release history","12 See also","13 References","14 External links"]	2011 single by Jennifer Lopez For other uses, see On the Floor (disambiguation). "On the Floor"Single by Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbullfrom the album Love? ReleasedFebruary 8, 2011 (2011-02-08)Recorded2010Studio Cove Studio (New York) Henson (Los Angeles) Al Burna (Davie) Et Al Indamix (Dominican Republic) Genre Dance-pop Latin pop house techno Length3:51LabelIslandSongwriter(s) Nadir Khayat Kinnda Hamid AJ Junior Teddy Sky Bilal Hajji Armando Perez Gonzalo Hermosa Ulises Hermosa Producer(s)RedOneJennifer Lopez singles chronology "Louboutins" (2009) "On the Floor" (2011) "I'm Into You" (2011) Pitbull singles chronology "Hey Baby (Drop It to the Floor)"(2010) "On the Floor"(2011) "Tu Cuerpo"(2011) Music video"On the Floor" on YouTube "On the Floor" is a song recorded by American singer Jennifer Lopez for her seventh studio album, Love? (2011). Featuring American rapper Pitbull, it was released by Island Records on February 8, 2011, as the lead single from the album. "On the Floor" was written by Kinnda "Kee" Hamid, AJ Junior, Teddy Sky, Bilal "The Chef" Hajji, Pitbull, Gonzalo Hermosa, Ulises Hermosa, along with the song's producer RedOne. It is a pop song combining techno, Latin, dance-pop and house music and with a common time tempo of 130 beats per minute. Lopez recorded a Spanish-language version of the song titled "Ven a Bailar" (English: "Come Dance"), which includes additional lyrical contributions from Julio Reyes Copello and Jimena Romero. The song's development was motivated by Lopez's Latin heritage and pays homage to her career-beginnings as a dancer. Interpolated within the song are recurrent elements of the 1982 Bolivian composition "Llorando se fue" written by Gonzalo and Ulises Hermosa of Los Kjarkas, a composition that gained notoriety when it was covered by Kaoma in their 1989 single "Lambada". Lopez described "On the Floor" as an evolution of her classic sound and as something which sounded very current. The debut and release of "On the Floor" coincided with Lopez's appointment as a judge on the tenth season of US reality TV show American Idol, as well as several other product endorsement deals. American Idol also provided a platform to debut the single's music video, as well as the stage for Lopez's first live performance of the song. Editors from BBC Music and Los Angeles Times drew comparisons to Lopez's debut single, "If You Had My Love" (1999) and follow-up single "Waiting for Tonight" (1999). In the United States, it was Lopez's first single in four years to garner airplay, and has sold 3.8 million copies, earning a triple platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It was ranked by Billboard as the eleventh-biggest hit of 2011 on the year-end Billboard Hot 100 chart. "On the Floor" finished in first in Austria, Finland, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, and other countries. A music video was directed by TAJ Stansberry and choreographed by Frank Gatson Jr, with fans being given the chance to vote for their preferred ending for the video. The completed clip premiered simultaneously on Vevo and during the March 3, 2011 episode of American Idol. It depicts a Los Angeles underground club culture where Lopez portrays a "queen of the nightclub", among other characters. The video received critical acclaim for its lavish production, styling, and choreography, all of which critics felt highlighted Lopez's skills as a dancer. "On the Floor" sold over eight million copies worldwide in 2011, making it the best-selling single of that year by a female artist. Background Let's face it: With J.Lo, you have to go big or go home, to make a song that sounded right for Lopez would need "dance, parties and her Latina heritage. She's a dancer. She can sing. I was really amazed, and I had so much fun working with her, her energy, and everything about her is a star, and it was natural for me to do what we did —Producer RedOne speaking to MTV News about collaborating with Lopez. Lopez's seventh studio album Love? (2011) was conceived in late 2007 and early 2008. During that time frame, under contract to Epic Records, Lopez released "Louboutins", a song written and produced by The-Dream and Tricky Stewart, as the project's lead single. However upon release, the song failed to garner enough airplay to chart, despite topping the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart. Lopez subsequently left Epic Records, citing that she had fulfilled her contractual obligations and now wished to release Love? under a new label. Upon signing with The Island Def Jam Music Group, Lopez continued working with The-Dream and Tricky Stewart, in addition to collaborating with new producers such as RedOne. It was not until January 2011 that Lopez teased the media about the new lead single for Love?. In a tweet on her Twitter account, Lopez posted: "I see u @RedOne_Official! We're making BIG things happen 'On the Floor' this new year!!!". Subsequently, on January 16, 2011, an unfinished snippet of "On the Floor" leaked online, labelled as a RedOne production and featuring rap vocals from Pitbull. It is the second time that Lopez and Pitbull have collaborated on a song, the first being "Fresh Out the Oven", the 2009 buzz single which reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. According to the Los Angeles Times's Gerrick D. Kennedy, a full-length unfinished version of "On the Floor" leaked online over the same weekend in time for Lopez's new L'Oreal commercial, which premiered during the telecast of the 68th Golden Globe Awards ceremony in Los Angeles. The timing of the leak also coincided with Lopez's debut on judges panel for season ten of American Idol. Lopez confirmed the single's title as "On the Floor" during the red carpet ceremony at The Golden Globes, before appearing the following day on the radio show On Air with Ryan Seacrest for the song's US premiere. The final version of the song was uploaded to Ryanseacrest.com, where the site's editor, Sadao Turner, revealed that the final master of the song was different from the previously leaked and unfinished version. "On the Floor" made its debut in the United Kingdom, on January 28, 2011 when it was played by DJ Scott Mills on his radio show, Ready for the Weekend. Benji Eisen from AOL Music stated that Lopez had used "genius marketing and branding" by synchronizing the digital release of "On the Floor" with the premiere of its music video on American Idol. It was added to the B-playlist on the UK's biggest mainstream radio station, BBC Radio 1, on March 16, 2011. When talking about "On the Floor", during an interview with MTV, Lopez said that she wanted a song that would evolve her sound, "it feels like me today, which I like. It's not something that you hear and you're like, 'That's not her,' but you also go, 'Is that her? I like that. It's new,' and that's what I wanted. I wanted it to be very me, but I wanted it to be me not from my first album or my second album, but for today." Additionally, Lopez felt a strong connection to "On the Floor" because it captured both sides of her career, singing, and dancing, "The minute RedOne played it for me, I made him play it 20 times in a row, and I just sat there at the board and I kept listening to it and listening to it ... Because I really feel like, emotionally, I connected to it, but also because of how much I love to dance and how much that's always been such a big part of who I am since I started. Since I was a little girl, I just totally connected with the idea of getting out there." Composition "On the Floor" (2011) A 23-second sample of "On the Floor", which combines a sample of "Llorando se fue" by Los Kjarkas, with dance, house and Latin music. Latino rapper Pitbull provides vocals in two verses. Problems playing this file? See media help. "On the Floor" is an up-tempo pop and dance-pop song combining elements of Latin, house and techno music. On that topic, Pitbull starts the song with a rap introduction while the melody interpolates elements of the Los Kjarkas composition, "Llorando se fue", popularized by Kaoma's 1989 hit single "Lambada". "On the Floor" was written in the time signature of common time, set at a tempo of 130 beats per minute and in the key of E♭ minor by Bilal "The Chef" Hajji, Kinnda Hamid, Gonzalo Hermosa, Ulises Hermosa, Achraf "AJ Junior" Janussi, Nadir "RedOne" Khayat", Pitbull and Teddy Sky. Lopez's vocal range spans from A♭3 to B♭4 while the melody uses a simple chord progression of E♭ minor–C♭ major–G♭ major–B♭ minor. The song was adapted in Spanish as "Ven a Bailar" which featured additional lyrics by Julio Reyes Copello and Jimena Romero. "On the Floor" was produced by RedOne with additional vocal production by Kuk Harrell. Josh Gudwin joined Harrell to record the vocals whilst the whole composition was recorded and engineered by RedOne, Christopher "TEK" O'Ryan and Trevor Muzzy at Cove Studios in New York and Henson Recording Studios in Los Angeles. O'Ryan, RedOne and Harrell also edited Lopez's vocals while the latter two also arranged vocals for the final track, with Harrell also providing background vocals. All instruments and programming were carried out by RedOne with the exception of the accordion which was tasked to Alessandro Giulini. Pitbull appears courtesy of Mr. 305, Polo Grounds Music and RCA Records. His vocals were recorded by Al Burna at Al Burna Studios in Davie, Florida and At El Studios Indamix in Dominican Republic. Final mixing was carried out by Muzzy. According to Idolator and Gerrick Kennedy from the Los Angeles Times, "On the Floor" is reminiscent of Lopez's single, "Waiting for Tonight" (1999). Kennedy elaborated on the comparisons, stating that "listeners haven't heard this dance-electro-pop side of Lopez since 1999... much of her back catalog flirts with more gritty urban-pop sounds." Editors for the New York Daily News made some comparisons between "On the Floor" and another RedOne production, Kat DeLuna's 2010 single, "Party O'Clock". DeLuna's song contains the lyrics "Party in Ibiza, Party in New York/All the way to Africa/Love in the Caribbean/On my way to Vegas" whereas Lopez sings the nearly identical line, "Brazil, Morocco/London to Ibiza/Straight to L.A. New York/Vegas to Africa." Critical reception "On the Floor" was compared to "Party O'Clock" by Kat DeLuna. "On the Floor" garnered universal acclaim from music critics. Rolling Stone called the song "music worth getting lost in". Mikael Wood from the Los Angeles Times agreed, calling "On the Floor" the standout track from Love? Wood said, "On the Floor" "returned Lopez to the upper reaches of the Billboard Hot 100" but added that the rest of the album was unlikely to match its success. The Houston Chronicle's Joey Guerra concurred with his following critics, nothing that "On the Floor" was one of the four standout moments on the album, typyifying the "aggressively sexual anthems that are likely to soundtrack the summer." Comments echoed by The Observer's Hermione Hoby read, "the song was a particular triumph." In his article for the Los Angeles Times, Gerrick Kennedy said the song is a "sweat-inducing, sticky dance floor track" which was "vintage J.Lo" and catchier than either of her previous releases, "Louboutins" or "Fresh Out the Oven". Although Kennedy praised the song's overall appeal, he commented that RedOne had produced more inventive "pop gems" with the likes of Lady Gaga and that Pitbull's appearance was a "throwaway verse." In her review for AOL Music's Radio Blog, Nadine Cheung commented that Lopez "reinforces her renaissance woman status." Nick Levine from Digital Spy called "On the Floor" a song that The Black Eyed Peas would have been "proud to have released". Levine's review agreed with others that the song was a "welcome comeback for Lopez," and praised the use of a "not so-subtle" sample with the "Latin-tinged electro-housy" production. Overall, he said that the production was "the antithesis of classy", and although not original "there's no denying that this gets the job done." Not all of the reviews were positive, with some critics citing a lack of originality. In his review of Love?, BBC Music's Alex Macpherson said that "On the Floor" was a predictable recording from Lopez as it was "not too dissimilar to the supreme millennial house of 'Waiting for Tonight' (1999)". He went on to describe "On the Floor," and album track "Papi," as "apparent distillations of the trashy Miami house aesthetic that dominates pop these days." Ken Capobianco from The Boston Globe described "On the Floor" as quite generic. The single also drew comparisons to "Party O'Clock," a 2010 single by American singer Kat DeLuna, also produced by RedOne. In a statement issued to the New York Daily News, DeLuna said "It's cool that artists like J.Lo are inspired by my musical sound and style. ... Jennifer helped pave the way for Latinas like myself. I love her", and insisted that there wasn't an issue. DeLuna also noted Lopez as someone who inspired her, and paved the way for someone like her to perform. Following previews of the music video for "On the Floor," DeLuna changed her mind about how she felt with the claims of copying. In another interview with the New York Daily News, several days after the first, she said "I've seen this before, where the more established artist tries to take the vision and artistic ideas away from an emerging artist and assumes no one will notice because of their bigger shadow,... Luckily, my loyal fans and the power of the Internet have let the 'Kat' out of the bag." Lopez was interviewed about the issue on Hispanic-American entertainment program ¡Despierta America!. Lopez replied "What? Really? I'm not aware of that...", and when pressed by the presenter a second time, insisted she had not heard rumors of the comparisons. Accolades "On the Floor" received two International Dance Music nominations for Best Latin/Reggaeton Track and Best Commercial/Pop Track. The song was nominated at the 2012 Swiss Music Awards for Best International Hit. The Spanish version "Ven a Bailar" received two nominations at the 2012 Billboard Latin Music Awards for Vocal Duet Song of the Year and Latin Pop Song of the Year. "On the Floor" was recognized by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) in their Most Performed Songs list for the year. "Ven a Bailar" was also recognized at the 20th ASCAP Latin Music Awards at the Pop Category. It received a Broadcast Music Award at the Pop Awards and the London Awards. At the 2011 Premios Juventud ceremony, the duo received a nomination for La Combinación Perfecta (The Perfect Combination) for the song. She got nominated for the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song ("On the Floor"), the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female ("On the Floor"), MuchMusic Video Award for International Video of the Year – Artist ("On the Floor") with Pitbull. Impact In 2022, "On The Floor" was sampled by British drill rappers A1 x J1 and Tion Wayne for their single "Night Away (Dance)". The song was released on March 3, 2022, and debuted at number eleven on the UK Singles Chart two weeks later. Chart performance North America "On the Floor" made its chart debut in Canada, during the week beginning February 12, 2011. It debuted at number eighty-six on the Canadian Hot 100, despite not being released until February 22, 2011, thus becoming the first release from Love? to receive airplay recognition. Neither the album's Epic Records buzz single ("Fresh Out the Oven", which also features Pitbull), nor the previous lead single "Louboutins" charted on US Billboard Charts. In the chart week dated April 16, 2011, "On the Floor" became Lopez's fourth Canadian chart-topper, and highest-charting single in nine years following "If You Had My Love" (1999), "Love Don't Cost a Thing" (2001) and "Jenny from the Block" (2002). In the United States, "On the Floor" made its chart debut on the Hot Dance Club Songs, at number twenty-six. Additionally it debuted on the US Pop Songs chart at number forty, marking Lopez's first appearance on pop airplay charts since 2007. The single went on to make its Billboard Hot 100 debut at number nine, becoming the highest debuting Hot 100 single of Lopez's career. "On the Floor" became Lopez's tenth top-ten hit on the Hot 100, of which, six have featured other artists. Billboard's Gary Trust reported that it was Lopez's highest peaking chart position since her 2006 feature on LL Cool J's "Control Myself," although it was actually in 2003 when Lopez last released a top-ten peaking single as a lead artist ("All I Have" with LL Cool J). The full single was not released until February 22, almost one month after it was uploaded to YouTube and serviced to radio, despite a remix EP being available before hand. Keith Caulfield from Billboard noted that Island Def Jam Music's strategy of delaying the release was unusual as fellow pop contemporaries, such as Lady Gaga and Britney Spears, "released their singles to digital retailers at about the same time they were serviced to radio and streaming sites." The single's release was synchronized with the debut of the music video on season ten of American Idol, resulting in first week sales of 170,000 copies and a Hot Digital Songs chart position of number three. The Spanish version of the song also became a success on Latin radio stations where it peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. As a direct result, Kaoma's 1989 single "Lambada" re-entered the charts after more than two decades, making its digital chart debut at number three on the Billboard World Digital Chart. In the week following the music video's debut, "On the Floor" experienced a 31% increase in sales, which totaled 232,000 copies, and landed the song at number two on the Hot Digital Songs chart, as well as number five on the Hot 100. "On the Floor" thus became Lopez's seventh top-five hit in the United States. It is the first single since "So What" (2008) by Pink to debut in the top-ten of the Hot 100, and then climb up the chart in its second week. Just over a month after release "On the Floor" had sold over 600,000 copies in the United States, according to USA Today's Bill Keveney. Keveney, attributed Lopez's commercial comeback to product endorsement deals with L'Oreal and Gillette, also noting her appointment as a judge on American Idol a contributing factor in the growth of her popularity. During the week ending May 8, 2011, "On the Floor" rose from number seven to a new peak of number three on the Hot 100. By March 28, 2011, "On the Floor" reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, becoming her fifth consecutive US dance chart topper, with three coming from her album Love?, including "Fresh Out the Oven" (with Pitbull) and "Louboutins" (2009). "On the Floor" brings Lopez's US dance number ones total to nine singles since she launched her career in 1999. Since then, it has been certified 3× Multi-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of three million copies. As a result of Lopez's first televised performance of the song on May 5, 2011, "On the Floor" logged 175,000 digital sales that week (up 25% on the previous week), earning Lopez the "Digital Gainer" title that week. Consequently, "On the Floor" reached a new peak of number three on the Hot 100 and number five on the US Pop Songs chart, becoming her highest-charting single commercial single as a lead artist, as well as her most successful airplay hit on contemporary hit radio, since 2002's "Jenny from the Block". By April 2012, the song has sold 3.49 million downloads in the US alone. A year later in April 2013, it was reported that "On the Floor" had sold 3.8 million downloads in the United States. Europe and Oceania Globally, "On the Floor" topped 37 national single charts and has sold 11 million copies as of June 2017. On the Slovakia Airplay chart, the single debuted at number sixteen, before peaking at number one where it remained for two weeks beginning on March 7, 2011. It returned to the top of the chart in the first week of April 2011, after dipping to number two at the end of March, and made a third return to number one in the third week of April. In total, "On the Floor" spent a total of seven weeks at number one. It also topped both the Flemish and Wallonian single charts in Belgium. On the Flanders Ultratop 50, "On the Floor" peaked at number one, remaining there for four weeks. Meanwhile, on the Wallonia Ultratop 50, the single remained at number one for four weeks, before dropping to number four and then returning to number one for a fifth week. In both territories, it is Lopez's first number one single in Belgium. The Belgian Entertainment Association (BEA) certified the single gold, for selling 15,000 copies. In Finland, "On the Floor" debuted at number one, giving Lopez her third number one in the country, behind "Love Don't Cost a Thing" (2001) and her debut single "If You Had My Love" (1999). Selling platinum with over 12,000 copies, "On the Floor" was the second-best-selling single of 2011 in Finland and in total it spent nine weeks at number one, making it Lopez's longest-serving number-one, as well as her longest-charting single in the country. "On the Floor" also reached number one in Spain (fifteen weeks), Germany (six weeks) and France (one week). In Spain, "On the Floor" reached number one on March 13, 2011, where it remained for fifteen weeks. Consequently, the single was certified Triple Platinum, by the Productores de Música de España (PROMUSICAE), for shipments of 120,000 copies. It was also certified 2× Platinum by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI), in Germany, for shipping 600,000 copies. In Italy, "On the Floor" entered the Italian Singles Chart at number four before ascending to the summit, where it would remain for four weeks. It is Lopez's fourth Italian number-one, and first English-language single to reach number one since "Get Right" (2005), though Spanish single "Qué Hiciste" reached number one in 2007. The Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI) certified "On the Floor" Multi-Platinum for shipping 60,000 copies. The single experienced similar success in Sweden and Switzerland, where it respectively spent three and five weeks at the top of the countries' singles charts. In Sweden it is Lopez's first number one single, whereas in Switzerland it is her second, following 2007's "Qué Hiciste". In both countries the single was certified Double Platinum, shipping 40,000 copies in Sweden and 60,000 copies in Switzerland. As of July 26, 2011 "On the Floor" had official sales of 1.41 million copies. In Australia, "On the Floor" debuted at number ten, becoming Lopez's first top-ten single in the country since 2005's "Get Right". It has since reached number one, becoming her second Australian chart topper, and first in nearly twelve years since 1999's "If You Had My Love". It was certified 4× platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 280,000 copies. It reached number two in New Zealand, and was certified double-Platinum for sales of 30,000 copies. In Ireland, "On the Floor" debuted at number twelve on the Irish Singles Chart on March 10, 2011. It continued a steady climb to the top spot, spending two weeks at number two before finally reaching number one on April 14, 2011. In the United Kingdom, "On the Floor" was added to playlists on mainstream radio in March 2011. On April 3, 2011, "On the Floor" made its UK Singles Chart debut at number one, becoming Lopez's third chart-topper in that country. Overall it is Lopez's twelfth UK top-five hit, and topped the UK Digital Songs chart after logging first week sales of 130,000 copies – the highest first week sales for Lopez in the UK. "On the Floor" also debuted at the top of the R&B Singles Chart. It remained at number one for two weeks, becoming the only single by Lopez to do so. The song was the biggest selling R&B / hip hop single of 2011 in the UK. As of May 2012, "On the Floor" had sold 822,056 copies, becoming Lopez' biggest-selling single in the UK. Globally By the end of 2011, International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) noted that "On the Floor" had sold over 8.4 million copies worldwide, making it the best selling single by a female artist. Music video Background and development The music video for "On the Floor" was filmed on January 22–23, 2011, with TAJ Stansberry serving as the director and Frank Gatson as the choreographer. Lopez told MTV News that for the video she was holding an open casting call to find club kids, " those kids who go to the club and they dance all night and that's all they care about? It's just about having a good time, getting all sweaty, and it's all about the music and leaving it on the dance floor. I don't want to say what the video is, but that's the type of dancers. We're doing a big casting call..." Meanwhile, Gatson said that Lopez wanted a post-2AM Los Angeles club vibe for the video. He said, " that's so amazing. everybody had some watermelon and the watermelon made them high, it gave them a little buzz — but a good buzz, a real magical buzz, a dance buzz, a buzz that makes you feel like fried chicken, so she just wants everybody to have a good old time... The club must have this vibe, where you get on the floor and everybody's bringing it", he added. "We've seen so many club videos, but we want to see a club video with a vibe unique to Jennifer Lopez." Just prior of the casting call and video shoot, Stansberry expressed his views to MTV News on the concept for the video – originality. "Originality, being you. This song is about being who you want. It's about letting loose. There's no explanation. This is this underground video, this underground party." During the video shoot, MTV interviewed Lopez about the concepts for the video. Lopez described some of the characters she played, telling MTV that in one scene "I play one character where she kind of runs this party, acts like she's kind of over it, but at the same time loves it and loves this kind of underground kind of party dance culture,... So I got to be wild and crazy, and at the same time I got to be sexy and sweet too." The video makes use of product placement, including BMW, Swarovski and Crown Royal, according to Tanner Stransky from Entertainment Weekly. Stransky also noted the "unintentional placement" of fake eyelashes and wigs, weaves, and other hair-extending products. Lopez later confirmed in an interview On Air with Ryan Seacrest, that the completed music video would premiere jointly on season ten of American Idol and on Vevo on March 3, 2011. Fans could vote between three alternative endings through Idol's official website. Lopez said the idea behind giving fans the choice was to give them a chance to see what she experienced. "You get to do what I do,... Like, I go in there with my videos and I start editing and picking all the shots I like and the things that I like and what I feel the best kind of feeling for the record is. You guys get to do that. We picked two different ones and we weren't sure." The alternative endings included three varying scenes: in the first, the video ends with a close-up of Lopez's face in the silver lace catsuit; the second ends with a shot of dancers defying gravity on the walls and ceiling, while the final ending ends with a shot of Lopez on the dance floor in her harem pants. The first ending was the one used in the final video. Synopsis A scene from the clip where Lopez is styled with a beehive bun and gold gladiator heels. She wears a dress with Gaga-esque detailing in its high collar and leaves. The clip begins with Lopez's arrival at a club in a black BMW, one example of the product placement used throughout the video. As the music begins, she puts on a pair Swarovski crystal earrings before the camera switches to inside the club. where it descends from the ceiling amongst the Las Vegas-style crystal chandeliers. Choreographer Frank Gatson Jr. called the club, "the best dance party in town," where Lopez played several different characters. Both the scenery and artist were styled to pay homage to her background as a professional dancer, she said she wanted the video to "introduce people to a new J.Lo-ration of party people". In one scene, she plays a dominant queen of the party who watches from above, on a balcony surrounded by servants. When portraying this character, Lopez was styled with "a big beehive bun, gold gladiator heels and a glittery gold gown with Gaga-esque detailing in its high collar and leaves." The 'queen' character "dangles lazily on a couch" and "regally oversees a crowd of people getting down on the dancefloor." In another scene, Lopez wears a silver crystal and lace skin-tight catsuit, designed by Lebanese fashion designer Zuhair Murad, as she dances against a "gold cardio barre" before proceeding to shake her "money maker," according to the Los Angeles Times. Spliced in between these scenes, she is seen dressed in black harem pants and a bikini top, as she walks through the crowd to mount a circular stage on the Las Vegas-style dancefloor. MTV's Kelly Carter and AOL's Khawlhring Sawmteii described the final scenes as Lopez "tearing up the floor," and "breaking it down 'fly-girl' style." Reception The music video was welcomed with critical acclaim from music critics, praising the expensive finish, arrangement, Lopez's sense of fashion and the overall execution. Based on a preview of the video, Entertainment Weekly's Tanner Stransky said the clip brought together a flawless realness with an expensive set-up, things that are "very important elements in the pop music world and to the old Lopez that everyone knew and loved." Following its full premiere, Stransky added that the video was "sexy and sultry." Kyle Anderson from MTV's Newsroom agreed, noting the "gorgeous and exquisite execution," particularly praising Lopez's "incredible hairstyles" and the "gorgeous club interiors ." Anderson ended his review by stating that the premiere of the song's music video almost overshadowed the episode of American Idol in which it was shown. AOL's Benji Eisen called "On the Floor" a "comeback of sorts" for Lopez, particularly noting its clever cross-promotion with Idol and Lopez's multiple product endorsement deals. He applauded Lopez for moving on from her previous lack of commercial success in recent years. The sex appeal in the video for "On the Floor" was likened to that last displayed by Lopez in the video for 2002's "I'm Gonna Be Alright". A reviewer from the Daily Express said "Jennifer Lopez once told us in a song that 'I'm Gonna Be Alright' and now she's proved it... The curves she displayed when she recorded the hit video nine years ago have been replaced by a leaner, fitter look ." Matthew Perpetua from Rolling Stone agreed with comparisons to Lopez's earlier work: "Basically, this is classic Lopez tweaked for 2011... visuals that update late-Nineties bling with a high fashion wardrobe nearly as eccentric as that of Rihanna and Lady Gaga." As a result of the video's premiere, the online traffic at Lopez's official Vevo account increased by 1000%, and as of October 9, 2022, has received over 2 billion views on YouTube. In the space of two weeks, the video was viewed over thirty million times on Lopez's official Vevo page, according to USA Today. Live performances Lopez performed "On the Floor" during the Dance Again World Tour On May 5, 2011, Lopez and Pitbull took the stage of American Idol to perform "On the Floor" for the first time. The performance consisted of her breaking two dancers out of glass boxes, an elaborate dance routine and two appearances from Pitbull. Initially he appeared from the crowd, but for his second appearance, he arrived at the back of the stage via a moving staircase. Lopez was dressed in a "glimmering ensemble" while the set included lasers and pyrotechnics. According to Adam Graham from MTV, the performance was taped prior to the episode of Idol, made apparent by what Graham called "sloppy editing." According to The Hollywood Reporter, Lopez pretaped the performance due to a perceived danger of flying shards of glass from the earlier part of the routine. The performance was praised by Caryn Ganz from Yahoo! Music, who complimented all of the element of the performance. Ganz said " lush production values to her own high energy dancing and live vocals ... This performance maxed out what an artist can do in such a medium – awesome lighting, high-impact video footage, a strong feature from Pitbull, excellent staging, solid choreography, a bit of pyro, and a ton of warmth and personality." An editor from Rap-Up magazine agreed, saying that "Lopez showed the contestants how its done, commanding the stage during her smashing performance." The duo reprised their performance at KIIS-FM's Wango Tango music festival in Los Angeles, on May 14, 2011. Lopez wore a shiny gold catsuit for the performance, which did not go as planned when halfway through the performance her microphone failed. She continued performing for 20 seconds, before realising that she had lost sound. According to lifestyle website Female First, Lopez proceeded to dance, and urged the audience to sing along. At the end of the performance, Lopez addressed the crowd straight after the performance, saying "We ain't gonna let that get us down, right? Nobody keeps mama down." After Pitbull informed her of the malfunction, she turned to the band asking them to start from the beginning so that she could perform the song again. On June 11, 2011, Lopez flew to the United Kingdom to promote "On the Floor," first appearing at Capital FM's Summertime Ball. Later that day, she appeared at the finale of the second series of So You Think You Can Dance to reprise the performance. Wearing a skin-tight catsuit, Lopez descended from the ceiling in an illuminated heart before proceeding to perform the song, which included her dropping to her knees during the chorus. Lopez reprise the performance on X Factor (France) on June 14, 2011, and German game-show Wetten, dass..? on June 18. Lopez later performed the song as part of her medley during the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards on August 20, 2018, at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. The song was featured in Lopez's setlist during the Super Bowl LIV halftime show. Formats and track listings CD single "On the Floor" – 3:51 "On the Floor" (Low Sunday Club Remix) – 6:22 Digital download "On the Floor" – 3:51 Digital download (Spanish Version) "Ven a Bailar (On the Floor)" – 4:52 Digital download (EP) "On the Floor" (Radio Edit) – 3:51 "On the Floor" (CCW Club Mix) – 6:26 "On the Floor" (Ralphi's Jurty Club Vox) – 8:43 "On the Floor" (music video) – 4:27 Digital download (Remixes) "On the Floor" (CCW Radio Mix) – 3:44 "On the Floor" (Low Sunday "On the Floor" Radio Edit) – 3:51 "On the Floor" (Ralphi's Jurty Radio Edit) – 3:57 "On the Floor" (Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda LA to Ibiza Radio Edit) – 3:16 "On the Floor" (CCW Club Mix) – 6:26 "On the Floor" (Low Sunday "On the Floor" Club) – 6:22 "On the Floor" (Ralphi's Jurty Club Vox) – 8:43 "On the Floor" (Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda LA to Ibiza Mix) – 6:40 "On the Floor" (CCW Dub Mix) – 6:07 "On the Floor" (Low Sunday "On the Floor" Dub) – 6:37 "On the Floor" (Ralphi's Jurty Dub) – 8:43 "On the Floor" (Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda LA to Ibiza Dub) – 5:36 Credits and personnel Credits taken from CD single, "On the Floor" contains interpolations of the Los Kjarkas composition: "Llorando Se Fue", written by Gonzalo Hermosa and Ulises Hermosa. Recording Cove Studio (New York) Henson Recording (Los Angeles) Al Burna Studios (Davie, Florida) Et Al Indamix (Dominican Republic) Personnel Alessandro Giulini – accordion Josh Gudwin – vocal recording Bilal Hajji – songwriter Kinda Hamid – songwriter Kuk Harrell – vocal arranger, vocal editor, vocal producer, vocal recording Gonzalo Hermosa – songwriter Ulises Hermosa – songwriter Achraf "AJ Junior" Janussi – songwriter Trevor Muzzy – audio mixer, recording engineer Nadir "RedOne" Khayat – producer, songwriter, vocal arranger, vocal editor, vocal producer, instruments and programming, recording engineer Jennifer Lopez – lead vocalist, backing vocalist Chris "TEK" O'Ryan – vocal editor, recording engineer Armando "Pitbull" Perez – rap vocalist, songwriter Geraldo "Teddy Sky" Sandell – songwriter Low Sunday (Bart Schoudel & Ron Haney) – additional production for remix Charts Weekly charts 2011 weekly chart performance for "On the Floor" Chart (2011) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 1 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 1 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 1 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 1 Brazil (Billboard Hot 100) 1 Brazil (Billboard Hot Pop Songs) 1 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 1 Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard) 2 Canada Hot AC (Billboard) 2 CIS (TopHit) 2 Croatia (HRT) 2 Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100) 1 Denmark (Tracklisten) 3 Euro Digital Song Sales (Billboard) 1 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 1 France (SNEP) 1 Germany (Official German Charts) 1 Global Dance Tracks (Billboard) 4 Greece (IFPI Greece) 1 Greece Digital Songs (Billboard) 1 Hungary (Dance Top 40) 4 Hungary (Rádiós Top 40) 10 Hungary (Single Top 40) 8 Ireland (IRMA) 1 Israel (Media Forest) 1 Italy (FIMI) 1 Japan (Japan Hot 100) 10 Japan Adult Contemporary Airplay (Billboard) 3 Lebanon (The Official Lebanese Top 20) 19 Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard) 1 Mexico Airplay (Billboard) 2 Mexico Espanol Airplay (Billboard) 1 Mexico Top Inglés (Monitor Latino) 1 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 4 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 4 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 2 Norway (VG-lista) 1 Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) 2 Poland (Polish Airplay TV) 4 Poland (Dance Top 50) 1 Portugal Digital Songs (Billboard) 1 Romania (Romanian Top 100) 1 Romania (Romania TV Airplay) 1 Russia Airplay (TopHit) 2 Scotland (OCC) 1 Slovakia (Rádio Top 100) 1 South Korea International (Gaon) 5 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 1 Spain Airplay (PROMUSICAE) 1 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 1 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 1 Ukraine Airplay (TopHit) 5 UK Singles (OCC) 1 UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) 1 US Billboard Hot 100 3 US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 24 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 1 US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard) 1 US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard) 5 US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) Spanish version: "Ven a Bailar" 2 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 5 US Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard) Spanish version: "Ven a Bailar" 1 US Radio Songs (Billboard) 5 US Rhythmic (Billboard) 10 US Tropical Airplay (Billboard) Spanish version: "Ven a Bailar" 5 2020-2024 weekly chart performance for "On the Floor" Chart (2020-2024) Peakposition US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard) 4 Year-end charts 2011 year-end chart performance for "On the Floor" Chart (2011) Position Australia (ARIA) 10 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 75) 1 Belgian (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 8 Belgian (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 9 Brazil (Crowley) 26 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 3 CIS (Tophit) 3 Croatia (HRT) 2 Denmark (Tracklisten) 12 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 1 France (SNEP) 6 France Airplay (SNEP) 13 Germany (Media Control AG) 1 Greece (IFPI Greece) 5 Hungary (Dance Top 40) 20 Hungary (Rádiós Top 40) 78 Iceland (Tónlist) 19 Ireland (IRMA) 6 Israel (Media Forest) 3 Italy (FIMI) 4 Japan (Japan Hot 100) 45 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 31 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 16 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 9 Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) 31 Poland (Polish Dance Top 50) 4 Romania (Romanian Top 100) 9 Russia Airplay (Tophit) 5 South Korea International (Gaon) 97 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 1 Spain Airplay (PROMUSICAE) 1 Spain TV Airplay (PROMUSICAE) 2 Sweden (Digilistan) 2 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 6 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 1 Ukraine Airplay (Tophit) 9 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 15 US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard) 12 US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) 10 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 31 US Radio Songs (Billboard 22 US Rhythmic (Billboard) 43 US Tropical Songs (Billboard) 15 2020 year-end performance for "On the Floor" Chart (2020) Position US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard) 88 Certifications and sales Certifications and sales for "On the Floor" Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) 4× Platinum 280,000^ Belgium (BEA) Platinum 30,000* Canada (Music Canada) 5× Platinum 400,000* Denmark (IFPI Danmark) 2× Platinum 180,000‡ Finland (Musiikkituottajat) Platinum 12,213 Germany (BVMI) 7× Gold 1,050,000‡ Italy (FIMI) 3× Platinum 90,000* Japan (RIAJ) Digital single Platinum 250,000* New Zealand (RMNZ) 2× Platinum 30,000* Russia (NFPF) Ringtone Platinum 200,000* South Korea (Gaon Chart) — 206,578 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 3× Platinum 120,000* Spain (PROMUSICAE) 2015 onwards Platinum 60,000‡ Sweden (GLF) 2× Platinum 80,000‡ Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) 4× Platinum 120,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) 2× Platinum 1,710,000 United States (RIAA) 3× Platinum 3,000,000 Summaries Worldwide — 8,400,000 * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Release dates and formats for "On the Floor" Country Date Format Label United States February 8, 2011 Mainstream, Rhythmic airplay Island Records February 11, 2011 Remix EP (Masterbeat.com only) Australia February 18, 2011 Digital download Universal Music Ireland Norway February 21, 2011 Spain Digital download, Remixes EP Switzerland Digital download Austria February 22, 2011 Belgium Digital download, Remixes EP Canada Digital download Finland France Germany Italy Sweden Digital download, Remixes EP United States Digital download Island Records Switzerland February 24, 2011 Remixes EP Universal Music Ireland February 25, 2011 Digital single Netherlands Digital download, Remixes EP Germany March 11, 2011 CD single United Kingdom March 27, 2011 Digital download, digital single Mercury Records See also Music portal Billboard Top Latin Songs Year-End Chart List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2011 List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2011 (Canada) List of number-one dance airplay hits of 2011 (U.S.) List of number-one dance singles of 2011 (U.S.) List of number-one hits of 2011 (France) List of number-one hits of 2011 (Italy) List of number-one pop hits of 2011 (Brazil) List of number-one R&B hits of 2011 (UK) List of number-one singles from the 2010s (UK) List of number-one singles of 2011 (Australia) List of number-one singles of 2011 (Finland) List of number-one singles of 2011 (Spain) List of number-one singles of 2011 (Sweden) List of Polish Dance Chart number-one singles of 2011 List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2010s List of Ultratop 50 number-one singles of 2011 References ^ a b Murray, Nick (September 21, 2014). 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External links "On the Floor" on YouTube Official Music Video at YouTube / Vevo vteJennifer Lopez songs Discography Songs 1990s singles "If You Had My Love" "No Me Ames" "Waiting for Tonight" 2000s singles "Feelin' So Good" "Let's Get Loud" "Love Don't Cost a Thing" "Play" "I'm Real" "Ain't It Funny" "Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)" "I'm Gonna Be Alright (Track Masters Remix)" "Alive" "Jenny from the Block" "All I Have" "I'm Glad" "Baby I Love U!" "Get Right" "Hold You Down" "Qué Hiciste" "Me Haces Falta" "Do It Well" "Hold It Don't Drop It" "Louboutins" 2010s singles "On the Floor" "I'm Into You" "Papi" "Dance Again" "Goin' In" "Live It Up" "I Luh Ya Papi" "First Love" "Booty" "Feel the Light" "Ain't Your Mama" "Chegaste" "Ni Tú Ni Yo" "Amor, Amor, Amor" "Us" "Se Acabó el Amor" "El Anillo" "Dinero" "Te Guste" "Limitless" "Medicine" "Baila Conmigo" 2020s singles "Pa' Ti" "Lonely" "In the Morning" "Cambia el Paso" "On My Way" "Marry Me" "Can't Get Enough" Featured singles "Control Myself" "This Boy's Fire" "T.H.E. (The Hardest Ever)" "Follow the Leader" "Sweet Spot" "Quizás, Quizás, Quizás" "Adrenalina" "We Are One (Ole Ola)" "Back It Up" "El Mismo Sol" "Try Me" "Te Boté II" Charity singles "El Ultimo Adios (The Last Goodbye)" "What's Going On" "Hands" "Love Make the World Go Round" "Almost Like Praying" Promotional singles "Cariño" "Fresh Out the Oven" "(What Is) Love?" "Girls" "Same Girl" "A Selena Tribute" "Olvídame y Pega la Vuelta" Other songs "Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" "You Belong to Me" "Until It Beats No More" "One Love" "Invading My Mind" "Hypnotico" Category vtePitbull songs Discography M.I.A.M.I. "Culo" "Toma" "Dammit Man" "That's Nasty" "Back Up" Money Is Still a Major Issue "Everybody Get Up" El Mariel "Be Quiet" "Ay Chico (Lengua Afuera)" "Dime" "Bojangles" The Boatlift "Go Girl" "The Anthem" "Sticky Icky" "Secret Admirer" Pitbull Starring in Rebelution "Shut It Down" "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" "Hotel Room Service" "Krazy" Armando "Maldito Alcohol" "Bon, Bon" "Tu Cuerpo" "Vida 23" "Watagatapitusberry" Planet Pit "Give Me Everything" "Rain Over Me" "Hey Baby (Drop It to the Floor)" "Pause" "Shake Señora" "International Love" Global Warming "Don't Stop the Party" "Feel This Moment" "Back in Time" "Outta Nowhere" "Echa Pa'lla (Manos Pa'rriba)" "Everybody Fucks" "Get It Started" Meltdown "Timber" Globalization "Fun" "Fireball" "Time of Our Lives" "Drive You Crazy" "Wild Wild Love" "We Are One (Ole Ola)" Dale "Baddest Girl in Town" Climate Change "Greenlight" "Messin' Around" Libertad 548 "No Lo Trates" "Get Ready" Other songs "Nuestro Himno" "Pearly Gates" "Hey Ma" "Por Favor" "Goalie Goalie" "Dame Tu Cosita" (remix) "I Feel Good" Featured songs "Shake" "Holla at Me" "Show Stopper" (remix) "Born-N-Raised" "Crazy" "Move Shake Drop" "Swing" "Feel It" "Shooting Star (Party Rock Mix)" "Now I'm That Bitch" "Outta Control" "Ni Rosas Ni Juguetes" "Fresh Out the Oven" "Now You See It (Shake That Ass)" "Egoísta" "Armada Latina" "All Night Long" "I Like It" "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love" "On the Floor" "Rabiosa" "Boomerang" "Suave (Kiss Me)" "Throw Your Hands Up (Dancar Kuduro)" "Pass at Me" "I Like How It Feels" "Bailando Por El Mundo" "U Know It Ain't Love" "We Run the Night" "Rock the Boat" "Name of Love" "Dance Again" "There She Goes" "Beat on My Drum" "I'm All Yours" "Letting Go (Cry Just a Little)" "Ai Se Eu Te Pego" (remix) "Sexy People (The Fiat Song)" "Crazy Kids" (remix) "Live It Up" "Habibi I Love You" "Exotic" "Can't Believe It" "Sopa de Caracol - Yupi" "I'm a Freak" "I Love You... Te Quiero" "Booty" "Mmm Yeah" "Can't Get Enough" "Drink to That All Night" (remix) "Don't Tell 'Em" (remix) "Turn Down for What" (remix) "Good Time" "Mr. Put It Down" "Back It Up" "Shake That" "Only Love" "Lady" "Move to Miami" "Slowly Slowly" "Further Up (Na, Na, Na, Na, Na)" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"On the Floor (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Floor_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%3F"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Kinnda \"Kee\" Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnda"},{"link_name":"AJ Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Junior"},{"link_name":"Bilal \"The Chef\" Hajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilal_Hajji"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Hermosa, Ulises Hermosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Kjarkas"},{"link_name":"RedOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedOne"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno_music"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music_(genre)"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"house music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"common time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_time"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"Julio Reyes Copello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Reyes_Copello"},{"link_name":"Interpolated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)"},{"link_name":"Llorando se fue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llorando_se_fue"},{"link_name":"Los Kjarkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Kjarkas"},{"link_name":"Kaoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoma"},{"link_name":"Lambada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambada_(song)"},{"link_name":"tenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol_(season_10)"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"BBC Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"If You Had My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Had_My_Love"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Tonight"},{"link_name":"certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"text":"2011 single by Jennifer LopezFor other uses, see On the Floor (disambiguation).\"On the Floor\" is a song recorded by American singer Jennifer Lopez for her seventh studio album, Love? (2011). Featuring American rapper Pitbull, it was released by Island Records on February 8, 2011, as the lead single from the album. \"On the Floor\" was written by Kinnda \"Kee\" Hamid, AJ Junior, Teddy Sky, Bilal \"The Chef\" Hajji, Pitbull, Gonzalo Hermosa, Ulises Hermosa, along with the song's producer RedOne. It is a pop song combining techno, Latin, dance-pop and house music and with a common time tempo of 130 beats per minute. Lopez recorded a Spanish-language version of the song titled \"Ven a Bailar\" (English: \"Come Dance\"), which includes additional lyrical contributions from Julio Reyes Copello and Jimena Romero.The song's development was motivated by Lopez's Latin heritage and pays homage to her career-beginnings as a dancer. Interpolated within the song are recurrent elements of the 1982 Bolivian composition \"Llorando se fue\" written by Gonzalo and Ulises Hermosa of Los Kjarkas, a composition that gained notoriety when it was covered by Kaoma in their 1989 single \"Lambada\". Lopez described \"On the Floor\" as an evolution of her classic sound and as something which sounded very current. The debut and release of \"On the Floor\" coincided with Lopez's appointment as a judge on the tenth season of US reality TV show American Idol, as well as several other product endorsement deals. American Idol also provided a platform to debut the single's music video, as well as the stage for Lopez's first live performance of the song.Editors from BBC Music and Los Angeles Times drew comparisons to Lopez's debut single, \"If You Had My Love\" (1999) and follow-up single \"Waiting for Tonight\" (1999). In the United States, it was Lopez's first single in four years to garner airplay, and has sold 3.8 million copies, earning a triple platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It was ranked by Billboard as the eleventh-biggest hit of 2011 on the year-end Billboard Hot 100 chart. \"On the Floor\" finished in first in Austria, Finland, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, and other countries.A music video was directed by TAJ Stansberry and choreographed by Frank Gatson Jr, with fans being given the chance to vote for their preferred ending for the video. The completed clip premiered simultaneously on Vevo and during the March 3, 2011 episode of American Idol. It depicts a Los Angeles underground club culture where Lopez portrays a \"queen of the nightclub\", among other characters. The video received critical acclaim for its lavish production, styling, and choreography, all of which critics felt highlighted Lopez's skills as a dancer. \"On the Floor\" sold over eight million copies worldwide in 2011, making it the best-selling single of that year by a female artist.","title":"On the Floor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latina heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinas"},{"link_name":"RedOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedOne"},{"link_name":"MTV News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%3F_(album)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_2009-06-15-4"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"Louboutins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louboutins_(song)"},{"link_name":"The-Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The-Dream"},{"link_name":"Tricky Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricky_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rap-Up_Lopez_Gets_Louboutins-5"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Lopez_Leaves_Sony-7"},{"link_name":"The Island Def Jam Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"RedOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedOne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breafast_Club-8"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheung-9"},{"link_name":"RedOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedOne"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rap-Up-10"},{"link_name":"Fresh Out the Oven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Out_the_Oven"},{"link_name":"buzz single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_single"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newman-11"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"L'Oreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Oreal"},{"link_name":"68th Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-12"},{"link_name":"season ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol_(season_10)"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-12"},{"link_name":"On Air with Ryan Seacrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Air_with_Ryan_Seacrest_(radio)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheung-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Scott Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mills"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Premier-14"},{"link_name":"AOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisen-15"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Airplay_B-list-16"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dinh-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Let's face it: With J.Lo, you have to go big or go home, to make a song that sounded right for Lopez [we] would need \"dance, parties and her Latina heritage. She's a dancer. She can sing. I was really amazed, and I had so much fun working with her, her energy, and everything about her is a star, and it was natural for me to do what we did\n\n\n—Producer RedOne speaking to MTV News about collaborating with Lopez.[3]Lopez's seventh studio album Love? (2011) was conceived in late 2007 and early 2008.[4] During that time frame, under contract to Epic Records, Lopez released \"Louboutins\", a song written and produced by The-Dream and Tricky Stewart, as the project's lead single.[5] However upon release, the song failed to garner enough airplay to chart, despite topping the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart.[6] Lopez subsequently left Epic Records, citing that she had fulfilled her contractual obligations and now wished to release Love? under a new label.[7] Upon signing with The Island Def Jam Music Group, Lopez continued working with The-Dream and Tricky Stewart, in addition to collaborating with new producers such as RedOne.[8] It was not until January 2011 that Lopez teased the media about the new lead single for Love?. In a tweet on her Twitter account, Lopez posted: \"I see u @RedOne_Official! We're making BIG things happen 'On the Floor' this new year!!!\".[9] Subsequently, on January 16, 2011, an unfinished snippet of \"On the Floor\" leaked online, labelled as a RedOne production and featuring rap vocals from Pitbull.[10] It is the second time that Lopez and Pitbull have collaborated on a song, the first being \"Fresh Out the Oven\", the 2009 buzz single which reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart.[11]According to the Los Angeles Times's Gerrick D. Kennedy, a full-length unfinished version of \"On the Floor\" leaked online over the same weekend in time for Lopez's new L'Oreal commercial, which premiered during the telecast of the 68th Golden Globe Awards ceremony in Los Angeles.[12] The timing of the leak also coincided with Lopez's debut on judges panel for season ten of American Idol.[12] Lopez confirmed the single's title as \"On the Floor\" during the red carpet ceremony at The Golden Globes, before appearing the following day on the radio show On Air with Ryan Seacrest for the song's US premiere.[9] The final version of the song was uploaded to Ryanseacrest.com, where the site's editor, Sadao Turner, revealed that the final master of the song was different from the previously leaked and unfinished version.[13] \"On the Floor\" made its debut in the United Kingdom, on January 28, 2011 when it was played by DJ Scott Mills on his radio show, Ready for the Weekend.[14] Benji Eisen from AOL Music stated that Lopez had used \"genius marketing and branding\" by synchronizing the digital release of \"On the Floor\" with the premiere of its music video on American Idol.[15] It was added to the B-playlist on the UK's biggest mainstream radio station, BBC Radio 1, on March 16, 2011.[16]When talking about \"On the Floor\", during an interview with MTV, Lopez said that she wanted a song that would evolve her sound, \"it feels like me today, which I like. It's not something that you hear and you're like, 'That's not her,' but you also go, 'Is that her? I like that. It's new,' and that's what I wanted. I wanted it to be very me, but I wanted it to be me not from my first album or my second album, but for today.\"[17] Additionally, Lopez felt a strong connection to \"On the Floor\" because it captured both sides of her career, singing, and dancing, \"The minute RedOne played it for me, I made him play it 20 times in a row, and I just sat there at the board and I kept listening to it and listening to it ... Because I really feel like, emotionally, I connected to it, but also because of how much I love to dance and how much that's always been such a big part of who I am since I started. Since I was a little girl, I just totally connected with the idea of getting out there.\"[18]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"On the Floor\" (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JenniferLopez_OntheFloor.ogg"},{"link_name":"Llorando se fue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llorando_se_fue"},{"link_name":"Los Kjarkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Kjarkas"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"Latin music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_music"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_album_review-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-19"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_album_review-2"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_album_review-2"},{"link_name":"techno music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_album_review-2"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_music"},{"link_name":"interpolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)"},{"link_name":"Los Kjarkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Kjarkas"},{"link_name":"Llorando se fue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llorando_se_fue"},{"link_name":"Kaoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoma"},{"link_name":"Lambada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambada_(song)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levine-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_Credits-21"},{"link_name":"time signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature"},{"link_name":"common time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_time"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"beats per minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minute"},{"link_name":"E♭ minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-flat_minor"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheet_Music-22"},{"link_name":"Bilal \"The Chef\" Hajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilal_Hajji"},{"link_name":"Kinnda Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnda"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Hermosa, Ulises Hermosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Kjarkas"},{"link_name":"Achraf \"AJ Junior\" Janussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Junior"},{"link_name":"Nadir \"RedOne\" Khayat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedOne"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"A♭3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-flat_(musical_note)"},{"link_name":"B♭4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-flat_(musical_note)"},{"link_name":"chord progression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_progression"},{"link_name":"E♭ minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-flat_minor"},{"link_name":"C♭ major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_flat_major"},{"link_name":"G♭ major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_flat_major"},{"link_name":"B♭ minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_flat_minor"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheet_Music-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic_Love?_deluxe-24"},{"link_name":"Kuk Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk_Harrell"},{"link_name":"Henson Recording Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henson_Recording_Studios"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_Credits-21"},{"link_name":"background vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_vocals"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_Credits-21"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"Mr. 305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._305_Inc."},{"link_name":"Polo Grounds Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Grounds_Music"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Davie, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_Credits-21"},{"link_name":"Idolator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Tonight"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-12"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Kat DeLuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat_DeLuna"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffith_&_Fischer-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffith_&_Fischer-25"}],"text":"\"On the Floor\" (2011)\n\nA 23-second sample of \"On the Floor\", which combines a sample of \"Llorando se fue\" by Los Kjarkas, with dance, house and Latin music. Latino rapper Pitbull provides vocals in two verses.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"On the Floor\" is an up-tempo pop and dance-pop song[2][19] combining elements of Latin,[2] house[2] and techno music.[2] On that topic, Pitbull starts the song with a rap introduction while the melody interpolates elements of the Los Kjarkas composition, \"Llorando se fue\", popularized by Kaoma's 1989 hit single \"Lambada\".[20][21] \"On the Floor\" was written in the time signature of common time, set at a tempo of 130 beats per minute and in the key of E♭ minor[22] by Bilal \"The Chef\" Hajji, Kinnda Hamid, Gonzalo Hermosa, Ulises Hermosa, Achraf \"AJ Junior\" Janussi, Nadir \"RedOne\" Khayat\", Pitbull and Teddy Sky.[23] Lopez's vocal range spans from A♭3 to B♭4 while the melody uses a simple chord progression of E♭ minor–C♭ major–G♭ major–B♭ minor.[22] The song was adapted in Spanish as \"Ven a Bailar\" which featured additional lyrics by Julio Reyes Copello and Jimena Romero.[24]\"On the Floor\" was produced by RedOne with additional vocal production by Kuk Harrell. Josh Gudwin joined Harrell to record the vocals whilst the whole composition was recorded and engineered by RedOne, Christopher \"TEK\" O'Ryan and Trevor Muzzy at Cove Studios in New York and Henson Recording Studios in Los Angeles.[21] O'Ryan, RedOne and Harrell also edited Lopez's vocals while the latter two also arranged vocals for the final track, with Harrell also providing background vocals.[21] All instruments and programming were carried out by RedOne with the exception of the accordion which was tasked to Alessandro Giulini. Pitbull appears courtesy of Mr. 305, Polo Grounds Music and RCA Records. His vocals were recorded by Al Burna at Al Burna Studios in Davie, Florida and At El Studios Indamix in Dominican Republic. Final mixing was carried out by Muzzy.[21]According to Idolator and Gerrick Kennedy from the Los Angeles Times, \"On the Floor\" is reminiscent of Lopez's single, \"Waiting for Tonight\" (1999).[12] Kennedy elaborated on the comparisons, stating that \"listeners haven't heard this dance-electro-pop side of Lopez since 1999... much of her back catalog flirts with more gritty urban-pop sounds.\"[12] Editors for the New York Daily News made some comparisons between \"On the Floor\" and another RedOne production, Kat DeLuna's 2010 single, \"Party O'Clock\".[25] DeLuna's song contains the lyrics \"Party in Ibiza, Party in New York/All the way to Africa/Love in the Caribbean/On my way to Vegas\" whereas Lopez sings the nearly identical line, \"Brazil, Morocco/London to Ibiza/Straight to L.A. New York/Vegas to Africa.\"[25]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KatDeLuna2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kat DeLuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat_DeLuna"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstone-1"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wood-26"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guerra-27"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_album_review-2"},{"link_name":"Louboutins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louboutins_(song)"},{"link_name":"Fresh Out the Oven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Out_the_Oven"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-12"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-12"},{"link_name":"AOL Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheung-9"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"The Black Eyed Peas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levine-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levine-20"},{"link_name":"BBC Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Papi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papi_(song)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-28"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capobianco-29"},{"link_name":"Kat DeLuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat_DeLuna"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffith_&_Fischer-25"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffith_&_Fischer-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Griffith_&_Fischer-25"},{"link_name":"¡Despierta America!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A1Despierta_America!"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lopez_Knows_Nothing-30"}],"text":"\"On the Floor\" was compared to \"Party O'Clock\" by Kat DeLuna.\"On the Floor\" garnered universal acclaim from music critics. Rolling Stone called the song \"music worth getting lost in\".[1] Mikael Wood from the Los Angeles Times agreed, calling \"On the Floor\" the standout track from Love? Wood said, \"On the Floor\" \"returned Lopez to the upper reaches of the Billboard Hot 100\" but added that the rest of the album was unlikely to match its success.[26] The Houston Chronicle's Joey Guerra concurred with his following critics, nothing that \"On the Floor\" was one of the four standout moments on the album, typyifying the \"aggressively sexual anthems that are likely to soundtrack the summer.\"[27] Comments echoed by The Observer's Hermione Hoby read, \"the song ['On the Floor'] was a particular triumph.\"[2]In his article for the Los Angeles Times, Gerrick Kennedy said the song is a \"sweat-inducing, sticky dance floor track\" which was \"vintage J.Lo\" and catchier than either of her previous releases, \"Louboutins\" or \"Fresh Out the Oven\".[12] Although Kennedy praised the song's overall appeal, he commented that RedOne had produced more inventive \"pop gems\" with the likes of Lady Gaga and that Pitbull's appearance was a \"throwaway verse.\"[12] In her review for AOL Music's Radio Blog, Nadine Cheung commented that Lopez \"reinforces her renaissance woman status.\"[9] Nick Levine from Digital Spy called \"On the Floor\" a song that The Black Eyed Peas would have been \"proud to have released\".[20] Levine's review agreed with others that the song was a \"welcome comeback for Lopez,\" and praised the use of a \"not so-subtle\" sample with the \"Latin-tinged electro-housy\" production. Overall, he said that the production was \"the antithesis of classy\", and although not original \"there's no denying that this gets the job done.\"[20]Not all of the reviews were positive, with some critics citing a lack of originality. In his review of Love?, BBC Music's Alex Macpherson said that \"On the Floor\" was a predictable recording from Lopez as it was \"not too dissimilar to the supreme millennial house of 'Waiting for Tonight' (1999)\". He went on to describe \"On the Floor,\" and album track \"Papi,\" as \"apparent distillations of the trashy Miami house aesthetic that dominates pop these days.\"[28] Ken Capobianco from The Boston Globe described \"On the Floor\" as quite generic.[29]The single also drew comparisons to \"Party O'Clock,\" a 2010 single by American singer Kat DeLuna, also produced by RedOne.[25] In a statement issued to the New York Daily News, DeLuna said \"It's cool that artists like J.Lo are inspired by my musical sound and style. ... Jennifer helped pave the way for Latinas like myself. I love her\", and insisted that there wasn't an issue.[25] DeLuna also noted Lopez as someone who inspired her, and paved the way for someone like her to perform.[25] Following previews of the music video for \"On the Floor,\" DeLuna changed her mind about how she felt with the claims of copying. In another interview with the New York Daily News, several days after the first, she said \"I've seen this before, where the more established artist tries to take the vision and artistic ideas away from an emerging artist and assumes no one will notice because of their bigger shadow,... Luckily, my loyal fans and the power of the Internet have let the 'Kat' out of the bag.\" Lopez was interviewed about the issue on Hispanic-American entertainment program ¡Despierta America!. Lopez replied \"What? Really? I'm not aware of that...\", and when pressed by the presenter a second time, insisted she had not heard rumors of the comparisons.[30]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Dance Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Music_Conference"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"2012 Billboard Latin Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Latin_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Broadcast Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Music,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Premios Juventud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premios_Juventud"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"MuchMusic Video Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuchMusic_Video_Award"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"\"On the Floor\" received two International Dance Music nominations for Best Latin/Reggaeton Track and Best Commercial/Pop Track.[31] The song was nominated at the 2012 Swiss Music Awards for Best International Hit.[32] The Spanish version \"Ven a Bailar\" received two nominations at the 2012 Billboard Latin Music Awards for Vocal Duet Song of the Year and Latin Pop Song of the Year.[33] \"On the Floor\" was recognized by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) in their Most Performed Songs list for the year.[34] \"Ven a Bailar\" was also recognized at the 20th ASCAP Latin Music Awards at the Pop Category.[35] It received a Broadcast Music Award at the Pop Awards and the London Awards.[36][37] At the 2011 Premios Juventud ceremony, the duo received a nomination for La Combinación Perfecta (The Perfect Combination) for the song.[38]She got nominated for the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song (\"On the Floor\"), the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female (\"On the Floor\"), MuchMusic Video Award for International Video of the Year – Artist (\"On the Floor\") with Pitbull.","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_drill"},{"link_name":"A1 x J1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_x_J1"},{"link_name":"Tion Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tion_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Impact","text":"In 2022, \"On The Floor\" was sampled by British drill rappers A1 x J1 and Tion Wayne for their single \"Night Away (Dance)\". The song was released on March 3, 2022, and debuted at number eleven on the UK Singles Chart two weeks later.[39]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada_DD-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%3F"},{"link_name":"Fresh Out the Oven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Out_the_Oven"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Louboutins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louboutins_(song)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Lopez_Leaves_Sony-7"},{"link_name":"If You Had My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Had_My_Love"},{"link_name":"Love Don't Cost a Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Don%27t_Cost_a_Thing_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jenny from the Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_from_the_Block"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic_Discog-42"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFT_Debuts-43"},{"link_name":"Pop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40_(Pop_Songs)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFT_Debuts-43"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trust_OTF_Debut-44"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"LL Cool J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL_Cool_J"},{"link_name":"Control Myself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Myself"},{"link_name":"All I Have","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Have_(song)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trust_OTF_Debut-44"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Remixes-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caulfield-46"},{"link_name":"Island Def Jam Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caulfield-46"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"season ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol_(season_10)"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trust_OTF_Debut-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caulfield-46"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Kaoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoma"},{"link_name":"Lambada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambada_(song)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic_Discog-42"},{"link_name":"So What","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_What_(Pink_song)"},{"link_name":"Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keveney-50"},{"link_name":"product endorsement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_endorsement"},{"link_name":"L'Oreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Oreal"},{"link_name":"Gillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keveney-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011-05-13-51"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Lopez_Leaves_Sony-7"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot_Dance-53"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Cert-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Pop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40_(Pop_Songs)"},{"link_name":"contemporary hit radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic_Discog-42"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_2013-59"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"\"On the Floor\" made its chart debut in Canada, during the week beginning February 12, 2011. It debuted at number eighty-six on the Canadian Hot 100, despite not being released until February 22, 2011,[40][41] thus becoming the first release from Love? to receive airplay recognition. Neither the album's Epic Records buzz single (\"Fresh Out the Oven\", which also features Pitbull), nor the previous lead single \"Louboutins\" charted on US Billboard Charts.[7] In the chart week dated April 16, 2011, \"On the Floor\" became Lopez's fourth Canadian chart-topper, and highest-charting single in nine years following \"If You Had My Love\" (1999), \"Love Don't Cost a Thing\" (2001) and \"Jenny from the Block\" (2002).[42] In the United States, \"On the Floor\" made its chart debut on the Hot Dance Club Songs, at number twenty-six.[43] Additionally it debuted on the US Pop Songs chart at number forty, marking Lopez's first appearance on pop airplay charts since 2007.[43] The single went on to make its Billboard Hot 100 debut at number nine, becoming the highest debuting Hot 100 single of Lopez's career.[44] \"On the Floor\" became Lopez's tenth top-ten hit on the Hot 100, of which, six have featured other artists. Billboard's Gary Trust reported that it was Lopez's highest peaking chart position since her 2006 feature on LL Cool J's \"Control Myself,\" although it was actually in 2003 when Lopez last released a top-ten peaking single as a lead artist (\"All I Have\" with LL Cool J).[44] The full single was not released until February 22, almost one month after it was uploaded to YouTube and serviced to radio, despite a remix EP being available before hand.[45][46] Keith Caulfield from Billboard noted that Island Def Jam Music's strategy of delaying the release was unusual as fellow pop contemporaries, such as Lady Gaga and Britney Spears, \"released their singles to digital retailers at about the same time they were serviced to radio and streaming sites.\"[46] The single's release was synchronized with the debut of the music video on season ten of American Idol, resulting in first week sales of 170,000 copies and a Hot Digital Songs chart position of number three.[44][46] The Spanish version of the song also became a success on Latin radio stations where it peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart.As a direct result, Kaoma's 1989 single \"Lambada\" re-entered the charts after more than two decades, making its digital chart debut at number three on the Billboard World Digital Chart.[47] In the week following the music video's debut, \"On the Floor\" experienced a 31% increase in sales, which totaled 232,000 copies, and landed the song at number two on the Hot Digital Songs chart, as well as number five on the Hot 100.[48] \"On the Floor\" thus became Lopez's seventh top-five hit in the United States.[42] It is the first single since \"So What\" (2008) by Pink to debut in the top-ten of the Hot 100, and then climb up the chart in its second week.[49] Just over a month after release \"On the Floor\" had sold over 600,000 copies in the United States, according to USA Today's Bill Keveney.[50] Keveney, attributed Lopez's commercial comeback to product endorsement deals with L'Oreal and Gillette, also noting her appointment as a judge on American Idol a contributing factor in the growth of her popularity.[50] During the week ending May 8, 2011, \"On the Floor\" rose from number seven to a new peak of number three on the Hot 100.[51] By March 28, 2011, \"On the Floor\" reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, becoming her fifth consecutive US dance chart topper, with three coming from her album Love?, including \"Fresh Out the Oven\" (with Pitbull) and \"Louboutins\" (2009). \"On the Floor\" brings Lopez's US dance number ones total to nine singles since she launched her career in 1999.[7][52][53] Since then, it has been certified 3× Multi-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of three million copies.[54] As a result of Lopez's first televised performance of the song on May 5, 2011, \"On the Floor\" logged 175,000 digital sales that week (up 25% on the previous week), earning Lopez the \"Digital Gainer\" title that week.[55] Consequently, \"On the Floor\" reached a new peak of number three on the Hot 100 and number five on the US Pop Songs chart, becoming her highest-charting single commercial single as a lead artist, as well as her most successful airplay hit on contemporary hit radio, since 2002's \"Jenny from the Block\".[42][56][57] By April 2012, the song has sold 3.49 million downloads in the US alone.[58] A year later in April 2013, it was reported that \"On the Floor\" had sold 3.8 million downloads in the United States.[59]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Slovakia Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPI_CZ-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPI_CZ-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPI_CZ-61"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Wallonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop_50"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEL-F_END-62"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop_50"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEL-W_END-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEL-F_END-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEL-W_END-63"},{"link_name":"Belgian Entertainment Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Entertainment_Association"},{"link_name":"certified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEL_Cert-65"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIN_chart-66"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications#Singles"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIN_ye_2011-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIN_chart-66"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-70"},{"link_name":"Productores de Música de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-70"},{"link_name":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GER_Cert-71"},{"link_name":"Italian Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Italy_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-72"},{"link_name":"Get Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Right_(Jennifer_Lopez_song)"},{"link_name":"Qué Hiciste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9_Hiciste"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Italy_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-72"},{"link_name":"Federation of the Italian Music Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_the_Italian_Music_Industry"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITA_Cert-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWE_Cert-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWI_Cert-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Australian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUS_Cert-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLZ_Cert-82"},{"link_name":"Irish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"mainstream radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Airplay_B-list-16"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corner-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"R&B Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_R&B-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Europe and Oceania","text":"Globally, \"On the Floor\" topped 37 national single charts and has sold 11 million copies as of June 2017.[60] On the Slovakia Airplay chart, the single debuted at number sixteen, before peaking at number one where it remained for two weeks beginning on March 7, 2011.[61] It returned to the top of the chart in the first week of April 2011, after dipping to number two at the end of March, and made a third return to number one in the third week of April.[61] In total, \"On the Floor\" spent a total of seven weeks at number one.[61] It also topped both the Flemish and Wallonian single charts in Belgium. On the Flanders Ultratop 50, \"On the Floor\" peaked at number one, remaining there for four weeks.[62] Meanwhile, on the Wallonia Ultratop 50, the single remained at number one for four weeks, before dropping to number four and then returning to number one for a fifth week.[63][64] In both territories, it is Lopez's first number one single in Belgium.[62][63] The Belgian Entertainment Association (BEA) certified the single gold, for selling 15,000 copies.[65] In Finland, \"On the Floor\" debuted at number one, giving Lopez her third number one in the country, behind \"Love Don't Cost a Thing\" (2001) and her debut single \"If You Had My Love\" (1999).[66] Selling platinum with over 12,000 copies, \"On the Floor\" was the second-best-selling single of 2011 in Finland[67] and in total it spent nine weeks at number one, making it Lopez's longest-serving number-one, as well as her longest-charting single in the country.[66][68]\"On the Floor\" also reached number one in Spain (fifteen weeks), Germany (six weeks) and France (one week).[69][70] In Spain, \"On the Floor\" reached number one on March 13, 2011, where it remained for fifteen weeks.[70] Consequently, the single was certified Triple Platinum, by the Productores de Música de España (PROMUSICAE), for shipments of 120,000 copies.[70] It was also certified 2× Platinum by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI), in Germany, for shipping 600,000 copies.[71] In Italy, \"On the Floor\" entered the Italian Singles Chart at number four before ascending to the summit, where it would remain for four weeks.[72] It is Lopez's fourth Italian number-one, and first English-language single to reach number one since \"Get Right\" (2005), though Spanish single \"Qué Hiciste\" reached number one in 2007.[72] The Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI) certified \"On the Floor\" Multi-Platinum for shipping 60,000 copies.[73] The single experienced similar success in Sweden and Switzerland, where it respectively spent three and five weeks at the top of the countries' singles charts.[74][75] In Sweden it is Lopez's first number one single, whereas in Switzerland it is her second, following 2007's \"Qué Hiciste\".[74][75] In both countries the single was certified Double Platinum, shipping 40,000 copies in Sweden and 60,000 copies in Switzerland.[76][77] As of July 26, 2011 \"On the Floor\" had official sales of 1.41 million copies.[78]In Australia, \"On the Floor\" debuted at number ten, becoming Lopez's first top-ten single in the country since 2005's \"Get Right\". It has since reached number one, becoming her second Australian chart topper, and first in nearly twelve years since 1999's \"If You Had My Love\".[79] It was certified 4× platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 280,000 copies.[80] It reached number two in New Zealand, and was certified double-Platinum for sales of 30,000 copies.[81][82] In Ireland, \"On the Floor\" debuted at number twelve on the Irish Singles Chart on March 10, 2011.[83] It continued a steady climb to the top spot, spending two weeks at number two before finally reaching number one on April 14, 2011.[84][85] In the United Kingdom, \"On the Floor\" was added to playlists on mainstream radio in March 2011.[16] On April 3, 2011, \"On the Floor\" made its UK Singles Chart debut at number one, becoming Lopez's third chart-topper in that country. Overall it is Lopez's twelfth UK top-five hit, and topped the UK Digital Songs chart after logging first week sales of 130,000 copies – the highest first week sales for Lopez in the UK.[86][87][88] \"On the Floor\" also debuted at the top of the R&B Singles Chart.[89] It remained at number one for two weeks, becoming the only single by Lopez to do so.[90] The song was the biggest selling R&B / hip hop single of 2011 in the UK.[91] As of May 2012, \"On the Floor\" had sold 822,056 copies, becoming Lopez' biggest-selling single in the UK.[92]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ifpi2012-93"}],"sub_title":"Globally","text":"By the end of 2011, International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) noted that \"On the Floor\" had sold over 8.4 million copies worldwide, making it the best selling single by a female artist.[93]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"choreographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreographer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dinh-17"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vena-94"},{"link_name":"MTV News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dinh-17"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vena-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vena-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elias-95"},{"link_name":"product placement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_placement"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Swarovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarovski"},{"link_name":"Crown Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Royal"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stransky_Video-96"},{"link_name":"On Air with Ryan Seacrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Air_with_Ryan_Seacrest_(radio)"},{"link_name":"season ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol_(season_10)"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-video_AOL-100"}],"sub_title":"Background and development","text":"The music video for \"On the Floor\" was filmed on January 22–23, 2011, with TAJ Stansberry serving as the director and Frank Gatson as the choreographer.[17][94] Lopez told MTV News that for the video she was holding an open casting call to find club kids, \"[We want] those kids who go to the club and they dance all night and that's all they care about? It's just about having a good time, getting all sweaty, and it's all about the music and leaving it on the dance floor. I don't want to say what the video is, but that's the type of dancers. We're doing a big casting call...\"[17] Meanwhile, Gatson said that Lopez wanted a post-2AM Los Angeles club vibe for the video. He said,\"[We're trying to create a vibe] that's so amazing. [It's like] everybody had some watermelon and the watermelon made them high, it gave them a little buzz — but a good buzz, a real magical buzz, a dance buzz, a buzz that makes you feel like fried chicken, so she just wants everybody to have a good old time... The club must have this vibe, where you get on the floor and everybody's bringing it\", he added. \"We've seen so many club videos, but we want to see a club video with a vibe unique to Jennifer Lopez.\"[94]Just prior of the casting call and video shoot, Stansberry expressed his views to MTV News on the concept for the video – originality. \"Originality, being you. This song is about being who you want. It's about letting loose. There's no explanation. This is this underground video, this underground party.\"[94] During the video shoot, MTV interviewed Lopez about the concepts for the video. Lopez described some of the characters she played, telling MTV that in one scene \"I play one character where she kind of runs this party, acts like she's kind of over it, but at the same time loves it and loves this kind of underground kind of party dance culture,... So I got to be wild and crazy, and at the same time I got to be sexy and sweet too.\"[95] The video makes use of product placement, including BMW, Swarovski and Crown Royal, according to Tanner Stransky from Entertainment Weekly. Stransky also noted the \"unintentional placement\" of fake eyelashes and wigs, weaves, and other hair-extending products.[96]Lopez later confirmed in an interview On Air with Ryan Seacrest, that the completed music video would premiere jointly on season ten of American Idol and on Vevo on March 3, 2011. Fans could vote between three alternative endings through Idol's official website.[97] Lopez said the idea behind giving fans the choice was to give them a chance to see what she experienced. \"You get to do what I do,... Like, I go in there with my videos and I start editing and picking all the shots I like and the things that I like and what I feel the best kind of feeling for the record is. You guys get to do that. We picked two different ones and we weren't sure.\"[98] The alternative endings included three varying scenes: in the first, the video ends with a close-up of Lopez's face in the silver lace catsuit; the second ends with a shot of dancers defying gravity on the walls and ceiling, while the final ending ends with a shot of Lopez on the dance floor in her harem pants.[99] The first ending was the one used in the final video.[100]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:On_the_Floor_(video).jpg"},{"link_name":"beehive bun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)"},{"link_name":"Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vena_Video-101"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"product placement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_placement"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stransky_Video-96"},{"link_name":"Swarovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarovski"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stransky_Video-96"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vena_Video-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perpetua-102"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elias-95"},{"link_name":"beehive bun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(hairstyle)"},{"link_name":"Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vena_Video-101"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Zuhair Murad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhair_Murad"},{"link_name":"barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barre_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-103"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"AOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-video_AOL-100"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-103"}],"sub_title":"Synopsis","text":"A scene from the clip where Lopez is styled with a beehive bun and gold gladiator heels. She wears a dress with Gaga-esque detailing in its high collar and leaves.[101]The clip begins with Lopez's arrival at a club in a black BMW, one example of the product placement used throughout the video.[96] As the music begins, she puts on a pair Swarovski crystal earrings before the camera switches to inside the club. where it descends from the ceiling amongst the Las Vegas-style crystal chandeliers.[96] Choreographer Frank Gatson Jr. called the club, \"the best dance party in town,\" where Lopez played several different characters. Both the scenery and artist were styled to pay homage to her background as a professional dancer, she said she wanted the video to \"introduce people to a new J.Lo-ration of party people\".[101][102] In one scene, she plays a dominant queen of the party who watches from above, on a balcony surrounded by servants.[95] When portraying this character, Lopez was styled with \"a big beehive bun, gold gladiator heels and a glittery gold gown with Gaga-esque detailing in its high collar and leaves.\"[101][103] The 'queen' character \"dangles lazily on a couch\" and \"regally oversees a crowd of people getting down on the dancefloor.\"[103][104] In another scene, Lopez wears a silver crystal and lace skin-tight catsuit, designed by Lebanese fashion designer Zuhair Murad, as she dances against a \"gold cardio barre\" before proceeding to shake her \"money maker,\" according to the Los Angeles Times.[103][105][106] Spliced in between these scenes, she is seen dressed in black harem pants and a bikini top, as she walks through the crowd to mount a circular stage on the Las Vegas-style dancefloor. MTV's Kelly Carter and AOL's Khawlhring Sawmteii described the final scenes as Lopez \"tearing up the floor,\" and \"breaking it down 'fly-girl' style.\"[100][103]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stransky-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-108"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stransky-107"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stransky_Video-96"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-108"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol_(season_10)"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-108"},{"link_name":"AOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"cross-promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-promotion"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisen-15"},{"link_name":"sex appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_appeal"},{"link_name":"I'm Gonna Be Alright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Gonna_Be_Alright"},{"link_name":"Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perpetua-102"},{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keveney-50"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"The music video was welcomed with critical acclaim from music critics, praising the expensive finish, arrangement, Lopez's sense of fashion and the overall execution.[107][108] Based on a preview of the video, Entertainment Weekly's Tanner Stransky said the clip brought together a flawless realness with an expensive set-up, things that are \"very important elements in the pop music world and to the old Lopez that everyone knew and loved.\"[107] Following its full premiere, Stransky added that the video was \"sexy and sultry.\"[96] Kyle Anderson from MTV's Newsroom agreed, noting the \"gorgeous and exquisite execution,\" particularly praising Lopez's \"incredible hairstyles\" and the \"gorgeous club interiors [set design].\"[108] Anderson ended his review by stating that the premiere of the song's music video almost overshadowed the episode of American Idol in which it was shown.[108]AOL's Benji Eisen called \"On the Floor\" a \"comeback of sorts\" for Lopez, particularly noting its clever cross-promotion with Idol and Lopez's multiple product endorsement deals. He applauded Lopez for moving on from her previous lack of commercial success in recent years.[15] The sex appeal in the video for \"On the Floor\" was likened to that last displayed by Lopez in the video for 2002's \"I'm Gonna Be Alright\". A reviewer from the Daily Express said \"Jennifer Lopez once told us in a song that 'I'm Gonna Be Alright' and now she's proved it... The curves she displayed when she recorded the hit video nine years ago have been replaced by a leaner, fitter look [in 'On the Floor'].\"[109] Matthew Perpetua from Rolling Stone agreed with comparisons to Lopez's earlier work: \"Basically, this is classic Lopez tweaked for 2011... visuals that update late-Nineties bling with a high fashion wardrobe nearly as eccentric as that of Rihanna and Lady Gaga.\"[102] As a result of the video's premiere, the online traffic at Lopez's official Vevo account increased by 1000%,[110] and as of October 9, 2022, has received over 2 billion views on YouTube.[111] In the space of two weeks, the video was viewed over thirty million times on Lopez's official Vevo page, according to USA Today.[50]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jennifer_Lopez_-_Pop_Music_Festival_(72)_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dance Again World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Again_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-112"},{"link_name":"pyrotechnics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnics"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-112"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-112"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Rap-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap-Up"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"KIIS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIIS-FM"},{"link_name":"Wango Tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wango_Tango"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times_WT-116"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times_WT-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wills-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wills-117"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Capital FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Capital_FM_Network"},{"link_name":"Summertime Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summertime_Ball"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"second series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(UK_series_2)"},{"link_name":"So You Think You Can Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"X Factor (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Factor_(French_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Wetten, dass..?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetten,_dass..%3F"},{"link_name":"2018 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Radio City Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LIV halftime show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIV_halftime_show"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"text":"Lopez performed \"On the Floor\" during the Dance Again World TourOn May 5, 2011, Lopez and Pitbull took the stage of American Idol to perform \"On the Floor\" for the first time. The performance consisted of her breaking two dancers out of glass boxes, an elaborate dance routine and two appearances from Pitbull.[112] Initially he appeared from the crowd, but for his second appearance, he arrived at the back of the stage via a moving staircase.[112] Lopez was dressed in a \"glimmering ensemble\" while the set included lasers and pyrotechnics.[112] According to Adam Graham from MTV, the performance was taped prior to the episode of Idol, made apparent by what Graham called \"sloppy editing.\"[112] According to The Hollywood Reporter, Lopez pretaped the performance due to a perceived danger of flying shards of glass from the earlier part of the routine.[113] The performance was praised by Caryn Ganz from Yahoo! Music, who complimented all of the element of the performance. Ganz said \"[everything from the] lush production values to her own high energy dancing and live vocals ... This performance maxed out what an artist can do in such a medium – awesome lighting, high-impact video footage, a strong feature from Pitbull, excellent staging, solid choreography, a bit of pyro, and a ton of warmth and personality.\"[114] An editor from Rap-Up magazine agreed, saying that \"Lopez showed the contestants how its done, commanding the stage during her smashing performance.\"[115]The duo reprised their performance at KIIS-FM's Wango Tango music festival in Los Angeles, on May 14, 2011.[116] Lopez wore a shiny gold catsuit for the performance, which did not go as planned when halfway through the performance her microphone failed.[116][117] She continued performing for 20 seconds, before realising that she had lost sound. According to lifestyle website Female First, Lopez proceeded to dance, and urged the audience to sing along.[118] At the end of the performance, Lopez addressed the crowd straight after the performance, saying \"We ain't gonna let that get us down, right? Nobody keeps mama down.\"[119] After Pitbull informed her of the malfunction, she turned to the band asking them to start from the beginning so that she could perform the song again.[117]On June 11, 2011, Lopez flew to the United Kingdom to promote \"On the Floor,\" first appearing at Capital FM's Summertime Ball.[120] Later that day, she appeared at the finale of the second series of So You Think You Can Dance to reprise the performance.[citation needed] Wearing a skin-tight catsuit, Lopez descended from the ceiling in an illuminated heart before proceeding to perform the song, which included her dropping to her knees during the chorus.[121] Lopez reprise the performance on X Factor (France) on June 14, 2011, and German game-show Wetten, dass..? on June 18.Lopez later performed the song as part of her medley during the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards on August 20, 2018, at Radio City Music Hall in New York City.[122]The song was featured in Lopez's setlist during the Super Bowl LIV halftime show.[123][124]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_Credits-21"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Download-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spanishdd-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Single-127"},{"link_name":"Ralphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralphi_Rosario"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Remixes-45"}],"text":"CD single[21]\n\"On the Floor\" – 3:51\n\"On the Floor\" (Low Sunday Club Remix) – 6:22\nDigital download[125]\n\"On the Floor\" – 3:51\nDigital download (Spanish Version)[126]\n\"Ven a Bailar (On the Floor)\" – 4:52\nDigital download (EP)[127]\n\"On the Floor\" (Radio Edit) – 3:51\n\"On the Floor\" (CCW Club Mix) – 6:26\n\"On the Floor\" (Ralphi's Jurty Club Vox) – 8:43\n\"On the Floor\" (music video) – 4:27\n\n\nDigital download (Remixes)[45]\n\"On the Floor\" (CCW Radio Mix) – 3:44\n\"On the Floor\" (Low Sunday \"On the Floor\" Radio Edit) – 3:51\n\"On the Floor\" (Ralphi's Jurty Radio Edit) – 3:57\n\"On the Floor\" (Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda LA to Ibiza Radio Edit) – 3:16\n\"On the Floor\" (CCW Club Mix) – 6:26\n\"On the Floor\" (Low Sunday \"On the Floor\" Club) – 6:22\n\"On the Floor\" (Ralphi's Jurty Club Vox) – 8:43\n\"On the Floor\" (Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda LA to Ibiza Mix) – 6:40\n\"On the Floor\" (CCW Dub Mix) – 6:07\n\"On the Floor\" (Low Sunday \"On the Floor\" Dub) – 6:37\n\"On the Floor\" (Ralphi's Jurty Dub) – 8:43\n\"On the Floor\" (Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda LA to Ibiza Dub) – 5:36","title":"Formats and track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interpolations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)"},{"link_name":"Los Kjarkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Kjarkas"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_Credits-21"},{"link_name":"Cove Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//covecitysoundstudios.com/jennifer-lopez-at-cove-city/"},{"link_name":"Henson Recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henson_Recording_Studios"},{"link_name":"Davie, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie,_Florida"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"Bilal Hajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilal_Hajji"},{"link_name":"songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter"},{"link_name":"Kinda Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnda"},{"link_name":"Kuk Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk_Harrell"},{"link_name":"Achraf \"AJ Junior\" Janussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Junior"},{"link_name":"Trevor Muzzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Muzzy"},{"link_name":"audio mixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"recording engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_engineer#Different_professional_branches"},{"link_name":"Nadir \"RedOne\" Khayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedOne"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez"},{"link_name":"lead vocalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"backing vocalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_music"}],"text":"Credits taken from CD single, \"On the Floor\" contains interpolations of the Los Kjarkas composition: \"Llorando Se Fue\", written by Gonzalo Hermosa and Ulises Hermosa.[21]RecordingCove Studio (New York)\nHenson Recording (Los Angeles)\n\n\nAl Burna Studios (Davie, Florida)\nEt Al Indamix (Dominican Republic)PersonnelAlessandro Giulini – accordion\nJosh Gudwin – vocal recording\nBilal Hajji – songwriter\nKinda Hamid – songwriter\nKuk Harrell – vocal arranger, vocal editor, vocal producer, vocal recording\nGonzalo Hermosa – songwriter\nUlises Hermosa – songwriter\nAchraf \"AJ Junior\" Janussi – songwriter\n\n\nTrevor Muzzy – audio mixer, recording engineer\nNadir \"RedOne\" Khayat – producer, songwriter, vocal arranger, vocal editor, vocal producer, instruments and programming, recording engineer\nJennifer Lopez – lead vocalist, backing vocalist\nChris \"TEK\" O'Ryan – vocal editor, recording engineer\nArmando \"Pitbull\" Perez – rap vocalist, songwriter\nGeraldo \"Teddy Sky\" Sandell – songwriter\nLow Sunday (Bart Schoudel & Ron Haney) – additional production for remix","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Floor&action=edit&section=18"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-128"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-129"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-130"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-131"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Brasil"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brazilairplay-132"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot Pop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Brasil"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brazilpop-133"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jen_Canada-134"},{"link_name":"CHR/Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_CHR/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadachrtop40_Jennifer_Lopez-135"},{"link_name":"Hot AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Hot_AC"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadahotac_Jennifer_Lopez-136"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_CIS_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-137"},{"link_name":"HRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croatia_airplay-138"},{"link_name":"Rádio – Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czech_Republic_Jennifer_Lopez-139"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Denmark_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-140"},{"link_name":"Euro Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts#Discontinued_charts"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardeurodigital_Jennifer_Lopez-141"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIN_chart-66"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-69"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-142"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"IFPI Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Dance Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarydance_-146"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_-147"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarysingle_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-148"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-149"},{"link_name":"Media Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Forest"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Israelairplay_J.Lo_Feat.Pitbull-150"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Italy_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-72"},{"link_name":"Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jen_Japan-151"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"The Official Lebanese Top 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Lebanese_Top_20"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Jennifer_Lopez_Ft._Pitbull-158"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Jennifer_Lopez_Ft._Pitbull-159"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-81"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-160"},{"link_name":"Polish Airplay Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Poland_-161"},{"link_name":"Polish Airplay TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZPAV"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Dance Top 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Dance_Chart"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-may-feb-165"},{"link_name":"Romania TV Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_record_charts"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Romaniatvairplay_Jennifer_Lopez_featuring_Pitbull-166"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Russia_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-167"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-168"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_-169"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Download_Chart"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-70"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROMUSICAE"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-74"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-75"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ukraine_Jennifer_Lopez_feat._Pitbull-172"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-173"},{"link_name":"UK Hip Hop/R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_R&B-89"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_US_Peak-174"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultpopsongs_Jennifer_Lopez-175"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Jennifer_Lopez-176"},{"link_name":"Dance/Mix Show Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Mix_Show_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceairplay_Jennifer_Lopez-177"},{"link_name":"Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddancesales_Jennifer_Lopez-178"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinsongs-179"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Jennifer_Lopez-180"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardlatinpopsongs_Jennifer_Lopez-181"},{"link_name":"Radio Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100_Airplay_(Radio_Songs)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardradiosongs_Jennifer_Lopez-182"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrhythmic_Jennifer_Lopez-183"},{"link_name":"Tropical Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardlatintropical_Jennifer_Lopez-184"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance/Electronic Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceelectronic_Jennifer_Lopez-185"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Floor&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley_Broadcast_Analysis"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Croatia_airplay-138"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIN_ye_2011-67"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French_year-end-194"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French_year-end-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spanish_year-end-213"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spanish_year-end-213"},{"link_name":"Digilistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digilistan"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n2011 weekly chart performance for \"On the Floor\"\n\n\nChart (2011)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[128]\n\n1\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[129]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[130]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[131]\n\n1\n\n\nBrazil (Billboard Hot 100)[132]\n\n1\n\n\nBrazil (Billboard Hot Pop Songs)[133]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[134]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[135]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada Hot AC (Billboard)[136]\n\n2\n\n\nCIS (TopHit)[137]\n\n2\n\n\nCroatia (HRT)[138]\n\n2\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[139]\n\n1\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[140]\n\n3\n\n\nEuro Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[141]\n\n1\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[66]\n\n1\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[69]\n\n1\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[142]\n\n1\n\n\nGlobal Dance Tracks (Billboard)[143]\n\n4\n\n\nGreece (IFPI Greece)[144]\n\n1\n\n\nGreece Digital Songs (Billboard)[145]\n\n1\n\n\nHungary (Dance Top 40)[146]\n\n4\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[147]\n\n10\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[148]\n\n8\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[149]\n\n1\n\n\nIsrael (Media Forest)[150]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[72]\n\n1\n\n\nJapan (Japan Hot 100)[151]\n\n10\n\n\nJapan Adult Contemporary Airplay (Billboard)[152]\n\n3\n\n\nLebanon (The Official Lebanese Top 20)[153]\n\n19\n\n\nLuxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[154]\n\n1\n\n\nMexico Airplay (Billboard)[155]\n\n2\n\n\nMexico Espanol Airplay (Billboard)[156]\n\n1\n\n\nMexico Top Inglés (Monitor Latino)[157]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[158]\n\n4\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[159]\n\n4\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[81]\n\n2\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[160]\n\n1\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[161]\n\n2\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay TV)[162]\n\n4\n\n\nPoland (Dance Top 50)[163]\n\n1\n\n\nPortugal Digital Songs (Billboard)[164]\n\n1\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[165]\n\n1\n\n\nRomania (Romania TV Airplay)[166]\n\n1\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[167]\n\n2\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[168]\n\n1\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[169]\n\n1\n\n\nSouth Korea International (Gaon)[170]\n\n5\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[70]\n\n1\n\n\nSpain Airplay (PROMUSICAE)[171]\n\n1\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[74]\n\n1\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[75]\n\n1\n\n\nUkraine Airplay (TopHit)[172]\n\n5\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[173]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)[89]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[174]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[175]\n\n24\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[176]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[177]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[178]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)[179] Spanish version: \"Ven a Bailar\"\n\n2\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[180]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard)[181] Spanish version: \"Ven a Bailar\"\n\n1\n\n\nUS Radio Songs (Billboard)[182]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[183]\n\n10\n\n\nUS Tropical Airplay (Billboard)[184] Spanish version: \"Ven a Bailar\"\n\n5\n\n\n2020-2024 weekly chart performance for \"On the Floor\"\n\n\nChart (2020-2024)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[185]\n\n4\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2011 year-end chart performance for \"On the Floor\"\n\n\nChart (2011)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[186]\n\n10\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 75)[187]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[188]\n\n8\n\n\nBelgian (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[189]\n\n9\n\n\nBrazil (Crowley)[190]\n\n26\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[191]\n\n3\n\n\nCIS (Tophit)[192]\n\n3\n\n\nCroatia (HRT)[138]\n\n2\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[193]\n\n12\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[67]\n\n1\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[194]\n\n6\n\n\nFrance Airplay (SNEP)[194]\n\n13\n\n\nGermany (Media Control AG)[195]\n\n1\n\n\nGreece (IFPI Greece)[196]\n\n5\n\n\nHungary (Dance Top 40)[197]\n\n20\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[198]\n\n78\n\n\nIceland (Tónlist)[199]\n\n19\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[200]\n\n6\n\n\nIsrael (Media Forest)[201]\n\n3\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[202]\n\n4\n\n\nJapan (Japan Hot 100)[203]\n\n45\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[204]\n\n31\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[205]\n\n16\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[206]\n\n9\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[207]\n\n31\n\n\nPoland (Polish Dance Top 50)[208]\n\n4\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[209]\n\n9\n\n\nRussia Airplay (Tophit)[210]\n\n5\n\n\nSouth Korea International (Gaon)[211]\n\n97\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[212]\n\n1\n\n\nSpain Airplay (PROMUSICAE)[213]\n\n1\n\n\nSpain TV Airplay (PROMUSICAE)[213]\n\n2\n\n\nSweden (Digilistan)[214]\n\n2\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[215]\n\n6\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[216]\n\n1\n\n\nUkraine Airplay (Tophit)[217]\n\n9\n\n\nUK Singles (Official Charts Company)[218]\n\n10\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[219]\n\n11\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[220]\n\n15\n\n\nUS Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[221]\n\n12\n\n\nUS Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)[222]\n\n10\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[223]\n\n31\n\n\nUS Radio Songs (Billboard[224]\n\n22\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[225]\n\n43\n\n\nUS Tropical Songs (Billboard)[226]\n\n15\n\n\n2020 year-end performance for \"On the Floor\"\n\n\nChart (2020)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[227]\n\n88","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"\"On the Floor\" was compared to \"Party O'Clock\" by Kat DeLuna.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/KatDeLuna2011.jpg/200px-KatDeLuna2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"A scene from the clip where Lopez is styled with a beehive bun and gold gladiator heels. She wears a dress with Gaga-esque detailing in its high collar and leaves.[101]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/On_the_Floor_%28video%29.jpg/300px-On_the_Floor_%28video%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lopez performed \"On the Floor\" during the Dance Again World Tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jennifer_Lopez_-_Pop_Music_Festival_%2872%29_cropped.jpg/200px-Jennifer_Lopez_-_Pop_Music_Festival_%2872%29_cropped.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Music"},{"title":"Billboard Top Latin Songs Year-End Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Top_Latin_Songs_Year-End_Chart"},{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top_10_singles_in_2011"},{"title":"List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2011 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_2011_(Canada)"},{"title":"List of number-one dance airplay hits of 2011 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_airplay_hits_of_2011_(U.S.)"},{"title":"List of number-one dance singles of 2011 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_singles_of_2011_(U.S.)"},{"title":"List of number-one hits of 2011 (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_hits_of_2011_(France)"},{"title":"List of number-one hits of 2011 (Italy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_hits_of_2011_(Italy)"},{"title":"List of number-one pop hits of 2011 (Brazil)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_pop_hits_of_2011_(Brazil)"},{"title":"List of number-one R&B hits of 2011 (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_R%26B_hits_of_2011_(UK)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles from the 2010s (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_from_the_2010s_(UK)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 2011 (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2011_(Australia)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 2011 (Finland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2011_(Finland)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 2011 (Spain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2011_(Spain)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 2011 (Sweden)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2011_(Sweden)"},{"title":"List of Polish Dance Chart number-one singles of 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_Dance_Chart_number-one_singles_of_2011"},{"title":"List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Top_100_number_ones_of_the_2010s"},{"title":"List of Ultratop 50 number-one singles of 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ultratop_50_number-one_singles_of_2011"}]	[{"reference":"Murray, Nick (September 21, 2014). \"Jennifer Lopez 'A.K.A' Album Review\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 28, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/a-k-a-20140617","url_text":"\"Jennifer Lopez 'A.K.A' Album Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140928052637/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/a-k-a-20140617","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hoby, Hermione (May 1, 2011). \"J-Lo: Love? – review\". The Observer. London. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/may/01/j-lo-jennifer-lopez-love-review","url_text":"\"J-Lo: Love? – review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140305224645/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/may/01/j-lo-jennifer-lopez-love-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vena, Jocelyn (January 20, 2011). \"Jennifer Lopez's 'On The Floor' Will Be 'A Big One,' Producer RedOne Predicts\". MTV News (MTV Networks). Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1656277/jennifer-lopezs-on-floor-will-be-big-one-producer-redone-predicts.jhtml","url_text":"\"Jennifer Lopez's 'On The Floor' Will Be 'A Big One,' Producer RedOne Predicts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Networks","url_text":"MTV Networks"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110122220542/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1656277/jennifer-lopezs-on-floor-will-be-big-one-producer-redone-predicts.jhtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carol, Larry (June 15, 2009). \"Jennifer Lopez Talks About Influence Of Her Twins On New Music\". MTV News (MTV Networks). Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1613887/jennifer-lopez-talks-about-influence-her-twins-on-new-music.jhtml","url_text":"\"Jennifer Lopez Talks About Influence Of Her Twins On New Music\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714131703/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1613887/jennifer-lopez-talks-about-influence-her-twins-on-new-music.jhtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jennifer Lopez Walks in Brandy's 'Louboutins'\". Rap-up.com (Rap-Up). October 28, 2009. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2009/10/28/jennifer-lopez-walks-in-brandys-louboutins/#more-29927","url_text":"\"Jennifer Lopez Walks in Brandy's 'Louboutins'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap-Up","url_text":"Rap-Up"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091101055700/http://www.rap-up.com/2009/10/28/jennifer-lopez-walks-in-brandys-louboutins/#more-29927","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Highlights: Adult Contemporary, Country Songs & More\". Billboard. March 9, 2010. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/oscar-winners-on-the-hot-100-1004073779.story?tag=hppromo4#/column/chart-highlights-adult-contemporary-country-1004073580.story?tag=nextartb","url_text":"\"Chart Highlights: Adult Contemporary, Country Songs & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107114219/http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/oscar-winners-on-the-hot-100-1004073779.story?tag=hppromo4#/column/chart-highlights-adult-contemporary-country-1004073580.story?tag=nextartb","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Concepcion, Mariel; Ben-Yehuda, Ayala; Caulfield, Keith (February 23, 2010). \"UPDATED: Jennifer Lopez Confirms Split With Epic Records\". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959279/updated-jennifer-lopez-confirms-split-with-epic-records","url_text":"\"UPDATED: Jennifer Lopez Confirms Split With Epic Records\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525120004/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959279/updated-jennifer-lopez-confirms-split-with-epic-records","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cheung, Nadine (January 18, 2011). \"Jennifer Lopez, 'On the Floor' Feat. Pitbull — New Song\". AOL Radio Blog. (AOL). Archived from the original on March 7, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110307074450/http://www.aolradioblog.com/2011/01/18/jennifer-lopez-on-the-floor-pitbull","url_text":"\"Jennifer Lopez, 'On the Floor' Feat. Pitbull — New Song\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL","url_text":"AOL"},{"url":"http://www.aolradioblog.com/2011/01/18/jennifer-lopez-on-the-floor-pitbull/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Music: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull \"On the Floor\"\". Rap-up.com. (Rap-Up). January 14, 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2011/01/14/new-music-jennifer-lopez-f-pitbull-on-the-floor-snippet/#more-70839","url_text":"\"New Music: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull \"On the Floor\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110116050824/http://www.rap-up.com/2011/01/14/new-music-jennifer-lopez-f-pitbull-on-the-floor-snippet/#more-70839","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Newman, Melinda (January 16, 2011). \"Listen: Jennifer Lopez's new song, 'On the Floor,' featuring Pitbull from Lady Gaga's producer RedOne\". Hitfix.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/the-beat-goes-on/posts/listen-j-los-new-song-on-the-floor-featuring-pitbull","url_text":"\"Listen: Jennifer Lopez's new song, 'On the Floor,' featuring Pitbull from Lady Gaga's producer RedOne\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110119094959/http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/the-beat-goes-on/posts/listen-j-los-new-song-on-the-floor-featuring-pitbull","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gerrick, Kennedy (January 17, 2011). \"Ahead of 'American Idol' debut, Jennifer Lopez gets 'On the Floor' in leaked RedOne-produced single\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 21, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/01/jennifer-lopez-gets-on-the-floor-in-redone-produced-leak-.html","url_text":"\"Ahead of 'American Idol' debut, Jennifer Lopez gets 'On the Floor' in leaked RedOne-produced single\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110121132343/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/01/jennifer-lopez-gets-on-the-floor-in-redone-produced-leak-.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Sadao (January 18, 2011). \"World Premier: Jennifer Lopez Gets \"On The Floor\" with Pitbull [AUDIO]\". Ryanseacrest.com (Ryan Seacrest). Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://ryanseacrest.com/2011/01/18/world-premiere-jennifer-lopez-gets-on-the-floor-with-pitbull-audio/","url_text":"\"World Premier: Jennifer Lopez Gets \"On The Floor\" with Pitbull [AUDIO]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest","url_text":"Ryan Seacrest"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110122104739/http://ryanseacrest.com/2011/01/18/world-premiere-jennifer-lopez-gets-on-the-floor-with-pitbull-audio/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eisen, Benjy (March 3, 2011). \"Jennifer Lopez, 'On the Floor' Feat. Pitbull – New Video\". Music.aol.com. (AOL). Archived from the original on March 8, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110308030200/http://music.aol.com/blog/2011/03/03/jennifer-lopez-on-the-floor-feat-pitbull-video/","url_text":"\"Jennifer Lopez, 'On the Floor' Feat. Pitbull – New Video\""},{"url":"http://music.aol.com/blog/2011/03/03/jennifer-lopez-on-the-floor-feat-pitbull-video/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Radio 1 – Playlist\". BBC Radio 1. (British Broadcasting Corporation). March 9, 2011. Archived from the original on April 16, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110416191133/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/playlist/","url_text":"\"Radio 1 – Playlist\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/playlist/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dinh, James (January 19, 2011). \"Jennifer Lopez To Shoot 'On The Floor' Video This Weekend\". MTV News. (MTV Networks). Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbi_Harlow	Bobbi Harlow	["1 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bobbi Harlow" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fictional character Bobbi HarlowBloom County characterCreated byBerkeley BreathedIn-universe informationGenderFemaleNationalityAmerican Bobbi Harlow is a fictional character in Berke Breathed's comic strip Bloom County. A schoolteacher, Bobbi is popular among her students, particularly Milo Bloom and Michael Binkley, who both harbored crushes on her. However, the conservative adults in the town are suspicious of her liberal, feminist views. Their suspicions turn to outrage when she brings her left-wing, radical feminist politics into the classroom, such as having the students wear gas masks in case "the fascists" (or, as the children called them, "fishes") tear gassed them, throwing fake blood at "the war mongers" ("war monkeys" in kid-speak) and teaching them about women's liberation. Bobbi originally starts dating Steve Dallas, but is swept off her feet (figuratively and literally) by Cutter John. Bobbi started out as a major recurring character in the strip, but as time went on her role became more and more limited. As the strip began to focus more on children and animal characters (with the notable exception of Steve), there was less room for Bobbi. By 1983, she was gone completely, without explanation. Bobbi Harlow's last appearance in the original Bloom County was in a 1988 Sunday strip, where it was revealed that she had joined the staff of Donahue in 1983, and then shaved her head in despair over the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment, and cut off her right ear after Geraldine Ferraro's unsuccessful vice-presidential campaign. References ^ "Bloom County's Berke Breathed is retiring". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29. vteBerkeley Breathed's Bloom County seriesComic strips The Academia Waltz Bloom County Outland Opus Picture books A Wish for Wings that Work The Last Basselope Goodnight Opus Collections Loose Tails Toons for Our Times Penguin Dreams and Stranger Things Bloom County Babylon Billy and the Boingers Bootleg Tales Too Ticklish to Tell The Night of the Mary Kay Commandos Bloom County: The Complete Library Characters Bill the Cat Michael Binkley Milo Bloom Cutter John Steve Dallas Lola Granola Bobbi Harlow Hodge-Podge Oliver Wendell Jones Opus the Penguin This article about a comics character is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berke Breathed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berke_Breathed"},{"link_name":"Bloom County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_County"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Milo Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_Bloom"},{"link_name":"Michael Binkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Binkley"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist"},{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"radical feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_feminist"},{"link_name":"gas masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_masks"},{"link_name":"fascists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"women's liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation"},{"link_name":"Steve Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Cutter John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_John"},{"link_name":"Donahue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phil_Donahue_Show"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Ferraro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro"}],"text":"Fictional characterBobbi Harlow is a fictional character in Berke Breathed's comic strip Bloom County.[1]A schoolteacher, Bobbi is popular among her students, particularly Milo Bloom and Michael Binkley, who both harbored crushes on her. However, the conservative adults in the town are suspicious of her liberal, feminist views. Their suspicions turn to outrage when she brings her left-wing, radical feminist politics into the classroom, such as having the students wear gas masks in case \"the fascists\" (or, as the children called them, \"fishes\") tear gassed them, throwing fake blood at \"the war mongers\" (\"war monkeys\" in kid-speak) and teaching them about women's liberation. Bobbi originally starts dating Steve Dallas, but is swept off her feet (figuratively and literally) by Cutter John.Bobbi started out as a major recurring character in the strip, but as time went on her role became more and more limited. As the strip began to focus more on children and animal characters (with the notable exception of Steve), there was less room for Bobbi. By 1983, she was gone completely, without explanation.Bobbi Harlow's last appearance in the original Bloom County was in a 1988 Sunday strip, where it was revealed that she had joined the staff of Donahue in 1983, and then shaved her head in despair over the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment, and cut off her right ear after Geraldine Ferraro's unsuccessful vice-presidential campaign.","title":"Bobbi Harlow"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bloom County's Berke Breathed is retiring\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://ew.com/article/2008/10/09/bloom-countys-b/","url_text":"\"Bloom County's Berke Breathed is retiring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230529033527/https://ew.com/article/2008/10/09/bloom-countys-b/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bobbi+Harlow%22","external_links_name":"\"Bobbi Harlow\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bobbi+Harlow%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bobbi+Harlow%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bobbi+Harlow%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bobbi+Harlow%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bobbi+Harlow%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://ew.com/article/2008/10/09/bloom-countys-b/","external_links_name":"\"Bloom County's Berke Breathed is retiring\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230529033527/https://ew.com/article/2008/10/09/bloom-countys-b/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobbi_Harlow&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X46Cr13	X46Cr13	["1 Properties","2 Uses","3 Standards","4 Composition","5 See also","6 References"]	This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (September 2018) X46Cr13 is the European Norm name for a common martensitic stainless steel with the numeric name 1.4034. It is equivalent to American Iron and Steel Institute standard 420C. It has the highest carbon content of the SAE 420 series. Properties X46Cr13 has good workability when hot, and potential to reach high hardness of up to 56 HRC. It contains a moderately high carbon ratio of approximately 0.46% which gives it a good compromise between high hardness and corrosion resistance for many applications. It is also relatively inexpensive to produce. X46Cr13 is a basic steel without molybdenum, nitrogen or vanadium. It can be outperformed (typically at a higher cost) by more advanced steels like N680 with similar carbon content. Uses Common uses include: knife blades, surgical instruments, bearings, valves and pumps, measuring devices spring wire. It is also used in the manufacture of heat treated steel pipes used for CO2 carbon capture and storage. A commercial variant of X46Cr13 with some Vanadium is known as 420HC and is used in the knife industry because of its ability to hold a superior edge. An NHTSA recall was issued by Porsche for spherical joints utilized in 2003-2005 Porsche Carrera GT models due to long term intergranular corrosion. Standards EN numeric : 1.4034 EN symbolic : X46Cr13 Old AFNOR : Z40C13, Z44C14 AISI : 420C ASTM : F899 UNS : S 42000 JIS : SUS420 GOST : 40Ch13 ou 40X13 PN : 4H13 Composition According to EN 10088. Carbon : 0.46 % (–0.03 / +0.04) Chromium : 13% (–0.5 / +0.5) Silicium < 1% Manganese < 1% Phosphorus < 0.04 % Sulfur < 0.03 % See also Steel grades List of blade materials References ^ Stainless steels, table of technical properties Euro Inox ^ Stainless Steel Grades Datasheets BRITISH STAINLESS STEEL ASSOCIATION ^ "AMS5506G: Steel, Corrosion and Heat Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 13Cr (0.30 - 0.40C) (420) Annealed - SAE International". www.sae.org. ^ "Lucefin's 1.4034 datasheet" (PDF). ^ Zvi. "DIN X46Cr13 Knife Steel Composition Analysis Graph, Equivalents And Overview Version 4.35". www.zknives.com. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ Comparison between X5CrNiCuNb16 and X46Cr13 under Corrosion Fatigue Marcus Wolf ^ Brebbia, C. A.; Longhurst, J. W. S. (26 May 2010). Air Pollution XVIII. WIT Press. ISBN 9781845644505 – via Google Books. ^ Properties that Characterize the Material X46Cr13 Steel 8nd International Conference on Physical and Numerical Simulation of Materials Processing ^ X46Cr13 datasheet Make it from ^ How good is N680 steel Knife Up ^ X46Cr13 datasheet ZKnives ^ Marsot, Jacques; Claudon, Laurent; Jacqmin, Marc (2007). "Assessment of knife sharpness by means of a cutting force measuring system". Applied Ergonomics. 38 (1): 83–89. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2005.12.007. PMID 16579952. ^ "Method for cutting or punching ceramic-containing composite materials". ^ Knife Blades: Common Steels Explained (under 420 HC) Gear Junkie ^ Knife Blade Materials (under 420HC) Knife center ^ Knife Steel FAQ (under 420HC) ZKnives ^ "420 C Instruments Medical instruments AISI 420 C L.Klein SA". www.kleinmetals.ch. ^ Haag, Reiner; Storz, Wilfried (2011). "Surgical Scissors". Springer Handbook of Medical Technology. pp. 1291–1319. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74658-4_72. ISBN 978-3-540-74657-7. ^ Radulescu, Radu; Badila, Adrian; Moldovan, Laurentiu; Gheorghiu, Doina; Manolescu, Robert (2013). "Design, Manufacturing and Testing of a Mosaicplasty Set of Instruments". Metalurgia International. 18 (5): 45–48. ^ CURRENT TRENDS IN COMMODITY SCIENCE ^ "AISI 420C STAINLESS STEEL BALLS". www.rgpballs.com. ^ a b ISSF : Martensitic Stainless Steels ^ 1.4034 steel wire datasheet Jacques Allemann ^ Pfennig, Anja; Zastrow, Phillip; Kranzmann, Axel (2013). "Supercritical CO2-Corrosion in Heat Treated Steel Pipes during Carbon Capture and Storage CCS". Clean Energy Systems in the Subsurface: Production, Storage and Conversion. Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. pp. 39–51. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37849-2_4. ISBN 978-3-642-37848-5. ^ Pfennig, A.; Wiegand, R.; Wolf, M.; Bork, C.-P. (2013). "Corrosion and corrosion fatigue of AISI 420C (X46Cr13) at 60°C in CO2-saturated artificial geothermal brine". Corrosion Science. 68: 134–143. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2012.11.005. ^ Oleksandra, Yevtushenko; Ralph, Bäßler; Irene, Carrillo-Salgado (17 March 2013). "Corrosion Stability of Piping Steels in a Circulating Supercritical Impure CO2 Environment". ^ Yevtushenko, O.; Bettge, D.; Bäßler, R.; Bohraus, S. (2015). "Corrosion of CO2transport and injection pipeline steels due to the condensation effects caused by SO2and NO2impurities". Materials and Corrosion. 66 (4): 334–341. doi:10.1002/maco.201307368. ^ 420HC datasheet ZKnives ^ "Part 573 Safety Recall Report 23V-241" (PDF). ^ "CEN - Technical Bodies -". standards.cen.eu.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"martensitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martensitic"},{"link_name":"stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"link_name":"American Iron and Steel Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Iron_and_Steel_Institute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"X46Cr13 is the European Norm name for a common martensitic stainless steel with the numeric name 1.4034. It is equivalent to American Iron and Steel Institute standard 420C. It has the highest carbon content of the SAE 420 series.[1][2][3]","title":"X46Cr13"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_scale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"X46Cr13 has good workability when hot, and potential to reach high hardness of up to 56 HRC.[4][5] It contains a moderately high carbon ratio of approximately 0.46% which gives it a good compromise between high hardness and corrosion resistance for many applications.[6][7][8] It is also relatively inexpensive to produce.X46Cr13 is a basic steel without molybdenum, nitrogen or vanadium. It can be outperformed (typically at a higher cost) by more advanced steels like N680 with similar carbon content.[9][10]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"surgical instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_instrument"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldstainless.org-22"},{"link_name":"valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve"},{"link_name":"pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldstainless.org-22"},{"link_name":"spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"carbon capture and storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"spherical joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_joint"},{"link_name":"Porsche Carrera GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_GT"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Common uses include:knife blades,[11][12][13][14][15][16]\nsurgical instruments,[17][18][19][20]\nbearings,[21][22]\nvalves and pumps,[22]\nmeasuring devices\nspring wire.[23]It is also used in the manufacture of heat treated steel pipes used for CO2 carbon capture and storage.[24][25][26][27]A commercial variant of X46Cr13 with some Vanadium is known as 420HC and is used in the knife industry because of its ability to hold a superior edge.[28]An NHTSA recall was issued by Porsche for spherical joints utilized in 2003-2005 Porsche Carrera GT models due to long term intergranular corrosion.[29]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"EN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"AFNOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFNOR"},{"link_name":"AISI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Iron_and_Steel_Institute"},{"link_name":"UNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nice_Sophia_Antipolis"},{"link_name":"JIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Industrial_Standards"},{"link_name":"PN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Standard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska_Norma"}],"text":"EN numeric : 1.4034\nEN symbolic : X46Cr13\nOld AFNOR : Z40C13, Z44C14\nAISI : 420C\nASTM : F899\nUNS : S 42000\nJIS : SUS420\nGOST : 40Ch13 ou 40X13\nPN [pl] : 4H13","title":"Standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"Chromium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium"},{"link_name":"Silicium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"Manganese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"},{"link_name":"Phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus"},{"link_name":"Sulfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"}],"text":"According to EN 10088.[30]Carbon : 0.46 % (–0.03 / +0.04)\nChromium : 13% (–0.5 / +0.5)\nSilicium < 1%\nManganese < 1%\nPhosphorus < 0.04 %\nSulfur < 0.03 %","title":"Composition"}]	[]	[{"title":"Steel grades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_grades"},{"title":"List of blade materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blade_materials"}]	[{"reference":"\"AMS5506G: Steel, Corrosion and Heat Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 13Cr (0.30 - 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PMID 16579952.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apergo.2005.12.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.apergo.2005.12.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16579952","url_text":"16579952"}]},{"reference":"\"Method for cutting or punching ceramic-containing composite materials\".","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US20100024614A1/en","url_text":"\"Method for cutting or punching ceramic-containing composite materials\""}]},{"reference":"\"420 C Instruments Medical instruments AISI 420 C L.Klein SA\". www.kleinmetals.ch.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kleinmetals.ch/steel/medical-steel/medical-instruments-steel/420-c-instruments-medical-steel.htm","url_text":"\"420 C Instruments Medical instruments AISI 420 C L.Klein SA\""}]},{"reference":"Haag, Reiner; Storz, Wilfried (2011). \"Surgical Scissors\". 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Corrosion Science. 68: 134–143. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2012.11.005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.corsci.2012.11.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.corsci.2012.11.005"}]},{"reference":"Oleksandra, Yevtushenko; Ralph, Bäßler; Irene, Carrillo-Salgado (17 March 2013). \"Corrosion Stability of Piping Steels in a Circulating Supercritical Impure CO2 Environment\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/NACE-2013-2372","url_text":"\"Corrosion Stability of Piping Steels in a Circulating Supercritical Impure CO2 Environment\""}]},{"reference":"Yevtushenko, O.; Bettge, D.; Bäßler, R.; Bohraus, S. (2015). \"Corrosion of CO2transport and injection pipeline steels due to the condensation effects caused by SO2and NO2impurities\". Materials and Corrosion. 66 (4): 334–341. doi:10.1002/maco.201307368.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmaco.201307368","url_text":"10.1002/maco.201307368"}]},{"reference":"\"Part 573 Safety Recall Report 23V-241\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://static.nhtsa.gov/odi/rcl/2023/RCLRPT-23V241-7631.PDF","url_text":"\"Part 573 Safety Recall Report 23V-241\""}]},{"reference":"\"CEN - Technical Bodies -\". standards.cen.eu.","urls":[{"url":"https://standards.cen.eu/dyn/www/f?p=204:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:36733,734440&cs=1CECBA04C98BC8483C3C7D77DB9B2E1EF","url_text":"\"CEN - Technical Bodies -\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X46Cr13&action=edit","external_links_name":"converting this article"},{"Link":"http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/issf/non-image-files/PDF/Euro_Inox/Tables_TechnicalProperties_EN.pdf","external_links_name":"Stainless steels, table of technical properties"},{"Link":"https://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=606","external_links_name":"Stainless Steel Grades Datasheets"},{"Link":"https://www.sae.org/standards/content/ams5506g/","external_links_name":"\"AMS5506G: Steel, Corrosion and Heat Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 13Cr (0.30 - 0.40C) (420) Annealed - SAE International\""},{"Link":"http://www.lucefin.com/wp-content/files_mf/1.4034a420c25.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lucefin's 1.4034 datasheet\""},{"Link":"http://www.zknives.com/knives/steels/x46cr13.shtml","external_links_name":"\"DIN X46Cr13 Knife Steel Composition Analysis Graph, Equivalents And Overview Version 4.35\""},{"Link":"https://store.nace.org/comparison-between-x5crnicunb16-and-x46cr13-under-corrosion-fatigue","external_links_name":"Comparison between X5CrNiCuNb16 and X46Cr13 under Corrosion Fatigue"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T508_WFLasEC&dq=X46Cr13&pg=PA109","external_links_name":"Air Pollution XVIII"},{"Link":"https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=2&article=1143&context=icpns&type=additional","external_links_name":"Properties that Characterize the Material X46Cr13 Steel"},{"Link":"https://www.makeitfrom.com/material-properties/Quenched-and-Tempered-QT800-1.4034-Stainless-Steel","external_links_name":"X46Cr13 datasheet"},{"Link":"https://knifeup.com/how-good-is-n680-steel/","external_links_name":"How good is N680 steel"},{"Link":"http://zknives.com/knives/steels/x46cr13.shtml","external_links_name":"X46Cr13 datasheet"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apergo.2005.12.007","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.apergo.2005.12.007"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16579952","external_links_name":"16579952"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US20100024614A1/en","external_links_name":"\"Method for cutting or punching ceramic-containing composite materials\""},{"Link":"https://gearjunkie.com/common-knife-blade-steels","external_links_name":"Knife Blades: Common Steels Explained (under 420 HC)"},{"Link":"https://www.knifecenter.com/info/knife-blade-materials","external_links_name":"Knife Blade Materials (under 420HC)"},{"Link":"http://zknives.com/knives/articles/knifesteelfaq.shtml","external_links_name":"Knife Steel FAQ (under 420HC)"},{"Link":"http://www.kleinmetals.ch/steel/medical-steel/medical-instruments-steel/420-c-instruments-medical-steel.htm","external_links_name":"\"420 C Instruments Medical instruments AISI 420 C L.Klein SA\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-74658-4_72","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-540-74658-4_72"},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/1f2ae082adbefcb124b8605d3786a573/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=886383","external_links_name":"\"Design, Manufacturing and Testing of a Mosaicplasty Set of Instruments\""},{"Link":"http://ue.poznan.pl/data/upload/articles/20170918/5c9bbd266079460910/nonfood.pdf#page=153","external_links_name":"CURRENT TRENDS IN COMMODITY SCIENCE"},{"Link":"https://www.rgpballs.com/en/aisi-420c-stainless-steel-balls/","external_links_name":"\"AISI 420C STAINLESS STEEL BALLS\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldstainless.org/Files/issf/non-image-files/PDF/ISSF_Martensitic_Stainless_Steels.pdf","external_links_name":"ISSF : Martensitic Stainless Steels"},{"Link":"https://www.jacques-allemann.com/media/wysiwyg/PDF/JAS/werkstoffe/1.4034_EN.pdf","external_links_name":"1.4034 steel wire datasheet"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-37849-2_4","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-642-37849-2_4"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.corsci.2012.11.005","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.corsci.2012.11.005"},{"Link":"https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/NACE-2013-2372","external_links_name":"\"Corrosion Stability of Piping Steels in a Circulating Supercritical Impure CO2 Environment\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmaco.201307368","external_links_name":"10.1002/maco.201307368"},{"Link":"http://zknives.com/knives/steels/420hc.shtml","external_links_name":"420HC datasheet"},{"Link":"https://static.nhtsa.gov/odi/rcl/2023/RCLRPT-23V241-7631.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Part 573 Safety Recall Report 23V-241\""},{"Link":"https://standards.cen.eu/dyn/www/f?p=204:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:36733,734440&cs=1CECBA04C98BC8483C3C7D77DB9B2E1EF","external_links_name":"\"CEN - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur	Flag of Kuala Lumpur	["1 History","2 Design","3 Usage","4 References"]	City Flag Federal Territory of Kuala LumpurUseCivil and state flag city flagProportion1:2Adopted14 May 1990; 34 years ago (1990-05-14)DesignA blue field with seven horizontal stripes alternating red and white on upper and lower lengths; charged with a yellow crescent and fourteen-pointed star in the hoist side.Designed byAzmi Ahmad Termizi The flag of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was officially adopted on 14 May 1990 to commemorate the Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL) or Kuala Lumpur City Hall's 100 years as the local authority of Kuala Lumpur. The flag was designed as a variant to Jalur Gemilang, the Flag of Malaysia, incorporating design elements with its own identity as one of the Federal Territories of the nation. The flag is flown annually on the first day of February, commemorating the day when Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory on 1 February 1974. History The flag designer was Azmi Ahmad Termizi, a DBKL architect and planner who was among the team assigned to design a flag to commemorate 100 years of DBKL's role as the local authority of Kuala Lumpur. Submitting fifteen designs to the management, four of them were shortlisted and presented to Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad for approval. On the night of 14 May 1990, a symbolic ceremony was held where the new flag was received from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Azlan Shah by the Lord Mayor (Datuk Bandar) of Kuala Lumpur Tan Sri Elyas Omar. The flag has been in official use since then. Design Azmi's design incorporates elements of the national flag into the flag of Kuala Lumpur. The flag is a blue field with seven equal horizontal alternating stripes of red and white on upper and lower length of the flag, charged with a yellow crescent moon facing, towards the fly, a yellow 14-pointed star. According to the Malaysian Ministry of Information website, each design symbolises a particular identity. The red symbolises the city's courage and strength, the blue for the unity of its multiracial citizens, the yellow for sovereignty, and the white for cleanliness and beauty. Usage The Minardi PS02 displays KL flag which driven by Mark Webber. The Minardi PS02 livery displays the Kuala Lumpur flag. References ^ "Seri Kepayang: Federal Territory Day: the story behind the flag". Jan 31, 2009. Retrieved Nov 17, 2020. ^ "WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN KUALA LUMPUR". pmr.penerangan.gov.my. Archived from the original on 2012-12-09. vteFederal Territory of Kuala LumpurTopics History Kuala Lumpur City Hall Constitution Elections Geography Anthem Flag Kuala Lumpur Federal Territories Tourist attractions Society Bicycle & cycling Economy Politics Parliamentary constituencies Bandar Tun Razak Batu Bukit Bintang Cheras Kepong Lembah Pantai Segambut Seputeh Setiawangsa Titiwangsa Wangsa Maju Commons Wikisource Category vteFlags of MalaysiaNational Malaysia States Johor Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu Federal territories Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur Labuan Putrajaya	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Flag of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Federal Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Territories_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"commemorating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Territory_Day"}],"text":"The flag of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was officially adopted on 14 May 1990 to commemorate the Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL) or Kuala Lumpur City Hall's 100 years as the local authority of Kuala Lumpur. The flag was designed as a variant to Jalur Gemilang, the Flag of Malaysia, incorporating design elements with its own identity as one of the Federal Territories of the nation. The flag is flown annually on the first day of February, commemorating the day when Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory on 1 February 1974.","title":"Flag of Kuala Lumpur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Mahathir Mohamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertuan Agong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong"},{"link_name":"Sultan Azlan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azlan_Shah_of_Perak"},{"link_name":"Tan Sri Elyas Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elyas_Omar"}],"text":"The flag designer was Azmi Ahmad Termizi, a DBKL architect and planner who was among the team assigned to design a flag to commemorate 100 years of DBKL's role as the local authority of Kuala Lumpur. Submitting fifteen designs to the management, four of them were shortlisted and presented to Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad for approval.[1][unreliable source?] On the night of 14 May 1990, a symbolic ceremony was held where the new flag was received from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Azlan Shah by the Lord Mayor (Datuk Bandar) of Kuala Lumpur Tan Sri Elyas Omar. The flag has been in official use since then.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Azmi's design incorporates elements of the national flag into the flag of Kuala Lumpur. The flag is a blue field with seven equal horizontal alternating stripes of red and white on upper and lower length of the flag, charged with a yellow crescent moon facing, towards the fly, a yellow 14-pointed star.According to the Malaysian Ministry of Information website, each design symbolises a particular identity. The red symbolises the city's courage and strength, the blue for the unity of its multiracial citizens, the yellow for sovereignty, and the white for cleanliness and beauty.[2]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Webber_2002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Minardi PS02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minardi_PS02"},{"link_name":"Mark Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Webber_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Minardi PS02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minardi_PS02"}],"text":"The Minardi PS02 displays KL flag which driven by Mark Webber.The Minardi PS02 livery displays the Kuala Lumpur flag.","title":"Usage"}]	[{"image_text":"The Minardi PS02 displays KL flag which driven by Mark Webber.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Webber_2002.jpg/300px-Webber_2002.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Seri Kepayang: Federal Territory Day: the story behind the flag\". Jan 31, 2009. Retrieved Nov 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://seri-kepayang.blogspot.com/2009/01/federal-territory-day-story-behind-flag.html","url_text":"\"Seri Kepayang: Federal Territory Day: the story behind the flag\""}]},{"reference":"\"WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN KUALA LUMPUR\". pmr.penerangan.gov.my. Archived from the original on 2012-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121209033440/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/1609-wilayah-persekutuan-kuala-lumpur.html","url_text":"\"WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN KUALA LUMPUR\""},{"url":"http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/1609-wilayah-persekutuan-kuala-lumpur.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://seri-kepayang.blogspot.com/2009/01/federal-territory-day-story-behind-flag.html","external_links_name":"\"Seri Kepayang: Federal Territory Day: the story behind the flag\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121209033440/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/1609-wilayah-persekutuan-kuala-lumpur.html","external_links_name":"\"WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN KUALA LUMPUR\""},{"Link":"http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/1609-wilayah-persekutuan-kuala-lumpur.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abderrahmane_Far%C3%A8s	Abderrahmane Farès	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Abderrahmane FarèsPresident of the Provisional Executive Council of AlgeriaIn office13 April 1962 – 20 September 1962Prime MinisterBenyoucef BenkheddaVice PresidentRoger RothPreceded byHead of Provisional Government of AlgeriaSucceeded byFerhat Abbas Personal detailsBorn(1911-01-30)30 January 1911Amalou, Béjaïa Province, AlgeriaDied13 May 1991(1991-05-13) (aged 80)Zemmouri, Algeria, AlgeriaPolitical partyFLN Abderrahmane Farès (Arabic: عبدالرحمن فارس‎; ALA-LC: ʿAbd ar-Raḥman Fāris; Kabyle: ⵄⴻⴱⴷⴻⵔⴰⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴻⵙ, 'Ɛebderaḥman Fares; January 30, 1911 – May 13, 1991) was the Chairman of the Provisional Executive of Algeria from 13 April 1962 to 20 September 1962. Biography Farès, who was born in Amalou, Béjaïa Province, was a lawyer by profession. After the Second World War, Farès was elected to municipal council and the general council of Algiers. In the 1945 French Constituent Assembly election, Farès was the fourth candidate of the Union and Social Progress List for the Muslim non-citizen constituency of Algiers (which had four seats in total). The list won three of the four seats. When the elected Constituent Assembly member Bachir Abdelouahab resigned, Farès overtook his seat in the Assembly on March 14, 1946. He sat in the French Section of the Workers' International (Social-Democrats) parliamentary group. In the Constituent Assembly he was included in the Interior, Algeria and General Administration Commission. He then took part to the Algerian Assembly election in 1948 and 1951, and became its President in 1953. On November 4, Farès was arrested for allegedly funding the FLN. He was released from prison on March 19, 1962, the day after the signing of the Évian Accords. References ^ a b c "Biographies des députés de la IVe République: Abderrahmane FARÈS", National Assembly of France (in French), retrieved 2009-12-21 ^ Aissaoui, Rabah (2012). "Fratricidal War: The Conflict between the Mouvement national algérien (MNA) and the Front de libération nationale (FLN) in France during the Algerian War (1954–1962)". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 39 (2): 227–240. ISSN 1353-0194. Political offices Preceded byBenyoucef Benkheddaas Head of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic President of the Provisional Executive Council of Algeria 1962 Succeeded byFerhat Abbasas President of the National Constituent Assembly of Algeria vtePresidents of Algeria (list) Abderrahmane Farès Ferhat Abbas Ahmed Ben Bella Houari Boumédiène† Rabah Bitat* Chadli Bendjedid Abdelmalek Benhabyles* Mohamed Boudiaf Ali Kafi Liamine Zéroual Abdelaziz Bouteflika Abdelkader Bensalah* Abdelmadjid Tebboune *interim †military vteHistorical rulers of AlgeriaZayyanid rulers ofthe Kingdom of Tlemcen(1235–1556) Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan Abu Said Uthman I Abu Zayyan I Abu Hammu I Abu Tashufin I Abu Said Uthman II Abu Thabid I Abu Hammu II Musa Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman Abu Tashufin II Abu Thabid II Abul Hadjdjadj I Abu Zayyan II Abu Muh I Abu Abdallah I Abd er Rahman I bin Abu Muh Said I bin Abu Tashufin Abu Malek I Abu Abdallah II Abu Abbas Ahmad I Abu Abdallah III Abu Tashufin III Abu Abdallah IV Abu Abdallah V Abu Hammu III Abu Muh II Abu Abdallah VI Abu Zayyan III Al Hassan ben Abu Muh Ottoman governors ofthe Regency of Algiers(1517–1710) Aruj Barbarossa Hayreddin Barbarossa Hasan Agha Hadji Pasha Hasan Pasha Khalifa Saffah Salah Rais Hasan Corso Muhammad Kurdogli Mehmed Tekkelerli Yusuf I Pasha Yahyia Pasha Hasan Khüsro Aga Ahmed Bostandji Ahmad Pasha Qabia Muhamad Pasha Uluç Ali Reis Mehmet Pasha Arab Ahmed Pasha Ramdan Pasha Hassan Veneziano Djafar Pasha Mami Muhammad Pasha Dali Ahmed Pasha Hızır Pasha Hadji Shaban Pasha Mustapha Pasha Daly Hassan Pasha Soliman Pasha Muhammad II the eunuch Mustapha II Pasha Rizvan Pasha Köse Mustafa Pacha Hasan IV Mustapha IV Pasha Soliman Katanya Kassan Kaid Koça Hizir Pasha Mustafa III Pasha Khüsrev Pacha Murat Pasha Hassan Khodja Yusuf II Pasha Ali Bitchin Mahmud Bursali Pacha Ahmed I Pasha Yusuf III Pasha Murad Pasha Buzenak-Muhammad Ahmed II Pasha Ibrahim Pasha Ismail Pasha Khalil Aga Ramadan Aga Shaban Aga Ali Aga Hadj Mohamed Dey Baba Hassan Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha Ahmed Sharban Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji Hassan Chaouch Hadji Mustapha Hussein Kodja Mohamed Bektach Deli Ibrahim Deys ofthe Deylik of Algiers(1710–1830) Ali I Muhammad III Abdy Pasha Mohammed Arslan Ibrahim III Ibrahim IV Muhammad IV Ali II Muhammad V Sidi Hassan Mustapha II Ahmed II Ali III Ali IV Mohammed Khaznadji Omar Agha Ali V Muhammad VI ben Ali Hussein Dey Governors of French Algeria(1830–1962) Louis-Auguste-Victor Bertrand Clauzel Pierre Berthezène Anne Jean Marie René Savary Théophile Voirol Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d'Erlon Bertrand Clauzel Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont Sylvain Charles Valée Thomas Robert Bugeaud Louis Juchault de Lamoricière Marie Alphonse Bedeau Henri d'Orleans Louis-Eugène Cavaignac Nicolas Théodule Changarnier Viala Charon Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul Aimable Pélissier Jacques Louis Randon Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat Edmond-Charles de Martimprey Patrice de MacMahon François Louis Alfred Durrieu Jean Walsin-Esterhazy Henri-Gabriel Didier Charles de Bouzet Romuald Vuillermoz Alexis Lambert Louis Henri de Gueydon Antoine Chanzy Albert Grévy Louis Tirman Jules Cambon Auguste Loze Louis Lépine Édouard Laferrière Charles Jonnart Paul Révoil Maurice Varnier Charles Lutaud Jean-Baptiste Abel Théodore Steeg Henri Dubief Maurice Viollette Pierre Bordes Jules-Gaston Henri Carde Georges le Beau Jean-Marie Charles Abrial Maxime Weygand Yves-Charles Chatel Marcel-Edmond Peyrouton Georges Catroux Yves Chataigneau Marcel-Edmond Naegelen Roger Léonard Jacques Soustelle Georges Catroux Robert Lacoste André Mutter Raoul Salan Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier Jean Morin Christian Fouchet Presidents of the Republic of Algeria(1962–present) Abderrahmane Farès Ferhat Abbas Ahmed Ben Bella Houari Boumédiène Rabah Bitat Chadli Bendjedid Abdelmalek Benhabyles Mohamed Boudiaf Ali Kafi Liamine Zéroual Abdelaziz Bouteflika Abdelkader Bensalah Abdelmadjid Tebboune Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands People Sycomore Other IdRef This article about an Algerian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"ALA-LC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_transcription"},{"link_name":"Kabyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_language"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"}],"text":"Abderrahmane Farès (Arabic: عبدالرحمن فارس‎; ALA-LC: ʿAbd ar-Raḥman Fāris; Kabyle: ⵄⴻⴱⴷⴻⵔⴰⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴻⵙ, 'Ɛebderaḥman Fares; January 30, 1911 – May 13, 1991) was the Chairman of the Provisional Executive of Algeria from 13 April 1962 to 20 September 1962.","title":"Abderrahmane Farès"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amalou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalou,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Béjaïa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_Province"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"1945 French Constituent Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_French_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Union and Social Progress List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_and_Social_Progress_List"},{"link_name":"Bachir Abdelouahab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Abdelouahab"},{"link_name":"French Section of the Workers' International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assa-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assa-1"},{"link_name":"Algerian Assembly election in 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Algerian_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Algerian_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assa-1"},{"link_name":"FLN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"Évian Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Farès, who was born in Amalou, Béjaïa Province, was a lawyer by profession. After the Second World War, Farès was elected to municipal council and the general council of Algiers. In the 1945 French Constituent Assembly election, Farès was the fourth candidate of the Union and Social Progress List for the Muslim non-citizen constituency of Algiers (which had four seats in total). The list won three of the four seats. When the elected Constituent Assembly member Bachir Abdelouahab resigned, Farès overtook his seat in the Assembly on March 14, 1946. He sat in the French Section of the Workers' International (Social-Democrats) parliamentary group.[1]In the Constituent Assembly he was included in the Interior, Algeria and General Administration Commission.[1]He then took part to the Algerian Assembly election in 1948 and 1951, and became its President in 1953.[1]On November 4, Farès was arrested for allegedly funding the FLN. He was released from prison on March 19, 1962, the day after the signing of the Évian Accords.[2]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Biographies des députés de la IVe République: Abderrahmane FARÈS\", National Assembly of France (in French), retrieved 2009-12-21","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/biographies/IVRepublique/fares-abderrahman-30011911.asp","url_text":"\"Biographies des députés de la IVe République: Abderrahmane FARÈS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France","url_text":"National Assembly of France"}]},{"reference":"Aissaoui, Rabah (2012). \"Fratricidal War: The Conflict between the Mouvement national algérien (MNA) and the Front de libération nationale (FLN) in France during the Algerian War (1954–1962)\". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 39 (2): 227–240. ISSN 1353-0194.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23264265","url_text":"\"Fratricidal War: The Conflict between the Mouvement national algérien (MNA) and the Front de libération nationale (FLN) in France during the Algerian War (1954–1962)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194","url_text":"1353-0194"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/biographies/IVRepublique/fares-abderrahman-30011911.asp","external_links_name":"\"Biographies des députés de la IVe République: Abderrahmane FARÈS\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23264265","external_links_name":"\"Fratricidal War: The Conflict between the Mouvement national algérien (MNA) and the Front de libération nationale (FLN) in France during the Algerian War (1954–1962)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194","external_links_name":"1353-0194"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/95486/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000022747114","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/29533685","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvxmWQYYD7GQytbyQTvHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11902254t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11902254t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1226907083","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261053205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82094121","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069667594","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/9032","external_links_name":"Sycomore"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/02685810X","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abderrahmane_Far%C3%A8s&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_World_(The_Tremeloes_song)	Hello World (Tremeloes song)	["1 Background and release","2 Reception","3 Charts","4 References"]	1969 single by the Tremeloes "Hello World"Cover of the single released in GermanySingle by the TremeloesB-side"Up, Down, All Around"Released7 March 1969GenrePop rockLength3:26LabelCBSSongwriter(s)Tony HazzardProducer(s)Mike SmithThe Tremeloes singles chronology "I Shall Be Released" (1968) "Hello World" (1969) "Once on a Sunday Morning" (1969) "Hello World" is a song written by Tony Hazzard. It was recorded and released as a single by the Tremeloes in March 1969 and peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. Background and release Hazzard wrote the song at the suggestion of his publisher for the Eurovision Song Contest 1969. He conceived "Hello World" as an "obvious title" and intended it for Cliff Richard, who recorded Britain's entry "Congratulations" for the 1968 contest. However, the song was rejected in the first round by the Music Publishers Association. It was one of three songs rejected for that year's contest that ultimately became hit singles, the others being Roger Cook, Roger Greenaway and Jerry Lordan's "Good Times (Better Times)" (a number 12 hit for Cliff Richard) and Geoff Stephens and John Carter's "My Sentimental Friend" (a number 2 hit for Herman's Hermits). The Tremeloes recorded the song as they were fans of Hazzard's previous hit songs. It was released as a single in March 1969 with the B-side "Up, Down, All Around", written by band members Len "Chip" Hawkes and Alan Blakley. The band promoted the single with appearances on Top of the Pops, The Golden Shot and The Basil Brush Show. It peaked at number 14 on 22 April 1969, returning the band to the UK top twenty after the relative failure of the previous single, a recording of Bob Dylan's "I Shall Be Released" that peaked at number 29 in December 1968. In an April 1969 edition of Record Mirror, Blakley revealed he didn't want it to be released, saying "I didn't expect "Hello World" to be even a top twenty hit, I didn't really like it. "I Shall Be Released", on the other hand, was not a commercial proposition, but it was a worthwhile record and was better than the things we usually do". Reception The band received some criticism for a perceived retreat to more commercial territory following the disappointing performance of "I Shall Be Released". Philip Crawley of the Newcastle Journal suggested they had reverted "to the lowest common denominator of pop" while Tony Barrow, writing under his pseudonym Disker in the Liverpool Echo, said the band were "back in the usual happy-go-lucky rut". Reviewing the single in the Daily Mirror, Don Short characterised it as "pleasant, but not as startling as the Tremeloes can be". Geoffrey Elliot of the Coventry Evening Telegraph criticised the song as having "none of the verve of their earlier hits" and considered its changes in tempo "more annoying than arresting". Derek Johnson for New Musical Express described it as "typical Trems material – almost predictable. But it doesn't have such an instantly catchy chorus as some of their big hits and this could prevent it from becoming a whopper. Nevertheless, the cheerful, carefree sound, the relatively attractive tune and the bouncy beat makes it hitworthy". Peter Jones for Record Mirror praised the song, writing that "they are back to the optimistic, fast-paced sort of determination that registered before – and "Hello World" is the right mixture of breeziness and brashness that should restore them high in the charts". Charts Chart (1969) Peakposition New Zealand (Listener) 20 South Africa (Springbok Radio) 5 UK Singles (OCC) 14 References ^ "Trems, Bell - Clay, Gene newies" (PDF). New Musical Express. 22 February 1969. p. 10. Retrieved 30 September 2022. ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 565. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ Hazzard, Tony; Wiser, Carl. "Tony Hazzard". Songfacts. Retrieved 6 June 2021. ^ Hazzard, Tony; Barnard, Jason. "Tony Hazzard - From the Heart to the Heart". The Strange Brew. Retrieved 6 June 2021. ^ "Cliff Richard". Official Charts. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ "Herman's Hermits". Official Charts. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ James, Paula (28 March 1969). "Going for a Song". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ "Tremeloes are on top of the world" (PDF). Melody Maker. 5 April 1969. Retrieved 6 June 2021. ^ "45cat". 45cat. Retrieved 6 June 2021. ^ Savile (16 March 1969). "Swamped by the Spacemen". The People. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ "Top of the Pops". Trakt. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ "Pick of the Week on TV". Thanet Times. 18 March 1969. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ "Tremeloes back" (PDF). Melody Maker. 8 March 1969. p. 4. Retrieved 30 September 2022. ^ a b "Tremeloes: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. ^ Mabbs, Valerie (26 April 1969). "Tremeloes Reveal: Our Mistake Over L.P's" (PDF). Record Mirror. Retrieved 6 June 2021. ^ "Discorner". Buckinghamshire Examiner. 14 March 1969. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ Crawley, Phillip (7 March 1969). "Now the Tremeloes Steer Clear of Culture". Newcastle Journal. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ Barrow, Tony (8 March 1969). "Quick Spins". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ Short, Don (8 March 1969). "Short Shots". Daily Mirror. ^ Elliott, Geoffrey (11 March 1969). "Pops". Coventry Evening Telegraph. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ "It's happy-go-lucky Trems again" (PDF). New Musical Express. 8 March 1969. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2022. ^ "New Singles" (PDF). Record Mirror. 8 March 1969. p. 8. Retrieved 30 September 2022. ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". www.flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 30 September 2022. ^ "South African Rock Lists Website - SA Charts 1965 - 1989 Acts (T)". Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2022.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"written","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter"},{"link_name":"Tony Hazzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hazzard"},{"link_name":"the Tremeloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tremeloes"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"}],"text":"\"Hello World\" is a song written by Tony Hazzard. It was recorded and released as a single by the Tremeloes in March 1969 and peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart.[2]","title":"Hello World (Tremeloes song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1969"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Songfacts-3"},{"link_name":"Cliff Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Richard"},{"link_name":"Congratulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congratulations_(Cliff_Richard_song)"},{"link_name":"1968 contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1968"},{"link_name":"Music Publishers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Publishers_Association_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strange_Brew-4"},{"link_name":"Roger Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Cook_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Roger Greenaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Greenaway"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lordan"},{"link_name":"Good Times (Better Times)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times_(Better_Times)"},{"link_name":"Cliff Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Richard"},{"link_name":"Geoff Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Stephens"},{"link_name":"John Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter_(English_musician)"},{"link_name":"My Sentimental Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Sentimental_Friend"},{"link_name":"Herman's Hermits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%27s_Hermits"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Going_for_a_Song-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Top_of_the_world-8"},{"link_name":"Alan Blakley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Blakley"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45cat-9"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swamped_by_the_Spacemen-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Golden Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Shot"},{"link_name":"The Basil Brush Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Brush"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thanet_Times-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"I Shall Be Released","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Shall_Be_Released"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_Charts-14"},{"link_name":"Record Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_Mistake_Over_L.P's-15"}],"text":"Hazzard wrote the song at the suggestion of his publisher for the Eurovision Song Contest 1969. He conceived \"Hello World\" as an \"obvious title\"[3] and intended it for Cliff Richard, who recorded Britain's entry \"Congratulations\" for the 1968 contest. However, the song was rejected in the first round by the Music Publishers Association.[4] It was one of three songs rejected for that year's contest that ultimately became hit singles, the others being Roger Cook, Roger Greenaway and Jerry Lordan's \"Good Times (Better Times)\" (a number 12 hit for Cliff Richard) and Geoff Stephens and John Carter's \"My Sentimental Friend\" (a number 2 hit for Herman's Hermits).[5][6][7]The Tremeloes recorded the song as they were fans of Hazzard's previous hit songs.[8] It was released as a single in March 1969 with the B-side \"Up, Down, All Around\", written by band members Len \"Chip\" Hawkes and Alan Blakley.[9] The band promoted the single with appearances on Top of the Pops,[10][11] The Golden Shot and The Basil Brush Show.[12][13] It peaked at number 14 on 22 April 1969, returning the band to the UK top twenty after the relative failure of the previous single, a recording of Bob Dylan's \"I Shall Be Released\" that peaked at number 29 in December 1968.[14] In an April 1969 edition of Record Mirror, Blakley revealed he didn't want it to be released, saying \"I didn't expect \"Hello World\" to be even a top twenty hit, I didn't really like it. \"I Shall Be Released\", on the other hand, was not a commercial proposition, but it was a worthwhile record and was better than the things we usually do\".[15]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discorner-16"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_(Newcastle_upon_Tyne_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newcastle_Journal-17"},{"link_name":"Tony Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Barrow"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Echo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Disker-18"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Don Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Short_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Short_Shots-19"},{"link_name":"Coventry Evening Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coventry_Evening_Telegraph-20"},{"link_name":"New Musical Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Peter Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jones_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The band received some criticism for a perceived retreat to more commercial territory following the disappointing performance of \"I Shall Be Released\".[16] Philip Crawley of the Newcastle Journal suggested they had reverted \"to the lowest common denominator of pop\"[17] while Tony Barrow, writing under his pseudonym Disker in the Liverpool Echo, said the band were \"back in the usual happy-go-lucky rut\".[18] Reviewing the single in the Daily Mirror, Don Short characterised it as \"pleasant, but not as startling as the Tremeloes can be\".[19] Geoffrey Elliot of the Coventry Evening Telegraph criticised the song as having \"none of the verve of their earlier hits\" and considered its changes in tempo \"more annoying than arresting\".[20]Derek Johnson for New Musical Express described it as \"typical Trems material – almost predictable. But it doesn't have such an instantly catchy chorus as some of their big hits and this could prevent it from becoming a whopper. Nevertheless, the cheerful, carefree sound, the relatively attractive tune and the bouncy beat makes it hitworthy\".[21] Peter Jones for Record Mirror praised the song, writing that \"they are back to the optimistic, fast-paced sort of determination that registered before [\"I Shall Be Released\"] – and \"Hello World\" is the right mixture of breeziness and brashness that should restore them high in the charts\".[22]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Trems, Bell - Clay, Gene newies\" (PDF). New Musical Express. 22 February 1969. p. 10. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/New-Musical-Express/1969/New-Musical-Express-1969-02-22-OCR.pdf","url_text":"\"Trems, Bell - Clay, Gene newies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Musical_Express","url_text":"New Musical Express"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 565. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"Hazzard, Tony; Wiser, Carl. \"Tony Hazzard\". Songfacts. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songfacts.com/blog/interviews/tony-hazzard","url_text":"\"Tony Hazzard\""}]},{"reference":"Hazzard, Tony; Barnard, Jason. \"Tony Hazzard - From the Heart to the Heart\". The Strange Brew. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thestrangebrew.co.uk/interviews/tony-hazzard/","url_text":"\"Tony Hazzard - From the Heart to the Heart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cliff Richard\". Official Charts. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/19899/cliff-richard/","url_text":"\"Cliff Richard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Herman's Hermits\". Official Charts. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/11271/hermans-hermits/","url_text":"\"Herman's Hermits\""}]},{"reference":"James, Paula (28 March 1969). \"Going for a Song\". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000560/19690328/127/0017","url_text":"\"Going for a Song\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tremeloes are on top of the world\" (PDF). Melody Maker. 5 April 1969. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Melody-Maker-IDX/IDX/60s/Melody-Maker-1969-0405-IDX-13.pdf#search=%22tremeloes%22","url_text":"\"Tremeloes are on top of the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"45cat\". 45cat. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.45cat.com/record/4065","url_text":"\"45cat\""}]},{"reference":"Savile (16 March 1969). \"Swamped by the Spacemen\". The People. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000729/19690316/074/0014","url_text":"\"Swamped by the Spacemen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top of the Pops\". Trakt. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://trakt.tv/shows/top-of-the-pops-uk/seasons/6/episodes/12","url_text":"\"Top of the Pops\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pick of the Week on TV\". Thanet Times. 18 March 1969. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002513/19690318/159/0009","url_text":"\"Pick of the Week on TV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tremeloes back\" (PDF). Melody Maker. 8 March 1969. p. 4. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Melody-Maker/60s/69/Melody-Maker-1969-0308.pdf","url_text":"\"Tremeloes back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker","url_text":"Melody Maker"}]},{"reference":"Mabbs, Valerie (26 April 1969). \"Tremeloes Reveal: Our Mistake Over L.P's\" (PDF). Record Mirror. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Record-Mirror-IDX/IDX/60s/Record-Mirror-1969-04-26-S-OCR-IDX-3.pdf#search=%22tremeloes%22","url_text":"\"Tremeloes Reveal: Our Mistake Over L.P's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discorner\". Buckinghamshire Examiner. 14 March 1969. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002490/19690314/106/0008","url_text":"\"Discorner\""}]},{"reference":"Crawley, Phillip (7 March 1969). \"Now the Tremeloes Steer Clear of Culture\". Newcastle Journal. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002240/19690307/097/0006","url_text":"\"Now the Tremeloes Steer Clear of Culture\""}]},{"reference":"Barrow, Tony (8 March 1969). \"Quick Spins\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000271/19690308/110/0004","url_text":"\"Quick Spins\""}]},{"reference":"Short, Don (8 March 1969). \"Short Shots\". Daily Mirror.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000560/19690308/068/0009","url_text":"\"Short Shots\""}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Geoffrey (11 March 1969). \"Pops\". Coventry Evening Telegraph. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000769/19690311/051/0004","url_text":"\"Pops\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's happy-go-lucky Trems again\" (PDF). New Musical Express. 8 March 1969. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/New-Musical-Express/1969/New-Musical-Express-1969-03-08-OCR.pdf","url_text":"\"It's happy-go-lucky Trems again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Musical_Express","url_text":"New Musical Express"}]},{"reference":"\"New Singles\" (PDF). Record Mirror. 8 March 1969. p. 8. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Record-Mirror/60s/69/Record-Mirror-1969-03-08.pdf","url_text":"\"New Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"flavour of new zealand - search listener\". www.flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=625#n_view_location","url_text":"\"flavour of new zealand - search listener\""}]},{"reference":"\"South African Rock Lists Website - SA Charts 1965 - 1989 Acts (T)\". Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Bauer	Lisa Bauer	["1 References","2 External links"]	Canadian field hockey player Lisa Bauer (born 13 May 1960 in Waterloo, Ontario) is a Canadian former field hockey player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Lisa Bauer". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2012. External links Lisa Bauer at the International Hockey Federation Lisa Bauer at Olympedia Lisa Bauer-Lyn at Olympics.com Lisa Bauer-Leahy at Team Canada vteCanada squad – 1984 Summer Olympics – 5th place 1 Lambert 2 Creelman 3 Major 4 Branchaud 5 Beecroft 6 Andrews 7 Stoyka 8 Ellis 9 Hewlett 10 Virjee 11 Wheatley 12 Bauer 13 Forshaw 14 Bayes 15 MacKinnon 16 Charlton Coach: Van der Merwe vteCanada squad – 1986 FIH World Cup – 3rd place 1 Bayes 2 Berube 3 Covey 4 Lyn 5 Branchaud 6 Andrews 7 Johnson 8 Ballantyne 9 Bauer 10 Schleppe 11 Conn 12 Czenczek 13 Forshaw 14 Charlton 15 Blaxland 16 Creelman Coach: Van der Merwe This biographical article relating to a Canadian field hockey figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterloo, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sref-1"}],"text":"Lisa Bauer (born 13 May 1960 in Waterloo, Ontario) is a Canadian former field hockey player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Lisa Bauer"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Lisa Bauer\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418044330/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/lisa-bauer-1.html","url_text":"\"Lisa Bauer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/lisa-bauer-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418044330/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/lisa-bauer-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Lisa Bauer\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/lisa-bauer-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tms.fih.ch/people/12523","external_links_name":"Lisa Bauer"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/17751","external_links_name":"Lisa Bauer"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/lisa-bauer-lyn","external_links_name":"Lisa Bauer-Lyn"},{"Link":"https://olympic.ca/team-canada/lisa-bauer-leahy/","external_links_name":"Lisa Bauer-Leahy"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Bauer&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dukes_of_Braganza	List of Dukes of Braganza	["1 List of the Dukes of Braganza","1.1 Before accession to the throne","1.2 As first in line to the throne of Portugal","1.3 Post-monarchy use","2 See also","3 External links","4 Bibliography"]	Coat of arms of the dukes of Braganza The following is a list of the Dukes of Braganza, one of the most important noble titles, and later royal title, in the Kingdom of Portugal. List of the Dukes of Braganza Note: The blue shade means that the person was not officially created Duke of Braganza, the person only claimed the title. Before accession to the throne Name Picture Birth Became Duke Ceased to be Duke Death Other titles Marriages Afonso, Duke of Braganza 4 August 1377Illegitimate son of King John I 1443 15 December 1461 8th Count of Barcelos, 2nd Count of Neiva Beatriz Pereira de AlvimConstance de Noronha Fernando I, Duke of Braganza 4 August 1403Second son of Duke Afonso I 15 December 1461 1 April 1478 1st Marquis of Vila Viçosa, 5th Count of Ourém, 9th Count of Barcelos, 3rd Count of Arraiolos, 3rd Count of Neiva Joana de Castro Fernando II, Duke of Braganza 1430Eldest son of Duke Fernando I 1 April 1478 20 June 1483 1st Duke of Guimarães, 2nd Marquis of Vila Viçosa, 10th Count of Barcelos, 6th Count of Ourém, 4th Count of Arraiolos, 4th Count of Neiva, 1st Count of Guimarães Doña Leonor de MenezesInfanta Isabella of Viseu Jaime I, Duke of Braganza 1479 Eldest son of Duke Fernando II 20 June 1483 20 September 1532 Prince of Portugal, 2nd Duke of Guimarães, 3rd Marquis of Vila Viçosa, 11th Count of Barcelos, 8th Count of Ourém, 5th Count of Arraiolos, 5th Count of Neiva Eleonor of MendozaJoana of Mendoza Teodósio I, Duke of Braganza 1510 Eldest son of Duke Jaime I 20 September 1532 22 September 1563 3rd Duke of Guimarães, 4th Marquis of Vila Viçosa, 12th Count of Barcelos, 6th Count of Arraiolos, 9th Count of Ourém, 6th Count of Neiva Isabel of LencastreBeatriz of Lencastre João I, Duke of Braganza 1543 Eldest son of Duke Teodósio I 22 September 1563 1583 1st Duke of Barcelos, 5th Marquis of Vila Viçosa, 13th Count of Barcelos, 10th Count of Ourém, 7th Count of Arraiolos, 7th Count of Neiva Infanta Catherine of Guimarães Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza 28 April 1568 Eldest son of Duke John I 1583 29 November 1630 2nd Duke of Barcelos, 6th Marquis of Vila Viçosa, 14th Count of Barcelos, 11th Count of Ourém, 8th Count of Arraiolos, 8th Count of Neiva Ana de Velasco y Girón John IV of Portugal(João II as Duke) 18 March 1603 Eldest son of Duke Teodósio II 29 November 1630 1 December 1640became King 6 November 1656 King of Portugal and the Algarves, 6th Duke of Guimarães, 3rd Duke of Barcelos, 7th Marquis of Vila Viçosa, 15th Count of Barcelos, 12th Count of Ourém, 9th Count of Arraiolos, 9th Count of Neiva Luisa of Medina-Sidonia As first in line to the throne of Portugal Name Picture Birth Became Duke Ceased to be Duke Death Other titles Marriages Teodósio 8 February 1634 eldest son of King John IV 1 December 1640 13 May 1653 Prince of Portugal, Prince of Brazil, 4th Duke of Barcelos, 8th Marquis of Vila Viçosa, 16th Count of Barcelos, 13th Count of Ourém, 10th Count of Arraiolos, 10th Count of Neiva none Afonso 21 August 1643 3rd son of King John IV 13 May 1653 6 November 1656became King 12 September 1683 King of Portugal and the Algarves, Prince of Brazil, 5th Duke of Barcelos, 9th Marquis of Vila Viçosa, 17th Count of Barcelos, 14th Count of Ourém, 11th Count of Arraiolos, 11th Count of Neiva Maria Francisca of Savoy Isabel Luísa 6 January 1669 eldest child of King Peter II 12 September 1683 30 August 1688 21 October 1690 Princess of Brazil, Princess of Beira, Duchess of Barcelos, Marchioness of Vila Viçosa, Countess of Barcelos, Countess of Ourém, Countess of Arraiolos, Countess of Neiva none 17 September 1688 22 October 1689 João 30 August 1688 eldest son of King Peter II 17 September 1688 Prince of Brazil, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva none João 22 October 16892nd son of King Peter II 9 December 1706became King 31 July 1750 King of Portugal and the Algarves, Prince of Brazil, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva Maria Anna of Austria Maria Bárbara 4 December 1711 eldest child of King John V 4 December 1711 19 October 1712 27 August 1758 Princess of Brazil, Duchess of Barcelos, Marchioness of Vila Viçosa, Countess of Barcelos, Countess of Ourém, Countess of Arraiolos, Countess of Neiva Ferdinand VI of Spain Pedro 19 October 1712 eldest son of King John V 29 October 1714 Prince of Brazil, Duke of Barcelos, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva Maria Francisca of Savoy José 6 June 17142nd son of King John V 29 October 1714 31 July 1750became King 24 February 1777 King of Portugal and the Algarves, Prince of Brazil, Duke of Barcelos, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva Mariana Victoria of Spain Maria Francisca 17 December 1734 eldest child of King Joseph I 31 July 1750 24 February 1777became Queen 20 March 1816 Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, Princess of Brazil, Princess of Beira, Duchess of Barcelos, Marchioness of Vila Viçosa, Countess of Barcelos, Countess of Ourém, Countess of Arraiolos, Countess of Neiva Peter III of Portugal José 20 August 1761eldest son of Queen Maria I 24 February 1777 11 September 1788 Prince of Brazil, Prince of Beira, Duke of Barcelos, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva Infanta Benedita of Portugal João 13 May 1767youngest son of Queen Maria I 11 September 1788 20 March 1816 became King 10 March 1826 King of Portugal and the Algarves, Prince of Brazil, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva Charlotte of Spain Pedro de Alcântara 12 October 17982nd son of King John VI 20 March 1816 October 12, 1822 became Emperor Emperor of Brazil, King of Portugal and the Algarves, Prince Royal of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, Prince of Beira, Duke of Barcelos, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva Maria Leopoldina of AustriaAmélia of Leuchtenberg 7 April 1831after abdication used as style 24 September 1834 Maria da Glória 4 April 1819eldest child of Emperor Pedro I 10 March 1826 2 May 1826 Became Queen 15 November 1853 Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, Princess of Grão-Pará, Princess Imperial of Brazil, Princes of Beira, Princess of Eichstätt, Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duchess of Porto, Duchess of Leuchtenberg, Duchess of Santa Cruz, Duchess of Barcelos, Marchioness of Vila Viçosa, Countess of Barcelos, Countess of Ourém, Countess of Arraiolos, Countess of Neiva Miguel I of Portugal annulled Auguste, 2nd Duke of LeuchtenbergFerdinand II of Portugal Miguel I of Portugal 26 October 1802youngest son of King John VI 6 May 1834never created duke, used as style during his exile 14 November 1866 King of Portugal and the Algarves, Duke of Beja Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg Pedro 16 December 1837eldest son of Queen Maria II 15 November 1853 became King 11 November 1861 King of Portugal and the Algarves, Prince Royal of Portugal, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duke of Barcelos, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Carlos 28 September 1863 eldest son of King Louis I 19 October 1889 became King 1 February 1908assassinated King of Portugal and the Algarves, Prince Royal of Portugal, Duke of Barcelos, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva Amélie of Orléans Luís Filipe 21 March 1887eldest son of King Carlos I 19 October 1889 1 February 1908assassinated Prince Royal of Portugal, Prince of Beira, Duke of Barcelos, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva none Post-monarchy use Name Picture Birth Claimed title Ceased to be Duke Death Other titles claimed Marriages Miguel Januário of Braganza 19 September 1853eldest son of King Miguel I of Portugal 4 October 1910or14 November 1866 31 July 1920 11 October 1927 Duke of Barcelos, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva Princess Elisabeth of Thurn and TaxisPrincess Maria Theresa of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg Duarte Nuno of Braganza 23 September 19073rd son of Miguel 31 July 1920or2 July 1932 24 December 1976 Duke of Barcelos, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva Princess Francisca of Orléans-Braganza Duarte Pio of Braganza 15 May 1945eldest son of Duarte Nuno 24 December 1976 Incumbent Living Prince of Beira, Duke of Barcelos, Duke of Guimarães, Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Barcelos, Count of Ourém, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Neiva Isabel de Herédia The Miguelist heir apparent, claiming the title of Prince of Beira, is Afonso de Santa Maria (b. 1996). Name Picture Birth Claimed title Ceased to be Duke Death Other titles claimed Marriages Maria Pia of Braganza 13 March 1907as claimed illegitimate daughter of King Carlos I of Portugal 2 July 1932 23 April 1987 6 May 1995 Duchess of Porto, Duchess of Beja, Duchess of Coimbra, Countess of Neiva, Countess of Arraiolos, Countess of Penafiel Francesco BatistaGeneral Giuseppe BlaisAntónio Amado-Noivo See also Duke of Braganza Portuguese nobility Duke of Barcelos Duke of Guimarães List of Portuguese monarchs List of Portuguese Dukedoms Kings of Portugal family tree House of Braganza Timeline of Portuguese history List of Duchesses of Braganza External links Genealogy of the Dukes of Braganza in Portuguese Bibliography "Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil", Vol. II, pages 433/449. Published by Zairol Lda., 1989, Lisbon. vtePortuguese royaltyDesignated royal titles King and Queen of Portugal Prince and Princess Royal of Portugal Prince and Princess of Brazil Prince and Princess of Portugal Prince and Princess of Beira Duke and Duchess of Braganza Duke and Duchess of Barcelos Duke and Duchess of Porto Duke and Duchess of Beja Infante and Infanta of Portugal Undesignated royal titles Duke and Duchess of Coimbra Duke and Duchess of Viseu Duke and Duchess of Guimarães Duke and Duchess of Guarda Royal households House of the Infantado List of heirs to the Portuguese throne - Portuguese nobility	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Braganza_(1640-1910).png"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"}],"text":"Coat of arms of the dukes of BraganzaThe following is a list of the Dukes of Braganza, one of the most important noble titles, and later royal title, in the Kingdom of Portugal.","title":"List of Dukes of Braganza"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: The blue shade means that the person was not officially created Duke of Braganza, the person only claimed the title.","title":"List of the Dukes of Braganza"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Before accession to the throne","title":"List of the Dukes of Braganza"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As first in line to the throne of Portugal","title":"List of the Dukes of Braganza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Beira"},{"link_name":"Afonso de Santa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Santa_Maria,_Prince_of_Beira"}],"sub_title":"Post-monarchy use","text":"The Miguelist heir apparent, claiming the title of Prince of Beira, is Afonso de Santa Maria (b. 1996).","title":"List of the Dukes of Braganza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Portuguese_royalty"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_royalty"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_royalty"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Queen of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_consorts"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Royal_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Princess Royal of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Royal_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Princess of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Princess of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Prince and Princess of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Beira"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Duke and Duchess of Barcelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Barcelos"},{"link_name":"Duke and Duchess of Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Porto"},{"link_name":"Duke and Duchess of Beja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Beja"},{"link_name":"Infante and Infanta of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_of_Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_(1834_to_1910)_-_Lesser.png"},{"link_name":"Duke and Duchess of Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Duke and Duchess of Viseu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Viseu"},{"link_name":"Duke and Duchess of Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Guimar%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"Duke and Duchess of Guarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Guarda"},{"link_name":"House of the Infantado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_the_Infantado"},{"link_name":"Portuguese nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_nobility"}],"text":"\"Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil\", Vol. II, pages 433/449. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos	Constantine XI Palaiologos	["1 Early life","1.1 Family and background","1.2 Early career","2 Despot of the Morea","2.1 Early rule in the Morea","2.2 Second tenure as regent","2.3 Second marriage and Ottoman threats","2.4 Despot at Mystras","3 Reign as emperor","3.1 Accession to the throne","3.2 Initial concerns","3.3 Search for allies","3.4 Dealings with Mehmed II","3.5 Religious disunity in Constantinople","3.6 Final preparations","4 Fall of Constantinople","4.1 Siege","4.2 Final days and final assault","4.3 Death","5 Legacy","5.1 Historiography","5.2 Legends of Constantine's family","5.3 Lamentations","5.4 The Marble Emperor","5.5 Regnal number","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","8.1 Cited bibliography","8.2 Cited web sources"]	Last Roman Emperor of the East from 1449 to 1453 "Constantine Palaiologos" redirects here. For other uses, see Constantine Palaiologos (disambiguation). "Constantine XI" redirects here. For the earlier emperor sometimes numbered this way, see Constantine Laskaris. For other uses, see Constantine Dragases. Constantine XI PalaiologosEmperor and Autocrat of the Romans15th-century portrait of Constantine XI (from a codex containing a copy of the Extracts of History by Joannes Zonaras)Byzantine emperorReign6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453PredecessorJohn VIII PalaiologosDespot of the MoreaReign1 May 1428 – March 1449PredecessorTheodore II Palaiologos (alone)SuccessorDemetrios and Thomas PalaiologosCo-rulersTheodore II Palaiologos(1428–1443)Thomas Palaiologos(1428–1449)Born8 February 1404Constantinople, Byzantine EmpireDied29 May 1453 (aged 49)ConstantinopleSpouse Theodora (Creusa) Tocco (m. 1428; died 1429) Caterina Gattilusio (m. 1441; died 1442) NamesKōnstantinos Dragasēs PalaiologosΚωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης ΠαλαιολόγοςDynastyPalaiologosFatherManuel II PalaiologosMotherHelena DragašReligionEastern ChristianitySignature Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos or Dragaš Palaeologus (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος, Kōnstantînos Dragásēs Palaiológos; 8 February 1404 – 29 May 1453) was the last Roman (Byzantine) emperor, reigning from 1449 until his death in battle at the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Constantine's death marked the definitive end of the Eastern Roman Empire, which traced its origin to Constantine the Great's foundation of Constantinople as the Roman Empire's new capital in 330. Constantine was the fourth son of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragaš, the daughter of Serbian ruler Konstantin Dejanović. Little is known of his early life, but from the 1420s onward, he is repeatedly demonstrated to have been a skilled general. Based on his career and surviving contemporary sources, Constantine appears to have been primarily a soldier. This does not mean that Constantine was not also a skilled administrator: he was trusted and favored to such an extent by his older brother, Emperor John VIII Palaiologos, that he was designated as regent twice during John VIII's journeys away from Constantinople in 1423–1424 and 1437–1440. In 1427–1428, Constantine and John fended off an attack on the Morea (the Peloponnese) by Carlo I Tocco, ruler of Epirus, and in 1428 Constantine was proclaimed Despot of the Morea and ruled the province together with his older brother Theodore and his younger brother Thomas. Together, they extended Roman rule to cover almost the entire Peloponnese for the first time since the Fourth Crusade more than two hundred years before and rebuilt the ancient Hexamilion wall, which defended the peninsula from outside attacks. Although ultimately unsuccessful, Constantine personally led a campaign into Central Greece and Thessaly in 1444–1446, attempting to extend Byzantine rule into Greece once more. In October 1448, John VIII died without children, and as his favored successor, Constantine was proclaimed emperor on 6 January 1449. During his brief reign, Constantine would have to deal with three main issues. First, there was the issue of an heir, as Constantine was also childless. Despite attempts by Constantine's friend and confidant George Sphrantzes to find him a wife, Constantine ultimately died unmarried. The second concern was religious conflict within what little remained of his empire. Emperor Constantine and his predecessor John VIII both believed in the reunion between the Greek Orthodox and Catholic Churches proclaimed at the Council of Florence. They accordingly sought to secure military aid from Catholic Europe, but much of the Byzantine populace, led by Mark of Ephesus, opposed the transformation of the Greek Orthodox Church into the Greek Byzantine Catholic Church; one of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Finally, the most important concern was the growing Ottoman Empire, which by 1449 completely surrounded Constantinople. In April 1453, the Sultan Mehmed II of the House of Osman laid siege to Constantinople with an army perhaps numbering as many as 80,000 men. Even though the city's defenders may have numbered less than a tenth of the sultan's army, Constantine considered the idea of abandoning Constantinople unthinkable. The emperor stayed to defend the city, which fell on 29 May 1453. On the night before Constantinople fell, the Emperor received Communion from Byzantine Catholic Cardinal Isidore of Kiev. Constantine died in battle on the following day. Although no reliable eyewitness accounts of his death survived, most historical accounts agree that the emperor tore off his Imperial insignia, led a last charge against the Ottomans, and died fighting. Constantine was the last Christian ruler of Constantinople, which alongside his bravery at the city's fall cemented him as a near-legendary figure in later histories and Greek folklore. Some saw the foundation of Constantinople (the New Rome) under Constantine the Great and its loss under another Constantine as fulfillment of the city's destiny, just as Old Rome had been founded by a Romulus and lost under another, Romulus Augustulus. He became known in later Greek folklore as the Marble Emperor (Greek: Μαρμαρωμένος Βασιλεύς, romanized: Marmaromenos Vasilias, lit. 'Emperor/King turned into Marble'), reflecting a popular legend that Constantine had not actually died, but had been rescued by an angel and turned into marble, hidden beneath the Golden Gate of Constantinople awaiting a call from God to be restored to life and reconquer both the city and the old empire. Early life Family and background Miniature from an early 15th-century manuscript depicting Constantine's father Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, his mother Helena Dragaš and his three older brothers John, Theodore and Andronikos Constantine Dragases Palaiologos was born on 8 February 1404 as the fourth son of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos (r. 1391–1425), the eighth emperor of the Palaiologos dynasty. Manuel's mother, Helena (1333–1396), came from the House of Kantakouzenos. Constantine's mother (from whom he took his second last name) was Helena Dragaš, member of the powerful House of Dragaš and daughter of Serbian ruler Konstantin Dejanović. Constantine is frequently described as Porphyrogénnētos ("born in the purple"), a distinction granted to sons born to a reigning emperor in the imperial palace. Manuel ruled a disintegrating and dwindling Byzantine Empire. The catalyst of Byzantium's fall had been the arrival of the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia in the 11th century. Though some emperors, such as Alexios I and Manuel I, had successfully recovered portions of Anatolia through help from western crusaders, their gains were only temporary. Anatolia was the empire's most fertile, populated, and wealthy region, and after its loss, Byzantium more or less experienced constant decline. Although most of it was eventually reconquered, the Byzantine Empire was crippled by the 1204 Fourth Crusade and the loss of Constantinople to the Latin Empire, formed by the crusaders. The Byzantine Empire, under the founder of the Palaiologos dynasty, Michael VIII, retook Constantinople in 1261. Over the course of the 14th century, the Ottoman Turks had conquered vast swaths of territories and by 1405, they ruled much of Anatolia, Bulgaria, central Greece, Macedonia, Serbia and Thessaly. The Byzantine Empire, once extending throughout the eastern Mediterranean, was reduced to the imperial capital of Constantinople, the Peloponnese, and a handful of islands in the Aegean Sea, and was also forced to pay tribute to the Ottomans. As the empire dwindled, the emperors concluded that the only way to ensure that their remaining territory was kept intact was to grant some of their holdings to their sons, who received the title of despot, as appanages to defend and govern. Manuel's oldest son, John, was raised to co-emperor and designated to succeed his father. The second son, Theodore, was designated as the Despot of the Morea (the prosperous province constituting the Peloponnese) and the third son, Andronikos, was proclaimed as Despot of Thessaloniki in 1408. The younger sons; Constantine, Demetrios and Thomas, were kept in Constantinople as there was not sufficient land left to grant them. Little is known of Constantine's early life. From an early age, he was admired by George Sphrantzes (later a famed Byzantine historian), who would later enter his service, and later encomiasts often wrote that Constantine had always been courageous, adventurous, and skilled in martial arts, horsemanship, and hunting. Many accounts of Constantine's life, both before and after he became emperor, are heavily skewed and eulogize his reign, as most of them lack contemporary sources and were composed after his death. Based on his actions and the surviving commentary from some of his advisors and contemporaries, Constantine appeared to have been more comfortable with military matters than with matters of state or diplomacy, though he was also a competent administrator—as illustrated by his tenures as regent—and tended to heed his councilors' advice on important matters of state. Aside from stylized and smudged depictions on seals and coins, no contemporary depictions of Constantine survive. Notable images of Constantine include a seal currently located in Vienna (of unknown provenance, probably from an imperial chrysobull), a few coins, and his portrait among the other Byzantine emperors in the Biblioteca Estense copy of the history of Zonaras. In the latter he is shown with a rounded beard, in noted contrast to his forked-bearded relatives, but it is unclear whether that reflects his actual appearance. Early career 1422 map of Constantinople by cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti, the oldest surviving map of the city After an unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1422, Manuel II suffered a stroke and was left paralyzed in one side of his body. He lived for another three years, but the empire's government was effectively in the hands of Constantine's brother John. Thessaloniki was also under siege by the Ottomans; to prevent it from falling into their hands, John gave the city to the Republic of Venice. As Manuel II had once hoped years ago, John hoped to rally support from Western Europe, and he left Constantinople in November 1423 to travel to Venice and Hungary. By this time, Manuel had abandoned his hope of western aid and had even attempted to dissuade John from pursuing it. Manuel believed that an eventual church union, which would become John's goal, would only antagonize the Turks and the empire's populace, which could have started a civil war. John was impressed by his brother's actions during the 1422 Ottoman siege, and trusted him more than his other brothers. Constantine was given the title of despot and was left to rule Constantinople as regent. With the aid of his bedridden father Manuel, Constantine drew up a new peace treaty with the Ottoman sultan Murad II, who momentarily spared Constantinople from further Turkish attacks. John returned from his journey in November 1424 after failing to procure help. On 21 July 1425, Manuel died and John became the senior emperor, John VIII Palaiologos. Constantine was granted a strip of land to the north of Constantinople that extended from the town of Mesembria in the north to Derkos in the south. It also included the port of Selymbria as his appanage in 1425. Although this strip of land was small, it was close to Constantinople and strategically important, which demonstrated that Constantine was trusted by both Manuel II and John. After Constantine's successful tenure as regent, John deemed his brother loyal and capable. Because their brother Theodore expressed his discontent over his position as Despot of the Morea to John during the latter's visit in 1423, John soon recalled Constantine from Mesembria and designated him as Theodore's successor. Theodore eventually changed his mind, but John would eventually assign Constantine to the Morea as a despot in 1427 after a campaign there. Though Theodore was content to rule in the Morea, historian Donald Nicol believes that the support was helpful, as the peninsula was repeatedly threatened by external forces throughout the 1420s. In 1423, the Ottomans broke through the ancient Hexamilion wall—which guarded the Peloponnese—and devastated the Morea. The Morea was also constantly threatened by Carlo I Tocco, the Italian ruler of Epirus, who campaigned against Theodore shortly before the Ottoman invasion and again in 1426, occupying territory in the northwestern parts of the Morea. In 1427, John VIII personally set out to deal with Tocco, bringing Constantine and Sphrantzes with him. On 26 December 1427, the two brothers reached Mystras, the capital of the Morea, and made their way to the town of Glarentza, which was captured by the Epirotes. In the Battle of the Echinades, a naval skirmish off the coast of Glarentza, Tocco was defeated and he agreed to relinquish his conquests in the Morea. In order to seal the peace, Tocco offered his niece, Creusa Tocco (whose name was later changed to the Greek Theodora), in marriage to Constantine, her dowry being Glarentza and the other Moreot territories. Glarentza was given to the Byzantines on 1 May 1428 and on 1 July, Constantine married Theodora. Despot of the Morea Early rule in the Morea Map of the Peloponnese in the Middle Ages The transfer of Tocco's conquered Moreot territories to Constantine complicated the Morea's government structure. Since his brother Theodore refused to step down as despot, the despotate became governed by two members of the imperial family for the first time since its creation in 1349. Soon thereafter, the younger Thomas (aged 19) was also appointed as a third Despot of the Morea, which meant that the nominally undivided despotate had effectively disintegrated into three smaller principalities. Theodore did not share control over Mystras with Constantine or Thomas; instead, Theodore granted Constantine lands throughout the Morea, including the northern harbor town of Aigio, fortresses and towns in Laconia (in the south), and Kalamata and Messenia in the west. Constantine made Glarentza, which he was entitled to by marriage, his capital. Meanwhile, Thomas was given lands in the north and based himself in the castle of Kalavryta. During his tenure as despot, Constantine was brave and energetic, but generally cautious. Shortly after being appointed as despots, Constantine and Thomas, together with Theodore, joined forces in an attempt to seize the flourishing and strategically important port of Patras in the northwest of the Morea, which was ruled by its Catholic Archbishop, Pandolphe de Malatesta (Theodore's brother-in-law). The campaign ended in failure, possibly due to Theodore's reluctant participation and Thomas' inexperience. Constantine confided with Sphrantzes and John at a secret meeting in Mystras that he would make a second attempt to retake Patras by himself; if he failed, he would return to his old appanage by the Black Sea. Constantine and Sphrantzes, confident that the city's many Greek inhabitants would support their takeover, marched towards Patras on 1 March 1429, and they besieged the city on 20 March. The siege developed into a long and drawn-out engagement, with occasional skirmishes. At one point, Constantine's horse was shot and killed under him and the despot nearly died, being saved by Sphrantzes at the cost of Sphrantzes being captured by the defenders of Patras (though he would be released, albeit in a state of near-death, on 23 April). After almost two months, the defenders opened up to the possibility of negotiation in May. Malatesta journeyed to Italy in an attempt to recruit reinforcements and the defenders agreed that if he did not return to them by the end of the month, Patras would surrender. Constantine agreed to this and withdrew his army. On 1 June, Constantine returned to the city and, since the Archbishop had not returned, met with the city's leaders in the city's Cathedral of St. Andrew on 4 June and they accepted him as their new lord. The Archbishop's castle, located on a nearby hill, held out against Constantine for another 12 months before surrendering. Ruins of the castle at Patras, captured by Constantine in 1430 Constantine's capture of Patras was seen as an affront by the Pope, the Venetians, and the Ottomans. In order to pacify any threats, Constantine sent ambassadors to all three, with Sphrantzes being sent to talk with Turahan, the Ottoman governor of Thessaly. Although Sphrantzes was successful in removing the threat of Turkish reprisal, the threat from the west was realized as the dispossessed Archbishop arrived at the head of a mercenary army of Catalans. Unfortunately for Malatesta, the Catalans had little interest in helping him recover Patras, and they attacked and seized Glarentza instead, which Constantine had to buy back from them for 6,000 Venetian ducats, and began plundering the Moreot coastline. To prevent Glarentza from being seized by pirates, Constantine eventually ordered it to be destroyed. During this perilous time, Constantine suffered another loss: Theodora died in November 1429. The grief-stricken Constantine first had her buried at Glarentza, but then moved to Mystras. Once the Archbishop's castle surrendered to Constantine in July 1430, the city was fully restored to Byzantine rule after 225 years of foreign occupation. In November, Sphrantzes was rewarded by being proclaimed as the city's governor. By the early 1430s, the efforts of Constantine and his younger brother Thomas had ensured that nearly all of the Peloponnese was under Byzantine rule again since the Fourth Crusade. Thomas ended the Principality of Achaea by marrying Catherine Zaccaria, daughter and heir of the final prince, Centurione II Zaccaria. When Centurione died in 1432, Thomas took control of all his remaining territories by right of marriage. The only lands in the Peloponnese remaining under foreign rule were the few port towns and cities still held by the Republic of Venice. Sultan Murad II felt uneasy about the recent string of Byzantine successes in the Morea. In 1431, Turahan sent his troops south on Murad's orders to demolish the Hexamilion wall in an effort to remind the despots that they were the Sultan's vassals. Second tenure as regent Map of Byzantine Constantinople In March 1432, Constantine, possibly desiring to be closer to Mystras, made a new territorial agreement (presumably approved by Theodore and John VIII) with Thomas. Thomas agreed to cede his fortress Kalavryta to Constantine, who made it his new capital, in exchange for Elis, which Thomas made his new capital. Relationships between the three despots eventually soured. John VIII had no sons to succeed him and it was thus assumed that his successor would be one of his four surviving brothers (Andronikos having died some time before). John VIII's preferred successor was known to be Constantine and though this choice was accepted by Thomas, who had a good relationship with his older brother, it was resented by Constantine's older brother Theodore. When Constantine was summoned to the capital in 1435, Theodore falsely believed it was to appoint Constantine as co-emperor and designated heir, and he travelled to Constantinople to raise his objections. The quarrel between Constantine and Theodore was not resolved until the end of 1436, when the future Patriarch Gregory Mammas was sent to reconcile them and prevent civil war. The brothers agreed that Constantine was to return to Constantinople, while Theodore and Thomas would remain in the Morea. John needed Constantine in Constantinople as he was departing for Italy soon. On 24 September 1437, Constantine reached Constantinople. Although he was not proclaimed as co-emperor, his appointment as regent for a second time, suggested to John by their mother Helena, indicated that he was to be regarded as John's intended heir. Contemporary sketches by Pisanello of the Byzantine delegation at the Council of Florence. The figure mounted on the horse is Constantine's brother, Emperor John VIII Palaiologos. John left for Italy in November to attend the Council of Ferrara in an effort to unite the Eastern and Western churches. Although many in the Byzantine Empire opposed a union of the Churches, as it would mean religious submission under the Papacy, John viewed a union as necessary. The papacy did not view the situation of the Christians in the East as something positive, but it would not call for any aid to the disintegrating empire if it did not acknowledge obedience to the Catholic Church and renounce what Catholics perceived as errors. John brought a large delegation to Italy, including Joseph II, the Patriarch of Constantinople; representatives of the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Jerusalem; large numbers of bishops, monks, and priests; and his younger brother Demetrios. Demetrios showed opposition against a church union, but John decided not to leave him in the East since Demetrios had shown rebellious tendencies and was thought to try to take the throne with Ottoman support. Constantine was not left without supporting courtiers in Constantinople: Constantine's and John's cousin Demetrios Palaiologos Kantakouzenos and the experienced statesman Loukas Notaras were left in the city. Helena and Sphrantzes were also there to advise Constantine. In 1438, Constantine served as the best man at Sphrantzes' wedding, and would later become the godfather to two of Sphrantzes' children. During John's absence from Constantinople, the Ottomans abided by the previously established peace. Trouble appeared to have brewed only once: in early 1439, Constantine wrote to his brother in Italy to remind the Pope that the Byzantines had been promised two warships by the end of spring. Constantine hoped that the ships would leave Italy within fifteen days, as he believed that Murad II was planning a strong offensive against Constantinople. Although the ships were not sent, Constantinople was not in danger as Murad's campaign focused on taking Smederevo in Serbia. In June 1439, the council in Florence, Italy, declared that the churches had been reunited. John returned to Constantinople on 1 February 1440. Although he was received with a grand ceremony organized by Constantine and Demetrios (who had returned sometime earlier), the news of the unification stirred a wave of resentment and bitterness among the general populace, who felt that John had betrayed their faith and their world view. Many feared the union would arouse suspicion among the Ottomans. Constantine's agreed with his brother's views on the union: if a sacrifice of the independence of their church resulted in the Westerners organizing a crusade and saving Constantinople, it would not have been in vain. Second marriage and Ottoman threats Despite having been relieved of his duties as regent upon John's return, Constantine stayed in the capital for the rest of 1440. He may have stayed in order to find a suitable wife, wishing to remarry since it had been more than ten years since Theodora's death. He decided on Caterina Gattilusio, daughter of Dorino I Gattilusio, the Genoese lord of the island Lesbos. Sphrantzes was sent to Lesbos in December 1440 to propose and arrange the marriage. In late 1441, Constantine sailed to Lesbos with Sphrantzes and Loukas Notaras, and in August he married Caterina. In September, he left Lesbos, leaving Caterina with her father on Lesbos, to travel to the Morea. Upon his return to the Morea, Constantine observed that Theodore and Thomas had ruled well without him. He believed that he could serve the empire's needs better if he was closer to the capital. His younger brother Demetrios governed Constantine's former appanage around Mesembria in Thrace, and Constantine pondered the possibility that he and Demetrios could switch places, with Constantine regaining the Black Sea appanage and Demetrios being granted Constantine's holdings in the Morea. Constantine sent Sphrantzes to propose the idea to both Demetrios and Murad II, who by this point had to be consulted about any appointments. By 1442, Demetrios had no desire for new appointments and was eyeing the imperial throne. He had just made a deal with Murad himself and raised an army, portraying himself as the champion of the Turk-supported cause that opposed the union of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches and declared war on John. When Sphrantzes reached Demetrios to forward Constantine's offer, Demetrios was already preparing to march on Constantinople. The danger he posed to the city was so great that Constantine was summoned from the Morea by John to oversee the city's defenses. In April 1442, Demetrios and the Ottomans began their attack and in July, Constantine left the Morea to relieve his brother in the capital. On the way, Constantine met his wife at Lesbos and together they sailed to Lemnos, where they were stopped by an Ottoman blockade and were trapped for months. Although Venice sent ships to assist them, Caterina fell ill and died in August; she was buried at Myrina on Lemnos. Constantine did not reach Constantinople until November and by then, the Ottoman attack had already been repelled. Demetrios' punishment was a brief imprisonment. In March 1443, Sphrantzes was made governor of Selymbria in Constantine's name. From Selymbria, Sphrantzes and Constantine were able to keep a watchful eye on Demetrios' activities. In November, Constantine relinquished control of Selymbria to Theodore, who had abandoned his position as Despot of the Morea, which made Constantine and Thomas the sole Despots of the Morea and gave Constantine Mystras, the despotate's prosperous capital. Despot at Mystras The Despot's Palace in Mystras, from which Constantine ruled as Despot of the Morea 1443–1449 With Theodore and Demetrios gone, Constantine and Thomas hoped to strengthen the Morea. By this time, the Morea was the cultural center of the Byzantine world and provided a more hopeful atmosphere than Constantinople. Patrons of art and science had settled there at Theodore's invitation and churches, monasteries, and mansions continued to be built. The two Palaiologos brothers hoped to make the Morea into a safe and nearly self-sufficient principality. The philosopher Gemistus Pletho, employed in Constantine's service, said that while Constantinople had once been the New Rome, Mystras and the Morea could become the "New Sparta", a centralized and strong Hellenic kingdom in its own right. One of the projects of the brothers' plan to strengthen the despotate was the reconstruction of the Hexamilion wall, which was destroyed by the Turks in 1431. Together, they completely restored the wall by March 1444. The project impressed many of their subjects and contemporaries, including the Venetian lords in the Peloponnese, who had politely declined to help with its funding. The restoration had cost much in both money and manpower; many of the Moreot landowners had momentarily fled to Venetian lands to avoid financing the venture while others had rebelled before being compelled through military means. Constantine attempted to attract the loyalty of the Moreot landowners by granting them both further lands and various privileges. He also staged local athletic games, where young Moreots could run races for prizes. The Crusade of Varna, sent to aid the Byzantines against the Ottomans, was crushed by Sultan Murad II at the Battle of Varna (pictured) in 1444 In the summer of 1444, perhaps encouraged by news from the west that a crusade had set out from Hungary in 1443, Constantine invaded the Latin Duchy of Athens, his direct northern neighbor and an Ottoman vassal. Through Sphrantzes, Constantine was in contact with Cardinal Julian Cesarini, who along with Władysław III of Poland and Hungary was one of the leaders of the crusade. Cesarini was made aware of Constantine's intentions and that he was ready to aid the crusade in striking at the Ottomans from the south. Constantine swiftly captured Athens and Thebes, which forced Duke Nerio II Acciaioli to pay the tribute to him instead of the Ottomans. The recapture of Athens was seen as a particularly glorious feat. One of Constantine's counsellors compared the despot to the legendary ancient Athenian general Themistocles. Although the crusading army was destroyed by the Ottoman army led by Murad II at the Battle of Varna on 10 November 1444, Constantine was not deterred. His initial campaign had been remarkably successful and he had also received foreign support from Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy, who had sent him 300 soldiers. With the Burgundian soldiers and his own men, Constantine raided central Greece as far north as the Pindus mountains in Thessaly, where the locals happily welcomed him as their new lord. As Constantine's campaign progressed, one of his governors, Constantine Kantakouzenos, also made his way north, attacked Thessaly, and seized the town of Lidoriki from the Ottomans. The townspeople were so excited at their liberation that they renamed the town to Kantakouzinopolis in his honor. Tiring of Constantine's successes, Murad II, accompanied by Duke Nerio II of Athens, marched on the Morea in 1446, with an army possibly numbering as many as 60,000 men. Despite the overwhelming number of Ottoman troops, Constantine refused to surrender his gains in Greece and instead prepared for battle. The Ottomans quickly restored control over Thessaly; Constantine and Thomas rallied at the Hexamilion wall, which the Ottomans reached on 27 November. Constantine and Thomas were determined to hold the wall and had brought all their available forces, amounting to perhaps as many as 20,000 men, to defend it. Although the wall might have held against the great Ottoman army under normal circumstances, Murad had brought cannons with him and by 10 December, the wall had been reduced to rubble and most of the defenders were either killed or captured; Constantine and Thomas barely escaped the catastrophic defeat. Turahan was sent south to take Mystras and devastate Constantine's lands while Murad II led his forces in the north of the Peloponnese. Although Turahan failed to take Mystras, this was of little consequence as Murad only wanted to instill terror and did not wish to conquer the Morea at the time. The Turks left the peninsula devastated and depopulated. Constantine and Thomas were in no position to ask for a truce and were forced to accept Murad as their lord, pay him tribute, and promise to never again restore the Hexamilion wall. Reign as emperor Accession to the throne Marble relief of a double-headed eagle in the Church of St. Demetrios in Mystras, marking the spot where Constantine XI was supposedly crowned Theodore, once Despot of the Morea, died in June 1448 and on 31 October that same year, John VIII Palaiologos died in Constantinople. Compared to his other living brothers, Constantine was the most popular of the Palaiologoi, both in the Morea and in the capital. It was well known that John's favored successor was Constantine and ultimately, the will of Helena Dragaš (who also preferred Constantine), prevailed in the matter. Both Thomas, who appeared to have had no intention of claiming the throne, and Demetrios, who most certainly did, hurried to Constantinople and reached the capital before Constantine left the Morea. Although many favored Demetrios for his anti-unionist sentiment, Helena reserved her right to act as regent until her eldest son, Constantine arrived, and stalled Demetrios' attempt at seizing the throne. Thomas accepted Constantine's appointment and Demetrios was overruled, though he later proclaimed Constantine as his new emperor. Soon thereafter, Sphrantzes informed Sultan Murad II, who also accepted the appointment on 6 December 1448. With the issue of succession peacefully resolved, Helena sent two envoys, Manuel Palaiologos Iagros and Alexios Philanthropenos Laskaris, to the Morea to proclaim Constantine as emperor and bring him to the capital. Thomas also accompanied them. In a small civil ceremony at Mystras, possibly in one of the churches or in the Despot's Palace, on 6 January 1449, Constantine was proclaimed Emperor of the Romans. He was not given a crown; instead, Constantine may have put on another type of imperial headgear, a pilos, on his head with his own hands. Although emperors were traditionally crowned in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, there was historical precedent for smaller and local ceremonies: centuries ago, Manuel I Komnenos had been given the title of emperor by his dying father, John II Komnenos, in Cilicia; Constantine's great-grandfather, John VI Kantakouzenos, had been proclaimed emperor at Didymoteicho in Thrace. Both Manuel I and John VI had been careful to perform the traditional coronation ceremony in Constantinople once they reached the capital. In Constantine's case, no such ceremony was ever performed. Both Constantine and the Patriarch of Constantinople, Gregory III Mammas, were supporters of the Union of the Churches: a ceremony in which Gregory crowned Constantine emperor might have led the anti-unionists in the capital to rebel. Constantine's rise to emperor was controversial: although he was accepted on account of his lineage with few alternative candidates, his lack of a full coronation and support for the Union of the Churches damaged public perception of the new emperor. Careful not to anger the anti-unionists through being crowned by Gregory III, Constantine believed that his proclamation at Mystras had sufficed as an imperial coronation and had given him all the constitutional rights of the one true emperor. In his earliest known imperial document, a chrysobull from February 1449, he refers to himself as "Constantine Palaiologos in Christ true Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans". Constantine arrived at Constantinople on 12 March 1449, having been provided means of travel by a Catalan ship. Constantine was well prepared for his accession to the throne after serving as regent twice and ruling numerous fiefs throughout the crumbling empire. By Constantine's time, Constantinople was a shadow of its former glory; the city never truly recovered from the 1204 sack by the crusaders of the Fourth Crusade. Instead of the grand imperial capital it once was, 15th century Constantinople was an almost rural network of population centers, with many of the city's churches and palaces, including the former imperial palace, abandoned and in disrepair. Instead of the former imperial palace, the Palaiologoi emperors used the Palace of Blachernae, located considerably closer to the city's walls, as their main residence. The city's population had declined significantly due to the Latin occupation, the 14th century civil wars, and outbreaks of the Black Death in 1347, 1409 and 1410. By the time Constantine became emperor, only about 50,000 people lived in the city. Initial concerns 1/8 stavraton, minted 1448–1453. One of the last coins minted by the Byzantine Empire, the coin features a bust of Constantine XI (left) and Christ Pantocrator (right). One of Constantine's most pressing concerns was the Ottomans. One of his first acts as emperor, just two weeks after arriving in the capital, was to attempt to secure the empire by arranging a truce with Murad II. He sent an ambassador, Andronikos Iagaris, to the sultan. Iagaris was successful, and the agreed-upon truce also included Constantine's brothers in the Morea to secure the province from further Ottoman attacks. In order to remove his rebellious brother Demetrios from the capital and its vicinity, Constantine had made Demetrios his replacement as Despot of the Morea to rule the despotate alongside Thomas. Demetrios was granted Constantine's former capital, Mystras, and given authority over the southern and eastern parts of the despotate, while Thomas ruled the northwest and Corinthia alternating between Patras and Leontari as his place of residence. Constantine XI's seal as emperor Constantine tried to hold numerous discussions with the anti-unionists in the capital, who had organized themselves as a synaxis to oppose Patriarch Gregory III's authority, on account of him being a unionist. Constantine was not a fanatical unionist and merely viewed the Union of the Churches as necessary for the empire's survival. The unionists found this argument to be baseless and materialistic, believing that help would be more likely to come through trust in God than a western crusading campaign. Another pressing concern was the continuation of the imperial family as neither Constantine nor his brothers had male children at the time. In February 1449, Constantine had sent Manuel Dishypatos as an envoy to Italy to speak with Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples in order to secure military aid against the Ottomans and forge a marriage alliance. The intended match was the daughter of Alfonso's nephew, Beatrice of Coimbra, but the alliance failed. In October 1449, Constantine sent Sphrantzes to the east to visit the Empire of Trebizond and the Kingdom of Georgia and see if there were any suitable brides there. Sphrantzes, accompanied by a large retinue of priests, nobles, musicians and soldiers, left the capital for nearly two years. While at the court of Emperor John IV Megas Komnenos in Trebizond, Sphrantzes was made aware that Murad II had died. Though John IV saw this as positive news, Sphrantzes was more anxious: the old sultan had grown tired and had given up all hope of conquering Constantinople. His young son and successor, Mehmed II, was ambitious, young and energetic. Sphrantzes had the idea that the sultan could be dissuaded from invading Constantinople if Constantine married Murad II's widow, Mara Branković. Constantine supported the idea when he received Sphrantzes' report in May 1451 and sent envoys to Serbia, where Mara had returned to after Murad II's death. Many of Constantine's courtiers opposed the idea due to a distrust of the Serbians, causing Constantine to question the viability of the match. Ultimately, the opposition of the courtiers to the marriage proved pointless: Mara had no wish to remarry, as she vowed to live a life of celibacy and chastity for the rest of her life once released from the Ottomans. Sphrantzes then decided that a Georgian bride would suit the emperor best and returned to Constantinople in September 1451, bringing a Georgian ambassador with him. Constantine thanked Sphrantzes for his efforts and they agreed that Sphrantzes was to return to Georgia in the spring of 1452 and forge a marriage alliance. Due to mounting tensions with the Ottomans, Sphrantzes ultimately did not return to Georgia. On 23 March 1450, Helena Dragaš died. She was highly respected among the Byzantines and was mourned deeply. Gemistus Pletho, the Moreot philosopher previously at Constantine's court in the Morea, and Gennadios Scholarios, future Patriarch of Constantinople, both wrote funeral orations praising her. Pletho praised Helena's fortitude and intellect, and compared her to legendary Greek heroine Penelope on account of her prudence. Constantine's other advisors were often at odds with the emperor and each other. Her death left Constantine unsure of which advisor to rely on the most. Andronikos Palaiologos Kantakouzenos, the megas domestikos (or commander-in-chief), disagreed with the emperor on a number of matters, including the decision to marry a Georgian princess instead of an imperial princess from Trebizond. The most powerful figure at the court was Loukas Notaras, an experienced statesman and megas doux (commander-in-chief of the navy). Although Sphrantzes disliked Notaras, he was a close friend of Constantine. As the Byzantine Empire no longer had a navy, Notaras' position was more of an informal prime minister-type role than a position of military command. Notaras believed that Constantinople's massive defenses would stall any attack on the city and allow western Christians to aid them in time. Due to his influence and friendship with the emperor, Constantine was likely influenced by his hopes and ideas. Sphrantzes was promoted to "First Lord of the Imperial Wardrobe": his office gave him near unhindered access to the imperial residence and a position to influence the emperor. Sphrantzes was even more cautious towards the Ottomans than Notaras, and believed the megas doux risked antagonizing the new sultan. Although Sphrantzes also approved of appealing to the west for aid, he believed that any appeals had to be highly discreet in order to avoid Ottoman attention. Search for allies Political map of the eastern Mediterranean in 1450 Shortly after Murad II's death, Constantine was quick to send envoys to the new Sultan Mehmed II in an attempt to arrange a new truce. Mehmed supposedly received Constantine's envoys with great respect and put their minds to rest through swearing by Allah, the Prophet Muhammad, the Quran, and the angels and archangels that he would live in peace with the Byzantines and their emperor for the rest of his life. Constantine was unconvinced and suspected that Mehmed's mood could abruptly change in the future. In order to prepare for the future possibility of Ottoman attack, Constantine needed to secure alliances and the most powerful realms that might be inclined to aid him were in the West. The nearest and most concerned potential ally was Venice, which operated a large commercial colony in their quarter of Constantinople. However, the Venetians were not to be trusted. During the first few months of his rule as emperor, Constantine had raised the taxes on the goods the Venetians imported to Constantinople since the imperial treasury was nearly empty and funds had to be raised through some means. In August 1450, the Venetians had threatened to transfer their trade to another port, perhaps one under Ottoman control, and despite Constantine writing to the Doge of Venice, Francesco Foscari, in October 1450, the Venetians were unconvinced and signed a formal treaty with Mehmed II in 1451. To annoy the Venetians, Constantine attempted to seal a deal with the Republic of Ragusa in 1451, offering them a place to trade in Constantinople with limited tax concessions, though the Ragusans could offer little military aid to the empire. Most of the kingdoms in Western Europe were occupied with their own wars at the time and the crushing defeat at the Battle of Varna had quelled most of the crusading spirit. The news that Murad II had died and been succeeded by his young son also lulled the western Europeans into a false sense of security. To the papacy, the Union of the Churches was a far more pressing concern than the threat of Ottoman attack. In August 1451, Constantine's ambassador Andronikos Bryennios Leontaris arrived in Rome to deliver a letter to Pope Nicholas V, which contained a statement from the anti-unionist synaxis at Constantinople. Constantine hoped that the Pope would read the letter and understand Constantine's difficulties with making the Union of the Churches a reality in the east. The letter contained the synaxis's proposal that a new council be held at Constantinople, with an equal number of representatives from both churches (since the Orthodox had been heavily outnumbered at the previous council). On 27 September, Nicholas V replied to Constantine after he heard that the unionist Patriarch Gregory III had resigned following the opposition against him. Nicholas V merely wrote that Constantine had to try harder to convince his people and clergy and that the price of further military aid from the west was full acceptance of the union achieved at Florence; the name of the Pope had to be commemorated in the churches in Greece and Gregory III had to be reinstated as patriarch. The ultimatum was a setback for Constantine, who had done his best to enforce the union without inciting riots in Constantinople. The Pope appeared to have completely ignored the sentiment of the anti-unionist synaxis. Nicholas V sent a papal legate, Cardinal Isidore of Kiev, to Constantinople to attempt to help Constantine enforce the union, but Isidore did not arrive until October 1452, when the city faced more pressing concerns. Dealings with Mehmed II Portrait of Sultan Mehmed II by Gentile Bellini (1480) A great-grandson of Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I, Orhan Çelebi, lived as a hostage in Constantinople. Other than Mehmed II, Orhan was the only known living male member of the Ottoman dynasty, and thus was a potential rival claimant to the sultanate. Mehmed had previously agreed to pay annually for Orhan being kept at Constantinople, but in 1451, Constantine sent a message to the sultan complaining that the payment was not sufficient and hinted that unless more money was paid, Orhan might be released, possibly sparking an Ottoman civil war. The strategy of attempting to use hostage Ottoman princes had been used before by Constantine's father Manuel II, but it was a risky one. Mehmed's grand vizier, Çandarlı Halil Pasha, received the message at Bursa and was appalled at the threat, considering the Byzantine to be inept. Halil had long been relied upon by the Byzantines, through bribes and friendship, to maintain peaceful relations with the Ottomans, but his influence over Mehmed was limited and he was ultimately loyal to the Ottomans, not the Byzantines. Because of the blatant provocation to the sultan, he lost his temper with the Byzantine messengers, supposedly shouting: You stupid Greeks, I have had enough of your devious ways. The late sultan was a lenient and conscientious friend to you. The present sultan is not of the same mind. If Constantine eludes his bold and impetuous grasp, it will only be because God continues to overlook your cunning and wicked schemes. You are fools to think you can frighten us with your fantasies, and that when the ink on our recent treaty is barely dry. We are not children without strength or reason. If you think you can start something, then do so. If you want to proclaim Orhan as Sultan in Thrace, go ahead. If you want to bring the Hungarians across the Danube, let them come. If you want to recover the places which you lost long since, try it. But know this: you will make no headway in any of these things. All that you will achieve is to lose what little you still have. Constantine and his advisors had catastrophically misjudged the determination of the new sultan. Throughout his brief reign, Constantine and his advisors had been unable to form an effective foreign policy towards the Ottoman Empire. Constantine mainly continued the policy of his predecessors, doing what he could to brace Constantinople for attack, but also alternated between supplicating and confronting the Ottomans. Constantine's advisors had little knowledge and expertise on the Ottoman court and disagreed in how to deal with the Ottoman threat and as Constantine wavered between the opinions of his different councillors, his policy towards Murad and Mehmed was not coherent and resulted in disaster. Mehmed II considered Constantine to have broken the terms of their 1449 truce and quickly revoked the small concessions he had given to the Byzantines. The threat of releasing Orhan gave Mehmed a pretext for concentrating all of his efforts on seizing Constantinople, his true goal since he had become sultan. Mehmed believed that the conquest of Constantinople was essential to the survival of the Ottoman state: by taking the city, he would prevent any potential crusade from using it as a base and prevent it falling into the hands of a rival more dangerous than the Byzantines. Furthermore, Mehmed had an intense interest in ancient Greco-Roman and medieval Byzantine history, his childhood heroes being figures like Achilles and Alexander the Great. The Rumelihisarı castle, seen from the Bosphorus strait Mehmed began preparations immediately. In the spring of 1452, work had begun on the Rumelihisarı castle, constructed on the western side of the Bosporus strait, opposite to the already existing Anadoluhisarı castle on the eastern side. With the two castles, Mehmed could control sea traffic in the Bosporus and could blockade Constantinople both by land and sea. Constantine, horrified by the implications of the construction project, protested that Mehmed's grandfather Mehmed I had respectfully asked the permission of Emperor Manuel II before constructing the eastern castle and reminded the sultan of their existing truce. Based on his actions in the Morea, especially during at the time of the Crusade of Varna, Constantine was clearly anti-Turkish and he preferred himself to take aggressive action against the Ottoman Empire; his attempts to appeal to Mehmed were simply a stalling tactic. Mehmed's response to Constantine was that the area he built the fortress on had been uninhabited and that Constantine owned nothing outside of Constantinople's walls. As panic ensued in Constantinople, the Rumelihisarı was completed in August 1452, intended not only to serve as a means to blockade Constantinople but also as the base from which Mehmed's conquest of Constantinople was to be directed. To clear the site of the new castle, some local churches were demolished, which angered the local Greek populace. The Ottomans had sent some animals to graze on Byzantine farmland on the shores of the Sea of Marmara, which also angered the locals. Outraged, Constantine formally declared war on Mehmed II, closing the gates of Constantinople and arresting all Turks within the city walls. Seeing the futility in this move, Constantine renounced his actions three days later and set the prisoners free. After the capture of several Italian ships and the execution of their crews during Mehmed's eventual siege of Constantinople, Constantine reluctantly ordered the execution of all Turks within the city walls. Constantine began to prepare for what was at best a blockade, and at worst a siege, gathering provisions and working to repair Constantinople's walls. Manuel Palaiologos Iagros, one of the envoys who had invested Constantine as emperor in 1449, was put in charge of the restoration of the formidable walls, a project which was completed late in 1452. He sent more urgent requests for aid to the west. Near the end of 1451, he had sent a message to Venice stating that unless they sent reinforcements to him at once, Constantinople would fall to the Ottomans. Although the Venetians were sympathetic to the Byzantine cause, they explained in their reply in February 1452 that although they could ship armor and gunpowder to him, they had no troops to spare as they were fighting against neighboring city-states in Italy at the time. When the Ottomans sank a Venetian trading ship in the Bosporus in November 1452 and executed the ship's survivors on account of the ship refusing to pay a new toll instituted by Mehmed, the Venetian attitude changed as they now also found themselves at war with the Ottomans. Desperate for aid, Constantine sent pleas for reinforcements to his brothers in the Morea and Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples, promising the latter the island of Lemnos if he brought help. The Hungarian warrior John Hunyadi was invited to help and was promised Selymbria or Mesembria if he came with aid. The Genoese on the island Chios were also sent a plea, being promised payment in return for military assistance. Constantine received little practical response to his pleas. Religious disunity in Constantinople Cardinal Isidore of Kiev, sent as a papal legate to Constantinople in October 1452 Above all, Constantine sent many appeals for aid to Pope Nicholas V. Although sympathetic, Nicholas V believed that the papacy could not go to the rescue of the Byzantines unless they fully accepted the Union of the Churches and his spiritual authority. Furthermore, he knew that the papacy alone could not do much against the formidable Ottoman Turks, a similar response to one given by Venice, which promised military assistance only if others in Western Europe also came to Constantinople's defense. On 26 October 1452, Nicholas V's legate, Isidore of Kiev, arrived at Constantinople together with the Latin Archbishop of Mytilene, Leonard of Chios. With them, they brought a small force of 200 Neapolitan archers. Though they made little difference in coming battle, the reinforcements were probably more appreciated by Constantinople's citizens than the actual purpose of Isidore's and Leonard's visit: cementing the Union of the Churches. Their arrival in the city spurred the anti-unionists into a frenzy. On 13 September 1452, a month before Isidore and Leonard arrived, the lawyer and anti-unionist Theodore Agallianos had written a short chronicle of contemporary events, concluding with the following words: This was written in the third year of the reign of Constantine Palaiologos, who remains uncrowned because the church has no leader and is indeed in disarray as the result of the turmoil and confusion brought upon it by the falsely named union which his brother and predecessor John Palaiologos engineered... This union was evil and displeasing to God and has instead split the church and scattered its children and destroyed us utterly. Truth to tell, this is the source of all our other misfortunes. Constantine and his brother John VIII before him had badly misjudged the level of opposition against the church union. Loukas Notaras was successful in calming down the situation in Constantinople somewhat, explaining to an assembly of nobles that the Catholic visit was made with good intentions and that the soldiers who had accompanied Isidore and Leonard might just be an advance guard; more military aid might have been on its way. Many nobles were convinced that a spiritual price could be paid for material rewards and that if they were rescued from the immediate danger, there would be time later to think more clearly in a calmer atmosphere. George Sphrantzes suggested to Constantine that he name Isidore as the new Patriarch of Constantinople as Gregory III had not been seen for some time and was unlikely to return. Although such an appointment might have gratified the pope and led to further aid being sent, Constantine realized that it would only stir up the anti-unionists more. Once the people of Constantinople realized that no further immediate aid in addition to the 200 soldiers was coming from the papacy, they rioted in the streets. Leonard of Chios confided in the emperor that he believed him to be far too lenient with the anti-unionists, urging him to arrest their leaders and try harder to push back the opposition to the Union of the Churches. Constantine opposed the idea, perhaps under the assumption that arresting the leaders would turn them into martyrs for their cause. Instead, Constantine summoned the leaders of the synaxis to the imperial palace on 15 November 1452, and once again asked them to write a document with their objections to the union achieved at Florence, which they were eager to do. On 25 November, the Ottomans sank another Venetian trading ship with cannon fire from the new Rumelihisarı castle, an event which captured the minds of the Byzantines and united them in fear and panic. As a result, the anti-unionist cause gradually died down. On 12 December, a Catholic liturgy commemorating the names of the Pope and Patriarch Gregory III was held in the Hagia Sophia by Isidore. Constantine and his court were present, as was a large number of the city's citizens (Isidore stated that all of its inhabitants attended the ceremony). Final preparations Modern painting of Mehmed II and his army approaching Constantinople, by Fausto Zonaro (1903) Constantine's brothers in the Morea could not bring him any help: Turahan had been called on by Mehmed to invade and devastate the Morea again in October 1452 to keep the two despots occupied. The Morea was devastated, with Constantine's brothers only achieving one small success with the capture of Turahan's son, Ahmed, in battle. Constantine then had to rely on the only other parties which had expressed interest in aiding him: Venice, the pope, and Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples. Although Venice had been slow to act, the Venetians in Constantinople acted immediately without waiting for orders when the Ottomans sank their ships. The Venetian bailie in Constantinople, Girolamo Minotto, called an emergency meeting with the Venetians in the city, which was also attended by Constantine and Cardinal Isidore. Most of the Venetians voted to stay in Constantinople and aid the Byzantines in their defense of the city, agreeing that no Venetian ships were to leave Constantinople's harbor. The decision of the local Venetians to stay and die for the city had a significantly greater effect on the Venetian government than Constantine's pleas. In February 1453, Doge Foscari ordered the preparation of warships and army recruitment, both of which were to head for Constantinople in April. He sent letters to the pope, Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples, King Ladislaus V of Hungary, and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III to inform them that unless Western Christianity acted, Constantinople would fall to the Ottomans. Though the increase in diplomatic activity was impressive, it came too late to save Constantinople: the equipment and financing of a joint papal-Venetian armada took longer than expected, the Venetians had misjudged the amount of time on their hands, and messages took at least a month to travel from Constantinople to Venice. Emperor Frederick III's only response to the crisis was a letter sent to Mehmed II in which he threatened the sultan with an attack from all of western Christendom unless the sultan demolished the Rumelihisarı castle and abandoned his plans to Constantinople. Constantine continued to hope for help and sent more letters in early 1453 to Venice and Alfonso V, asking not only for soldiers but also food as his people were beginning to suffer from the Ottoman blockade of the city. Alfonso responded to his plea by quickly sending a ship with provisions. Restored section of the Walls of Constantinople Throughout the long winter of 1452–1453, Constantine ordered the citizens of Constantinople to restore the city's imposing walls and gather as many weapons as they could. Ships were sent to the islands still under Byzantine rule to gather further supplies and provisions. The defenders grew anxious as the news of a huge cannon at the Ottoman camp that was assembled by the Hungarian engineer Orban reached the city. Loukas Notaras was given command of the walls along the sea walls of the Golden Horn and various sons of the Palaiologos and Kantakouzenos families were appointed to man other positions. Many of the city's foreign inhabitants, notably the Venetians, offered their aid. Constantine asked them to man the battlements to show the Ottomans how many defenders they were to face. When the Venetians offered their service to guard four of the city's land gates, Constantine accepted and entrusted them with the keys. Some of the city's Genoese population also aided the Byzantines. In January 1453, notable Genoese aid arrived voluntarily in the form of Giovanni Giustiniani—a renowned soldier known for his skill in siege warfare—and 700 soldiers under his command. Giustiniani was appointed by Constantine as the general commander for the walls on Constantinople's land side. Giustiniani was given the rank of protostrator and promised the island of Lemnos as a reward (though it had already been promised to Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples, should he come to the city's aid). In addition to the limited western aid, Orhan Çelebi, the Ottoman contender held as a hostage in the city, and his considerable retinue of Ottoman troops, also assisted in the city's defense. On 2 April 1453, Mehmed's advance guard arrived outside Constantinople and began pitching up a camp. On 5 April, the sultan himself arrived at the head of his army and encamped within firing range of the city's Gate of St. Romanus. Bombardment of the city walls began almost immediately on 6 April. Most estimates of the number of soldiers defending Constantinople's walls in 1453 range from 6,000 to 8,500, out of which 5,000–6,000 were Greeks, most of whom were untrained militia soldiers. An additional 1,000 Byzantine soldiers were kept as reserves inside the city. Mehmed's army massively outnumbered the Christian defenders; his forces might have been as many as 80,000 men, including about 5,000 elite janissaries. Even then, Constantinople's fall was not inevitable; the strength of the walls made the Ottoman numerical advantage irrelevant at first and under other circumstances, the Byzantines and their allies could have survived until help arrived. The Ottoman use of cannons intensified and sped up the siege considerably. Fall of Constantinople Main article: Fall of Constantinople Siege Map of Constantinople and the dispositions of the defenders and the besiegers in 1453 An Ottoman fleet attempted to get into the Golden Horn while Mehmed began bombarding Constantinople's land walls. Foreseeing this possibility, Constantine had constructed a massive chain laid across the Golden Horn which prevented the fleet's passage. The chain was only lifted temporarily a few days after the siege began to allow the passage of three Genoese ships sent by the papacy and a large ship with food sent by Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples. The arrival of these ships on 20 April, and the failure of the Ottomans to stop them, was a significant victory for the Christians and significantly increased their morale. The ships, carrying soldiers, weapons and supplies, had passed by Mehmed's scouts alongside the Bosphorus unnoticed. Mehmed ordered his admiral, Suleiman Baltoghlu, to capture the ships and their crews at all costs. As the naval battle between the smaller Ottoman ships and the large western ships commenced, Mehmed rode his horse into the water to shout unhelpful naval commands to Baltoghlu, who pretended not to hear them. Baltoghlu withdrew the smaller ships so that the few large Ottoman vessels could fire on the western ships, but the Ottoman cannons were too low to do damage to the crews and decks and their shots were too small to seriously damage the hulls. As the sun set, the wind suddenly returned and the ships passed through the Ottoman blockade, aided by three Venetian ships which had sailed out to meet and cover them. The sea walls were weaker than Constantinople's land walls, and Mehmed was determined to get his fleet into the Golden Horn; he needed some way to circumvent Constantine's chain. On 23 April, the defenders of Constantinople observed the Ottoman fleet managed to get into the Golden Horn by being pulled across a massive series of tracks, constructed on Mehmed's orders, across the hill behind Galata, the Genoese colony on the opposite side of the Golden Horn. Although the Venetians attempted to attack the ships and set fire to them, their attempt was unsuccessful. Modern painting of the Ottoman fleet being transported over land to the Golden Horn, by Fausto Zonaro (1903) As the siege progressed, it became clearer that the forces defending the city would not be enough to man both the sea walls and the land walls. Furthermore, food was running out and as food prices rose to compensate, many of the poor began to starve. On Constantine's orders, the Byzantine garrison collected money from churches, monasteries and private residences to pay for food for the poor. Objects of precious metal held by the churches were seized and melted down, though Constantine promised the clergy that he would repay them four-fold once the battle had been won. The Ottomans bombarded the city's outer walls continuously, and eventually opened up a small breach which exposed the inner defenses. Constantine grew more and more anxious. He sent messages begging the sultan to withdraw, promising whatever amount of tribute he wanted, but Mehmed was determined to take the city. The sultan supposedly responded: Either I shall take this city, or the city will take me, dead or alive. If you will admit defeat and withdraw in peace, I shall give you the Peloponnese and other provinces for your brothers and we shall be friends. If you persist in denying me peaceful entry into the city, I shall force my way in and I shall slay you and all your nobles; and I shall slaughter all the survivors and allow my troops to plunder at will. The city is all I want, even if it is empty. To Constantine, the idea of abandoning Constantinople was unthinkable. He did not bother to reply to the sultan's suggestion. Some days after offering Constantine the chance to surrender, Mehmed sent a new messenger to address the citizens of Constantinople, imploring them to surrender and save themselves from death or slavery. The sultan informed them that he would let them live as they were, in exchange for an annual tribute, or allow them to leave the city unharmed with their belongings. Some of Constantine's companions and councilors implored him to escape the city, rather than die in its defense: if he escaped unharmed, Constantine could set up an empire-in-exile in the Morea or somewhere else and carry on the war against the Ottomans. Constantine did not accept their ideas; he refused to be remembered as the emperor who ran away. According to later chroniclers, Constantine's response to the idea of escaping was the following: God forbid that I should live as an Emperor without an Empire. As my city falls, I will fall with it. Whosoever wishes to escape, let him save himself if he can, and whoever is ready to face death, let him follow me. Constantine then sent a response to the sultan, the last communication between a Byzantine emperor and an Ottoman sultan: As to surrendering the city to you, it is not for me to decide or for anyone else of its citizens; for all of us have reached the mutual decision to die of our own free will, without any regard for our lives. The only hope the citizens could cling to was the news that the Venetian fleet was on its way to relieve Constantinople. When a Venetian reconnaissance ship that had slipped through the Ottoman blockade returned to the city to report that no relief force had been seen, it was made clear that the few forces that had gathered at Constantinople would have to fight the Ottoman army alone. The news that the whole of Christendom appeared to have deserted them unnerved some of the Venetians and Genoese defenders and in-fighting broke out between them, forcing Constantine to remind them that there were more important enemies at hand. Constantine resolved to commit himself and the city to the mercy of Christ; if the city fell, it would be God's will. Final days and final assault The Last Siege, French miniature by Jean Le Tavernier painted sometime after 1455 The Byzantines observed strange and ominous signs in the days leading up to the final Ottoman assault on the city. On 22 May, there was a lunar eclipse for three hours, harkening to a prophecy that Constantinople would fall when the moon was on wane. In order to encourage the defenders, Constantine commanded that the icon of Mary, the city's protector, was to be carried in a procession through the streets. The procession was abandoned when the icon slipped from its frame and the weather turned to rain and hail. Carrying out the procession on the next day was impossible as the city became engulfed in a thick fog. On 26 May, the Ottomans held a war council. Çandarlı Halil Pasha, who believed western military aid to the city was imminent, counseled Mehmed to compromise with the Byzantines and withdraw whereas Zagan Pasha, a military officer, urged the sultan to push on and pointed out that Alexander the Great had conquered almost the entire known world when he was young. Perhaps knowing that they would support a final assault, Mehmed ordered Zagan to tour the camp and gather the opinions of the soldiers. On the evening of 26 May, the dome of the Hagia Sophia was lit up by a strange and mysterious light phenomenon, also spotted by the Ottomans from their camp outside the city. The Ottomans saw it as a great omen for their victory and the Byzantines saw it as a sign of impending doom. 28 May was calm, as Mehmed had ordered a day of rest before his final assault. The citizens who had not been put to work on repairing the crumbling walls or manning them prayed in the streets. On Constantine's orders, icons and relics from all the monasteries and churches in the city were carried along the walls. Both Catholics and Orthodox defenders joined in prayers and hymns and Constantine led the procession himself. Giustiniani sent word to Loukas Notaras to request that Notaras' artillery be brought to defend the land walls, which Notaras refused. Giustiniani accused Notaras of treachery and they almost fought each other before Constantine intervened. In the evening, the crowds moved to the Hagia Sophia, with Orthodox and Catholic Christians joining and praying, the fear of impending doom having done more to unite them than the councils ever could. Cardinal Isidore was in attendance, as was Emperor Constantine. Constantine prayed and asked for forgiveness and remission of his sins from all the bishops there before he received communion at the church's altar. The emperor then left the church, going to the imperial palace and asking his household there for forgiveness and saying farewell to them before again disappearing into the night, going to make a final inspection of the soldiers manning the city walls. Without warning, the Ottomans began their final assault in the early hours of 29 May. The service in the Hagia Sophia was interrupted, with fighting-age men rushing to the walls to defend the city and the other men and women helping the parts of the army stationed within the city. Waves of Mehmed's troops charged at Constantinople's land walls, hammering at the weakest section for more than two hours. Despite the relentless attack, the defense, led by Giustiniani and supported by Constantine, held firm. Unbeknownst to anyone, after six hours of fighting, just before sunrise, Giustiniani was mortally wounded. Constantine begged Giustiniani to stay and continue fighting, allegedly saying: My brother, fight bravely. Do not forsake us in your distress. The salvation of the City depends on you. Return to your post. Where are you going? Giustiniani was too weak, however, and his bodyguards carried him to the harbor and escaped the city on a Genoese ship. The Genoese troops wavered when they saw their commander leave them, and though the Byzantine defenders fought on, the Ottomans soon gained control of both the outer and inner walls. About fifty Ottoman soldiers made it through one of the gates, the Kerkoporta, and were the first of the enemy to enter Constantinople; it had been left unlocked and ajar by a Venetian party the night before. Ascending up the tower above the Kerkoporta, they managed to raise an Ottoman flag above the wall. The Ottomans stormed through the wall and many of the defenders panicked with no means of escape. Constantinople had fallen. Giustiniani died of his wounds on his way home. Loukas Notaras was initially captured alive before being executed shortly after. Cardinal Isidore disguised himself as a slave and escaped across the Golden Horn to Galata. Orhan, Mehmed's cousin, disguised himself as a monk in an attempt to escape, but was identified and killed. Death Romanticized depiction of the final fighting at the Fall of Constantinople by Greek folk painter Theophilos Hatzimihail (1932). Constantine is depicted as charging into battle on a white horse. Constantine died the day Constantinople fell. There were no known surviving eyewitnesses to the death of the emperor and none of his entourage survived to offer any credible account of his death. The Greek historian Michael Critobulus, who later worked in the service of Mehmed, wrote that Constantine died fighting the Ottomans. Later Greek historians accepted Critobulus's account, never doubting that Constantine died as a hero and martyr, an idea never seriously questioned in the Greek-speaking world. Though none of the authors were eyewitnesses, a vast majority of those who wrote of Constantinople's fall, both Christians and Muslims, agree that Constantine died in the battle, with only three accounts claiming that the emperor escaped the city. It also seems probable that his body was later found and decapitated. According to Critobulus, the last words of Constantine before he charged at the Ottomans were "the city is fallen and I am still alive". There were other conflicting contemporary accounts of Constantine's demise. Leonard of Chios, who was taken prisoner by the Ottomans but later managed to escape, wrote that once Giustiniani had fled the battle, Constantine's courage failed and the emperor implored his young officers to kill him so that he would not be captured alive by the Ottomans. None of the soldiers were brave enough to kill the emperor and once the Ottomans broke through, Constantine fell in the ensuing fight, only to briefly get up before falling again and being trampled. The Venetian physician Niccolò Barbaro, who was present at the siege, wrote that no one knew if the emperor had died or escaped the city alive, noting that some said that his corpse had been seen among the dead while others claimed that he had hanged himself as soon as the Ottomans had broken through at the St. Romanus gate. Cardinal Isidore wrote, like Critobulus, that Constantine had died fighting at the St. Romanus gate. Isidore also added that he had heard that the Ottomans had found his body, cut off his head and presented it to Mehmed as a gift, who was delighted and showered the head with insults before taking it with him to Adrianople as a trophy. Jacopo Tedaldi, a merchant from Florence who participated in the final fight, wrote that "some say that his head was cut off; others that he perished in the crush at the gate. Both stories may well be true". Ottoman accounts of Constantine's demise all agree that the emperor was decapitated. Tursun Beg, who was part of Mehmed's army at the battle, wrote a less heroic account of Constantine's death than the Christian authors. According to Tursun, Constantine panicked and fled, making for the harbor in hopes of finding a ship to escape the city. On his way there, he came across a band of Turkish marines, and after charging and nearly killing one of them, was decapitated. A later account by Ottoman historian Ibn Kemal is similar to Tursun's account, but states that the emperor's head was cut off by a giant marine, who killed him without realizing who he was. Nicola Sagundino, a Venetian who had once been a prisoner of the Ottomans following their conquest of Thessaloniki decades before, gave an account of Constantine's death to Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples in 1454 since he believed that the emperor's fate "deserved to be recorded and remembered for all time". Sagundino stated that although Giustiniani implored the emperor to escape as he was carried away after falling on the battlefield, Constantine refused and preferred to die with his empire. Constantine went to where the fighting appeared to be thickest and, as it would be unworthy of him to be captured alive, implored his officers to kill him. When none of them obeyed his command, Constantine threw off his imperial regalia, as to not let himself be distinguished from the other soldiers, and disappeared into the fray, sword in hand. According to one source, when Mehmed wanted the defeated Constantine to be brought to him, he was told it was too late as the emperor was dead. A search for the body was conducted, and when it was found, the emperor's head was cut off and paraded through Constantinople before it was sent to the Sultan of Egypt as a gift, alongside twenty captured women and forty captured men. Legacy Historiography 19th-century depiction of Constantine XI with classical Greco-Roman armor Constantine's death marked the end of the Byzantine Empire, an institution tracing its origin to Constantine the Great's foundation of Constantinople as the Roman Empire's new capital in 330. Even as their realm gradually became more restricted to only Greek-speaking lands, the people of the Byzantine Empire continually maintained that they were Romaioi (Romans), not Hellenes (Greeks); as such, Constantine's death also marked the end of the line of Roman Emperors started by Augustus 1,480 years earlier. Constantine's death and the Fall of Constantinople also marked the true birth of the Ottoman Empire, which dominated much of the eastern Mediterranean until its fall in 1922. The conquest of Constantinople had been a dream of Islamic armies since the 8th century and through its possession, Mehmed II and his successors claimed to be the heirs of the Roman emperors. There is no evidence that Constantine ever rejected the hated union of the Churches achieved at Florence in 1439 after spending a lot of energy to realize it. Many of his subjects had chastised him as a traitor and heretic while he lived and he, like many of his predecessors before him, died in communion with the Church of Rome. Nevertheless, Constantine's actions during the Fall of Constantinople and his death fighting the Turks redeemed the popular view of him. The Greeks forgot or ignored that Constantine had died a "heretic", and many considered him a martyr. In the eyes of the Orthodox Church, Constantine's death sanctified him and he died a hero. In Athens, the modern capital of Greece, there are two statues of Constantine: a colossal monument depicting the emperor on horseback on the waterfront of Palaio Faliro, and a smaller statue in the city's cathedral square, which portrays the emperor on foot with a drawn sword. There are no statues of emperors such as Basil II or Alexios I Komnenos, who were significantly more successful and died of natural causes after long and glorious reigns. Scholarly works on Constantine and the fall of Constantinople tend to portray Constantine, his advisors, and companions as victims of the events that surrounded the city's fall. There are three main works that deal with Constantine and his life: the earliest is Čedomilj Mijatović's Constantine Palaeologus (1448–1453) or The Conquest of Constantinople by the Turks (1892), written at a time when tensions were rising between the relatively new Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire. War appeared imminent and Mijatović's work was intended to serve as propaganda for the Greek cause by portraying Constantine as a tragic victim of events he had no possibility of affecting. The text is dedicated to the young Prince Constantine, of the same name as the old emperor and the heir to the Greek throne, and its preface states that "Constantinople may soon again change masters", alluding to the possibility that Greece might conquer the ancient city. The second major work on Constantine, Steven Runciman's The Fall of Constantinople 1453 (1965), also characterizes Constantine through Constantinople's fall, portraying Constantine as tragic figure who did everything to save his empire from the Ottomans. However, Runciman partly blames Constantine for antagonizing Mehmed II through his threats concerning Orhan. The third major work, Donald Nicol's The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans (1992), examines Constantine's entire life and analyzes the trials and hardships he faced not only as emperor, but as Despot of the Morea as well. Nicol's work places considerably less emphasis on the importance of individuals than the preceding works do, though Constantine is again portrayed as a mostly tragic figure. A less positive assessment of Constantine was given by Marios Philippides in Constantine XI Dragaš Palaeologus (1404–1453): The Last Emperor of Byzantium (2019). Philippides sees no evidence that Constantine was a great statesman or a great soldier. Although the emperor had visions for his reign, Philippides deems him as diplomatically ineffective and unable to inspire the support of his people to achieve his goals. Philippides is highly critical of Nicol's The Immortal Emperor, which he sees as unbalanced. In his book, Philippides points out that Constantine's reconquest of the Morea from the Latins had mostly been achieved through marriages and not military victories. Though much of Philippides' work relies on primary sources, some of his negative assessment seems speculative; he suggests that Constantine's campaigns in the Morea made the peninsula "easier prey for the Turks", something that cannot be substantiated through the actual events that unfolded. Legends of Constantine's family Constantine's two marriages were brief and though he had attempted to find a third wife before the Fall of Constantinople, he died unmarried and without children. His closest surviving relatives were his surviving brothers in the Morea: Thomas and Demetrios. Despite this, there was a persistent story that Constantine had left a widow and several daughters. The earliest documented evidence of this idea can be found in a letter by Aeneas Silvius (the future Pope Pius II) to Pope Nicholas V, dated July 1453. In Aeneas's Cosmographia (1456–1457), the story is elaborated upon: Mehmed II supposedly defiled and murdered the empress and Constantine's daughters in the celebrations after his victory. Aeneas also wrote of an imaginary son of Constantine who escaped to Galata, across the Golden Horn. The story of Constantine's wife and daughters might have been further propagated through the spread of the late 15th-century or early 16th-century Russian tale Nestor Iskander's Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad, where a similar account appears. 16th-century French chronicler Mathieu d'Escouchy wrote that Mehmed raped the empress in the Hagia Sophia and then confined her to his harem. The story of Constantine's supposed family survived into modern Greek folklore. One story, propagated until as late as the 20th century, was that Constantine's supposed empress had been six months pregnant at the time of Constantinople's fall and that a son had been born to her while Mehmed was warring in the north. The empress raised the boy, and though he was well-versed in the Christian faith and the Greek language in his youth, he turned to Islam as an adult and eventually became sultan himself, which meant that all Ottoman sultans after him would have been Constantine's descendants. Though the circumstances are completely fictional, the story might carry a shred of the truth; a grandson of Constantine's brother Thomas, Andreas Palaiologos, lived in Constantinople in the 16th century, converted to Islam and served as an Ottoman court official. Another late folk story said that Constantine's empress had shut herself in the imperial palace after Mehmed's victory. After the Ottomans failed to break her barricades and enter the palace, Mehmed had to agree to give her three concessions: that all coins minted by the sultans in the city would bear the names of Constantinople or Constantine, that there would be a street reserved for Greeks alone, and that the bodies of the Christian dead would be given funerals according to Christian custom. Lamentations Constantine XI as depicted in 1584 by André Thevet The Fall of Constantinople shocked Christians throughout Europe. In Orthodox Christianity, Constantinople and the Hagia Sophia became symbols of lost grandeur. In the Russian Nestor Iskander tale, the foundation of Constantinople (the New Rome) by Constantine the Great and its loss under an emperor by the same name was not seen as a coincidence, but as the fulfilling of the city's destiny, just as Old Rome had been founded by Romulus and lost under Romulus Augustulus. Andronikos Kallistos, a prominent 15th-century Greek scholar and Byzantine refugee to Italy, wrote a text entitled Monodia in which he laments the fall of Constantinople and mourns Constantine Palaiologos, whom he refers to as "a ruler more perceptive than Themistocles, more fluent than Nestor, wiser than Cyrus, more just than Rhadamanthus and braver than Hercules". The 1453 Greek long poem Capture of the City, of uncertain authorship, laments the bad luck of Constantine, which the author blames on Constantine's ill-advised destruction of Glarentza (including its churches) in the 1420s. According to the author, all of Constantine's other misfortunes—the destruction of the Hexamilion wall, the death of his brother John VIII, and the Fall of Constantinople—were the result of what happened at Glarentza. Even then, Constantine was not to blame for Constantinople's fall: he had done what he could and ultimately relied on help from Western Europe that never came. The poem concludes that people say Constantine died by his own sword, and ends with personally addressing the dead emperor: Tell me, where are you to be found? Are you alive, or did you die by your own sword? The conquering Sultan Mehmed searched among the severed heads and corpses, but he never found you ... There are those that say that you are hidden beneath the almighty right hand of the Lord. Would that you were really alive and not dead. The Marble Emperor See also: King asleep in mountainMarble statue of Constantine XI at the National Historical Museum in Athens In 15th-century Byzantine historian Laonikos Chalkokondyles's The Histories, Chalkokondyles finished his account of Byzantine history with hope for a time when a Christian emperor would rule over the Greeks again. In the late 15th century, a legend originated among the Greeks that Constantine had not actually died, but was merely asleep and was waiting on a call from heaven to come and rescue his people. This legend eventually became the legend of the "Marble Emperor" (Greek: Marmaromenos Vasilefs, lit. the "Emperor/King turned into Marble"). Constantine Palaiologos, hero of the final Christian days of Constantinople, had not died, but had been rescued, turned into marble and immortalized by an angel moments before he was to be killed by the Ottomans. The angel then hid him in a secret cave beneath the Golden Gate of Constantinople (where emperors in the past had marched during triumphs), where he awaits the angel's call to awaken and retake the city. The Turks later walled up the Golden Gate, explained by the story as a precaution against Constantine's eventual resurrection: when God wills Constantinople to be restored, the angel will descend from heaven, resurrect Constantine, give him the sword he used in the final battle and Constantine will then march into his city and restore his fallen empire, driving the Turks as far away as the "Red Apple Tree", their legendary homeland. According to the legend, Constantine's resurrection would be heralded by the bellowing of a great ox. The story can be seen depicted in a series of seventeen miniatures in a 1590 chronicle by Cretan historian and painter Georgios Klontzas. Klontzas' miniatures show the emperor sleeping beneath Constantinople and guarded by angels, being crowned once more in the Hagia Sophia, entering the imperial palace and then fighting a string of battles against the Turks. Following his inevitable victories, Constantine prays at Caesarea (Kayseri), marches on Palestine and returns triumphant to Constantinople before entering Jerusalem. At Jerusalem, Constantine delivers his crown and the True Cross to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and finally travels to Calvary, where he dies, his mission completed. In the final miniature, Constantine is buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. In 1625, Thomas Roe, an English diplomat, sought permission from the Ottoman government to remove some of the stones from the walled-up Golden Gate to send them to his friend, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, who was collecting antiquities. Roe was denied permission and observed that the Turks had some sort of superstitious dread of the gate, recording that the statues placed on it by the Turks were enchanted and that if they were destroyed or taken down, a "great alteration" would occur to the city. The prophecy of the Marble Emperor endured until the Greek War of Independence in the 19th century and beyond. It was fuelled when the King of the Hellenes, George I, named his firstborn son and heir Constantine in 1868. His name echoed the emperors of old, proclaiming his succession not just to the new Greek kings, but to the Byzantine emperors before them as well. Once he acceded to the throne as Constantine I of Greece, many in Greece hailed him as Constantine XII instead. Constantine I's conquest of Thessaloniki from the Turks in 1912 and his leadership in the Balkan Wars 1912–1913 seemed to be evidence that the prophecy was about to be realized; Constantinople and the Red Apple Tree were believed to be Constantine's next goals. When Constantine was forced to abdicate in 1917, many believed he had been unjustly removed before completing his sacred destiny. The hope of capturing Constantinople would not be completely dashed until the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War in 1922. Regnal number The larger, waterfront statue of Constantine XI in Athens Constantine Palaiologos is generally reckoned to have been the eleventh emperor with that name. As such, he is typically referred to as Constantine XI, with 'XI' being a regnal number, used in monarchies since the Middle Ages to differentiate among rulers with the same name in the same office, reigning of the same territory. Regnal numbers were never used in the Roman Empire and despite an increase in emperors of the same name during the Middle Ages, such as the many emperors named Michael, Leo, John or Constantine, the practice was never introduced in the Byzantine Empire. Instead, the Byzantines used nicknames (for instance "Michael the Drunkard", now given the number Michael III) or patronymics (for instance "Constantine, son of Manuel" rather than Constantine XI) to distinguish emperors of the same name. The modern numbering of the Byzantine emperors is a purely historiographical invention, created by historians beginning with Edward Gibbon in his The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1789). Since the name Constantine connected an emperor with the founder of Constantinople and the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine the Great, the name was particularly popular among emperors. Whilst modern historiography generally recognizes eleven emperors by the name, older works have occasionally numbered Constantine Palaiologos differently. Gibbon numbered him as Constantine XIII after counting two junior co-emperors, Constantine Lekapenos (co-emperor 924–945) and Constantine Doukas (co-emperor 1074–1078 and 1081–1087). The modern number, XI, was established with the publication of the revised edition of Charles le Beau's Histoire du Bas-Empire en commençant à Constantin le Grand in 1836. Early numismatic (coin-related) works typically assigned Constantine Palaiologos higher numerals since there were numerous coins minted by junior co-emperors of the name Constantine as well. There is particular confusion in the correct number of Constantines since there are two different Roman emperors commonly numbered as Constantine III: the Western usurper Constantine III (r. 407–411) of the early 5th century and the briefly reigning Byzantine Constantine III (r. 641) of the 7th century. In addition to them, the emperor commonly known today as Constans II (r. 641–668) actually reigned under the name Constantine, and has sometimes been referred to as Constantine III. A difficult case is Constantine Laskaris, who might have been the first, albeit ephemeral, emperor of the Empire of Nicaea, one of the Byzantine successor states after the Fourth Crusade. It is unclear whether Constantine Laskaris ruled as emperor or not and he is sometimes counted as Constantine XI, which would make Constantine Palaiologos Constantine XII. Constantine Laskaris is sometimes referred to as Constantine (XI), with Constantine Palaiologos numbered Constantine XI (XII). Counting comprehensively those who were officially recognized as rulers under the name Constantine, including those that only ruled nominally as co-emperors but with the supreme title, the total number of emperors named Constantine would be 18. By counting and numbering all previous co-emperors with that name, including Constantine (son of Leo V), Constantine (son of Basil I), Constantine Lekapenos and Constantine Doukas, in addition to Constans II, Constantine Laskaris and the western Constantine III, Constantine Palaiologos would most appropriately be numbered as Constantine XVIII. Scholars commonly do not number co-emperors as the extent of their rule was mostly nominal and, unless they inherited the throne later, did not hold independent supreme power. By counting the western Constantine III, Constans II and Constantine Laskaris—all emperors reigning with supreme power under the name of Constantine (though it is questionable in Laskaris's case)—the numbering of Constantine Palaiologos would be Constantine XIV. See also Byzantine Empire portal List of Byzantine emperors Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty Rise of the Ottoman Empire Notes ^ Constantine was proclaimed emperor at Mystras on 6 January 1449, which is the most commonly cited date for the beginning of his reign. Another date sometimes used is 12 March 1449, the day he arrived in Constantinople. ^ Though he was made emperor in January 1449, Constantine also retained his territories in the Morea until he gave Mystras to his brother Demetrios Palaiologos in March. ^ Although modern sources often give 1405, 1404 is the most probable date. Contemporary historian George Sphrantzes, who actually knew Constantine, begins his chronicle stating that Constantine was born on 8 February AM 6913, that is, AD 1405. He later states that he lived 49 years, 4 months and 20 days, which would place his birth in 1404. This information is repeated by three small chronicles, all of which agree on the number of years (but vary on the months and days). Sphrantzes had also previously given the wrong year for the death of John VIII, which was a year off. ^ Omitting the very short-lived Constantine (son of Theophilos), who died in infancy. 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Cited bibliography Barker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813505824. Carr, John C. (2015). Fighting Emperors of Byzantium. East Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-78383-116-6. Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). "Constantine XI Palaiologos". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. p. 505. Carroll, Margaret (2017). "Constantine XI Palaeologus; some problems of image". In Moffatt, Ann (ed.). Maistor: Classical, Byzantine and Renaissance Studies for Robert Browning. Brill. pp. 329–343. ISBN 978-90-04-34461-7. Clogg, Richard (1992). A Concise History of Greece (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80872-3. Foss, Clive (2005). "Emperors named Constantine". Revue numismatique (in French). 6 (161): 93–102. doi:10.3406/numi.2005.2594. Gilliland Wright, Diana (2013). "The Fair of Agios Demetrios of 26 October 1449: Byzantine-Venetian Relations and Land Issues in Mid-Century". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 37 (1): 63–80. doi:10.1179/0307013112Z.00000000019. Haldon, John (2005). The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-24364-4. Hellebuyck, Adam William (2006). Foreign Relations and the End of Byzantium: The Use of Personal Diplomacy during the Reign of Constantine XI Palaiologos (1448–1453) (PDF) (BA thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/55463. Nicol, Donald M. (1967). "The Byzantine View of Western Europe" (PDF). Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. 8 (4): 315–339. Nicol, Donald M. (1992). The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-58369-8. Nicolle, David; Haldon, John; Turnbull, Stephen (2007). The Fall of Constantinople: The Ottoman Conquest of Byzantium. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-200-4. OCLC 78989635. Philippides, Marios; Hanak, Walter K. (2011). The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography and Military Studies. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-1064-5. Philippides, Mario (2019). Constantine XI Dragaš Palaeologus (1404–1453): The Last Emperor of Byzantium. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351055406. Runciman, Steven (1969) . The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39832-9. Runciman, Steven (2009) . Lost Capital of Byzantium: The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84511-895-2. Sherrard, Philip (1965). Constantinople: Iconography of a Sacred City. Oxford University Press. OCLC 345655. Stathakopoulos, Dionysios (2018). "Sister, Widow, Consort, Bride. Four Latin ladies in Greece (1330–1430)". In Lymberopoulou, Angeliki (ed.). Cross-Cultural Interaction Between Byzantium and the West, 1204–1669: Whose Mediterranean Is It Anyway?. Routledge. pp. 236–257. Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996). Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-3003-1. Cited web sources Harris, Jonathan (2019). "19.01.05 Philippides, Constantine XI Dragaš Palaeologus". The Medieval Review. Retrieved 24 June 2020. "29 Μαϊου 1453: Όταν "η Πόλις εάλω..." . iefemerida.com (in Greek). 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017. Constantine XI Palaiologos Palaiologos dynastyBorn: 8 February 1405 Died: 29 May 1453 Regnal titles Preceded byJohn VIII Palaiologos Byzantine emperor 1449–1453 Succeeded byNone¹ Preceded byTheodore II Palaiologos Despot of the Morea 1428–1449with Theodore II Palaiologos, 1428–1443 Thomas Palaiologos, 1428–1449 Succeeded byDemetrios and Thomas Palaiologos Notes and references 1. The Byzantine Empire was ended through the Fall of Constantinople. Mehmed II claimed to succeed Constantine and the Byzantines as a new "Caesar of Rome", similar claims would be forwarded by Russia through the idea that Moscow was the third Rome in succession to Rome (the first Rome) and Constantinople (the second Rome). vteRoman and Byzantine emperors and empresses regnantPrincipate27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis235–285 Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Dominate284–610 Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor) Eugenius Western Empire395–480 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire395–610 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius) Phocas Eastern/Byzantine Empire610–1453 Heraclius Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios) Leo V (w. Constantine) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine) Theodora (II) (w. Thekla) Michael III Basil I (w. Constantine) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher, Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora (III) Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos, Konstantios & Constantine Doukas) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos See also Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (267–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper vteThe Palaiologoi of the Byzantine Empire Michael VIII (1259–1282) Andronikos II (1282–1328) Michael IX (1295–1320) Andronikos III (1328–1341) John V (1341–1391) John VI (1347–1354) Matthew (1353–1357) Andronikos IV (1376–1379) John VII (1390; 1403–1408) Andronikos V (1403–1407) Manuel II (1391–1425) John VIII (1425–1448) Constantine XI (1449–1453) 1st generation Nikephoros Palaiologos 2nd generation George Palaiologos 3rd generation Andronikos Doukas Palaiologos 4th generation George Palaiologos 5th generation Alexios Palaiologos 6th generation Andronikos Palaiologos Theodora Angelina Palaiologina 7th generation Irene Komnene Palaiologina Michael VIII Palaiologos John Doukas Palaiologos 8th generation Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria Andronikos II Palaiologos Constantine Palaiologos Theodore Palaiologos Eudokia Palaiologina Maria Palaiologina, Khatun of the Ilkhanate 9th generation Michael IX Palaiologos Constantine Palaiologos John Palaiologos Theodore Palaiologos (Palaeologus-Montferrat) Demetrios Palaiologos Simonis Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia John Palaiologos 10th generation Andronikos III Palaiologos Anna Palaiologina, Despotess of Epirus Theodora Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria Irene Palaiologina, Byzantine Empress Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia 11th generation Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Trebizond John V Palaiologos Michael Palaiologos Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria 12th generation Andronikos IV Palaiologos Manuel II Palaiologos Theodore I Palaiologos Michael Palaiologos Zampia Palaiologina 13th generation John VII Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Theodore II Palaiologos Andronikos Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos Demetrios Palaiologos Thomas Palaiologos 14th generation Andronikos V Palaiologos Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus Helena Palaiologina Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia Sophia Palaiologina, Grand Princess of Moscow Andreas Palaiologos Manuel Palaiologos Hass Murad Pasha Mesih Pasha 15th generation Maria Palaiologina, Princess of Vereya (?) Constantine Palaiologos (?) Fernando Palaiologos (?) Andreas Palaiologos Cadet branches Palaeologus-Montferrat Asen Palaiologos Paleologus-Pesaro (?) Only male-line descendants who are independently notable are shown. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Australia Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantine Palaiologos (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Palaiologos_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Constantine Laskaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Laskaris"},{"link_name":"Constantine Dragases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Dragases_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Roman (Byzantine) emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors"},{"link_name":"Fall of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Constantine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Manuel II Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Helena Dragaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Dejanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Dejanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"John VIII Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Carlo I Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_I_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Despot of the Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_of_the_Morea"},{"link_name":"Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_II_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Fourth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Hexamilion wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamilion_wall"},{"link_name":"Central Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Greece_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"George Sphrantzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sphrantzes"},{"link_name":"Council of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"Catholic Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Europe"},{"link_name":"Mark of Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_of_Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Greek Byzantine Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"House of Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Osman"},{"link_name":"Isidore of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"last charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_stand"},{"link_name":"Greek folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_folklore"},{"link_name":"Old Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Romulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus"},{"link_name":"Romulus Augustulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Constantinople)"}],"text":"\"Constantine Palaiologos\" redirects here. For other uses, see Constantine Palaiologos (disambiguation).\"Constantine XI\" redirects here. For the earlier emperor sometimes numbered this way, see Constantine Laskaris.For other uses, see Constantine Dragases.Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos or Dragaš Palaeologus (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος, Kōnstantînos Dragásēs Palaiológos; 8 February 1404 – 29 May 1453) was the last Roman (Byzantine) emperor, reigning from 1449 until his death in battle at the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Constantine's death marked the definitive end of the Eastern Roman Empire, which traced its origin to Constantine the Great's foundation of Constantinople as the Roman Empire's new capital in 330.Constantine was the fourth son of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragaš, the daughter of Serbian ruler Konstantin Dejanović. Little is known of his early life, but from the 1420s onward, he is repeatedly demonstrated to have been a skilled general. Based on his career and surviving contemporary sources, Constantine appears to have been primarily a soldier. This does not mean that Constantine was not also a skilled administrator: he was trusted and favored to such an extent by his older brother, Emperor John VIII Palaiologos, that he was designated as regent twice during John VIII's journeys away from Constantinople in 1423–1424 and 1437–1440. In 1427–1428, Constantine and John fended off an attack on the Morea (the Peloponnese) by Carlo I Tocco, ruler of Epirus, and in 1428 Constantine was proclaimed Despot of the Morea and ruled the province together with his older brother Theodore and his younger brother Thomas. Together, they extended Roman rule to cover almost the entire Peloponnese for the first time since the Fourth Crusade more than two hundred years before and rebuilt the ancient Hexamilion wall, which defended the peninsula from outside attacks. Although ultimately unsuccessful, Constantine personally led a campaign into Central Greece and Thessaly in 1444–1446, attempting to extend Byzantine rule into Greece once more.In October 1448, John VIII died without children, and as his favored successor, Constantine was proclaimed emperor on 6 January 1449. During his brief reign, Constantine would have to deal with three main issues. First, there was the issue of an heir, as Constantine was also childless. Despite attempts by Constantine's friend and confidant George Sphrantzes to find him a wife, Constantine ultimately died unmarried. The second concern was religious conflict within what little remained of his empire. Emperor Constantine and his predecessor John VIII both believed in the reunion between the Greek Orthodox and Catholic Churches proclaimed at the Council of Florence. They accordingly sought to secure military aid from Catholic Europe, but much of the Byzantine populace, led by Mark of Ephesus, opposed the transformation of the Greek Orthodox Church into the Greek Byzantine Catholic Church; one of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Finally, the most important concern was the growing Ottoman Empire, which by 1449 completely surrounded Constantinople. In April 1453, the Sultan Mehmed II of the House of Osman laid siege to Constantinople with an army perhaps numbering as many as 80,000 men. Even though the city's defenders may have numbered less than a tenth of the sultan's army, Constantine considered the idea of abandoning Constantinople unthinkable. The emperor stayed to defend the city, which fell on 29 May 1453. On the night before Constantinople fell, the Emperor received Communion from Byzantine Catholic Cardinal Isidore of Kiev. Constantine died in battle on the following day. Although no reliable eyewitness accounts of his death survived, most historical accounts agree that the emperor tore off his Imperial insignia, led a last charge against the Ottomans, and died fighting.Constantine was the last Christian ruler of Constantinople, which alongside his bravery at the city's fall cemented him as a near-legendary figure in later histories and Greek folklore. Some saw the foundation of Constantinople (the New Rome) under Constantine the Great and its loss under another Constantine as fulfillment of the city's destiny, just as Old Rome had been founded by a Romulus and lost under another, Romulus Augustulus. He became known in later Greek folklore as the Marble Emperor (Greek: Μαρμαρωμένος Βασιλεύς, romanized: Marmaromenos Vasilias, lit. 'Emperor/King turned into Marble'), reflecting a popular legend that Constantine had not actually died, but had been rescued by an angel and turned into marble, hidden beneath the Golden Gate of Constantinople awaiting a call from God to be restored to life and reconquer both the city and the old empire.","title":"Constantine XI Palaiologos"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_II_Helena_sons.JPG"},{"link_name":"Manuel II Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Helena Dragaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_II_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Andronikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Palaiologos_(son_of_Manuel_II)"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Manuel II Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19922-8"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Kantakouzene"},{"link_name":"House of Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1969xix-9"},{"link_name":"Helena Dragaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"House of Dragaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejanovi%C4%87_noble_family"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Dejanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Dejanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Porphyrogénnētos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrog%C3%A9nn%C4%93tos"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19924-10"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19922-8"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Alexios I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Manuel I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Fourth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Latin Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Empire"},{"link_name":"Michael VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19922-8"},{"link_name":"despot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_(court_title)"},{"link_name":"appanages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appanage"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_II_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Despot of the Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_of_the_Morea"},{"link_name":"Andronikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Palaiologos_(son_of_Manuel_II)"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Demetrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19923%E2%80%934-11"},{"link_name":"George Sphrantzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sphrantzes"},{"link_name":"encomiasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19924-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2017331%E2%80%93332-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck20067-13"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19925-14"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"chrysobull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysobull"},{"link_name":"Biblioteca Estense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Estense"},{"link_name":"copy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutinensis_gr._122"},{"link_name":"Zonaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonaras"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2017329%E2%80%93330-15"}],"sub_title":"Family and background","text":"Miniature from an early 15th-century manuscript depicting Constantine's father Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, his mother Helena Dragaš and his three older brothers John, Theodore and AndronikosConstantine Dragases Palaiologos was born on 8 February 1404[c] as the fourth son of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos (r. 1391–1425), the eighth emperor of the Palaiologos dynasty.[5] Manuel's mother, Helena (1333–1396), came from the House of Kantakouzenos.[6] Constantine's mother (from whom he took his second last name) was Helena Dragaš, member of the powerful House of Dragaš and daughter of Serbian ruler Konstantin Dejanović. Constantine is frequently described as Porphyrogénnētos (\"born in the purple\"), a distinction granted to sons born to a reigning emperor in the imperial palace.[7]Manuel ruled a disintegrating and dwindling Byzantine Empire.[5] The catalyst of Byzantium's fall had been the arrival of the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia in the 11th century. Though some emperors, such as Alexios I and Manuel I, had successfully recovered portions of Anatolia through help from western crusaders, their gains were only temporary. Anatolia was the empire's most fertile, populated, and wealthy region, and after its loss, Byzantium more or less experienced constant decline. Although most of it was eventually reconquered, the Byzantine Empire was crippled by the 1204 Fourth Crusade and the loss of Constantinople to the Latin Empire, formed by the crusaders. The Byzantine Empire, under the founder of the Palaiologos dynasty, Michael VIII, retook Constantinople in 1261. Over the course of the 14th century, the Ottoman Turks had conquered vast swaths of territories and by 1405, they ruled much of Anatolia, Bulgaria, central Greece, Macedonia, Serbia and Thessaly. The Byzantine Empire, once extending throughout the eastern Mediterranean, was reduced to the imperial capital of Constantinople, the Peloponnese, and a handful of islands in the Aegean Sea, and was also forced to pay tribute to the Ottomans.[5]As the empire dwindled, the emperors concluded that the only way to ensure that their remaining territory was kept intact was to grant some of their holdings to their sons, who received the title of despot, as appanages to defend and govern. Manuel's oldest son, John, was raised to co-emperor and designated to succeed his father. The second son, Theodore, was designated as the Despot of the Morea (the prosperous province constituting the Peloponnese) and the third son, Andronikos, was proclaimed as Despot of Thessaloniki in 1408. The younger sons; Constantine, Demetrios and Thomas, were kept in Constantinople as there was not sufficient land left to grant them.[8]Little is known of Constantine's early life. From an early age, he was admired by George Sphrantzes (later a famed Byzantine historian), who would later enter his service, and later encomiasts often wrote that Constantine had always been courageous, adventurous, and skilled in martial arts, horsemanship, and hunting.[7] Many accounts of Constantine's life, both before and after he became emperor, are heavily skewed and eulogize his reign, as most of them lack contemporary sources and were composed after his death.[9] Based on his actions and the surviving commentary from some of his advisors and contemporaries, Constantine appeared to have been more comfortable with military matters than with matters of state or diplomacy, though he was also a competent administrator—as illustrated by his tenures as regent—and tended to heed his councilors' advice on important matters of state.[10][better source needed] Aside from stylized and smudged depictions on seals and coins, no contemporary depictions of Constantine survive.[11] Notable images of Constantine include a seal currently located in Vienna (of unknown provenance, probably from an imperial chrysobull), a few coins, and his portrait among the other Byzantine emperors in the Biblioteca Estense copy of the history of Zonaras. In the latter he is shown with a rounded beard, in noted contrast to his forked-bearded relatives, but it is unclear whether that reflects his actual appearance.[12]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Constantinople_(1422)_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Cristoforo Buondelmonti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Buondelmonti"},{"link_name":"Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1422)"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"under siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19925%E2%80%937-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200652-17"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck20066-18"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Murad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_II"},{"link_name":"Mesembria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesembria"},{"link_name":"Derkos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durusu"},{"link_name":"Selymbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selymbria"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19925%E2%80%937-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck20067-13"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Hexamilion wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamilion_wall"},{"link_name":"Carlo I Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_I_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19927%E2%80%938-19"},{"link_name":"Mystras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystras"},{"link_name":"Glarentza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glarentza"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Echinades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(1427)"},{"link_name":"Creusa Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_Tocco"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStathakopoulos2018245,_247-20"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19928-21"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"1422 map of Constantinople by cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti, the oldest surviving map of the cityAfter an unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1422, Manuel II suffered a stroke and was left paralyzed in one side of his body. He lived for another three years, but the empire's government was effectively in the hands of Constantine's brother John. Thessaloniki was also under siege by the Ottomans; to prevent it from falling into their hands, John gave the city to the Republic of Venice. As Manuel II had once hoped years ago, John hoped to rally support from Western Europe, and he left Constantinople in November 1423 to travel to Venice and Hungary.[13] By this time, Manuel had abandoned his hope of western aid and had even attempted to dissuade John from pursuing it. Manuel believed that an eventual church union, which would become John's goal, would only antagonize the Turks and the empire's populace, which could have started a civil war.[14][better source needed]John was impressed by his brother's actions during the 1422 Ottoman siege,[15][better source needed] and trusted him more than his other brothers. Constantine was given the title of despot and was left to rule Constantinople as regent. With the aid of his bedridden father Manuel, Constantine drew up a new peace treaty with the Ottoman sultan Murad II, who momentarily spared Constantinople from further Turkish attacks. John returned from his journey in November 1424 after failing to procure help. On 21 July 1425, Manuel died and John became the senior emperor, John VIII Palaiologos. Constantine was granted a strip of land to the north of Constantinople that extended from the town of Mesembria in the north to Derkos in the south. It also included the port of Selymbria as his appanage in 1425.[13] Although this strip of land was small, it was close to Constantinople and strategically important, which demonstrated that Constantine was trusted by both Manuel II and John.[10][better source needed]After Constantine's successful tenure as regent, John deemed his brother loyal and capable. Because their brother Theodore expressed his discontent over his position as Despot of the Morea to John during the latter's visit in 1423, John soon recalled Constantine from Mesembria and designated him as Theodore's successor. Theodore eventually changed his mind, but John would eventually assign Constantine to the Morea as a despot in 1427 after a campaign there. Though Theodore was content to rule in the Morea, historian Donald Nicol believes that the support was helpful, as the peninsula was repeatedly threatened by external forces throughout the 1420s. In 1423, the Ottomans broke through the ancient Hexamilion wall—which guarded the Peloponnese—and devastated the Morea. The Morea was also constantly threatened by Carlo I Tocco, the Italian ruler of Epirus, who campaigned against Theodore shortly before the Ottoman invasion and again in 1426, occupying territory in the northwestern parts of the Morea.[16]In 1427, John VIII personally set out to deal with Tocco, bringing Constantine and Sphrantzes with him. On 26 December 1427, the two brothers reached Mystras, the capital of the Morea, and made their way to the town of Glarentza, which was captured by the Epirotes. In the Battle of the Echinades, a naval skirmish off the coast of Glarentza, Tocco was defeated and he agreed to relinquish his conquests in the Morea. In order to seal the peace, Tocco offered his niece, Creusa Tocco[17] (whose name was later changed to the Greek Theodora), in marriage to Constantine, her dowry being Glarentza and the other Moreot territories. Glarentza was given to the Byzantines on 1 May 1428 and on 1 July, Constantine married Theodora.[18]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Despot of the Morea"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peloponnese_Middle_Ages_map-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Aigio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigio"},{"link_name":"Laconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laconia"},{"link_name":"Kalamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamata"},{"link_name":"Messenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenia"},{"link_name":"Kalavryta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalavryta"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19929-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007191-1"},{"link_name":"Patras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patras"},{"link_name":"Pandolphe de Malatesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandolphe_de_Malatesta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandolphe_de_Malatesta"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St. Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Andrew,_Patras"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol19929%E2%80%9311-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patras%27_castle_from_up_close.jpg"},{"link_name":"Patras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patras"},{"link_name":"Turahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turahan_Bey"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Catalans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalans"},{"link_name":"Venetian ducats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_ducat"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199211-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199214-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199211-24"},{"link_name":"Fourth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Principality of Achaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea"},{"link_name":"Catherine Zaccaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Zaccaria"},{"link_name":"Centurione II Zaccaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurione_II_Zaccaria"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199212%E2%80%9313-26"}],"sub_title":"Early rule in the Morea","text":"Map of the Peloponnese in the Middle AgesThe transfer of Tocco's conquered Moreot territories to Constantine complicated the Morea's government structure. Since his brother Theodore refused to step down as despot, the despotate became governed by two members of the imperial family for the first time since its creation in 1349. Soon thereafter, the younger Thomas (aged 19) was also appointed as a third Despot of the Morea, which meant that the nominally undivided despotate had effectively disintegrated into three smaller principalities. Theodore did not share control over Mystras with Constantine or Thomas; instead, Theodore granted Constantine lands throughout the Morea, including the northern harbor town of Aigio, fortresses and towns in Laconia (in the south), and Kalamata and Messenia in the west. Constantine made Glarentza, which he was entitled to by marriage, his capital. Meanwhile, Thomas was given lands in the north and based himself in the castle of Kalavryta.[19] During his tenure as despot, Constantine was brave and energetic, but generally cautious.[1]\nShortly after being appointed as despots, Constantine and Thomas, together with Theodore, joined forces in an attempt to seize the flourishing and strategically important port of Patras in the northwest of the Morea, which was ruled by its Catholic Archbishop, Pandolphe de Malatesta [fr] (Theodore's brother-in-law). The campaign ended in failure, possibly due to Theodore's reluctant participation and Thomas' inexperience. Constantine confided with Sphrantzes and John at a secret meeting in Mystras that he would make a second attempt to retake Patras by himself; if he failed, he would return to his old appanage by the Black Sea. Constantine and Sphrantzes, confident that the city's many Greek inhabitants would support their takeover, marched towards Patras on 1 March 1429, and they besieged the city on 20 March. The siege developed into a long and drawn-out engagement, with occasional skirmishes. At one point, Constantine's horse was shot and killed under him and the despot nearly died, being saved by Sphrantzes at the cost of Sphrantzes being captured by the defenders of Patras (though he would be released, albeit in a state of near-death, on 23 April). After almost two months, the defenders opened up to the possibility of negotiation in May. Malatesta journeyed to Italy in an attempt to recruit reinforcements and the defenders agreed that if he did not return to them by the end of the month, Patras would surrender. Constantine agreed to this and withdrew his army. On 1 June, Constantine returned to the city and, since the Archbishop had not returned, met with the city's leaders in the city's Cathedral of St. Andrew on 4 June and they accepted him as their new lord. The Archbishop's castle, located on a nearby hill, held out against Constantine for another 12 months before surrendering.[20]Ruins of the castle at Patras, captured by Constantine in 1430Constantine's capture of Patras was seen as an affront by the Pope, the Venetians, and the Ottomans. In order to pacify any threats, Constantine sent ambassadors to all three, with Sphrantzes being sent to talk with Turahan, the Ottoman governor of Thessaly. Although Sphrantzes was successful in removing the threat of Turkish reprisal, the threat from the west was realized as the dispossessed Archbishop arrived at the head of a mercenary army of Catalans. Unfortunately for Malatesta, the Catalans had little interest in helping him recover Patras, and they attacked and seized Glarentza instead, which Constantine had to buy back from them for 6,000 Venetian ducats, and began plundering the Moreot coastline. To prevent Glarentza from being seized by pirates, Constantine eventually ordered it to be destroyed.[21] During this perilous time, Constantine suffered another loss: Theodora died in November 1429. The grief-stricken Constantine first had her buried at Glarentza, but then moved to Mystras.[22] Once the Archbishop's castle surrendered to Constantine in July 1430, the city was fully restored to Byzantine rule after 225 years of foreign occupation. In November, Sphrantzes was rewarded by being proclaimed as the city's governor.[21]By the early 1430s, the efforts of Constantine and his younger brother Thomas had ensured that nearly all of the Peloponnese was under Byzantine rule again since the Fourth Crusade. Thomas ended the Principality of Achaea by marrying Catherine Zaccaria, daughter and heir of the final prince, Centurione II Zaccaria. When Centurione died in 1432, Thomas took control of all his remaining territories by right of marriage. The only lands in the Peloponnese remaining under foreign rule were the few port towns and cities still held by the Republic of Venice. Sultan Murad II felt uneasy about the recent string of Byzantine successes in the Morea. In 1431, Turahan sent his troops south on Murad's orders to demolish the Hexamilion wall in an effort to remind the despots that they were the Sultan's vassals.[23]","title":"Despot of the Morea"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine_Constantinople-en.png"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Elis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elis_(city)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199213-27"},{"link_name":"Gregory Mammas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_III_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199214-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199214-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pisanello_-_Sketches_of_the_Emperor_John_VIII_Palaeologus,_a_Monk,_and_a_Scabbard,_1438.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pisanello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisanello"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Council of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"John VIII Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Council of Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacy"},{"link_name":"Demetrios Palaiologos Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"Loukas Notaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loukas_Notaras"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199214%E2%80%9315-28"},{"link_name":"best man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_man"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199214%E2%80%9315-28"},{"link_name":"godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200631-29"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Smederevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smederevo"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199215%E2%80%9316-30"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199216-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1967333-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199216-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199216-31"}],"sub_title":"Second tenure as regent","text":"Map of Byzantine ConstantinopleIn March 1432, Constantine, possibly desiring to be closer to Mystras, made a new territorial agreement (presumably approved by Theodore and John VIII) with Thomas. Thomas agreed to cede his fortress Kalavryta to Constantine, who made it his new capital, in exchange for Elis, which Thomas made his new capital.[24] Relationships between the three despots eventually soured. John VIII had no sons to succeed him and it was thus assumed that his successor would be one of his four surviving brothers (Andronikos having died some time before). John VIII's preferred successor was known to be Constantine and though this choice was accepted by Thomas, who had a good relationship with his older brother, it was resented by Constantine's older brother Theodore. When Constantine was summoned to the capital in 1435, Theodore falsely believed it was to appoint Constantine as co-emperor and designated heir, and he travelled to Constantinople to raise his objections. The quarrel between Constantine and Theodore was not resolved until the end of 1436, when the future Patriarch Gregory Mammas was sent to reconcile them and prevent civil war. The brothers agreed that Constantine was to return to Constantinople, while Theodore and Thomas would remain in the Morea. John needed Constantine in Constantinople as he was departing for Italy soon. On 24 September 1437, Constantine reached Constantinople. Although he was not proclaimed as co-emperor,[22] his appointment as regent for a second time, suggested to John by their mother Helena, indicated that he was to be regarded as John's intended heir.[22]Contemporary sketches by Pisanello of the Byzantine delegation at the Council of Florence. The figure mounted on the horse is Constantine's brother, Emperor John VIII Palaiologos.John left for Italy in November to attend the Council of Ferrara in an effort to unite the Eastern and Western churches. Although many in the Byzantine Empire opposed a union of the Churches, as it would mean religious submission under the Papacy, John viewed a union as necessary. The papacy did not view the situation of the Christians in the East as something positive, but it would not call for any aid to the disintegrating empire if it did not acknowledge obedience to the Catholic Church and renounce what Catholics perceived as errors. John brought a large delegation to Italy, including Joseph II, the Patriarch of Constantinople; representatives of the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Jerusalem; large numbers of bishops, monks, and priests; and his younger brother Demetrios. Demetrios showed opposition against a church union, but John decided not to leave him in the East since Demetrios had shown rebellious tendencies and was thought to try to take the throne with Ottoman support. Constantine was not left without supporting courtiers in Constantinople: Constantine's and John's cousin Demetrios Palaiologos Kantakouzenos and the experienced statesman Loukas Notaras were left in the city. Helena and Sphrantzes were also there to advise Constantine.[25] In 1438, Constantine served as the best man at Sphrantzes' wedding,[25] and would later become the godfather to two of Sphrantzes' children.[26][better source needed]During John's absence from Constantinople, the Ottomans abided by the previously established peace. Trouble appeared to have brewed only once: in early 1439, Constantine wrote to his brother in Italy to remind the Pope that the Byzantines had been promised two warships by the end of spring. Constantine hoped that the ships would leave Italy within fifteen days, as he believed that Murad II was planning a strong offensive against Constantinople. Although the ships were not sent, Constantinople was not in danger as Murad's campaign focused on taking Smederevo in Serbia.[27]In June 1439, the council in Florence, Italy, declared that the churches had been reunited. John returned to Constantinople on 1 February 1440. Although he was received with a grand ceremony organized by Constantine and Demetrios (who had returned sometime earlier), the news of the unification stirred a wave of resentment and bitterness among the general populace,[28] who felt that John had betrayed their faith and their world view.[29] Many feared the union would arouse suspicion among the Ottomans.[28] Constantine's agreed with his brother's views on the union: if a sacrifice of the independence of their church resulted in the Westerners organizing a crusade and saving Constantinople, it would not have been in vain.[28]","title":"Despot of the Morea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caterina Gattilusio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_Gattilusio"},{"link_name":"Dorino I Gattilusio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorino_I_Gattilusio"},{"link_name":"Lesbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199217%E2%80%9318-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199218-34"},{"link_name":"Lemnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnos"},{"link_name":"Myrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrina,_Greece"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199218%E2%80%9319-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP21454._%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%E2%88%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199219-37"}],"sub_title":"Second marriage and Ottoman threats","text":"Despite having been relieved of his duties as regent upon John's return, Constantine stayed in the capital for the rest of 1440. He may have stayed in order to find a suitable wife, wishing to remarry since it had been more than ten years since Theodora's death. He decided on Caterina Gattilusio, daughter of Dorino I Gattilusio, the Genoese lord of the island Lesbos. Sphrantzes was sent to Lesbos in December 1440 to propose and arrange the marriage. In late 1441, Constantine sailed to Lesbos with Sphrantzes and Loukas Notaras, and in August he married Caterina. In September, he left Lesbos, leaving Caterina with her father on Lesbos, to travel to the Morea.[30]Upon his return to the Morea, Constantine observed that Theodore and Thomas had ruled well without him. He believed that he could serve the empire's needs better if he was closer to the capital. His younger brother Demetrios governed Constantine's former appanage around Mesembria in Thrace, and Constantine pondered the possibility that he and Demetrios could switch places, with Constantine regaining the Black Sea appanage and Demetrios being granted Constantine's holdings in the Morea. Constantine sent Sphrantzes to propose the idea to both Demetrios and Murad II, who by this point had to be consulted about any appointments.[31]By 1442, Demetrios had no desire for new appointments and was eyeing the imperial throne. He had just made a deal with Murad himself and raised an army, portraying himself as the champion of the Turk-supported cause that opposed the union of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches and declared war on John. When Sphrantzes reached Demetrios to forward Constantine's offer, Demetrios was already preparing to march on Constantinople. The danger he posed to the city was so great that Constantine was summoned from the Morea by John to oversee the city's defenses. In April 1442, Demetrios and the Ottomans began their attack and in July, Constantine left the Morea to relieve his brother in the capital. On the way, Constantine met his wife at Lesbos and together they sailed to Lemnos, where they were stopped by an Ottoman blockade and were trapped for months. Although Venice sent ships to assist them, Caterina fell ill and died in August; she was buried at Myrina on Lemnos. Constantine did not reach Constantinople until November and by then, the Ottoman attack had already been repelled.[32] Demetrios' punishment was a brief imprisonment.[33] In March 1443, Sphrantzes was made governor of Selymbria in Constantine's name. From Selymbria, Sphrantzes and Constantine were able to keep a watchful eye on Demetrios' activities. In November, Constantine relinquished control of Selymbria to Theodore, who had abandoned his position as Despot of the Morea, which made Constantine and Thomas the sole Despots of the Morea and gave Constantine Mystras, the despotate's prosperous capital.[34]","title":"Despot of the Morea"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mystras_palace_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mystras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystras"},{"link_name":"Despot of the Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_of_the_Morea"},{"link_name":"Gemistus Pletho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199221%E2%80%9322-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199223%E2%80%9324-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199227-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG"},{"link_name":"Crusade of Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Murad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_II"},{"link_name":"Battle of Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"a crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Julian Cesarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Cesarini"},{"link_name":"Władysław III of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Nerio II Acciaioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerio_II_Acciaioli"},{"link_name":"Themistocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themistocles"},{"link_name":"Battle of Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Philip the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good"},{"link_name":"Pindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindus"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Constantine Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Kantakouzenos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lidoriki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidoriki"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199227%E2%80%9329-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199230-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200645-43"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199230-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman200976-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199231%E2%80%9333-45"}],"sub_title":"Despot at Mystras","text":"The Despot's Palace in Mystras, from which Constantine ruled as Despot of the Morea 1443–1449With Theodore and Demetrios gone, Constantine and Thomas hoped to strengthen the Morea. By this time, the Morea was the cultural center of the Byzantine world and provided a more hopeful atmosphere than Constantinople. Patrons of art and science had settled there at Theodore's invitation and churches, monasteries, and mansions continued to be built. The two Palaiologos brothers hoped to make the Morea into a safe and nearly self-sufficient principality. The philosopher Gemistus Pletho, employed in Constantine's service, said that while Constantinople had once been the New Rome, Mystras and the Morea could become the \"New Sparta\", a centralized and strong Hellenic kingdom in its own right.[35]One of the projects of the brothers' plan to strengthen the despotate was the reconstruction of the Hexamilion wall, which was destroyed by the Turks in 1431. Together, they completely restored the wall by March 1444. The project impressed many of their subjects and contemporaries, including the Venetian lords in the Peloponnese, who had politely declined to help with its funding. The restoration had cost much in both money and manpower; many of the Moreot landowners had momentarily fled to Venetian lands to avoid financing the venture while others had rebelled before being compelled through military means.[36] Constantine attempted to attract the loyalty of the Moreot landowners by granting them both further lands and various privileges. He also staged local athletic games, where young Moreots could run races for prizes.[37]The Crusade of Varna, sent to aid the Byzantines against the Ottomans, was crushed by Sultan Murad II at the Battle of Varna (pictured) in 1444In the summer of 1444, perhaps encouraged by news from the west that a crusade had set out from Hungary in 1443, Constantine invaded the Latin Duchy of Athens, his direct northern neighbor and an Ottoman vassal. Through Sphrantzes, Constantine was in contact with Cardinal Julian Cesarini, who along with Władysław III of Poland and Hungary was one of the leaders of the crusade. Cesarini was made aware of Constantine's intentions and that he was ready to aid the crusade in striking at the Ottomans from the south. Constantine swiftly captured Athens and Thebes, which forced Duke Nerio II Acciaioli to pay the tribute to him instead of the Ottomans. The recapture of Athens was seen as a particularly glorious feat. One of Constantine's counsellors compared the despot to the legendary ancient Athenian general Themistocles. Although the crusading army was destroyed by the Ottoman army led by Murad II at the Battle of Varna on 10 November 1444, Constantine was not deterred. His initial campaign had been remarkably successful and he had also received foreign support from Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy, who had sent him 300 soldiers. With the Burgundian soldiers and his own men, Constantine raided central Greece as far north as the Pindus mountains in Thessaly, where the locals happily welcomed him as their new lord. As Constantine's campaign progressed, one of his governors, Constantine Kantakouzenos, also made his way north, attacked Thessaly, and seized the town of Lidoriki from the Ottomans. The townspeople were so excited at their liberation that they renamed the town to Kantakouzinopolis in his honor.[38]Tiring of Constantine's successes, Murad II, accompanied by Duke Nerio II of Athens, marched on the Morea in 1446, with an army possibly numbering as many as 60,000 men.[39] Despite the overwhelming number of Ottoman troops, Constantine refused to surrender his gains in Greece and instead prepared for battle.[40][better source needed] The Ottomans quickly restored control over Thessaly; Constantine and Thomas rallied at the Hexamilion wall, which the Ottomans reached on 27 November.[39] Constantine and Thomas were determined to hold the wall and had brought all their available forces, amounting to perhaps as many as 20,000 men, to defend it.[41] Although the wall might have held against the great Ottoman army under normal circumstances, Murad had brought cannons with him and by 10 December, the wall had been reduced to rubble and most of the defenders were either killed or captured; Constantine and Thomas barely escaped the catastrophic defeat. Turahan was sent south to take Mystras and devastate Constantine's lands while Murad II led his forces in the north of the Peloponnese. Although Turahan failed to take Mystras, this was of little consequence as Murad only wanted to instill terror and did not wish to conquer the Morea at the time. The Turks left the peninsula devastated and depopulated. Constantine and Thomas were in no position to ask for a truce and were forced to accept Murad as their lord, pay him tribute, and promise to never again restore the Hexamilion wall.[42]","title":"Despot of the Morea"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metropolis_of_Mystras,_inside,_imperial_eagle.JPG"},{"link_name":"double-headed eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle"},{"link_name":"Mystras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystras"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199235%E2%80%9336-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200641-47"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199235%E2%80%9336-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199235%E2%80%9336-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200642-48"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Manuel Palaiologos Iagros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Palaiologos_Iagros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexios Philanthropenos Laskaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexios_Philanthropenos_Laskaris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199235%E2%80%9336-46"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"Manuel I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"John II Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"John VI Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"Didymoteicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didymoteicho"},{"link_name":"traditional coronation ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199237%E2%80%9338-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199240-50"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck20067-13"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Palace of Blachernae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae"},{"link_name":"Latin occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_occupation"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200610%E2%80%9312-51"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"sub_title":"Accession to the throne","text":"Marble relief of a double-headed eagle in the Church of St. Demetrios in Mystras, marking the spot where Constantine XI was supposedly crownedTheodore, once Despot of the Morea, died in June 1448 and on 31 October that same year, John VIII Palaiologos died in Constantinople.[43] Compared to his other living brothers, Constantine was the most popular of the Palaiologoi, both in the Morea and in the capital.[44][better source needed] It was well known that John's favored successor was Constantine and ultimately, the will of Helena Dragaš (who also preferred Constantine), prevailed in the matter. Both Thomas, who appeared to have had no intention of claiming the throne, and Demetrios, who most certainly did, hurried to Constantinople and reached the capital before Constantine left the Morea. Although many favored Demetrios for his anti-unionist sentiment, Helena reserved her right to act as regent until her eldest son, Constantine arrived, and stalled Demetrios' attempt at seizing the throne. Thomas accepted Constantine's appointment and Demetrios was overruled, though he later proclaimed Constantine as his new emperor.[43] Soon thereafter, Sphrantzes informed Sultan Murad II,[43] who also accepted the appointment on 6 December 1448.[45][better source needed] With the issue of succession peacefully resolved, Helena sent two envoys, Manuel Palaiologos Iagros and Alexios Philanthropenos Laskaris, to the Morea to proclaim Constantine as emperor and bring him to the capital. Thomas also accompanied them.[43]In a small civil ceremony at Mystras, possibly in one of the churches or in the Despot's Palace, on 6 January 1449, Constantine was proclaimed Emperor of the Romans. He was not given a crown; instead, Constantine may have put on another type of imperial headgear, a pilos, on his head with his own hands. Although emperors were traditionally crowned in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, there was historical precedent for smaller and local ceremonies: centuries ago, Manuel I Komnenos had been given the title of emperor by his dying father, John II Komnenos, in Cilicia; Constantine's great-grandfather, John VI Kantakouzenos, had been proclaimed emperor at Didymoteicho in Thrace. Both Manuel I and John VI had been careful to perform the traditional coronation ceremony in Constantinople once they reached the capital. In Constantine's case, no such ceremony was ever performed. Both Constantine and the Patriarch of Constantinople, Gregory III Mammas, were supporters of the Union of the Churches: a ceremony in which Gregory crowned Constantine emperor might have led the anti-unionists in the capital to rebel. Constantine's rise to emperor was controversial: although he was accepted on account of his lineage with few alternative candidates, his lack of a full coronation and support for the Union of the Churches damaged public perception of the new emperor.[46]Careful not to anger the anti-unionists through being crowned by Gregory III, Constantine believed that his proclamation at Mystras had sufficed as an imperial coronation and had given him all the constitutional rights of the one true emperor. In his earliest known imperial document, a chrysobull from February 1449, he refers to himself as \"Constantine Palaiologos in Christ true Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans\". Constantine arrived at Constantinople on 12 March 1449, having been provided means of travel by a Catalan ship.[47]Constantine was well prepared for his accession to the throne after serving as regent twice and ruling numerous fiefs throughout the crumbling empire.[10][better source needed] By Constantine's time, Constantinople was a shadow of its former glory; the city never truly recovered from the 1204 sack by the crusaders of the Fourth Crusade. Instead of the grand imperial capital it once was, 15th century Constantinople was an almost rural network of population centers, with many of the city's churches and palaces, including the former imperial palace, abandoned and in disrepair. Instead of the former imperial palace, the Palaiologoi emperors used the Palace of Blachernae, located considerably closer to the city's walls, as their main residence. The city's population had declined significantly due to the Latin occupation, the 14th century civil wars, and outbreaks of the Black Death in 1347, 1409 and 1410. By the time Constantine became emperor, only about 50,000 people lived in the city.[48][better source needed]","title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:One_eighth_stavraton,_1448-1453,_Constantinople.jpg"},{"link_name":"stavraton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavraton"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Christ Pantocrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator"},{"link_name":"Andronikos Iagaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_Iagaris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199240%E2%80%9341-52"},{"link_name":"Corinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthia"},{"link_name":"Patras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patras"},{"link_name":"Leontari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontari,_Arcadia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland_Wright201363-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%CE%A3%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85.png"},{"link_name":"synaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaxis"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199241-53"},{"link_name":"Manuel Dishypatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Dishypatos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfonso V of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Alfonso's nephew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter,_Duke_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Empire of Trebizond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199242%E2%80%9343-54"},{"link_name":"John IV Megas Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV_of_Trebizond"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Mara Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199244%E2%80%9346-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200636-56"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199244%E2%80%9346-55"},{"link_name":"Gennadios Scholarios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadius_Scholarius"},{"link_name":"Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199246%E2%80%9347-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200634-58"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Andronikos Palaiologos Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Palaiologos_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"megas domestikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megas_domestikos"},{"link_name":"megas doux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megas_doux"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199246%E2%80%9347-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200629%E2%80%9330-59"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200630%E2%80%9331-60"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"sub_title":"Initial concerns","text":"1/8 stavraton, minted 1448–1453. One of the last coins minted by the Byzantine Empire, the coin features a bust of Constantine XI (left) and Christ Pantocrator (right).One of Constantine's most pressing concerns was the Ottomans. One of his first acts as emperor, just two weeks after arriving in the capital, was to attempt to secure the empire by arranging a truce with Murad II. He sent an ambassador, Andronikos Iagaris, to the sultan. Iagaris was successful, and the agreed-upon truce also included Constantine's brothers in the Morea to secure the province from further Ottoman attacks.[49] In order to remove his rebellious brother Demetrios from the capital and its vicinity, Constantine had made Demetrios his replacement as Despot of the Morea to rule the despotate alongside Thomas. Demetrios was granted Constantine's former capital, Mystras, and given authority over the southern and eastern parts of the despotate, while Thomas ruled the northwest and Corinthia alternating between Patras and Leontari as his place of residence.[2]Constantine XI's seal as emperorConstantine tried to hold numerous discussions with the anti-unionists in the capital, who had organized themselves as a synaxis to oppose Patriarch Gregory III's authority, on account of him being a unionist. Constantine was not a fanatical unionist and merely viewed the Union of the Churches as necessary for the empire's survival. The unionists found this argument to be baseless and materialistic, believing that help would be more likely to come through trust in God than a western crusading campaign.[50]Another pressing concern was the continuation of the imperial family as neither Constantine nor his brothers had male children at the time. In February 1449, Constantine had sent Manuel Dishypatos as an envoy to Italy to speak with Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples in order to secure military aid against the Ottomans and forge a marriage alliance. The intended match was the daughter of Alfonso's nephew, Beatrice of Coimbra, but the alliance failed. In October 1449, Constantine sent Sphrantzes to the east to visit the Empire of Trebizond and the Kingdom of Georgia and see if there were any suitable brides there. Sphrantzes, accompanied by a large retinue of priests, nobles, musicians and soldiers, left the capital for nearly two years.[51]While at the court of Emperor John IV Megas Komnenos in Trebizond, Sphrantzes was made aware that Murad II had died. Though John IV saw this as positive news, Sphrantzes was more anxious: the old sultan had grown tired and had given up all hope of conquering Constantinople. His young son and successor, Mehmed II, was ambitious, young and energetic. Sphrantzes had the idea that the sultan could be dissuaded from invading Constantinople if Constantine married Murad II's widow, Mara Branković. Constantine supported the idea when he received Sphrantzes' report in May 1451 and sent envoys to Serbia, where Mara had returned to after Murad II's death.[52] Many of Constantine's courtiers opposed the idea due to a distrust of the Serbians, causing Constantine to question the viability of the match.[53][better source needed] Ultimately, the opposition of the courtiers to the marriage proved pointless: Mara had no wish to remarry, as she vowed to live a life of celibacy and chastity for the rest of her life once released from the Ottomans. Sphrantzes then decided that a Georgian bride would suit the emperor best and returned to Constantinople in September 1451, bringing a Georgian ambassador with him. Constantine thanked Sphrantzes for his efforts and they agreed that Sphrantzes was to return to Georgia in the spring of 1452 and forge a marriage alliance. Due to mounting tensions with the Ottomans, Sphrantzes ultimately did not return to Georgia.[52]On 23 March 1450, Helena Dragaš died. She was highly respected among the Byzantines and was mourned deeply. Gemistus Pletho, the Moreot philosopher previously at Constantine's court in the Morea, and Gennadios Scholarios, future Patriarch of Constantinople, both wrote funeral orations praising her. Pletho praised Helena's fortitude and intellect, and compared her to legendary Greek heroine Penelope on account of her prudence. Constantine's other advisors were often at odds with the emperor and each other.[54] Her death left Constantine unsure of which advisor to rely on the most.[55][better source needed] Andronikos Palaiologos Kantakouzenos, the megas domestikos (or commander-in-chief), disagreed with the emperor on a number of matters, including the decision to marry a Georgian princess instead of an imperial princess from Trebizond. The most powerful figure at the court was Loukas Notaras, an experienced statesman and megas doux (commander-in-chief of the navy). Although Sphrantzes disliked Notaras,[54] he was a close friend of Constantine. As the Byzantine Empire no longer had a navy, Notaras' position was more of an informal prime minister-type role than a position of military command. Notaras believed that Constantinople's massive defenses would stall any attack on the city and allow western Christians to aid them in time. Due to his influence and friendship with the emperor, Constantine was likely influenced by his hopes and ideas.[56][better source needed] Sphrantzes was promoted to \"First Lord of the Imperial Wardrobe\": his office gave him near unhindered access to the imperial residence and a position to influence the emperor. Sphrantzes was even more cautious towards the Ottomans than Notaras, and believed the megas doux risked antagonizing the new sultan. Although Sphrantzes also approved of appealing to the west for aid, he believed that any appeals had to be highly discreet in order to avoid Ottoman attention.[57][better source needed]","title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastern_Mediterranean_1450.svg"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"archangels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199247%E2%80%9348-61"},{"link_name":"Doge of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doge_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Francesco Foscari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Foscari"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199248-62"},{"link_name":"Andronikos Bryennios Leontaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_Bryennios_Leontaris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pope Nicholas V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V"},{"link_name":"papal legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Isidore of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199249%E2%80%9351-63"}],"sub_title":"Search for allies","text":"Political map of the eastern Mediterranean in 1450Shortly after Murad II's death, Constantine was quick to send envoys to the new Sultan Mehmed II in an attempt to arrange a new truce. Mehmed supposedly received Constantine's envoys with great respect and put their minds to rest through swearing by Allah, the Prophet Muhammad, the Quran, and the angels and archangels that he would live in peace with the Byzantines and their emperor for the rest of his life. Constantine was unconvinced and suspected that Mehmed's mood could abruptly change in the future. In order to prepare for the future possibility of Ottoman attack, Constantine needed to secure alliances and the most powerful realms that might be inclined to aid him were in the West.[58]The nearest and most concerned potential ally was Venice, which operated a large commercial colony in their quarter of Constantinople. However, the Venetians were not to be trusted. During the first few months of his rule as emperor, Constantine had raised the taxes on the goods the Venetians imported to Constantinople since the imperial treasury was nearly empty and funds had to be raised through some means. In August 1450, the Venetians had threatened to transfer their trade to another port, perhaps one under Ottoman control, and despite Constantine writing to the Doge of Venice, Francesco Foscari, in October 1450, the Venetians were unconvinced and signed a formal treaty with Mehmed II in 1451. To annoy the Venetians, Constantine attempted to seal a deal with the Republic of Ragusa in 1451, offering them a place to trade in Constantinople with limited tax concessions, though the Ragusans could offer little military aid to the empire.[59]Most of the kingdoms in Western Europe were occupied with their own wars at the time and the crushing defeat at the Battle of Varna had quelled most of the crusading spirit. The news that Murad II had died and been succeeded by his young son also lulled the western Europeans into a false sense of security. To the papacy, the Union of the Churches was a far more pressing concern than the threat of Ottoman attack. In August 1451, Constantine's ambassador Andronikos Bryennios Leontaris arrived in Rome to deliver a letter to Pope Nicholas V, which contained a statement from the anti-unionist synaxis at Constantinople. Constantine hoped that the Pope would read the letter and understand Constantine's difficulties with making the Union of the Churches a reality in the east. The letter contained the synaxis's proposal that a new council be held at Constantinople, with an equal number of representatives from both churches (since the Orthodox had been heavily outnumbered at the previous council). On 27 September, Nicholas V replied to Constantine after he heard that the unionist Patriarch Gregory III had resigned following the opposition against him. Nicholas V merely wrote that Constantine had to try harder to convince his people and clergy and that the price of further military aid from the west was full acceptance of the union achieved at Florence; the name of the Pope had to be commemorated in the churches in Greece and Gregory III had to be reinstated as patriarch. The ultimatum was a setback for Constantine, who had done his best to enforce the union without inciting riots in Constantinople. The Pope appeared to have completely ignored the sentiment of the anti-unionist synaxis. Nicholas V sent a papal legate, Cardinal Isidore of Kiev, to Constantinople to attempt to help Constantine enforce the union, but Isidore did not arrive until October 1452, when the city faced more pressing concerns.[60]","title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gentile_Bellini_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"Gentile Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Bayezid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_I"},{"link_name":"Orhan Çelebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan_%C3%87elebi"},{"link_name":"Çandarlı Halil Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Halil_Pasha_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199251%E2%80%9352-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200638%E2%80%9339-65"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199251%E2%80%9352-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007181-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199252-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck20069-68"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200627-69"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199252%E2%80%9355-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007180-71"},{"link_name":"Achilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007188-72"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumeli_Castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rumelihisarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Bosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorus"},{"link_name":"strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait"},{"link_name":"Rumelihisarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Bosporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus"},{"link_name":"Anadoluhisarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199252%E2%80%9355-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200644-73"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007182-74"},{"link_name":"Sea of Marmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199252%E2%80%9355-70"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200614-75"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199255%E2%80%9356-76"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200647-77"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"John Hunyadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunyadi"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199255%E2%80%9356-76"}],"sub_title":"Dealings with Mehmed II","text":"Portrait of Sultan Mehmed II by Gentile Bellini (1480)A great-grandson of Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I, Orhan Çelebi, lived as a hostage in Constantinople. Other than Mehmed II, Orhan was the only known living male member of the Ottoman dynasty, and thus was a potential rival claimant to the sultanate. Mehmed had previously agreed to pay annually for Orhan being kept at Constantinople, but in 1451, Constantine sent a message to the sultan complaining that the payment was not sufficient and hinted that unless more money was paid, Orhan might be released, possibly sparking an Ottoman civil war. The strategy of attempting to use hostage Ottoman princes had been used before by Constantine's father Manuel II, but it was a risky one. Mehmed's grand vizier, Çandarlı Halil Pasha, received the message at Bursa and was appalled at the threat, considering the Byzantine to be inept.[61] Halil had long been relied upon by the Byzantines, through bribes and friendship, to maintain peaceful relations with the Ottomans, but his influence over Mehmed was limited and he was ultimately loyal to the Ottomans, not the Byzantines.[62][better source needed] Because of the blatant provocation to the sultan, he lost his temper with the Byzantine messengers,[61][63] supposedly shouting:You stupid Greeks, I have had enough of your devious ways. The late sultan was a lenient and conscientious friend to you. The present sultan is not of the same mind. If Constantine eludes his bold and impetuous grasp, it will only be because God continues to overlook your cunning and wicked schemes. You are fools to think you can frighten us with your fantasies, and that when the ink on our recent treaty is barely dry. We are not children without strength or reason. If you think you can start something, then do so. If you want to proclaim Orhan as Sultan in Thrace, go ahead. If you want to bring the Hungarians across the Danube, let them come. If you want to recover the places which you lost long since, try it. But know this: you will make no headway in any of these things. All that you will achieve is to lose what little you still have.[64]Constantine and his advisors had catastrophically misjudged the determination of the new sultan.[65][better source needed] Throughout his brief reign, Constantine and his advisors had been unable to form an effective foreign policy towards the Ottoman Empire. Constantine mainly continued the policy of his predecessors, doing what he could to brace Constantinople for attack, but also alternated between supplicating and confronting the Ottomans. Constantine's advisors had little knowledge and expertise on the Ottoman court and disagreed in how to deal with the Ottoman threat and as Constantine wavered between the opinions of his different councillors, his policy towards Murad and Mehmed was not coherent and resulted in disaster.[66][better source needed]Mehmed II considered Constantine to have broken the terms of their 1449 truce and quickly revoked the small concessions he had given to the Byzantines. The threat of releasing Orhan gave Mehmed a pretext for concentrating all of his efforts on seizing Constantinople, his true goal since he had become sultan.[67] Mehmed believed that the conquest of Constantinople was essential to the survival of the Ottoman state: by taking the city, he would prevent any potential crusade from using it as a base and prevent it falling into the hands of a rival more dangerous than the Byzantines.[68] Furthermore, Mehmed had an intense interest in ancient Greco-Roman and medieval Byzantine history, his childhood heroes being figures like Achilles and Alexander the Great.[69]The Rumelihisarı castle, seen from the Bosphorus straitMehmed began preparations immediately. In the spring of 1452, work had begun on the Rumelihisarı castle, constructed on the western side of the Bosporus strait, opposite to the already existing Anadoluhisarı castle on the eastern side. With the two castles, Mehmed could control sea traffic in the Bosporus and could blockade Constantinople both by land and sea. Constantine, horrified by the implications of the construction project, protested that Mehmed's grandfather Mehmed I had respectfully asked the permission of Emperor Manuel II before constructing the eastern castle and reminded the sultan of their existing truce.[67] Based on his actions in the Morea, especially during at the time of the Crusade of Varna, Constantine was clearly anti-Turkish and he preferred himself to take aggressive action against the Ottoman Empire; his attempts to appeal to Mehmed were simply a stalling tactic.[70][better source needed] Mehmed's response to Constantine was that the area he built the fortress on had been uninhabited and that Constantine owned nothing outside of Constantinople's walls.[71]As panic ensued in Constantinople, the Rumelihisarı was completed in August 1452, intended not only to serve as a means to blockade Constantinople but also as the base from which Mehmed's conquest of Constantinople was to be directed. To clear the site of the new castle, some local churches were demolished, which angered the local Greek populace. The Ottomans had sent some animals to graze on Byzantine farmland on the shores of the Sea of Marmara, which also angered the locals. Outraged, Constantine formally declared war on Mehmed II, closing the gates of Constantinople and arresting all Turks within the city walls. Seeing the futility in this move, Constantine renounced his actions three days later and set the prisoners free.[67] After the capture of several Italian ships and the execution of their crews during Mehmed's eventual siege of Constantinople, Constantine reluctantly ordered the execution of all Turks within the city walls.[72][better source needed]Constantine began to prepare for what was at best a blockade, and at worst a siege, gathering provisions and working to repair Constantinople's walls.[73] Manuel Palaiologos Iagros, one of the envoys who had invested Constantine as emperor in 1449, was put in charge of the restoration of the formidable walls, a project which was completed late in 1452.[74][better source needed] He sent more urgent requests for aid to the west. Near the end of 1451, he had sent a message to Venice stating that unless they sent reinforcements to him at once, Constantinople would fall to the Ottomans. Although the Venetians were sympathetic to the Byzantine cause, they explained in their reply in February 1452 that although they could ship armor and gunpowder to him, they had no troops to spare as they were fighting against neighboring city-states in Italy at the time. When the Ottomans sank a Venetian trading ship in the Bosporus in November 1452 and executed the ship's survivors on account of the ship refusing to pay a new toll instituted by Mehmed, the Venetian attitude changed as they now also found themselves at war with the Ottomans. Desperate for aid, Constantine sent pleas for reinforcements to his brothers in the Morea and Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples, promising the latter the island of Lemnos if he brought help. The Hungarian warrior John Hunyadi was invited to help and was promised Selymbria or Mesembria if he came with aid. The Genoese on the island Chios were also sent a plea, being promised payment in return for military assistance. Constantine received little practical response to his pleas.[73]","title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isidore_of_Kiev.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isidore of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"papal legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Pope Nicholas V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V"},{"link_name":"Isidore of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Latin Archbishop of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_Archbishop_of_Mytilene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leonard of Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_of_Chios"},{"link_name":"Theodore Agallianos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Agallianos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199256%E2%80%9358-78"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199258-79"},{"link_name":"John VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007191-1"},{"link_name":"Loukas Notaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loukas_Notaras"},{"link_name":"George Sphrantzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sphrantzes"},{"link_name":"Patriarch of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Gregory III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_III_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199258%E2%80%9359-80"},{"link_name":"liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199259%E2%80%9361-81"}],"sub_title":"Religious disunity in Constantinople","text":"Cardinal Isidore of Kiev, sent as a papal legate to Constantinople in October 1452Above all, Constantine sent many appeals for aid to Pope Nicholas V. Although sympathetic, Nicholas V believed that the papacy could not go to the rescue of the Byzantines unless they fully accepted the Union of the Churches and his spiritual authority. Furthermore, he knew that the papacy alone could not do much against the formidable Ottoman Turks, a similar response to one given by Venice, which promised military assistance only if others in Western Europe also came to Constantinople's defense. On 26 October 1452, Nicholas V's legate, Isidore of Kiev, arrived at Constantinople together with the Latin Archbishop of Mytilene, Leonard of Chios. With them, they brought a small force of 200 Neapolitan archers. Though they made little difference in coming battle, the reinforcements were probably more appreciated by Constantinople's citizens than the actual purpose of Isidore's and Leonard's visit: cementing the Union of the Churches. Their arrival in the city spurred the anti-unionists into a frenzy. On 13 September 1452, a month before Isidore and Leonard arrived, the lawyer and anti-unionist Theodore Agallianos had written a short chronicle of contemporary events,[75] concluding with the following words:This was written in the third year of the reign of Constantine Palaiologos, who remains uncrowned because the church has no leader and is indeed in disarray as the result of the turmoil and confusion brought upon it by the falsely named union which his brother and predecessor John Palaiologos engineered... This union was evil and displeasing to God and has instead split the church and scattered its children and destroyed us utterly. Truth to tell, this is the source of all our other misfortunes.[76]Constantine and his brother John VIII before him had badly misjudged the level of opposition against the church union.[1] Loukas Notaras was successful in calming down the situation in Constantinople somewhat, explaining to an assembly of nobles that the Catholic visit was made with good intentions and that the soldiers who had accompanied Isidore and Leonard might just be an advance guard; more military aid might have been on its way. Many nobles were convinced that a spiritual price could be paid for material rewards and that if they were rescued from the immediate danger, there would be time later to think more clearly in a calmer atmosphere. George Sphrantzes suggested to Constantine that he name Isidore as the new Patriarch of Constantinople as Gregory III had not been seen for some time and was unlikely to return. Although such an appointment might have gratified the pope and led to further aid being sent, Constantine realized that it would only stir up the anti-unionists more. Once the people of Constantinople realized that no further immediate aid in addition to the 200 soldiers was coming from the papacy, they rioted in the streets.[77]Leonard of Chios confided in the emperor that he believed him to be far too lenient with the anti-unionists, urging him to arrest their leaders and try harder to push back the opposition to the Union of the Churches. Constantine opposed the idea, perhaps under the assumption that arresting the leaders would turn them into martyrs for their cause. Instead, Constantine summoned the leaders of the synaxis to the imperial palace on 15 November 1452, and once again asked them to write a document with their objections to the union achieved at Florence, which they were eager to do. On 25 November, the Ottomans sank another Venetian trading ship with cannon fire from the new Rumelihisarı castle, an event which captured the minds of the Byzantines and united them in fear and panic. As a result, the anti-unionist cause gradually died down. On 12 December, a Catholic liturgy commemorating the names of the Pope and Patriarch Gregory III was held in the Hagia Sophia by Isidore. Constantine and his court were present, as was a large number of the city's citizens (Isidore stated that all of its inhabitants attended the ceremony).[78]","title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conquest_of_Constantinople,_Zonaro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Fausto Zonaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Zonaro"},{"link_name":"Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turahano%C4%9Flu_Ahmed_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bailie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailie"},{"link_name":"Girolamo Minotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girolamo_Minotto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199261%E2%80%9363-82"},{"link_name":"Ladislaus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous"},{"link_name":"Frederick III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199261%E2%80%9363-82"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007185-83"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199261%E2%80%9363-82"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG"},{"link_name":"Walls of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Orban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orban"},{"link_name":"Golden Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horn"},{"link_name":"Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Giustiniani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Giustiniani"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199263%E2%80%9364-84"},{"link_name":"protostrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostrator"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007187-85"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck200615-86"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Gate of St. Romanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_of_St._Romanus"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199264-87"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007216-88"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007204-89"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007215-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2015251-91"},{"link_name":"janissaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissaries"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007200-92"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007209%E2%80%93210-93"}],"sub_title":"Final preparations","text":"Modern painting of Mehmed II and his army approaching Constantinople, by Fausto Zonaro (1903)Constantine's brothers in the Morea could not bring him any help: Turahan had been called on by Mehmed to invade and devastate the Morea again in October 1452 to keep the two despots occupied. The Morea was devastated, with Constantine's brothers only achieving one small success with the capture of Turahan's son, Ahmed, in battle. Constantine then had to rely on the only other parties which had expressed interest in aiding him: Venice, the pope, and Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples. Although Venice had been slow to act, the Venetians in Constantinople acted immediately without waiting for orders when the Ottomans sank their ships. The Venetian bailie in Constantinople, Girolamo Minotto, called an emergency meeting with the Venetians in the city, which was also attended by Constantine and Cardinal Isidore. Most of the Venetians voted to stay in Constantinople and aid the Byzantines in their defense of the city, agreeing that no Venetian ships were to leave Constantinople's harbor. The decision of the local Venetians to stay and die for the city had a significantly greater effect on the Venetian government than Constantine's pleas.[79]In February 1453, Doge Foscari ordered the preparation of warships and army recruitment, both of which were to head for Constantinople in April. He sent letters to the pope, Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples, King Ladislaus V of Hungary, and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III to inform them that unless Western Christianity acted, Constantinople would fall to the Ottomans. Though the increase in diplomatic activity was impressive, it came too late to save Constantinople: the equipment and financing of a joint papal-Venetian armada took longer than expected,[79] the Venetians had misjudged the amount of time on their hands, and messages took at least a month to travel from Constantinople to Venice.[80] Emperor Frederick III's only response to the crisis was a letter sent to Mehmed II in which he threatened the sultan with an attack from all of western Christendom unless the sultan demolished the Rumelihisarı castle and abandoned his plans to Constantinople. Constantine continued to hope for help and sent more letters in early 1453 to Venice and Alfonso V, asking not only for soldiers but also food as his people were beginning to suffer from the Ottoman blockade of the city. Alfonso responded to his plea by quickly sending a ship with provisions.[79]Restored section of the Walls of ConstantinopleThroughout the long winter of 1452–1453, Constantine ordered the citizens of Constantinople to restore the city's imposing walls and gather as many weapons as they could. Ships were sent to the islands still under Byzantine rule to gather further supplies and provisions. The defenders grew anxious as the news of a huge cannon at the Ottoman camp that was assembled by the Hungarian engineer Orban reached the city. Loukas Notaras was given command of the walls along the sea walls of the Golden Horn and various sons of the Palaiologos and Kantakouzenos families were appointed to man other positions. Many of the city's foreign inhabitants, notably the Venetians, offered their aid. Constantine asked them to man the battlements to show the Ottomans how many defenders they were to face. When the Venetians offered their service to guard four of the city's land gates, Constantine accepted and entrusted them with the keys. Some of the city's Genoese population also aided the Byzantines. In January 1453, notable Genoese aid arrived voluntarily in the form of Giovanni Giustiniani—a renowned soldier known for his skill in siege warfare—and 700 soldiers under his command. Giustiniani was appointed by Constantine as the general commander for the walls on Constantinople's land side.[81] Giustiniani was given the rank of protostrator and promised the island of Lemnos as a reward (though it had already been promised to Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples, should he come to the city's aid).[82] In addition to the limited western aid, Orhan Çelebi, the Ottoman contender held as a hostage in the city, and his considerable retinue of Ottoman troops, also assisted in the city's defense.[83][better source needed]On 2 April 1453, Mehmed's advance guard arrived outside Constantinople and began pitching up a camp. On 5 April, the sultan himself arrived at the head of his army and encamped within firing range of the city's Gate of St. Romanus. Bombardment of the city walls began almost immediately on 6 April.[84][85] Most estimates of the number of soldiers defending Constantinople's walls in 1453 range from 6,000 to 8,500, out of which 5,000–6,000 were Greeks, most of whom were untrained militia soldiers.[86] An additional 1,000 Byzantine soldiers were kept as reserves inside the city.[87] Mehmed's army massively outnumbered the Christian defenders; his forces might have been as many as 80,000 men,[88] including about 5,000 elite janissaries.[89] Even then, Constantinople's fall was not inevitable; the strength of the walls made the Ottoman numerical advantage irrelevant at first and under other circumstances, the Byzantines and their allies could have survived until help arrived. The Ottoman use of cannons intensified and sped up the siege considerably.[90]","title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-fr.svg"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199264-87"},{"link_name":"Suleiman Baltoghlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_Baltoghlu"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007220%E2%80%93221-94"},{"link_name":"Galata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galata"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199264-87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kusatma_Zonaro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Golden Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horn"},{"link_name":"Fausto Zonaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Zonaro"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199265-95"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199265-95"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199265-95"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007228-96"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199265-95"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhen_the_City_Fell-97"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199266-98"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199265-95"}],"sub_title":"Siege","text":"Map of Constantinople and the dispositions of the defenders and the besiegers in 1453An Ottoman fleet attempted to get into the Golden Horn while Mehmed began bombarding Constantinople's land walls. Foreseeing this possibility, Constantine had constructed a massive chain laid across the Golden Horn which prevented the fleet's passage. The chain was only lifted temporarily a few days after the siege began to allow the passage of three Genoese ships sent by the papacy and a large ship with food sent by Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples.[84] The arrival of these ships on 20 April, and the failure of the Ottomans to stop them, was a significant victory for the Christians and significantly increased their morale. The ships, carrying soldiers, weapons and supplies, had passed by Mehmed's scouts alongside the Bosphorus unnoticed. Mehmed ordered his admiral, Suleiman Baltoghlu, to capture the ships and their crews at all costs. As the naval battle between the smaller Ottoman ships and the large western ships commenced, Mehmed rode his horse into the water to shout unhelpful naval commands to Baltoghlu, who pretended not to hear them. Baltoghlu withdrew the smaller ships so that the few large Ottoman vessels could fire on the western ships, but the Ottoman cannons were too low to do damage to the crews and decks and their shots were too small to seriously damage the hulls. As the sun set, the wind suddenly returned and the ships passed through the Ottoman blockade, aided by three Venetian ships which had sailed out to meet and cover them.[91]The sea walls were weaker than Constantinople's land walls, and Mehmed was determined to get his fleet into the Golden Horn; he needed some way to circumvent Constantine's chain. On 23 April, the defenders of Constantinople observed the Ottoman fleet managed to get into the Golden Horn by being pulled across a massive series of tracks, constructed on Mehmed's orders, across the hill behind Galata, the Genoese colony on the opposite side of the Golden Horn. Although the Venetians attempted to attack the ships and set fire to them, their attempt was unsuccessful.[84]Modern painting of the Ottoman fleet being transported over land to the Golden Horn, by Fausto Zonaro (1903)As the siege progressed, it became clearer that the forces defending the city would not be enough to man both the sea walls and the land walls. Furthermore, food was running out and as food prices rose to compensate, many of the poor began to starve. On Constantine's orders, the Byzantine garrison collected money from churches, monasteries and private residences to pay for food for the poor. Objects of precious metal held by the churches were seized and melted down, though Constantine promised the clergy that he would repay them four-fold once the battle had been won. The Ottomans bombarded the city's outer walls continuously, and eventually opened up a small breach which exposed the inner defenses. Constantine grew more and more anxious. He sent messages begging the sultan to withdraw, promising whatever amount of tribute he wanted, but Mehmed was determined to take the city.[92] The sultan supposedly responded:Either I shall take this city, or the city will take me, dead or alive. If you will admit defeat and withdraw in peace, I shall give you the Peloponnese and other provinces for your brothers and we shall be friends. If you persist in denying me peaceful entry into the city, I shall force my way in and I shall slay you and all your nobles; and I shall slaughter all the survivors and allow my troops to plunder at will. The city is all I want, even if it is empty.[92]To Constantine, the idea of abandoning Constantinople was unthinkable. He did not bother to reply to the sultan's suggestion. Some days after offering Constantine the chance to surrender, Mehmed sent a new messenger to address the citizens of Constantinople, imploring them to surrender and save themselves from death or slavery. The sultan informed them that he would let them live as they were, in exchange for an annual tribute, or allow them to leave the city unharmed with their belongings. Some of Constantine's companions and councilors implored him to escape the city, rather than die in its defense: if he escaped unharmed, Constantine could set up an empire-in-exile in the Morea or somewhere else and carry on the war against the Ottomans. Constantine did not accept their ideas; he refused to be remembered as the emperor who ran away.[92] According to later chroniclers, Constantine's response to the idea of escaping was the following:God forbid that I should live as an Emperor without an Empire. As my city falls, I will fall with it. Whosoever wishes to escape, let him save himself if he can, and whoever is ready to face death, let him follow me.[93]Constantine then sent a response to the sultan, the last communication between a Byzantine emperor and an Ottoman sultan:[92]As to surrendering the city to you, it is not for me to decide or for anyone else of its citizens; for all of us have reached the mutual decision to die of our own free will, without any regard for our lives.[94]The only hope the citizens could cling to was the news that the Venetian fleet was on its way to relieve Constantinople. When a Venetian reconnaissance ship that had slipped through the Ottoman blockade returned to the city to report that no relief force had been seen, it was made clear that the few forces that had gathered at Constantinople would have to fight the Ottoman army alone. The news that the whole of Christendom appeared to have deserted them unnerved some of the Venetians and Genoese defenders and in-fighting broke out between them, forcing Constantine to remind them that there were more important enemies at hand. Constantine resolved to commit himself and the city to the mercy of Christ;[95] if the city fell, it would be God's will.[92]","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_(1453)_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg"},{"link_name":"miniature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_miniature"},{"link_name":"Jean Le Tavernier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Le_Tavernier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"a lunar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1453_lunar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"wane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_phase"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199266%E2%80%9367-99"},{"link_name":"Zagan Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagan_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007229-100"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199266%E2%80%9367-99"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007229-100"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"received communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199267%E2%80%9369-101"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199269%E2%80%9370-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2015256-103"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199269%E2%80%9370-102"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199269%E2%80%9370-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007233-104"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199269%E2%80%9370-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007233-104"},{"link_name":"Kerkoporta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkoporta"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199269%E2%80%9370-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007234-105"}],"sub_title":"Final days and final assault","text":"The Last Siege, French miniature by Jean Le Tavernier painted sometime after 1455The Byzantines observed strange and ominous signs in the days leading up to the final Ottoman assault on the city. On 22 May, there was a lunar eclipse for three hours, harkening to a prophecy that Constantinople would fall when the moon was on wane. In order to encourage the defenders, Constantine commanded that the icon of Mary, the city's protector, was to be carried in a procession through the streets. The procession was abandoned when the icon slipped from its frame and the weather turned to rain and hail. Carrying out the procession on the next day was impossible as the city became engulfed in a thick fog.[96]On 26 May, the Ottomans held a war council. Çandarlı Halil Pasha, who believed western military aid to the city was imminent, counseled Mehmed to compromise with the Byzantines and withdraw whereas Zagan Pasha, a military officer, urged the sultan to push on and pointed out that Alexander the Great had conquered almost the entire known world when he was young. Perhaps knowing that they would support a final assault, Mehmed ordered Zagan to tour the camp and gather the opinions of the soldiers.[97] On the evening of 26 May, the dome of the Hagia Sophia was lit up by a strange and mysterious light phenomenon, also spotted by the Ottomans from their camp outside the city. The Ottomans saw it as a great omen for their victory and the Byzantines saw it as a sign of impending doom. 28 May was calm, as Mehmed had ordered a day of rest before his final assault. The citizens who had not been put to work on repairing the crumbling walls or manning them prayed in the streets. On Constantine's orders, icons and relics from all the monasteries and churches in the city were carried along the walls. Both Catholics and Orthodox defenders joined in prayers and hymns and Constantine led the procession himself.[96] Giustiniani sent word to Loukas Notaras to request that Notaras' artillery be brought to defend the land walls, which Notaras refused. Giustiniani accused Notaras of treachery and they almost fought each other before Constantine intervened.[97]In the evening, the crowds moved to the Hagia Sophia, with Orthodox and Catholic Christians joining and praying, the fear of impending doom having done more to unite them than the councils ever could. Cardinal Isidore was in attendance, as was Emperor Constantine. Constantine prayed and asked for forgiveness and remission of his sins from all the bishops there before he received communion at the church's altar. The emperor then left the church, going to the imperial palace and asking his household there for forgiveness and saying farewell to them before again disappearing into the night, going to make a final inspection of the soldiers manning the city walls.[98]Without warning, the Ottomans began their final assault in the early hours of 29 May.[99] The service in the Hagia Sophia was interrupted, with fighting-age men rushing to the walls to defend the city and the other men and women helping the parts of the army stationed within the city.[100] Waves of Mehmed's troops charged at Constantinople's land walls, hammering at the weakest section for more than two hours. Despite the relentless attack, the defense, led by Giustiniani and supported by Constantine, held firm.[99] Unbeknownst to anyone, after six hours of fighting, just before sunrise,[99] Giustiniani was mortally wounded.[101] Constantine begged Giustiniani to stay and continue fighting,[99] allegedly saying:My brother, fight bravely. Do not forsake us in your distress. The salvation of the City depends on you. Return to your post. Where are you going?[101]Giustiniani was too weak, however, and his bodyguards carried him to the harbor and escaped the city on a Genoese ship. The Genoese troops wavered when they saw their commander leave them, and though the Byzantine defenders fought on, the Ottomans soon gained control of both the outer and inner walls. About fifty Ottoman soldiers made it through one of the gates, the Kerkoporta, and were the first of the enemy to enter Constantinople; it had been left unlocked and ajar by a Venetian party the night before. Ascending up the tower above the Kerkoporta, they managed to raise an Ottoman flag above the wall. The Ottomans stormed through the wall and many of the defenders panicked with no means of escape. Constantinople had fallen.[99] Giustiniani died of his wounds on his way home. Loukas Notaras was initially captured alive before being executed shortly after. Cardinal Isidore disguised himself as a slave and escaped across the Golden Horn to Galata. Orhan, Mehmed's cousin, disguised himself as a monk in an attempt to escape, but was identified and killed.[102]","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theofilos_Palaiologos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fall of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Theophilos Hatzimihail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilos_Hatzimihail"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilippidesHanak2011100-106"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2019-107"},{"link_name":"Michael Critobulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Critobulus"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199270-108"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199282-109"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrard1965139-110"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Barbaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Barbaro"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Tedaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacopo_Tedaldi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199276%E2%80%9377-111"},{"link_name":"Tursun Beg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tursun_Beg"},{"link_name":"Ibn Kemal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kemal"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199279%E2%80%9380-112"},{"link_name":"Nicola Sagundino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sagundino"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199281%E2%80%9382-113"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Romanticized depiction of the final fighting at the Fall of Constantinople by Greek folk painter Theophilos Hatzimihail (1932). Constantine is depicted as charging into battle on a white horse.Constantine died the day Constantinople fell. There were no known surviving eyewitnesses to the death of the emperor and none of his entourage survived to offer any credible account of his death.[103][104] The Greek historian Michael Critobulus, who later worked in the service of Mehmed, wrote that Constantine died fighting the Ottomans. Later Greek historians accepted Critobulus's account, never doubting that Constantine died as a hero and martyr, an idea never seriously questioned in the Greek-speaking world.[105] Though none of the authors were eyewitnesses, a vast majority of those who wrote of Constantinople's fall, both Christians and Muslims, agree that Constantine died in the battle, with only three accounts claiming that the emperor escaped the city. It also seems probable that his body was later found and decapitated.[106] According to Critobulus, the last words of Constantine before he charged at the Ottomans were \"the city is fallen and I am still alive\".[107]\nThere were other conflicting contemporary accounts of Constantine's demise. Leonard of Chios, who was taken prisoner by the Ottomans but later managed to escape, wrote that once Giustiniani had fled the battle, Constantine's courage failed and the emperor implored his young officers to kill him so that he would not be captured alive by the Ottomans. None of the soldiers were brave enough to kill the emperor and once the Ottomans broke through, Constantine fell in the ensuing fight, only to briefly get up before falling again and being trampled. The Venetian physician Niccolò Barbaro, who was present at the siege, wrote that no one knew if the emperor had died or escaped the city alive, noting that some said that his corpse had been seen among the dead while others claimed that he had hanged himself as soon as the Ottomans had broken through at the St. Romanus gate. Cardinal Isidore wrote, like Critobulus, that Constantine had died fighting at the St. Romanus gate. Isidore also added that he had heard that the Ottomans had found his body, cut off his head and presented it to Mehmed as a gift, who was delighted and showered the head with insults before taking it with him to Adrianople as a trophy. Jacopo Tedaldi, a merchant from Florence who participated in the final fight, wrote that \"some say that his head was cut off; others that he perished in the crush at the gate. Both stories may well be true\".[108]Ottoman accounts of Constantine's demise all agree that the emperor was decapitated. Tursun Beg, who was part of Mehmed's army at the battle, wrote a less heroic account of Constantine's death than the Christian authors. According to Tursun, Constantine panicked and fled, making for the harbor in hopes of finding a ship to escape the city. On his way there, he came across a band of Turkish marines, and after charging and nearly killing one of them, was decapitated. A later account by Ottoman historian Ibn Kemal is similar to Tursun's account, but states that the emperor's head was cut off by a giant marine, who killed him without realizing who he was.[109] Nicola Sagundino, a Venetian who had once been a prisoner of the Ottomans following their conquest of Thessaloniki decades before, gave an account of Constantine's death to Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples in 1454 since he believed that the emperor's fate \"deserved to be recorded and remembered for all time\". Sagundino stated that although Giustiniani implored the emperor to escape as he was carried away after falling on the battlefield, Constantine refused and preferred to die with his empire. Constantine went to where the fighting appeared to be thickest and, as it would be unworthy of him to be captured alive, implored his officers to kill him. When none of them obeyed his command, Constantine threw off his imperial regalia, as to not let himself be distinguished from the other soldiers, and disappeared into the fray, sword in hand. According to one source, when Mehmed wanted the defeated Constantine to be brought to him, he was told it was too late as the emperor was dead. A search for the body was conducted, and when it was found, the emperor's head was cut off and paraded through Constantinople before it was sent to the Sultan of Egypt as a gift, alongside twenty captured women and forty captured men.[110]","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_Palaiologos.jpg"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Romaioi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaioi"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992ix-114"},{"link_name":"eastern Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007174-115"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992109-116"},{"link_name":"Palaio Faliro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaio_Faliro"},{"link_name":"cathedral square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II"},{"link_name":"Alexios I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2019-107"},{"link_name":"Čedomilj Mijatović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cedomilj_Mijatovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"might conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megali_Idea"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck20061%E2%80%932-117"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Steven Runciman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"Donald Nicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Nicol"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellebuyck20062%E2%80%933-118"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Marios Philippides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marios_Philippides"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2019-107"}],"sub_title":"Historiography","text":"19th-century depiction of Constantine XI with classical Greco-Roman armorConstantine's death marked the end of the Byzantine Empire, an institution tracing its origin to Constantine the Great's foundation of Constantinople as the Roman Empire's new capital in 330. Even as their realm gradually became more restricted to only Greek-speaking lands, the people of the Byzantine Empire continually maintained that they were Romaioi (Romans), not Hellenes (Greeks); as such, Constantine's death also marked the end of the line of Roman Emperors started by Augustus 1,480 years earlier.[111] Constantine's death and the Fall of Constantinople also marked the true birth of the Ottoman Empire, which dominated much of the eastern Mediterranean until its fall in 1922. The conquest of Constantinople had been a dream of Islamic armies since the 8th century and through its possession, Mehmed II and his successors claimed to be the heirs of the Roman emperors.[112]There is no evidence that Constantine ever rejected the hated union of the Churches achieved at Florence in 1439 after spending a lot of energy to realize it. Many of his subjects had chastised him as a traitor and heretic while he lived and he, like many of his predecessors before him, died in communion with the Church of Rome. Nevertheless, Constantine's actions during the Fall of Constantinople and his death fighting the Turks redeemed the popular view of him. The Greeks forgot or ignored that Constantine had died a \"heretic\", and many considered him a martyr. In the eyes of the Orthodox Church, Constantine's death sanctified him and he died a hero.[113] In Athens, the modern capital of Greece, there are two statues of Constantine: a colossal monument depicting the emperor on horseback on the waterfront of Palaio Faliro, and a smaller statue in the city's cathedral square, which portrays the emperor on foot with a drawn sword. There are no statues of emperors such as Basil II or Alexios I Komnenos, who were significantly more successful and died of natural causes after long and glorious reigns.[104]Scholarly works on Constantine and the fall of Constantinople tend to portray Constantine, his advisors, and companions as victims of the events that surrounded the city's fall. There are three main works that deal with Constantine and his life: the earliest is Čedomilj Mijatović's Constantine Palaeologus (1448–1453) or The Conquest of Constantinople by the Turks (1892), written at a time when tensions were rising between the relatively new Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire. War appeared imminent and Mijatović's work was intended to serve as propaganda for the Greek cause by portraying Constantine as a tragic victim of events he had no possibility of affecting. The text is dedicated to the young Prince Constantine, of the same name as the old emperor and the heir to the Greek throne, and its preface states that \"Constantinople may soon again change masters\", alluding to the possibility that Greece might conquer the ancient city.[114][better source needed]The second major work on Constantine, Steven Runciman's The Fall of Constantinople 1453 (1965), also characterizes Constantine through Constantinople's fall, portraying Constantine as tragic figure who did everything to save his empire from the Ottomans. However, Runciman partly blames Constantine for antagonizing Mehmed II through his threats concerning Orhan. The third major work, Donald Nicol's The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans (1992), examines Constantine's entire life and analyzes the trials and hardships he faced not only as emperor, but as Despot of the Morea as well. Nicol's work places considerably less emphasis on the importance of individuals than the preceding works do, though Constantine is again portrayed as a mostly tragic figure.[115][better source needed]A less positive assessment of Constantine was given by Marios Philippides in Constantine XI Dragaš Palaeologus (1404–1453): The Last Emperor of Byzantium (2019). Philippides sees no evidence that Constantine was a great statesman or a great soldier. Although the emperor had visions for his reign, Philippides deems him as diplomatically ineffective and unable to inspire the support of his people to achieve his goals. Philippides is highly critical of Nicol's The Immortal Emperor, which he sees as unbalanced. In his book, Philippides points out that Constantine's reconquest of the Morea from the Latins had mostly been achieved through marriages and not military victories. Though much of Philippides' work relies on primary sources, some of his negative assessment seems speculative; he suggests that Constantine's campaigns in the Morea made the peninsula \"easier prey for the Turks\", something that cannot be substantiated through the actual events that unfolded.[104]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199295-119"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1969171ff-120"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II"},{"link_name":"Nestor Iskander's Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Iskander%27s_Tale_on_the_Taking_of_Tsargrad"},{"link_name":"Mathieu d'Escouchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_d%27Escouchy"},{"link_name":"harem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199295-119"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199296-121"},{"link_name":"Andreas Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Palaiologos_(son_of_Manuel)"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992115%E2%80%93116-122"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1969183%E2%80%93184-123"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199296-121"}],"sub_title":"Legends of Constantine's family","text":"Constantine's two marriages were brief and though he had attempted to find a third wife before the Fall of Constantinople, he died unmarried and without children.[116] His closest surviving relatives were his surviving brothers in the Morea: Thomas and Demetrios.[117] Despite this, there was a persistent story that Constantine had left a widow and several daughters. The earliest documented evidence of this idea can be found in a letter by Aeneas Silvius (the future Pope Pius II) to Pope Nicholas V, dated July 1453. In Aeneas's Cosmographia (1456–1457), the story is elaborated upon: Mehmed II supposedly defiled and murdered the empress and Constantine's daughters in the celebrations after his victory. Aeneas also wrote of an imaginary son of Constantine who escaped to Galata, across the Golden Horn. The story of Constantine's wife and daughters might have been further propagated through the spread of the late 15th-century or early 16th-century Russian tale Nestor Iskander's Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad, where a similar account appears. 16th-century French chronicler Mathieu d'Escouchy wrote that Mehmed raped the empress in the Hagia Sophia and then confined her to his harem.[116]The story of Constantine's supposed family survived into modern Greek folklore. One story, propagated until as late as the 20th century, was that Constantine's supposed empress had been six months pregnant at the time of Constantinople's fall and that a son had been born to her while Mehmed was warring in the north. The empress raised the boy, and though he was well-versed in the Christian faith and the Greek language in his youth, he turned to Islam as an adult and eventually became sultan himself, which meant that all Ottoman sultans after him would have been Constantine's descendants.[118] Though the circumstances are completely fictional, the story might carry a shred of the truth; a grandson of Constantine's brother Thomas, Andreas Palaiologos, lived in Constantinople in the 16th century, converted to Islam and served as an Ottoman court official.[119][120]Another late folk story said that Constantine's empress had shut herself in the imperial palace after Mehmed's victory. After the Ottomans failed to break her barricades and enter the palace, Mehmed had to agree to give her three concessions: that all coins minted by the sultans in the city would bear the names of Constantinople or Constantine, that there would be a street reserved for Greeks alone, and that the bodies of the Christian dead would be given funerals according to Christian custom.[118]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_Palaiologos_1584.jpg"},{"link_name":"André Thevet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Thevet"},{"link_name":"Romulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus"},{"link_name":"Romulus Augustulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199297%E2%80%9398-124"},{"link_name":"Andronikos Kallistos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_Kallistos"},{"link_name":"Nestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Rhadamanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhadamanthus"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199297-125"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199298%E2%80%9399-126"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199299%E2%80%93100-127"}],"sub_title":"Lamentations","text":"Constantine XI as depicted in 1584 by André ThevetThe Fall of Constantinople shocked Christians throughout Europe. In Orthodox Christianity, Constantinople and the Hagia Sophia became symbols of lost grandeur. In the Russian Nestor Iskander tale, the foundation of Constantinople (the New Rome) by Constantine the Great and its loss under an emperor by the same name was not seen as a coincidence, but as the fulfilling of the city's destiny, just as Old Rome had been founded by Romulus and lost under Romulus Augustulus.[121]Andronikos Kallistos, a prominent 15th-century Greek scholar and Byzantine refugee to Italy, wrote a text entitled Monodia in which he laments the fall of Constantinople and mourns Constantine Palaiologos, whom he refers to as \"a ruler more perceptive than Themistocles, more fluent than Nestor, wiser than Cyrus, more just than Rhadamanthus and braver than Hercules\".[122]The 1453 Greek long poem Capture of the City, of uncertain authorship, laments the bad luck of Constantine, which the author blames on Constantine's ill-advised destruction of Glarentza (including its churches) in the 1420s. According to the author, all of Constantine's other misfortunes—the destruction of the Hexamilion wall, the death of his brother John VIII, and the Fall of Constantinople—were the result of what happened at Glarentza. Even then, Constantine was not to blame for Constantinople's fall: he had done what he could and ultimately relied on help from Western Europe that never came. The poem concludes that people say Constantine died by his own sword,[123] and ends with personally addressing the dead emperor:Tell me, where are you to be found? Are you alive, or did you die by your own sword? The conquering Sultan Mehmed searched among the severed heads and corpses, but he never found you ... There are those that say that you are hidden beneath the almighty right hand of the Lord. Would that you were really alive and not dead.[124]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King asleep in mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_asleep_in_mountain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_(4552304506).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Historical Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historical_Museum,_Athens"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Laonikos Chalkokondyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laonikos_Chalkokondyles"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol199298-128"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg199219-129"},{"link_name":"triumphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_triumph"},{"link_name":"Red Apple Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Apple_Tree"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992101%E2%80%93102,_104-130"},{"link_name":"Georgios Klontzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Klontzas"},{"link_name":"Kayseri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"True Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross"},{"link_name":"Church of the Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"Calvary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992102-131"},{"link_name":"Thomas Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Roe"},{"link_name":"George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992102%E2%80%93103-132"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"George I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"his firstborn son and heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Balkan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"Greco-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992107%E2%80%93108-133"}],"sub_title":"The Marble Emperor","text":"See also: King asleep in mountainMarble statue of Constantine XI at the National Historical Museum in AthensIn 15th-century Byzantine historian Laonikos Chalkokondyles's The Histories, Chalkokondyles finished his account of Byzantine history with hope for a time when a Christian emperor would rule over the Greeks again. In the late 15th century, a legend originated among the Greeks that Constantine had not actually died, but was merely asleep and was waiting on a call from heaven to come and rescue his people.[125] This legend eventually became the legend of the \"Marble Emperor\" (Greek: Marmaromenos Vasilefs, lit. the \"Emperor/King turned into Marble\").[126] Constantine Palaiologos, hero of the final Christian days of Constantinople, had not died, but had been rescued, turned into marble and immortalized by an angel moments before he was to be killed by the Ottomans. The angel then hid him in a secret cave beneath the Golden Gate of Constantinople (where emperors in the past had marched during triumphs), where he awaits the angel's call to awaken and retake the city. The Turks later walled up the Golden Gate, explained by the story as a precaution against Constantine's eventual resurrection: when God wills Constantinople to be restored, the angel will descend from heaven, resurrect Constantine, give him the sword he used in the final battle and Constantine will then march into his city and restore his fallen empire, driving the Turks as far away as the \"Red Apple Tree\", their legendary homeland. According to the legend, Constantine's resurrection would be heralded by the bellowing of a great ox.[127]The story can be seen depicted in a series of seventeen miniatures in a 1590 chronicle by Cretan historian and painter Georgios Klontzas. Klontzas' miniatures show the emperor sleeping beneath Constantinople and guarded by angels, being crowned once more in the Hagia Sophia, entering the imperial palace and then fighting a string of battles against the Turks. Following his inevitable victories, Constantine prays at Caesarea (Kayseri), marches on Palestine and returns triumphant to Constantinople before entering Jerusalem. At Jerusalem, Constantine delivers his crown and the True Cross to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and finally travels to Calvary, where he dies, his mission completed. In the final miniature, Constantine is buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[128]In 1625, Thomas Roe, an English diplomat, sought permission from the Ottoman government to remove some of the stones from the walled-up Golden Gate to send them to his friend, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, who was collecting antiquities. Roe was denied permission and observed that the Turks had some sort of superstitious dread of the gate, recording that the statues placed on it by the Turks were enchanted and that if they were destroyed or taken down, a \"great alteration\" would occur to the city.[129]The prophecy of the Marble Emperor endured until the Greek War of Independence in the 19th century and beyond. It was fuelled when the King of the Hellenes, George I, named his firstborn son and heir Constantine in 1868. His name echoed the emperors of old, proclaiming his succession not just to the new Greek kings, but to the Byzantine emperors before them as well. Once he acceded to the throne as Constantine I of Greece, many in Greece hailed him as Constantine XII instead. Constantine I's conquest of Thessaloniki from the Turks in 1912 and his leadership in the Balkan Wars 1912–1913 seemed to be evidence that the prophecy was about to be realized; Constantinople and the Red Apple Tree were believed to be Constantine's next goals. When Constantine was forced to abdicate in 1917, many believed he had been unjustly removed before completing his sacred destiny. The hope of capturing Constantinople would not be completely dashed until the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War in 1922.[130]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palai%C3%B3_F%C3%A1liro,_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos.JPG"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1992ix-114"},{"link_name":"regnal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_number"},{"link_name":"Michael the Drunkard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_III"},{"link_name":"patronymics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"Edward Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200594-134"},{"link_name":"Constantine Lekapenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos"},{"link_name":"Constantine Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)"},{"link_name":"Charles le Beau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_le_Beau"},{"link_name":"numismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200593%E2%80%9394-135"},{"link_name":"Constantine III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_Emperor)"},{"link_name":"Constantine III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(Byzantine_emperor)"},{"link_name":"Constans II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200593%E2%80%9394-135"},{"link_name":"Constantine Laskaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Laskaris"},{"link_name":"Empire of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200598%E2%80%9399-136"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon2005176-137"},{"link_name":"Constantine (son of Leo V)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)"},{"link_name":"Constantine (son of Basil I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss2005101%E2%80%93102-139"}],"sub_title":"Regnal number","text":"The larger, waterfront statue of Constantine XI in AthensConstantine Palaiologos is generally reckoned to have been the eleventh emperor with that name.[111] As such, he is typically referred to as Constantine XI, with 'XI' being a regnal number, used in monarchies since the Middle Ages to differentiate among rulers with the same name in the same office, reigning of the same territory. Regnal numbers were never used in the Roman Empire and despite an increase in emperors of the same name during the Middle Ages, such as the many emperors named Michael, Leo, John or Constantine, the practice was never introduced in the Byzantine Empire. Instead, the Byzantines used nicknames (for instance \"Michael the Drunkard\", now given the number Michael III) or patronymics (for instance \"Constantine, son of Manuel\" rather than Constantine XI) to distinguish emperors of the same name. The modern numbering of the Byzantine emperors is a purely historiographical invention, created by historians beginning with Edward Gibbon in his The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1789).[131]Since the name Constantine connected an emperor with the founder of Constantinople and the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine the Great, the name was particularly popular among emperors. Whilst modern historiography generally recognizes eleven emperors by the name, older works have occasionally numbered Constantine Palaiologos differently. Gibbon numbered him as Constantine XIII after counting two junior co-emperors, Constantine Lekapenos (co-emperor 924–945) and Constantine Doukas (co-emperor 1074–1078 and 1081–1087). The modern number, XI, was established with the publication of the revised edition of Charles le Beau's Histoire du Bas-Empire en commençant à Constantin le Grand in 1836. Early numismatic (coin-related) works typically assigned Constantine Palaiologos higher numerals since there were numerous coins minted by junior co-emperors of the name Constantine as well.[132]There is particular confusion in the correct number of Constantines since there are two different Roman emperors commonly numbered as Constantine III: the Western usurper Constantine III (r. 407–411) of the early 5th century and the briefly reigning Byzantine Constantine III (r. 641) of the 7th century. In addition to them, the emperor commonly known today as Constans II (r. 641–668) actually reigned under the name Constantine, and has sometimes been referred to as Constantine III.[132] A difficult case is Constantine Laskaris, who might have been the first, albeit ephemeral, emperor of the Empire of Nicaea, one of the Byzantine successor states after the Fourth Crusade. It is unclear whether Constantine Laskaris ruled as emperor or not and he is sometimes counted as Constantine XI,[133] which would make Constantine Palaiologos Constantine XII. Constantine Laskaris is sometimes referred to as Constantine (XI), with Constantine Palaiologos numbered Constantine XI (XII).[134]Counting comprehensively those who were officially recognized as rulers under the name Constantine, including those that only ruled nominally as co-emperors but with the supreme title, the total number of emperors named Constantine would be 18. By counting and numbering all previous co-emperors with that name, including Constantine (son of Leo V), Constantine (son of Basil I), Constantine Lekapenos and Constantine Doukas, in addition to Constans II, Constantine Laskaris and the western Constantine III, Constantine Palaiologos would most appropriately be numbered as Constantine XVIII.[d] Scholars commonly do not number co-emperors as the extent of their rule was mostly nominal and, unless they inherited the throne later, did not hold independent supreme power. By counting the western Constantine III, Constans II and Constantine Laskaris—all emperors reigning with supreme power under the name of Constantine (though it is questionable in Laskaris's case)—the numbering of Constantine Palaiologos would be Constantine XIV.[135]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Mystras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystras"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolleHaldonTurnbull2007191-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Mystras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystras"},{"link_name":"Demetrios Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland_Wright201363-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991505-5"},{"link_name":"George Sphrantzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sphrantzes"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_calendar"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilippides201924-29-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-138"},{"link_name":"Constantine (son of Theophilos)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)"}],"text":"^ Constantine was proclaimed emperor at Mystras on 6 January 1449, which is the most commonly cited date for the beginning of his reign. Another date sometimes used is 12 March 1449, the day he arrived in Constantinople.[1]\n\n^ Though he was made emperor in January 1449, Constantine also retained his territories in the Morea until he gave Mystras to his brother Demetrios Palaiologos in March.[2]\n\n^ Although modern sources often give 1405,[3] 1404 is the most probable date. Contemporary historian George Sphrantzes, who actually knew Constantine, begins his chronicle stating that Constantine was born on 8 February AM 6913, that is, AD 1405. He later states that he lived 49 years, 4 months and 20 days, which would place his birth in 1404. This information is repeated by three small chronicles, all of which agree on the number of years (but vary on the months and days). Sphrantzes had also previously given the wrong year for the death of John VIII, which was a year off.[4]\n\n^ Omitting the very short-lived Constantine (son of Theophilos), who died in infancy.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Miniature from an early 15th-century manuscript depicting Constantine's father Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, his mother Helena Dragaš and his three older brothers John, Theodore and Andronikos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manuel_II_Helena_sons.JPG/220px-Manuel_II_Helena_sons.JPG"},{"image_text":"1422 map of Constantinople by cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti, the oldest surviving map of the city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg/220px-Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Peloponnese in the Middle Ages","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Peloponnese_Middle_Ages_map-en.svg/220px-Peloponnese_Middle_Ages_map-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ruins of the castle at Patras, captured by Constantine in 1430","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Patras%27_castle_from_up_close.jpg/220px-Patras%27_castle_from_up_close.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Byzantine Constantinople","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Byzantine_Constantinople-en.png/220px-Byzantine_Constantinople-en.png"},{"image_text":"Contemporary sketches by Pisanello of the Byzantine delegation at the Council of Florence. The figure mounted on the horse is Constantine's brother, Emperor John VIII Palaiologos.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pisanello_-_Sketches_of_the_Emperor_John_VIII_Palaeologus%2C_a_Monk%2C_and_a_Scabbard%2C_1438.jpg/220px-Pisanello_-_Sketches_of_the_Emperor_John_VIII_Palaeologus%2C_a_Monk%2C_and_a_Scabbard%2C_1438.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Despot's Palace in Mystras, from which Constantine ruled as Despot of the Morea 1443–1449","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mystras_palace_1.jpg/220px-Mystras_palace_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Crusade of Varna, sent to aid the Byzantines against the Ottomans, was crushed by Sultan Murad II at the Battle of Varna (pictured) in 1444","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG/220px-Battle_of_Varna_1444.PNG"},{"image_text":"Marble relief of a double-headed eagle in the Church of St. Demetrios in Mystras, marking the spot where Constantine XI was supposedly crowned","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metropolis_of_Mystras%2C_inside%2C_imperial_eagle.JPG/220px-Metropolis_of_Mystras%2C_inside%2C_imperial_eagle.JPG"},{"image_text":"1/8 stavraton, minted 1448–1453. One of the last coins minted by the Byzantine Empire, the coin features a bust of Constantine XI (left) and Christ Pantocrator (right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/One_eighth_stavraton%2C_1448-1453%2C_Constantinople.jpg/220px-One_eighth_stavraton%2C_1448-1453%2C_Constantinople.jpg"},{"image_text":"Constantine XI's seal as emperor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%CE%A3%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85.png/220px-%CE%A3%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85.png"},{"image_text":"Political map of the eastern Mediterranean in 1450","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Eastern_Mediterranean_1450.svg/220px-Eastern_Mediterranean_1450.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Sultan Mehmed II by Gentile Bellini (1480)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gentile_Bellini_003.jpg/220px-Gentile_Bellini_003.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Rumelihisarı castle, seen from the Bosphorus strait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rumeli_Castle.jpg/220px-Rumeli_Castle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cardinal Isidore of Kiev, sent as a papal legate to Constantinople in October 1452","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Isidore_of_Kiev.jpg/220px-Isidore_of_Kiev.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern painting of Mehmed II and his army approaching Constantinople, by Fausto Zonaro (1903)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Conquest_of_Constantinople%2C_Zonaro.jpg/220px-Conquest_of_Constantinople%2C_Zonaro.jpg"},{"image_text":"Restored section of the Walls of Constantinople","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG/220px-Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Constantinople and the dispositions of the defenders and the besiegers in 1453","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-fr.svg/220px-Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-fr.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Modern painting of the Ottoman fleet being transported over land to the Golden Horn, by Fausto Zonaro (1903)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kusatma_Zonaro.jpg/220px-Kusatma_Zonaro.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Last Siege, French miniature by Jean Le Tavernier painted sometime after 1455","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_%281453%29_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg/220px-Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_%281453%29_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg"},{"image_text":"Romanticized depiction of the final fighting at the Fall of Constantinople by Greek folk painter Theophilos Hatzimihail (1932). Constantine is depicted as charging into battle on a white horse.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Theofilos_Palaiologos.jpg/220px-Theofilos_Palaiologos.jpg"},{"image_text":"19th-century depiction of Constantine XI with classical Greco-Roman armor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Constantine_Palaiologos.jpg/220px-Constantine_Palaiologos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Constantine XI as depicted in 1584 by André Thevet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Constantine_Palaiologos_1584.jpg/220px-Constantine_Palaiologos_1584.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marble statue of Constantine XI at the National Historical Museum in Athens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%284552304506%29.jpg/220px-Constantine_XI_Palaiologos_%284552304506%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The larger, waterfront statue of Constantine XI in Athens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Palai%C3%B3_F%C3%A1liro%2C_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos.JPG/220px-Palai%C3%B3_F%C3%A1liro%2C_Constantine_XI_Palaiologos.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Byzantine Empire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire"},{"title":"List of Byzantine emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors"},{"title":"Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty"},{"title":"Rise of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"}]	[{"reference":"Barker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813505824.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manueliipalaeolo0000bark/page/494","url_text":"Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813505824","url_text":"9780813505824"}]},{"reference":"Carr, John C. (2015). Fighting Emperors of Byzantium. East Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-78383-116-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x5GSBwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Fighting Emperors of Byzantium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78383-116-6","url_text":"978-1-78383-116-6"}]},{"reference":"Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). \"Constantine XI Palaiologos\". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. p. 505.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan","url_text":"Kazhdan, Alexander"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/505","url_text":"\"Constantine XI Palaiologos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Margaret (2017). \"Constantine XI Palaeologus; some problems of image\". In Moffatt, Ann (ed.). Maistor: Classical, Byzantine and Renaissance Studies for Robert Browning. Brill. pp. 329–343. ISBN 978-90-04-34461-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34461-7","url_text":"978-90-04-34461-7"}]},{"reference":"Clogg, Richard (1992). A Concise History of Greece (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80872-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Clogg","url_text":"Clogg, Richard"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pyUIY4THYC&pg=PA19","url_text":"A Concise History of Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80872-3","url_text":"0-521-80872-3"}]},{"reference":"Foss, Clive (2005). \"Emperors named Constantine\". Revue numismatique (in French). 6 (161): 93–102. doi:10.3406/numi.2005.2594.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_2005_num_6_161_2594","url_text":"\"Emperors named Constantine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fnumi.2005.2594","url_text":"10.3406/numi.2005.2594"}]},{"reference":"Gilliland Wright, Diana (2013). \"The Fair of Agios Demetrios of 26 October 1449: Byzantine-Venetian Relations and Land Issues in Mid-Century\". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 37 (1): 63–80. doi:10.1179/0307013112Z.00000000019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272223892","url_text":"\"The Fair of Agios Demetrios of 26 October 1449: Byzantine-Venetian Relations and Land Issues in Mid-Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_and_Modern_Greek_Studies","url_text":"Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F0307013112Z.00000000019","url_text":"10.1179/0307013112Z.00000000019"}]},{"reference":"Haldon, John (2005). The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-24364-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xjAWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176","url_text":"The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24364-4","url_text":"978-0-230-24364-4"}]},{"reference":"Hellebuyck, Adam William (2006). Foreign Relations and the End of Byzantium: The Use of Personal Diplomacy during the Reign of Constantine XI Palaiologos (1448–1453) (PDF) (BA thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/55463.","urls":[{"url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/55463/hellebuyck_adam_history_honors_thesis.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"Foreign Relations and the End of Byzantium: The Use of Personal Diplomacy during the Reign of Constantine XI Palaiologos (1448–1453)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F55463","url_text":"2027.42/55463"}]},{"reference":"Nicol, Donald M. (1967). \"The Byzantine View of Western Europe\" (PDF). Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. 8 (4): 315–339.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Nicol","url_text":"Nicol, Donald M."},{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/7bea5844cd4b6c248d45b1bab79f461b/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819401","url_text":"\"The Byzantine View of Western Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Nicol, Donald M. (1992). The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-58369-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Nicol","url_text":"Nicol, Donald M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58369-8","url_text":"978-0-511-58369-8"}]},{"reference":"Nicolle, David; Haldon, John; Turnbull, Stephen (2007). The Fall of Constantinople: The Ottoman Conquest of Byzantium. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-200-4. OCLC 78989635.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-200-4","url_text":"978-1-84603-200-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/78989635","url_text":"78989635"}]},{"reference":"Philippides, Marios; Hanak, Walter K. (2011). The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography and Military Studies. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-1064-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marios_Philippides","url_text":"Philippides, Marios"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qvvdVXckfqQ","url_text":"The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography and Military Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1064-5","url_text":"978-1-4094-1064-5"}]},{"reference":"Philippides, Mario (2019). Constantine XI Dragaš Palaeologus (1404–1453): The Last Emperor of Byzantium. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351055406.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marios_Philippides","url_text":"Philippides, Mario"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6XtqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38","url_text":"Constantine XI Dragaš Palaeologus (1404–1453): The Last Emperor of Byzantium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351055406","url_text":"9781351055406"}]},{"reference":"Runciman, Steven (1969) [1965]. The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39832-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman","url_text":"Runciman, Steven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39832-9","url_text":"978-0-521-39832-9"}]},{"reference":"Runciman, Steven (2009) [1980]. Lost Capital of Byzantium: The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84511-895-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman","url_text":"Runciman, Steven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-895-2","url_text":"978-1-84511-895-2"}]},{"reference":"Sherrard, Philip (1965). Constantinople: Iconography of a Sacred City. Oxford University Press. OCLC 345655.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/345655","url_text":"345655"}]},{"reference":"Stathakopoulos, Dionysios (2018). \"Sister, Widow, Consort, Bride. Four Latin ladies in Greece (1330–1430)\". In Lymberopoulou, Angeliki (ed.). Cross-Cultural Interaction Between Byzantium and the West, 1204–1669: Whose Mediterranean Is It Anyway?. Routledge. pp. 236–257.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996). Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-3003-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopographisches_Lexikon_der_Palaiologenzeit","url_text":"Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7001-3003-1","url_text":"3-7001-3003-1"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Jonathan (2019). \"19.01.05 Philippides, Constantine XI Dragaš Palaeologus\". The Medieval Review. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/tmr/article/view/26752","url_text":"\"19.01.05 Philippides, Constantine XI Dragaš Palaeologus\""}]},{"reference":"\"29 Μαϊου 1453: Όταν \"η Πόλις εάλω...\" [29 May 1453: When the City Fell...]. iefemerida.com (in Greek). 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/52795/29-%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BF%CF%85-1453-%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD-%C2%AB%CE%B7-%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82-%CE%B5%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89%C2%BB","url_text":"\"29 Μαϊου 1453: Όταν \"η Πόλις εάλω...\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170525102233/http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/52795/29-%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BF%CF%85-1453-%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD-%C2%AB%CE%B7-%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82-%CE%B5%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89%C2%BB","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/manueliipalaeolo0000bark/page/494","external_links_name":"Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x5GSBwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Fighting Emperors of Byzantium"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/505","external_links_name":"\"Constantine XI 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_real-time_tactics_video_games	List of real-time tactics video games	["1 Legend","2 List","3 See also","4 References"]	Part of a series onStrategy video games Subgenres 4X Auto battler Multiplayer online battle arena Real-time strategy Time management Real-time tactics Tactical RPG Tower defense Turn-based strategy Turn-based tactics Artillery Wargame Lists List of 4X video games List of artillery video games List of grand strategy video games List of massively multiplayer online real-time strategy games List of massively multiplayer online turn-based strategy games List of multiplayer online battle arena video games List of real-time strategy video games List of real-time tactics video games List of tactical role-playing video games List of turn-based strategy video games List of turn-based tactics video games vte This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of real-time tactics video games" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a comprehensive index of commercial real-time tactics games for all platforms, sorted chronologically. Information regarding date of release, developer, publisher, platform and notability is provided when available. The table can be sorted by clicking on the small boxes next to the column headings. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Legend Video game platforms AMI Amiga APPII Apple II ATR Atari 8-bit computers Arcade Arcade video game C64 Commodore 64 CPC Amstrad CPC CROSS Cross-platform DC Dreamcast DOS MS-DOS DS Nintendo DS FM7 FM-7 GBA Game Boy Advance GCN GameCube GEN Genesis / Mega Drive LIN Linux MAC Mac MOBI Mobile phone MSX MSX NES Nintendo Entertainment System / Famicom NX Nintendo Switch PC60 PC-6000 series PC88 PC-8800 series PC98 PC-9800 series PS1 PlayStation / PSone PS2 PlayStation 2 PS3 PlayStation 3 PS4 PlayStation 4 PSP PlayStation Portable PSV PlayStation Vita OSX macOS / OS X ST Atari ST SAT Sega Saturn Wii Wii WIN Microsoft Windows X1 X1 X360 Xbox 360 XBOX Xbox XOne Xbox One XSX/S Xbox Series X/S ZX ZX Spectrum List Year Title Developer Archetype Setting Platform Notes 1980 Space Tactics Sega Futuristic Military bases Arcade Tactical shooter. 1981 Centurion APX Historical Ancient Rome ATR Uses an hexagonal board. 1982 Cytron Masters Ozark Softscape Futuristic Earth-like planet ATR, APPII 1982 Legionnaire Avalon Hill Historical Roman Empire ATR 1983 Bokosuka Wars Koji Sumii Fantasy High fantasy X1, MSX, NES, PC60, PC88, PC98, FM7, Wii, WIN TRPG; Reverse tower defense. Also released on Hitachi MB-S1 (1985) & DoJa profile (2004) on DoCoMo's i-Mode mobile internet service. 1983 Stonkers Imagine Alternate history Northern Europe, Coastline ZX Title mimics 20th century armoured warfare & its sole map mimics the coastline of Northern Europe. 1984 New Bokosuka Wars Koji Sumii Fantasy High fantasy X1 TRPG; Reverse tower defense. 1984 The Ancient Art of War Evryware Historical, Mythological Various APPII, DOS, MAC, TRS80, PC88, PC98, AMI, ST, CPC 1985 Arena Roger Lees, Steve Hughes Retro style, sci-fi England, Sweden ZX, CPC Command a small tank fleet in medieval combat in near future. 1986 Hacker II: The Doomsday Papers Activision Cold War era Siberia C64, IBM PC, ST, APPII, AMI, MAC, ZX, CPC Sequel to spy adventure, Hacker. Hack a facility with a robot. 1987 The Ancient Art of War at Sea Evryware Historical, Mythological Various, Naval warfare DOS, MAC, APPII, PC98 1988 Energy Warrior Binary Design Futuristic Sci-fi C64 Scrolling shooter. 1988 J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle-earth Melbourne House Fantasy The Lord of the Rings series Various 1988 Modem Wars Ozark Futuristic Various C64, DOS 1988 Napoleon Senki Irem Historical Napoleonic Wars NES 1988 Silver Ghost Kure Software Koubou Fantasy High fantasy PC88 Tactical role-playing game. 1989 Carrier Command Realtime Sci-fi Island chain AMI, C64, CPC, ST, ZX Vehicle simulation game. 1989 Harpoon Three-Sixty Historical Cold War era DOS 1989 M1 Tank Platoon MicroProse Modern Central Europe DOS, AMI, ST Series debuts. 1989 North and South Infogrames Europe SA Historical American Civil War AMI, ST, C64, DOS, CPC, NES, ZX, MSX, WIN Innovative title preceded the similar, first Total War game by 11 years! 1990 BattleTech: The Crescent Hawk's Revenge Westwood Futuristic BattleTech DOS Sequel to BattleTech: The Crescent Hawk's Inception, which was turn-based. 1991 Battle of Kingdom Lenar Co., Ltd. Fantasy High fantasy GB Board game; side-scrolling real-time tactics. Got a 2017 EN patch. 1992 Tegel's Mercenaries Mindcraft Futuristic, Sci-fi Outer space, Exoplanets DOS 1993 Cannon Fodder Sensible Alternate history, Modern Various, Earth Various (16+ platforms) Series debuts. Black comedy title seems to depict 20th century armoured warfare. 1993 Fields of Glory MicroProse Historical Napoleonic Wars DOS, AMI 1993 General Chaos Game Refuge Inc. Alternate present Fictional countries GEN Satirical title seems to depict 20th century small unit tactics. 1993 SEAL Team Electronic Arts Historical Vietnam War DOS 1993 Space Hulk EA Futuristic Warhammer 40,000 DOS, AMI, PC98 FPS hybrid. 1993 Strike Squad Mindcraft Futuristic, Sci-fi Outer space, Exoplanets DOS Sequel to Tegel's Mercenaries. Also has a turn-based option. 1993 Syndicate Bullfrog Futuristic Dystopia Various Series debuts. 1993 Syndicate: American Revolt Bullfrog Futuristic Dystopia DOS, AMI Expansion to Syndicate. 1994 Battle Bugs Epyx Fantastical Your kitchen floor DOS, PS1, WIN Semi real-time. 1994 Cannon Fodder 2 Sensible Alternate history, Modern, Sci-fi Earth, Outer space, Exoplanet DOS, AMI, WIN, MAC, LIN Sequel to Cannon Fodder. 1995 Breach 3 Omnitrend Futuristic Alien invasion DOS Sequel to Breach and Breach 2, which were turn-based. 1995 Godzilla: Rettoushinkan Scarab Sci-fi Heisei-Era Japan SAT Based upon the 1995 film Godzilla vs. Destoroyah. 1995 Space Hulk: Vengeance of the Blood Angels Key Game, Krisalis Futuristic Warhammer 40,000 3DO, PS1, SAT, WIN Sequel to Space Hulk. 1995 Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat Mindscape Fantastical Warhammer Fantasy Battle WIN, PS1 Series debuts. 1996 Age of Sail TalonSoft Historical Elizabethan Era WIN Series debuts. 1996 Close Combat Atomic Historical World War II WIN Series debuts. 1996 Deadline Psygnosis Modern Earth-like planet DOS Innovative progenitor to the SWAT, Rainbow Six & Commandos franchises. 1996 Gender Wars SCi Futuristic Dystopia DOS 1996 Syndicate Wars Bullfrog Futuristic Dystopia DOS, PS1 Sequel to Syndicate. 1997 7th Legion Epic, Vision Futuristic Dystopia WIN 1997 Close Combat: A Bridge Too Far Atomic Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Close Combat. 1997 Conquest Earth Data Design Futuristic Outer space DOS, WIN, PS1 1997 Counter Action NashiIgry Historical World War II DOS Predecessor to Sudden Strike. 1997 Imperium Galactica Digital Reality Futuristic Outer Space DOS Series debuts. 1997 Lords of Magic Impressions Fantasy High fantasy WIN Features a turn-based strategic layer and real-time tactical layer. 1997 Myth: The Fallen Lords Bungie Fantastical High fantasy WIN, MAC Series debuts. 1997 Sid Meier's Gettysburg! Firaxis Historical American Civil War WIN Series debuts. Features an "award winning" real-time tactical battle system. 1997 X-COM: Apocalypse Mythos Futuristic Earth DOS, WIN Third game in the X-COM series. Can toggle between turn-based and real-time. The first two games in the series were turn-based. 1998 Army Men The 3DO Company Alternate History, Fantastical Army men WIN, GBC Series debuts. 1998 Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines Pyro Historical World War II WIN Stealth tactics. Series debuts. 1998 Enemy Infestation Clockwork, Micro Forté Futuristic Exoplanet WIN 1998 Jane's Combat Simulations: Fleet Command Sonalysts Historical Cold War era WIN 1998 Lords of Magic: Legends of Urak Impressions Fantasy High Fantasy WIN Expansion to Lords of Magic. 1998 Lords of Magic: Special Edition Impressions Fantasy High fantasy WIN Re-release of Lords of Magic and its expansion. 1998 M1 Tank Platoon II MicroProse Modern Various WIN Sequel to M1 Tank Platoon. 1998 MechCommander FASA Futuristic BattleTech WIN Series debuts. 1998 Myth II: Soulblighter Bungie Fantastical High fantasy WIN, MAC, LIN Sequel to Myth: The Fallen Lords. 1998 Police Quest: SWAT 2 Yosemite Modern L.A. WIN Sequel to Police Quest. 1998 Rage of Mages Nival Fantasy High fantasy WIN RPG & real-time tactics. 1998 Sid Meier's Antietam! Firaxis Historical American Civil War WIN Sequel to Sid Meier's Gettysburg!. 1998 Warhammer: Dark Omen Mindscape Fantastical Warhammer Fantasy Battle WIN, PS1 Sequel to Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat. 1999 Abomination: The Nemesis Project Hothouse Post-apocalyptic US WIN 1999 Army Men II The 3DO Company Alternate History, Fantastical Army men, Earth WIN, GBC Sequel to Army Men. 1999 Army Men: Toys in Space The 3DO Company Alternate History, Fantastical, Sci-Fi Army men, Earth, Outer space WIN Sequel to Army Men II. 1999 Close Combat III: The Russian Front Atomic Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Close Combat: A Bridge Too Far. 1999 Close Combat: Battle of the Bulge Atomic Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Close Combat III: The Russian Front. 1999 Commandos: Beyond the Call of Duty Pyro Historical World War II WIN Stealth tactics. Expansion to Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines. 1999 Fighting Steel SSI Historical World War II WIN 1999 Force 21 Red Storm Futuristic Various WIN, GBA Set in Russia, Kazakhstan & China. 1999 Hatfields & McCoys Lupine Historical Wild West WIN Comedy Western. 1999 Myth: The Total Codex Bungie Fantastical High fantasy WIN (Rerel) Re-release of Myth: The Fallen Lords, Myth II: Soulblighter, the Myth II: Chimera scenario pack and many fan-created multiplayer maps. 1999 Myth II: Chimera Bungie Fantastical High fantasy WIN Expansion to Myth II: Soulblighter. 1999 Rage of Mages II: Necromancer Nival Fantasy High fantasy WIN Sequel to Rage of Mages. 1999 Shadow Company: Left For Dead Sinister Modern Africa WIN Similar to the Jagged Alliance series. 1999 Star Trek: Starfleet Command Quicksilver Futuristic Star Trek WIN Series debuts. 2000 Army Men: Air Tactics The 3DO Company Alternate History, Fantastical Army men, Earth WIN 2000 Close Combat: Invasion: Normandy Atomic Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Close Combat: Battle of the Bulge. 2000 Evil Islands: Curse of the Lost Soul Nival Fantasy High fantasy WIN 3D sequel to Rage of Mages II: Necromancer. Added stealth elements. 2000 Ground Control Massive Post-apocalyptic Earth WIN 2000 Imperium Galactica II: Alliances Digital Reality Futuristic Outer Space WIN Sequel to Imperium Galactica. 2000 Invictus: In the Shadow of Olympus Quicksilver Fantastical Greek mythology WIN 2000 Kessen Koei Historical Feudal Japan PS2 Series debuts. 2000 Metal Fatigue Zono Futuristic 3 faction mech war WIN Customizable Mech Units (Combots), with parts unique to all 3 factions. Maps set at orbit, surface and subterranean levels. 2000 Shogun: Total War Creative Assembly Historical Feudal Japan WIN First game in the Total War series. Features a turn-based strategic layer and a real-time tactical layer. 2000 Starship Troopers: Terran Ascendancy Blue Tongue Futuristic Heinlein WIN 2000 Star Trek: Starfleet Command II: Empires at War Taldren Futuristic Star Trek WIN Sequel to Star Trek: Starfleet Command. 2000 Sudden Strike Fireglow Historical World War II WIN Series debuts. 2001 Age of Sail II TalonSoft Historical Napoleonic Era WIN Sequel to Age of Sail. 2001 Commandos 2: Men of Courage Pyro Historical World War II WIN, MAC, PS2, Xbox Stealth tactics. Sequel to Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines. 2001 Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive Spellbound Entertainment Historical Wild West WIN Stealth tactics. 2001 Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel Micro Forté Post-apocalyptic US WIN Has both turn-based and real-time modes. 2001 Green Berets Take-Two Historical Vietnam War WIN, MAC Uses the Myth II: Soulblighter engine. 2001 Gundam Battle Online(FR wiki) BEC Military science fiction Gundam franchise DC Has a semi-real time strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2001 Gunlok Rebellion Developments Post-apocalyptic Earth WIN Set at end of 21st century after AI takeover. 2001 Kessen II Koei Historical, fantastical Three Kingdoms PS2 Sequel to Kessen. 2001 Kingdom Under Fire: A War of Heroes Phantagram Fantasy High fantasy PC Series debuts. 2001 MechCommander 2 FASA Futuristic BattleTech WIN Sequel to MechCommander. 2001 Mega Man Battle Network Capcom Futuristic Sci Fi GBA 2001 Myth III: The Wolf Age MumboJumbo Fantastical High fantasy WIN, MAC Sequel to Myth II: Soulblighter. 2001 Original War ALTAR Modern, Prehistoric Siberia, Alaska WIN Loosely based on the time travel, sci-fi novel The Last Day of Creation (1981). 2001 Star Trek: Away Team Reflexive Futuristic Star Trek WIN 2001 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: Dominion Wars Gizmo Futuristic Star Trek WIN 2001 Star Trek: Starfleet Command: Orion Pirates Taldren Futuristic Star Trek WIN Standalone expansion to Star Trek: Starfleet Command II: Empires at War. 2001 Sudden Strike: Forever Fireglow Historical World War II WIN Expansion to Sudden Strike. 2001 S.W.I.N.E. Stormregion Fantastical, Modern Low Fantasy, WWII based WIN First of the corporation. 2001 Takeda Magitech Historical Feudal Japan WIN Series debuts. 2001 Waterloo: Napoleon's Last Battle Firaxis, BreakAway Games Historical Napoleonic Wars WIN Uses SM's Gettysburg!'s engine. 2002 Age of Sail II: Privateer's Bounty Akella Historical Open sea WIN Expansion to Age of Sail II. 2002 Austerlitz: Napoleon's Greatest Victory BreakAway Historical Napoleonic Wars WIN Uses SM's Gettysburg!'s modified engine. 2002 Freedom Force Crave Entertainment Comic retro United States WIN, OSX RPG & RTS characteristics. 2002 G.I. Combat: Episode 1 - Battle of Normandy Freedom Historical World War II WIN 2002 Hooligans: Storm Over Europe DarXabre Modern European cities WIN 2002 Legion: The Legend of Excalibur 7 Studios Fantastical Arthurian legends PS2 RTS & action RPG hybrid. 2002 Lost Kingdoms FromSoftware Fantastical High fantasy GCN Card-based, RPG characteristics; & real-time battles. 2002 Medieval: Total War Creative Assembly Historical Medieval Europe WIN Features a turn-based strategic layer and a real-time tactical layer. 2002 Platoon Digital Reality Historical Vietnam War WIN Very poor reviews. 2002 Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood Spellbound Entertainment Fantastical England WIN, AMI, MAC, LIN Stealth tactics. Based on the legend of Robin Hood. 2002 Soldiers of Anarchy Silver Style Post-apocalyptic Earth WIN 2002 Star Trek: Starfleet Command III Taldren Futuristic Star Trek WIN Sequel of Star Trek: Starfleet Command series. 2002 Sudden Strike 2 Fireglow Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Sudden Strike. 2002 The Gladiators: Galactic Circus Games Eugen Futuristic, Sci-fi Planetary system, Arena WIN Action RTS. 2002 World War II: Panzer Claws Reality Pump Studios Historical World War II WIN 2003 Blitzkrieg Nival Historical World War II WIN Series debuts. 2003 Chariots of War Slitherine Historical Antiquity WIN 2003 Cold Zero: No Mercy(VI wiki) Drago Entertainment Modern Windows 2003 Cold Zero: The Last Stand(RU wiki) Drago Entertainment Modern Windows 2003 Commandos 3: Destination Berlin Pyro Historical World War II WIN Stealth tactics. Sequel to Commandos 2: Men of Courage. 2003 Eric Young's Squad Assault: West Front Freedom Historical World War II WIN 2003 History Channel: Crusades – Quest for Power, The Zono Historical Crusades WIN 2003 Korea: Forgotten Conflict Plastic Reality Historical Korean War WIN Stealth tactics. 2003 Nexagon: Deathmatch (a.k.a. Nexagon: The Pit) Strategy First Futuristic Combat arena WIN A deathmatch game between player controlled squads of captive criminals. Mediocre reviews. 2003 Praetorians Eidos Historic Ancient Rome WIN 2003 Rebels: Prison Escape Philos Labs Futuristic Dystopia WIN 2003 UFO: Aftermath ALTAR Futuristic Earth WIN Series debuts. Features "weak real-time tactical battles loosely connected by a shallow strategic shell." 2003 World War II: Frontline Command Bitmap Bros. Historical World War II WIN 2004 Battle for Troy Zono Historical Bronze Age WIN 2004 Blitzkrieg: Burning Horizon Nival Historical World War II WIN Expansion to Blitzkrieg. 2004 Blitzkrieg: Rolling Thunder Nival Historical World War II WIN Expansion to Blitzkrieg. 2004 Close Combat: Marines Atomic Modern WIN Uses the Close Combat engine as a training tool for the US Marines. 2004 Codename: Panzers StormRegion Historical World War II WIN Series debuts. 2004 Cold War Conflicts Fireglow Games Historical Cold War era WIN 2004 Road to Baghdad, The Atomic Modern Gulf War WIN Uses the Close Combat engine. 2004 D-Day Monte Cristo Historical World War II WIN 2004 Desert Rats vs. Afrika Korps Encore Software Historical World War II WIN 2004 Full Spectrum Warrior Pandemic Modern Middle East WIN, Xbox, PS2, MOBI Series debuts. Based on a U.S. Army light infantry training simulator. 2004 Ground Control II: Operation Exodus Massive Futuristic WIN Sequel to Ground Control. 2004 Growlanser Generations Career Soft Fantastical PS2 Remake of Growlanser II: The Sense of Justice and Growlanser III: The Dual Darkness. 2004 History Channel: Alamo – Fight for Independence, The Zono Historical American Civil War WIN 2004 Kingdom Under Fire: The Crusaders Phantagram Fantasy High fantasy Xbox Introduced perspective correct 3D to Kingdom Under Fire series. 2004 Nexus: The Jupiter Incident Mithis Futuristic The Solar System WIN 2004 Rome: Total War Creative Assembly Historical Imperial Rome WIN Features a turn-based strategic layer and a real-time tactical layer. 2004 Soldiers: Heroes of World War II Best Way Historical World War II WIN Series debuts. 2004 Spartan Slitherine Historical Ancient Greece WIN 2004 Star Wolves X-bow Futuristic Outer space WIN RPG characteristics. 2004 Strength & Honour Magitech Historical Various WIN Series debuts. 2004 History Channel Civil War The Battle of Bull Run Take Command: 1861, The Mad Minute Historical American Civil War WIN 2005 Act of War: Direct Action Eugen Contemporary, Sci-fi WIN 2005 Battalion Wars Kuju Futuristic GCN Part of the Nintendo Wars series. 2005 Blitzkrieg II Nival, The Finest Hour Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Blitzkrieg. 2005 Blue Flow Kogado Futuristic WIN 2005 Brigade E5: New Jagged Union Apeiron Modern Central America WIN RPG characteristics. 2005 Codename: Panzers Phase II StormRegion Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Codename: Panzers. 2005 Day After: Fight for Promised Land, The G5 Alternate history Dystopia, Cold War WIN AKA Cuban Missile Crisis: The Aftermath. Uses the Blitzkrieg Engine. 2005 Desert Law Arise Sci-fi Southern USA WIN 2005 Freedom Force vs. the Third Reich Irrational Comic retro World War II WIN RPG characteristics. Sequel to Freedom Force. 2005 Imperial Glory Pyro Historical Napoleonic Era WIN, OSX Also has a turn-based "Imperial" mode, much like the Total War series. 2005 Imperivm III: The Great Battles of Rome FX Historical Classical antiquity WIN Sequel to Celtic Kings: Rage of War. 2005 Kessen III Koei Historical Feudal Japan PS2 Sequel to Kessen II. 2005 Kingdom Under Fire: Heroes Phantagram Fantasy High fantasy Xbox Prequel to Kingdom Under Fire: The Crusaders. 2005 Legion Arena Slitherine Historical Ancient Rome WIN, OSX 2005 Real Time Conflict: Shogun Empires Box Clever, Namco Historical Feudal Japan DS Extremely poor review scores. 2005 Stalingrad DTF Historical World War II WIN Uses the Blitzkrieg Engine. 2005 Takeda 2 Magitech Historical Feudal Japan WIN Sequel to Takeda. Features a turn-based strategic layer & real-time tactical layer. 2005 UFO: Aftershock ALTAR Futuristic Earth WIN Sequel to UFO: Aftermath. 2005 Will of Steel Gameyus Modern Middle East WIN 2006 Close Combat: Cross of Iron Simtek Historical World War II WIN (Remake) Remake of Close Combat III: The Russian Front. 2006 Close Combat: RAF Regiment Atomic Modern WIN Uses the Close Combat engine as a training tool for the RAF. 2006 Desperados 2: Cooper's Revenge Spellbound Entertainment Historical Wild West WIN Stealth tactics. Sequel to Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive. 2006 DropTeam: Mechanized Combat in the Far Future Battlefront.com Futuristic Alien vistas CROSS Multiplayer only. Players control individual tanks, while a person commands from an overhead tactical map, like in Allegiance. Has no resource collection or unit production. Only demo & MAC version of full game available. 2006 Evil Islands: Lost in Astral Nival, Matilda Entertainment Fantasy High fantasy WIN Russian only expansion to Evil Islands: Curse of the Lost Soul. 2006 Faces of War (a.k.a. Outfront II) Best Way Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Soldiers: Heroes of World War II. 2006 Full Spectrum Warrior: Ten Hammers Pandemic Modern Central Asia WIN, Xbox, PS2 Sequel to Full Spectrum Warrior. 2006 Joint Task Force Mithis Modern Various WIN 2006 Legion Arena: Cult of Mithras Slitherine Historical Ancient Rome WIN, OSX Expansion to Legion Arena. 2006 Medieval 2: Total War Creative Assembly Historical Medieval Europe WIN Sequel to Medieval: Total War. Features a turn-based strategic layer and a real-time tactical layer. 2006 Moscow to Berlin: Red Siege Monte Cristo Historical World War II WIN 2006 Odama Vivarium Historical Feudal Japan GCN 2006 Pacific Storm Lesta Historical World War II WIN Features a strategic campaign layer as well as a real-time tactical layer. 2006 Rush for Berlin StormRegion Historical World War II WIN Series debuts. 2006 Star Trek: Legacy Mad Doc Software Futuristic Star Trek WIN, Xbox Players control one ship at a time, but can toggle between ships and issue some commands from an overhead tactical map. 2006 Star Trek: Tactical Assault Quicksilver Software Futuristic Star Trek DS, PSP 2006 Sword of the Stars Kerberos Productions Futuristic Outer Space WIN Features a 4X strategic layer as well. 2006 Take Command – 2nd Manassas MadMinute Historical American Civil War WIN 2006 Warhammer: Mark of Chaos Black Hole Fantastical Warhammer WIN, X360 2007 7.62 Apeiron Modern Central America WIN Sequel to Brigade E5: New Jagged Union. RPG characteristics. 2007 Battalion Wars 2 Kuju Futuristic Wii Sequel to Battalion Wars. Part of the Nintendo Wars series. 2007 Battlestations: Midway Eidos Historical World War II WIN, X360 Series debuts. 2007 Battleships Forever Sean "th15" Chan Futuristic Outer space WIN 2007 Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War Omega Force Historical Hundred Years' War WIN, PS3, PS4, X360, XOne 2007 Close Combat: Modern Tactics Simtek Modern Alternate present WIN (Remake) Remake of Close Combat: Marines. 2007 Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings Square Enix Fantastical DS 2007 Helldorado Spellbound Entertainment Historical Wild West WIN Stealth tactics. Sequel to Desperados 2: Cooper's Revenge. 2007 Heroes of Mana Brownie Brown Fantastical DS 2007 The History Channel: Great Battles of Rome Slitherine Historical Ancient Rome WIN, PS2, PSP 2007 Kingdom Elemental: Tactics Scott Thunelius, Chronic Logic Fantastical High fantasy WIN RPG characteristics. 2007 Rush for Berlin: Rush for the Bomb StormRegion, Paradox Historical World War II WIN Expansion to Rush for Berlin. 2007 SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs: Tactical Strike Slant Six Modern Panama PSP 2007 Star Wolves 2 X-bow Futuristic Outer space WIN RPG elements. Sequel to Star Wolves. 2007 Talvisota: Icy Hell Blitzfront Game Studio Historical Winter War WIN 2007 Theatre of War 1C Historical World War II WIN Series debuts. 2007 UFO: Afterlight ALTAR Futuristic Mars WIN Sequel to UFO: Aftershock. 2007 War Wound Apothecary Studios Futuristic Earth WIN Game data likely, sadly vanished without trace, circa 2023. 2007 World in Conflict Massive Alternate history Cold War era WIN Series debuts. 2008 Close Combat: Wacht am Rhein Strategy 3 Tactics Historical World War II WIN (Remake) Remake of Close Combat: Battle of the Bulge. 2008 Field Ops Freeze Modern WIN Supposedly an FPS/RTS mix. 2008 Mosby's Confederacy Tilted Mill Historical American Civil War WIN Features a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2008 Project Aftermath Game Faction Futuristic WIN 2008 Sango 2 Magitech Historical Ancient China WIN Sequel to Sango. Features a turn-based strategic layer & real-time tactical layer. 2008 Sins of a Solar Empire Ironclad Futuristic Outer Space WIN Described as a "full-on, seamless union of an empire building game with real-time tactical combat." 2008 Sudden Strike 3 Fireglow Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Sudden Strike 2. 2008 Stranger Fireglow Fantastical High fantasy WIN 2008 Tom Clancy's Endwar Ubisoft Modern World War III WIN, X360, PS3 2008 Universe at War: Earth Assault Petroglyph Futuristic WIN Has a strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2008 Valkyria Chronicles Sega WOW Fantasy World War II PS3, WIN, PS4, NX RPG characteristics. 2008 Warhammer: Mark of Chaos - Battle March Black Hole Fantastical Warhammer WIN Expansion to Warhammer: Mark of Chaos. 2008 Windchaser: Guilds of Glory Chimera Fantasy Fantasy age of sail WIN 2008 XIII Century: Death or Glory Unicorn Historical 13th century WIN Described as being "a serious real-time tactical challenge." 2009 Armada 2526 Ntronium Futuristic Outer Space WIN Has a turn-based strategic layer & real-time tactical layer, much like the Total War series. 2009 Battlestations: Pacific Eidos Historical World War II X360 Sequel to Battlestations: Midway. 2009 Close Combat: The Longest Day Simtek Historical World War II WIN (Remake) Remake of Close Combat: Invasion: Normandy. 2009 Codename: Panzers Cold War StormRegion Historical Cold War II era WIN Sequel to Codename: Panzers Phase II. 2009 Demigod Gas Powered Fantasy War between demigods WIN RPG characteristics. 2009 East India Company Nitro Historical Era of colonization WIN Also features a strategic campaign layer. 2009 Empire: Total War The Creative Assembly Historical Various WIN Has a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2009 Ironclads: High Seas Totem Games Historical American Civil War WIN A naval tactical simulator set in the American Civil War. 2009 King Arthur: The Role-playing Wargame Neocore Fantasy Britannia WIN RPG elements. Battles are described as "real-time tactical fights on unique battlemaps." Features a turn-based strategic layer as well. 2009 Men of War Best Way Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Faces of War. 2009 Order of War Wargaming Historical World War II WIN 2009 Officers 3A Games Historical World War II WIN 2009 Stormrise The Creative Assembly Futuristic PS3, WIN, X360 2009 Strength & Honour 2 Magitech Historical Ancient history WIN Sequel to Strength & Honour. Features a turn-based strategic layer & real-time tactical layer, much like the Total War series. 2009 Takeda 3 Magitech Historical Feudal Japan WIN Sequel to Takeda 2. Has a turn-based strategic layer & real-time tactical layer. 2009 Theatre of War II: Africa 1943 (a.k.a. Theatre of War 2: Kursk 1943) 1C Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Theatre of War. 2009 World in Conflict: Soviet Assault Massive Historical Cold War era WIN Expansion to World in Conflict. 2010 Achtung Panzer: Kharkov 1943 Paradox Historical World War II WIN Has a turn-based strategy mode & a real-time tactical mode. 2010 Great Battles Medieval Slitherine Historical Medieval Europe WIN, PS2, X360 2010 HistWar: Les Grognards(FR wiki) HistWar.com Historical Napoleonic Wars WIN Features an "innovative command system" at the Grand Tactical, Tactical and Regimental levels. 2010 Napoleon: Total War The Creative Assembly Historical Napoleonic Wars WIN Sequel to Empire: Total War. Features a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2010 R.U.S.E. Eugen Systems Historical World War II WIN 2011 Cannon Fodder 3 Game Factory Interactive 21st century, Sci-fi Earth, Earth's orbit, Moon WIN Sequel to Cannon Fodder 2. First instalment to have 3D GFX & destructible environments. 2011 Men of War: Assault Squad Digitalmindsoft Historical World War II WIN 2011 Total War: Shogun 2 The Creative Assembly Historical Feudal Japan WIN, OSX Sequel to Shogun: Total War. Features a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2011 Under Siege Seed Fantasy PS3 2012 Carrier Command: Gaea Mission Bohemia Interactive Sci-fi WIN Real-time tactics & vehicle sim. 2012 Jagged Alliance: Back in Action Coreplay Modern South America WIN Remake of Jagged Alliance 2. 2012 King Arthur II: The Role-playing Wargame Neocore Games Fantasy Britannia WIN Sequel to King Arthur: The Role-playing Wargame. 2012 The Bluecoats: North vs South Little Worlds Studio SARL(FR wiki) Historical American Civil War WIN, OSX, iOS, DROI, PS3, X360 One of multi remakes of innovative North and South (1989). Delisted in 2023. 2012 Wargame: European Escalation Eugen Systems Modern Cold War WIN 2013 Total War: Rome II The Creative Assembly Historical Imperial Rome WIN, OSX Sequel to Rome: Total War. Features a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2013 Wargame: AirLand Battle Eugen Systems Modern Cold War WIN Sequel to Wargame: European Escalation. 2014 Door Kickers KillHouse Games Modern Urban WIN, iOS, DROI, NX 2014 Men of War: Assault Squad 2 Digitalmindsoft Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Men of War: Assault Squad. 2014 Ultimate General: Gettysburg Game-Labs Historical American Civil War WIN 2014 Wargame: Red Dragon Eugen Systems Historical Cold War WIN, OSX, LIN Sequel to Wargame: AirLand Battle. 2015 Act of Aggression Eugen Systems Contemporary, Sci-fi WIN Sequel to Act of War: Direct Action. 2015 Breach & Clear: Deadline Mighty Rabbit Studios, Gun Interactive Zombie apocalypse City WIN, OSX, LIN, PS4, XOne Sequel to 2013 TBS, Breach & Clear. 2015 Mechs & Mercs: Black Talons Camel 101 Sci-fi Planetary system WIN Has mechs & infantry. 2015 Satellite Reign 5 Lives Studios Futuristic Cyberpunk WIN, OSX, LIN Spiritual successor to the Syndicate series. 2015 There Came an Echo Iridium Studios Futuristic, Sci-fi United States WIN, PS4 Sequel to Before the Echo. Unique & optional voice control scheme. 2015 Total War: Attila The Creative Assembly Historical Imperial Rome WIN, OSX, LIN Sequel to Total War: Rome II. Features a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2016 Battlefleet Gothic: Armada Tindalos Interactive Futuristic Warhammer 40,000 WIN 2016 Bokosuka Wars II Pygmy Studio Fantasy High fantasy PS4, XOne, NX TRPG; Reverse tower defense. New major features but with virtually same graphics of original 1983 & 1984 titles! 2016 Brigador Stellar Jockeys Futuristic, Cyberpunk Exoplanet WIN 2016 Shadow Tactics: Blades of the Shogun Mimimi Productions Historical Feudal Japan WIN, OSX, LIN Stealth tactics. 2016 Total War: Warhammer The Creative Assembly Fantasy Warhammer WIN, OSX, LIN Features a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2016 We Are the Dwarves Whale Rock Games Fantasy Outer space, Exoplanets WIN, OSX, LIN, XOne, PS4 2017 Blitzkrieg 3 Nival Historical World War II WIN, OSX, LIN Sequel to Blitzkrieg 2. 2017 Steel Division: Normandy 44 Eugen Systems Historical World War II WIN 2017 Strain Tactics Touch Dimensions Interactive Futuristic Earth WIN, AND, iOS Has both usual RTS control & top down shooter mode. 2017 Sudden Strike 4 Fireglow Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Sudden Strike 3. 2017 Syrian Warfare Cats Who Play Modern war Syrian civil war WIN 2017 Total War: Warhammer II The Creative Assembly Fantasy Warhammer WIN, OSX, LIN Sequel to Total War: Warhammer. Features a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2017 Ultimate General: Civil War Game-Labs Historical American Civil War WIN Sequel to UG: Gettysburg. Has new TBS mode. 2018 Armored Brigade (video game) Juha Kellokoski Historical Various (Europe) WIN Freeware & commercial tactical wargame, focusing on realism and playability. 2018 Bad North Plausible Concept Historical Viking Age WIN, NX, PS4, XOne, iOS, DROI 2018 Call to Arms Digitalmindsoft Modern Earth WIN 2018 Deadhold Dark Quarry Games Fantastical Norse mythology WIN, OSX, LIN No longer playable as servers closed down due to low sales. 2018 Total War Saga: Thrones of Britannia The Creative Assembly Historical British Isles WIN, MAC, LIN Features a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2019 Battlefleet Gothic: Armada 2 Tindalos Interactive Futuristic Warhammer 40,000 WIN Sequel to Battlefleet Gothic: Armada. 2019 Steel Division 2 Eugen Systems Historical World War II WIN Sequel to Steel Division: Normandy 44. 2019 Total War: Three Kingdoms The Creative Assembly Historical Three Kingdoms WIN, OSX, LIN Features a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2020 Cyber Ops Octeto Studios Cyberpunk Fictional country WIN, OSX Cyberhacking game with similar look to Frozen Synapse 1-2. 2020 Desperados III Mimimi Productions Historical Wild West WIN, MAC, LIN, PS4, XOne, XSX/S Stealth tactics. Prequel to Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive. 2020 Dog Duty Zanardi and Liza Modern, Sci-fi Island chain WIN, LIN, OSX, NX, PS4, XOne Retro pixelated 3D graphics & visual tone somewhat like the Cannon Fodder series & General Chaos. 2020 Nordic Warriors MashMashu Studios Fantastical Norse mythology WIN, OSX Influenced by Myth series. 2020 Partisans 1941 Alter Games Historical World War II WIN Stealth tactics. 2020 The Bluecoats: North & South Appeal Studios Historical American Civil War WIN, OSX, PS4, XOne, NX One of multi remakes of innovative North and South (1989), with 3D GFX & FPS action. Similar to the Total War series. 2020 Total War Saga: Troy The Creative Assembly Historical Bronze Age WIN, OSX, LIN Features a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2021 Call to Arms – Gates of Hell: Ostfront Barbedwire Studios, Digitalmindsoft Historical World War II WIN Different setting to main game's modern setting. 2021 Edge of Galaxy Kinderril Sci-fi Outer space WIN 3D graphics on 2D plane. Similar to space part of Space Rangers. 2021 War Mongrels Destructive Creations Historical World War II WIN, PS4, XOne, PS5, XSX/S 2022 Chromosome Evil 16 BIT NIGHTS Lovecraft, Sci-fi Earth, Underworld WIN 2022 Gray Zone EastWorks Futuristic, sci-fi Outer space, Exoplanets WIN Stealth tactics. 2022 Roma Invicta Puntigames Historical Gaul WIN, OSX, LIN Features a turn-based strategic layer & real-time tactical layer. Like North and South (1989) and Total War series. 2022 SPECWAR Tactics Applesauce Dev Modern Fictional country WIN, LIN, OSX 2022 Total War: Warhammer III The Creative Assembly Fantasy Warhammer WIN, OSX, LIN Sequel to Total War: Warhammer II. Features a turn-based strategic layer & a real-time tactical layer. 2023 Aliens: Dark Descent Tindalos Interactive Futuristic Alien universe WIN, PS4, PS5, XOne, XSX/S 2023 Shadow Gambit: The Cursed Crew Mimimi Games Fantasy Golden Age of Piracy WIN, PS5, XSX/S Stealth tactics. 2024 Armored Brigade II Veitikka Studios Historical Europe WIN Sequel to Armored Brigade, with more fully 3D visuals. 2024 Manor Lords Slavic Magic Historical Franconia WIN, XOne, XSX/S Has city-building & real-time tactics. 2024 Men of War II Best Way Historical World War II WIN, LIN Sequel to Men of War. 2024 Stargate: Timekeepers Slitherine Software Sci-fi Stargate universe WIN Stealth tactics. 2024 WARNO Eugen Systems Historical, Alternate History Western Europe WIN TBS, real-time tactics. Spiritual successor to the Wargame series. See also Lists of video games Strategy video game List of World War II video games List of Vietnam War games References ^ "2017 EN patch for "Battle of Kingdom"". ^ Powell, Chris (October 12, 2006). "Syndicate EA Replay video revealed". Joystiq. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-02. If you had any questions about Syndicate, this video will show you pretty much everything and then some. The game combines several different genres like real-time tactics, shooting and simulator into something that was pretty ahead of its time when it was released. ^ de Matos, Xav (June 26, 2009). "Syndicate creator skeptical of a series revival". Joystiq. Retrieved 2010-02-02. According to Cooper, Electronic Arts has attempted to revisit the real-time tactics title many times in the past, citing memories of failed prototypes brought to his attention. However, Cooper fears EA won't be able to capture what made the original so popular: 'The essence of the game was killing people – and that was it,' Cooper said. 'If I have to kill everyone, I will. That to me was the essence of the gameplay.' ^ a b c d e f Walker, Mark (February 2002). "Strategy Gaming: Part II". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2007-10-28. ^ "Lords of Magic: Special Edition". UGO.com. Archived from the original on 2010-05-04. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Building on the dramatic features that made the award winning Lords series a breakthrough in strategy gaming, Lords of Magic integrates turn-based exploration and resource management with real-time, tactical combat. ^ Wojnarowicz, Jakub (July 2, 2000). "Shogun: Total War Review". FiringSquad. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Shogun: Total War has to be one of the first big-ticket historical wargames to come at us in a long time. It's been close to half a decade since the classic SSI Panzer General games broke through into the mainstream. Heck, it's been several years since a popular real-time tactical game gained strong popularity (Myth.) ^ a b c d e f "The Wargamer 2000 Best of the Year Awards". The Wargamer. Archived from the original on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2007-11-04. ^ a b Walker, Mark (February 2002). "Strategy Gaming: Part I – A Primer". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2007-10-28. ^ "Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines". GameRankings. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Commandos is a real-time tactics game set in World War II that puts you in command of a small squad of elite troopers. Send them behind enemy lines on a series of hazardous missions, and bring them back alive. ^ a b c d Bailey, Kat (August 24, 2009). "Pyro Studios Planning New 'Commandos' Game". 1up.com. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Commandos is a real-time tactics series that follows a fictional group of British Commandos. The first entry was released in 1998, and the series was successful enough that it received several sequels. ^ Colayco, Bob (December 20, 1998). "Myth II: Soulblighter Review". FiringSquad. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Myth 2 gets lumped in with many others as a Real Time Strategy game, but it could perhaps be better described as a Real Time Tactical game. The reason for that is because you deal with the game in a strictly tactical manner. There's no "magic mineral" or other resource to harvest/manage and no economy, expansion, or troop pumping to worry about. In general, the troops you start out with are all you get, so a huge premium is placed on efficiency and keeping your troops alive. In some single player missions you'll receive reinforcements but on multiplayer missions, what you see is what you get. ^ Wolpaw, Erik (December 16, 1999). "Abomination Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Pedigree and hype aside, Abomination has more in common with Bullfrog's acclaimed action-strategy hybrid Syndicate than it does with X-COM. Abomination's a real-time tactical action game with very little underlying strategy ^ Durham, Joel. "Abomination – overview". Allgame. Retrieved 2010-02-16. You're in charge of the Nemesis team in this real-time, tactical combat game. Heavily influenced by the X-COM series, it requires both strategic and tactical expertise to win. ^ Colayco, Bob (February 13, 1999). "Close Combat III Review". FiringSquad. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Since the Close Combat engine is a real time tactical simulator, it was perfect for recreating the numerous sub battles of those two operations. ^ IGN Staff (July 13, 1999). "Fighting Steel – PC Review at IGN". IGN. Archived from the original on April 9, 2002. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Fighting Steel is a 3D, real-time, tactical naval wargame that focuses on surface combat in the years 1939–1942. You can take command of the ships of the Royal Navy, the German Kriegsmarine, the United States Navy or the Imperial Japanese Navy. ^ "Hatfields & MCcoy's". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 'Hatfields & McCoys' is a light hearted real-time tactics (RTT) style comedy shooter from Lupine Games. H&M is very loosely based on the famous American feud done in a cartoon style, bridging a gap between yesteryear's arcade games and the RTTs of today. ^ a b Ryan, Michael E. (November 3, 1999). "Shadow Company: Left For Dead Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-16. In fact, this real-time tactical combat game from Ubi Soft and Sinister Games falls into the dreaded category of games that aren't but should have been... you guessed it – great. ... Much like the Jagged Alliance games from Sirtech, Shadow Company puts you in command of a small squad of mercenaries. ^ a b c d e "The State of the RTS". IGN. 7 April 2006. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2006. ^ Kasavin, Greg (June 15, 2000). "Ground Control Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Swedish developer Massive Entertainment's Ground Control is a 3D real-time tactical combat game that puts you in command of squads of high-tech military vehicles and powerful infantry squads. ^ a b Chin, Elliott (August 27, 2002). "Medieval: Total War Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Medieval: Total War, like its predecessor, Shogun, is both a turn-based strategy game and a real-time tactical combat game featuring massive armies containing hundreds or even thousands of troops. ^ Zakszewski, Joe. "Starship Troopers". Strategy Gaming Online. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2010-02-17. In a nutshell, ST is a 3D, real time tactical game based on the movie (and very loosely, the Book) of the same name, pitting the Terran Mobile Infantry (MI), against the pseudo-arachnid bugs. ^ Zakszewski, Joe. "Reviews: Starship Troopers". Strategy Gaming Online. Archived from the original on 2010-11-30. Retrieved 2010-02-28. In a nutshell, ST is a 3D, real time tactical game based on the movie (and very loosely, the Book) of the same name, pitting the Terran Mobile Infantry (MI), against the pseudo-arachnid bugs. ^ "Sudden Strike". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2010-03-12. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Sudden Strike, a real-time tactical war game set in World War II Europe. Already released to the European market, the game has been highly praised for its historical accuracy and level of realism. ^ a b Suciu, Peter (September 9, 2004). "Axis & Allies". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-28. While A&A will be a true RTS, rather than the real-time tactical gameplay along the lines of Blitzkrieg or Sudden Strike, the game should rely on a lot of actual military doctrine, including battlefield command organization and supply lines. ^ "MECHCOMMANDER 2 GOES GOLD". GameZone. July 2, 2001. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Microsoft today announced that MechCommander 2, the highly anticipated real-time tactical game of mechanized combat, has gone gold and is expected to hit store shelves in mid-July. MechCommander 2 offers players a real-time game of power, combat, and treachery set in the BattleTech universe. Players must use their strategic knowledge and tactical skills to change the balance of power in a region of space known as the Chaos March. ^ Geryk, Bruce (2002-01-10). "Original War (PC)". CNET. Retrieved 2007-11-04. ^ Perrick, Jason. "Review – Star Trek Away Team". The Wargamer. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-04. ^ "Star Trek: Away Team". IGN. Archived from the original on February 21, 2002. Retrieved 2007-11-04. ^ Beers, Craig (December 12, 2001). "SWINE Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. S.W.I.N.E. is actually a real-time tactical combat game that pits the war machines of the peaceful rabbits against those of the militaristic pigs. ^ "Strategy First Signs Publishing Agreement for G.I. Combat". GameZone. March 25, 2002. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 'We are very excited to work with Freedom Games,' said Don McFatridge, President of Strategy First. 'I've always been a big fan of the Close Combat series and I see this as a great opportunity to publish a truly innovative new entry into historical real-time tactical combat games. G.I. Combat is a welcome addition to the genre and we look forward to its release later this Summer.' ^ "G.I. Combat Preview". The Wargamer. July 1, 2002. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Still, I found enough intriguing teasers in G.I. Combat to let readers know that it appears to have some pleasant features in store for gamers who enjoy World War II era small unit wargames, and may have the right stuff for those wargamers who enjoy Real Time Tactical games. ^ Kasavin, Greg (June 4, 2002). "Lost Kingdoms Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. The first RPG for Nintendo's newest system, Lost Kingdoms is an original game that features fast-paced real-time tactical battles and not much in the way of traditional role-playing elements. ... Actually, it's more of a tactical action game than a true RPG. ^ Suciu, Peter (September 2, 2002). "Medieval: Total War". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-16. There have been many games that have attempted to successfully merge grand strategic campaigns with a real-time tactical battle interface, but many of the results are best forgotten – should we mention Braveheart or Legion? One game that stood out, however, was Shogun: Total War from developers The Creative Assembly. ^ "Platoon (pc) reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2010-02-28. ^ Lafferty, Michael (November 11, 2002). "Robin Hood – The Legend of Sherwood Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on June 4, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood Forest, a PC release from Spellbound and Strategy First, is a tactical real-time strategy game that places game players in the heart of tremendous upheaval and a tenuous time when the throne and fate of a county lie in the balance. ... Robin Hood, and fans of tactical combat games will find this game worth notching their bows for. ^ "Commandos 3: Destination Berlin". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Commandos 3: Destination Berlin is a game of real-time tactics that places you in command of an elite unit of Special Forces behind enemy lines. ^ "Commandos 3: Destination Berlin". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Commandos 3: Destination Berlin is a game of real-time tactics that places you in command of an elite unit of Special Forces behind enemy lines. From the shores of France to the heart of the Third Reich, strike fast from land or sea with your small squad of guerrilla fighters, infiltrating hostile territories and conducting raids to disrupt the German war machine. ^ Ocampo, Jason (January 28, 2004). "Squad Assault: West Front Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-16. It's time to go back to Normandy again in Squad Assault: West Front, a real-time tactical wargame that bears more than a striking resemblance to the classic D-day-based wargame Close Combat. ^ Smith, Mark (July 22, 2003). "Game Chronicles – Review". Game Chronicles. Retrieved 2010-02-02. ^ Calvert, Justin (May 15, 2003). "Nexagon: Deathmatch Impressions". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. We indulge in some deadly sporting action as we check out Strategy First's upcoming real-time tactical combat game for the PC. ^ ""Pyro Studios". Archived from the original on 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2012-09-10." ^ Wrentmore, John (September 10, 2003). "Rebels: Prison Escape Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-15. REBELS: Prison Escape is a real-time tactical 3D game. ... Real-time tactical 3D games have found their niche in the gaming community. ^ Chick, Tom (December 4, 2003). "UFO: Aftermath". GameSpy. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2010-02-16. You could, of course, look at UFO: Aftermath in a vacuum, as if X-Com never existed. Even then, however, you're just left with a series of weak real-time tactical battles loosely connected by a shallow strategic shell. ^ House, Michael L. "World War II: Frontline Command". allgame. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Featuring 3D real-time tactics, the game contains 25 single-player missions, usually depicting events or situations ranging from the D-Day invasion at Normandy to the attack on Adolph Hitler's stronghold in the mountains of southern Germany. ^ a b Cheer, Dan (January 28, 2009). "Codename Panzers: Cold War". Gameplanet. Retrieved 2010-02-28. The original Codename: Panzers title, developed by Hungary's StormRegion, was a fairly basic real-time tactical WWII game that fulfilled this need. ... ast forward to 2009 and the third title in the series is about ready to launch – this time however, WWII is out, and the Cold War is in. ^ "D-Day". GameDaily. Retrieved 2010-02-18. D-Day, a 3D real-time tactical game, drops players into the role of World War II Allied forces in the final drive to liberate Europe. ^ "More Game Movies". Blue's News. January 26, 2004. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Also, there's a Desert Rats vs Afrika Korps movie on Worthplaying comprised of some new homebrew footage from the WW2 real-time tactics game. ^ Ocampo, Jason (January 16, 2004). "Desert Rats vs. Afrika Korps Hands-On Preview". Encore Software. Retrieved 2010-02-15. The German and British armies once again battle in the desert in this upcoming real-time tactical combat game. ^ "Desert Rats vs. Afrika Korps Overview". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Desert Rats vs Afrika Korps is Real-Time Tactical game in full 3D with realistic graphics, real time shadows, localized damage effects, explosions, and variable weather effects. ^ a b Hobbs, Ronnie (April 20, 2006). "Full Spectrum Warrior: Ten Hammers Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Probably the most least accessible of the group is Full Spectrum Warrior. This oddball mix of squad-based strategy and shooter is actually classified as a real-time tactics action/war game. It wasn't that it turned out poorly; it's just that it brought a lot of innovative features to the table, and up until that point they hadn't been done before in other shooters. ^ Bedigian, Louis. "Tactical Combat and an Ongoing Online Experience are the focus of "Ground Control II"". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2007-10-27. ^ "Ground Control II: Operation Exodus". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Ground Control II is a real-time tactics game set in a gritty science-fiction universe. The explosively fast game play focusing on combat tactics with full use of the 3D battlefield, with weather and other environmental effects affecting the unit's performance on the battleground. ^ "Growlanser Review". X-Play. Retrieved 2007-10-27. ^ Kosak, Dave (August 25, 2004). "Rome: Total War Hands-On". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Great graphics, very deep gameplay in both the real-time tactical mode and the turn-based strategic map. ^ Clare, Oliver (December 7, 2006). "Faces of War Review". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Soldiers: Heroes of World War II was the very first real-time tactics title to combine spectacular physics, great graphics, and a good-sized dollop of WW2 realism. Only a lack of polish and presentational panache kept its gong tally low. ^ Burnes, Andrew (January 16, 2004). "Soldiers: Heroes of World War II Q&A". Voodoo Extreme. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Soldiers: Heroes of World War II is a third-person game that includes elements of such genres as real-time tactics, strategy and RPG. ^ "PC Game Preview: Codename Panzers: Phase Two". The Wargamer. July 6, 2005. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Currently scheduled to release on July 27, 2005, Codename Panzers: Phase Two is a real-time tactical game which offers fast-paced action and detailed gameplay and graphics mostly set in Africa and Yugoslavia during World War II. ^ Rausch, Allen (March 11, 2005). "Freedom Force vs. The Third Reich". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-28. What do you get when you take really solid squad-based real-time tactical gameplay and wrap it in a well-written, well-designed send-up of Silver Age comic books? You get an incredibly fun title that's a joy to play. ^ "Pyro Studios". Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2012-03-28. ^ Deci, T.J. "Imperial Glory". allgame. Retrieved 2010-02-02. ^ "Shogun Warrior: Real Time Conflict Company Line". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Shogun Warrior: Real Time Conflict is a dynamic, real-time tactical strategy game that takes full advantage of the Nintendo DS touch screen and puts you in charge of the battlefield. ... Real-time tactical battle system utilizes BOTH screens – map out your strategy on the bottom screen and command your armies to execute 3-D battles on the top screen ^ Deci, T.J. "Will of Steel – Overview". Allgame. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Will of Steel is a real-time tactical game based on contemporary conflict. Players take control of a single battalion, which they must lead to victory through a series of skirmishes and battles against insurgents and terrorists in Afghanistan and Iraq. ^ "New Close Combat: Cross of Iron Screenshots!". GameZone. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Matrix Games and CSO SimTek have released a pack of ten new screenshots for their highly anticipated tactical real time strategy game, Close Combat: Cross of Iron. ^ "DropTeam". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2009-01-04. Retrieved 2010-02-16. DropTeam is a multiplayer capable, real-time, tactical simulation of armored ground combat in the far future. You'll battle for control of objectives on a broad variety of planets ranging from verdant Earth-like worlds to desolate, radioactive wastelands. ^ "1C REVEALS MASSIVE SLATE OF GAMES AT E3, 2003". GameZone. April 21, 2003. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Set during the violence of WWII, Outfront is a game that combines elements of strategy, real-time tactics, role playing. The game features highly detailed 3D graphics, a huge variety of historically accurate weapons and machinery, realistic character behavior and numerous unique and distinctive technological and art solutions immersing players in the atmosphere of the WWII epoch. Developed by Best Way. ^ Deci, T.J. "Faces of War". allgame. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Set during World War II, Faces of War is a real-time tactics game in which players command a squad of skilled operatives in a series of dangerous missions. ^ "Full Spectrum Warrior: Ten Hammers". IGN. Archived from the original on October 18, 2005. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Combining squad-based combat and real-time tactical action delivering the most authentic and realistic infantry combat experience ever... ^ "PC Game Review: Medieval 2: Total War". The Wargamer. December 24, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-28. The combination of a turn-based strategic campaign mode, coupled with an engaging, visually delicious real-time tactical mode, has made for an attractive and engaging franchise. ^ Ocampo, Jason (May 3, 2006). "E3 06: Moscow to Berlin: Red Siege Preshow Hands-On". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Berlin isn't a traditional real-time strategy game, because you do not gather resources, build an economy, and construct units on the battlefield. Instead, it's more of a real-time tactical game, where you're given a set of units ranging from infantry squads to tanks, and you have to command them to victory, mainly by seizing objectives and eliminating the enemy. ^ a b Ocampo, Jason (July 12, 2006). "Pacific Storm Hands-On – World War II Naval Strategy Meets Real-Time Battles". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. In our previous coverage of Pacific Storm, we focused on the real-time tactical battles that will allow you to command the ships and planes of the Pacific theater of World War II. Yet there's far than just battles in this strategy game. ^ Butts, Steve (October 11, 2006). "Pacific Storm Review". IGN. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-16. When I learned that it combined operational strategy with real-time tactical battles and an additional action element, I was sold. ^ Wojnarowicz, Jakub (May 12, 2006). "E3 2006 Impressions Part 1". FiringSquad. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Star Trek Legacy is Mad Doc and Bethesda's PC and Xbox 360 project with the newly-acquired Star Trek license. It is a fully real-time tactical strategy game, pitting the player in a 15-hour linear campaign to guide the Federation to security. ^ Adams, David (January 24, 2006). "Star Trek: Legacy Confirmed". IGN. Archived from the original on February 12, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Bethesda reveals its real-time tactical combat title and its exclusive Star Trek license. ^ Adams, Dan (March 13, 2006). "Sword of the Stars Interview". IGN. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-15. It's a space based strategy 4X game that mixes in real-time tactical gameplay for military encounters. ^ "Warhammer: Mark of Chaos headed for Xbox 360?". Games Info Base. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 2007-10-27. ^ a b Rausch, Allen (September 10, 2008). "Warhammer: Mark of Chaos – Battle March". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-02. In 2006 Namco Bandai made a decent attempt to feed that need with Warhammer: Mark of Chaos, a "real-time tactics" game of strategic combat that did a passable job of bringing much (though not all) of the table-top feel to the PC screen. Now in 2008 comes Battle March, a solid expansion pack that adds a few nice touches but doesn't take the opportunity to improve a good but unremarkable strategy game. ^ Mark, Marrow (January 4, 2007). "Warhammer: Mark of Chaos Review". PALGN. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Mark of Chaos is a real-time tactics game and plays in a similar manner to the Total War series, and even the tabletop game itself. ^ "Apeiron on 7.62 & Brigade E5". Tacticular Cancer. 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2007-10-27. ^ a b "Battlestations: Pacific". GameTrailers. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Like the first game, Pacific features real-time tactics with a strong emphasis on action sequences. Players have the choice of taking on the role of commander, micromanaging their entire fleet, or going hands-on with individual units for a more close-up experience. ^ "Close Combat – Modern Tactics Now Available!". GameZone. November 15, 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Hop into that Abrams and fire up the engine, the classic real time tactical series just went modern! ^ "KE:Tactics 1.4 released!". Game Tunnel. 2007-08-22. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved 2007-10-27. ^ "SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Tactical Strike". GameRankings. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Take control of an entire SEAL team and engage in real-time tactical combat, where you evaluate each situation, determine a plan of action, and then execute on your command. ^ a b Stone, Tim (June 17, 2009). "Theatre of War II: Africa 1943". PC Gamer UK. Retrieved 2010-02-15. If you remember, ToW was the pretty WWII RTS from 2007 that thought it was a wargame. Big battlefields, credible ballistics, men with minds of their own... not since the Close Combats had a real-time tactics title treated WWII so tenderly. ^ O'Hagan, Steve (May 23, 2007). "Theatre of War Review". Computer and Video Games. Retrieved 2010-02-15. There's still enough goodness if you crave some proper real-time tactics to have a punt. But if you're less sure, you'd better bide your time and hope they slap on a man-sized patch soon. ^ Randolph Ramsey (2007-04-16). "Interview with Nicklas Cederstrom". GameSpot. Retrieved 2007-09-19. ^ Ocampo, Jason (November 9, 2006). "World in Conflict Updated Multiplayer Hands-On". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. We check out some of the intense multiplayer gameplay in this real-time tactical combat game that is set during the Cold War. ^ Fahey, Mike (July 26, 2010). "A Visual Guide To Real-Time Strategy". Kotaku. Retrieved 2010-11-17. ^ "PC Game Preview: Close Combat: Wacht am Rhein Preview". The Wargamer. September 10, 2008. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Focusing primarily on US and German forces, this real-time tactical game has been heavily modified from the original Close Combat IV and V games. ^ Elliot, Phil (March 8, 2007). "Field Ops Updated Hands-On". GameSpot. Retrieved 2008-08-06. ^ a b "PC Game Review: Mosby's Confederacy". The Wargamer. January 6, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Mosby's Confederacy is a turn-based strategy game and real-time tactical game. Success in the tactical game is translated to the turn-based game in the form of Reputation points, which can be expended to improve the infrastructure of surrounding towns on the strategic map. ^ "Mosby's Confederacy". Metacritic. Retrieved 2010-02-16. ... you are charged not with leading vast armies into battle, but with commanding small bands of skirmishers, scouts and guerilla fighters on opportunistic missions to scout, ambush, steal supplies and harass a larger and better armed force of Union soldiers, in this game of turn based strategy and real time tactical combat for the PC. ^ "The PAX 10: Project Aftermath". G4tv. August 29, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-28. We wanted to make an action-packed RTS game with more focus on combat and less on resource gathering, to make it more immediate, with shorter mission times to encourage replays for the high scores tables. I guess Real-time tactical is a closer fit than RTS. Looking back, we always liked squad based games like Syndicate, so I guess the 4 heroes comes from games like that. ^ "PC Game Review: Sango 2". The Wargamer. July 23, 2009. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-28. As in Takeda 3 there are two games in Sango 2: a turn-based strategic campaign (called World Mode) and a real-time tactical mode (called Battle Mode). ^ Butts, Steve (February 15, 2008). "Sins of a Solar Empire Review". IGN. Archived from the original on February 20, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Empire at War, Hegemonia, Sword of the Stars and even the venerable Imperium Galactica II, have each taken small steps towards creating the full-on, seamless union of an empire building game with real-time tactical combat, but they all tended to fall short in some major areas. ... Thankfully, the gang at Ironclad Games decided to show everyone how it should be done. ^ "Tom Clancy's EndWar". GamePro. Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2010-02-02. ^ a b Nguyen, Thierry (June 15, 2007). "Universe at War Interview". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-17. UaW is a real-time tactical / strategy game set here on Earth in the year 2012. Humans find out they're not alone in the universe, and that's not really good news for them. Earth becomes the catalyst for a massive war brewing across the entire galaxy, and the humans are caught in the middle. ... We have a similar setup in UaW, where there is a global strategic layer that sits overtop the tactical maps that you battle for control of across most of Earth's continents. ^ "Valkyria Chronicles Review HD". GameTrailers. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.In the video review the game Valkyria Chronicles was describes as "combining elements of strategy, RPG and real-time tactics games." ^ "Windchaser: New Real-time Tactical Game Announced by Anaconda". dtp entertainment AG. March 9, 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-15. ^ Todd, Brett (April 4, 2008). "XIII Century: Death or Glory Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Attention to battlefield detail and smart AI make XIII Century a serious real-time tactical challenge. ^ a b "PC Game Preview: Armada 2526". The Wargamer. November 5, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-14. The combination of turn-based strategy and real-time tactical combat make it iconic. Comparisons to the Total War series should not be undertaken lightly. ... Armada 2526 boasts a turn-based strategy game on top of a real-time tactical game, but beyond that the differences become stark. ... Players who enjoy the combination of turn-based strategy and real-time tactics are going to want to keep an eye on Armada 2526 – and if you've been waiting for the Total War series to hit the sci-fi genre Armada 2526 may be your ticket to the stars. ^ "Developer Feature: Close Combat – The Longest Day". The Wargamer. April 26, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Now in this classic top-down real-time tactical simulation, players can take command of either US or German forces and choose to command the forces of the Allied Expeditionary Force or German forces to either successfully execute the world's largest invasion to liberate Europe from Nazi occupation or defend Hitler's Atlantic Wall. ^ "Demigod Developer Diary #2". RPGVault. December 1, 2008. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Aimed at the first quarter of 2009, it's described as real-time tactical strategy with extensive role-playing elements. ^ "Hands-On Demigod". UGO.com. September 10, 2008. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved 2010-02-28. We've heard a number of people refer to the burgeoning genre as Real Time Tactical (RTT). Unlike most traditional RTS games, Demigod forgoes the trappings of building construction and unit management to allow the player to focus on the action at hand. The result is a streamlined, fast-paced, action-oriented experience that forces players to make quick decisions to respond to the situation at hand. ^ "East India Company for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2010-02-16. When hostile fleets engage each other, the spectacular naval battles are fought on a real-time tactical level. ^ Onyett, Charles (December 18, 2008). "Empire: Total War Hands-On". IGN. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Since 2000's Shogun: Total War CA has been busy tweaking and refining its formula of Civilization-style overworld map management with large-scale real-time tactical battles. Whereas before the fights were mostly on land, this time around players have the option to engage in fully controllable tactical skirmishes between fleets instead of abstracted conflicts. ^ "PC Game Review: Ironclads High Seas". The Wargamer. October 19, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-28. A great irony is that the only company making American Civil War tactical naval games is Russian. ... In terms of tactical combat, this game compares favorably with the Distant Guns series. Hopefully, the system will be expanded to other mid-19th century navies. ^ McLean, Gary (December 16, 2008). "King Arthur Screenshots, Q&A". Voodoo Extreme. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-16. The battles are real-time tactical fights on unique battlemaps (currently there are more than 65 unique terrains available). You move with their heroes (who lead armies) on the turn based Campaign map. When they are engaged in combat (like meeting other armies on the Campaign Map or the outcome of a given quest leads to battle) then the real time battle begins. ^ Breckon, Nick (February 17, 2009). "Men of War Demo Released". Shacknews. Retrieved 2010-02-16. A demo for Digitalmindsoft's World War II real-time tactical title Men of War was released today. The demo contains the first level of the game, providing a look at the title's various systems. ^ "PC Game Review: Men of War Reviewed". The Wargamer. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-16. So what is this formula? Men of War, like Faces of War and Soldiers before it, is a real-time tactical World War II game. Players are asked to take control of a few squads of soldiers and complete varied objectives across fully-destructible maps set in different theaters of the Second World War. ^ Kolan, Nick (January 6, 2009). "Stormrise: The Console RTS Comes of Age". IGN. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Lately, however, there has been a positive trend with the console RTS, or perhaps more accurately, RTT or real-time tactical games. Developers have discovered that simplified gameplay can lessen the impact of the less-precise control schemes, so by removing base-building and resource management, and putting a much heavier focus on combat, the game becomes much more playable. ... Enter Stormrise – The Creative Assembly's (CA) latest project. ^ "PC Game Review: Strength And Honour 2". The Wargamer. January 12, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Strength & Honour 2 has a turn-based strategic campaign (called World Mode and Palace Mode) and a real-time tactical mode (called Battle Mode). ^ "PC Game Review: Takeda 3". The Wargamer. April 17, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Takeda 3 continues the trend of giving players two games for the price of one: a turn-based strategic campaign (called World Mode) and a real-time tactical mode (called Battle Mode). The turn-based map is a detailed 2D map of Honshu (the main Island of Japan) and the only movements the player sees are clouds passing by, which is a nice touch. ^ "Theater of War 2". GameDaily. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Theatre of War 2: Kursk 1943, the historically accurate and detailed real-time tactical war game, welcomes military history fans to the battle which gave the Red Army the strategic initiative for the rest of the war. ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (March 3, 2009). "WiC Soviet Assault Hands-on Preview". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved 2010-02-02. WiC, which has been described by some fans as a real-time tactics game as opposed to a real-time strategy game on account of a distinct lack of base-building, resource gathering and tech trees, took the Cold War as its foundation and extrapolated based on a fictional "what if?" scenario. ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (March 19, 2009). "WiC Soviet Assault Review". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved 2010-02-02. WiC might be better described as a 'real-time tactics' game. For those new to the explosive party, allow us to bring you up to speed. In WiC you rarely control more than 10 or so units at any one time. ... There's no harvesting Tiberium for resources or scrambling up a tech tree in order to get a hero unit out. Instead, the player is given a number of resource points with which to buy units and deploy them in ever changing drop zones dotted across the battlefield... ^ Rossignol, Jim (January 19, 2010). "Achtung Panzer!". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved 2010-02-28. You'll play as either German or Russian forces, and it's got a bit of the Total War thing going on, with a turn-based strategic mode, and a real-time tactical combat mode on the ground. ^ a b "Screenshots Feature: HistWar: Les Grognards". The Wargamer. August 18, 2005. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Les Grognards is a 3D, real-time tactical and strategic game in which players issue orders at multiple levels of command. At the outset of a battle, players issue a simple set of commands at the Grand Tactical, Tactical, or Regimental AI levels, which controls everything from the movement of regiments to managing divisional reserves to ordering the general movements or strategies of entire corps. ^ Hatfield, Daemon (June 10, 2009). "PSN Under Siege". IGN. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Developer Seed Studios is prepping a "real-time tactics" game for the PlayStation Network called Under Siege. ... Under Siege ditches the resource management to focus on combat. ^ "Steam :: Deadhold :: The Status of Deadhold – Post Mortem". steamcommunity.com. 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2020-06-11. ^ Purchese, Robert (August 21, 2018). "Tactical Wild West series Desperados returns in 2019". Eurogamer. Retrieved August 21, 2018. vteLists of video games by genreAction Battle royale Beat 'em up Fighting Maze Platformer First-person shooter Light-gun Third-person shooters Survival Vehicular combat Role-playing MMORPG Roguelike Tactical role-playing Simulation Business simulation City-building God Space flight simulator Theme park management Sports (team) American football Association football Australian rules football Baseball Basketball Cricket Ice hockey Volleyball Rugby union Sports (individual) Chess Fighting professional wrestling Sumo Golf Racing Snowboarding Strategy 4X Artillery Chess Shogi Grand strategy MOBA Real-time strategy MMORTS Real-time tactics Turn-based strategy MMOTBS turn-based tactics Others Alternate reality Collectible card Educational Erotic Eroge Graphic adventure Horror MMO MUD Party Puzzle Quiz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"real-time tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_tactics"},{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_real-time_tactics_video_games"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"text":"This is a comprehensive index of commercial real-time tactics games for all platforms, sorted chronologically. Information regarding date of release, developer, publisher, platform and notability is provided when available. The table can be sorted by clicking on the small boxes next to the column headings.This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.","title":"List of real-time tactics video games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lists of video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_video_games"},{"title":"Strategy video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_video_game"},{"title":"List of World War II video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_video_games#Real-time_tactics_games"},{"title":"List of Vietnam War games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vietnam_War_games#Real-time_tactics_games"}]	[{"reference":"\"2017 EN patch for \"Battle of Kingdom\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.romhacking.net/translations/3027/","url_text":"\"2017 EN patch for \"Battle of Kingdom\"\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Chris (October 12, 2006). \"Syndicate EA Replay video revealed\". Joystiq. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-02. If you had any questions about Syndicate, this video will show you pretty much everything and then some. The game combines several different genres like real-time tactics, shooting and simulator into something that was pretty ahead of its time when it was released.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090403083403/http://playstation.joystiq.com/2006/10/12/syndicate-ea-replay-video-revealed","url_text":"\"Syndicate EA Replay video revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystiq","url_text":"Joystiq"},{"url":"http://playstation.joystiq.com/2006/10/12/syndicate-ea-replay-video-revealed/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"de Matos, Xav (June 26, 2009). \"Syndicate creator skeptical of a series revival\". Joystiq. Retrieved 2010-02-02. According to Cooper, Electronic Arts has attempted to revisit the real-time tactics title many times in the past, citing memories of failed prototypes brought to his attention. However, Cooper fears EA won't be able to capture what made the original so popular: 'The essence of the game was killing people – and that was it,' Cooper said. 'If I have to kill everyone, I will. That to me was the essence of the gameplay.'","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joystiq.com/2009/06/26/syndicate-creator-skeptical-of-a-series-revival/","url_text":"\"Syndicate creator skeptical of a series revival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystiq","url_text":"Joystiq"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Mark (February 2002). \"Strategy Gaming: Part II\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2007-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080626061050/http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/february02/strategy02/","url_text":"\"Strategy Gaming: Part II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/february02/strategy02/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lords of Magic: Special Edition\". UGO.com. Archived from the original on 2010-05-04. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Building on the dramatic features that made the award winning Lords series a breakthrough in strategy gaming, Lords of Magic integrates turn-based exploration and resource management with real-time, tactical combat.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100504160116/http://downloads.ugo.com/downloads/game_demos/strategy/Lords_of_Magic:_Special_Edition.shtml","url_text":"\"Lords of Magic: Special Edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGO.com","url_text":"UGO.com"},{"url":"http://downloads.ugo.com/downloads/game_demos/strategy/Lords_of_Magic:_Special_Edition.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wojnarowicz, Jakub (July 2, 2000). \"Shogun: Total War Review\". FiringSquad. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Shogun: Total War has to be one of the first big-ticket historical wargames to come at us in a long time. It's been close to half a decade since the classic SSI Panzer General games broke through into the mainstream. Heck, it's been several years since a popular real-time tactical game gained strong popularity (Myth.)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firingsquad.com/games/shogun/","url_text":"\"Shogun: Total War Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FiringSquad&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"FiringSquad"}]},{"reference":"\"The Wargamer 2000 Best of the Year Awards\". The Wargamer. Archived from the original on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2007-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071020155125/http://wargamer.com/articles/y2k_awards/page2.asp","url_text":"\"The Wargamer 2000 Best of the Year Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"},{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/articles/y2k_awards/page2.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Mark (February 2002). \"Strategy Gaming: Part I – A Primer\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2007-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071030004519/http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/february02/strategy1/","url_text":"\"Strategy Gaming: Part I – A Primer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/february02/strategy1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines\". GameRankings. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Commandos is a real-time tactics game set in World War II that puts you in command of a small squad of elite troopers. Send them behind enemy lines on a series of hazardous missions, and bring them back alive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/63451-commandos-behind-enemy-lines/index.html","url_text":"\"Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Kat (August 24, 2009). \"Pyro Studios Planning New 'Commandos' Game\". 1up.com. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Commandos is a real-time tactics series that follows a fictional group of British Commandos. The first entry was released in 1998, and the series was successful enough that it received several sequels.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3175737","url_text":"\"Pyro Studios Planning New 'Commandos' Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1up.com","url_text":"1up.com"}]},{"reference":"Colayco, Bob (December 20, 1998). \"Myth II: Soulblighter Review\". FiringSquad. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Myth 2 gets lumped in with many others as a Real Time Strategy game, but it could perhaps be better described as a Real Time Tactical game. The reason for that is because you deal with the game in a strictly tactical manner. There's no \"magic mineral\" or other resource to harvest/manage and no economy, expansion, or troop pumping to worry about. In general, the troops you start out with are all you get, so a huge premium is placed on efficiency and keeping your troops alive. In some single player missions you'll receive reinforcements but on multiplayer missions, what you see is what you get.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firingsquad.com/games/myth2/","url_text":"\"Myth II: Soulblighter Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FiringSquad&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"FiringSquad"}]},{"reference":"Wolpaw, Erik (December 16, 1999). \"Abomination Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Pedigree and hype aside, Abomination has more in common with Bullfrog's acclaimed action-strategy hybrid Syndicate than it does with X-COM. Abomination's a real-time tactical action game with very little underlying strategy","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/abomination/review.html?tag=mncol;txt","url_text":"\"Abomination Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Durham, Joel. \"Abomination – overview\". Allgame. Retrieved 2010-02-16. You're in charge of the Nemesis team in this real-time, tactical combat game. Heavily influenced by the X-COM series, it requires both strategic and tactical expertise to win.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=18825","url_text":"\"Abomination – overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgame","url_text":"Allgame"}]},{"reference":"Colayco, Bob (February 13, 1999). \"Close Combat III Review\". FiringSquad. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Since the Close Combat engine is a real time tactical simulator, it was perfect for recreating the numerous sub battles of those two operations.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firingsquad.com/games/cc3/","url_text":"\"Close Combat III Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FiringSquad&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"FiringSquad"}]},{"reference":"IGN Staff (July 13, 1999). \"Fighting Steel – PC Review at IGN\". IGN. Archived from the original on April 9, 2002. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Fighting Steel is a 3D, real-time, tactical naval wargame that focuses on surface combat in the years 1939–1942. You can take command of the ships of the Royal Navy, the German Kriegsmarine, the United States Navy or the Imperial Japanese Navy.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020409124521/http://pc.ign.com/articles/162/162098p1.html","url_text":"\"Fighting Steel – PC Review at IGN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/162/162098p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hatfields & MCcoy's\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 'Hatfields & McCoys' is a light hearted real-time tactics (RTT) style comedy shooter from Lupine Games. H&M is very loosely based on the famous American feud done in a cartoon style, bridging a gap between yesteryear's arcade games and the RTTs of today.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081230053848/http://pc.gamezone.com/gamesell/p13578.htm","url_text":"\"Hatfields & MCcoy's\""},{"url":"http://pc.gamezone.com/gamesell/p13578.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Michael E. (November 3, 1999). \"Shadow Company: Left For Dead Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-16. In fact, this real-time tactical combat game from Ubi Soft and Sinister Games falls into the dreaded category of games that aren't but should have been... you guessed it – great. ... Much like the Jagged Alliance games from Sirtech, Shadow Company puts you in command of a small squad of mercenaries.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/shadowcompanyleftfordead/review.html?tag=mncol;txt","url_text":"\"Shadow Company: Left For Dead Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"\"The State of the RTS\". IGN. 7 April 2006. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130103063654/http://pc.ign.com/articles/700/700747p3.html","url_text":"\"The State of the RTS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/700/700747p3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kasavin, Greg (June 15, 2000). \"Ground Control Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Swedish developer Massive Entertainment's Ground Control is a 3D real-time tactical combat game that puts you in command of squads of high-tech military vehicles and powerful infantry squads.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/groundcontrol/review.html?tag=mncol%3Btxt&page=2","url_text":"\"Ground Control Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Chin, Elliott (August 27, 2002). \"Medieval: Total War Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Medieval: Total War, like its predecessor, Shogun, is both a turn-based strategy game and a real-time tactical combat game featuring massive armies containing hundreds or even thousands of troops.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/medievaltotalwar/review.html?tag=mncol;txt","url_text":"\"Medieval: Total War Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Zakszewski, Joe. \"Starship Troopers\". Strategy Gaming Online. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2010-02-17. In a nutshell, ST is a 3D, real time tactical game based on the movie (and very loosely, the Book) of the same name, pitting the Terran Mobile Infantry (MI), against the pseudo-arachnid bugs.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090519094346/http://www.strategy-gaming.com/reviews/starship_troopers/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Starship Troopers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategy_Gaming_Online&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Strategy Gaming Online"},{"url":"http://www.strategy-gaming.com/reviews/starship_troopers/index.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zakszewski, Joe. \"Reviews: Starship Troopers\". Strategy Gaming Online. Archived from the original on 2010-11-30. Retrieved 2010-02-28. In a nutshell, ST is a 3D, real time tactical game based on the movie (and very loosely, the Book) of the same name, pitting the Terran Mobile Infantry (MI), against the pseudo-arachnid bugs.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130004623/http://strategy-gaming.com/reviews//starship_troopers/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Reviews: Starship Troopers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategy_Gaming_Online&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Strategy Gaming Online"},{"url":"http://www.strategy-gaming.com/reviews/starship_troopers/index.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sudden Strike\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2010-03-12. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Sudden Strike, a real-time tactical war game set in World War II Europe. Already released to the European market, the game has been highly praised for its historical accuracy and level of realism.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100312024227/http://pc.gamezone.com/gamesell/p13879.htm","url_text":"\"Sudden Strike\""},{"url":"http://pc.gamezone.com/gamesell/p13879.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Suciu, Peter (September 9, 2004). \"Axis & Allies\". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-28. While A&A will be a true RTS, rather than the real-time tactical gameplay along the lines of Blitzkrieg or Sudden Strike, the game should rely on a lot of actual military doctrine, including battlefield command organization and supply lines.","urls":[{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/axis-allies-rts/545720p1.html","url_text":"\"Axis & Allies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"}]},{"reference":"\"MECHCOMMANDER 2 GOES GOLD\". GameZone. July 2, 2001. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Microsoft today announced that MechCommander 2, the highly anticipated real-time tactical game of mechanized combat, has gone gold and is expected to hit store shelves in mid-July. MechCommander 2 offers players a real-time game of power, combat, and treachery set in the BattleTech universe. Players must use their strategic knowledge and tactical skills to change the balance of power in a region of space known as the Chaos March.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamezone.com/news/07_02_01_03_17PM.htm","url_text":"\"MECHCOMMANDER 2 GOES GOLD\""}]},{"reference":"Geryk, Bruce (2002-01-10). \"Original War (PC)\". CNET. Retrieved 2007-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://reviews.cnet.com/pc-games/original-war-pc/4505-9696_7-30976893.html","url_text":"\"Original War (PC)\""}]},{"reference":"Perrick, Jason. \"Review – Star Trek Away Team\". The Wargamer. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071021045150/http://wargamer.com/reviews/star_trek_away_team_main.asp","url_text":"\"Review – Star Trek Away Team\""},{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/reviews/star_trek_away_team_main.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: Away Team\". IGN. Archived from the original on February 21, 2002. Retrieved 2007-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020221015203/http://pc.ign.com/objects/014/014579.html","url_text":"\"Star Trek: Away Team\""},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/objects/014/014579.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beers, Craig (December 12, 2001). \"SWINE Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. S.W.I.N.E. is actually a real-time tactical combat game that pits the war machines of the peaceful rabbits against those of the militaristic pigs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/swine/review.html?tag=mncol%3Btxt&page=2","url_text":"\"SWINE Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"\"Strategy First Signs Publishing Agreement for G.I. Combat\". GameZone. March 25, 2002. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 'We are very excited to work with Freedom Games,' said Don McFatridge, President of Strategy First. 'I've always been a big fan of the Close Combat series and I see this as a great opportunity to publish a truly innovative new entry into historical real-time tactical combat games. G.I. Combat is a welcome addition to the genre and we look forward to its release later this Summer.'","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamezone.com/news/03_25_02_11_17AM.htm","url_text":"\"Strategy First Signs Publishing Agreement for G.I. Combat\""}]},{"reference":"\"G.I. Combat Preview\". The Wargamer. July 1, 2002. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Still, I found enough intriguing teasers in G.I. Combat to let readers know that it appears to have some pleasant features in store for gamers who enjoy World War II era small unit wargames, and may have the right stuff for those wargamers who enjoy Real Time Tactical games.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100616102226/http://www.strategyfirst.com/en/games/GICombat/news/","url_text":"\"G.I. Combat Preview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"},{"url":"http://www.strategyfirst.com/en/games/GICombat/news/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kasavin, Greg (June 4, 2002). \"Lost Kingdoms Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. The first RPG for Nintendo's newest system, Lost Kingdoms is an original game that features fast-paced real-time tactical battles and not much in the way of traditional role-playing elements. ... Actually, it's more of a tactical action game than a true RPG.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/gamecube/rpg/lostkingdoms/review.html?tag=mncol;txt","url_text":"\"Lost Kingdoms Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Suciu, Peter (September 2, 2002). \"Medieval: Total War\". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-16. There have been many games that have attempted to successfully merge grand strategic campaigns with a real-time tactical battle interface, but many of the results are best forgotten – should we mention Braveheart or Legion? One game that stood out, however, was Shogun: Total War from developers The Creative Assembly.","urls":[{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/medieval-total-war/544150p1.html","url_text":"\"Medieval: Total War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"}]},{"reference":"\"Platoon (pc) reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2010-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/platoon","url_text":"\"Platoon (pc) reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Lafferty, Michael (November 11, 2002). \"Robin Hood – The Legend of Sherwood Review\". GameZone. Archived from the original on June 4, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood Forest, a PC release from Spellbound and Strategy First, is a tactical real-time strategy game that places game players in the heart of tremendous upheaval and a tenuous time when the throne and fate of a county lie in the balance. ... Robin Hood, and fans of tactical combat games will find this game worth notching their bows for.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090604191334/http://pc.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r20823.htm","url_text":"\"Robin Hood – The Legend of Sherwood Review\""},{"url":"http://pc.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r20823.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Commandos 3: Destination Berlin\". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Commandos 3: Destination Berlin is a game of real-time tactics that places you in command of an elite unit of Special Forces behind enemy lines.","urls":[{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/commandos-3-destination-berlin/","url_text":"\"Commandos 3: Destination Berlin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"}]},{"reference":"\"Commandos 3: Destination Berlin\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Commandos 3: Destination Berlin is a game of real-time tactics that places you in command of an elite unit of Special Forces behind enemy lines. From the shores of France to the heart of the Third Reich, strike fast from land or sea with your small squad of guerrilla fighters, infiltrating hostile territories and conducting raids to disrupt the German war machine.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100125013140/http://pc.gamezone.com/gamesell/p20693.htm","url_text":"\"Commandos 3: Destination Berlin\""},{"url":"http://pc.gamezone.com/gamesell/p20693.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ocampo, Jason (January 28, 2004). \"Squad Assault: West Front Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-16. It's time to go back to Normandy again in Squad Assault: West Front, a real-time tactical wargame that bears more than a striking resemblance to the classic D-day-based wargame Close Combat.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/squadassaultwestfront/review.html?tag=mncol;txt","url_text":"\"Squad Assault: West Front Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Mark (July 22, 2003). \"Game Chronicles – Review\". Game Chronicles. Retrieved 2010-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamechronicles.com/reviews/pc/nexagon/deathmatch.htm","url_text":"\"Game Chronicles – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_Chronicles&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Game Chronicles"}]},{"reference":"Calvert, Justin (May 15, 2003). \"Nexagon: Deathmatch Impressions\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. We indulge in some deadly sporting action as we check out Strategy First's upcoming real-time tactical combat game for the PC.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/nexagondeathmatch/news.html?sid=6028247&om_act=convert&om_clk=newsfeatures&tag=newsfeatures;title;2&mode=previews","url_text":"\"Nexagon: Deathmatch Impressions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"\"Pyro Studios\". Archived from the original on 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2012-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120910105241/http://www.pyrostudios.com/?p=games&ref=18b33ea4a71456abd2ec09dd0b086888","url_text":"\"Pyro Studios\""},{"url":"http://www.pyrostudios.com/?p=games&ref=18b33ea4a71456abd2ec09dd0b086888","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wrentmore, John (September 10, 2003). \"Rebels: Prison Escape Review\". GameZone. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-15. REBELS: Prison Escape is a real-time tactical 3D game. ... Real-time tactical 3D games have found their niche in the gaming community.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090418192700/http://pc.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r22277.htm","url_text":"\"Rebels: Prison Escape Review\""},{"url":"http://pc.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r22277.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chick, Tom (December 4, 2003). \"UFO: Aftermath\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2010-02-16. You could, of course, look at UFO: Aftermath in a vacuum, as if X-Com never existed. Even then, however, you're just left with a series of weak real-time tactical battles loosely connected by a shallow strategic shell.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605004712/http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/ufo-aftermath/6436p2.html","url_text":"\"UFO: Aftermath\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/ufo-aftermath/6436p2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"House, Michael L. \"World War II: Frontline Command\". allgame. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Featuring 3D real-time tactics, the game contains 25 single-player missions, usually depicting events or situations ranging from the D-Day invasion at Normandy to the attack on Adolph Hitler's stronghold in the mountains of southern Germany.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=37608","url_text":"\"World War II: Frontline Command\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgame","url_text":"allgame"}]},{"reference":"Cheer, Dan (January 28, 2009). \"Codename Panzers: Cold War\". Gameplanet. Retrieved 2010-02-28. The original Codename: Panzers title, developed by Hungary's StormRegion, was a fairly basic real-time tactical WWII game that fulfilled this need. ... ast forward to 2009 and the third title in the series is about ready to launch – this time however, WWII is out, and the Cold War is in.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gameplanet.co.nz/pc/games/156196.Codename-Panzers-Cold-War/previews/132802.Codename-Panzers-Cold-War/","url_text":"\"Codename Panzers: Cold War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplanet_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Gameplanet"}]},{"reference":"\"D-Day\". GameDaily. Retrieved 2010-02-18. D-Day, a 3D real-time tactical game, drops players into the role of World War II Allied forces in the final drive to liberate Europe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamedaily.com/games/d-day/pc/game-main/list/","url_text":"\"D-Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameDaily","url_text":"GameDaily"}]},{"reference":"\"More Game Movies\". Blue's News. January 26, 2004. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Also, there's a Desert Rats vs Afrika Korps movie on Worthplaying comprised of some new homebrew footage from the WW2 real-time tactics game.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluesnews.com/s/46720/more-game-movies","url_text":"\"More Game Movies\""}]},{"reference":"Ocampo, Jason (January 16, 2004). \"Desert Rats vs. Afrika Korps Hands-On Preview\". Encore Software. Retrieved 2010-02-15. The German and British armies once again battle in the desert in this upcoming real-time tactical combat game.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/desertratsvsafrikacorps/news.html?sid=6086600&om_act=convert&om_clk=newsfeatures&tag=newsfeatures;title;2&mode=previews","url_text":"\"Desert Rats vs. Afrika Korps Hands-On Preview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encore_Software","url_text":"Encore Software"}]},{"reference":"\"Desert Rats vs. Afrika Korps Overview\". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Desert Rats vs Afrika Korps is Real-Time Tactical game in full 3D with realistic graphics, real time shadows, localized damage effects, explosions, and variable weather effects.","urls":[{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/desert-rats-vs-afrika-korps/","url_text":"\"Desert Rats vs. Afrika Korps Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"}]},{"reference":"Hobbs, Ronnie (April 20, 2006). \"Full Spectrum Warrior: Ten Hammers Review\". GameZone. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Probably the most least accessible of the group is Full Spectrum Warrior. This oddball mix of squad-based strategy and shooter is actually classified as a real-time tactics action/war game. It wasn't that it turned out poorly; it's just that it brought a lot of innovative features to the table, and up until that point they hadn't been done before in other shooters.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005182604/http://ps2.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r26541.htm","url_text":"\"Full Spectrum Warrior: Ten Hammers Review\""},{"url":"http://ps2.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r26541.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bedigian, Louis. \"Tactical Combat and an Ongoing Online Experience are the focus of \"Ground Control II\"\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2007-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080723222246/http://pc.gamezone.com/news/04_30_04_08_37AM.htm","url_text":"\"Tactical Combat and an Ongoing Online Experience are the focus of \"Ground Control II\"\""},{"url":"http://pc.gamezone.com/news/04_30_04_08_37AM.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ground Control II: Operation Exodus\". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Ground Control II is a real-time tactics game set in a gritty science-fiction universe. The explosively fast game play focusing on combat tactics with full use of the 3D battlefield, with weather and other environmental effects affecting the unit's performance on the battleground.","urls":[{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/ground-control-ii-operation-exodus/","url_text":"\"Ground Control II: Operation Exodus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"}]},{"reference":"\"Growlanser Review\". X-Play. Retrieved 2007-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/reviews/693/Growlanser.html","url_text":"\"Growlanser Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Play","url_text":"X-Play"}]},{"reference":"Kosak, Dave (August 25, 2004). \"Rome: Total War Hands-On\". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Great graphics, very deep gameplay in both the real-time tactical mode and the turn-based strategic map.","urls":[{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/rome-total-war/541929p1.html","url_text":"\"Rome: Total War Hands-On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"}]},{"reference":"Clare, Oliver (December 7, 2006). \"Faces of War Review\". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Soldiers: Heroes of World War II was the very first real-time tactics title to combine spectacular physics, great graphics, and a good-sized dollop of WW2 realism. Only a lack of polish and presentational panache kept its gong tally low.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_facesofwar_pc","url_text":"\"Faces of War Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"}]},{"reference":"Burnes, Andrew (January 16, 2004). \"Soldiers: Heroes of World War II Q&A\". Voodoo Extreme. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Soldiers: Heroes of World War II is a third-person game that includes elements of such genres as real-time tactics, strategy and RPG.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225023224/http://ve3d.ign.com/articles/news/18632/Soldiers-Heroes-of-World-War-II-Q-A","url_text":"\"Soldiers: Heroes of World War II Q&A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voodoo_Extreme&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Voodoo Extreme"},{"url":"http://ve3d.ign.com/articles/news/18632/Soldiers-Heroes-of-World-War-II-Q-A","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PC Game Preview: Codename Panzers: Phase Two\". The Wargamer. July 6, 2005. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Currently scheduled to release on July 27, 2005, Codename Panzers: Phase Two is a real-time tactical game which offers fast-paced action and detailed gameplay and graphics mostly set in Africa and Yugoslavia during World War II.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/article/2039/codename-panzers:-phase-two","url_text":"\"PC Game Preview: Codename Panzers: Phase Two\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"}]},{"reference":"Rausch, Allen (March 11, 2005). \"Freedom Force vs. The Third Reich\". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-28. What do you get when you take really solid squad-based real-time tactical gameplay and wrap it in a well-written, well-designed send-up of Silver Age comic books? You get an incredibly fun title that's a joy to play.","urls":[{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/freedom-force-vs-the-third-reich/595379p1.html","url_text":"\"Freedom Force vs. The Third Reich\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"}]},{"reference":"\"Pyro Studios\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2012-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325164453/http://www.pyrostudios.com/?p=games","url_text":"\"Pyro Studios\""},{"url":"http://www.pyrostudios.com/?p=games&ref=631a813a82a1632a4e8bd67450036594","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Deci, T.J. \"Imperial Glory\". allgame. Retrieved 2010-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=62733","url_text":"\"Imperial Glory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgame","url_text":"allgame"}]},{"reference":"\"Shogun Warrior: Real Time Conflict Company Line\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Shogun Warrior: Real Time Conflict is a dynamic, real-time tactical strategy game that takes full advantage of the Nintendo DS touch screen and puts you in charge of the battlefield. ... Real-time tactical battle system utilizes BOTH screens – map out your strategy on the bottom screen and command your armies to execute 3-D battles on the top screen","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/ds/strategy/shogunwarriorthelostarmy/news.html?sid=6122462","url_text":"\"Shogun Warrior: Real Time Conflict Company Line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Deci, T.J. \"Will of Steel – Overview\". Allgame. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Will of Steel is a real-time tactical game based on contemporary conflict. Players take control of a single battalion, which they must lead to victory through a series of skirmishes and battles against insurgents and terrorists in Afghanistan and Iraq.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=46306","url_text":"\"Will of Steel – Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgame","url_text":"Allgame"}]},{"reference":"\"New Close Combat: Cross of Iron Screenshots!\". GameZone. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Matrix Games and CSO SimTek have released a pack of ten new screenshots for their highly anticipated tactical real time strategy game, Close Combat: Cross of Iron.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamezone.com/news/02_08_07_11_38PM.htm","url_text":"\"New Close Combat: Cross of Iron Screenshots!\""}]},{"reference":"\"DropTeam\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2009-01-04. Retrieved 2010-02-16. DropTeam is a multiplayer capable, real-time, tactical simulation of armored ground combat in the far future. You'll battle for control of objectives on a broad variety of planets ranging from verdant Earth-like worlds to desolate, radioactive wastelands.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090104042822/http://pc.gamezone.com/gamesell/p26646.htm","url_text":"\"DropTeam\""},{"url":"http://pc.gamezone.com/gamesell/p26646.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1C REVEALS MASSIVE SLATE OF GAMES AT E3, 2003\". GameZone. April 21, 2003. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Set during the violence of WWII, Outfront is a game that combines elements of strategy, real-time tactics, role playing. The game features highly detailed 3D graphics, a huge variety of historically accurate weapons and machinery, realistic character behavior and numerous unique and distinctive technological and art solutions immersing players in the atmosphere of the WWII epoch. Developed by Best Way.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamezone.com/news/04_21_03_01_49PM.htm","url_text":"\"1C REVEALS MASSIVE SLATE OF GAMES AT E3, 2003\""}]},{"reference":"Deci, T.J. \"Faces of War\". allgame. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Set during World War II, Faces of War is a real-time tactics game in which players command a squad of skilled operatives in a series of dangerous missions.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=48765","url_text":"\"Faces of War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgame","url_text":"allgame"}]},{"reference":"\"Full Spectrum Warrior: Ten Hammers\". IGN. Archived from the original on October 18, 2005. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Combining squad-based combat and real-time tactical action delivering the most authentic and realistic infantry combat experience ever...","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051018035100/http://xbox.ign.com/objects/739/739895.html","url_text":"\"Full Spectrum Warrior: Ten Hammers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://xbox.ign.com/objects/739/739895.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PC Game Review: Medieval 2: Total War\". The Wargamer. December 24, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-28. The combination of a turn-based strategic campaign mode, coupled with an engaging, visually delicious real-time tactical mode, has made for an attractive and engaging franchise.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/article/2394/medieval-2:-total-war","url_text":"\"PC Game Review: Medieval 2: Total War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"}]},{"reference":"Ocampo, Jason (May 3, 2006). \"E3 06: Moscow to Berlin: Red Siege Preshow Hands-On\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Berlin isn't a traditional real-time strategy game, because you do not gather resources, build an economy, and construct units on the battlefield. Instead, it's more of a real-time tactical game, where you're given a set of units ranging from infantry squads to tanks, and you have to command them to victory, mainly by seizing objectives and eliminating the enemy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/moscowtoberlinredsiege/news.html?sid=6148898&mode=previews","url_text":"\"E3 06: Moscow to Berlin: Red Siege Preshow Hands-On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Ocampo, Jason (July 12, 2006). \"Pacific Storm Hands-On – World War II Naval Strategy Meets Real-Time Battles\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. In our previous coverage of Pacific Storm, we focused on the real-time tactical battles that will allow you to command the ships and planes of the Pacific theater of World War II. Yet there's far than just battles in this strategy game.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/pacificstorm/news.html?sid=6153909&mode=previews","url_text":"\"Pacific Storm Hands-On – World War II Naval Strategy Meets Real-Time Battles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Butts, Steve (October 11, 2006). \"Pacific Storm Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-16. When I learned that it combined operational strategy with real-time tactical battles and an additional action element, I was sold.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061018130936/http://pc.ign.com/articles/738/738482p1.html","url_text":"\"Pacific Storm Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/738/738482p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wojnarowicz, Jakub (May 12, 2006). \"E3 2006 Impressions Part 1\". FiringSquad. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Star Trek Legacy is Mad Doc and Bethesda's PC and Xbox 360 project with the newly-acquired Star Trek license. It is a fully real-time tactical strategy game, pitting the player in a 15-hour linear campaign to guide the Federation to security.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firingsquad.com/features/e3_2006_part1/","url_text":"\"E3 2006 Impressions Part 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FiringSquad&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"FiringSquad"}]},{"reference":"Adams, David (January 24, 2006). \"Star Trek: Legacy Confirmed\". IGN. Archived from the original on February 12, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Bethesda reveals its real-time tactical combat title and its exclusive Star Trek license.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060212113640/http://pc.ign.com/articles/683/683136p1.html","url_text":"\"Star Trek: Legacy Confirmed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/683/683136p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Dan (March 13, 2006). \"Sword of the Stars Interview\". IGN. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-15. It's a space based strategy 4X game that mixes in real-time tactical gameplay for military encounters.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060316143757/http://pc.ign.com/articles/695/695501p1.html","url_text":"\"Sword of the Stars Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/695/695501p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Warhammer: Mark of Chaos headed for Xbox 360?\". Games Info Base. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 2007-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210554/http://www.gamesinfobase.com/fees.php?s=chaos&id=17&d=42-2007","url_text":"\"Warhammer: Mark of Chaos headed for Xbox 360?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Games_Info_Base&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Games Info Base"},{"url":"http://www.gamesinfobase.com/fees.php?s=chaos&id=17&d=42-2007","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rausch, Allen (September 10, 2008). \"Warhammer: Mark of Chaos – Battle March\". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-02. In 2006 Namco Bandai made a decent attempt to feed that need with Warhammer: Mark of Chaos, a \"real-time tactics\" game of strategic combat that did a passable job of bringing much (though not all) of the table-top feel to the PC screen. Now in 2008 comes Battle March, a solid expansion pack that adds a few nice touches but doesn't take the opportunity to improve a good but unremarkable strategy game.","urls":[{"url":"http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/warhammer-mark-of-chaos-battle-march/909247p1.html","url_text":"\"Warhammer: Mark of Chaos – Battle March\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"}]},{"reference":"Mark, Marrow (January 4, 2007). \"Warhammer: Mark of Chaos Review\". PALGN. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Mark of Chaos is a real-time tactics game and plays in a similar manner to the Total War series, and even the tabletop game itself.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100813031313/http://palgn.com.au/pc-gaming/6111/warhammer-mark-of-chaos-review/","url_text":"\"Warhammer: Mark of Chaos Review\""},{"url":"http://palgn.com.au/pc-gaming/6111/warhammer-mark-of-chaos-review/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Apeiron on 7.62 & Brigade E5\". Tacticular Cancer. 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2007-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tacticularcancer.com/content.php?id=31","url_text":"\"Apeiron on 7.62 & Brigade E5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battlestations: Pacific\". GameTrailers. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Like the first game, Pacific features real-time tactics with a strong emphasis on action sequences. Players have the choice of taking on the role of commander, micromanaging their entire fleet, or going hands-on with individual units for a more close-up experience.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gametrailers.com/gamereview.php?id=7804","url_text":"\"Battlestations: Pacific\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameTrailers","url_text":"GameTrailers"}]},{"reference":"\"Close Combat – Modern Tactics Now Available!\". GameZone. November 15, 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-15. Hop into that Abrams and fire up the engine, the classic real time tactical series just went modern!","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamezone.com/news/11_14_07_11_20PM.htm","url_text":"\"Close Combat – Modern Tactics Now Available!\""}]},{"reference":"\"KE:Tactics 1.4 released!\". Game Tunnel. 2007-08-22. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved 2007-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090210050534/http://www.gametunnel.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=1063","url_text":"\"KE:Tactics 1.4 released!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Game Tunnel"},{"url":"http://www.gametunnel.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=1063","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Tactical Strike\". GameRankings. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Take control of an entire SEAL team and engage in real-time tactical combat, where you evaluate each situation, determine a plan of action, and then execute on your command.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/psp/939493-socom-us-navy-seals-tactical-strike/index.html","url_text":"\"SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Tactical Strike\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Tim (June 17, 2009). \"Theatre of War II: Africa 1943\". PC Gamer UK. Retrieved 2010-02-15. If you remember, ToW was the pretty WWII RTS from 2007 that thought it was a wargame. Big battlefields, credible ballistics, men with minds of their own... not since the Close Combats had a real-time tactics title treated WWII so tenderly.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamesradar.com/pc/theatre-of-war-ii-africa-1943/review/theatre-of-war-2-africa-1943/a-200906171678649009/g-20090422161615822045","url_text":"\"Theatre of War II: Africa 1943\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_UK","url_text":"PC Gamer UK"}]},{"reference":"O'Hagan, Steve (May 23, 2007). \"Theatre of War Review\". Computer and Video Games. Retrieved 2010-02-15. There's still enough goodness if you crave some proper real-time tactics to have a punt. But if you're less sure, you'd better bide your time and hope they slap on a man-sized patch soon.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=164649","url_text":"\"Theatre of War Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games","url_text":"Computer and Video Games"}]},{"reference":"Randolph Ramsey (2007-04-16). \"Interview with Nicklas Cederstrom\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2007-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/worldinconflict/news.html?sid=6168562","url_text":"\"Interview with Nicklas Cederstrom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Ocampo, Jason (November 9, 2006). \"World in Conflict Updated Multiplayer Hands-On\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-15. We check out some of the intense multiplayer gameplay in this real-time tactical combat game that is set during the Cold War.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/worldinconflict/news.html?sid=6161420&mode=previews","url_text":"\"World in Conflict Updated Multiplayer Hands-On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Fahey, Mike (July 26, 2010). \"A Visual Guide To Real-Time Strategy\". Kotaku. Retrieved 2010-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/5596850/a-visual-guide-to-real+time-strategy","url_text":"\"A Visual Guide To Real-Time Strategy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"}]},{"reference":"\"PC Game Preview: Close Combat: Wacht am Rhein Preview\". The Wargamer. September 10, 2008. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Focusing primarily on US and German forces, this real-time tactical game has been heavily modified from the original Close Combat IV and V games.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135822/http://wargamer.com/article/2557/close-combat:-wacht-am-rhein-preview","url_text":"\"PC Game Preview: Close Combat: Wacht am Rhein Preview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"},{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/article/2557/close-combat:-wacht-am-rhein-preview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Elliot, Phil (March 8, 2007). \"Field Ops Updated Hands-On\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2008-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/fieldops/news.html?sid=6167066&mode=previews","url_text":"\"Field Ops Updated Hands-On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"\"PC Game Review: Mosby's Confederacy\". The Wargamer. January 6, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Mosby's Confederacy is a turn-based strategy game and real-time tactical game. Success in the tactical game is translated to the turn-based game in the form of Reputation points, which can be expended to improve the infrastructure of surrounding towns on the strategic map.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/article/2623/mosby%27s-confederacy","url_text":"\"PC Game Review: Mosby's Confederacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"}]},{"reference":"\"Mosby's Confederacy\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2010-02-16. ... you are charged not with leading vast armies into battle, but with commanding small bands of skirmishers, scouts and guerilla fighters on opportunistic missions to scout, ambush, steal supplies and harass a larger and better armed force of Union soldiers, in this game of turn based strategy and real time tactical combat for the PC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/mosbysconfederacy","url_text":"\"Mosby's Confederacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"The PAX 10: Project Aftermath\". G4tv. August 29, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-28. We wanted to make an action-packed RTS game with more focus on combat and less on resource gathering, to make it more immediate, with shorter mission times to encourage replays for the high scores tables. I guess Real-time tactical is a closer fit than RTS. Looking back, we always liked squad based games like Syndicate, so I guess the 4 heroes comes from games like that.","urls":[{"url":"http://g4tv.com/thefeed/blog/post/688818/the_pax_10_project_aftermath.html","url_text":"\"The PAX 10: Project Aftermath\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4tv","url_text":"G4tv"}]},{"reference":"\"PC Game Review: Sango 2\". The Wargamer. July 23, 2009. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-28. As in Takeda 3 there are two games in Sango 2: a turn-based strategic campaign (called World Mode) and a real-time tactical mode (called Battle Mode).","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100209234616/http://wargamer.com/article/2739/sango-2","url_text":"\"PC Game Review: Sango 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"},{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/article/2739/sango-2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Butts, Steve (February 15, 2008). \"Sins of a Solar Empire Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on February 20, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Empire at War, Hegemonia, Sword of the Stars and even the venerable Imperium Galactica II, have each taken small steps towards creating the full-on, seamless union of an empire building game with real-time tactical combat, but they all tended to fall short in some major areas. ... Thankfully, the gang at Ironclad Games decided to show everyone how it should be done.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080220001642/http://pc.ign.com/articles/852/852735p1.html","url_text":"\"Sins of a Solar Empire Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/852/852735p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Clancy's EndWar\". GamePro. Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2010-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081008093746/http://www.gamepro.com/games/ds/142612/tom-clancys-endwar/","url_text":"\"Tom Clancy's EndWar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"http://www.gamepro.com/games/ds/142612/tom-clancys-endwar/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nguyen, Thierry (June 15, 2007). \"Universe at War Interview\". GameSpy. Retrieved 2010-02-17. UaW is a real-time tactical / strategy game set here on Earth in the year 2012. Humans find out they're not alone in the universe, and that's not really good news for them. Earth becomes the catalyst for a massive war brewing across the entire galaxy, and the humans are caught in the middle. ... We have a similar setup in UaW, where there is a global strategic layer that sits overtop the tactical maps that you battle for control of across most of Earth's continents.","urls":[{"url":"http://xbox360.gamespy.com/xbox-360/universe-at-war-earth-assault/796858p1.html","url_text":"\"Universe at War Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"}]},{"reference":"\"Valkyria Chronicles Review HD\". GameTrailers. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gametrailers.com/player/43160.html","url_text":"\"Valkyria Chronicles Review HD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameTrailers","url_text":"GameTrailers"}]},{"reference":"\"Windchaser: New Real-time Tactical Game Announced by Anaconda\". dtp entertainment AG. March 9, 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/windchaser/news.html?sid=6167161&om_act=convert&om_clk=gsupdates&tag=updates;title;3","url_text":"\"Windchaser: New Real-time Tactical Game Announced by Anaconda\""}]},{"reference":"Todd, Brett (April 4, 2008). \"XIII Century: Death or Glory Review\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Attention to battlefield detail and smart AI make XIII Century a serious real-time tactical challenge.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/xiiicenturyswordhonor/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;review","url_text":"\"XIII Century: Death or Glory Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"\"PC Game Preview: Armada 2526\". The Wargamer. November 5, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-14. The combination of turn-based strategy and real-time tactical combat make it iconic. Comparisons to the Total War series should not be undertaken lightly. ... Armada 2526 boasts a turn-based strategy game on top of a real-time tactical game, but beyond that the differences become stark. ... Players who enjoy the combination of turn-based strategy and real-time tactics are going to want to keep an eye on Armada 2526 – and if you've been waiting for the Total War series to hit the sci-fi genre Armada 2526 may be your ticket to the stars.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/article/2794/armada-2526","url_text":"\"PC Game Preview: Armada 2526\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"}]},{"reference":"\"Developer Feature: Close Combat – The Longest Day\". The Wargamer. April 26, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Now in this classic top-down real-time tactical simulation, players can take command of either US or German forces and choose to command the forces of the Allied Expeditionary Force or German forces to either successfully execute the world's largest invasion to liberate Europe from Nazi occupation or defend Hitler's Atlantic Wall.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/article/2693/close-combat-the-longest-day","url_text":"\"Developer Feature: Close Combat – The Longest Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"}]},{"reference":"\"Demigod Developer Diary #2\". RPGVault. December 1, 2008. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Aimed at the first quarter of 2009, it's described as real-time tactical strategy with extensive role-playing elements.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206215617/http://rpgvault.ign.com/articles/934/934314p1.html","url_text":"\"Demigod Developer Diary #2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPGVault","url_text":"RPGVault"},{"url":"http://rpgvault.ign.com/articles/934/934314p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hands-On Demigod\". UGO.com. September 10, 2008. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved 2010-02-28. We've heard a number of people refer to the burgeoning genre as Real Time Tactical (RTT). Unlike most traditional RTS games, Demigod forgoes the trappings of building construction and unit management to allow the player to focus on the action at hand. The result is a streamlined, fast-paced, action-oriented experience that forces players to make quick decisions to respond to the situation at hand.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615014446/http://www.ugo.com/games/hands-on-demigod","url_text":"\"Hands-On Demigod\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGO.com","url_text":"UGO.com"},{"url":"http://www.ugo.com/games/hands-on-demigod","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"East India Company for PC Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2010-02-16. When hostile fleets engage each other, the spectacular naval battles are fought on a real-time tactical level.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/eastindiacompany","url_text":"\"East India Company for PC Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Onyett, Charles (December 18, 2008). \"Empire: Total War Hands-On\". IGN. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Since 2000's Shogun: Total War CA has been busy tweaking and refining its formula of Civilization-style overworld map management with large-scale real-time tactical battles. Whereas before the fights were mostly on land, this time around players have the option to engage in fully controllable tactical skirmishes between fleets instead of abstracted conflicts.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081221203323/http://pc.ign.com/articles/939/939779p1.html","url_text":"\"Empire: Total War Hands-On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/939/939779p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PC Game Review: Ironclads High Seas\". The Wargamer. October 19, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-28. A great irony is that the only company making American Civil War tactical naval games is Russian. ... In terms of tactical combat, this game compares favorably with the Distant Guns series. Hopefully, the system will be expanded to other mid-19th century navies.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/article/2782/ironclads-high-seas","url_text":"\"PC Game Review: Ironclads High Seas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"}]},{"reference":"McLean, Gary (December 16, 2008). \"King Arthur Screenshots, Q&A\". Voodoo Extreme. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-16. The battles are real-time tactical fights on unique battlemaps (currently there are more than 65 unique terrains available). You move with their heroes (who lead armies) on the turn based Campaign map. When they are engaged in combat (like meeting other armies on the Campaign Map or the outcome of a given quest leads to battle) then the real time battle begins.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081221131243/http://ve3d.ign.com/articles/news/43620/King-Arthur-Screenshots-Q-A","url_text":"\"King Arthur Screenshots, Q&A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voodoo_Extreme&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Voodoo Extreme"},{"url":"http://ve3d.ign.com/articles/news/43620/King-Arthur-Screenshots-Q-A","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Breckon, Nick (February 17, 2009). \"Men of War Demo Released\". Shacknews. Retrieved 2010-02-16. A demo for Digitalmindsoft's World War II real-time tactical title Men of War was released today. The demo contains the first level of the game, providing a look at the title's various systems.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/57286","url_text":"\"Men of War Demo Released\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews","url_text":"Shacknews"}]},{"reference":"\"PC Game Review: Men of War Reviewed\". The Wargamer. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-16. So what is this formula? Men of War, like Faces of War and Soldiers before it, is a real-time tactical World War II game. Players are asked to take control of a few squads of soldiers and complete varied objectives across fully-destructible maps set in different theaters of the Second World War.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100210170901/http://wargamer.com/article/2682/men-of-war-reviewed","url_text":"\"PC Game Review: Men of War Reviewed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"},{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/article/2682/men-of-war-reviewed","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kolan, Nick (January 6, 2009). \"Stormrise: The Console RTS Comes of Age\". IGN. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Lately, however, there has been a positive trend with the console RTS, or perhaps more accurately, RTT or real-time tactical games. Developers have discovered that simplified gameplay can lessen the impact of the less-precise control schemes, so by removing base-building and resource management, and putting a much heavier focus on combat, the game becomes much more playable. ... Enter Stormrise – The Creative Assembly's (CA) latest project.","urls":[{"url":"http://ps3.ign.com/articles/942/942143p1.html","url_text":"\"Stormrise: The Console RTS Comes of Age\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"\"PC Game Review: Strength And Honour 2\". The Wargamer. January 12, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-17. Strength & Honour 2 has a turn-based strategic campaign (called World Mode and Palace Mode) and a real-time tactical mode (called Battle Mode).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/article/2818/PC-Game-Review-Strength-And-Honour-2?page=1","url_text":"\"PC Game Review: Strength And Honour 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"}]},{"reference":"\"PC Game Review: Takeda 3\". The Wargamer. April 17, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Takeda 3 continues the trend of giving players two games for the price of one: a turn-based strategic campaign (called World Mode) and a real-time tactical mode (called Battle Mode). The turn-based map is a detailed 2D map of Honshu (the main Island of Japan) and the only movements the player sees are clouds passing by, which is a nice touch.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wargamer.com/article/2689/takeda-3","url_text":"\"PC Game Review: Takeda 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"}]},{"reference":"\"Theater of War 2\". GameDaily. Retrieved 2010-02-16. Theatre of War 2: Kursk 1943, the historically accurate and detailed real-time tactical war game, welcomes military history fans to the battle which gave the Red Army the strategic initiative for the rest of the war.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamedaily.com/games/theatre-of-war-2-kursk-1943/pc/game-main/list/9483/0/","url_text":"\"Theater of War 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameDaily","url_text":"GameDaily"}]},{"reference":"Yin-Poole, Wesley (March 3, 2009). \"WiC Soviet Assault Hands-on Preview\". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved 2010-02-02. WiC, which has been described by some fans as a real-time tactics game as opposed to a real-time strategy game on account of a distinct lack of base-building, resource gathering and tech trees, took the Cold War as its foundation and extrapolated based on a fictional \"what if?\" scenario.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videogamer.com/pc/wic_soviet_assault/preview-1535.html","url_text":"\"WiC Soviet Assault Hands-on Preview\""}]},{"reference":"Yin-Poole, Wesley (March 19, 2009). \"WiC Soviet Assault Review\". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved 2010-02-02. WiC might be better described as a 'real-time tactics' game. For those new to the explosive party, allow us to bring you up to speed. In WiC you rarely control more than 10 or so units at any one time. ... There's no harvesting Tiberium for resources or scrambling up a tech tree in order to get a hero unit out. Instead, the player is given a number of resource points with which to buy units and deploy them in ever changing drop zones dotted across the battlefield...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videogamer.com/pc/wic_soviet_assault/review.html","url_text":"\"WiC Soviet Assault Review\""}]},{"reference":"Rossignol, Jim (January 19, 2010). \"Achtung Panzer!\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved 2010-02-28. You'll play as either German or Russian forces, and it's got a bit of the Total War thing going on, with a turn-based strategic mode, and a real-time tactical combat mode on the ground.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2010/01/19/achtung-panzer/","url_text":"\"Achtung Panzer!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock, Paper, Shotgun"}]},{"reference":"\"Screenshots Feature: HistWar: Les Grognards\". The Wargamer. August 18, 2005. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved 2010-02-28. Les Grognards is a 3D, real-time tactical and strategic game in which players issue orders at multiple levels of command. At the outset of a battle, players issue a simple set of commands at the Grand Tactical, Tactical, or Regimental AI levels, which controls everything from the movement of regiments to managing divisional reserves to ordering the general movements or strategies of entire corps.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110826111749/http://run5.wargamer.com/article/2069/histwar:-les-grognards","url_text":"\"Screenshots Feature: HistWar: Les Grognards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wargamer_(website)","url_text":"The Wargamer"},{"url":"http://run5.wargamer.com/article/2069/histwar:-les-grognards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hatfield, Daemon (June 10, 2009). \"PSN Under Siege\". IGN. Retrieved 2010-02-02. Developer Seed Studios is prepping a \"real-time tactics\" game for the PlayStation Network called Under Siege. ... Under Siege ditches the resource management to focus on combat.","urls":[{"url":"http://ps3.ign.com/articles/993/993689p1.html","url_text":"\"PSN Under Siege\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"\"Steam :: Deadhold :: The Status of Deadhold – Post Mortem\". steamcommunity.com. 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2020-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://steamcommunity.com/games/deadhold/announcements/detail/1598082909734377508","url_text":"\"Steam :: Deadhold :: The Status of Deadhold – Post Mortem\""}]},{"reference":"Purchese, Robert (August 21, 2018). \"Tactical Wild West series Desperados returns in 2019\". Eurogamer. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-08-21-tactical-wild-west-series-desperados-returns-in-2019","url_text":"\"Tactical Wild West series Desperados returns in 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+real-time+tactics+video+games%22","external_links_name":"\"List of real-time tactics video 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Micah	Book of Micah	["1 Setting","2 Composition","3 Content","3.1 Structure","3.2 Subsections","4 Themes","5 Quotations in the New Testament","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	Book in the Hebrew Bible Hebrew Bible (Judaism) Torah (Instruction)GenesisBereshitExodusShemotLeviticusWayiqraNumbersBemidbarDeuteronomyDevarim Nevi'im (Prophets) Former JoshuaYehoshuaJudgesShofetimSamuelShemuelKingsMelakhim Latter IsaiahYeshayahuJeremiahYirmeyahuEzekielYekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim (Writings) Poetic PsalmsTehillimProverbsMishleiJobIyov Five Megillot (Scrolls) Song of SongsShir HashirimRuthRutLamentationsEikhahEcclesiastesQoheletEstherEster Historical DanielDaniyyelEzra–NehemiahEzraChroniclesDivre Hayyamim Old Testament (Christianity) Pentateuch Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical Joshua Judges Ruth 1–2 Samuel 1–2 Kings 1–2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo Enoch Jubilees 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Josippon Broader canon Bible portalvte The Book of Micah is the sixth of the twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible. Ostensibly, it records the sayings of Micah, whose name is Mikayahu (Hebrew: מִיכָיָ֫הוּ), meaning "Who is like Yahweh?", an 8th-century BCE prophet from the village of Moresheth in Judah (Hebrew name from the opening verse: מיכה המרשתי). The book has three major divisions, chapters 1–2, 3–5 and 6–7, each introduced by the word "Hear," with a pattern of alternating announcements of doom and expressions of hope within each division. Micah reproaches unjust leaders, defends the rights of the poor against the rich and powerful; while looking forward to a world at peace centered on Zion under the leadership of a new Davidic monarch. While the book is relatively short, it includes lament (1.8–16; 7.8–10), theophany (1.3–4), hymnic prayer of petition and confidence (7.14–20), and the "covenant lawsuit" (6.1–8), a distinct genre in which Yahweh (God) sues Israel for breach of contract of the Mosaic covenant. Setting Assyrian warriors armed with slings from the palace of Sennacherib, 7th century BCE See also: Nevi'im and Prophets in Judaism Chapter 1:1 identifies the prophet as "Micah of Moresheth" (a town in southern Judah), and states that he lived during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, roughly 750–700 BCE. This corresponds to the period when, after a long period of peace, Israel, Judah, and the other nations of the region came under increasing pressure from the aggressive and rapidly expanding Neo-Assyrian empire. Between 734 and 727 Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria conducted almost annual campaigns in the Levant, reducing the Kingdom of Israel, the Kingdom of Judah and the Philistine cities to vassalage, receiving tribute from Ammon, Moab and Edom, and absorbing Damascus (the Kingdom of Aram) into the Empire. On Tiglath-Pileser's death Israel rebelled, resulting in an Assyrian counter-attack and the destruction of the capital, Samaria, in 721 after a three-year siege. Micah 1:2–7 draws on this event: Samaria, says the prophet, has been destroyed by God because of its crimes of idolatry, oppression of the poor, and misuse of power. The Assyrian attacks on Israel (the northern kingdom) led to an influx of refugees into Judah, which would have increased social stresses, while at the same time the authorities in Jerusalem had to invest huge amounts in tribute and defense. When the Assyrians attacked Judah in 701 they did so via the Philistine coast and the Shephelah, the border region which included Micah's village of Moresheth, as well as Lachish, Judah's second largest city. This in turn forms the background to verses 1:8–16, in which Micah warns the towns of the coming disaster (Lachish is singled out for special mention, accused of the corrupt practices of both Samaria and Jerusalem). In verses 2:1–5 he denounces the appropriation of land and houses, which might simply be the greed of the wealthy and powerful, or possibly the result of the militarizing of the area in preparation for the Assyrian attack. Composition Further information: Babylonian captivity and Postdiction Some, but not all, scholars accept that only chapters 1–3 contain material from the late 8th century prophet Micah. The latest material comes from the post-Exilic period after the Temple was rebuilt in 515 BCE, so that the early 5th century BCE seems to be the period when the book was completed. The first stage was the collection and arrangement of some spoken sayings of the historical Micah (the material in chapters 1–3), in which the prophet attacks those who build estates through oppression and depicts the Assyrian invasion of Judah as Yahweh's punishment on the kingdom's corrupt rulers, including a prophecy that the Temple will be destroyed. The prophecy was not fulfilled in Micah's time, but a hundred years later when Judah was facing a similar crisis with the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Micah's prophecies were reworked and expanded to reflect the new situation. Still later, after Jerusalem did fall to the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the book was revised and expanded further to reflect the circumstances of the late exilic and post-exilic community. Content Impalement of Judeans by Assyrian soldiers (Neo-Assyrian relief) Structure At the broadest level, Micah can be divided into three roughly equal parts: Judgment against the nations and their leaders Restoration of Zion (chapters 4–5, probably exilic and post-exilic, together with the next section); God's lawsuit against Israel and expression of hope (chapters 6–7). Within this broad three-part structure are a series of alternating oracles of judgment and promises of restoration: 1.1 Superscription 1.2–2.11 Oracles of judgment 2.12–13 Oracles of restoration 3.1–12 Oracles of judgment 4.1–5.15 Oracles of restoration 6.1–7.6 Oracles of judgment 7.7–20 Oracles of restoration Subsections The Heading (1:1): As is typical of prophetic books, an anonymous editor has supplied the name of the prophet, an indication of his time of activity, and an identification of his speech as the "word of Yahweh", a generic term carrying a claim to prophetic legitimacy and authority. Samaria and Jerusalem are given prominence as the foci of the prophet's attention. Judgment against Samaria (1:2–7): Drawing upon ancient traditions for depicting a theophany, the prophet depicts the coming of Yahweh to punish the city, whose sins are idolatry and the abuse of the poor. Warnings to the cities of Judah (1:8–16): Samaria has fallen, Judah is next. Micah describes the destruction of the lesser towns of Judah (referring to the invasion of Judah by Sennacherib, 701 BCE). For these passages of doom on the various cities, paronomasia is used. Paronomasia is a literary device which 'plays' on the sound of each word for literary effect. For example, the inhabitants of Beth-le-aphrah ("house of dust") are told to "roll yourselves in the dust." 1:14. Though most of the Paronomasia is lost in translation, it is the equivalent of 'Ashdod shall be but ashes,' where the fate of the city matches its name. Misuse of power denounced (2:1–5): Denounces those who appropriate the land and houses of others. The context may be simply the amassing wealth for its own sake, or could be connected with the militarisation of the region for the expected Assyrian attack. Threats against the prophet (2:6–11): The prophet is warned not to prophesy. He answers that the rulers are harming God's people, and want to listen only to those who advocate the virtues of wine. A later promise (2:12–13): These verses assume that judgment has already fallen and Israel is already scattered abroad. Judgment on wicked Zion (3:1–4): Israel's rulers are accused of gaining more wealth at the expense of the poor, by any means. The metaphor of flesh being torn illustrates the length to which the ruling classes and socialites would go to further increase their wealth. Prophets are corrupt, seeking personal gain. Jerusalem's rulers believe that God will always be with them, but God will be with his people, and Jerusalem will be destroyed. Zion's future hope (4:1–5) This is a later passage, almost identical with Isaiah 2:2–4. Zion (meaning the Temple) will be rebuilt, but by God, and based not on violence and corruption but on the desire to learn God's laws, beat swords to ploughshares and live in peace. Israeli stamp marking World Refugee Year (1960), quoting Micah 4:4: "But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them afraid." (KJV) Further promises to Zion (4:6–7) This is another later passage, promising Zion that she will once more enjoy her former independence and power. Deliverance from Distress in Babylon (4:9–5:1) The similarities to Isaiah 41:15–16 and the references to Babylon suggest the period of this material, although it is unclear whether a period during or after the siege of 586 is meant. Despite their trials, God will not desert his people. The promised ruler from Bethlehem (5:1–14): This passage is usually dated to the exile. Although chapters 4:9–10 have said that there is "no king in Zion", these chapters predict the coming Messiah will emerge from Bethlehem, the traditional home of the Davidic monarchy, to restore Israel. Assyria will be stricken, and Israel's punishment will lead to the punishment of the nations. A Covenant lawsuit (6:1–5): Yahweh accuses Israel (the people of Judah) of breaking the covenant through their lack of justice and honesty, after the pattern of the kings of Israel (northern kingdom). Torah Liturgy (6:6–8): Micah speaks on behalf of the community asking what they should do in order to get back on God's good side. Micah then responds by saying that God requires only "to do justice, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God." Thus declaring that the burnt offering of both animals and humans (which may have been practiced in Judah under Kings Ahaz and Manasseh) is not necessary for God. The City as a Cheat (6:9–16): The city is reprimanded for its dishonest trade practices. Lament (7:1–7): The first passage in the book in the first person: whether it comes from Micah himself is disputed. Honesty and decency have vanished, families are filled with strife. A song of fallen Jerusalem (7:8–10): The first person voice continues, but now it is the city who speaks. She recognises that her destruction is deserved punishment from God. The recognition gives grounds for hope that God is still with her. A prophecy of restoration (7:11–13): Fallen Jerusalem is promised that she will be rebuilt and that her power will be greater than ever (a contrast with the vision of peace in 4:1–5). A prayer for future prosperity (7:14–17): The mood switches from a request for power to grateful astonishment at God's mercy. Hermann Gunkel and Bo Reicke identify the last chapter as a ritual text possibly connected to festivals. Themes Micah addresses the future of Judah/Israel after the Babylonian exile. Like Isaiah, the book has a vision of the punishment of Israel and creation of a "remnant", followed by world peace centered on Zion under the leadership of a new Davidic monarch; the people should do justice, turn to Yahweh, and await the end of their punishment. However, whereas Isaiah sees Jacob/Israel joining "the nations" under Yahweh's rule, Micah looks forward to Israel ruling over the nations. Insofar as Micah appears to draw on and rework parts of Isaiah, it seems designed at least partly to provide a counterpoint to that book. Quotations in the New Testament In the New Testament, the Book of Matthew quotes from the Book of Micah in relation to Jesus being born in Bethlehem: And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judæa: for thus it is written by the prophet, And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel.— Matthew 2:5–6 But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall he come forth unto me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting.— Micah 5:2 Jesus quotes Micah when he warns that families will be divided by the gospel: A man’s enemies will be those of his own household.— Matthew 10:36 For the son dishonoureth the father, the daughter riseth up against her mother, the daughter in law against her mother in law; a man's enemies are the men of his own house.— Micah 7:6 In the New Testament, the Book of John is a possible alluding to the identification of the mysterious "him" that God causes to see marvels or marvelous things: For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that himself doeth: and he will shew him greater works than these, that ye may marvel.— John 5:20 According to the days of thy coming out of the land of Egypt will I shew unto him marvellous things.— Micah 7:15 See also Zion References ^ Ben Zvi (2000), p. 4 ^ Mays (1976), p. 1 ^ Limburg (1988), p. 160 ^ Limburg (1988), p. 159 ^ King (1988), pp. 27–28 ^ a b Sweeney (2000), pp. 341–42 ^ Coogan (2009), p. 284 ^ Coogan (2009), p. 265 ^ Micah 1:1 ^ a b c d e f Rogerson (2003), p. 703 ^ King (1988), pp. 31–33 ^ a b King (1988), p. 27 ^ a b c d e Rogerson (2003), p. 704 ^ Mays (1976), p. 21 ^ Mays (1976), p. 23 ^ Mays (1976), pp. 24–25 ^ Mays (1976), p. 30 ^ Coogan (2009) ^ Ben Zvi (2000), p. 13 ^ Sweeney (2000), p. 343 ^ Rogerson (2003), pp. 704–05 ^ a b c Rogerson (2003), p. 705 ^ Rogerson (2003), pp. 705–06 ^ Sweeney (2000), p. 387 ^ Sweeney (2000), p. 395 ^ King (2006), pp. 1246–47 ^ a b c d Rogerson (2003), p. 707 ^ Kapelrud, Arvid S. “Eschatology in the Book of Micah.” Vetus Testamentum, vol. 11, no. 4, 1961, pp. 403–404. JSTOR website Retrieved 15 Mar. 2023. Bibliography Allen, Leslie C (1976). The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802825315. Micah Ben Zvi, Ehud (2000). Micah. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802845993. Coogan, Michael (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford University Press. Grigg, Donald L (2006). The Bible from Scratch: The Old Testament for Beginners. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0664225773. King, Phillip J (2006). HarperCollins Study Bible: Micah. Harper Collins Publishers. King, Philip J (1988). Amos, Hosea, Micah: an archaeological commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664240776. Limburg, James (1988). Hosea-Micah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664237578. Mays, James L (1976). Micah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664208172. Rogerson, John W. (2003). "Micah". In James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson (ed.). Eerdmans Bible Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802837110. Sweeney, Marvin A (2000). The Twelve Prophets. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814650912. Further reading "Book of Micah." The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 4, Editor-in-Chief: Freedman, David N. Doubleday; New York. 1992. "Book of Micah." International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. General Editor: Bromley, G.W. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.; Grand Rapids, MI. 1986. “ Book of Micah” Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine Forward Movement Publications, Cincinnati, OH, 2007 Holy Bible: The New Oxford Annotated Bible. Coogan; Oxford University Press, 2007. LaSor, William Sanford et al. Old Testament Survey: the Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1996. Hailey, Homer. (1973). A Commentary on the Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. Maxey, Al. The Minor Prophets: Micah. (n.d.). 20 Paragraphs. Retrieved October 4, 2005, from Micah McKeating, Henry Engel. (1971). The Books of Amos, Hosea, and Micah. New York: the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press. Pusey, E.B. (1963). The Minor Prophets: A Commentary (Vol. II). Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. Wood, Joyce Rilett. (2000). "Speech and action in Micah's prophecy". Catholic Biblical Quarterly, no. 4(62), 49 paragraphs. Retrieved September 30, 2005, from OCLC (FirstSearch) database FirstSearch Login Screen External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Micah. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Micah Wikiquote has quotations related to Book of Micah. 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Additional Scriptures Studies Biblical and Quranic narratives Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Category Portal WikiProject Authority control databases International VIAF National Norway France BnF data Argentina Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Greece Croatia Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twelve minor prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Micah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micah_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Moresheth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moresheth-Gath"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"rich and powerful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion"},{"link_name":"Davidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweeney_2000,_pp._341%E2%80%9342-6"},{"link_name":"lament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lament"},{"link_name":"theophany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"Mosaic covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_covenant"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Book of Micah is the sixth of the twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible.[1] Ostensibly, it records the sayings of Micah, whose name is Mikayahu (Hebrew: מִיכָיָ֫הוּ), meaning \"Who is like Yahweh?\",[2] an 8th-century BCE prophet from the village of Moresheth in Judah (Hebrew name from the opening verse: מיכה המרשתי).[3]The book has three major divisions, chapters 1–2, 3–5 and 6–7, each introduced by the word \"Hear,\" with a pattern of alternating announcements of doom and expressions of hope within each division.[4] Micah reproaches unjust leaders, defends the rights of the poor against the rich and powerful;[5] while looking forward to a world at peace centered on Zion under the leadership of a new Davidic monarch.[6]While the book is relatively short, it includes lament (1.8–16; 7.8–10), theophany (1.3–4), hymnic prayer of petition and confidence (7.14–20),[7] and the \"covenant lawsuit\" (6.1–8), a distinct genre in which Yahweh (God) sues Israel for breach of contract of the Mosaic covenant.[8]","title":"Book of Micah"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sennacherib_sling.jpg"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"Nevi'im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevi%27im"},{"link_name":"Prophets in Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Moresheth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maresha"},{"link_name":"Jotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotham"},{"link_name":"Ahaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaz"},{"link_name":"Hezekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-10"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_empire"},{"link_name":"Tiglath-Pileser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III"},{"link_name":"the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Levant"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Philistine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines"},{"link_name":"vassalage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute"},{"link_name":"Ammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammon"},{"link_name":"Moab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab"},{"link_name":"Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"},{"link_name":"Aram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram-Damascus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"destruction of the capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)#Destruction_of_the_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Samaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King_1988,_p._27-12"},{"link_name":"Shephelah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shephelah"},{"link_name":"Lachish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson704-13"}],"text":"Assyrian warriors armed with slings from the palace of Sennacherib, 7th century BCESee also: Nevi'im and Prophets in JudaismChapter 1:1[9] identifies the prophet as \"Micah of Moresheth\" (a town in southern Judah), and states that he lived during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, roughly 750–700 BCE.[10]This corresponds to the period when, after a long period of peace, Israel, Judah, and the other nations of the region came under increasing pressure from the aggressive and rapidly expanding Neo-Assyrian empire. Between 734 and 727 Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria conducted almost annual campaigns in the Levant, reducing the Kingdom of Israel, the Kingdom of Judah and the Philistine cities to vassalage, receiving tribute from Ammon, Moab and Edom, and absorbing Damascus (the Kingdom of Aram) into the Empire.[11] On Tiglath-Pileser's death Israel rebelled, resulting in an Assyrian counter-attack and the destruction of the capital, Samaria, in 721 after a three-year siege.[10] Micah 1:2–7 draws on this event: Samaria, says the prophet, has been destroyed by God because of its crimes of idolatry, oppression of the poor, and misuse of power.[10] The Assyrian attacks on Israel (the northern kingdom) led to an influx of refugees into Judah, which would have increased social stresses, while at the same time the authorities in Jerusalem had to invest huge amounts in tribute and defense.[12]When the Assyrians attacked Judah in 701 they did so via the Philistine coast and the Shephelah, the border region which included Micah's village of Moresheth, as well as Lachish, Judah's second largest city. This in turn forms the background to verses 1:8–16, in which Micah warns the towns of the coming disaster (Lachish is singled out for special mention, accused of the corrupt practices of both Samaria and Jerusalem). In verses 2:1–5 he denounces the appropriation of land and houses, which might simply be the greed of the wealthy and powerful, or possibly the result of the militarizing of the area in preparation for the Assyrian attack.[13]","title":"Setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"link_name":"Postdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdiction"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-10"},{"link_name":"post-Exilic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_period"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Neo-Babylonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"fall to the Neo-Babylonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Further information: Babylonian captivity and PostdictionSome, but not all, scholars accept that only chapters 1–3 contain material from the late 8th century prophet Micah.[10] The latest material comes from the post-Exilic period after the Temple was rebuilt in 515 BCE, so that the early 5th century BCE seems to be the period when the book was completed.[14] The first stage was the collection and arrangement of some spoken sayings of the historical Micah (the material in chapters 1–3), in which the prophet attacks those who build estates through oppression and depicts the Assyrian invasion of Judah as Yahweh's punishment on the kingdom's corrupt rulers, including a prophecy that the Temple will be destroyed.[15]The prophecy was not fulfilled in Micah's time, but a hundred years later when Judah was facing a similar crisis with the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Micah's prophecies were reworked and expanded to reflect the new situation.[16] Still later, after Jerusalem did fall to the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the book was revised and expanded further to reflect the circumstances of the late exilic and post-exilic community.[17]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg"},{"link_name":"Judeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"}],"text":"Impalement of Judeans by Assyrian soldiers (Neo-Assyrian relief)","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King_1988,_p._27-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Structure","text":"At the broadest level, Micah can be divided into three roughly equal parts:[12]Judgment against the nations and their leaders\nRestoration of Zion (chapters 4–5, probably exilic and post-exilic, together with the next section);[10]\nGod's lawsuit against Israel and expression of hope (chapters 6–7).Within this broad three-part structure are a series of alternating oracles of judgment and promises of restoration:[18]1.1 Superscription\n1.2–2.11 Oracles of judgment\n2.12–13 Oracles of restoration\n3.1–12 Oracles of judgment\n4.1–5.15 Oracles of restoration\n6.1–7.6 Oracles of judgment\n7.7–20 Oracles of restoration","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1:1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micah_1#Verse_1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson_2003,_p._703-10"},{"link_name":"paronomasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun"},{"link_name":"literary device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson704-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson704-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson704-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson704-13"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption"},{"link_name":"beat swords to ploughshares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares#Biblical_references"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson705-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_refugee_year_stamp_Israel_-_Micah_4-4.jpg"},{"link_name":"KJV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJV"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson705-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson705-22"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy"},{"link_name":"Ahaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Manasseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson707-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson707-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson707-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogerson707-27"},{"link_name":"Hermann Gunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Gunkel"},{"link_name":"Bo Reicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Reicke"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Subsections","text":"The Heading (1:1): As is typical of prophetic books, an anonymous editor has supplied the name of the prophet, an indication of his time of activity, and an identification of his speech as the \"word of Yahweh\", a generic term carrying a claim to prophetic legitimacy and authority.[19] Samaria and Jerusalem are given prominence as the foci of the prophet's attention.[20]\nJudgment against Samaria (1:2–7): Drawing upon ancient traditions for depicting a theophany, the prophet depicts the coming of Yahweh to punish the city, whose sins are idolatry and the abuse of the poor.[10]\nWarnings to the cities of Judah (1:8–16): Samaria has fallen, Judah is next. Micah describes the destruction of the lesser towns of Judah (referring to the invasion of Judah by Sennacherib, 701 BCE). For these passages of doom on the various cities, paronomasia is used. Paronomasia is a literary device which 'plays' on the sound of each word for literary effect. For example, the inhabitants of Beth-le-aphrah (\"house of dust\") are told to \"roll yourselves in the dust.\" 1:14. Though most of the Paronomasia is lost in translation, it is the equivalent of 'Ashdod shall be but ashes,' where the fate of the city matches its name.[13]\nMisuse of power denounced (2:1–5): Denounces those who appropriate the land and houses of others. The context may be simply the amassing wealth for its own sake, or could be connected with the militarisation of the region for the expected Assyrian attack.[13]\nThreats against the prophet (2:6–11): The prophet is warned not to prophesy. He answers that the rulers are harming God's people, and want to listen only to those who advocate the virtues of wine.[13]\nA later promise (2:12–13): These verses assume that judgment has already fallen and Israel is already scattered abroad.[13]\nJudgment on wicked Zion (3:1–4): Israel's rulers are accused of gaining more wealth at the expense of the poor, by any means. The metaphor of flesh being torn illustrates the length to which the ruling classes and socialites would go to further increase their wealth. Prophets are corrupt, seeking personal gain. Jerusalem's rulers believe that God will always be with them, but God will be with his people, and Jerusalem will be destroyed.[21]\nZion's future hope (4:1–5) This is a later passage, almost identical with Isaiah 2:2–4. Zion (meaning the Temple) will be rebuilt, but by God, and based not on violence and corruption but on the desire to learn God's laws, beat swords to ploughshares and live in peace.[22]Israeli stamp marking World Refugee Year (1960), quoting Micah 4:4: \"But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them afraid.\" (KJV)Further promises to Zion (4:6–7) This is another later passage, promising Zion that she will once more enjoy her former independence and power.[22]\nDeliverance from Distress in Babylon (4:9–5:1) The similarities to Isaiah 41:15–16 and the references to Babylon suggest the period of this material, although it is unclear whether a period during or after the siege of 586 is meant. Despite their trials, God will not desert his people.[22]\nThe promised ruler from Bethlehem (5:1–14): This passage is usually dated to the exile.[23] Although chapters 4:9–10 have said that there is \"no king in Zion\", these chapters predict the coming Messiah will emerge from Bethlehem, the traditional home of the Davidic monarchy, to restore Israel. Assyria will be stricken, and Israel's punishment will lead to the punishment of the nations.[24]\nA Covenant lawsuit (6:1–5): Yahweh accuses Israel (the people of Judah) of breaking the covenant through their lack of justice and honesty, after the pattern of the kings of Israel (northern kingdom).[25]\nTorah Liturgy (6:6–8): Micah speaks on behalf of the community asking what they should do in order to get back on God's good side. Micah then responds by saying that God requires only \"to do justice, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God.\" Thus declaring that the burnt offering of both animals and humans (which may have been practiced in Judah under Kings Ahaz and Manasseh) is not necessary for God.[26]\nThe City as a Cheat (6:9–16): The city is reprimanded for its dishonest trade practices.\nLament (7:1–7): The first passage in the book in the first person: whether it comes from Micah himself is disputed. Honesty and decency have vanished, families are filled with strife.[27]\nA song of fallen Jerusalem (7:8–10): The first person voice continues, but now it is the city who speaks. She recognises that her destruction is deserved punishment from God. The recognition gives grounds for hope that God is still with her.[27]\nA prophecy of restoration (7:11–13): Fallen Jerusalem is promised that she will be rebuilt and that her power will be greater than ever (a contrast with the vision of peace in 4:1–5).[27]\nA prayer for future prosperity (7:14–17): The mood switches from a request for power to grateful astonishment at God's mercy.[27] Hermann Gunkel and Bo Reicke identify the last chapter as a ritual text possibly connected to festivals.[28]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"remnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remnant_(Bible)#Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweeney_2000,_pp._341%E2%80%9342-6"}],"text":"Micah addresses the future of Judah/Israel after the Babylonian exile. Like Isaiah, the book has a vision of the punishment of Israel and creation of a \"remnant\", followed by world peace centered on Zion under the leadership of a new Davidic monarch; the people should do justice, turn to Yahweh, and await the end of their punishment. However, whereas Isaiah sees Jacob/Israel joining \"the nations\" under Yahweh's rule, Micah looks forward to Israel ruling over the nations. Insofar as Micah appears to draw on and rework parts of Isaiah, it seems designed at least partly to provide a counterpoint to that book.[6]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Book of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Matthew 2:5–6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#2:5"},{"link_name":"Micah 5:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Micah#5:2"},{"link_name":"Matthew 10:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#10:36"},{"link_name":"Micah 7:6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Micah#7:6"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Book of John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_John"},{"link_name":"John 5:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#5:20"},{"link_name":"Micah 7:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Micah#7:15"}],"text":"In the New Testament, the Book of Matthew quotes from the Book of Micah in relation to Jesus being born in Bethlehem:And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judæa: for thus it is written by the prophet, And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel.— Matthew 2:5–6But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall he come forth unto me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting.— Micah 5:2Jesus quotes Micah when he warns that families will be divided by the gospel:A man’s enemies will be those of his own household.— Matthew 10:36For the son dishonoureth the father, the daughter riseth up against her mother, the daughter in law against her mother in law; a man's enemies are the men of his own house.— Micah 7:6In the New Testament, the Book of John is a possible alluding to the identification of the mysterious \"him\" that God causes to see marvels or marvelous things:For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that himself doeth: and he will shew him greater works than these, that ye may marvel.— John 5:20According to the days of thy coming out of the land of Egypt will I shew unto him marvellous things.— Micah 7:15","title":"Quotations in the New Testament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/booksofjoelobadi00alle"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0802825315","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802825315"},{"link_name":"Micah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PlO0kMRUuB0C&q=Micah"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0802845993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802845993"},{"link_name":"The Bible from Scratch: The Old Testament for Beginners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TUAykz2hS10C&q=The+Bible+from+Scratch:+The+Old+Testament+for+Beginners"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0664225773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664225773"},{"link_name":"Amos, Hosea, Micah: an archaeological commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HS5Z4k7RiUkC&q=Micah"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0664240776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664240776"},{"link_name":"Hosea-Micah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DAbUFlJdSgEC&q=Micah"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0664237578","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664237578"},{"link_name":"Mays, James L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Luther_Mays"},{"link_name":"Micah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1iDaeovh1IoC&q=Micah"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0664208172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664208172"},{"link_name":"\"Micah\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Micah+John+W.+Rogerson&pg=PA703"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0802837110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802837110"},{"link_name":"The Twelve Prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=R7HaijsNACAC&q=Micah+overview+micah+is+the+sixth+book&pg=PA339"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0814650912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814650912"}],"text":"Allen, Leslie C (1976). The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802825315. Micah\nBen Zvi, Ehud (2000). Micah. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802845993.\nCoogan, Michael (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford University Press.\nGrigg, Donald L (2006). The Bible from Scratch: The Old Testament for Beginners. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0664225773.\nKing, Phillip J (2006). HarperCollins Study Bible: Micah. Harper Collins Publishers.\nKing, Philip J (1988). Amos, Hosea, Micah: an archaeological commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664240776.\nLimburg, James (1988). Hosea-Micah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664237578.\nMays, James L (1976). Micah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664208172.\nRogerson, John W. (2003). \"Micah\". In James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson (ed.). Eerdmans Bible Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802837110.\nSweeney, Marvin A (2000). The Twelve Prophets. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814650912.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"“ Book of Micah”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.vts.edu/ftpimages/95/download/download_group10629_id317189.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150906135316/http://www.vts.edu/ftpimages/95/download/download_group10629_id317189.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Micah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zianet.com/maxey/Proph11.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Catholic Biblical Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Biblical_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"FirstSearch Login Screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//newfirstsearch.oclc.org"}],"text":"\"Book of Micah.\" The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 4, Editor-in-Chief: Freedman, David N. Doubleday; New York. 1992.\n\"Book of Micah.\" International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. General Editor: Bromley, G.W. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.; Grand Rapids, MI. 1986.\n“ Book of Micah” Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine Forward Movement Publications, Cincinnati, OH, 2007\nHoly Bible: The New Oxford Annotated Bible. Coogan; Oxford University Press, 2007.\nLaSor, William Sanford et al. Old Testament Survey: the Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1996.\nHailey, Homer. (1973). A Commentary on the Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. [ISBN missing]\nMaxey, Al. The Minor Prophets: Micah. (n.d.). 20 Paragraphs. Retrieved October 4, 2005, from Micah\nMcKeating, Henry Engel. (1971). The Books of Amos, Hosea, and Micah. New York: the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press.[ISBN missing]\nPusey, E.B. (1963). The Minor Prophets: A Commentary (Vol. II). Grand Rapids: Baker Book House.[ISBN missing]\nWood, Joyce Rilett. (2000). \"Speech and action in Micah's prophecy\". Catholic Biblical Quarterly, no. 4(62), 49 paragraphs. Retrieved September 30, 2005, from OCLC (FirstSearch) database FirstSearch Login Screen","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Assyrian warriors armed with slings from the palace of Sennacherib, 7th century BCE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cd/Sennacherib_sling.jpg"},{"image_text":"Impalement of Judeans by Assyrian soldiers (Neo-Assyrian relief)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg/250px-JudeanImpalement_Roaf185.jpg"},{"image_text":"Israeli stamp marking World Refugee Year (1960), quoting Micah 4:4: \"But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them afraid.\" (KJV)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/International_refugee_year_stamp_Israel_-_Micah_4-4.jpg/220px-International_refugee_year_stamp_Israel_-_Micah_4-4.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion"}]	[{"reference":"Allen, Leslie C (1976). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:ArticlesForCreationBot	User talk:ArticlesForCreationBot	["1 Editing talk pages with a bot","2 Broken exclusion compliant code","3 Talkback","4 Your draft article, User:194.7.47.68/Emulated View","5 {{Wrong AFC submission}}"]	Articles for creation User‑classThis page is used for the administration of the Articles for Creation or Files for Upload processes and is therefore within the scope of WikiProject Articles for Creation. Please direct any queries to the discussion page.Articles for creationWikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creationTemplate:WikiProject Articles for creation (admin)AfC project pagesUserThis page does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment scale. Editing talk pages with a bot It'd be nice if the bot op would use the &section=new value in the API rather than just &action=edit. Also, redirecting the talk page of the bot to a WikiProject is odd. I've seen bot talk pages redirect to main account talk pages, but not a completely separate venue. Killiondude (talk) 04:49, 28 July 2013 (UTC) I haven't done that, check the talk page history. If you want to tell this to people who did it, you should message the target page. Petrb (talk) 06:09, 28 July 2013 (UTC) It says you requested it or something. Anyhow, could you let me know what your thoughts are about using &section=new? Killiondude (talk) 23:43, 2 August 2013 (UTC) For which task should that be useful? (I know what it does, but I don't see the use for AFCbot) mabdul 05:38, 8 August 2013 (UTC) Broken exclusion compliant code When doing this task, this bot keeps moving my page, even though it is tagged with {{bots\|deny=ArticlesForCreationBot}}. Avicennasis @ 01:09, 2 Elul 5773 / 01:09, 8 August 2013 (UTC) Talkback Hello, ArticlesForCreationBot. You have new messages at Ashbeckjonathan's talk page. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. Ashbeckjonathan 21:14, 25 August 2013 (UTC) Your draft article, User:194.7.47.68/Emulated View Hello ArticlesForCreationBot. It has been over six months since you last edited your WP:AFC draft article submission, entitled "Emulated View". The page will shortly be deleted. If you plan on editing the page to address the issues raised when it was declined and resubmit it, simply edit the submission and remove the {{db-afc}} or {{db-g13}} code. Please note that Articles for Creation is not for indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace. If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you want to retrieve it, copy this code: {{subst:Refund/G13\|User:194.7.47.68/Emulated View}}, paste it in the edit box at this link, click "Save page", and an administrator will in most cases undelete the submission. Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. PNGWantok (talk) 10:34, 25 August 2014 (UTC) {{Wrong AFC submission}} FYI Template:Wrong AFC submission (edit \| talk \| history \| links \| watch \| logs) has been nominated for deletion. This is an accessory template which the documentation says is used by this bot -- 65.92.246.142 (talk) 04:52, 12 March 2022 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:ArticlesForCreationBot&action=edit&section=1"},{"link_name":"Killiondude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Killiondude"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Killiondude"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Petrb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Petrb"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Petrb"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Killiondude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Killiondude"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Killiondude"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"mabdul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mabdul"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:ArticlesForCreationBot&action=edit&section=2"},{"link_name":"this task,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots/Requests_for_approval/Petan-Bot_task9"},{"link_name":"my page,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Avicennasis/todo/creation"},{"link_name":"bots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bots"},{"link_name":"Avic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Avicennasis"},{"link_name":"ennasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Avicennasis"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:ArticlesForCreationBot&action=edit&section=3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ashbeckjonathan"},{"link_name":"Ashbeckjonathan's talk page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ashbeckjonathan"},{"link_name":"remove this notice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/User_talk:ArticlesForCreationBot"},{"link_name":"User:194.7.47.68/Emulated View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:194.7.47.68/Emulated_View&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:ArticlesForCreationBot&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"WP:AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AFC"},{"link_name":"Emulated View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:194.7.47.68/Emulated_View&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit the submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:194.7.47.68/Emulated_View&action=edit"},{"link_name":"mainspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mainspace"},{"link_name":"this link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_undeletion&action=edit&section=new"},{"link_name":"PNGWantok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:PNGWantok"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:PNGWantok"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wrong AFC submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wrong_AFC_submission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:ArticlesForCreationBot&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Template:Wrong AFC submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wrong_AFC_submission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wrong_AFC_submission&action=edit"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Wrong_AFC_submission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wrong_AFC_submission&action=history"},{"link_name":"links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Wrong_AFC_submission"},{"link_name":"watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wrong_AFC_submission&action=watch"},{"link_name":"logs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&page=Template%3AWrong+AFC+submission"},{"link_name":"65.92.246.142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/65.92.246.142"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:65.92.246.142"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Editing talk pages with a bot[edit]It'd be nice if the bot op would use the &section=new value in the API rather than just &action=edit. Also, redirecting the talk page of the bot to a WikiProject is odd. I've seen bot talk pages redirect to main account talk pages, but not a completely separate venue. Killiondude (talk) 04:49, 28 July 2013 (UTC)[reply]I haven't done that, check the talk page history. If you want to tell this to people who did it, you should message the target page. Petrb (talk) 06:09, 28 July 2013 (UTC)[reply]\nIt says you requested it or something. Anyhow, could you let me know what your thoughts are about using &section=new? Killiondude (talk) 23:43, 2 August 2013 (UTC)[reply]\nFor which task should that be useful? (I know what it does, but I don't see the use for AFCbot) mabdul 05:38, 8 August 2013 (UTC)[reply]Broken exclusion compliant code[edit]When doing this task, this bot keeps moving my page, even though it is tagged with {{bots\|deny=ArticlesForCreationBot}}. Avicennasis @ 01:09, 2 Elul 5773 / 01:09, 8 August 2013 (UTC)[reply]Talkback[edit]Hello, ArticlesForCreationBot. You have new messages at Ashbeckjonathan's talk page. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.Ashbeckjonathan 21:14, 25 August 2013 (UTC)Your draft article, User:194.7.47.68/Emulated View[edit]Hello ArticlesForCreationBot. It has been over six months since you last edited your WP:AFC draft article submission, entitled \"Emulated View\".The page will shortly be deleted. If you plan on editing the page to address the issues raised when it was declined and resubmit it, simply edit the submission and remove the {{db-afc}} or {{db-g13}} code. Please note that Articles for Creation is not for indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace.If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you want to retrieve it, copy this code: {{subst:Refund/G13\|User:194.7.47.68/Emulated View}}, paste it in the edit box at this link, click \"Save page\", and an administrator will in most cases undelete the submission.Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. PNGWantok (talk) 10:34, 25 August 2014 (UTC)[reply]{{Wrong AFC submission}}[edit]FYI Template:Wrong AFC submission (edit \| talk \| history \| links \| watch \| logs) has been nominated for deletion. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrawagine	Warrawagine	["1 Description","2 History","3 See also","4 References"]	Coordinates: 20°51′02″S 120°41′44″E / 20.85056°S 120.69556°E / -20.85056; 120.69556Pastoral lease in Western Australia Warrawagine Stationclass=notpageimage\| Location in Western Australia Warrawagine or Warrawagine Station is a pastoral lease and cattle station located between Marble Bar and Broome in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Description The property is 1,000,000 acres (4,047 km2) in size and is approximately 140 kilometres (87 mi) north east of Marble Bar bordering the Great Sandy Desert. The Oakover River borders the property, and the Carawine Gorge lies within the property boundary. History Warrawagine was established in 1896 and was initially managed by Frank Thompson and his wife Ceclia. The homestead was built in 1901 along with the store, workshop shed and blacksmith shop. In 1916 the property was acquired by the Rubin family and contributed to the wool production for uniforms in both world wars. The property was acquired by Mills in 1992 and was stocked with 460 cattle at the time. Wallal Downs was acquired in 2013 when the property market for cattle stations was at its lowest point. In 2015 the property was owned by Robin Mills and Rob Jowett and run along with Wallal Station; Warragine is stocked with approximately 23,000 head of droughtmaster cattle. The pair have diversified and planted 37 hectares (91 acres) of sorghum, which is being grown using a centre-pivot irrigation system. The 2015 season was dry with the station also being hit hard by bushfires. The station also commenced earthworks to hold annual rainwater runoff for longer to help rehydrate the rangelands in the De Grey River catchment area. Surrounding properties including Limestone, De Grey and Yarrie Stations are also involved in the project. See also List of ranches and stations References ^ a b "Warrawagine Station Cattle Company". Central Station. 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2015. ^ a b Mark Muller. "New Beginnings". R. M. Williams. Retrieved 28 September 2015. ^ a b "Pastoralist eyes bright future for exports". Farm Weekly. Fairfax Media. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2015. ^ a b Brad Thompson (23 March 2015). "Pastoralist eyes desert crops". The West Australian. Retrieved 28 September 2015. ^ Tyne McConnon (19 February 2015). "Irrigated agriculture developed in perfect time for WA cattle station". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 September 2015. ^ Lucie Bell (17 July 2015). "Pilbara pastoral stations trial techniques to improve rangelands rehydration along the De Grey River". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 September 2015. 20°51′02″S 120°41′44″E / 20.85056°S 120.69556°E / -20.85056; 120.69556 vteStations in the Pilbara region of Western Australia Abydos Ashburton Downs Balfour Downs Balla Balla Bonney Downs Boodarie Boolaloo Callawa Carlindi Chirritta Coolawanyah Coongan Cooya Pooya Corunna Downs Croydon De Grey Emu Creek Ethel Creek Ettrick Glenflorrie Globe Hill Hamersley Hooley Juna Downs Kooline Koordarrie Lalla Rookh Mallina Mardie Maroonah Marillana Millstream Minderoo Mt Edgar Mt Florence Mt Minnie Mt Welcome Muccan Mulga Downs Mundabullangana Nanutarra Noreena Downs Nyang Pardoo Peedamulla Pilga Pippingarra Pyramid Rocklea Roy Hill Sherlock Turee Creek Uaroo Ullawarra Warrawagine Wyloo Yanrey Yarraloola Yarrie	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australia_Western_Australia_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australia_Western_Australia_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"cattle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_station"},{"link_name":"Marble Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Bar,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Broome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Pilbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilbara"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"}],"text":"Pastoral lease in Western AustraliaWarrawagine Stationclass=notpageimage\| Location in Western AustraliaWarrawagine or Warrawagine Station is a pastoral lease and cattle station located between Marble Bar and Broome in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.","title":"Warrawagine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Sandy Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sandy_Desert"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CS-1"},{"link_name":"Oakover River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakover_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMW-2"}],"text":"The property is 1,000,000 acres (4,047 km2) in size and is approximately 140 kilometres (87 mi) north east of Marble Bar bordering the Great Sandy Desert.[1] The Oakover River borders the property, and the Carawine Gorge lies within the property boundary.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_(buildings)"},{"link_name":"blacksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMW-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BF-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DC-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BF-3"},{"link_name":"Wallal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallal"},{"link_name":"droughtmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughtmaster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CS-1"},{"link_name":"sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DC-4"},{"link_name":"bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"De Grey River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Grey_River"},{"link_name":"De Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Grey_Station"},{"link_name":"Yarrie Stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrie_Station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Warrawagine was established in 1896 and was initially managed by Frank Thompson and his wife Ceclia. The homestead was built in 1901 along with the store, workshop shed and blacksmith shop.[2]In 1916 the property was acquired by the Rubin family and contributed to the wool production for uniforms in both world wars.The property was acquired by Mills in 1992[3] and was stocked with 460 cattle at the time.[4] Wallal Downs was acquired in 2013 when the property market for cattle stations was at its lowest point.[3]In 2015 the property was owned by Robin Mills and Rob Jowett and run along with Wallal Station; Warragine is stocked with approximately 23,000 head of droughtmaster cattle.[1] The pair have diversified and planted 37 hectares (91 acres) of sorghum, which is being grown using a centre-pivot irrigation system.[4]The 2015 season was dry with the station also being hit hard by bushfires.[5] The station also commenced earthworks to hold annual rainwater runoff for longer to help rehydrate the rangelands in the De Grey River catchment area. Surrounding properties including Limestone, De Grey and Yarrie Stations are also involved in the project.[6]","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of ranches and stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ranches_and_stations"}]	[{"reference":"\"Warrawagine Station Cattle Company\". Central Station. 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.centralstation.net.au/meet-the-crew/warrawagine-station/","url_text":"\"Warrawagine Station Cattle Company\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Muller. \"New Beginnings\". R. M. Williams. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rmwilliams.com.au/new-beginnings/Outback_Stories_NewBeginnings.html","url_text":"\"New Beginnings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._M._Williams","url_text":"R. M. Williams"}]},{"reference":"\"Pastoralist eyes bright future for exports\". Farm Weekly. Fairfax Media. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.farmweekly.com.au/news/agriculture/cattle/beef/pastoralist-eyes-bright-future-for-exports/2691163.aspx","url_text":"\"Pastoralist eyes bright future for exports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Weekly","url_text":"Farm Weekly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax Media"}]},{"reference":"Brad Thompson (23 March 2015). \"Pastoralist eyes desert crops\". The West Australian. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/regional/north-west/a/26765186/pastoralist-eyes-desert-crops/","url_text":"\"Pastoralist eyes desert crops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Australian","url_text":"The West Australian"}]},{"reference":"Tyne McConnon (19 February 2015). \"Irrigated agriculture developed in perfect time for WA cattle station\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-19/irrgated-agriculture-developed-in-perfect-time-for-wa-station/6148350","url_text":"\"Irrigated agriculture developed in perfect time for WA cattle station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Lucie Bell (17 July 2015). \"Pilbara pastoral stations trial techniques to improve rangelands rehydration along the De Grey River\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-17/pilbara-rangelands-rehydration/6627130","url_text":"\"Pilbara pastoral stations trial techniques to improve rangelands rehydration along the De Grey River\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Warrawagine&params=20_51_02_S_120_41_44_E_type:landmark_region:AU-WA","external_links_name":"20°51′02″S 120°41′44″E / 20.85056°S 120.69556°E / -20.85056; 120.69556"},{"Link":"http://www.centralstation.net.au/meet-the-crew/warrawagine-station/","external_links_name":"\"Warrawagine Station Cattle Company\""},{"Link":"http://www.rmwilliams.com.au/new-beginnings/Outback_Stories_NewBeginnings.html","external_links_name":"\"New Beginnings\""},{"Link":"http://www.farmweekly.com.au/news/agriculture/cattle/beef/pastoralist-eyes-bright-future-for-exports/2691163.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Pastoralist eyes bright future for exports\""},{"Link":"https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/regional/north-west/a/26765186/pastoralist-eyes-desert-crops/","external_links_name":"\"Pastoralist eyes desert crops\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-19/irrgated-agriculture-developed-in-perfect-time-for-wa-station/6148350","external_links_name":"\"Irrigated agriculture developed in perfect time for WA cattle station\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-17/pilbara-rangelands-rehydration/6627130","external_links_name":"\"Pilbara pastoral stations trial techniques to improve rangelands rehydration along the De Grey River\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Warrawagine&params=20_51_02_S_120_41_44_E_type:landmark_region:AU-WA","external_links_name":"20°51′02″S 120°41′44″E / 20.85056°S 120.69556°E / -20.85056; 120.69556"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_C._Body	Ralph C. Body	["1 Education and career","2 Federal judicial service","3 References","4 Sources"]	American judge Ralph C. BodySenior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of PennsylvaniaIn officeMay 30, 1972 – June 2, 1973Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of PennsylvaniaIn officeApril 4, 1962 – May 30, 1972Appointed byJohn F. KennedyPreceded byAllan Kuhn GrimSucceeded byHerbert Allan Fogel Personal detailsBornRalph Clyde Body(1903-02-18)February 18, 1903Yellow House, PennsylvaniaDiedJune 2, 1973(1973-06-02) (aged 70)EducationPennsylvania State University (A.B.)University of Pennsylvania Law School (LL.B.) Ralph Clyde Body (February 18, 1903 – June 2, 1973) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Education and career Born in Yellow House, Pennsylvania, Body received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Pennsylvania State University in 1925. He received a Bachelor of Laws from University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1928. He was in private practice of law in Pennsylvania from 1928 to 1960. He was solicitor for the Recorder of Deeds for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 1933 to 1936. He worked for the Home Owners' Loan Corporation from 1933 to 1941. He was an assistant county solicitor in Pennsylvania from 1936 to 1938. He was a member of the Berks County Board Law Examiners from 1946 to 1960. He was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County from 1960 to 1962. Federal judicial service Body was nominated by President John F. Kennedy on March 5, 1962, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania vacated by Judge Allan Kuhn Grim. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 2, 1962, and received his commission on April 4, 1962. He assumed senior status due to a certified disability on May 30, 1972. His service was terminated on June 2, 1973, due to his death. References ^ Justices and Judges of the United States Courts, Volume 1 ^ a b Ralph C. Body at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Sources Ralph C. Body at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Legal offices Preceded byAllan Kuhn Grim Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania 1962–1972 Succeeded byHerbert Allan Fogel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States district judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Ralph Clyde Body (February 18, 1903 – June 2, 1973) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.","title":"Ralph C. Body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yellow House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_House,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Artium Baccalaureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Home Owners' Loan Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Owners%27_Loan_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Berks County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"text":"Born in Yellow House, Pennsylvania, Body received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Pennsylvania State University in 1925. He received a Bachelor of Laws from University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1928. He was in private practice of law in Pennsylvania from 1928 to 1960. He was solicitor for the Recorder of Deeds for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 1933 to 1936. He worked for the Home Owners' Loan Corporation from 1933 to 1941. He was an assistant county solicitor in Pennsylvania from 1936 to 1938. He was a member of the Berks County Board Law Examiners from 1946 to 1960. He was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County from 1960 to 1962.[2]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Allan Kuhn Grim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Kuhn_Grim"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"text":"Body was nominated by President John F. Kennedy on March 5, 1962, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania vacated by Judge Allan Kuhn Grim. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 2, 1962, and received his commission on April 4, 1962. He assumed senior status due to a certified disability on May 30, 1972. His service was terminated on June 2, 1973, due to his death.[2]","title":"Federal judicial service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph C. Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fjc.gov/node/1377971"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges"},{"link_name":"Federal Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center"}],"text":"Ralph C. Body at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=owwqAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA18-IA149&lpg=PA18-IA149","external_links_name":"Justices and Judges of the United States Courts, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/1377971","external_links_name":"Ralph C. Body"},{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/1377971","external_links_name":"Ralph C. Body"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Giese	Georg Giese	["1 Life and career","2 Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Hanseatic merchant (1497–1562) Georg GiesePortrait by Hans Holbein the Younger (1532)Born2 April 1497DanzigDiedFebruary 3, 1562(1562-02-03) (aged 64)DanzigOccupationMerchant Georg Giese (2 April 1497 – 3 February 1562) was a prominent Hanseatic merchant, who managed his family's office at London's Steelyard for at least 12 years and is noted for having had his portrait painted by Hans Holbein the Younger. Life and career Giese was one of the younger sons of Albrecht Giese and his wife, Elisabeth Langenbeck. His father's ancestors originated from Unna in Westphalia, near Cologne, and had moved to Danzig in the 1430s. Georg was born in Danzig (Gdańsk) on 2 April 1497, into a patrician family. His father was the mayor of Danzig, and his mother's uncle had been the mayor of Danzig. He had at least six older siblings, whose names are not entirely clear. Tiedemann Giese, who became the Bishop of Culm (Chełmno), was an older brother. At the time of his birth, Danzig was an important Hanseatic town. His family was part of a new type of merchant class, that was beginning to dominate trade in 14th- and 15th-century Europe. Rather than haul goods from one market town to another, these new merchants dealt in goods on a large scale, importing and exporting across long distances. They operated on a world stage, often maintaining permanent offices in the larger European cities which were operated by agents or family members. These merchants formed a fraternity of traders known as the Hanseatic League to control trade and remove trade restrictions for their members. Giese's family had an office in London, which, at the time was the centre of European trade. Situated in the Steelyard, the London branch of the Hanse, the Giese family office was part of an enclave where Hanseatic and foreign merchants congregated. Many of the merchants there originated from Danzig. In the 1520s and 1530s, Giese represented his family's interests from the Steelyard office. The painter, Hans Holbein the Younger, produced portraits of wealthy merchants, including Giese and others based at the Steelyard. London's Steelyard Georg Giese's name appears in several documentary sources of the period. An English document from 1522 shows that he was given a protection order to assure safe passage between England and France (dated 26 June 1522; granted by the King of France). Another document shows that he was granted power of attorney to act for Francis Guyse (possibly another older brother) during his absence from the Steelyard while another document states that he was the Alderman's Deputy of the London Steelyard, an important position for a young man (1533). Yet another document from the Danzig Assembly (dated 30 October 1535) identifies the merchant mark of "Jorg Gisse," which scholars believe refers to Georg Giesse, and which is the same symbol as can be seen on the seal depicted on Giese's desk in Holbein's painting. In 1532, at the age of about 34 years, Giese commissioned a portrait, which scholars believe was intended to be a gift to his betrothed. The portrait is noted for the decor and objects that surround Giese in his London Office, all of which attest to his wealth and status as a member of the rising merchant class. After returning to his home city of Danzig, in 1535, he married Christine Krüger, daughter of a prominent Danzig merchant, Tiedemann Krüger and grand-daughter of the Mayor of Toruń (Thorn). The couple had ten children. Giese died on 3 February 1562 in Danzig. Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger Main article: Portrait of Georg Giese Giese's portrait was depicted on the 100,000 mark banknote of 1923. While Giese was stationed at the Steelyard during the 1530s, the merchant members located there sat for a series of portraits by Hans Holbein the Younger. These paintings were designed to showcase the merchant's status. Giese's portrait is unlike the other portraits of merchants in that it locates the subject in an office where many of the accoutrements of a merchant are clearly visible. The Holbein portrait commissioned by Giese, clearly identifies him as a merchant, due to the distinctive clothing and the tools of the trade. The painting is rich with symbols. It depicts him with carnations, at that time symbolizing his engagement. A plaque over his head identifies him, and states that it shows him in his 34th year, in 1532. He is holding a letter he received from his brother, written in Middle Saxon ("Middle Low German"): "Dem Erszamen/Jorgen gisze to lunden/in engelant mynem/broder to handen" ("To be handed to my brother, the honourable Jorgen gisze at London in England"). In the background and on the desk, letters, stamps and strips of sealing wax indicate his connections to both his family and a network of traders operating in the region. The various pieces of correspondence use different spellings of Giese's name; "Georg Gisze", "Jorgen Gisze" and "Georg Gyse." See also Commerce Guild List of paintings by Hans Holbein the Younger Merchant Notes ^ The merchant's name is spelled in various ways in the Holbein painting: "Georg Gisze", "Jorgen Gisze" and "Georg Gyse.". References ^ Jörn, N., With money and bloode, Böhlau, 2000, p. 427: this source claims that he was the 12th of 13 children. ^ Gassendi, P. and Thill, O., The Life of Copernicus (1473-1543), p. 179; Ostdeutsche Familienkunde, , Volumes 10-12, Degener & Company, 1962, p. 330; Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German) ^ Gassendi, P. and Thill, O., The Life of Copernicus (1473-1543), p. 179; these authors suggest that Georg and his brother, Tiedeman, may have been first cousins to Copernicus ^ Honig, E.A., Painting & the Market in Early Modern Antwerp, Yale University Press, 1998, pp 6-10 ^ Fudge, J.D., Commerce and Print in the Early Reformation, BRILL, 2007, p 110; merchants operating out of the Steelyard were exempt from certain taxes and customs duties. ^ Knight, C., London, Volumes 5-6, London, Charles Knight & Company, 1851, pp 53-54 ^ Holman, T.S., "Holbein's Portraits of the Steelyard Merchants: An Investigation," Metropolitan Museum Journal, vol. 14, 1980, pp 142-143 ^ Holman, T.S., "Holbein's Portraits of the Steelyard Merchants: An Investigation," Metropolitan Museum, Journal, vol. 14, 1980, p. 142; Fudge, J.D., Commerce and Print in the Early Reformation, BRILL, 2007, p 110; Michael. E., Hans Holbein the Younger: A Guide to Research, p. 440; Scholars point out that Giese's actual age and the age specified in the painting are not consistent and offer various explanations for the discrepancy. ^ Holman, T.S., "Holbein's Portraits of the Steelyard Merchants: An Investigation," Metropolitan Museum, Journal, vol. 14, 1980, p. 142; Fudge, J.D., Commerce and Print in the Early Reformation, BRILL, 2007, p 110 ^ MacGregor, N., Germany: Memories of a Nation, Penguin, 2014, ; Michael. E., Hans Holbein the Younger: A Guide to Research, p. 440 ^ Ostdeutsche Familienkunde, , Volumes 10-12, Degener & Company, 1962, p. 330 ^ Buck, S., Aston, and Murray, C. Hans Holbein, 1497/98-1543, Könemann, 1999, p. 131; Other merchants whose portraits were painted by Holbein include Hillebrant Wedigh of Cologne; Dirk Tybis of Duisburg; Hans of Antwerp, Hermann Wedigh, Johann Schwarzwald, Cyriacus Kale, Derich Born and Derick Berck. See: Holman, T.S., "Holbein's Portraits of the Steelyard Merchants: An Investigation," Metropolitan Museum Journal, vol. 14, 1980, pp 139-158. ^ King, A., Paula Modersohn-Becker, Antique Collectors' Club, 2009, p.121 Further reading T. Andratschke: Deme Ersamen syriacuß Kallen te Lunde up Staelueff sy desse breff, in: Praxis Geschichte 1/2001 Hermann Freytag: Das Bildnis eines Danzigers, von Hans Holbein gemalt, in: Zeitschrift des Westpreussischen Geschichtsvereins 40/1899, Seite 107-115 Gemäldegalerie Berlin / Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz: 200 Meisterwerke. Berlin 1998, S. 108-111. Kurt Löcher: Der Londoner Stahlhof und Hans Holbein, in: Cord Meckseper (Hg.), Stadt im Wandel. Kunst und Kultur des Bürgertums in Norddeutschland 1150-1650, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 1985, Band 3, 667ff. External links „Werke der Sammlung SMPK“: Hans Holbein d. J. (1497-1543) Der Kaufmann Georg Gisze, 1532 Archived 2008-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Die Renaissance als Kunstepoche - Meisterwerke der Malerei Holbein's The Merchant Georg Gisze, Smarthistory HOLBEIN: The Merchant Georg Gisze, Canaleducatif The Merchant Georg Gisze 1532, Google Art Project Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spelling-1"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant"},{"link_name":"Steelyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelyard"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"}],"text":"Georg Giese[a] (2 April 1497 – 3 February 1562) was a prominent Hanseatic merchant, who managed his family's office at London's Steelyard for at least 12 years and is noted for having had his portrait painted by Hans Holbein the Younger.","title":"Georg Giese"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Unna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unna"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"patrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Tiedemann Giese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedemann_Giese"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Culm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Culm"},{"link_name":"Chełmno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant"},{"link_name":"market town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_town"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Souvenir_of_the_British_Exhibit_in_the_Hall_of_Nations_IPA_Leipzig,_May-September,_1930_(05).jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Toruń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Giese was one of the younger sons of Albrecht Giese and his wife, Elisabeth Langenbeck.[1] His father's ancestors originated from Unna in Westphalia, near Cologne, and had moved to Danzig in the 1430s.[2] Georg was born in Danzig (Gdańsk) on 2 April 1497, into a patrician family. His father was the mayor of Danzig, and his mother's uncle had been the mayor of Danzig. He had at least six older siblings, whose names are not entirely clear. Tiedemann Giese, who became the Bishop of Culm (Chełmno), was an older brother.[3]At the time of his birth, Danzig was an important Hanseatic town. His family was part of a new type of merchant class, that was beginning to dominate trade in 14th- and 15th-century Europe. Rather than haul goods from one market town to another, these new merchants dealt in goods on a large scale, importing and exporting across long distances. They operated on a world stage, often maintaining permanent offices in the larger European cities which were operated by agents or family members.[4] These merchants formed a fraternity of traders known as the Hanseatic League to control trade and remove trade restrictions for their members.[citation needed]Giese's family had an office in London, which, at the time was the centre of European trade.[5] Situated in the Steelyard, the London branch of the Hanse, the Giese family office was part of an enclave where Hanseatic and foreign merchants congregated. Many of the merchants there originated from Danzig.[6] In the 1520s and 1530s, Giese represented his family's interests from the Steelyard office. The painter, Hans Holbein the Younger, produced portraits of wealthy merchants, including Giese and others based at the Steelyard.London's SteelyardGeorg Giese's name appears in several documentary sources of the period. An English document from 1522 shows that he was given a protection order to assure safe passage between England and France (dated 26 June 1522; granted by the King of France). Another document shows that he was granted power of attorney to act for Francis Guyse (possibly another older brother) during his absence from the Steelyard while another document states that he was the Alderman's Deputy of the London Steelyard, an important position for a young man (1533). Yet another document from the Danzig Assembly (dated 30 October 1535) identifies the merchant mark of \"Jorg Gisse,\" which scholars believe refers to Georg Giesse, and which is the same symbol as can be seen on the seal depicted on Giese's desk in Holbein's painting.[7]In 1532, at the age of about 34 years, Giese commissioned a portrait, which scholars believe was intended to be a gift to his betrothed.[8] The portrait is noted for the decor and objects that surround Giese in his London Office, all of which attest to his wealth and status as a member of the rising merchant class.[9]After returning to his home city of Danzig, in 1535, he married Christine Krüger, daughter of a prominent Danzig merchant, Tiedemann Krüger and grand-daughter of the Mayor of Toruń (Thorn).[10] The couple had ten children.[11]Giese died on 3 February 1562 in Danzig.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GER-83-Reichsbanknote-100000_Mark_(1923).jpg"},{"link_name":"mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiermark"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"carnations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation"},{"link_name":"Middle Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Middle Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_German"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Giese's portrait was depicted on the 100,000 mark banknote of 1923.While Giese was stationed at the Steelyard during the 1530s, the merchant members located there sat for a series of portraits by Hans Holbein the Younger. These paintings were designed to showcase the merchant's status.Giese's portrait is unlike the other portraits of merchants in that it locates the subject in an office where many of the accoutrements of a merchant are clearly visible.[12] The Holbein portrait commissioned by Giese, clearly identifies him as a merchant, due to the distinctive clothing and the tools of the trade. The painting is rich with symbols. It depicts him with carnations, at that time symbolizing his engagement.A plaque over his head identifies him, and states that it shows him in his 34th year, in 1532. He is holding a letter he received from his brother, written in Middle Saxon (\"Middle Low German\"): \"Dem Erszamen/Jorgen gisze to lunden/in engelant mynem/broder to handen\" (\"To be handed to my brother, the honourable Jorgen gisze at London in England\"). In the background and on the desk, letters, stamps and strips of sealing wax indicate his connections to both his family and a network of traders operating in the region.[13] The various pieces of correspondence use different spellings of Giese's name; \"Georg Gisze\", \"Jorgen Gisze\" and \"Georg Gyse.\"","title":"Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spelling_1-0"}],"text":"^ The merchant's name is spelled in various ways in the Holbein painting: \"Georg Gisze\", \"Jorgen Gisze\" and \"Georg Gyse.\".","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"T. Andratschke: Deme Ersamen syriacuß Kallen te Lunde up Staelueff sy desse breff, in: Praxis Geschichte 1/2001\nHermann Freytag: Das Bildnis eines Danzigers, von Hans Holbein gemalt, in: Zeitschrift des Westpreussischen Geschichtsvereins 40/1899, Seite 107-115\nGemäldegalerie Berlin / Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz: 200 Meisterwerke. Berlin 1998, S. 108-111.\nKurt Löcher: Der Londoner Stahlhof und Hans Holbein, in: Cord Meckseper (Hg.), Stadt im Wandel. Kunst und Kultur des Bürgertums in Norddeutschland 1150-1650, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 1985, Band 3, 667ff.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"London's Steelyard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Souvenir_of_the_British_Exhibit_in_the_Hall_of_Nations_IPA_Leipzig%2C_May-September%2C_1930_%2805%29.jpg/220px-Souvenir_of_the_British_Exhibit_in_the_Hall_of_Nations_IPA_Leipzig%2C_May-September%2C_1930_%2805%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Giese's portrait was depicted on the 100,000 mark banknote of 1923.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/GER-83-Reichsbanknote-100000_Mark_%281923%29.jpg/180px-GER-83-Reichsbanknote-100000_Mark_%281923%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce"},{"title":"Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"title":"List of paintings by Hans Holbein the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"title":"Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd120152894.html#ndbcontent","external_links_name":"Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German)"},{"Link":"http://www.smb.spk-berlin.de/d/feature/ggnb/werke1.html","external_links_name":"„Werke der Sammlung SMPK“: Hans Holbein d. J. (1497-1543) Der Kaufmann Georg Gisze, 1532"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215125301/http://www.smb.spk-berlin.de/d/feature/ggnb/werke1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bildung-lsa.de/unterricht/faecher/geschichte/die_zeit_der_renaissance/meisterwerke_der_malerei___arbeitsblaetter__raetsel/bildbeschreibungen.html?historyback=1#art12261","external_links_name":"Die Renaissance als Kunstepoche - Meisterwerke der Malerei"},{"Link":"https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/holbein-the-merchant-georg-gisze.html","external_links_name":"Holbein's The Merchant Georg Gisze"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSgo1nJs498#!","external_links_name":"HOLBEIN: The Merchant Georg Gisze"},{"Link":"http://www.googleartproject.com/collection/gemaldegalerie-staatliche-museen-zu-berlin/artwork/the-merchant-georg-gisze-hans-holbein-the-younger/326359/details/5-audio/","external_links_name":"The Merchant Georg Gisze 1532"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000022348527","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/13504871","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcWxtqRqDrKr6CVpXQDv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13361400X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500353475","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd13361400X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomatous%E2%80%93lymphocytic_interstitial_lung_disease	Granulomatous–lymphocytic interstitial lung disease	["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Risk factors","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 Research","6 References"]	Medical conditionGranulomatous–lymphocytic interstitial lung diseaseSpecialtyPulmonology Granulomatous–lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) is a lung complication of common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID). It is seen in approximately 15% of patients with CVID. It has been defined histologically as the presence of (non-caseating) granuloma and lymphoproliferation in the lung. However, as GLILD is often associated with other auto-immune features such as splenomegaly, adenopathy and cytopenias, a definition based on abnormalities on lung imaging (CT scan) together with evidence of granulomatous inflammation elsewhere has also been employed. Although infections and complications of infection such as bronchiectasis are more common complications of CVID in the lung, the presence of immune manifestations including GLILD is important because this has been associated with greater risk of death. In general, as a rare complication of a rare disease, the condition remains incompletely understood, and there is real need for further research in the area. Signs and symptoms People affected by GLILD may have symptoms such as cough and breathlessness, but may also be asymptomatic, with the condition first detected through abnormalities on lung function tests or a CT scan of the lungs. Risk factors Why only some people with CVID are affected by GLILD remains unknown. However, there have been reports that elevated levels of IgM antibodies, altered T-cell function and/or proportionality of CD4:CD8 T cells may be associated with increased risk of GLILD, and GLILD has also been associated with specific genetic mutations in CVID, including CTLA-4 deficiency. Diagnosis The diagnosis is usually suspected following a CT scan. Typical features on CT include solid and sub-solid nodules, ground glass change and reticulation. There may be features of multi-system involvement such as adenopathy and splenomegaly. The commonest abnormality on lung function testing is a decrease in gas transfer. Both obstructive and restrictive patterns on spirometry have been reported. The differential diagnosis includes infection, other interstitial lung diseases and malignant disease including lymphoma. Exclusion of infection is therefore an important step in management, but confirmation of the diagnosis requires lung biopsy. In people who have lung disease prior to a diagnosis of CVID, the differential diagnosis includes sarcoidosis. Sarcoid is also characterised by granulomatous involvement of the lung and therefore patients being investigated for sarcoid should have serum immunoglobulins measured to exclude CVID. Treatment There are no current guidelines available on the investigation and management of GLILD and evidence is restricted to retrospective case series. Because of the association with poorer outcomes, and because some patients develop advanced lung disease, most specialists now recommend treatment in early disease, but this is always an individual decision between patient and health-care team. Many centres screen for the development of GLILD (and other lung complications) using regular lung function tests and CT scans. Studies of GLILD have been conducted in patients on background immunoglobulin replacement. In a cohort of 59 CVID patients with granulomatous disease, 30 (51%) of whom had lung involvement, complete remission of disease was obtained in 5 of 25 attempts using corticosteroids (three patients), methotrexate (1 patient) and cyclophosphamide (1 patient). Partial responses were also seen with rituximab and hydroxychloroquine. In contrast, a second report suggested poor response to corticosteroids alone, but a good response to 18-months treatment with rituximab and azathioprine in seven patients. Bone marrow transplantation has been attempted. Immunosuppression has been associated with development of opportunistic infection and other predictable side effects, and the balance of risks and benefits of therapy must be carefully weighed in each case. This may be best achieved by joint working between immunology, respiratory, radiology and pathology specialists, working as part of a multi-professional team with the patient. Research There is very little information written by, and for patients with GLILD. However, interest in the condition is increasing and multi-centre studies such as STILPAD are in progress. References ^ a b c Bates CA, Ellison MC, Lynch DA et al. Granulomatous-lymphocytic lung disease shortens survival in common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114:415-421 PMID 15316526 ^ a b c d e Boursiquot JN, Gérard L, Malphettes M et al. Granulomatous disease in CVID: retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and treatment efficacy in a cohort of 59 patients. J Clin Immunol 2013;33:84-95 PMID 22986767 ^ Resnick ES, Moshier El, Godbold JH, Cunningham-Rundles C. Morbidity and mortality in common variable immune deficiency over 4 decades. Blood 2012;119:1650-1657 PMID 22180439 PMC 3286343 ^ a b c d Verma N, Grimbacher B, Hurst JR. Lung disease in primary antibody deficiency. Lancet Respir Med 2015;3:651-660 ^ Schubert D, Bode C, Kenefeck R et al. Autosomal dominant immune dysregulation syndrome in humans with CTLA4 mutations. Nat Med 2014;20:1410-1416 PMID 25329329 PMC4668597 ^ Kuehn HS, Ouyang W, Lo B et al. Immune dysregulation in human subjects with heterozygous germline mutations in CTLA4. Science 2014;345:1623-1627 PMID 25213377 PMC4371526 ^ Park JE, Beal I, Dilworth JP, Tormey V, Haddock J. The HRCT appearances of granulomatous pulmonary disease in common variable immune deficiency. European Journal of Radiology 2005;54:359-364 PMID 15899336 ^ Chase NM, Verbsky JW, Hintermeyer MK et al. Use of combination chemotherapy for treatment of granulomatous and lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). J Clin Immunol 2013;33:30-39 PMID 22930256 PMC3557581 ^ Wehr C, Gennery AR, Lindemans C et al. Multicenter experience in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for serious complications of common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;135:988-97 PMID 25595268. ^ Centrum für Chronische Immundefizienz - CCI STILPAD Observational Study. Page accessed June 20, 2016.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"},{"link_name":"common variable immunodeficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_variable_immunodeficiency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"granuloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granuloma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"splenomegaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenomegaly"},{"link_name":"adenopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenopathy"},{"link_name":"cytopenias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopenia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"bronchiectasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiectasis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"complication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complication_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"rare disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_disease"}],"text":"Granulomatous–lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) is a lung complication of common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID). It is seen in approximately 15% of patients with CVID.[1] It has been defined histologically as the presence of (non-caseating) granuloma and lymphoproliferation in the lung.[1] However, as GLILD is often associated with other auto-immune features such as splenomegaly, adenopathy and cytopenias, a definition based on abnormalities on lung imaging (CT scan) together with evidence of granulomatous inflammation elsewhere has also been employed.[2]Although infections and complications of infection such as bronchiectasis are more common complications of CVID in the lung, the presence of immune manifestations including GLILD is important because this has been associated with greater risk of death.[1][3]In general, as a rare complication of a rare disease, the condition remains incompletely understood, and there is real need for further research in the area.","title":"Granulomatous–lymphocytic interstitial lung disease"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symptoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptom"},{"link_name":"cough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough"},{"link_name":"breathlessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathlessness"},{"link_name":"asymptomatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatic"},{"link_name":"lung function tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_function_tests"},{"link_name":"CT scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"People affected by GLILD may have symptoms such as cough and breathlessness, but may also be asymptomatic, with the condition first detected through abnormalities on lung function tests or a CT scan of the lungs.[citation needed]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IgM antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgM_antibodies"},{"link_name":"T-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"genetic mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mutations"},{"link_name":"CTLA-4 deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CTLA-4_deficiency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Why only some people with CVID are affected by GLILD remains unknown. However, there have been reports that elevated levels of IgM antibodies, altered T-cell function and/or proportionality of CD4:CD8 T cells may be associated with increased risk of GLILD,[4] and GLILD has also been associated with specific genetic mutations in CVID, including CTLA-4 deficiency.[5][6]","title":"Risk factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ground glass change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-glass_opacity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"spirometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirometry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"differential diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"interstitial lung diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease"},{"link_name":"lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma"},{"link_name":"lung biopsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_biopsy"},{"link_name":"sarcoidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The diagnosis is usually suspected following a CT scan. Typical features on CT include solid and sub-solid nodules, ground glass change and reticulation.[7] There may be features of multi-system involvement such as adenopathy and splenomegaly.[citation needed]The commonest abnormality on lung function testing is a decrease in gas transfer.[2] Both obstructive and restrictive patterns on spirometry have been reported.[2]The differential diagnosis includes infection, other interstitial lung diseases and malignant disease including lymphoma. Exclusion of infection is therefore an important step in management, but confirmation of the diagnosis requires lung biopsy. In people who have lung disease prior to a diagnosis of CVID, the differential diagnosis includes sarcoidosis. Sarcoid is also characterised by granulomatous involvement of the lung and therefore patients being investigated for sarcoid should have serum immunoglobulins measured to exclude CVID.[citation needed]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"case series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_series"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bone marrow transplantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplantation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Immunosuppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression"},{"link_name":"opportunistic infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infection"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"There are no current guidelines available on the investigation and management of GLILD and evidence is restricted to retrospective case series. Because of the association with poorer outcomes, and because some patients develop advanced lung disease, most specialists now recommend treatment in early disease, but this is always an individual decision between patient and health-care team.[4] Many centres screen for the development of GLILD (and other lung complications) using regular lung function tests and CT scans.[4]Studies of GLILD have been conducted in patients on background immunoglobulin replacement. In a cohort of 59 CVID patients with granulomatous disease, 30 (51%) of whom had lung involvement, complete remission of disease was obtained in 5 of 25 attempts using corticosteroids (three patients), methotrexate (1 patient) and cyclophosphamide (1 patient).[2] Partial responses were also seen with rituximab and hydroxychloroquine. In contrast, a second report suggested poor response to corticosteroids alone, but a good response to 18-months treatment with rituximab and azathioprine in seven patients.[8] Bone marrow transplantation has been attempted.[9] Immunosuppression has been associated with development of opportunistic infection[2] and other predictable side effects, and the balance of risks and benefits of therapy must be carefully weighed in each case. This may be best achieved by joint working between immunology, respiratory, radiology and pathology specialists, working as part of a multi-professional team with the patient.[4]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"There is very little information written by, and for patients with GLILD. However, interest in the condition is increasing and multi-centre studies such as STILPAD are in progress.[10]","title":"Research"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15316526","external_links_name":"15316526"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22986767","external_links_name":"22986767"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22180439","external_links_name":"22180439"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3286343/","external_links_name":"PMC 3286343"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25329329","external_links_name":"25329329"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4668597/","external_links_name":"PMC4668597"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25213377","external_links_name":"25213377"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4371526/","external_links_name":"PMC4371526"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15899336","external_links_name":"15899336"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22930256","external_links_name":"22930256"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3557581/","external_links_name":"PMC3557581"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25595268","external_links_name":"25595268"},{"Link":"https://www.uniklinik-freiburg.de/cci/studien/stilpad.html","external_links_name":"STILPAD Observational Study"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunte_salt	Bunte salt	["1 See also","2 References"]	General chemical structure of a Bunte salt In organosulfur chemistry, a Bunte salt is an archaic name for salts with the formula RSSO3–Na+. They are also called S-alkylthiosulfates or S-arylthiosulfates. These compounds are typically derived from alkylation on the pendant sulfur of sodium thiosulfate: RX + Na2S2O3 → Na + NaX They have been used as intermediates in the synthesis of thiols. They are also used to generate unsymmetrical disulfides: Na + NaSR' → RSSR' + Na2SO3 According to X-ray crystallography, they adopt the expected structure with tetrahedral sulfur(VI) atom, a sulfur-sulfur single bond, and three equivalent sulfur-oxygen bonds. See also Thiosulfonates are organosulfur compounds with the formula RSO2S− and RSO2SR' References ^ "IUPAC Gold Book - Bunte salts". doi:10.1351/goldbook.B00760. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ M. E. Alonso; H. Aragona (1978). "Sulfide Synthesis in Preparation of Unsymmetrical Dialkyl Disulfides: Sec-butyl Isopropyl Disulfide". Org. Synth. 58: 147. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.058.0147. ^ Reeves, J.T.; Camara, K.; Han, Z.S.; Xu, Y.; Lee, H.; Busacca, C.A.; Senanayake, C.H. (2014). "The Reaction of Grignard Reagents with Bunte Salts: A Thiol-Free Synthesis of Sulfides". Organic Letters. 16 (4): 1196–1199. doi:10.1021/ol500067f. PMID 24512478. ^ Distler, Harry "The Chemistry of Bunte Salts" Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1967, vol. 6, pp. 544-53. doi:10.1002/anie.196705441 ^ D.Q. Sun; J.K. Yang (2011). "(15-Crown-5-k-5O)O]sodium". Acta Crystallographica E. 67 (7): m934. doi:10.1107/S1600536811022252. PMC 3151796. PMID 21836918. This organic chemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organosulfur chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosulfur_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"alkylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylation"},{"link_name":"sulfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"},{"link_name":"sodium thiosulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"thiols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"unsymmetrical disulfides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsymmetrical_disulfide"},{"link_name":"X-ray crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In organosulfur chemistry, a Bunte salt is an archaic name for salts with the formula RSSO3–Na+. They are also called S-alkylthiosulfates or S-arylthiosulfates.[1] These compounds are typically derived from alkylation on the pendant sulfur of sodium thiosulfate:[2][3]RX + Na2S2O3 → Na[O3S2R] + NaXThey have been used as intermediates in the synthesis of thiols.[4] They are also used to generate unsymmetrical disulfides:Na[O3S2R] + NaSR' → RSSR' + Na2SO3According to X-ray crystallography, they adopt the expected structure with tetrahedral sulfur(VI) atom, a sulfur-sulfur single bond, and three equivalent sulfur-oxygen bonds.[5]","title":"Bunte salt"}]	[{"image_text":"General chemical structure of a Bunte salt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bunte-salts-structure.png/220px-Bunte-salts-structure.png"}]	[{"title":"Thiosulfonates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiosulfonate"},{"title":"organosulfur compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosulfur_compound"}]	[{"reference":"\"IUPAC Gold Book - Bunte salts\". doi:10.1351/goldbook.B00760.","urls":[{"url":"http://goldbook.iupac.org/B00760.html","url_text":"\"IUPAC Gold Book - Bunte salts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.B00760","url_text":"10.1351/goldbook.B00760"}]},{"reference":"M. E. Alonso; H. Aragona (1978). \"Sulfide Synthesis in Preparation of Unsymmetrical Dialkyl Disulfides: Sec-butyl Isopropyl Disulfide\". Org. Synth. 58: 147. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.058.0147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.058.0147","url_text":"10.15227/orgsyn.058.0147"}]},{"reference":"Reeves, J.T.; Camara, K.; Han, Z.S.; Xu, Y.; Lee, H.; Busacca, C.A.; Senanayake, C.H. (2014). \"The Reaction of Grignard Reagents with Bunte Salts: A Thiol-Free Synthesis of Sulfides\". Organic Letters. 16 (4): 1196–1199. doi:10.1021/ol500067f. PMID 24512478.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol500067f","url_text":"10.1021/ol500067f"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24512478","url_text":"24512478"}]},{"reference":"D.Q. Sun; J.K. Yang (2011). \"(15-Crown-5-k-5O)[S-(E)-1,2-dichlorovinyl thiosulfato-[kappa]O]sodium\". Acta Crystallographica E. 67 (7): m934. doi:10.1107/S1600536811022252. PMC 3151796. PMID 21836918.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151796","url_text":"\"(15-Crown-5-k-5O)[S-(E)-1,2-dichlorovinyl thiosulfato-[kappa]O]sodium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS1600536811022252","url_text":"10.1107/S1600536811022252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151796","url_text":"3151796"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21836918","url_text":"21836918"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://goldbook.iupac.org/B00760.html","external_links_name":"\"IUPAC Gold Book - Bunte salts\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.B00760","external_links_name":"10.1351/goldbook.B00760"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.058.0147","external_links_name":"10.15227/orgsyn.058.0147"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol500067f","external_links_name":"10.1021/ol500067f"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24512478","external_links_name":"24512478"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.196705441","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.196705441"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151796","external_links_name":"\"(15-Crown-5-k-5O)[S-(E)-1,2-dichlorovinyl thiosulfato-[kappa]O]sodium\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS1600536811022252","external_links_name":"10.1107/S1600536811022252"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151796","external_links_name":"3151796"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21836918","external_links_name":"21836918"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunte_salt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatista	Separatista	["1 Description","2 Species","3 References","4 External links"]	Genus of gastropods Separatista Shell of Separatista helicoides (specimen at Naturalis Biodiversity Center) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Littorinimorpha Family: Capulidae Genus: SeparatistaGray, 1847 Separatista is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Capulidae. Description The turbinate shell is subdiscoidal. The first whorls are contiguous, the last more or less separated. The aperture is expanded, slightly angulated, the margin everted. The umbilicus is very wide, infundibuliform, with the whorls visible as far as the apex. Species Species within the genus Separatista include: Separatista blainvilliana Petit de la Saussaye, 1851 Separatista flavida (Hinds, 1843) Separatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791) Separatista separatista (Dillwyn, 1817) Separatista blainvilliana sitting on ascidian under rock; Moorea, Society Islands Species brought into synonymy Separatista benhami Suter, 1902: synonym of Zelippistes benhami (Suter, 1902) Separatista chemnitzi (A. Adams, 1855): synonym of Separatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791) Separatista fraterna Iredale, 1936: synonym of Separatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791) Separatista gracilenta (Brazier, 1878): synonym of Separatista flavida (Hinds, 1843) Separatista grayi A. Adams, 1850 accepted as Lippistes cornu (Gmelin, 1791) Separatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791) accepted as Separatista separatista (Dillwyn, 1817) (Based on Turbo helicoides Gmelin, 1791: 3598, non Turbo helicoides Gmelin, 1791: 3602; replaced by Turbo separatista Dillwyn, 1817.) References ^ a b Separatista. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 11 March 2011. ^ Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls ^ Separatista chemnitzi (A. Adams, 1855). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 17 May 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Separatista. Taxon identifiersSeparatista Wikidata: Q7451835 BOLD: 653889 CoL: 7PGLH EoL: 4814344 GBIF: 4363001 IRMNG: 1069567 NCBI: 1502589 Open Tree of Life: 2919556 uBio: 4341619 WoRMS: 206851	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"sea snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Capulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capulidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Separatista is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Capulidae.[1]","title":"Separatista"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"umbilicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilicus_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The turbinate shell is subdiscoidal. The first whorls are contiguous, the last more or less separated. The aperture is expanded, slightly angulated, the margin everted. The umbilicus is very wide, infundibuliform, with the whorls visible as far as the apex.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Separatista blainvilliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separatista_blainvilliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Separatista flavida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatista_flavida"},{"link_name":"Separatista helicoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatista_helicoides"},{"link_name":"Separatista separatista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separatista_separatista&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Separatista_blainvilliana_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zelippistes benhami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelippistes_benhami"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Separatista flavida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatista_flavida"},{"link_name":"Lippistes cornu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lippistes_cornu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Separatista separatista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separatista_separatista&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Species within the genus Separatista include:Separatista blainvilliana Petit de la Saussaye, 1851\nSeparatista flavida (Hinds, 1843)\nSeparatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791)\nSeparatista separatista (Dillwyn, 1817)Separatista blainvilliana sitting on ascidian under rock; Moorea, Society IslandsSpecies brought into synonymySeparatista benhami Suter, 1902: synonym of Zelippistes benhami (Suter, 1902)\nSeparatista chemnitzi (A. Adams, 1855):[3] synonym of Separatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791)\nSeparatista fraterna Iredale, 1936: synonym of Separatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791)\n Separatista gracilenta (Brazier, 1878): synonym of Separatista flavida (Hinds, 1843)\nSeparatista grayi A. Adams, 1850 accepted as Lippistes cornu (Gmelin, 1791)\nSeparatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791) accepted as Separatista separatista (Dillwyn, 1817) (Based on Turbo helicoides Gmelin, 1791: 3598, non Turbo helicoides Gmelin, 1791: 3602; replaced by Turbo separatista Dillwyn, 1817.)","title":"Species"}]	[{"image_text":"Separatista blainvilliana sitting on ascidian under rock; Moorea, Society Islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Separatista_blainvilliana_001.jpg/220px-Separatista_blainvilliana_001.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206851","external_links_name":"Separatista"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3782650","external_links_name":"Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=220090","external_links_name":"Separatista chemnitzi (A. Adams, 1855)"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=653889","external_links_name":"653889"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7PGLH","external_links_name":"7PGLH"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/4814344","external_links_name":"4814344"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4363001","external_links_name":"4363001"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1069567","external_links_name":"1069567"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1502589","external_links_name":"1502589"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2919556","external_links_name":"2919556"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=4341619","external_links_name":"4341619"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206851","external_links_name":"206851"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspee_affair	Gaspee affair	["1 Background","1.1 Duddingston and HMS Gaspee","2 Incident","2.1 Charges and investigative commission","2.2 Whig response","3 Aftermath and legacy","4 Commemorations","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	1772 burning of a British customs ship by American colonists in Warwick, Rhode Island "Gaspee" redirects here. For the British Royal Navy shipname, see HMS Gaspée (1773). For the Rhode Island peninsula, see Gaspee Point. For similar names, see Gaspé (disambiguation). Gaspee affairPart of the American RevolutionAn August 1883 Harper's Magazine illustration of the burning of HMS GaspeeDateJune 9, 1772LocationNear Gaspee Point, Rhode IslandResult Sons of Liberty victoryBelligerents Sons of Liberty Great BritainCommanders and leaders Abraham Whipple John Brown I William DuddingstonCasualties and losses None HMS Gaspee captured and burned The Gaspee affair was a significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution. HMS Gaspee was a Royal Navy customs schooner that enforced the Navigation Acts around Newport, Rhode Island, in 1772. It ran aground in shallow water while chasing the packet boat Hannah on June 9 off of Warwick, Rhode Island. A group of men led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown I attacked, boarded, and burned the Gaspee to the waterline. The event sharply increased tensions between American colonists and Crown officials, particularly given that it had followed the Boston Massacre in 1770. Crown officials in Rhode Island aimed to increase their control over the colony's legitimate trade and stamp out smuggling in order to increase their revenue from the colony. Concomittantly, Rhode Islanders increasingly protested the Stamp Act, the Townshend Acts and other British policies. Along with similar events in Narragansett Bay, the affair marked the first acts of violent uprising against Crown authority in British North America, preceding the Boston Tea Party by more than a year and moving the Thirteen Colonies as a whole toward the coming war for independence. Background The British Customs service had a history of facing strong resistance in the Thirteen Colonies in the 18th century. Britain was at war during much of this period and was not in a strategic position to risk antagonizing its overseas colonies. Several successive ministries implemented new policies following Britain's victory in the French and Indian War component of the Seven Years' War in North America in an attempt to increase control within the colonies and to recoup the cost of the war from them. The British Parliament argued that revenue was necessary to bolster military and naval defensive positions along the borders of their distant colonies and also to pay the debt which Britain had incurred in pursuing the war against France. One policy included deputizing the Royal Navy's sea officers to enforce customs laws in American ports. The Admiralty purchased six Marblehead sloops and schooners and gave them Anglicized French names based on their recent acquisitions in Canada, removing the French accents from St John, St Lawrence, Chaleur, Hope, Magdalen, and Gaspee. The enforcements became increasingly intrusive and aggressive in Narragansett Bay. Rhode Islanders finally responded by attacking HMS St John in 1764, and they burned the ship HMS Liberty in 1768 on Goat Island in Newport harbor. Duddingston and HMS Gaspee In early 1772, Lieutenant William Duddingston sailed HMS Gaspee into Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island to force customs collection and mandatory inspection of cargo. He arrived in Rhode Island in February and met with Governor Joseph Wanton. Soon after he began patrolling Narragansett Bay, Gaspee stopped and inspected the sloop Fortune on February 17 and seized 12 hogsheads of undeclared rum. Duddingston sent Fortune and the seized rum to Boston, believing that any seized items left in a Rhode Island port would be reclaimed by the colonists. This overbold move of sending Fortune to Boston brought outrage within the Rhode Island colony, because Duddingston had taken upon himself the authority to determine where the trial should take place concerning this seizure, completely superseding the authority of Governor Wanton by doing so. Furthermore, it was a direct violation of the Rhode Island Royal Charter of 1663 to hold a trial outside of Rhode Island on an arrest that took place within the colony. After this, Duddingston and his crew became increasingly aggressive in their searches, boardings, and seizures, even going so far as to stop merchants who were on shore and force searches of their wares. Public resentment and outrage continued to escalate against Gaspee in particular and against the British in general. A local sheriff threatened Duddingston with arrest, and Admiral John Montagu responded with a letter threatening to hang as pirates anyone who made effort to rescue ships taken by Duddingston during his operations. On March 21, Rhode Island Deputy Governor Darius Sessions wrote to Governor Wanton regarding Duddingston, and he requested that the basis of Duddingston's authority be examined. In the letter, Sessions includes the opinion of Chief Justice Stephen Hopkins, who argues that "no commander of any vessel has any right to use any authority in the Body of the Colony without previously applying to the Governor and showing his warrant for so doing." Wanton wrote to Duddingston the next day, demanding that he "produce me your commission and instructions, if any you have, which was your duty to have done when you first came within the jurisdiction of this Colony." Duddingston returned a rude reply to the Governor, refusing to leave his ship or to acknowledge Wanton's elected authority within Rhode Island. Incident Further information: American Revolution An 1886 engraving of the burning of the Gaspee by Sons of Liberty On June 9, Gaspee gave chase to the packet ship Hannah but ran aground in shallow water on the northwestern side of the bay on what is now Gaspee Point. The crew were unable to free the ship, and Duddingston decided to wait for high tide to set the vessel afloat. Before that could happen, however, a band of Providence men led by John Brown I decided to act on the "opportunity offered of putting an end to the trouble and vexation she daily caused." They rowed out to the ship and boarded it at the break of dawn on June 10. The crew put up a feeble resistance in which they were attacked with handspikes, and Lieutenant Duddingston was shot and wounded in the groin. The boarding party casually read through the ship's papers before forcing the crew off the ship and setting it aflame. A few days after being forced off of the ship, Duddingston was arrested by a sheriff for an earlier seizure of colonial cargo. His commanding officer Montagu freed him by paying his fine and then promptly sent him back to England to face a court-martial on the incident. Joseph Bucklin was the man who shot Duddingston; other men who participated included Brown's brother Joseph of Providence, Simeon Potter of Bristol, and Robert Wickes of Warwick. Charges and investigative commission Previous attacks by the Americans on British naval vessels had gone unpunished. In one case, a customs yacht was actually destroyed by fire with no administrative response. But in 1772, the Admiralty would not ignore the destruction of one of its military vessels on station. The American Department consulted the solicitor and attorneys general, who investigated and advised the Privy Council on the legal and constitutional options available. This included charges of arson in royal dockyards but the idea was dismissed as not legally credible, as Gaspee was not in a dockyard when it was burned. The Crown turned to a centuries-old institution of investigation: the Royal Commission of Inquiry, made up of the chiefs of the supreme courts of Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey, the judge of the vice-admiralty of Boston, and Rhode Island Governor Wanton. The Dockyard Act passed in April demanded that anyone suspected of burning British ships should be extradited and tried in England; however, the Gaspee raiders were charged with treason. The task of the commission was to determine which colonists had sufficient evidence against them to warrant shipping them to England for trial. The commission was unable to obtain sufficient evidence and declared their inability to deal with the case. Whig response Colonial Whigs were alarmed at the prospect of Americans being sent to England for trial, and a committee of correspondence was formed in Boston to consult on the crisis. In Virginia, the House of Burgesses was so alarmed that they also formed an inter-colonial committee of correspondence to consult with similar committees throughout the Thirteen Colonies. The Reverend John Allen preached a sermon at the Second Baptist Church in Boston which utilized the Gaspee affair to warn listeners about greedy monarchs, corrupt judges, and conspiracies in the London government. This sermon was printed seven different times in four colonial cities, becoming one of the most popular pamphlets of Colonial America. This pamphlet and editorials by numerous colonial newspaper editors awoke colonial Whigs from a lull of inactivity in 1772, thus inaugurating a series of conflicts that culminated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Aftermath and legacy Gaspee Days paradeThe affair is commemorated annually in Pawtuxet Village's Gaspee Days parade The British authorities called for the apprehension and trial of the people responsible for shooting Duddingston and destroying the Gaspee. Governor Wanton and Deputy Governor Sessions echoed those same sentiments, but they lacked any enthusiasm for punishing their fellow Rhode Islanders. A British midshipman from Gaspee described the attackers as "merchants and masters of vessels, who were at my bureau reading and examining my papers." Admiral Montagu wrote to Governor Wanton on July 8, nearly a month after the burning of the schooner, and utilized the account of Aaron Briggs, an indentured servant claiming to have participated in the June 9 burning. Montagu identified five Rhode Islanders, in varying levels of detail, whom he wanted Wanton to investigate and bring to justice: John Brown I, Joseph Brown, Simeon Potter, Dr. Weeks, and Richmond. Governor Wanton responded to this demand by examining the claims made by Aaron Briggs. Samuel Tompkins and Samuel Thurston, the proprietors of the Prudence Island farm where Briggs worked, gave testimony challenging his account of June 9. Both men stated that Briggs had been present at work the evening of June 9 and early in the morning on June 10. Additionally, Wanton received further evidence from two other indentured servants working with Briggs, and both stated that Briggs had been present throughout the night in question. Thus, Wanton believed that Briggs was no more than an imposter. Duddingston and Montagu challenged Wanton's assertions, Montagu saying that "it is clear to me from many corroborating circumstances, that he is no imposter." Historian Joey La Neve DeFrancesco argued that the Gaspee affair resulted from the desire of the colonial elite in Rhode Island to protect their involvement in the triangular slave trade, which formed the backbone of the colony's economy. DeFrancesco noted that British regulations had threatened the ability of Rhode Island merchants, many of whom participated in the attack on the Gaspee, to profit from slavery and the industries which were dependent on the slave trade, such as the rum and molasses trades. DeFrancesco wrote that the colonists' "supposed fight for liberty was in fact a fight for the freedom to profit from the business of slavery", and claimed that celebrations of the incident in Rhode Island represent "New England’s historical amnesia on slavery." Commemorations Pawtuxet Village commemorates the Gaspee affair each year with its Gaspee Days festival. This multi-day event includes fireworks, arts and crafts, and races, but the highlight is the Gaspee Days parade, which features burning the Gaspee in effigy and other entertainments. See also Caroline affair Historiography of the Gaspee affair HMS Diana References ^ Bartlett: Destruction of the Gaspee – "His Britannic Majesty's Schooner Gaspee." Accessed June 9, 2009. ^ "John Brown, American Raider on English Ship Gaspee". Joseph Bucklin Society (Gaspee.Info). Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved May 27, 2009. This version of the story is told by Ephraim Bowen and John Mawney in William R. Staples' The Documentary History of the Destruction of the Gaspee. The only other testimony from a contemporary is that of Aaron Biggs (sometimes Briggs), an escaped slave who told a slightly different version of the story. His telling of the events was later discredited, however, when it was found that it had been given under duress. (Bartlett, John Russell. A History of the Destruction of His Britannic Majesty's Schooner Gaspee, in Narragansett Bay, on the 10th of June 1772 (Providence, RI.: A. Crawford Greene, 1861), pp. 84–87). There is also testimony from the crew and officers of the Gaspee, who reported a larger number of attackers and more boats. ^ a b Staples, William (1845). The Documentary History of the Destruction of the Gaspee. Providence: Knowles, Vose, and Anthony. p. 3. ^ See Barrow, Thomas C. Trade and Empire: The British Customs Service in Colonial America, 1660–1775 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967) especially page 177. See also Gipson, Lawrence Henry, The British Empire Before the American Revolution, Vol. XII The Triumphant Empire: Britain Sails into the Storm, 1770–1776. (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1965) especially page 26 footnote 79. ^ Bartlett, John Russell (1861). A History of the Destruction of His Britannic Majesty's Schooner Gaspee, in Narragansett Bay, on the 10th June, 1772: Accompanied by the Correspondence Connected Therewith; the Action of the General Assembly of Rhode Island Thereon, and the Official Journal of the Proceedings of the Commission of Inquiry, on the Same. A. C. Greene, printer to the state. Retrieved June 7, 2018. ^ Warships of the world to 1900, Volume 799, Ships of the World Series:Warships of the World to 1900, Lincoln P. Paine (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000) p. 95 ^ Lovejoy, David S. (1958). Rhode Island Politics and the American Revolution, 1760–1776. Providence: Brown University Press. pp. 157. Wanton and Lieutenant Duddingston discussed the 1769 burning of the Liberty in their first meeting. In the burning, Rhode Islanders destroyed and set fire to the British vessel in Newport, allowing the ships to escape that had been seized by the Liberty. Wanton implied that Duddingston might find the same troubles years later, which prompted Duddingston to send the Fortune to Boston. ^ Staples (1845), p. 7. ^ Staples (1845), p. 6. ^ Samuel Greene Arnold, History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Vol. 2, New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1859. ^ a b c Middlekauff, Robert (2007). The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–211. ISBN 978-0-19-531588-2. ^ Staples (1845), p. 4. ^ Staples (1845), p. 8. ^ This version of the story is told by Ephraim Bowen and John Mawney in Staples (1845), pp. 14–16. These men made these statements in 1826 relying on their memories from 67 years earlier. ^ Arthur M Schlesinger, Sr. "Political Mobs and the American Revolution, 1765–1776," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 90:4 (1955), 245. ^ "Joseph Bucklin V Biography". Joseph Bucklin Society. Retrieved December 3, 2016. ^ Staples (1845) ^ Staples (1845), p. xxxii ^ Morgan, Gwenda; Rushton, Peter (2015). "Arson, Treason and Plot: Britain, America and the Law, 1770–1777" (PDF). History. 100 (3 (341)): 385. doi:10.1111/1468-229X.12111. ISSN 0018-2648. JSTOR 24809702. But they also judged that the dockyards act might be difficult to implement, as it extended only to 'such ships as are burnt or otherwise destroyed in some Dockyard and not to Ships upon active Service'.Leslie, William R. (1952). "The Gaspee Affair: A Study of Its Constitutional Significance". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 39 (2): 239. doi:10.2307/1892182. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1892182. ^ Edward Thurlow and Alexander Wedderburn (the attorney and solicitor general) wrote to the Earl of Hillsborough on August 10, 1772, dismissing the Dockyard Act and demanding the charge of high treason instead for levying war against the king. National Archives (Public Record Office, United Kingdom) CO (Colonial Office Records) 5 159 folder 26. ^ G. Jack Gravelee and James R. Irvine, eds. Pamphlets and the American Revolution: Rhetoric, Politics, Literature, and the Popular Press (Delmare, NY: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1976), viii. ^ Staples (1845), p. 16. ^ Staples (1845), p. 14. ^ Staples (1845), p. 17. ^ Staples (1845), pp. 17–20. ^ DeFrancesco, Joey La Neve (June 9, 2020). "The Gaspee Affair was about the business of slavery". Uprise RI. Retrieved April 15, 2022. ^ "Gaspee Days – Events". www.gaspee.com. Further reading Steven Park (2016). The Burning of His Majesty's Schooner Gaspee: An Attack on Crown Rule Before the American Revolution. Westholme Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59416-267-1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMS Gaspee (ship, 1763). The Gaspee Virtual Archives A History of the Destruction of His Britannic Majesty's Schooner Gaspee by John Russell Bartlett, at The Gaspee Virtual Archives Doing Research on the Gaspee Affair: Primary and Secondary Bibliographic Sources "Gaspee, The" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. The Quest for the Gaspee 2003 – NOAA Gaspee.info, website of the Joseph Bucklin Society. Podcast description of the Gaspee affair Gaspee Commission Documents from the Rhode Island State Archives Gaspee Commission records finding aid Archived October 9, 2018, at the Wayback Machine from the Rhode Island State Archives An Act of War on the Eve of Revolution, by Commander Benjamin F. 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Know-Nothing Riot (1857) New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot (1858) John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (1859) Morrisite War (1862) Southern bread riots (1863) Related List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America Mass racial violence in the United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Gaspée (1773)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Gasp%C3%A9e_(1773)"},{"link_name":"Gaspee Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspee_Point"},{"link_name":"Gaspé (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"Navigation Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_Acts"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"packet boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_boat"},{"link_name":"Warwick, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Abraham Whipple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Whipple"},{"link_name":"John Brown I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Boston Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre"},{"link_name":"smuggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StaplesP3-3"},{"link_name":"Stamp Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765"},{"link_name":"Townshend Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Acts"},{"link_name":"Narragansett Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett_Bay"},{"link_name":"Boston Tea Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"war for independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"}],"text":"\"Gaspee\" redirects here. For the British Royal Navy shipname, see HMS Gaspée (1773). For the Rhode Island peninsula, see Gaspee Point. For similar names, see Gaspé (disambiguation).The Gaspee affair was a significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution. HMS Gaspee was a Royal Navy customs schooner that enforced the Navigation Acts around Newport, Rhode Island, in 1772.[1] It ran aground in shallow water while chasing the packet boat Hannah on June 9 off of Warwick, Rhode Island. A group of men led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown I attacked, boarded, and burned the Gaspee to the waterline.[2]The event sharply increased tensions between American colonists and Crown officials, particularly given that it had followed the Boston Massacre in 1770. Crown officials in Rhode Island aimed to increase their control over the colony's legitimate trade and stamp out smuggling in order to increase their revenue from the colony.[3] Concomittantly, Rhode Islanders increasingly protested the Stamp Act, the Townshend Acts and other British policies.Along with similar events in Narragansett Bay, the affair marked the first acts of violent uprising against Crown authority in British North America, preceding the Boston Tea Party by more than a year and moving the Thirteen Colonies as a whole toward the coming war for independence.","title":"Gaspee affair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Customs service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Customs"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"British Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bartlett1861-5"},{"link_name":"Narragansett Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett_Bay"},{"link_name":"HMS St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_St_John_(1764)"},{"link_name":"HMS Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Liberty_(1768)"},{"link_name":"Goat Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_Island_(Rhode_Island)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The British Customs service had a history of facing strong resistance in the Thirteen Colonies in the 18th century. Britain was at war during much of this period and was not in a strategic position to risk antagonizing its overseas colonies.Several successive ministries implemented new policies following Britain's victory in the French and Indian War component of the Seven Years' War in North America in an attempt to increase control within the colonies and to recoup the cost of the war from them. The British Parliament argued that revenue was necessary to bolster military and naval defensive positions along the borders of their distant colonies and also to pay the debt which Britain had incurred in pursuing the war against France.One policy included deputizing the Royal Navy's sea officers to enforce customs laws in American ports.[4] \nThe Admiralty purchased six Marblehead sloops and schooners and gave them Anglicized French names based on their recent acquisitions in Canada, removing the French accents from St John, St Lawrence, Chaleur, Hope, Magdalen, and Gaspee.[5]The enforcements became increasingly intrusive and aggressive in Narragansett Bay. Rhode Islanders finally responded by attacking HMS St John in 1764, and they burned the ship HMS Liberty in 1768 on Goat Island in Newport harbor.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Duddingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duddingston"},{"link_name":"Narragansett Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett_Bay"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wanton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island Royal Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Royal_Charter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"John Montagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Montagu_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Darius Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StaplesP3-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Duddingston and HMS Gaspee","text":"In early 1772, Lieutenant William Duddingston sailed HMS Gaspee into Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island to force customs collection and mandatory inspection of cargo. He arrived in Rhode Island in February and met with Governor Joseph Wanton.[7] Soon after he began patrolling Narragansett Bay, Gaspee stopped and inspected the sloop Fortune on February 17 and seized 12 hogsheads of undeclared rum.[8] Duddingston sent Fortune and the seized rum to Boston, believing that any seized items left in a Rhode Island port would be reclaimed by the colonists.[9]This overbold move of sending Fortune to Boston brought outrage within the Rhode Island colony, because Duddingston had taken upon himself the authority to determine where the trial should take place concerning this seizure, completely superseding the authority of Governor Wanton by doing so. Furthermore, it was a direct violation of the Rhode Island Royal Charter of 1663 to hold a trial outside of Rhode Island on an arrest that took place within the colony.[10]After this, Duddingston and his crew became increasingly aggressive in their searches, boardings, and seizures, even going so far as to stop merchants who were on shore and force searches of their wares. Public resentment and outrage continued to escalate against Gaspee in particular and against the British in general. A local sheriff threatened Duddingston with arrest, and Admiral John Montagu responded with a letter threatening to hang as pirates anyone who made effort to rescue ships taken by Duddingston during his operations.[11]On March 21, Rhode Island Deputy Governor Darius Sessions wrote to Governor Wanton regarding Duddingston, and he requested that the basis of Duddingston's authority be examined. In the letter, Sessions includes the opinion of Chief Justice Stephen Hopkins, who argues that \"no commander of any vessel has any right to use any authority in the Body of the Colony without previously applying to the Governor and showing his warrant for so doing.\"[3] Wanton wrote to Duddingston the next day, demanding that he \"produce me your commission and instructions, if any you have, which was your duty to have done when you first came within the jurisdiction of this Colony.\"[12] Duddingston returned a rude reply to the Governor, refusing to leave his ship or to acknowledge Wanton's elected authority within Rhode Island.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destruction_of_the_schooner_gaspee.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sons of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"packet ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_boat"},{"link_name":"Gaspee Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspee_Point"},{"link_name":"John Brown I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_I"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Further information: American RevolutionAn 1886 engraving of the burning of the Gaspee by Sons of LibertyOn June 9, Gaspee gave chase to the packet ship Hannah but ran aground in shallow water on the northwestern side of the bay on what is now Gaspee Point. The crew were unable to free the ship, and Duddingston decided to wait for high tide to set the vessel afloat. Before that could happen, however, a band of Providence men led by John Brown I decided to act on the \"opportunity offered of putting an end to the trouble and vexation she daily caused.\"[13][14][15] They rowed out to the ship and boarded it at the break of dawn on June 10. The crew put up a feeble resistance in which they were attacked with handspikes, and Lieutenant Duddingston was shot and wounded in the groin. The boarding party casually read through the ship's papers before forcing the crew off the ship and setting it aflame.[11]A few days after being forced off of the ship, Duddingston was arrested by a sheriff for an earlier seizure of colonial cargo. His commanding officer Montagu freed him by paying his fine and then promptly sent him back to England to face a court-martial on the incident.[11]Joseph Bucklin was the man who shot Duddingston;[16] other men who participated included Brown's brother Joseph of Providence, Simeon Potter of Bristol, and Robert Wickes of Warwick.[17]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"American Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies"},{"link_name":"arson in royal dockyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson_in_royal_dockyards"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_commission"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Charges and investigative commission","text":"Previous attacks by the Americans on British naval vessels had gone unpunished. In one case, a customs yacht was actually destroyed by fire with no administrative response.[18]But in 1772, the Admiralty would not ignore the destruction of one of its military vessels on station. The American Department consulted the solicitor and attorneys general, who investigated and advised the Privy Council on the legal and constitutional options available. This included charges of arson in royal dockyards but the idea was dismissed as not legally credible, as Gaspee was not in a dockyard when it was burned.[19] \nThe Crown turned to a centuries-old institution of investigation: the Royal Commission of Inquiry, made up of the chiefs of the supreme courts of Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey, the judge of the vice-admiralty of Boston, and Rhode Island Governor Wanton.[citation needed]The Dockyard Act passed in April demanded that anyone suspected of burning British ships should be extradited and tried in England; however, the Gaspee raiders were charged with treason.[20] The task of the commission was to determine which colonists had sufficient evidence against them to warrant shipping them to England for trial. The commission was unable to obtain sufficient evidence and declared their inability to deal with the case.[citation needed]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"committee of correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"John Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Allen_(minister)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Battles of Lexington and Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Whig response","text":"Colonial Whigs were alarmed at the prospect of Americans being sent to England for trial, and a committee of correspondence was formed in Boston to consult on the crisis. In Virginia, the House of Burgesses was so alarmed that they also formed an inter-colonial committee of correspondence to consult with similar committees throughout the Thirteen Colonies.The Reverend John Allen preached a sermon at the Second Baptist Church in Boston which utilized the Gaspee affair to warn listeners about greedy monarchs, corrupt judges, and conspiracies in the London government. This sermon was printed seven different times in four colonial cities, becoming one of the most popular pamphlets of Colonial America.[21] This pamphlet and editorials by numerous colonial newspaper editors awoke colonial Whigs from a lull of inactivity in 1772, thus inaugurating a series of conflicts that culminated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord.[citation needed]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mock_HMS_Gaspee_during_2023_Gaspee_Days_parade.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hannah_chased_by_the_Gaspee_parade_float.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pawtuxet Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtuxet_Village"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"John Brown I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_I"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brown_(astronomer)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Prudence Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudence_Island"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"triangular slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_trade"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Gaspee Days paradeThe affair is commemorated annually in Pawtuxet Village's Gaspee Days paradeThe British authorities called for the apprehension and trial of the people responsible for shooting Duddingston and destroying the Gaspee. Governor Wanton and Deputy Governor Sessions echoed those same sentiments, but they lacked any enthusiasm for punishing their fellow Rhode Islanders.[22] A British midshipman from Gaspee described the attackers as \"merchants and masters of vessels, who were at my bureau reading and examining my papers.\"[23]Admiral Montagu wrote to Governor Wanton on July 8, nearly a month after the burning of the schooner, and utilized the account of Aaron Briggs, an indentured servant claiming to have participated in the June 9 burning. Montagu identified five Rhode Islanders, in varying levels of detail, whom he wanted Wanton to investigate and bring to justice: John Brown I, Joseph Brown, Simeon Potter, Dr. Weeks, and Richmond.[24]Governor Wanton responded to this demand by examining the claims made by Aaron Briggs. Samuel Tompkins and Samuel Thurston, the proprietors of the Prudence Island farm where Briggs worked, gave testimony challenging his account of June 9. Both men stated that Briggs had been present at work the evening of June 9 and early in the morning on June 10. Additionally, Wanton received further evidence from two other indentured servants working with Briggs, and both stated that Briggs had been present throughout the night in question. Thus, Wanton believed that Briggs was no more than an imposter. Duddingston and Montagu challenged Wanton's assertions, Montagu saying that \"it is clear to me from many corroborating circumstances, that he is no imposter.\"[25]Historian Joey La Neve DeFrancesco argued that the Gaspee affair resulted from the desire of the colonial elite in Rhode Island to protect their involvement in the triangular slave trade, which formed the backbone of the colony's economy. DeFrancesco noted that British regulations had threatened the ability of Rhode Island merchants, many of whom participated in the attack on the Gaspee, to profit from slavery and the industries which were dependent on the slave trade, such as the rum and molasses trades. DeFrancesco wrote that the colonists' \"supposed fight for liberty was in fact a fight for the freedom to profit from the business of slavery\", and claimed that celebrations of the incident in Rhode Island represent \"New England’s historical amnesia on slavery.\"[26]","title":"Aftermath and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pawtuxet Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtuxet_Village"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Pawtuxet Village commemorates the Gaspee affair each year with its Gaspee Days festival. This multi-day event includes fireworks, arts and crafts, and races, but the highlight is the Gaspee Days parade, which features burning the Gaspee in effigy and other entertainments.[27]","title":"Commemorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59416-267-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59416-267-1"}],"text":"Steven Park (2016). The Burning of His Majesty's Schooner Gaspee: An Attack on Crown Rule Before the American Revolution. Westholme Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59416-267-1.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"An 1886 engraving of the burning of the Gaspee by Sons of Liberty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Destruction_of_the_schooner_gaspee.jpg/220px-Destruction_of_the_schooner_gaspee.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Caroline affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_affair"},{"title":"Historiography of the Gaspee affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Gaspee_affair"},{"title":"HMS Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Diana_(1775)"}]	[{"reference":"\"John Brown, American Raider on English Ship Gaspee\". Joseph Bucklin Society (Gaspee.Info). Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved May 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090105182832/http://gaspee.info/GaspeeRaiders/Brown_John.htm","url_text":"\"John Brown, American Raider on English Ship Gaspee\""},{"url":"http://www.gaspee.info/GaspeeRaiders/Brown_John.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staples, William (1845). The Documentary History of the Destruction of the Gaspee. Providence: Knowles, Vose, and Anthony. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaspee.org/StaplesForwardIntro.htm","url_text":"The Documentary History of the Destruction of the Gaspee"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, John Russell (1861). A History of the Destruction of His Britannic Majesty's Schooner Gaspee, in Narragansett Bay, on the 10th June, 1772: Accompanied by the Correspondence Connected Therewith; the Action of the General Assembly of Rhode Island Thereon, and the Official Journal of the Proceedings of the Commission of Inquiry, on the Same. A. C. Greene, printer to the state. Retrieved June 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofdestruc00bart","url_text":"A History of the Destruction of His Britannic Majesty's Schooner Gaspee, in Narragansett Bay, on the 10th June, 1772: Accompanied by the Correspondence Connected Therewith; the Action of the General Assembly of Rhode Island Thereon, and the Official Journal of the Proceedings of the Commission of Inquiry, on the Same"}]},{"reference":"Lovejoy, David S. (1958). Rhode Island Politics and the American Revolution, 1760–1776. Providence: Brown University Press. pp. 157. Wanton and Lieutenant Duddingston discussed the 1769 burning of the Liberty in their first meeting. In the burning, Rhode Islanders destroyed and set fire to the British vessel in Newport, allowing the ships to escape that had been seized by the Liberty. Wanton implied that Duddingston might find the same troubles years later, which prompted Duddingston to send the Fortune to Boston.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Middlekauff, Robert (2007). The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–211. ISBN 978-0-19-531588-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff","url_text":"Middlekauff, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glorious_Cause:_The_American_Revolution,_1763%E2%80%931789","url_text":"The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531588-2","url_text":"978-0-19-531588-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph Bucklin V Biography\". Joseph Bucklin Society. Retrieved December 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bucklinsociety.net/bucklin-family-history/joseph-bucklin-4th-family/joseph-bucklin-5th-bio/","url_text":"\"Joseph Bucklin V Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Gwenda; Rushton, Peter (2015). \"Arson, Treason and Plot: Britain, America and the Law, 1770–1777\" (PDF). History. 100 (3 (341)): 385. doi:10.1111/1468-229X.12111. ISSN 0018-2648. JSTOR 24809702. But they also judged that the dockyards act might be difficult to implement, as it extended only to 'such ships as are burnt or otherwise destroyed in some Dockyard and not to Ships upon active Service'.","urls":[{"url":"https://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/5773/1/Arson_Treason_and_Plot_2014d_%282%29.pdf","url_text":"\"Arson, Treason and Plot: Britain, America and the Law, 1770–1777\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229X.12111","url_text":"10.1111/1468-229X.12111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2648","url_text":"0018-2648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24809702","url_text":"24809702"}]},{"reference":"Leslie, William R. (1952). \"The Gaspee Affair: A Study of Its Constitutional Significance\". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 39 (2): 239. doi:10.2307/1892182. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1892182.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1892182","url_text":"10.2307/1892182"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-391X","url_text":"0161-391X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892182","url_text":"1892182"}]},{"reference":"DeFrancesco, Joey La Neve (June 9, 2020). \"The Gaspee Affair was about the business of slavery\". Uprise RI. Retrieved April 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://upriseri.com/2020-06-09-gaspee/","url_text":"\"The Gaspee Affair was about the business of slavery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gaspee Days – Events\". www.gaspee.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaspee.com/events","url_text":"\"Gaspee Days – Events\""}]},{"reference":"Steven Park (2016). The Burning of His Majesty's Schooner Gaspee: An Attack on Crown Rule Before the American Revolution. Westholme Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59416-267-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59416-267-1","url_text":"978-1-59416-267-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaspee, The\" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Gaspee,_The","url_text":"\"Gaspee, The\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://gaspee.org/BartlettGaspee.html","external_links_name":"Bartlett: Destruction of the Gaspee"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090105182832/http://gaspee.info/GaspeeRaiders/Brown_John.htm","external_links_name":"\"John Brown, American Raider on English Ship Gaspee\""},{"Link":"http://www.gaspee.info/GaspeeRaiders/Brown_John.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://gaspee.org/StaplesForwardIntro.htm","external_links_name":"The Documentary History of the Destruction of the Gaspee"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofdestruc00bart","external_links_name":"A History of the Destruction of His Britannic Majesty's Schooner Gaspee, in Narragansett Bay, on the 10th June, 1772: Accompanied by the Correspondence Connected Therewith; the Action of the General Assembly of Rhode Island Thereon, and the Official Journal of the Proceedings of the Commission of Inquiry, on the Same"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh7CSxFeK-IC","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://bucklinsociety.net/bucklin-family-history/joseph-bucklin-4th-family/joseph-bucklin-5th-bio/","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Bucklin V Biography\""},{"Link":"https://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/5773/1/Arson_Treason_and_Plot_2014d_%282%29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Arson, Treason and Plot: Britain, America and the Law, 1770–1777\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229X.12111","external_links_name":"10.1111/1468-229X.12111"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2648","external_links_name":"0018-2648"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24809702","external_links_name":"24809702"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1892182","external_links_name":"10.2307/1892182"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-391X","external_links_name":"0161-391X"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892182","external_links_name":"1892182"},{"Link":"https://upriseri.com/2020-06-09-gaspee/","external_links_name":"\"The Gaspee Affair was about the business of slavery\""},{"Link":"http://www.gaspee.com/events","external_links_name":"\"Gaspee Days – Events\""},{"Link":"http://gaspee.org/","external_links_name":"The Gaspee Virtual Archives"},{"Link":"http://gaspee.org/BartlettGaspee.html","external_links_name":"A History of the Destruction of His Britannic Majesty's Schooner Gaspee"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070211132005/http://homepages.uconn.edu/~shp02001/Gaspee_research.html","external_links_name":"Doing Research on the Gaspee Affair: Primary and Secondary Bibliographic Sources"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Gaspee,_The","external_links_name":"\"Gaspee, The\""},{"Link":"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03gaspee/welcome.html","external_links_name":"The Quest for the Gaspee 2003 – NOAA"},{"Link":"http://www.gaspee.info/","external_links_name":"Gaspee.info"},{"Link":"https://amrev.podbean.com/e/episode-036-sinking-the-hms-gaspee","external_links_name":"Podcast description of the Gaspee affair"},{"Link":"https://sosri.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_ad412bed-2274-4bd6-8013-1d9994900096/","external_links_name":"Gaspee Commission Documents"},{"Link":"https://catalog.sos.ri.gov/repositories/2/digital_objects/255","external_links_name":"Gaspee Commission records finding aid"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052730/https://catalog.sos.ri.gov/repositories/2/digital_objects/255","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2016/february/act-war-eve-revolution","external_links_name":"An Act of War on the Eve of Revolution, by Commander Benjamin F. Armstrong, U.S. Navy February 2016 Naval History Magazine Volume 30, Number 1"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tit	Coal tit	["1 Taxonomy and systematics","1.1 Subspecies","2 Description","3 Behaviour and ecology","4 Breeding","5 See also","6 Footnotes","7 References","8 External links"]	Species of bird "Parus ater" redirects here. For the pseudonymous writer, see Parus Ater. Coal tit Adult British coal tit, P. a. britannicus(note greenish-grey back) Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae Genus: Periparus Species: P. ater Binomial name Periparus ater(Linnaeus, 1758) Range of P. ater Resident Non-breeding Synonyms Parus ater Linnaeus, 1758 The coal tit (Periparus ater), is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder in forests throughout the temperate to subtropical Palearctic, including North Africa. The black-crested tit is now usually included in this species. Taxonomy and systematics This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Linnaeus' primary reference was his earlier Fauna Svecica, whose cumbersome pre-binomial name Parus capite nigro: vertice albo, dorso cinereo, pectore albo ("black-headed tit with white nape, ash-grey back, white breast") became the much simpler yet no less unequivocal Parus ater. This name – meaning "dusky-black tit" – was simply adopted from older ornithological textbooks, ultimately going back to Conrad Gessner's 1555 Historia animalium. He gave no type locality except "Europe", but his original description refers to the population inhabiting Sweden (which is consequently included in the nominate subspecies today). The current genus name, is Ancient Greek peri plus the pre-existing genus Parus. The specific ater is Latin for "dull black". The colourful great tit (Parus major) with its bold wing-stripe. Before binomial nomenclature, naturalists found the folk taxonomy of this species and the coal tit quite confusing. Gessner also notes that the coal tit was known as Kohlmeiß in German – the literal equivalent of its English name, though in its modern orthography Kohlmeise it refers to the great tit (Parus major). That bird was in Gessner's day usually called Spiegelmeiß ("multicoloured tit"), Brandtmeiß ("burnt tit") or grosse Meiß ("great tit") in German. Kölmeyß was attested for P. major by William Turner, but Turner does not list P. ater at all, while Gessner notes that his hunters always used Kohlmeiß for the present species. However, this has since changed, and the modern German name of P. ater is Tannenmeise ("fir tit"), after a typical habitat. This name is attested (as Tannen-Maise) by Johann Leonhard Frisch in the early 18th century already, who furthermore records that P. ater was also called Kleine Kohl-Maise ("small coal tit") whereas Kohl-Maise referred unequivocally to P. major. Frisch collected his data in the Berlin region, where the German dialect was quite different from that spoken by Gessner's Alemannic sources 200 years earlier, and heavily influenced by Middle Low German – the language of the northern German sources of Turner. Regarding that, Tanne is derived from the Old Saxon danna, and thus had spread through the German dialect continuum from north to south. Most authorities still treat the coal tit in the subgenus Periparus, but the American Ornithologists' Union considers Periparus a distinct genus. This is supported by mtDNA cytochrome b sequence analysis; Periparus seems to be closer to the Poecile tits and chickadees than to the great tit and its relatives. Thus, it belongs to the more advanced Paridae, in which the bright plumage of the more basal lineages is dulled down apomorphically. Illustration of Parus ater cypriotes by John Gerrard Keulemans In addition, the same data suggest that this species is paraphyletic in regard to the closely related and parapatric spot-winged tit (P. melanolophus) from South Asia, which looks like a slightly crested, darker version of P. ater. Consequently, the spot-winged tit might have to be included in P. ater, or some coal tits could be considered a distinct species. As occasional hybridization has been recorded between the two, mtDNA alone (which is inherited only from the mother) is insufficient to determine whether hybrid gene flow or another trivial cause (such as incomplete lineage sorting) obfuscates the actual relationships, or whether taxonomic rearrangement is indeed required. With the range of these titmice encircling the Himalayas, without further study it cannot even be excluded that they constitute a ring species – with gene flow occurring in Nepal but not in Afghanistan – as has been shown for other passerines in the same region. Subspecies A number of coal tit subspecies are distinguished. The differences in colouration are quite pronounced in some of them, while their differences in size are more subtle. Coal tits from Asia follow Bergmann's rule, being larger in colder regions; those from further west, however, do not, as the birds from the uplands around the Mediterranean are larger than those from northern Europe. Across its range, tail length in relation to body length increases along a cline running from southwest to northeast. The British race P. a. britannicus has an olive hue to its brownish-grey back plumage, distinguishing it from the continental European nominate subspecies P. a. ater and P. a. abietum in which the back is bluish grey without a hint of green or brown. The Irish race P. a. hibernicus is distinguished from britannicus by the pale sulphur-yellow cheeks, breast and belly. It also has a paler rump (due to light fringes of the uppertail coverts) and a larger bill than its relatives from Britain and the Continent. The North African race P. a. ledouci has yellow underparts and cheeks, and the Cypriot P. a. cypriotes has a buff tinge to its upper parts, and deep buff underparts. Asian subspecies are generally rather dusky brownish except for the black-and-white head; they include among others P. a. michalowskii of the Caucasus, P. a. phaeonotus of Iran, or the Himalayan coal tit P. a. aemodius of southwestern China. Adult continental coal tit, P. a. ater(note blue-grey back) Cyprus coal tit, P. a. cypriotes(note buff underparts) Irish coal tit, P. a. hibernicus(note yellowish cheeks and breast) Description Periparus ater filmed in Tokyo, Japan The coal tit is 10–11.5 cm in length, and has a distinctive large white nape spot on its black head. The head, throat and neck of the adult are glossy blue-black, setting off the off-white sides of the face (tinged grey to yellow depending on subspecies) and the brilliant white nape; the white tips of the wing coverts appear as two wingbars. The underparts are whitish shading through buff to rufous on the flanks. The bill is black, the legs lead-coloured, and irides dark brown. The young birds in juvenile plumage are duller than the adults, lacking gloss on the black head, and with the white of nape and cheeks tinged with yellow. While searching for food, coal tit flocks keep contact with incessant short dee or see-see calls. The species' song – if "song" it can be called – is a strident if-he, if-he, if-he, heard most frequently from January to June, but also in autumn. The song resembles that of the great tit, but much faster and higher in pitch. One variant of this song ends with a sharp ichi. North African birds also have a currr call similar to that of the crested tit (Lophophanes cristatus) which is not found in Africa. Behaviour and ecology Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden It is typically a bird of temperate humid conifer forest, but apart from that shows little habitat specificity. In Bhutan for example coal tits are fairly common residents above the subtropical zone, at about 3,000–3,800 m ASL, and are found in forests dominated by Bhutan fir (Abies densa) as well as in those characterized by Himalayan hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) and rhododendrons. The coal tit is an all-year resident throughout almost all range, making only local movements in response to particularly severe weather; only the Siberian birds have a more regular migration. Very rarely, vagrants may cross longer distances; for example the nominate subspecies of continental Europe was recorded in Ireland once in 1960 and once before that, but apparently not since then. Coal tits will form small flocks in winter with other tits. This species resembles other tits in acrobatic skill and restless activity, though it more frequently pitches on a trunk, and in little hops resembles a treecreeper (Certhia). Its food is similar to that of the others; it is keen on beechmast, picks out the seeds from fir (Abies) and larch (Larix) cones, and joins Carduelis redpolls and siskins in alders (Alnus) and birches (Betula). It will also visit gardens to feed on a variety of foods put out, particularly sunflower seeds. Coal tits in the laboratory prefer to forage at a variable feeding site when they are in a negative energy budget. They increase evening body mass in response to tawny owl calls. After dawn the coal tits increases body mass as soon as possible if food is obtained at a low rate, increasing body mass exponentially until an inflection point when the increase of body mass is slower. The inflection point of the body mass trajectory is 16.7% delayed compared to a high food availability. Subordinate coal tits are excluded from feeding sites by dominants more often in the early morning than in the rest of the day, and they showed more variability in daily mass gain and body mass at dawn than dominant coal tits. In winter, the red blood cells of coal tits have been shown to contain more mitochondria, which consume oxygen and produce heat. Being common and widespread, the coal tit is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. The coal tit has the dubious distinction of having the largest number of bird fleas (Ceratophyllus gallinae) reported from a single nest, 5,754 fleas. Breeding A favourite nesting site is a hole in a rotting tree-stump, often low down, and the nest is deep within the hole; holes in the ground, burrows of mice or rabbits, chinks between the stones in walls, old nests of Pica magpies or other large birds, and squirrel dreys are also occupied. The materials, moss, hair and grass, are closely felted together, and rabbit fur or feathers added for lining. Seven to eleven red-spotted white eggs are laid, usually in May; this species breeds usually once per year. See also Common treecreeper and Hodgson's treecreeper Greenish warbler Footnotes ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Periparus ater". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22735965A118835425. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22735965A118835425.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ Gessner (1555): pp.616, Linnaeus (1746, 1758) ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 58, 298. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. ^ Literally "mirror tit" (though its feathers are not iridescent), perhaps rather "wing-stripe tit", as in German ornithology Spiegel means a wing-stripe or -patch. The interpretation referring to its colorful plumage, though somewhat unusual, is the one given by Gesner however: a colorum pulchritudine quibus distinguitur – "for the beauty of its colors, which distinguish it" ^ Turner (1544a,b), Gessner (1555): pp.615–616, Frisch (1720), Linnaeus (1758) ^ a b Gill et al. (2005) ^ a b Snow (1954) ^ BI ^ Bangs (1932) ^ a b Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterström, Dan; Graszka-Petrykowski, Dariusz; Stawarczyk, Tadeusz (2023). Ptaki Europy i obszaru śródziemnomorskiego. Przewodnik Collinsa (Wydanie III, poprawione i zaktualizowane ed.). Warszawa: Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza. p. 358,359. ISBN 978-83-7763-647-3. ^ A Field Guide to the Birds of Korea (2005). ISBN 89-951415-3-0 ^ Inskipp et al. (2000) ^ Bautista, L. M.; Martín, B.; Martinez, L.; Mayo, C. (2001). "Risk-sensitive foraging in coal tits" (PDF). Behaviour. 138: 69–83. doi:10.1163/156853901750077790. hdl:10261/43939. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016. ^ Bautista, L. M.; Lane, S.J. (2000). "Coal tits increase evening body mass in response to tawny owl calls" (PDF). Acta Ethologica. 2 (2): 105–110. doi:10.1007/s102119900014. S2CID 33198629. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016. ^ a b Polo, V.; Bautista, L. M. (2006). "Daily routines of body mass gain in birds: II. An experiment with reduced food availability" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 72 (3): 517–522. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.09.025. S2CID 53156385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016. ^ Polo, V.; Bautista, L. M. (2002). "Daily body mass regulation in dominance-structured Coal tit (Parus ater) flocks in response to variable food access" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology. 13: 696–704. doi:10.1093/beheco/13.5.696. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016. ^ "Birds' blood functions as heating system in winter". phys.org. Retrieved 10 April 2021. ^ Nord, Andreas; Metcalfe, Neil B.; Page, Jennifer L.; Huxtable, Anna; McCafferty, Dominic J.; Dawson, Neal J. (2021). "Avian red blood cell mitochondria produce more heat in winter than in autumn". The FASEB Journal. 35 (5): e21490. doi:10.1096/fj.202100107R. ISSN 1530-6860. PMID 33829547. S2CID 233185485. ^ BLI (2009) ^ Gunvor Brinck-Lindroth; F.G.A.M. Smit † (2007). The fleas (Siphonaptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. BRILL. p. 6. ISBN 978-90-474-2075-0. References Bangs, Outram (1932): Birds of western China obtained by the Kelley-Roosevelts expedition. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 18 (11): 343–379. Fulltext at the Internet Archive Bautista, L. M.; Martín, B.; Martinez, L.; Mayo, C. (2001). "Risk-sensitive foraging in coal tits" (PDF). Behaviour. 138: 69–83. doi:10.1163/156853901750077790. hdl:10261/43939. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016. Bautista, L. M.; Lane, S.J. (2000). "Coal tits increase evening body mass in response to tawny owl calls" (PDF). Acta Ethologica. 2 (2): 105–110. doi:10.1007/s102119900014. S2CID 33198629. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016. BirdsIreland.com (BI) : Irish subspecies – Coal Tit. Retrieved 17 May 2009. BirdLife International (2016). "Periparus ater". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22735965A87425717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22735965A87425717.en. Frisch, Johann Leonhard (1720): Der II.ten Hauptart I.te Abtheilung von den Maisen – I.te Platte . In: Vorstellung der Vögel in Teutschland, und beyläuffig auch einiger fremden, mit ihren natürlichen Farben, etc. (vol. 2): plate 13 . F.H.Frisch, Berlin ("Berolinum"). Digitized version Gessner, Conrad (1555): Historiae animalium (vol. 3) . Christoph Froschauer, Zürich ("Tigurium"). Digitized version Gill, Frank B.; Slikas, Beth & Sheldon, Frederick H. (2005): Phylogeny of titmice (Paridae): II. Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene. Auk 122: 121–143. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)1222.0.CO;2 HTML abstract Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim & Sherub (2000): The ornithological importance of Thrumshingla National Park, Bhutan. Forktail 14: 147–162. PDF fulltext Linnaeus, Carl (1746): 241. Parus capite nigro: vertice albo, dorso cinereo, pectore albo. In: Fauna Svecica Sistens Animalia Sveciæ Regni, etc. (1st ed.): 89 . Conrad & Georg Jacob Wishoff, Leiden ("Lugdunum Batavorum"). Digitized version Linnaeus, Carl (1758): 100.5. Parus ater. In: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (10th ed., vol. 1): 190 . Lars Salvius, Stockholm ("Holmius"). Digitized version Archived 13 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine Polo, V.; Bautista, L. M. (2002). "Daily body mass regulation in dominance-structured Coal tit (Parus ater) flocks in response to variable food access" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology. 13: 696–704. doi:10.1093/beheco/13.5.696. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016. Polo, V.; Bautista, L. M. (2006). "Daily routines of body mass gain in birds: II. An experiment with reduced food availability" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 72 (3): 517–522. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.09.025. S2CID 53156385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016. Snow, D.W. (1954): Trends in geographical variation in Palearctic members of the genus Parus. Evolution 8 (1): 19–28. First page image Turner, William (1544a): De paris . In: Avium praecipuarum, quarum apud Plinium et Aristotelem mentio est, brevis et succincta historia, etc.: 94–95 . Johann Gymnich, Cologne ("Colonia"). Digitized version Turner, William (1544b): . In: van Langerack, Gijsbert: Dialogus de avibus, et earum nominibus Graecis, Latinis, et Germanicis, etc.: 95–97 . Johann Gymnich, Cologne ("Colonia"). Digitized version External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parus ater. BBC Radio: Coal tit song. Retrieved 21 November 2006. RSPB: Coal tit. Includes song and video. Retrieved 13 March 2008. Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.8 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Feathers of coal tit (Parus ater) Archived 4 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine Avibase. Retrieved 23 October 2020. Taxon identifiersPeriparus ater Wikidata: Q191096 Wikispecies: Periparus ater Avibase: 166CD4402D4A416B BirdLife: 22735965 BOLD: 86975 BOW: coatit2 BTO: bob14610 CoL: 4F2VB eBird: coatit2 GBIF: 2487871 iNaturalist: 144823 IRMNG: 11267592 ITIS: 561927 IUCN: 22735965 NBN: NHMSYS0001688300 NCBI: 156567 Observation.org: 209 Open Tree of Life: 746130 Paleobiology Database: 373328 TSA: 13150 Xeno-canto: Periparus-ater Parus ater Wikidata: Q40657440 BioLib: 8947 BirdLife: 22711790 EURING: 14610 Fauna Europaea (new): d1ba39e2-be09-4e3b-9878-3075eafd5167 GBIF: 7820681 IRMNG: 10956693 Observation.org: 80317 Open Tree of Life: 746130 WoRMS: 558566 ZooBank: AED45EE5-069B-4921-BDD1-1C7209439A56 Authority control databases: National Israel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parus Ater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parus_Ater"},{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit_(bird)"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"},{"link_name":"subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical"},{"link_name":"Palearctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"black-crested tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-crested_tit"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"}],"text":"\"Parus ater\" redirects here. For the pseudonymous writer, see Parus Ater.The coal tit (Periparus ater), is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder in forests throughout the temperate to subtropical Palearctic, including North Africa. The black-crested tit is now usually included in this species.","title":"Coal tit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"10th edition of Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"binomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"ornithological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithological"},{"link_name":"Conrad Gessner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Gessner"},{"link_name":"Historia animalium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"nominate subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominate_subspecies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Parus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parus"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-job-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great-Tit.jpg"},{"link_name":"great tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_tit"},{"link_name":"binomial nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"naturalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalist"},{"link_name":"folk taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_(language)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_(language)"},{"link_name":"orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography"},{"link_name":"great tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_tit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"William Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner_(ornithologist)"},{"link_name":"fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"Johann Leonhard Frisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Leonhard_Frisch"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"quite different","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benrath_line"},{"link_name":"Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"Middle Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_German"},{"link_name":"Old Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saxon"},{"link_name":"dialect continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"subgenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenus"},{"link_name":"American Ornithologists' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ornithologists%27_Union"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"mtDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNA"},{"link_name":"cytochrome b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_b"},{"link_name":"sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence"},{"link_name":"Poecile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poecile"},{"link_name":"Paridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paridae"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(evolution)"},{"link_name":"apomorphically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorph"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gilletal2005-6"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ParusCypriotesKeulemans.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Gerrard Keulemans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gerrard_Keulemans"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"parapatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapatric"},{"link_name":"spot-winged tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot-winged_tit"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"hybridization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"gene flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_flow"},{"link_name":"incomplete lineage sorting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete_lineage_sorting"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"ring species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_species"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"passerines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gilletal2005-6"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Linnaeus' primary reference was his earlier Fauna Svecica, whose cumbersome pre-binomial name Parus capite nigro: vertice albo, dorso cinereo, pectore albo (\"black-headed tit with white nape, ash-grey back, white breast\") became the much simpler yet no less unequivocal Parus ater. This name – meaning \"dusky-black tit\" – was simply adopted from older ornithological textbooks, ultimately going back to Conrad Gessner's 1555 Historia animalium. He gave no type locality except \"Europe\", but his original description refers to the population inhabiting Sweden (which is consequently included in the nominate subspecies today).[2] The current genus name, is Ancient Greek peri plus the pre-existing genus Parus. The specific ater is Latin for \"dull black\".[3]The colourful great tit (Parus major) with its bold wing-stripe. Before binomial nomenclature, naturalists found the folk taxonomy of this species and the coal tit quite confusing.Gessner also notes that the coal tit was known as Kohlmeiß in German – the literal equivalent of its English name, though in its modern orthography Kohlmeise it refers to the great tit (Parus major). That bird was in Gessner's day usually called Spiegelmeiß (\"multicoloured tit\"[4]), Brandtmeiß (\"burnt tit\") or grosse Meiß (\"great tit\") in German. Kölmeyß was attested for P. major by William Turner, but Turner does not list P. ater at all, while Gessner notes that his hunters always used Kohlmeiß for the present species. However, this has since changed, and the modern German name of P. ater is Tannenmeise (\"fir tit\"), after a typical habitat. This name is attested (as Tannen-Maise) by Johann Leonhard Frisch in the early 18th century already, who furthermore records that P. ater was also called Kleine Kohl-Maise (\"small coal tit\") whereas Kohl-Maise referred unequivocally to P. major. Frisch collected his data in the Berlin region, where the German dialect was quite different from that spoken by Gessner's Alemannic sources 200 years earlier, and heavily influenced by Middle Low German – the language of the northern German sources of Turner. Regarding that, Tanne is derived from the Old Saxon danna, and thus had spread through the German dialect continuum from north to south. [5]Most authorities still treat the coal tit in the subgenus Periparus, but the American Ornithologists' Union considers Periparus a distinct genus. This is supported by mtDNA cytochrome b sequence analysis; Periparus seems to be closer to the Poecile tits and chickadees than to the great tit and its relatives. Thus, it belongs to the more advanced Paridae, in which the bright plumage of the more basal lineages is dulled down apomorphically.[6][needs update]Illustration of Parus ater cypriotes by John Gerrard KeulemansIn addition, the same data suggest that this species is paraphyletic in regard to the closely related and parapatric spot-winged tit (P. melanolophus) from South Asia, which looks like a slightly crested, darker version of P. ater. Consequently, the spot-winged tit might have to be included in P. ater, or some coal tits could be considered a distinct species. As occasional hybridization has been recorded between the two, mtDNA alone (which is inherited only from the mother) is insufficient to determine whether hybrid gene flow or another trivial cause (such as incomplete lineage sorting) obfuscates the actual relationships, or whether taxonomic rearrangement is indeed required. With the range of these titmice encircling the Himalayas, without further study it cannot even be excluded that they constitute a ring species – with gene flow occurring in Nepal but not in Afghanistan – as has been shown for other passerines in the same region.[6][needs update]","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"Bergmann's rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"cline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snow1954-7"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_(colour)"},{"link_name":"continental European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"nominate subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominate_subspecies"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"sulphur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur"},{"link_name":"uppertail coverts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppertail_covert"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"North African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Cypriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snow1954-7"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Periparus_ater_I.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyprus_coal_tit_(Periparus_ater_cypriotes).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coal_tit_(Periparus_ater)_on_line.jpeg"}],"sub_title":"Subspecies","text":"A number of coal tit subspecies are distinguished. The differences in colouration are quite pronounced in some of them, while their differences in size are more subtle. Coal tits from Asia follow Bergmann's rule, being larger in colder regions; those from further west, however, do not, as the birds from the uplands around the Mediterranean are larger than those from northern Europe. Across its range, tail length in relation to body length increases along a cline running from southwest to northeast.[7]The British race P. a. britannicus has an olive hue to its brownish-grey back plumage, distinguishing it from the continental European nominate subspecies P. a. ater and P. a. abietum[verification needed] in which the back is bluish grey without a hint of green or brown. The Irish race P. a. hibernicus is distinguished from britannicus by the pale sulphur-yellow cheeks, breast and belly. It also has a paler rump (due to light fringes of the uppertail coverts) and a larger bill than its relatives from Britain and the Continent.[8]The North African race P. a. ledouci has yellow underparts and cheeks, and the Cypriot P. a. cypriotes has a buff tinge to its upper parts, and deep buff underparts. Asian subspecies are generally rather dusky brownish except for the black-and-white head;[7] they include among others P. a. michalowskii of the Caucasus, P. a. phaeonotus of Iran, or the Himalayan coal tit[9] P. a. aemodius of southwestern China.Adult continental coal tit, P. a. ater(note blue-grey back)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCyprus coal tit, P. a. cypriotes(note buff underparts)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIrish coal tit, P. a. hibernicus(note yellowish cheeks and breast)","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"wing coverts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_covert"},{"link_name":"irides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(eye)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"crested tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_tit"}],"text":"Periparus ater filmed in Tokyo, JapanThe coal tit is 10–11.5 cm in length, and has a distinctive large white nape spot on its black head.[10] The head, throat and neck of the adult are glossy blue-black, setting off the off-white sides of the face (tinged grey to yellow depending on subspecies) and the brilliant white nape; the white tips of the wing coverts appear as two wingbars. The underparts are whitish shading through buff to rufous on the flanks. The bill is black, the legs lead-coloured, and irides dark brown.The young birds in juvenile plumage are duller than the adults, lacking gloss on the black head, and with the white of nape and cheeks tinged with yellow.[10]While searching for food, coal tit flocks keep contact with incessant short dee or see-see calls. The species' song – if \"song\" it can be called – is a strident if-he, if-he, if-he, heard most frequently from January to June, but also in autumn. The song resembles that of the great tit, but much faster and higher in pitch.[11] One variant of this song ends with a sharp ichi. North African birds also have a currr call similar to that of the crested tit (Lophophanes cristatus) which is not found in Africa.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parus_ater_MWNH_2286.JPG"},{"link_name":"Museum Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"},{"link_name":"humid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid"},{"link_name":"conifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical"},{"link_name":"ASL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"Bhutan fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan_fir"},{"link_name":"Himalayan hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_hemlock"},{"link_name":"rhododendrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Siberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"nominate subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominate_subspecies"},{"link_name":"continental Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"treecreeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treecreeper"},{"link_name":"beechmast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechmast"},{"link_name":"fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir"},{"link_name":"larch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larch"},{"link_name":"Carduelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carduelis"},{"link_name":"redpolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redpoll"},{"link_name":"siskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siskin"},{"link_name":"alders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alder"},{"link_name":"birches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden"},{"link_name":"sunflower seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bautista2001-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bautista2000-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polo2006b-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polo2006b-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polo2002-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"threatened species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ceratophyllus gallinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratophyllus_gallinae"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brinck-20"}],"text":"Eggs, Collection Museum WiesbadenIt is typically a bird of temperate humid conifer forest, but apart from that shows little habitat specificity. In Bhutan for example coal tits are fairly common residents above the subtropical zone, at about 3,000–3,800 m ASL, and are found in forests dominated by Bhutan fir (Abies densa) as well as in those characterized by Himalayan hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) and rhododendrons.[12]The coal tit is an all-year resident throughout almost all range, making only local movements in response to particularly severe weather; only the Siberian birds have a more regular migration. Very rarely, vagrants may cross longer distances; for example the nominate subspecies of continental Europe was recorded in Ireland once in 1960 and once before that, but apparently not since then.Coal tits will form small flocks in winter with other tits. This species resembles other tits in acrobatic skill and restless activity, though it more frequently pitches on a trunk, and in little hops resembles a treecreeper (Certhia). Its food is similar to that of the others; it is keen on beechmast, picks out the seeds from fir (Abies) and larch (Larix) cones, and joins Carduelis redpolls and siskins in alders (Alnus) and birches (Betula). It will also visit gardens to feed on a variety of foods put out, particularly sunflower seeds.Coal tits in the laboratory prefer to forage at a variable feeding site when they are in a negative energy budget.[13] They increase evening body mass in response to tawny owl calls.[14] \nAfter dawn the coal tits increases body mass as soon as possible if food is obtained at a low rate, increasing body mass exponentially until an inflection point when the increase of body mass is slower.[15] The inflection point of the body mass trajectory is 16.7% delayed compared to a high food availability.[15] Subordinate coal tits are excluded from feeding sites by dominants more often in the early morning than in the rest of the day, and they showed more variability in daily mass gain and body mass at dawn than dominant coal tits.[16] In winter, the red blood cells of coal tits have been shown to contain more mitochondria, which consume oxygen and produce heat.[17][18]Being common and widespread, the coal tit is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.[19]The coal tit has the dubious distinction of having the largest number of bird fleas (Ceratophyllus gallinae) reported from a single nest, 5,754 fleas.[20]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse"},{"link_name":"rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"Pica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pica_(genus)"},{"link_name":"squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)"}],"text":"A favourite nesting site is a hole in a rotting tree-stump, often low down, and the nest is deep within the hole; holes in the ground, burrows of mice or rabbits, chinks between the stones in walls, old nests of Pica magpies or other large birds, and squirrel dreys are also occupied. The materials, moss, hair and grass, are closely felted together, and rabbit fur or feathers added for lining. Seven to eleven red-spotted white eggs are laid, usually in May; this species breeds usually once per year.","title":"Breeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Periparus ater\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iucnredlist.org/species/22735965/118835425"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22735965A118835425.en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22735965A118835425.en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-job_3-0"},{"link_name":"The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling"},{"link_name":"58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n58"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4081-2501-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"iridescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescent"},{"link_name":"ornithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gilletal2005_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gilletal2005_6-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snow1954_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snow1954_7-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_10-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-7763-647-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7763-647-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"89-951415-3-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-951415-3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bautista2001_13-0"},{"link_name":"\"Risk-sensitive foraging in coal tits\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161220073246/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/43939/1/Bautista%20Behav138%20p69%202001.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/156853901750077790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F156853901750077790"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10261/43939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10261%2F43939"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/43939/1/Bautista%20Behav138%20p69%202001.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bautista2000_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"Coal tits increase evening body mass in response to tawny owl calls\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161220074040/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/54947/1/Bautista%20ActaEthol2%20p105%202000.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s102119900014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs102119900014"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33198629","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33198629"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/54947/1/Bautista%20ActaEthol2%20p105%202000.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Polo2006b_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Polo2006b_15-1"},{"link_name":"\"Daily routines of body mass gain in birds: II. An experiment with reduced food availability\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161220102738/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/52621/3/Polo%20AnimBehav72%20p517%202006.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.09.025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2005.09.025"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"53156385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53156385"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/52621/3/Polo%20AnimBehav72%20p517%202006.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Polo2002_16-0"},{"link_name":"\"Daily body mass regulation in dominance-structured Coal tit (Parus ater) flocks in response to variable food access\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161220102615/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/44065/3/Polo%20BehavEcol13%20p696%202002.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/beheco/13.5.696","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F13.5.696"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/44065/3/Polo%20BehavEcol13%20p696%202002.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Birds' blood functions as heating system in winter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phys.org/news/2021-04-birds-blood-functions-winter.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Avian red blood cell mitochondria produce more heat in winter than in autumn\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.202100107R"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1096/fj.202100107R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.202100107R"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1530-6860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1530-6860"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33829547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33829547"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"233185485","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233185485"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brinck_20-0"},{"link_name":"The fleas (Siphonaptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-uevCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-474-2075-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2075-0"}],"text":"^ BirdLife International (2017). \"Periparus ater\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22735965A118835425. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22735965A118835425.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.\n\n^ Gessner (1555): pp.616, Linnaeus (1746, 1758)\n\n^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 58, 298. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.\n\n^ Literally \"mirror tit\" (though its feathers are not iridescent), perhaps rather \"wing-stripe tit\", as in German ornithology Spiegel means a wing-stripe or -patch. The interpretation referring to its colorful plumage, though somewhat unusual, is the one given by Gesner however: a colorum pulchritudine quibus distinguitur – \"for the beauty of its colors, which distinguish it\"\n\n^ Turner (1544a,b), Gessner (1555): pp.615–616, Frisch (1720[verification needed]), Linnaeus (1758)\n\n^ a b Gill et al. (2005)\n\n^ a b Snow (1954)\n\n^ BI [2009]\n\n^ Bangs (1932)\n\n^ a b Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterström, Dan; Graszka-Petrykowski, Dariusz; Stawarczyk, Tadeusz (2023). Ptaki Europy i obszaru śródziemnomorskiego. Przewodnik Collinsa (Wydanie III, poprawione i zaktualizowane ed.). Warszawa: Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza. p. 358,359. ISBN 978-83-7763-647-3.\n\n^ A Field Guide to the Birds of Korea (2005). ISBN 89-951415-3-0\n\n^ Inskipp et al. (2000)\n\n^ Bautista, L. M.; Martín, B.; Martinez, L.; Mayo, C. (2001). \"Risk-sensitive foraging in coal tits\" (PDF). Behaviour. 138: 69–83. doi:10.1163/156853901750077790. hdl:10261/43939. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.\n\n^ Bautista, L. M.; Lane, S.J. (2000). \"Coal tits increase evening body mass in response to tawny owl calls\" (PDF). Acta Ethologica. 2 (2): 105–110. doi:10.1007/s102119900014. S2CID 33198629. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.\n\n^ a b Polo, V.; Bautista, L. M. (2006). \"Daily routines of body mass gain in birds: II. An experiment with reduced food availability\" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 72 (3): 517–522. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.09.025. S2CID 53156385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.\n\n^ Polo, V.; Bautista, L. M. (2002). \"Daily body mass regulation in dominance-structured Coal tit (Parus ater) flocks in response to variable food access\" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology. 13: 696–704. doi:10.1093/beheco/13.5.696. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.\n\n^ \"Birds' blood functions as heating system in winter\". phys.org. Retrieved 10 April 2021.\n\n^ Nord, Andreas; Metcalfe, Neil B.; Page, Jennifer L.; Huxtable, Anna; McCafferty, Dominic J.; Dawson, Neal J. (2021). \"Avian red blood cell mitochondria produce more heat in winter than in autumn\". The FASEB Journal. 35 (5): e21490. doi:10.1096/fj.202100107R. ISSN 1530-6860. PMID 33829547. S2CID 233185485.\n\n^ BLI (2009)\n\n^ Gunvor Brinck-Lindroth; F.G.A.M. Smit † (2007). The fleas (Siphonaptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. BRILL. p. 6. ISBN 978-90-474-2075-0.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"The colourful great tit (Parus major) with its bold wing-stripe. Before binomial nomenclature, naturalists found the folk taxonomy of this species and the coal tit quite confusing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Great-Tit.jpg/220px-Great-Tit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of Parus ater cypriotes by John Gerrard Keulemans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/ParusCypriotesKeulemans.jpg/220px-ParusCypriotesKeulemans.jpg"},{"image_text":"Periparus ater filmed in Tokyo, Japan"},{"image_text":"Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Parus_ater_MWNH_2286.JPG/220px-Parus_ater_MWNH_2286.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Common treecreeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_treecreeper"},{"title":"Hodgson's treecreeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgson%27s_treecreeper"},{"title":"Greenish warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenish_warbler"}]	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Periparus ater\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22735965A118835425. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22735965A118835425.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22735965/118835425","url_text":"\"Periparus ater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22735965A118835425.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22735965A118835425.en"}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 58, 298. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","url_text":"The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n58","url_text":"58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterström, Dan; Graszka-Petrykowski, Dariusz; Stawarczyk, Tadeusz (2023). Ptaki Europy i obszaru śródziemnomorskiego. Przewodnik Collinsa (Wydanie III, poprawione i zaktualizowane ed.). Warszawa: Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza. p. 358,359. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Baboun	Vera Baboun	["1 Political career","1.1 2012 October: Bethlehem Mayoral Elections","1.2 Mayor of Bethlehem","1.3 Palestinian Ambassador to Chile","2 Writings","2.1 Books and Papers","3 Awards","4 Main Conferences (2015-2017)","5 References","6 External links"]	Palestinian Ambassador to Chile Vera George Ghattas BabounPalestinian Ambassador to ChileIncumbentAssumed office 2022Preceded byImad Al JadaMayor of BethlehemIn officeOctober 2012 – 27 May 2017Preceded byVictor BatarsehSucceeded byAnton Salman Personal detailsBorn (1964-10-06) 6 October 1964 (age 59)BethlehemNationalityPalestinianPolitical partyIndependentSpouseHanna (Johnny) Baboun (passed away 25 April 2007)Children5Alma materBethlehem University Hebrew University Vera George Ghattas Baboun (Arabic: فيرا جورج غطاس بابون, born 6 October 1964) is a Palestinian politician who served as the first female mayor of Bethlehem. Baboun has a master's degree in African-American literature. Prior to her election, she became the principal of the Roman Catholic High School in Beit Sahour (2010-2012) and was an English literature lecturer at Bethlehem University, (1990-2010) where she was also the Assistant Dean of Students (2000-2006). Additionally, she is the chairperson of the Board of Directors for Guidance and Training Centre for Family and Children as well as a gender studies researcher in GRACE (Gender Research in Africa and the Middle East into ICTs for Empowerment) network looking at the role of information technology in empowering women in the Arab world. Baboun is the mother of five children. She is a Palestinian Christian. Political career 2012 October: Bethlehem Mayoral Elections Baboun led the Independence and Development bloc, made up of 12 Muslims and Christians in the Fatah movement campaigning to improve services and promote the tourism potential of Bethlehem. Her bloc was described generally as professionals and technocrats by Al-Ghad. Few expected Baboun to win. She ran against well-known male candidates as well as individuals supported by Islamists and left-wing Palestinians. By 12 Oct 2012, Fatah was leading polling by AWRAD research centre at 49%. Her bloc won the election on 20 Oct 2012 and Baboun was officially chosen as mayor in a closed session of the Bethlehem Municipal Council by the nine council members of her bloc who were popularly elected. Her opponents got six seats on the council. Mayor of Bethlehem As mayor, Baboun presided over a city with the highest unemployment in the West Bank. Bethlehem has a changing demographic, due to an outflux of the Christian population. She cited the presence of the Israeli West Bank barrier as an obstacle to growth by restricting the movement of people, ideas and goods. Of Bethlehem she stated, "We are a strangulated city, with no room for expansion due to the settlements and the wall." She hoped to stop the flow of emigration by creating job opportunities for young people. She also hoped to regain international support lost while Hamas was in power. Baboun terminated her post on 27 April 2017. She did not participate in the local elections that took place in Bethlehem and all the West Bank in May 2017. Palestinian Ambassador to Chile On 8 December 2022, she was appointed as the Ambassador of the State of Palestine to Chile. Writings Books and Papers 2016: Pour l'amour de Bethléem, Ma Ville Emmurée, published by Bayard Editions.Paris 2014: Women and ICT in Africa and The Middle East; Changing Selves, Changing Societies. The book includes 27 gender researches by woman researchers from the MENA area in GRACE research network. My research entitled: Scheherazades of Today: Young Palestinian women use film, radio and social networking platforms to speak up and change, published by Zedbooks.UK 2012: "Edward Said: A Mentor Who Mastered Speaking Truth to Power" article published by This Week in Palestine Awards 14 May 2017: Received 'le Prix littéraire de l'Œuvre d'Orient on' Pour l'amour de Bethléem, Ma ville emmurée published by Bayard Paris, France. 15 November 2016: The Issam M Fares Award for Exellence from the Middle East Institute in Washington DC, USA. Award presentation for Vera Baboun and Speech 17 June 2016: The "Premio Internazionale Giovanni Paolo II, XII Edition Salerno-Italy for defending and promoting the sacredness of life, in harmony with the Christian principles. Italy. 14 July 2016: Conferred the Honorary Freeman of the Town of Quatre Bornes, Mauritius. 29 May 2016: The Recognition A Star from the Rainbow - "10 JUST FOR THE WORLD" from "Comunità Villa San Francesco" Facen di Pedavena (BL)/ Italy. 12 March 2016: The Chiara Lubich Award for peace leadership and its values. the Focolare Movement in Italy Mundo Nuevo Association, Italy. 10 December 2015: The Cross with Crown "PRO MERITO MELITENSI" OF THE SOVEREIGN ORDER OF MALTA by His most eminent highness the prince and grand master and the sovereign of the order. 3 December 2015: A Certificate of Appointment as Publicity Ambassador of HWPL by Manhee Lee for the efforts of peace making 13 May 2015: The Medal of High Uniqueness of the City of Paris (La médaille Grand Vermeil) by mayor Anne Hidalgo from the council of the city of Paris, France. 19 December 2014: The title and the insignia of the Star of the Knights of Italy (Ordine della Stella d'Italia della Presidenza della Repubblica) Italy. 19 July 2014: the Pompeo Sarnelli in recognition of the role in serving the city of Bethlehem, and supporting its youth by the Cultural Association "Mons. Pompeo Sarnelli, Bisceglie", Italy. Main Conferences (2015-2017) 7 June 2017: New Cities Summit - Speaker in the 1st plenary panel entitled Understanding Urban Wellbeing, and the last plenary panel entitled Healthy Placemaking. Songdo, South Korea 4 February 2017: Speaker at the United Nations Roundtable on the Question of Palestine. Managua, Nicaragua 1 October 2016: Created and administered the 1st Bethlehem District Diaspora Convention which was held in Bethlehem, Palestine 17 November 2016: National Democratic Institute - a discussion with Vera Baboun, Mayor of Bethlehem, on "Leading for Inclusion and Security: The View from Bethlehem," moderated by BBC News Correspondent Jane O'Brien. Washington, USA 19 October 2016: 2 World Assembly of Local and Regional Governments provided formal input to the New Urban Agenda (NUA) to be adopted at Habitat III, taking place in Quito, Ecuador. Signed on the statement of the world assembly of Local and regional governments to habitat III October 2016: Participant at the NDI's Woman Mayors' Network (WoMN) delegation to the 5th UCLG Congress of Local and Regional Leaders in Bogota, Colombia and the UN HABITAT III Conference in Quito, Ecuador 16 July 2016: Speaker in Port-Luis and Quatre Bornes MainHalls. Mauritius April 2016: A speaker in The Atlanta Summit of Churches in the USA and the Holy Land entitled 'Pursuing Peace and Strengthening Presence" Atlanta, USA 4 December 2015: Climate Summit for Local Leaders in Paris, France 7 September 2015: Speaker at the G7 Forum for Dialogue with Women headed by Prime Minister Angela Merkel. Berlin, Germany. 26 June 2015: Member of the presidential delegation to the signing ceremony of The Bilateral Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Palestine, Vatican. April 2015: Headed the International Conference for the Historical Cities in the Mediterranean in Chefshawen, Morocco 4 April 2015: Speaker in Middle East Institute, "Grass-Roots Governing in Bethlehem" Washington, USA. 13 March 2015: Speaker at the First Women Mayors' Summit in Avcilar, Turkey. 10 October 2014: Speaker at the Forum of Mediterranean Cities in Naples, Italy. References ^ a b c Bohn, Lauren E. (22 December 2012). "New female mayor gears Bethlehem up for Christmas". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 December 2012. ^ a b c d Kuttab, Daoud (23 December 2012). "Bethlehem Has New Female Mayor, Yet Same Old Problems". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 25 December 2012. ^ a b c d "Female candidate tops list to become mayor of Bethlehem". Ma'an News Agency. 29 September 2012. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012. ^ a b c Abdalla, Jihan (14 October 2012). "Palestinian women look to Bethlehem where Vera Baboun is running for mayor". Reuters. Retrieved 25 December 2012. ^ a b c d "VERA BABOUN Researcher, Palestine". Grace Network. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012. ^ "Eine Frau für Bethlehem". Die Welt (in German). 12 December 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012. Die Palästinenserin mit den markanten grünen Augen hat sich einiges vorgenommen. ^ "Bethlehem ballot 22 Oct 2012" (PDF). Al-Ayyam. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012. كتلة االستقالل و التنمية فيرا جورج موسى بابون ^ "فيرا بابون أول امرأة فلسطينية تصبح عمدة بيت لحم". Al-Ghad (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2012. ^ "WEST BANK: Vera Baboun is campaigning to become the first female mayor of the city of Bethlehem". ITN. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012. ^ "فيرا بابون .. أول امرأة تتولى رئاسة بلدية بيت لحم". Al-Quds (in Arabic). 13 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012. ^ a b Sherwood, Harriet (22 December 2012). "Bethlehem Christians feel the squeeze as Israeli settlements spread". The Observer. Retrieved 25 December 2012. We are a strangulated city, with no room for expansion due to the settlements and the wall. ^ "Video: Betlemme cerca rilancio ma resta il Muro". Nena News Agency (in Italian). 24 December 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2012. ^ Mosoianu, Adrian (25 December 2012). "Cum se sarbatoreste Craciunul in "miezul fierbinte" al Islamului". Finantistii (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012. ^ "Bethlehem municipal council approves newly elected mayor". Maan News Agency. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ "فيرا بابون تؤدي اليمين القانونية أمام الرئيس سفيرة لفلسطين لدى تشيلي" (in Arabic). 8 December 2022. ^ "Pour l'amour de Bethléem - broché - Véra Baboun - Achat Livre - Achat & prix \| fnac". livre.fnac.com (in French). Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ "Women and ICT in Africa and the Middle East: Changing Selves, Changing Societies". IDRC - International Development Research Centre. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ "Edward Said: A Mentor Who Mastered Speaking Truth to Power". Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ "Le prix littéraire de l'Œuvre d'Orient attribué à Véra Baboun, maire de Bethléem". La Croix (in French). 15 May 2017. ISSN 0242-6056. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ GREGOIRE, COUSTENOBLE (24 May 2017). "Les lauréats du Prix littéraire de l'Œuvre d'Orient". France Catholique (in French). Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ "MEI Annual Awards". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ Middle East Institute (30 November 2016), Award Presentation for Vera Baboun, retrieved 2 July 2017 ^ "Premio Internazionale Giovanni Paolo II - XII Edizione". TrevisoToday. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ "Wayback Machine has not archived that URL". Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023. ^ "Holy Family Hospital Bethlehem" (PDF). ^ "La maire de Paris en visite à Jérusalem et dans les Territoires palestiniens". Consulat Général de France à Jérusalem (in French). Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ "Mayor of Paris signs historic cooperation agreement with Bethlehem". Maan News Agency. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ "Mo: concerto a Betlemme per chiusura semestre italiano Ue - Italia - ANSAMed.it". www.ansamed.info. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ "Serata d'emozioni per l'XI edizione del "Premio Sarnelli" / FOTOGALLERY - Bisceglie24". Bisceglie24 (in Italian). 20 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ "Speakers - New Cities Summit 2017". New Cities Summit 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ "Palestinian Rights Committee to Convene United Nations Round Table on Question of Palestine in Managua, Nicaragua, 4 February \| Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ Ramírez, Pedro Ortega. "Inicia en Managua reunión del Comité Palestina ONU". El 19 Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vera Baboun. A Female Mayor in the Heart of Middle East, 2016 Article in Asian News GRACE researcher, Vera Baboun: First Female Mayor of Bethlehem Grass-Roots Governing in Bethlehem: A talk with Mayor Vera Baboun Palestinian women are very progressive, 2016 Article on TechnoTimes Can cities be feminist? Inside the global rise of female mayors, 2016 article on The Guardian Bethlehem Has New Female Mayor, Same Old Problems', 2012 article in Al-Monitor Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Poland Other IdRef ^ "A Female Mayor in the Heart of Middle East". THEAsiaN. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ^ "GRACE researcher, Vera Baboun: First Female Mayor of Bethlehem \| GRACE News Blog". grace-network.net. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ^ "Grass-Roots Governing in Bethlehem: A Talk with Mayor Vera Baboun". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ^ "Palestinian women are very progressive". THEAsiaN. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ^ Rustin, Susanna (12 October 2016). "Can cities be feminist? Inside the global rise of female mayors". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 October 2016. ^ "Bethlehem Has New Female Mayor, Yet Same Old Problems - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.	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She did not participate in the local elections that took place in Bethlehem and all the West Bank in May 2017.[14]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Palestinian Ambassador to Chile","text":"On 8 December 2022, she was appointed as the Ambassador of the State of Palestine to Chile.[15]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Edward Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Books and Papers","text":"2016: Pour l'amour de Bethléem, Ma Ville Emmurée, published by Bayard Editions.Paris[16]\n2014: Women and ICT in Africa and The Middle East; Changing Selves, Changing Societies. The book includes 27 gender researches by woman researchers from the MENA area in GRACE research network. My research entitled: Scheherazades of Today: Young Palestinian women use film, radio and social networking platforms to speak up and change, published by Zedbooks.UK[17]\n2012: \"Edward Said: A Mentor Who Mastered Speaking Truth to Power\" article published by This Week in Palestine[18]","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Medal of High Uniqueness of the City of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_the_City_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ordine della Stella d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"14 May 2017: Received 'le Prix littéraire de l'Œuvre d'Orient on' Pour l'amour de Bethléem, Ma ville emmurée published by Bayard Paris, France.[19][20]\n15 November 2016: The Issam M Fares Award for Exellence from the Middle East Institute in Washington DC, USA.[21]\nAward presentation for Vera Baboun and Speech[22]\n17 June 2016: The \"Premio Internazionale Giovanni Paolo II, XII Edition Salerno-Italy for defending and promoting the sacredness of life, in harmony with the Christian principles. Italy.[23]\n14 July 2016: Conferred the Honorary Freeman of the Town of Quatre Bornes, Mauritius.\n29 May 2016: The Recognition A Star from the Rainbow - \"10 JUST FOR THE WORLD\" from \"Comunità Villa San Francesco\" Facen di Pedavena (BL)/ Italy.[24]\n12 March 2016: The Chiara Lubich Award for peace leadership and its values. the Focolare Movement in Italy Mundo Nuevo Association, Italy.\n10 December 2015: The Cross with Crown \"PRO MERITO MELITENSI\" OF THE SOVEREIGN ORDER OF MALTA by His most eminent highness the prince and grand master and the sovereign of the order.[25]\n3 December 2015: A Certificate of Appointment as Publicity Ambassador of HWPL by Manhee Lee for the efforts of peace making\n13 May 2015: The Medal of High Uniqueness of the City of Paris (La médaille Grand Vermeil) by mayor Anne Hidalgo from the council of the city of Paris, France.[26][27]\n19 December 2014: The title and the insignia of the Star of the Knights of Italy (Ordine della Stella d'Italia della Presidenza della Repubblica) Italy.[28]\n19 July 2014: the Pompeo Sarnelli in recognition of the role in serving the city of Bethlehem, and supporting its youth by the Cultural Association \"Mons. Pompeo Sarnelli, Bisceglie\", Italy.[29]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"7 June 2017: New Cities Summit - Speaker in the 1st plenary panel entitled Understanding Urban Wellbeing, and the last plenary panel entitled Healthy Placemaking. Songdo, South Korea[30]\n4 February 2017: Speaker at the United Nations Roundtable on the Question of Palestine. Managua, Nicaragua[31][32]\n1 October 2016: Created and administered the 1st Bethlehem District Diaspora Convention which was held in Bethlehem, Palestine\n17 November 2016: National Democratic Institute - a discussion with Vera Baboun, Mayor of Bethlehem, on \"Leading for Inclusion and Security: The View from Bethlehem,\" moderated by BBC News Correspondent Jane O'Brien. Washington, USA\n19 October 2016: 2 World Assembly of Local and Regional Governments provided formal input to the New Urban Agenda (NUA) to be adopted at Habitat III, taking place in Quito, Ecuador. Signed on the statement of the world assembly of Local and regional governments to habitat III\nOctober 2016: Participant at the NDI's Woman Mayors' Network (WoMN) delegation to the 5th UCLG Congress of Local and Regional Leaders in Bogota, Colombia and the UN HABITAT III Conference in Quito, Ecuador\n16 July 2016: Speaker in Port-Luis and Quatre Bornes MainHalls. Mauritius\nApril 2016: A speaker in The Atlanta Summit of Churches in the USA and the Holy Land entitled 'Pursuing Peace and Strengthening Presence\" Atlanta, USA\n4 December 2015: Climate Summit for Local Leaders in Paris, France\n7 September 2015: Speaker at the G7 Forum for Dialogue with Women headed by Prime Minister Angela Merkel. Berlin, Germany.\n26 June 2015: Member of the presidential delegation to the signing ceremony of The Bilateral Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Palestine, Vatican.\nApril 2015: Headed the International Conference for the Historical Cities in the Mediterranean in Chefshawen, Morocco\n4 April 2015: Speaker in Middle East Institute, \"Grass-Roots Governing in Bethlehem\" Washington, USA.\n13 March 2015: Speaker at the First Women Mayors' Summit in Avcilar, Turkey.\n10 October 2014: Speaker at the Forum of Mediterranean Cities in Naples, Italy.[citation needed]","title":"Main Conferences (2015-2017)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bohn, Lauren E. (22 December 2012). \"New female mayor gears Bethlehem up for Christmas\". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-female-mayor-gears-bethlehem-up-for-christmas/","url_text":"\"New female mayor gears Bethlehem up for Christmas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Kuttab, Daoud (23 December 2012). \"Bethlehem Has New Female Mayor, Yet Same Old Problems\". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 25 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/christmas-bethlehem-palestine.html","url_text":"\"Bethlehem Has New Female Mayor, Yet Same Old Problems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Monitor","url_text":"Al-Monitor"}]},{"reference":"\"Female candidate tops list to become mayor of Bethlehem\". Ma'an News Agency. 29 September 2012. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. 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Retrieved 29 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033457/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ar/contents/articles/opinion/2012/al-monitor/christmas-bethlehem-palestine.html","url_text":"\"Bethlehem Has New Female Mayor, Yet Same Old Problems - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East\""},{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ar/contents/articles/opinion/2012/al-monitor/christmas-bethlehem-palestine.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-female-mayor-gears-bethlehem-up-for-christmas/","external_links_name":"\"New female mayor gears Bethlehem up for Christmas\""},{"Link":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/christmas-bethlehem-palestine.html","external_links_name":"\"Bethlehem Has New Female Mayor, Yet Same Old Problems\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217084332/http://maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=522818","external_links_name":"\"Female candidate tops list to become mayor of Bethlehem\""},{"Link":"http://maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=522818","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/55567/World/Region/Palestinian-women-look-to-Bethlehem-where-Vera-Bab.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Palestinian women look to Bethlehem where Vera Baboun is running for mayor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130906111916/http://www.grace-network.net/researcher_MENA-baboun.php","external_links_name":"\"VERA BABOUN Researcher, Palestine\""},{"Link":"http://www.grace-network.net/researcher_MENA-baboun.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/politik/article112191789/Eine-Frau-fuer-Bethlehem.html","external_links_name":"\"Eine Frau für Bethlehem\""},{"Link":"http://www.al-ayyam.com/pdfs/22-10-2012/p11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bethlehem ballot 22 Oct 2012\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170808075117/http://www.alghad.com/index.php/article/587439.html","external_links_name":"\"فيرا بابون أول امرأة فلسطينية تصبح عمدة بيت لحم\""},{"Link":"http://www.alghad.com/index.php/article/587439.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.itnsource.com/en/shotlist//RTV/2012/10/12/RTV2334512/","external_links_name":"\"WEST BANK: Vera Baboun is campaigning to become the first female mayor of the city of Bethlehem\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121116030816/http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/397574","external_links_name":"\"فيرا بابون .. أول امرأة تتولى رئاسة بلدية بيت لحم\""},{"Link":"http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/397574","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/23/bethlehem-christians-feel-squeeze-settlements","external_links_name":"\"Bethlehem Christians feel the squeeze as Israeli settlements spread\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150415131644/http://nena-news.globalist.it/Detail_News_Display?ID=45128&typeb=0&Video-Betlemme-cerca-rilancio-ma-resta-il-Muro","external_links_name":"\"Video: Betlemme cerca rilancio ma resta il Muro\""},{"Link":"http://nena-news.globalist.it/Detail_News_Display?ID=45128&typeb=0&Video-Betlemme-cerca-rilancio-ma-resta-il-Muro","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121231031420/http://www.finantistii.ro/international/cum-se-sarbatoreste-craciunul-in-miezul-fierbinte-al-islamului-76582","external_links_name":"\"Cum se sarbatoreste Craciunul in \"miezul fierbinte\" al Islamului\""},{"Link":"http://www.finantistii.ro/international/cum-se-sarbatoreste-craciunul-in-miezul-fierbinte-al-islamului-76582","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?ID=777255","external_links_name":"\"Bethlehem municipal council approves newly elected mayor\""},{"Link":"https://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/60744","external_links_name":"\"فيرا بابون تؤدي اليمين القانونية أمام الرئيس سفيرة لفلسطين لدى تشيلي\""},{"Link":"http://livre.fnac.com/a10098460/Vera-Baboun-Pour-l-amour-de-Bethleem","external_links_name":"\"Pour l'amour de Bethléem - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Darul_Uloom	Monthly Darul Uloom	["1 Inception and Expansion","2 Printed narratives","3 Theme examination","4 Academic acknowledgment","5 References"]	Indian Urdu magazine Monthly Darul UloomNovember–December 2023 coverEditorSalman BijnoriFormer editorsAzhar Shah QaiserCategoriesTheology, Culture, Dawah, Literature, Deobandi movementFrequencyMonthlyPublisherDarul Uloom DeobandFounderMuhammad Tayyib QasmiFirst issueMay–June 1941CountryIndiaBased inDeobandLanguageUrduWebsitedarululoom-deoband.com Monthly Darul Uloom (Urdu: ماہنامہ دارالعلوم) is an Urdu magazine published by Darul Uloom Deoband since 1941. Inaugurated under the supervision of Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, with Abdul Wahid Ghazipuri as the initial editor, the magazine is currently edited by Salman Bijnori, guided by Abul Qasim Nomani. Comprising articles primarily authored by faculty members or alumni, the publication extends its focus beyond the reformation of the nation and the Muslim community. It covers a range of topics, including current religious, intellectual, social, and political issues, providing readers with insights into contemporary events and situations while also alerting Muslims to the challenges they may encounter. The magazine holds a distinct journalistic perspective on key issues related to the Deobandi movement. Though it faced cessation in the late 1940s, it was later revived by Azhar Shah Qaiser. Under his three-decade editorship, it evolved into a multidimensional publication, leaving a lasting legacy evident in the influence it exerted on other educational institutions, inspiring the creation of magazines such as Bayyināt that follow its model. Inception and Expansion Over sixteen years, Darul Uloom Deoband initiated the launch of a new monthly Urdu magazine following the demise of Al-Qasim and Al-Rashid. Guided by Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi and edited by Abdul Wahid Ghazipuri, the institution unveiled its inaugural issue in May-June 1941. Ghazipuri served as the editor until 1944, later separating from Monthly Darul Uloom and relocating to Delhi. Qazi Khaliq Ahmad assumed the editorship but, facing time constraints, relinquished the position in 1948. In 1949, Abdul Hafeez Balyawi took over as editor, but financial constraints led to the publication of only seven issues during his tenure. Monthly Darul Uloom transformed into a quarterly publication in the latter part of 1949, shedding its scholarly status and adopting a promotional brochure format under Azhar Shah Qaiser's oversight. After a hiatus, the magazine resumed its monthly schedule in April 1951 under Qaiser's editorship, continuing until 1982. Under his editorship, his influential connections brought numerous scholars, writers, poets, and journalists to the magazine, such as Zafeeruddin Miftahi and, briefly, Nadeem al-Wajidi, playing a role in its success with a comprehensive and versatile range of content. Following Azhar Shah Qaiser, Riyasat Ali Zafar Bijnori assumed the editorship, succeeded later by Habibur Rahman Azmi, who held the position from October 1984 to November 2016. Nayab Hasan Qasmi notes that throughout Azmi's tenure, the magazine not only retained its former glory but also experienced significant growth, expanding its readership beyond India into other Asian countries. Salman Bijnori took over as the seventh editor after Azmi's passing. Darul Uloom Deoband has an office for managing Monthly Darul Uloom, published online on the institution's website for several years. Permanent writers to the magazine include Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi, Muhammad Miyan Deobandi, Idris Kandhlawi, Yusuf Banuri, Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Manzoor Nomani, and Habibur Rahman Azmi. Printed narratives The Monthly Darul Uloom begins with an editorial section titled "Rashhāt," focusing on religious and theological analyses alongside commentary on national and global issues. The magazine features articles from national and international researchers. The final pages highlight the recent travels of Darul Uloom Deoband's head under the title "Darul Uloom." Azhar Shah Qaiser's writings, titled "Harf-e-Aghaz," cover academic, intellectual, research, literary, and political issues. Writing from Zafeeruddin Miftahi and occasionally Nadim Al-Wajdi are also included. The "Adabiyyat" section consistently showcases ghazals from poets like Mahir ul Qadri, Jigar Moradabadi, and others. Every month, the criticism and commentary column presents reviews for new books by various authors, addressing multiple releases concurrently. Alongside Azhar Shah Qaiser, writers like Anzar Shah Kashmiri, Abdul Rauf Aali, and Qamar Ahmed Usmani engage in commentary writing, with Aali and Usmani receiving recognition from the Urdu Academy for their writings. Under Azhar Shah Qaiser's editorship, the Monthly Darul Uloom becomes a comprehensive publication, covering academic, religious, literary, and critical topics for a diverse audience. Habibur Rahman Azmi's column, "Nigarishat Ka Column," features creations from scholars and writers, while his articles in the Monthly Darul Uloom are compiled into a three-volume series titled "Maqalat-e-Habib," have received acclaim in academic circles. Theme examination In its inaugural edition, the editor of Monthly Darul Uloom delineated the magazine's objectives. The publication aims to present divine sciences and prophetic teachings in an accessible manner, transcending social classes. Its mission includes clarifying the principles of Islam, investigating Islamic theology, and presenting clear responses to historical events and arguments from both contemporary and historical critics of Islam. It works to highlight the aesthetic aspects of the faith, engaging both allies and adversaries in developing a religious mindset among Muslims in the current era of disbelief and irreligiosity. Emphasizing legal matters within the Islamic framework, the magazine only features writings from within the Islamic faith, excluding writers from other religions or rites. Academic acknowledgment It has received diverse academic responses. Wasim Ahmad from Jamia Hamdard notes its responsiveness to assumed Muslim needs, albeit with a focus on specific concerns. Delhi University's PhD scholar, Muhammad Sirajullah, commends its high standards and occasional linguistic complexity. Mohammad Moosa, a PhD scholar from Panjab University, emphasizes the magazine's commitment to informing the Muslim community on a broad spectrum of issues. Nayab Hasan Qasmi, author of Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama, acknowledges the magazine's significant contribution to Islamic journalism. Muhammadullah Qasmi, a PhD scholar from Jamia Hamdard appreciates the publication's diversity, covering scholarly, reformative, and thought-provoking content on religious, political, and administrative topics. References ^ Freitag, Ulrike; Oppen, Achim von, eds. (2010). Translocality: the study of globalising processes from a southern perspective. Studies in global social history. Leiden: Brill. p. 330. ISBN 978-90-04-18605-7. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. ^ a b c Singh, Rajendra Pal; Rana, Gopal (2002). Teacher Education in Turmoil: Quest for a Solution. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 978-81-207-2431-0. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. ^ a b c Sirajullah, Muhammad (2017). Urdu Sahafat Ke Farogh Mein Madaris Ka Hissa (in Urdu). New Delhi: Educational Publishing House. p. 109. ISBN 978-93-86624-58-1. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. ^ Qasmi, Nayab Hasan (2013). Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama (in Urdu). India: Idara Tahqueeq-e-islami Deoband. p. 116. ^ a b Qasmi 2013, p. 119. ^ Qasmi, Muhammadullah (2020). Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh (PDF) (in Urdu) (3rd ed.). India: Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy. p. 413. OCLC 1345466013. ^ a b c Qasmi 2013, p. 114. ^ a b c Qasmi 2013, p. 117. ^ a b c d Qasmi 2013, p. 118. ^ a b c d Qasmi 2013, p. 120. ^ a b Qasmi, Khursheed Alam Dawood (28 July 2021). "Prolific Writer and Popular Teacher: Maulana Habibur Rahman Azmi Qasmi". Millat Times. ^ a b Qasmi 2020, p. 231. ^ a b c Qasmi 2013, p. 116. ^ a b Qasmi 2013, p. 115. ^ Moosa, Mohmmad (2022). Urdu Sahafat Mein Ulama Ke Khidmaat 1800 AD To 1960 AD (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Panjab University. p. 325. hdl:10603/471669. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. vteDarul Uloom DeobandPeopleFounders Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi Yaqub Nanautawi Rafiuddin Deobandi Sayyid Muhammad Abid Fazlur Rahman Usmani Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi Vice-Chancellors Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad Marghubur Rahman Abul Qasim Nomani Rafiuddin Deobandi Sayyid Muhammad Abid Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi Academic staff Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband Alumni List of Darul Uloom Deoband alumni List of students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi‎ Publications Da'watul Haq Monthly Darul Uloom Al-Da'i Darulifta-Deoband.com Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband History of Darul Uloom Deoband Legacy Bibliography Centenary Celebration Related Deobandi movement Index of Deobandi movement–related articles Mazar-e-Qasmi Category:Darul Uloom Deoband	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Darul Uloom Deoband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Tayyib_Qasmi"},{"link_name":"Abul Qasim Nomani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Qasim_Nomani"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Singh-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Siraj-3"},{"link_name":"Deobandi movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi_movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nayab-4"},{"link_name":"Azhar Shah Qaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhar_Shah_Qaiser"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013119-5"},{"link_name":"Bayyināt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayyin%C4%81t"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Qasmi-6"}],"text":"Monthly Darul Uloom (Urdu: ماہنامہ دارالعلوم) is an Urdu magazine published by Darul Uloom Deoband since 1941.[1] Inaugurated under the supervision of Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, with Abdul Wahid Ghazipuri as the initial editor, the magazine is currently edited by Salman Bijnori, guided by Abul Qasim Nomani. Comprising articles primarily authored by faculty members or alumni,[2] the publication extends its focus beyond the reformation of the nation and the Muslim community. It covers a range of topics, including current religious, intellectual, social, and political issues, providing readers with insights into contemporary events and situations while also alerting Muslims to the challenges they may encounter.[3] The magazine holds a distinct journalistic perspective on key issues related to the Deobandi movement.[4] Though it faced cessation in the late 1940s, it was later revived by Azhar Shah Qaiser. Under his three-decade editorship, it evolved into a multidimensional publication,[5] leaving a lasting legacy evident in the influence it exerted on other educational institutions, inspiring the creation of magazines such as Bayyināt that follow its model.[6]","title":"Monthly Darul Uloom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013114-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013114-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013117-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013117-8"},{"link_name":"brochure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochure"},{"link_name":"Azhar Shah Qaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhar_Shah_Qaiser"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013117-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013118-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013120-10"},{"link_name":"Zafeeruddin Miftahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafeeruddin_Miftahi"},{"link_name":"Nadeem al-Wajidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadeem_al-Wajidi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013118-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013120-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013120-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2020231-12"},{"link_name":"Shabbir Ahmad Usmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Saeed_Dehlavi"},{"link_name":"Izaz Ali Amrohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaz_Ali_Amrohi"},{"link_name":"Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hifzur_Rahman_Seoharwi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Shafi Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shafi_Deobandi"},{"link_name":"Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Ahmad_Akbarabadi"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Miyan Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Miyan_Deobandi"},{"link_name":"Idris Kandhlawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Kandhlawi"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Banuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Banuri"},{"link_name":"Manazir Ahsan Gilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manazir_Ahsan_Gilani"},{"link_name":"Manzoor Nomani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzoor_Nomani"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013116-13"}],"text":"Over sixteen years, Darul Uloom Deoband initiated the launch of a new monthly Urdu magazine following the demise of Al-Qasim and Al-Rashid.[7] Guided by Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi and edited by Abdul Wahid Ghazipuri, the institution unveiled its inaugural issue in May-June 1941.[7] Ghazipuri served as the editor until 1944, later separating from Monthly Darul Uloom and relocating to Delhi. Qazi Khaliq Ahmad assumed the editorship but, facing time constraints, relinquished the position in 1948.[8]In 1949, Abdul Hafeez Balyawi took over as editor, but financial constraints led to the publication of only seven issues during his tenure.[8] Monthly Darul Uloom transformed into a quarterly publication in the latter part of 1949, shedding its scholarly status and adopting a promotional brochure format under Azhar Shah Qaiser's oversight.[8] After a hiatus, the magazine resumed its monthly schedule in April 1951 under Qaiser's editorship,[9] continuing until 1982.[10] Under his editorship, his influential connections brought numerous scholars, writers, poets, and journalists to the magazine, such as Zafeeruddin Miftahi and, briefly, Nadeem al-Wajidi, playing a role in its success with a comprehensive and versatile range of content.[9]Following Azhar Shah Qaiser, Riyasat Ali Zafar Bijnori assumed the editorship,[10] succeeded later by Habibur Rahman Azmi, who held the position from October 1984 to November 2016.[11] Nayab Hasan Qasmi notes that throughout Azmi's tenure, the magazine not only retained its former glory but also experienced significant growth, expanding its readership beyond India into other Asian countries.[10] Salman Bijnori took over as the seventh editor after Azmi's passing.[11]Darul Uloom Deoband has an office for managing Monthly Darul Uloom, published online on the institution's website for several years.[12] Permanent writers to the magazine include Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi, Muhammad Miyan Deobandi, Idris Kandhlawi, Yusuf Banuri, Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Manzoor Nomani, and Habibur Rahman Azmi.[13]","title":"Inception and Expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013116-13"},{"link_name":"Mahir ul Qadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahir_ul_Qadri"},{"link_name":"Jigar Moradabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigar_Moradabadi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013118-9"},{"link_name":"Anzar Shah Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzar_Shah_Kashmiri"},{"link_name":"Urdu Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_Academy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013118-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013119-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013120-10"}],"text":"The Monthly Darul Uloom begins with an editorial section titled \"Rashhāt,\" focusing on religious and theological analyses alongside commentary on national and global issues. The magazine features articles from national and international researchers. The final pages highlight the recent travels of Darul Uloom Deoband's head under the title \"Darul Uloom.\"[13]Azhar Shah Qaiser's writings, titled \"Harf-e-Aghaz,\" cover academic, intellectual, research, literary, and political issues. Writing from Zafeeruddin Miftahi and occasionally Nadim Al-Wajdi are also included. The \"Adabiyyat\" section consistently showcases ghazals from poets like Mahir ul Qadri, Jigar Moradabadi, and others.[9]Every month, the criticism and commentary column presents reviews for new books by various authors, addressing multiple releases concurrently. Alongside Azhar Shah Qaiser, writers like Anzar Shah Kashmiri, Abdul Rauf Aali, and Qamar Ahmed Usmani engage in commentary writing, with Aali and Usmani receiving recognition from the Urdu Academy for their writings.[9]Under Azhar Shah Qaiser's editorship, the Monthly Darul Uloom becomes a comprehensive publication, covering academic, religious, literary, and critical topics for a diverse audience.[5] Habibur Rahman Azmi's column, \"Nigarishat Ka Column,\" features creations from scholars and writers, while his articles in the Monthly Darul Uloom are compiled into a three-volume series titled \"Maqalat-e-Habib,\" have received acclaim in academic circles.[10]","title":"Printed narratives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013114-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013115-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013115-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Siraj-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Singh-2"}],"text":"In its inaugural edition, the editor of Monthly Darul Uloom delineated the magazine's objectives.[7] The publication aims to present divine sciences and prophetic teachings in an accessible manner, transcending social classes.[14] Its mission includes clarifying the principles of Islam, investigating Islamic theology, and presenting clear responses to historical events and arguments from both contemporary and historical critics of Islam. It works to highlight the aesthetic aspects of the faith, engaging both allies and adversaries in developing a religious mindset among Muslims in the current era of disbelief and irreligiosity.[14] Emphasizing legal matters within the Islamic framework,[3] the magazine only features writings from within the Islamic faith, excluding writers from other religions or rites.[2]","title":"Theme examination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamia Hamdard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamia_Hamdard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Singh-2"},{"link_name":"Delhi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Siraj-3"},{"link_name":"Panjab University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2013116-13"},{"link_name":"Muhammadullah Qasmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadullah_Khalili_Qasmi"},{"link_name":"Jamia Hamdard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamia_Hamdard"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQasmi2020231-12"}],"text":"It has received diverse academic responses. Wasim Ahmad from Jamia Hamdard notes its responsiveness to assumed Muslim needs, albeit with a focus on specific concerns.[2] Delhi University's PhD scholar, Muhammad Sirajullah, commends its high standards and occasional linguistic complexity.[3] Mohammad Moosa, a PhD scholar from Panjab University, emphasizes the magazine's commitment to informing the Muslim community on a broad spectrum of issues.[15] Nayab Hasan Qasmi, author of Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama, acknowledges the magazine's significant contribution to Islamic journalism.[13] Muhammadullah Qasmi, a PhD scholar from Jamia Hamdard appreciates the publication's diversity, covering scholarly, reformative, and thought-provoking content on religious, political, and administrative topics.[12]","title":"Academic acknowledgment"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Freitag, Ulrike; Oppen, Achim von, eds. (2010). Translocality: the study of globalising processes from a southern perspective. Studies in global social history. Leiden: Brill. p. 330. ISBN 978-90-04-18605-7. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lN55DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Translocality: the study of globalising processes from a southern perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18605-7","url_text":"978-90-04-18605-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231216042701/https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=lN55DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Rajendra Pal; Rana, Gopal (2002). Teacher Education in Turmoil: Quest for a Solution. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 978-81-207-2431-0. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QI2bShxV36IC","url_text":"Teacher Education in Turmoil: Quest for a Solution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-2431-0","url_text":"978-81-207-2431-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231212090309/https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=QI2bShxV36IC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sirajullah, Muhammad (2017). Urdu Sahafat Ke Farogh Mein Madaris Ka Hissa [The Contribution Of Madrasas To The Promotion Of Urdu Journalism] (in Urdu). New Delhi: Educational Publishing House. p. 109. ISBN 978-93-86624-58-1. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-sahafat-ke-farog-mein-madaris-ka-hissa-dr-muhammad-sirajullah-ebooks","url_text":"Urdu Sahafat Ke Farogh Mein Madaris Ka Hissa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86624-58-1","url_text":"978-93-86624-58-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231216064228/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-sahafat-ke-farog-mein-madaris-ka-hissa-dr-muhammad-sirajullah-ebooks","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Qasmi, Nayab Hasan (2013). Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama [Journalistic Scenario Of Darul Uloom Deoband] (in Urdu). India: Idara Tahqueeq-e-islami Deoband. p. 116.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah","url_text":"Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama"}]},{"reference":"Qasmi, Muhammadullah (2020). Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh (PDF) (in Urdu) (3rd ed.). India: Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy. p. 413. OCLC 1345466013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/dar-al-aloom-deoband-ki-jame-aor-mukhtasar-tareekh/Dar%20al%20aloom%20deoband%20ki%20jame%20aor%20mukhtasar%20tareekh%20%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86.pdf","url_text":"Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1345466013","url_text":"1345466013"}]},{"reference":"Qasmi, Khursheed Alam Dawood (28 July 2021). \"Prolific Writer and Popular Teacher: Maulana Habibur Rahman Azmi Qasmi\". Millat Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://millattimes.com/opinion-prolific-writer-and-popular-teacher-maulana-habibur-rahman-azmi-qasmi","url_text":"\"Prolific Writer and Popular Teacher: Maulana Habibur Rahman Azmi Qasmi\""}]},{"reference":"Moosa, Mohmmad (2022). Urdu Sahafat Mein Ulama Ke Khidmaat 1800 AD To 1960 AD (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Panjab University. p. 325. hdl:10603/471669. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_secretary_(Sweden)	State secretary (Sweden)	["1 See also"]	Political office in Sweden This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "State secretary" Sweden – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) State secretary (Swedish: statssekreterare) is the title of the senior political appointee, second in rank to the cabinet minister (Swedish: Statsråd) in charge of the ministry. Unlike ministers, state secretaries are not members of the government. Each cabinet minister is appointed a state secretary to help with administrative duties. Some cabinet ministers of higher rank, like the prime minister and the minister for finance, have more than one state secretary. If a minister dies or resigns, or if a government changes, the state secretary also turns in their resignation. For historical reasons, the state secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs has another title (Swedish: kabinettssekreterare, in English literally "cabinet secretary"). State secretaries tend to, more often than ministers, hail from a fixed civil servant background or a professional background relevant to the area of responsibility of their ministry. See also Secretary of state Ministerial governance This article about government in Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"minister for finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"state secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Secretary_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"cabinet secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_secretary"},{"link_name":"civil servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant"}],"text":"State secretary (Swedish: statssekreterare) is the title of the senior political appointee, second in rank to the cabinet minister (Swedish: Statsråd) in charge of the ministry. Unlike ministers, state secretaries are not members of the government.Each cabinet minister is appointed a state secretary to help with administrative duties. Some cabinet ministers of higher rank, like the prime minister and the minister for finance, have more than one state secretary. If a minister dies or resigns, or if a government changes, the state secretary also turns in their resignation.For historical reasons, the state secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs has another title (Swedish: kabinettssekreterare, in English literally \"cabinet secretary\"). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Wyatt	Danni Wyatt	["1 Early career","2 Career","3 International centuries","3.1 One Day International centuries","3.2 T20 International centuries","4 Personal life","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	English cricketer Danielle WyattPersonal informationFull nameDanielle Nicole WyattBorn (1991-04-22) 22 April 1991 (age 33)Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, EnglandBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm off breakRoleBatting all-rounderInternational information National sideEngland (2010–present)Test debut (cap 168)22 June 2023 v AustraliaLast Test14 December 2023 v IndiaODI debut (cap 116)1 March 2010 v IndiaLast ODI18 July 2023 v AustraliaODI shirt no.28T20I debut (cap 25)4 March 2010 v IndiaLast T20I9 December 2023 v IndiaT20I shirt no.28 Domestic team information YearsTeam2005–2012Staffordshire2011/12Victoria2013–2015Nottinghamshire2015/16Victoria2015/16–2019/20Melbourne Renegades2016–presentSussex2016Lancashire Thunder2017–presentSouthern Vipers2018Supernovas2019–2020Velocity2021–presentSouthern Brave2022/23Brisbane Heat Career statistics Competition WTest WODI WT20I WLA Matches 2 105 151 230 Runs scored 129 1,841 2,602 5,437 Batting average 32.25 23.60 22.05 29.54 100s/50s 0/1 2/5 2/13 9/23 Top score 54 129 124 129 Balls bowled – 918 759 5,245 Wickets – 27 46 152 Bowling average – 28.51 15.54 20.45 5 wickets in innings – 0 0 2 10 wickets in match – 0 0 0 Best bowling – 3/7 4/11 7/41 Catches/stumpings 1/– 24/– 35/– 68/–Source: CricketArchive, 18 December 2023 Danielle Nicole Wyatt (born 22 April 1991) is an English cricketer who plays for Sussex, Southern Vipers, Southern Brave and England. She plays as an all-rounder, batting right-handed and bowling right-arm off break. She made her England debut against India in Mumbai on 1 March 2010. Early career Wyatt is a right-handed opening/middle order batter and off break bowler. Wyatt played for Staffordshire Ladies and Meir Heath Women in the Northern Premier League, having moved from Gunnersbury at the end of the 2012 season, as well as men's club cricket for her local club Whitmore. In 2010, she was awarded an MCC Young Cricketers contract which enables her cricketing development via training at the MCC on a daily basis. She is the holder of one of the first tranche of 18 ECB central contracts for women players, which were announced in April 2014. Career Wyatt was a member of the winning women's team at the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup held in England. In December 2017, she was named as one of the players in the ICC Women's T20I Team of the Year. Wyatt batting for England during the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup In March 2018, during the 2018 Women's T20I Tri Nations Series in India; in a match against India, she scored her 2nd WT20I century in her career as her knock of 124 runs powered England to register the highest ever successful chase by any team in a WT20I match (199/3). With this century, she became the second female cricketer to score 2 centuries in WT20Is after Deandra Dottin and also registered the second highest individual score in a WT20I just behind Meg Lanning's 126. Her innings of 124 runs is also the highest individual score set by an opener in a WT20I match and she also recorded the second fastest century by a player in a WT20I innings (52 balls) just after Deandra Dottin's 38-ball century. In October 2018, she was named in England's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies. In November 2018, she was named in the Melbourne Renegades' squad for the 2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season. In February 2019, she was awarded a full central contract by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) for 2019. In June 2019, the ECB named her in England's squad for their opening match against Australia to contest the Women's Ashes. In December 2019, in England's opening match against Pakistan in Malaysia, Wyatt scored her first century in a WODI match. During the same tour, she also played her 100th WT20I match against Pakistan. In January 2020, she was named in England's squad for the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup in Australia. On 18 June 2020, Wyatt was named in a squad of 24 players to begin training ahead of international women's fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic. In February 2021, she went on England's tour of New Zealand, helping them complete a 2–1 WODI series win and a 3–0 WT20I series win. She was also drafted by Southern Brave for the inaugural season of The Hundred. In December 2021, Wyatt was named in England's squad for their tour to Australia to contest the Women's Ashes. In February 2022, she was named in England's team for the 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup in New Zealand. In April 2022, she was bought by the Southern Brave for the 2022 season of The Hundred. In July 2022, she was named in England's team for the cricket tournament at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England. In June 2023, Wyatt was again named in an England Test squad for the 2023 Women's Ashes series against Australia. She made her Test debut in that match, on 22 June 2023. International centuries One Day International centuries Danni Wyatt's One Day International centuries # Runs Match Opponents City/Country Venue Year 1 110 72 Pakistan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Kinrara Academy Oval 2019 2 129 92 South Africa Christchurch, New Zealand Hagley Oval 2022 T20 International centuries Danni Wyatt's T20 International centuries # Runs Match Opponents City/Country Venue Year 1 100 73 Australia Canberra, Australia Manuka Oval 2017 2 124 75 India Mumbai, India Brabourne Stadium 2018 Personal life Wyatt's nickname is "Waggy". In 2015, she explained to sports journalist Clare Balding that "The girls say I’m a wannabe WAG because I’ve dated two footballers!" She has supported Port Vale F.C. since she started attending matches at Vale Park with her grandfather at the age of eight. In March 2023, Wyatt became engaged to Georgie Hodge, a football agent. She married long-time partner Georgie Hodge on 10 June 2024 at the Chelsea Old Town Hall in London. The two engaged in early 2023 in South Africa and have been dating each other since 2019. References ^ "Danni Wyatt thrilled with victorious England debut". BBC Sport. BBC. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2012. ^ "Danni Wyatt". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 7 March 2021. ^ "England women earn 18 new central contracts". BBC. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ "Live commentary: Final, ICC Women's World Cup at London, Jul 23", ESPNcricinfo, 23 July 2017. ^ World Cup Final, BBC Sport, 23 July 2017. ^ England v India: Women's World Cup final – live!, The Guardian, 23 July 2017. ^ "Ellyse Perry declared ICC's Women's Cricketer of the Year". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 21 December 2017. ^ "Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Team records. Highest innings totals batting second". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2018. ^ Sport, Telegraph (25 March 2018). "Danni Wyatt smashes 124 off just 64 balls as England Women claim record-breaking T20 victory over India". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 March 2018. ^ "Danni Wyatt smashes ton, England crush India to achieve highest chase in women's Twenty20". www.hindustantimes.com. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018. ^ "Wyatt belligerence powers England in record chase". Retrieved 26 March 2018. ^ "Wyatt's 124 powers England in record chase". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2018. ^ "India women v England women: Danni Wyatt century brings record T20 victory". BBC Sport. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018. ^ "Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Most runs in an innings". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2018. ^ "Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Most runs in an innings (by batting position)". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2018. ^ "Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Fastest hundreds". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2018. ^ "England name Women's World T20 squad". England and Wales Cricket Board. Retrieved 4 October 2018. ^ "Three uncapped players in England's Women's World T20 squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 October 2018. ^ "WBBL04: All you need to know guide". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 30 November 2018. ^ "The full squads for the WBBL". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 November 2018. ^ "Freya Davies awarded England Women contract ahead of India tour". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 February 2019. ^ "Freya Davies 'thrilled' at new full central England contract". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 6 February 2019. ^ "Fran Wilson called into England squad for Ashes ODI opener against Australia". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 June 2019. ^ "England announce squad for opening Women's Ashes ODI". Times and Star. Retrieved 29 June 2019. ^ "Beaumont, Wyatt tons underpin comfortable England win". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 9 December 2019. ^ "Amy Jones, Danni Wyatt fifties propel England Women to victory against Pakistan Women". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 December 2019. ^ "England Women announce T20 World Cup squad and summer fixtures". England and Wales Cricket Board. Retrieved 17 January 2020. ^ "England Women confirm back to training plans". England and Wales Cricket Board. Retrieved 18 June 2020. ^ "England Women return to training with September tri-series on the cards". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 June 2020. ^ "England Women beat New Zealand to win T20 series 3–0 after 11th victory in a row in the format". Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 March 2021. ^ "The Hundred 2021 – full squad lists". BBC Sport. Retrieved 9 March 2022. ^ "Heather Knight vows to 'fight fire with fire' during Women's Ashes". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 17 December 2021. ^ "Charlie Dean, Emma Lamb in England's ODI World Cup squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ "The Hundred 2022: latest squads as Draft picks revealed". BBC Sport. Retrieved 5 April 2022. ^ "Alice Capsey named in England's Commonwealth Games squad, Tammy Beaumont omitted". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 15 July 2022. ^ "England name Danielle Gibson, Lauren Filer in Ashes Test squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 June 2023. ^ "Only Test, Nottingham, June 22 – 26, 2023, Women's Ashes". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 June 2023. ^ "All-round records. Women's One-Day Internationals – Danni Wyatt". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 November 2021. ^ "Full Scorecard of ENG Women vs PAK Women 1st ODI 2019/20 – Score Report". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2 November 2021. ^ "Full Scorecard of ENG Women vs SA Women 2nd Semi Final 2021/22 – Score Report". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ "All-round records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals – Danni Wyatt". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 November 2021. ^ "Full Scorecard of AUS Women vs ENG Women 3rd T20I 2017/18 – Score Report". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 November 2021. ^ "Full Scorecard of IND Women vs ENG Women 3rd match 2017/18 – Score Report". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 November 2021. ^ Balding, Clare (19 February 2015). "Balding bowled over by England's women cricketers". BT Sport. Retrieved 23 July 2020. ^ Baggaley, Mike (27 November 2023). "Recruitment, winning ugly and a pivotal few weeks at Port Vale". Valiant's Substack. Retrieved 27 November 2023. ^ HT Sports Desk (3 March 2023). "'Mine forever': England's Danielle Wyatt announces engagement; Shafali Verma, other fellow cricketers react". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "Danni Wyatt marriages partner Georgie Hodge". India Today. Retrieved 11 June 2024. ^ "England cricketer Danielle Wyatt gets engaged to girlfriend Georgie Hodge". The Indian Express. Retrieved 3 March 2024. Further reading Friend, Nick (22 February 2021). "Tammy Beaumont and Danni Wyatt: Two peas in a pod". The Cricketer. London. Retrieved 14 October 2022. External links Media related to Danielle Wyatt at Wikimedia Commons Danni Wyatt at ESPNcricinfo Danielle Wyatt at CricketArchive (subscription required) (archive) Danni Wyatt at Team England Danni Wyatt at the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games Danielle Wyatt on Instagram Links to Danni Wyatt-related articles vteEngland squad – 2010 Women's World Twenty20 1 Edwards (c) 2 Brunt 3 Colvin 4 Greenway 5 Gunn 6 Hazell 7 Knight 8 Marsh 9 Morgan 10 Shaw 11 Shrubsole 12 C Taylor 13 S Taylor (wk) 14 Wyatt vteEngland squad – 2012 Women's World Twenty20 runners-up 1 Edwards (c) 2 Beaumont (wk) 3 Brindle 4 Brunt 5 Colvin 6 Greenway 7 Gunn 8 Hazell 9 Jones 10 Knight 11 Marsh 12 Shrubsole 13 S Taylor (wk) 14 Wyatt vteEngland squad – 2013 Women's Cricket World Cup – 3rd place 1 Marsh 2 Beaumont 3 Gunn 4 Hazell 5 Jones 6 Greenway 7 Knight 8 Edwards (c) 9 Brindle 10 Colvin 11 Brunt 12 Taylor 13 Wyatt 14 Shrubsole 15 Elwiss vteEngland squad – 2016 Women's World Twenty20 semi-finalists 23 Edwards (c) 5 Knight 12 Beaumont (wk) 26 Brunt 34 Elwiss 53 Farrant 20 Greenway 54 Grundy 24 Gunn 40 Jones (wk) 17 Hazell 39 Sciver 41 Shrubsole 30 S Taylor (wk) 28 Wyatt vteEngland squad – 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup – Champions (4th title) 1 Knight (c) 2 Beaumont 3 Brunt 4 Elwiss 5 Gunn 6 Hartley 7 Hazell 8 Langston 9 Marsh 10 Sciver 11 Shrubsole 12 Taylor 13 Wilson 14 Winfield 15 Wyatt vteEngland squad – 2018 Women's World Twenty20 runners-up 1 Knight (c) 2 Beaumont 3 Dunkley 4 Ecclestone 5 Farrant 6 Gordon 7 Gunn 8 Hazell 9 Jones (wk) 10 Sciver 11 Smith 12 Shrubsole 13 Wilson 14 Winfield 15 Wyatt vteEngland squad – 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup semi-finalists 1 Knight (c) 2 Beaumont 3 Brunt 4 Cross 5 Davies 6 Ecclestone 7 Elwiss 8 Glenn 9 Jones 10 Sciver 11 Shrubsole 12 Wilson 13 Winfield-Hill 14 Villiers 15 Wyatt vteEngland squad – 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup runners-up 1 Knight (c) 2 Beaumont 3 Brunt 4 Davies 5 Dean 6 Dunkley 7 Cross 8 Ecclestone 9 Farrant 10 Jones (wk) 11 Lamb 12 Sciver 13 Shrubsole 14 Winfield-Hill 15 Wyatt vteEngland squad – 2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup semi-finalists Knight (c) Bell Bouchier Capsey Cross Davies Dean Dunkley Ecclestone Glenn Jones (wk) K. Sciver-Brunt N. Sciver-Brunt Winfield-Hill (wk) Wyatt Coach: Lewis vteSouthern Vipers – current squad 1 Adams (c) 3 Sturge 4 Windsor 6 Kemp 8 McCaughan 9 M Taylor 12 Norgrove 14 Bell 16 Bouchier 17 Southby (wk) 18 Trussler 20 Monaghan 21 Mitchelmore 22 Dean 25 Harman 26 C Taylor 28 Wyatt 34 Elwiss 50 Smith 61 Davies 88 Knott – Tulloch Coach: Edwards vteSouthern Brave – current squadMen's 10 Rehan Ahmed 14 Vince (c) 15 Garton 17 Davies (wk) 22 Archer 32 Overton 34 Jordan 46 Allen 56 Mills 76 Du Plooy — Briggs — Evans — Hosein — Pollard Women's 1 Adams (c) 6 Kemp 7 Taylor 9 Moore 14 Bell 16 Bouchier 17 Southby (wk) 18 Mandhana 25 Tryon 28 Wyatt — Cheatle — Corteen-Coleman — Dattani Coaches Edwards (Women's) Fleming (Men's) vteUP Warriorz – current squad Healy (c/†) Bell Chopra Ecclestone Gayakwad Harris Khemnar McGrath Navgire Sarvani Sehrawat Sharma Sultana Thakor Vrinda Wyatt Yadav Yashasri Coach: Lewis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_Women_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Southern Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Vipers"},{"link_name":"Southern Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Brave"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"all-rounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-rounder"},{"link_name":"batting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"off break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_spin"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Danielle Nicole Wyatt (born 22 April 1991) is an English cricketer who plays for Sussex, Southern Vipers, Southern Brave and England. She plays as an all-rounder, batting right-handed and bowling right-arm off break. She made her England debut against India in Mumbai on 1 March 2010.[1][2]","title":"Danni Wyatt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opening/middle order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_order_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"off break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_spin"},{"link_name":"ECB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Wyatt is a right-handed opening/middle order batter and off break bowler. Wyatt played for Staffordshire Ladies and Meir Heath Women in the Northern Premier League, having moved from Gunnersbury at the end of the 2012 season, as well as men's club cricket for her local club Whitmore.In 2010, she was awarded an MCC Young Cricketers contract which enables her cricketing development via training at the MCC on a daily basis. She is the holder of one of the first tranche of 18 ECB central contracts for women players, which were announced in April 2014.[3]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 Women's Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sum3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICCW-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020_ICC_W_T20_WC_E_v_SA_02-23_Wyatt_(02).jpg"},{"link_name":"2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_ICC_Women%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018 Women's T20I Tri Nations Series in 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Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"against Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_cricket_team_in_England_in_2019"},{"link_name":"Women's Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Ashes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"against Pakistan in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_women%27s_cricket_team_against_Pakistan_in_Malaysia_in_2019%E2%80%9320"},{"link_name":"first century in a WODI 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season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_season_of_The_Hundred"},{"link_name":"The Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hundred_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"tour to Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_women%27s_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2021%E2%80%9322"},{"link_name":"Women's Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Women%27s_Ashes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"2022 Women's Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Southern Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Brave"},{"link_name":"2022 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_season_of_The_Hundred"},{"link_name":"The Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hundred_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"cricket tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"2022 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"2023 Women's Ashes series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Women%27s_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Wyatt was a member of the winning women's team at the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup held in England.[4][5][6]In December 2017, she was named as one of the players in the ICC Women's T20I Team of the Year.[7]Wyatt batting for England during the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World CupIn March 2018, during the 2018 Women's T20I Tri Nations Series in India; in a match against India, she scored her 2nd WT20I century in her career as her knock of 124 runs powered England to register the highest ever successful chase by any team in a WT20I match (199/3).[8][9][10][11] With this century, she became the second female cricketer to score 2 centuries in WT20Is after Deandra Dottin and also registered the second highest individual score in a WT20I just behind Meg Lanning's 126.[12][13][14] Her innings of 124 runs is also the highest individual score set by an opener in a WT20I match and she also recorded the second fastest century by a player in a WT20I innings (52 balls) just after Deandra Dottin's 38-ball century.[15][16]In October 2018, she was named in England's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies.[17][18]In November 2018, she was named in the Melbourne Renegades' squad for the 2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season.[19][20] In February 2019, she was awarded a full central contract by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) for 2019.[21][22] In June 2019, the ECB named her in England's squad for their opening match against Australia to contest the Women's Ashes.[23][24]In December 2019, in England's opening match against Pakistan in Malaysia, Wyatt scored her first century in a WODI match.[25] During the same tour, she also played her 100th WT20I match against Pakistan.[26] In January 2020, she was named in England's squad for the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup in Australia.[27]On 18 June 2020, Wyatt was named in a squad of 24 players to begin training ahead of international women's fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic.[28][29]In February 2021, she went on England's tour of New Zealand, helping them complete a 2–1 WODI series win and a 3–0 WT20I series win.[30] She was also drafted by Southern Brave for the inaugural season of The Hundred.[31]In December 2021, Wyatt was named in England's squad for their tour to Australia to contest the Women's Ashes.[32] In February 2022, she was named in England's team for the 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup in New Zealand.[33] In April 2022, she was bought by the Southern Brave for the 2022 season of The Hundred.[34]In July 2022, she was named in England's team for the cricket tournament at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England.[35]In June 2023, Wyatt was again named in an England Test squad for the 2023 Women's Ashes series against Australia.[36] She made her Test debut in that match, on 22 June 2023.[37]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International centuries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"One Day International centuries","title":"International centuries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"T20 International centuries","title":"International centuries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nickname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_in_cricket"},{"link_name":"Clare Balding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Balding"},{"link_name":"WAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAGs"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bts_2015-02-19-44"},{"link_name":"Port Vale F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vale Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_Park"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"football agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_agent"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht_2023-03-03-46"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Old Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Wyatt's nickname is \"Waggy\". In 2015, she explained to sports journalist Clare Balding that \"The girls say I’m a wannabe WAG because I’ve dated two footballers!\" [44] She has supported Port Vale F.C. since she started attending matches at Vale Park with her grandfather at the age of eight.[45] In March 2023, Wyatt became engaged to Georgie Hodge, a football agent.[46]She married long-time partner Georgie Hodge on 10 June 2024 at the Chelsea Old Town Hall in London.[47] The two engaged in early 2023 in South Africa and have been dating each other since 2019.[48]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Tammy Beaumont and Danni Wyatt: Two peas in a pod\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thecricketer.com/Topics/news/tammy_beaumont_danni_wyatt_interview_england_women_cricket_new_zealand.html"},{"link_name":"The Cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cricketer"}],"text":"Friend, Nick (22 February 2021). \"Tammy Beaumont and Danni Wyatt: Two peas in a pod\". The Cricketer. London. Retrieved 14 October 2022.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Wyatt batting for England during the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2020_ICC_W_T20_WC_E_v_SA_02-23_Wyatt_%2802%29.jpg/220px-2020_ICC_W_T20_WC_E_v_SA_02-23_Wyatt_%2802%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Danni Wyatt thrilled with victorious England debut\". BBC Sport. BBC. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/8544303.stm","url_text":"\"Danni Wyatt thrilled with victorious England debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Danni Wyatt\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/254168.html","url_text":"\"Danni Wyatt\""}]},{"reference":"\"England women earn 18 new central contracts\". BBC. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/27291212","url_text":"\"England women earn 18 new central contracts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ellyse Perry declared ICC's Women's Cricketer of the Year\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 21 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21834245/ellyse-perry-declared-icc-women-cricketer-year","url_text":"\"Ellyse Perry declared ICC's Women's Cricketer of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Team records. Highest innings totals batting second\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283209.html","url_text":"\"Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Team records. Highest innings totals batting second\""}]},{"reference":"Sport, Telegraph (25 March 2018). \"Danni Wyatt smashes 124 off just 64 balls as England Women claim record-breaking T20 victory over India\". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2018/03/25/danielle-wyatt-smashes-124-just-64-balls-england-women-claim/","url_text":"\"Danni Wyatt smashes 124 off just 64 balls as England Women claim record-breaking T20 victory over India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"Danni Wyatt smashes ton, England crush India to achieve highest chase in women's Twenty20\". www.hindustantimes.com. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.hindustantimes.com/cricket/danielle-wyatt-smashes-ton-england-crush-india-to-achieve-highest-chase-in-women-s-twenty20/story-rwT1lHWjb6iqFiXXgn5P8J.html","url_text":"\"Danni Wyatt smashes ton, England crush India to achieve highest chase in women's Twenty20\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wyatt belligerence powers England in record chase\". Retrieved 26 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/650479","url_text":"\"Wyatt belligerence powers England in record chase\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wyatt's 124 powers England in record chase\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22905159/wyatt-124-powers-england-record-chase","url_text":"\"Wyatt's 124 powers England in record chase\""}]},{"reference":"\"India women v England women: Danni Wyatt century brings record T20 victory\". BBC Sport. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/43530913","url_text":"\"India women v England women: Danni Wyatt century brings record T20 victory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Most runs in an innings\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284259.html","url_text":"\"Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Most runs in an innings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Most runs in an innings (by batting position)\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284238.html","url_text":"\"Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Most runs in an innings (by batting position)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Fastest hundreds\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/458559.html","url_text":"\"Records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Fastest hundreds\""}]},{"reference":"\"England name Women's World T20 squad\". England and Wales Cricket Board. Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/women/news/869220/england-name-women-s-world-t20-squad","url_text":"\"England name Women's World T20 squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three uncapped players in England's Women's World T20 squad\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24890525/three-uncapped-players-england-women-world-t20-squad","url_text":"\"Three uncapped players in England's Women's World T20 squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"WBBL04: All you need to know guide\". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricket.com.au/news/wbbl-04-all-you-need-to-know-guide-tv-schedule-squads-when-fantasy-best-players/2018-11-30","url_text":"\"WBBL04: All you need to know guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"The full squads for the WBBL\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25412608/the-full-squads-wbbl","url_text":"\"The full squads for the WBBL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freya Davies awarded England Women contract ahead of India tour\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25936437/freya-davies-awarded-england-women-contract-ahead-india-tour","url_text":"\"Freya Davies awarded England Women contract ahead of India tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freya Davies 'thrilled' at new full central England contract\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1048682","url_text":"\"Freya Davies 'thrilled' at new full central England contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fran Wilson called into England squad for Ashes ODI opener against Australia\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27082746/fran-wilson-called-england-squad-ashes-odi-opener-australia","url_text":"\"Fran Wilson called into England squad for Ashes ODI opener against Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"England announce squad for opening Women's Ashes ODI\". Times and Star. Retrieved 29 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesandstar.co.uk/sport/national/17738993.england-announce-squad-for-opening-womens-ashes-odi/","url_text":"\"England announce squad for opening Women's Ashes ODI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beaumont, Wyatt tons underpin comfortable England win\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 9 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1524677","url_text":"\"Beaumont, Wyatt tons underpin comfortable England win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amy Jones, Danni Wyatt fifties propel England Women to victory against Pakistan Women\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19670/report/1208348/england-women-vs-pakistan-women-2nd-t20i-england-wmn-in-malaysia-2019-20","url_text":"\"Amy Jones, Danni Wyatt fifties propel England Women to victory against Pakistan Women\""}]},{"reference":"\"England Women announce T20 World Cup squad and summer fixtures\". England and Wales Cricket Board. Retrieved 17 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/women/news/1573896/england-women-announce-t20-world-cup-squad-and-summer-fixtures","url_text":"\"England Women announce T20 World Cup squad and summer fixtures\""}]},{"reference":"\"England Women confirm back to training plans\". England and Wales Cricket Board. Retrieved 18 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/women/news/1685005/england-women-confirm-back-to-training-plans","url_text":"\"England Women confirm back to training plans\""}]},{"reference":"\"England Women return to training with September tri-series on the cards\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29327435/england-women-return-training-september-tri-series-cards","url_text":"\"England Women return to training with September tri-series on the cards\""}]},{"reference":"\"England Women beat New Zealand to win T20 series 3–0 after 11th victory in a row in the format\". Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/31996/12238526/england-women-beat-new-zealand-to-win-t20-series-3-0-after-11th-victory-in-a-row-in-the-format","url_text":"\"England Women beat New Zealand to win T20 series 3–0 after 11th victory in a row in the format\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hundred 2021 – full squad lists\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 9 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/54646061","url_text":"\"The Hundred 2021 – full squad lists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heather Knight vows to 'fight fire with fire' during Women's Ashes\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 17 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/heather-knight-vows-to-fight-fire-with-fire-during-womens-ashes-1293638","url_text":"\"Heather Knight vows to 'fight fire with fire' during Women's Ashes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlie Dean, Emma Lamb in England's ODI World Cup squad\". ESPNcricinfo. 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Retrieved 2 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-wmn-in-malaysia-2019-20-1208341/england-women-vs-pakistan-women-1st-odi-1208344/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"Full Scorecard of ENG Women vs PAK Women 1st ODI 2019/20 – Score Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Scorecard of ENG Women vs SA Women 2nd Semi Final 2021/22 – Score Report\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-world-cup-2021-22-1219028/south-africa-women-vs-england-women-2nd-semi-final-1243937/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"Full Scorecard of ENG Women vs SA Women 2nd Semi Final 2021/22 – Score Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"All-round records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals – Danni Wyatt\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/254168.html?class=10;template=results;type=allround;view=match","url_text":"\"All-round records. Women's Twenty20 Internationals – Danni Wyatt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Scorecard of AUS Women vs ENG Women 3rd T20I 2017/18 – Score Report\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-ashes-2017-18-1086061/australia-women-vs-england-women-3rd-t20i-1086069/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"Full Scorecard of AUS Women vs ENG Women 3rd T20I 2017/18 – Score Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Scorecard of IND Women vs ENG Women 3rd match 2017/18 – Score Report\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ind-w-tri-series-2017-18-1131228/india-women-vs-england-women-3rd-match-1131237/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"Full Scorecard of IND Women vs ENG Women 3rd match 2017/18 – Score Report\""}]},{"reference":"Balding, Clare (19 February 2015). \"Balding bowled over by England's women cricketers\". BT Sport. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Balding","url_text":"Balding, Clare"},{"url":"http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/balding-bowled-over-by-englands-women-cricketers-S11363962970753","url_text":"\"Balding bowled over by England's women cricketers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Sport","url_text":"BT Sport"}]},{"reference":"Baggaley, Mike (27 November 2023). \"Recruitment, winning ugly and a pivotal few weeks at Port Vale\". Valiant's Substack. Retrieved 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://portvalethevaliant.substack.com/p/recruitment-winning-ugly-and-a-pivotal","url_text":"\"Recruitment, winning ugly and a pivotal few weeks at Port Vale\""}]},{"reference":"HT Sports Desk (3 March 2023). \"'Mine forever': England's Danielle Wyatt announces engagement; Shafali Verma, other fellow cricketers react\". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 10 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mine-forever-england-s-danielle-wyatt-announces-engagement-to-long-time-partner-shafali-verma-fellow-cricketers-react-101677839494450.html","url_text":"\"'Mine forever': England's Danielle Wyatt announces engagement; Shafali Verma, other fellow cricketers react\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Danni Wyatt marriages partner Georgie Hodge\". India Today. Retrieved 11 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/sports/danni-wyatt-marries-partner-georgie-hodge-142799-10-06-2024","url_text":"\"Danni Wyatt marriages partner Georgie Hodge\""}]},{"reference":"\"England cricketer Danielle Wyatt gets engaged to girlfriend Georgie Hodge\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 3 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/england-women-cricketer-dannie-wyatt-gets-engaged-to-girlfriend-georgie-hodge-posts-picture-on-instagram-8476710/","url_text":"\"England cricketer Danielle Wyatt gets engaged to girlfriend Georgie Hodge\""}]},{"reference":"Friend, Nick (22 February 2021). \"Tammy Beaumont and Danni Wyatt: Two peas in a pod\". The Cricketer. London. Retrieved 14 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/news/tammy_beaumont_danni_wyatt_interview_england_women_cricket_new_zealand.html","url_text":"\"Tammy Beaumont and Danni Wyatt: Two peas in a pod\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cricketer","url_text":"The Cricketer"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/113/113029/113029.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/8544303.stm","external_links_name":"\"Danni Wyatt thrilled with victorious England debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/254168.html","external_links_name":"\"Danni Wyatt\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/27291212","external_links_name":"\"England women earn 18 new central contracts\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8584/commentary/1085975/England-Women-vs-India-Women-Final-ICC-Women's-World-Cup-2017","external_links_name":"\"Live commentary: Final, ICC Women's World Cup at London, Jul 23\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/cricket/40035680","external_links_name":"World Cup Final"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2017/jul/23/england-v-india-womens-world-cup-final-live","external_links_name":"England v India: Women's World Cup final – live!"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21834245/ellyse-perry-declared-icc-women-cricketer-year","external_links_name":"\"Ellyse Perry declared ICC's Women's Cricketer of the Year\""},{"Link":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283209.html","external_links_name":"\"Records. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jnestorius/2009#DYK_for_Joseph_T._Buckingham	User talk:Jnestorius/2009	["1 National sport sources","2 Sudden death in baseball","3 Discussion you maybe interested in","4 Ireland naming question","5 New list","6 Diagram Prize","7 TfD nomination of Template:European Union topic","8 DYK for Patrick Cosgrave","9 Shamrock","10 DYK for Franklin Jacobs","11 Do not add interwiki links to ambiguous-titled categories","12 Iveagh House image - incorrect","13 DYK for John Briley","14 Penguin Sweaters","15 Irish WW2","16 Category:Association football penalty shootouts","17 Catalk","18 Talk:Henry","19 Orphaned non-free media (File:IRFU Flag of Ireland.svg)","20 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification","21 Water fluoridation and Green party","22 DYK for Joseph T. Buckingham","23 England v Rest of the World","24 Cardinals","25 Nice work","26 List of tallest lighthouses in the world","27 DYK for Île Vierge"]	This is an archive of past discussions with Jnestorius. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. 2009 All Pages: ... (up to 100) National sport sources Hi! I have been adviced to draw your attention to the Talk:National sport where I have questioned some sources. /Dcastor (talk) 17:51, 3 January 2009 (UTC) Sudden death in baseball I agree that softball and baseball are interrelated with respect to this article, and that the list of walk-off home runs is better covered on its own page. But I think you've taken out too much that I added in my recent rewrite that explains the significance. May I revert you and apply your comments without a general rewrite? --Spike-from-NH (talk) 04:51, 31 January 2009 (UTC) Let's discuss at Talk:Sudden death (sport)#Sudden death in baseball jnestorius(talk) 18:07, 1 February 2009 (UTC) Discussion you maybe interested in You may be interested in this discussion Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Football#Flag_of_Ireland_national_football_team_.281882.E2.80.931950.29 Gnevin (talk) 00:36, 28 February 2009 (UTC) Ireland naming question You are receiving this message because you have previously posted at a Ireland naming related discussion. Per Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Ireland article names#Back-up procedure, a procedure has been developed at Wikipedia:WikiProject Ireland Collaboration, and the project is now taking statements. Before creating or replying to a statement please consider the statement process, the problems and current statements. GnevinAWB (talk) 18:03, 5 March 2009 (UTC) New list I was assessng some new Irish articles and found your creation of List of Irish rebellions but I don't see the point of creating it when we already have a category that effectively does the same thing for the same articles. I was going to PROD it but thought a short note would give you an opportunity to justify it. Just leave me a "talkback" post if you have an answer. Cheers ww2censor (talk) 23:38, 24 March 2009 (UTC) Fair enough. I've responded at Talk:List of Irish rebellions#Purpose of page if you want to discuss it further. jnestorius(talk) 00:06, 25 March 2009 (UTC) Diagram Prize Alright then. I accept your arguments. Feel free to merge them. ISD (talk) 19:46, 27 March 2009 (UTC) Thanks. Sorry I got heavy so fast. I think I'll give myself a time-out. jnestorius(talk) 19:55, 27 March 2009 (UTC) I've noticed you've added another column to the table. Do you have a full set of references for each book? Otherwise, I don't think you can have the column, especially if it is nominated for FL. ISD (talk) 07:44, 30 March 2009 (UTC) TfD nomination of Template:European Union topic Template:European Union topic has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. Neelix (talk) 19:20, 20 April 2009 (UTC) DYK for Patrick Cosgrave On April 26, 2009, Did you know? was updated with a fact from the article Patrick Cosgrave, which you created or substantially expanded. If you know of another interesting fact from a recently created article, then please suggest it on the Did you know? talk page. Shubinator (talk) 00:00, 26 April 2009 (UTC) Shamrock I'm glad you got your way and this got moved. I dunno if you are Irish or not, though I am guessing you are, but anyway I'd like to express my sincere thanks for all the boys who have fought for the British (English?) politics aside they did both Ireland and the UK proud, and are remembered here. Best wishes SimonTrew (talk) 18:13, 9 May 2009 (UTC) DYK for Franklin Jacobs On May 9, 2009, Did you know? was updated with a fact from the article Franklin Jacobs, which you created or substantially expanded. If you know of another interesting fact from a recently created article, then please suggest it on the Did you know? talk page. Dravecky (talk) 20:03, 9 May 2009 (UTC) Do not add interwiki links to ambiguous-titled categories I advise updating this bot to prevent edits like this one. jnestorius(talk) 19:22, 9 May 2009 (UTC) Thanks to warn you, I will modify my script to ignore this kind of pages. --Sisyph (talk) 13:16, 10 May 2009 (UTC) Iveagh House image - incorrect This image which you uploaded recently, is NOT a picture of Iveagh House, this is another building on St. Stephen's Green. See for the REAL Iveagh House. This image show Iveagh House, (White building) albeit it gives more prominence to building next door. The image you have taken and posted is actually the building at 94 St. Stephens Green (I thinks its the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform), where as Iveagh House is 80-81 St. Stephens Green. Snappy (talk) 04:35, 25 May 2009 (UTC) Oops. jnestorius(talk) 04:56, 25 May 2009 (UTC) Fixed, thanks. jnestorius(talk) 06:15, 25 May 2009 (UTC) No worries, you should rename it and use for the Department of Justice page, which currently has a poor image. I like your picture of the real Iveagh House, much better than the old one. Snappy (talk) 07:22, 25 May 2009 (UTC) DYK for John Briley On May 28, 2009, Did you know? was updated with a fact from the article John Briley, which you created or substantially expanded. If you know of another interesting fact from a recently created article, then please suggest it on the Did you know? talk page. Dravecky (talk) 14:21, 28 May 2009 (UTC) Penguin Sweaters Thanks for the "protective gear" category for penguin sweater!Pustelnik (talk) 20:53, 29 May 2009 (UTC) Irish WW2 Hi Jnetorius, just wondering: why did you remove the category Category:Neutral states in World War II from the The Emergency (Ireland) article?? (talk) 15:46, 27 June 2009 (UTC) Because I added a new category, Category:Independent Ireland in World War II, which is a subcategory of it. jnestorius(talk) 17:29, 27 June 2009 (UTC) Yes, I saw that afterwards. Thanks. Sarah777 (talk) 11:59, 28 June 2009 (UTC) Category:Association football penalty shootouts See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football#Category:Association football penalty shootouts. – PeeJay 23:45, 28 June 2009 (UTC) Catalk I have moved Talk category:Traditional fishing villages to Category talk:Traditional fishing villages but would it not be better to discuss it here? Also you are hopelessly overdue on archiving this page. — RHaworth (Talk \| contribs) 11:27, 30 June 2009 (UTC) Talk:Henry Hello. I thought you might be interested in contributing on this page about the clean-up of Henry. Thanks, Boleyn3 (talk) 12:13, 9 July 2009 (UTC) Orphaned non-free media (File:IRFU Flag of Ireland.svg) Thanks for uploading File:IRFU Flag of Ireland.svg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 08:52, 18 August 2009 (UTC) 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification Hi! Though there were no bronze medal game in 1930, FIFA considers USA third and Yugoslavia fourth that year. This can be seen on wikipedia's template for that year, as well as on the FIFA pages for USA and Serbia. Lejman (talk) 10:56, 11 October 2009 (UTC) See Talk:1930 FIFA World Cup#Third/Fourth place jnestorius(talk) 10:57, 11 October 2009 (UTC) ...you could've mentioned that when reverting my info. As much as I agree it's a construction afterwards by FIFA, even the third point of the argument at that site (translating semi-final into 3rd/4th is equivalent to saying 5th/6th/7th/8th instead of quarter final), doesn't say we should call them joint thirds, just semi-finalists. (I don't think we generally consider quarterfinalists joint 5ths?) Either way, isn't Wikipedia just supposed to tell what the official sources say, and if it's weird we may point out its weirdness, but not correct it? (Like how we sometimes do when they incorrectly report the goal scorers.)Lejman (talk) 14:44, 11 October 2009 (UTC) Actually, that's even what you are saying in your comment. We report it as a 3rd/4th, but comment the anomaly. I guess I'll do that, then. Lejman (talk) 14:47, 11 October 2009 (UTC) Water fluoridation and Green party Could you please follow up at Talk:Water fluoridation #Which Green parties? Thanks. Eubulides (talk) 01:01, 12 October 2009 (UTC) DYK for Joseph T. Buckingham On October 25, 2009, Did you know? was updated with a fact from the article Joseph T. Buckingham, which you created or substantially expanded. You are welcome to check how many hits your article got while on the front page (here's how) and add it to DYKSTATS if it got over 5,000. If you know of another interesting fact from a recently created article, then please suggest it on the Did you know? talk page. Royalbroil 07:07, 25 October 2009 (UTC) England v Rest of the World Do you think this match should be on wikipedia? Mr Hall of England (talk) 21:34, 4 November 2009 (UTC) Cardinals If you're still interested in the question, would you please see Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (biographies)#Cardinals. Lima (talk) 12:08, 13 November 2009 (UTC) Nice work Hi, just a note to say nice work on the Capital punishment in Ireland article. Regards, Jdorney (talk) 17:07, 28 November 2009 (UTC) Thanks, jnestorius(talk) 19:59, 28 November 2009 (UTC) List of tallest lighthouses in the world You have a message at Talk:List of tallest lighthouses in the world#Reliable references--JotaCartas (talk) 03:15, 20 December 2009 (UTC) DYK for Île Vierge On December 28, 2009, Did you know? was updated with a fact from the article Île Vierge, which you created or substantially expanded. You are welcome to check how many hits your article got while on the front page (here's how, quick check ) and add it to DYKSTATS if it got over 5,000. If you know of another interesting fact from a recently created article, then please suggest it on the Did you know? talk page. 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(biographies)#Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style_(biographies)#Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lima"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Lima"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Capital punishment in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Jdorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jdorney"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jdorney"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"jnestorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jnestorius"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jnestorius"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Talk:List of tallest lighthouses in the world#Reliable references","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_tallest_lighthouses_in_the_world#Reliable_references"},{"link_name":"JotaCartas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:JotaCartas"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:JotaCartas"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Materialscientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Materialscientist"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Materialscientist"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"National sport sourcesHi! I have been adviced to draw your attention to the Talk:National sport where I have questioned some sources. /Dcastor (talk) 17:51, 3 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]Sudden death in baseballI agree that softball and baseball are interrelated with respect to this article, and that the list of walk-off home runs is better covered on its own page. But I think you've taken out too much that I added in my recent rewrite that explains the significance. May I revert you and apply your comments without a general rewrite? --Spike-from-NH (talk) 04:51, 31 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]Let's discuss at Talk:Sudden death (sport)#Sudden death in baseball jnestorius(talk) 18:07, 1 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]Discussion you maybe interested inYou may be interested in this discussion Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Football#Flag_of_Ireland_national_football_team_.281882.E2.80.931950.29 Gnevin (talk) 00:36, 28 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]Ireland naming questionYou are receiving this message because you have previously posted at a Ireland naming related discussion. Per Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Ireland article names#Back-up procedure, a procedure has been developed at Wikipedia:WikiProject Ireland Collaboration, and the project is now taking statements. Before creating or replying to a statement please consider the statement process, the problems and current statements. GnevinAWB (talk) 18:03, 5 March 2009 (UTC)[reply]New listI was assessng some new Irish articles and found your creation of List of Irish rebellions but I don't see the point of creating it when we already have a category that effectively does the same thing for the same articles. I was going to PROD it but thought a short note would give you an opportunity to justify it. Just leave me a \"talkback\" post if you have an answer. Cheers ww2censor (talk) 23:38, 24 March 2009 (UTC)[reply]Fair enough. I've responded at Talk:List of Irish rebellions#Purpose of page if you want to discuss it further. jnestorius(talk) 00:06, 25 March 2009 (UTC)[reply]Diagram PrizeAlright then. I accept your arguments. Feel free to merge them. ISD (talk) 19:46, 27 March 2009 (UTC)[reply]Thanks. Sorry I got heavy so fast. I think I'll give myself a time-out. jnestorius(talk) 19:55, 27 March 2009 (UTC)[reply]I've noticed you've added another column to the table. Do you have a full set of references for each book? Otherwise, I don't think you can have the column, especially if it is nominated for FL. ISD (talk) 07:44, 30 March 2009 (UTC)[reply]TfD nomination of Template:European Union topicTemplate:European Union topic has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. Neelix (talk) 19:20, 20 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]DYK for Patrick CosgraveShubinator (talk) 00:00, 26 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]ShamrockI'm glad you got your way and this got moved.I dunno if you are Irish or not, though I am guessing you are, but anyway I'd like to express my sincere thanks for all the boys who have fought for the British (English?) politics aside they did both Ireland and the UK proud, and are remembered here. Best wishes SimonTrew (talk) 18:13, 9 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]DYK for Franklin JacobsDravecky (talk) 20:03, 9 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Do not add interwiki links to ambiguous-titled categoriesI advise updating this bot to prevent edits like this one. jnestorius(talk) 19:22, 9 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Thanks to warn you, I will modify my script to ignore this kind of pages. --Sisyph (talk) 13:16, 10 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Iveagh House image - incorrectThis image which you uploaded recently, is NOT a picture of Iveagh House, this is another building on St. Stephen's Green. See [1] for the REAL Iveagh House. This image show Iveagh House, (White building) albeit it gives more prominence to building next door. The image you have taken and posted is actually the building at 94 St. Stephens Green (I thinks its the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform), where as Iveagh House is 80-81 St. Stephens Green. Snappy (talk) 04:35, 25 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Oops. jnestorius(talk) 04:56, 25 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Fixed, thanks. jnestorius(talk) 06:15, 25 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nNo worries, you should rename it and use for the Department of Justice page, which currently has a poor image. I like your picture of the real Iveagh House, much better than the old one. Snappy (talk) 07:22, 25 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]DYK for John BrileyDravecky (talk) 14:21, 28 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Penguin SweatersThanks for the \"protective gear\" category for penguin sweater!Pustelnik (talk) 20:53, 29 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Irish WW2Hi Jnetorius, just wondering: why did you remove the category Category:Neutral states in World War II from the The Emergency (Ireland) article?? (talk) 15:46, 27 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]Because I added a new category, Category:Independent Ireland in World War II, which is a subcategory of it. jnestorius(talk) 17:29, 27 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]Yes, I saw that afterwards. Thanks. Sarah777 (talk) 11:59, 28 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]Category:Association football penalty shootoutsSee Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football#Category:Association football penalty shootouts. – PeeJay 23:45, 28 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]CatalkI have moved Talk category:Traditional fishing villages to Category talk:Traditional fishing villages but would it not be better to discuss it here?Also you are hopelessly overdue on archiving this page. — RHaworth (Talk \| contribs) 11:27, 30 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]Talk:HenryHello. I thought you might be interested in contributing on this page about the clean-up of Henry. Thanks, Boleyn3 (talk) 12:13, 9 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free media (File:IRFU Flag of Ireland.svg)Thanks for uploading File:IRFU Flag of Ireland.svg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the \"my contributions\" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting \"File\" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 08:52, 18 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]2010 FIFA World Cup qualificationHi! Though there were no bronze medal game in 1930, FIFA considers USA third and Yugoslavia fourth that year. This can be seen on wikipedia's template for that year, as well as on the FIFA pages for USA and Serbia. Lejman (talk) 10:56, 11 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]See Talk:1930 FIFA World Cup#Third/Fourth place jnestorius(talk) 10:57, 11 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]\n...you could've mentioned that when reverting my info. As much as I agree it's a construction afterwards by FIFA, even the third point of the argument at that site (translating semi-final into 3rd/4th is equivalent to saying 5th/6th/7th/8th instead of quarter final), doesn't say we should call them joint thirds, just semi-finalists. (I don't think we generally consider quarterfinalists joint 5ths?) Either way, isn't Wikipedia just supposed to tell what the official sources say, and if it's weird we may point out its weirdness, but not correct it? (Like how we sometimes do when they incorrectly report the goal scorers.)Lejman (talk) 14:44, 11 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nActually, that's even what you are saying in your comment. We report it as a 3rd/4th, but comment the anomaly. I guess I'll do that, then. Lejman (talk) 14:47, 11 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Water fluoridation and Green partyCould you please follow up at Talk:Water fluoridation #Which Green parties? Thanks. Eubulides (talk) 01:01, 12 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]DYK for Joseph T. BuckinghamRoyalbroil 07:07, 25 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]England v Rest of the WorldDo you think this match should be on wikipedia?\nMr Hall of England (talk) 21:34, 4 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]CardinalsIf you're still interested in the question, would you please see Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (biographies)#Cardinals. Lima (talk) 12:08, 13 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Nice workHi, just a note to say nice work on the Capital punishment in Ireland article.Regards, Jdorney (talk) 17:07, 28 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Thanks, jnestorius(talk) 19:59, 28 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]List of tallest lighthouses in the worldYou have a message at Talk:List of tallest lighthouses in the world#Reliable references--JotaCartas (talk) 03:15, 20 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]DYK for Île ViergeMaterialscientist (talk) 11:42, 28 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Jnestorius/2009"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category%3AIrish_dancers&diff=288818753&oldid=288734996","external_links_name":"edits like this one"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iveagh_House.JPG","external_links_name":"This image"},{"Link":"http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.ie/home/index.aspx?id=8806","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Ireland)_Kaihsu_Tai.jpg","external_links_name":"This image"},{"Link":"http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=usa/index.html","external_links_name":"USA"},{"Link":"http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=srb/index.html","external_links_name":"Serbia"},{"Link":"http://www.kabrna.com/marsh/row63.htm","external_links_name":"match"},{"Link":"http://stats.grok.se/en/200912/%C3%8Ele_Vierge","external_links_name":"quick check"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Jakub_Kot%C3%ADk	Jan Jakub Kotík	["1 Life","2 References","3 External links"]	American drummer Jan Jakub KotíkJan Jakub Kotík (1998)Background informationBorn(1972-10-22)October 22, 1972Buffalo, New York, U.S.DiedDecember 13, 2007(2007-12-13) (aged 35)Prague, Czech RepublicInstrument(s)DrumsFormerly ofBootstrappersMusical artist Jan Jakub Kotík (October 22, 1972 – December 13, 2007) was a Czech artist and rock drummer. Life Jan Jakub was the son of composer Petr Kotík and curator of contemporary art Charlotta Kotík, who emigrated to the United States in 1970. His paternal grandfather was the artist Jan Kotik and his maternal great-grandfather was Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk — first president of Czechoslovakia. Jakub was a musician and a visual artist. He played drums with the Mommyheads, Beekeeper and Church of Betty, among many other bands in New York City at the time. He attended Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts in New York City and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from The Cooper Union. In 2000, he moved to Prague, where he became a highly acclaimed visual artist. In 2007, he received the prestigious Jindřich Chalupecký Award. On December 13, 2007, he died after a three-year battle with cancer. References ^ ProCulture ^ a b Zemřel výtvarník Jan Kotík, Masarykův potomek External links Media related to Jan Jakub Kotík at Wikimedia Commons Jan Jakub Kotík (1972 – 2007) Autor Jan Jakub Kotík hunt kastner artworks artists Jan Jakub Kotík Artist Jan Jakub Kotík ARTLIST – database of contemporary Czech art Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Czech Republic Other SNAC This article about a Czech artist is a stub. 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LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts in New York City and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from The Cooper Union.In 2000, he moved to Prague, where he became a highly acclaimed visual artist. In 2007, he received the prestigious Jindřich Chalupecký Award.[2] On December 13, 2007, he died after a three-year battle with cancer.","title":"Life"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.proculture.cz/index.php?section=2&a_id=1111","external_links_name":"ProCulture"},{"Link":"http://aktualne.centrum.cz/kultura/umeni/clanek.phtml?id=516542","external_links_name":"Zemřel výtvarník Jan Kotík, Masarykův potomek"},{"Link":"http://schickele.net/JanKotik/","external_links_name":"Jan Jakub Kotík (1972 – 2007)"},{"Link":"http://vvp.avu.cz/pub/att/autori/25/4.pdf","external_links_name":"Autor Jan Jakub Kotík"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090301170713/http://www.huntkastner.com/en/artists/kotik/bio.html","external_links_name":"hunt kastner artworks artists Jan Jakub Kotík"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130210075730/http://artlist.cz/index.php?id=403&lang=1","external_links_name":"Artist Jan Jakub Kotík"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000057160591","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/84417919","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxGhqv3qKt7JMmQ994bd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1036339718","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20080708008&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6db87j3","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Jakub_Kot%C3%ADk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harsh	John Harsh	["1 Notes"]	American farmer and politician John Harsh (September 25, 1825 – May 10, 1906) was an American farmer and politician. Born in Warren, Ohio, Harsh settled in Milford, Jefferson County, Wisconsin, in 1850 and then moved to the town of Stockbridge, Calumet County, Wisconsin, where he had a farm, in 1852. Harsh enlisted in the Union Army during the American Civil War and was stationed in the commissary department in Saint Louis, Missouri. While in the Union Army, Harsh was stricken with typhoid fever and was sent home. He tried to reenlist in the army but was rejected because of his physical condition. During that time, Harsh served as chairman and supervisor of the Stockbridge Town Board. In 1875, Harsh served in the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Republican. In 1886, Harsh, his wife, and family moved to Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Harsh was also involved with the banking business. Harsh died at his home in Oshkosh, Wisconsin of pneumonia. Notes ^ a b "John Harsh Expires". Oshkosh Daily Northwestern. May 10, 1906. p. 3. Retrieved March 1, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Wisconsin Blue Book, 1875, Biographical Sketch of John Harsh, p. 319. This article about a Republican Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly born in the 1820s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warren, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Stockbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge_(town),_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Calumet County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"}],"text":"John Harsh (September 25, 1825 – May 10, 1906) was an American farmer and politician.Born in Warren, Ohio,[1] Harsh settled in Milford, Jefferson County, Wisconsin, in 1850 and then moved to the town of Stockbridge, Calumet County, Wisconsin, where he had a farm, in 1852. Harsh enlisted in the Union Army during the American Civil War and was stationed in the commissary department in Saint Louis, Missouri. While in the Union Army, Harsh was stricken with typhoid fever and was sent home. He tried to reenlist in the army but was rejected because of his physical condition. During that time, Harsh served as chairman and supervisor of the Stockbridge Town Board. In 1875, Harsh served in the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Republican.[2] In 1886, Harsh, his wife, and family moved to Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Harsh was also involved with the banking business. Harsh died at his home in Oshkosh, Wisconsin of pneumonia.[1]","title":"John Harsh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Obit_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Obit_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"John Harsh Expires\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/4480586/john_harsh_18251906/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Harsh&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wisconsin-WIAssembly-Republican-1820s-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wisconsin-WIAssembly-Republican-1820s-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wisconsin-WIAssembly-Republican-1820s-stub"}],"text":"^ a b \"John Harsh Expires\". Oshkosh Daily Northwestern. May 10, 1906. p. 3. Retrieved March 1, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ Wisconsin Blue Book, 1875, Biographical Sketch of John Harsh, p. 319.This article about a Republican Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly born in the 1820s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"John Harsh Expires\". Oshkosh Daily Northwestern. May 10, 1906. p. 3. Retrieved March 1, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4480586/john_harsh_18251906/","url_text":"\"John Harsh Expires\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4480586/john_harsh_18251906/","external_links_name":"\"John Harsh Expires\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Harsh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Naval_Air_Station	Naval Air Station Corpus Christi	["1 History","1.1 2020 shooting","2 Current operations","3 Units","3.1 Major Commands","3.2 Wings","3.3 Squadrons","3.4 Other Tenants","4 Facilities and service also located on the installation","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 27°41′33″N 97°17′28″W / 27.69250°N 97.29111°W / 27.69250; -97.29111Naval air base in Texas, United States Naval Air Station Corpus ChristiTruax FieldCorpus Christi, Texas in the United StatesA T-44C Pegasus of Training Wing Four based at NAS Corpus ChristiNAS Corpus ChristiLocation in the United StatesCoordinates27°41′33″N 97°17′28″W / 27.69250°N 97.29111°W / 27.69250; -97.29111TypeNaval Air StationSite informationOwnerDepartment of DefenseOperatorUS NavyControlled byNavy Region SoutheastConditionOperationalWebsiteOfficial websiteSite historyBuilt1941 (1941)In use1941 – presentGarrison informationCurrentcommanderCaptain Ty C. JuricaGarrisonTraining Air Wing FourAirfield informationIdentifiersIATA: NGP, ICAO: KNGP, FAA LID: NGP, WMO: 722515Elevation2.7 metres (8 ft 10 in) AMSL Runways Direction Length and surface 13R/31L 2,439 metres (8,002 ft) Porous European Mix 18/36 1,524.6 metres (5,002 ft) Asphalt 04/22 1,524.3 metres (5,001 ft) Asphalt 13L/31R 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) Asphalt Source: Federal Aviation Administration Naval Air Station Corpus Christi (IATA: NGP, ICAO: KNGP, FAA LID: NGP) is a United States Navy naval air base located six miles (10 km) southeast of the central business district (CBD) of Corpus Christi, in Nueces County, Texas. History A naval air station for Corpus Christi had been proposed since the mid-1930s, and the city's congressman, Richard M. Kleberg, supported it. But it remained a low priority construction project for the U.S. Navy as late as January 9, 1940. (The Kleberg family and Roy Miller both supported Vice President John Nance Garner's quest for the 1940 presidential nomination.) Rep. Lyndon B. Johnson made himself a key Texas ally of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's bid for a third term, and the White House told the Navy Department to consult Johnson, and heed his advice, on Navy contracts in Texas. By February 1940, the project was on the Navy's preferred list. Brown & Root, a Houston firm, shared the construction contract with another New Deal supporter, Henry Kaiser; the president personally signed the (first) cost plus fixed fee contract June 13, 1940. The Roosevelt campaign in Texas no longer had a shortage of cash. The official step leading to the construction of the Naval Air Station was initiated by the 75th United States Congress in 1938. A board found that a lack of training facilities capable of meeting an emergency demand for pilots constituted a grave situation. They recommended the establishment of a second air training station, and further, that it be located on Corpus Christi Bay. NAS Corpus Christi was commissioned by its first Commanding Officer, CAPT Alva Berhard, on March 12, 1941. The first flight training started on May 5, 1941. US Navy North American SNJ-4s warming up for training at NAS Corpus Christi circa 1943. Aviation Ordnanceman stationed at the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi boarding a PBY Catalina, circa 1942 In 1941, 800 instructors provided training for more than 300 student pilots a month. The training rate nearly doubled after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. By the end of World War II, more than 35,000 naval aviators had earned their wings there. Corpus Christi provided intermediate flight training in World War II, training naval pilots to fly SNJ, SNV, SNB, OS2U, PBY, and N3N type airplanes. In 1944 it was the largest naval aviation training facility in the world. The facility covered 20,000 acres (81 km2), and had 997 hangars, shops, barracks, warehouses and other buildings. Future President George H. W. Bush was the youngest pilot to receive his wings at NAS Corpus Christi in June 1943. NAS Corpus Christi also was home to the Blue Angels from 1951 to 1954. It also served as a Project Mercury Tracking station in the early 1960s. 2020 shooting On May 21, 2020, a motorist crashed through a northern perimeter gate at NAS Corpus Christi, activating vehicle barriers that stopped the vehicle. The driver then got out and opened fire before being shot and killed. A Navy police officer was shot but was protected by a ballistic vest. Officials with the FBI announced the incident was terrorism-related and a second person of interest may be at large. The shooter was later identified as Adam Alsalhi, a 20-year-old Corpus Christi resident born in Syria, who had expressed support for ISIS and Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. The incident was the second fatal shooting and the fourth security incident that caused NAS Corpus Christi to be locked down since February 2019. Current operations Today, the Naval Aviator training program at NAS Corpus Christi is much longer, approximately 18 months, due to the increased complexity of today's aircraft. Currently, Training Air Wing FOUR produces approximately 400 newly qualified aviators each year via the "Maritime Pipeline" for shore-based U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard fixed-wing jet and turboprop aircraft, as well as a limited number of NATO/Allied/Coalition military pilots for similar aircraft. NAS Corpus Christi in 1946 or 1947 Training Air Wing FOUR consists of four squadrons. VT-27 and VT-28 handle primary training in the T-6B Texan II, a single engine turboprop aircraft. VT-31 and VT-35 provide advanced training in the twin engine T-44C Pegasus aircraft along with the Textron T-54A. Other aircraft found at NAS Corpus Christi include the P-3 Orions and General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper drones operated by U.S. Customs and Border Protection. In addition to U.S. Navy Student Naval Aviators, VT-31 and VT-35 also train Student Naval Aviators from the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard. The station employs officer, enlisted and civilian personnel serving in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Army, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the military services of numerous NATO/Allied/Coalition partner nations. In support of the base's training mission are three nearby outlying landing fields owned by the Navy: Naval Outlying Field Waldron, which is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of the Naval Air Station, Naval Outlying Field Cabaniss, which is 8.0 miles (12.9 km) west of the Naval Air Station and Naval Outlying Field Goliad which is 57.7 miles (92.9 km) north of the Naval Air Station. NAS Corpus Christi is also home to the Corpus Christi Army Depot (CCAD), the largest helicopter repair facility in the world and an unusual arrangement of an Army installation located on a Naval facility. Units Major Commands Chief of Naval Air Training (CNATRA) Corpus Christi Army Depot (CCAD) Marine Aviation Training Support Group (MATSG-22) Naval Health Clinic Corpus Christi (NHCCC) Wings Training Air Wing FOUR (TW4) Squadrons Primary Advanced VT-27 Boomers VT-28 Rangers VT-31 Wise Owls VT-35 Stingrays Other Tenants U.S. Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center (NOSC) Fleet and Industrial Supply Center Jacksonville Det Corpus Christi (FISC JAX Det Corpus Christi) Marine Aviation Training Support Group (MATSG) U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Facilities and service also located on the installation Corpus Christi Army Depot Coast Guard Air Station Corpus Christi Commissary DLA Distribution Corpus Christi, Texas Naval Aviation Forecast Detachment Corpus Christi Navy Exchange Navy Lodge Surveillance Support Center (SSC) Veterinary Treatment Facility See also List of United States Navy airfields References ^ FAA Airport Form 5010 for NGP PDF ^ Caro, Robert A. (1982). The Path to Power. The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 579–584. ISBN 0394499735. ^ Marinez, Luis; Shapiro, Emily; Fuhrman, Matthew (May 21, 2020). "Naval Air Station Corpus Christi shooting terror-related, person of interest may be-at-large". ABC News. Retrieved May 21, 2020. ^ Barak, Rich (May 21, 2020). "UPDATE: Shooting suspect killed at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi". The Atlantic Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 21, 2020. ^ Andone, Dakin; Starr, Barbara; Silverman, Hollie; Campbell, Josh (May 21, 2020). "Texas Naval base shooter believed to have expressed support for terrorist groups online". CNN. Retrieved May 21, 2020. ^ "FBI says Naval Air Station-Corpus Christi shooting was terror related, second suspect could be at large". KIII. May 21, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020. ^ Air Forces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. June 2024. p. 17. ^ "Home - Commissaries". www.commissaries.com. ^ "DLA Distribution". Archived from the original on 2011-10-25. External links Official website FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective June 13, 2024 Resources for this U.S. military airport: FAA airport information for NGP AirNav airport information for KNGP ASN accident history for NGP NOAA/NWS latest weather observations SkyVector aeronautical chart for KNGP vte United States Navy Category Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy 4-star admirals 3-star admirals 1864–1959 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present 2-star admirals House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Structure Navy Navy Reserve Fleet Marine Force Expeditionary Combat Command Merchant Marine Units Active ships Future ships Aircraft wings Aircraft squadrons Carrier strike group Installations Naval Observatory Master jet base Operatingforces Fleet Forces Command Commander Pacific Fleet Commander Naval Forces Europe – Naval Forces Africa Naval Forces Central Command Naval Forces Southern Command Naval Special Warfare Command Naval Reserve Forces Operational Test and Evaluation Force Naval Network Warfare Command Military Sealift Command Shore Naval Sea Systems Command Naval Air Systems Command Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command Naval Supply Systems Command Naval Information Warfare Systems Command Fleet Cyber Command Naval Academy Naval Education and Training Command Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Office of Naval Intelligence Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center Naval Legal Service Command Naval Observatory Naval Safety Center Bureau of Naval Personnel Chief of Naval Personnel Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Navy Installations Command Navy Working Capital Fund Fleets Second Fleet Third Fleet Fourth Fleet Fifth Fleet Sixth Fleet Seventh Fleet Tenth Fleet Ships A–B C D–F G–H I–K L M N–O P Q–R S T–V W–Z Aircraft carriers Airships Amphibious warfare ships Auxiliaries Battleships Cruisers Destroyers Destroyer escorts Escort carriers Frigates Mine warfare vessels Monitors Patrol vessels Registered civilian vessels Sailing frigates Steam frigates Steam gunboats Ships of the line Sloops of war Submarines Torpedo boats Torpedo retrievers Unclassified miscellaneous vessels Yard and district craft PersonnelandtrainingPeopleOfficers Insignia Designators Enlisted Rates Ratings Classification Personnel Chaplain Corps Chief Deputy Chief Explosive ordnance disposal Medical Corps Dental Corps Nurse Corps Medical Service Corps Supply Corps Civil Engineer Corps JAG Corps JAG DJAG NCIS Boatswain's mates Hospital corpsman Naval Aviator SEALs Seabees Master-at-arms Operations specialist SWCCs Hispanic sailors Training Recruit Officer Candidate School STA-21 NROTC Naval University System (Naval War College, Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Academy, Naval Community College, Marine Corps University) BESS BFTT CNATT COMPTUEX NAWCTSD AIM Naval Chaplaincy School Naval Hospital Corps School Naval Justice School United States Armed Forces School of Music Navy Senior Enlisted Academy Navy Supply Corps School Nuclear Power School JMTC TOPGUN USNTPS Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Equipment Uniforms Awards and decorations Badges Current fleet Future fleet Reserve fleet Current aircraft Weapons Naval reactors History and traditions History "Anchors Aweigh" Blue Angels Continental Navy Ensign Fleet bands Fleet Week Jack Line-crossing ceremony National Museum Navy Band Ceremonial Guard Navy Flag Navy Hymn Navy Memorial Navy service numbers Navy Weeks Revolt of the Admirals Sailor's Creed Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Ship naming conventions Tingey House USS Constitution WAVES Wetting-down United States battleship retirement debate vteNaval Air Training Command Chief of Naval Air Training: RADM James BynumCommands Blue Angels Training Air Wing ONE Training Air Wing TWO Training Air Wing FOUR Training Air Wing FIVE Training Air Wing SIX Marine Aviation Training Support Group 21 Marine Aviation Training Support Group 22 Naval Air Stations Corpus Christi Kingsville Meridian Pensacola Whiting Field vteCurrent military installations in TexasArmyFort Fort Bliss Fort Cavazos Fort Sam Houston Camp Camp Mabry Camp Bullis Camp Swift Depot Ingleside Red River NavyAir Station Corpus Christi Fort Worth Kingsville Landing Field Orange Grove AirForceAir Force Base Brooks City-Base Dyess AFB Goodfellow AFB Lackland AFB Laughlin AFB Randolph AFB Sheppard AFB Annex Kelly Field Annex Lackland Training Annex Air Reserve Base Shoal Creek Bombing Range Air National Guard Station Ellington Field Garland Hensley Field McMullen County Range CoastGuardAir Station Corpus Christi Houston Station Freeport Galveston Port Aransas Port O'Connor South Padre Island Marine Safety Unit Galveston Port Arthur Loran Station Raymondville vteCity of Corpus Christi Government History Timeline Mass media EducationSchools Corpus Christi ISD Mary Carroll HS Richard King HS Roy Miller HS Foy H. Moody HS W. B. Ray HS Veterans Memorial HS Calallen ISD Calallen HS Flour Bluff ISD flour Bluff HS Ingleside ISD London ISD Port Aransas ISD Riviera ISD Tuloso-Midway ISD Tuloso-Midway HS West Oso ISD West Oso HS Colleges anduniversities Del Mar College Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi Military Naval Air Station Corpus Christi USS Corpus Christi (PF-44) USS City of Corpus Christi (SSN-705) USNS Corpus Christi Bay (T-ARVH-1) Parks andrecreation Corpus Christi Bay Nueces Bay Oso Bay Parks Sports C.C. FC C.C. Hooks C.C. IceRays C.C. Rugby Football Club C.C. Tritons Tourism American Bank Center Bayfest Hans and Pat Suter Wildlife Refuge La Palmera Mirador de la Flor Museums Mustang Island One Shoreline Plaza Padre Island South Texas Botanical Gardens & Nature Center Sunrise Mall Texas State Aquarium USS Lexington (CV-16) Transportation Corpus Christi International Airport Harbor Bridge JFK Memorial Causeway Government TX 27 Nueces County United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nueces County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Naval air base in Texas, United StatesNaval Air Station Corpus Christi (IATA: NGP, ICAO: KNGP, FAA LID: NGP) is a United States Navy naval air base located six miles (10 km) southeast of the central business district (CBD) of Corpus Christi, in Nueces County, Texas.","title":"Naval Air Station Corpus Christi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative"},{"link_name":"Richard M. 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Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"bid for a third term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Brown & Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_%26_Root"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Henry Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J._Kaiser"},{"link_name":"cost plus fixed fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_Plus_Fixed_Fee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"75th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Bay"},{"link_name":"CAPT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)"},{"link_name":"Alva Berhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alva_Berhard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SNJ-4s_at_NAS_Corpus_Christi_c1943.jpg"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aviation"},{"link_name":"SNJ-4s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNJ-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PBY_Gun_Blister.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aviation Ordnanceman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Ordnanceman"},{"link_name":"PBY Catalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBY_Catalina"},{"link_name":"bombing of Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"SNJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"SNV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultee_BT-13_Valiant"},{"link_name":"SNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_SNB"},{"link_name":"OS2U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS2U"},{"link_name":"PBY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBY"},{"link_name":"N3N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N3N"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"Project Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury"}],"text":"A naval air station for Corpus Christi had been proposed since the mid-1930s, and the city's congressman, Richard M. Kleberg, supported it. But it remained a low priority construction project for the U.S. Navy as late as January 9, 1940. (The Kleberg family and Roy Miller both supported Vice President John Nance Garner's quest for the 1940 presidential nomination.) Rep. Lyndon B. Johnson made himself a key Texas ally of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's bid for a third term, and the White House told the Navy Department to consult Johnson, and heed his advice, on Navy contracts in Texas. By February 1940, the project was on the Navy's preferred list. Brown & Root, a Houston firm, shared the construction contract with another New Deal supporter, Henry Kaiser; the president personally signed the (first) cost plus fixed fee contract June 13, 1940. The Roosevelt campaign in Texas no longer had a shortage of cash.[2]The official step leading to the construction of the Naval Air Station was initiated by the 75th United States Congress in 1938. A board found that a lack of training facilities capable of meeting an emergency demand for pilots constituted a grave situation. They recommended the establishment of a second air training station, and further, that it be located on Corpus Christi Bay. NAS Corpus Christi was commissioned by its first Commanding Officer, CAPT Alva Berhard, on March 12, 1941. The first flight training started on May 5, 1941.US Navy North American SNJ-4s warming up for training at NAS Corpus Christi circa 1943.Aviation Ordnanceman stationed at the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi boarding a PBY Catalina, circa 1942In 1941, 800 instructors provided training for more than 300 student pilots a month. The training rate nearly doubled after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. By the end of World War II, more than 35,000 naval aviators had earned their wings there. Corpus Christi provided intermediate flight training in World War II, training naval pilots to fly SNJ, SNV, SNB, OS2U, PBY, and N3N type airplanes. In 1944 it was the largest naval aviation training facility in the world. The facility covered 20,000 acres (81 km2), and had 997 hangars, shops, barracks, warehouses and other buildings.Future President George H. W. Bush was the youngest pilot to receive his wings at NAS Corpus Christi in June 1943. NAS Corpus Christi also was home to the Blue Angels from 1951 to 1954. It also served as a Project Mercury Tracking station in the early 1960s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"person of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_interest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"ISIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"2020 shooting","text":"On May 21, 2020, a motorist crashed through a northern perimeter gate at NAS Corpus Christi, activating vehicle barriers that stopped the vehicle. The driver then got out and opened fire before being shot and killed. A Navy police officer was shot but was protected by a ballistic vest. Officials with the FBI announced the incident was terrorism-related and a second person of interest may be at large.[3][4] The shooter was later identified as Adam Alsalhi, a 20-year-old Corpus Christi resident born in Syria, who had expressed support for ISIS and Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.[5] The incident was the second fatal shooting and the fourth security incident that caused NAS Corpus Christi to be locked down since February 2019.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAS_Corpus_Christi_NAN3_47.jpg"},{"link_name":"T-6B Texan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-6B_Texan_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"T-44C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-44C"},{"link_name":"Textron T-54A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textron_T-54A"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFMJUN24-17-7"},{"link_name":"General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper"},{"link_name":"drones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Naval Outlying Field Waldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Outlying_Field_Waldron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Outlying Field Cabaniss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Outlying_Field_Cabaniss&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Outlying Field Goliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Field_Goliad"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Army_Depot"}],"text":"Today, the Naval Aviator training program at NAS Corpus Christi is much longer, approximately 18 months, due to the increased complexity of today's aircraft. Currently, Training Air Wing FOUR produces approximately 400 newly qualified aviators each year via the \"Maritime Pipeline\" for shore-based U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard fixed-wing jet and turboprop aircraft, as well as a limited number of NATO/Allied/Coalition military pilots for similar aircraft.NAS Corpus Christi in 1946 or 1947Training Air Wing FOUR consists of four squadrons. VT-27 and VT-28 handle primary training in the T-6B Texan II, a single engine turboprop aircraft.[citation needed] VT-31 and VT-35 provide advanced training in the twin engine T-44C Pegasus aircraft along with the Textron T-54A.[7]Other aircraft found at NAS Corpus Christi include the P-3 Orions and General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper drones operated by U.S. Customs and Border Protection.In addition to U.S. Navy Student Naval Aviators, VT-31 and VT-35 also train Student Naval Aviators from the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard. The station employs officer, enlisted and civilian personnel serving in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Army, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the military services of numerous NATO/Allied/Coalition partner nations.In support of the base's training mission are three nearby outlying landing fields owned by the Navy: Naval Outlying Field Waldron, which is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of the Naval Air Station, Naval Outlying Field Cabaniss, which is 8.0 miles (12.9 km) west of the Naval Air Station and Naval Outlying Field Goliad which is 57.7 miles (92.9 km) north of the Naval Air Station.NAS Corpus Christi is also home to the Corpus Christi Army Depot (CCAD), the largest helicopter repair facility in the world and an unusual arrangement of an Army installation located on a Naval facility.","title":"Current operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corpus Christi Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Army_Depot"}],"sub_title":"Major Commands","text":"Chief of Naval Air Training (CNATRA)\nCorpus Christi Army Depot (CCAD)\nMarine Aviation Training Support Group (MATSG-22)\nNaval Health Clinic Corpus Christi (NHCCC)","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wings","text":"Training Air Wing FOUR (TW4)","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Squadrons","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Reserve"},{"link_name":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection"}],"sub_title":"Other Tenants","text":"U.S. Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center (NOSC)\nFleet and Industrial Supply Center Jacksonville Det Corpus Christi (FISC JAX Det Corpus Christi)\nMarine Aviation Training Support Group (MATSG)\nU.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corpus Christi Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard Air Station Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_Corpus_Christi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Surveillance Support Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_Support_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Veterinary Treatment Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veterinary_Treatment_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Corpus Christi Army Depot\nCoast Guard Air Station Corpus Christi\nCommissary[8]\nDLA Distribution Corpus Christi, Texas[9]\nNaval Aviation Forecast Detachment Corpus Christi\nNavy Exchange\nNavy Lodge\nSurveillance Support Center (SSC)\nVeterinary Treatment Facility","title":"Facilities and service also located on the installation"}]	[{"image_text":"US Navy North American SNJ-4s warming up for training at NAS Corpus Christi circa 1943.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SNJ-4s_at_NAS_Corpus_Christi_c1943.jpg/220px-SNJ-4s_at_NAS_Corpus_Christi_c1943.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aviation Ordnanceman stationed at the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi boarding a PBY Catalina, circa 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PBY_Gun_Blister.jpg/220px-PBY_Gun_Blister.jpg"},{"image_text":"NAS Corpus Christi in 1946 or 1947","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NAS_Corpus_Christi_NAN3_47.jpg/220px-NAS_Corpus_Christi_NAN3_47.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of United States Navy airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_airfields"}]	[{"reference":"Caro, Robert A. (1982). The Path to Power. The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 579–584. ISBN 0394499735.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Caro","url_text":"Caro, Robert A."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pathtopower00caro","url_text":"The Path to Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson","url_text":"The Years of Lyndon Johnson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf,_Inc.","url_text":"Alfred A. Knopf, Inc."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pathtopower00caro/page/579","url_text":"579"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394499735","url_text":"0394499735"}]},{"reference":"Marinez, Luis; Shapiro, Emily; Fuhrman, Matthew (May 21, 2020). \"Naval Air Station Corpus Christi shooting terror-related, person of interest may be-at-large\". ABC News. Retrieved May 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/injured-shooting-naval-air-station-corpus-christi-suspected/story?id=70806888","url_text":"\"Naval Air Station Corpus Christi shooting terror-related, person of interest may be-at-large\""}]},{"reference":"Barak, Rich (May 21, 2020). \"UPDATE: Shooting suspect killed at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi\". The Atlantic Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/news/breaking-active-shooter-prompts-lockdown-naval-air-station-corpus-christi/7E2fcvcRfOGFBF7maVVJ2L/","url_text":"\"UPDATE: Shooting suspect killed at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi\""}]},{"reference":"Andone, Dakin; Starr, Barbara; Silverman, Hollie; Campbell, Josh (May 21, 2020). \"Texas Naval base shooter believed to have expressed support for terrorist groups online\". CNN. Retrieved May 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/21/us/naval-air-station-corpus-christi-lockdown/index.html","url_text":"\"Texas Naval base shooter believed to have expressed support for terrorist groups online\""}]},{"reference":"\"FBI says Naval Air Station-Corpus Christi shooting was terror related, second suspect could be at large\". KIII. May 21, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kiiitv.com/article/news/local/officials-shooter-neutralized-near-north-gate-of-nas-corpus-christi-one-person-injured/503-2ed913a9-09d7-466e-ae9a-1e2f26c021b1","url_text":"\"FBI says Naval Air Station-Corpus Christi shooting was terror related, second suspect could be at large\""}]},{"reference":"Air Forces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. June 2024. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Forces_Monthly","url_text":"Air Forces Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire","url_text":"Stamford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire","url_text":"Lincolnshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England","url_text":"England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Publishing","url_text":"Key Publishing Ltd"}]},{"reference":"\"Home - Commissaries\". www.commissaries.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commissaries.com/","url_text":"\"Home - Commissaries\""}]},{"reference":"\"DLA Distribution\". Archived from the original on 2011-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111025020636/http://www.distribution.dla.mil/sites/corpus_christi.aspx","url_text":"\"DLA Distribution\""},{"url":"http://www.distribution.dla.mil/sites/corpus_christi.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Naval_Air_Station_Corpus_Christi&params=27_41_33_N_97_17_28_W_type:airport","external_links_name":"27°41′33″N 97°17′28″W / 27.69250°N 97.29111°W / 27.69250; -97.29111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Naval_Air_Station_Corpus_Christi&params=27_41_33_N_97_17_28_W_type:airport","external_links_name":"27°41′33″N 97°17′28″W / 27.69250°N 97.29111°W / 27.69250; -97.29111"},{"Link":"https://www.cnic.navy.mil/regions/cnrse/installations/nas_corpus_christi.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.gcr1.com/5010ReportRouter/default.aspx?airportID=NGP","external_links_name":"FAA Airport Form 5010 for NGP"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pathtopower00caro","external_links_name":"The Path to Power"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pathtopower00caro/page/579","external_links_name":"579"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/injured-shooting-naval-air-station-corpus-christi-suspected/story?id=70806888","external_links_name":"\"Naval Air Station Corpus Christi shooting terror-related, person of interest may be-at-large\""},{"Link":"https://www.ajc.com/news/breaking-active-shooter-prompts-lockdown-naval-air-station-corpus-christi/7E2fcvcRfOGFBF7maVVJ2L/","external_links_name":"\"UPDATE: Shooting suspect killed at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/21/us/naval-air-station-corpus-christi-lockdown/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Texas Naval base shooter believed to have expressed support for terrorist groups online\""},{"Link":"https://www.kiiitv.com/article/news/local/officials-shooter-neutralized-near-north-gate-of-nas-corpus-christi-one-person-injured/503-2ed913a9-09d7-466e-ae9a-1e2f26c021b1","external_links_name":"\"FBI says Naval Air Station-Corpus Christi shooting was terror related, second suspect could be at large\""},{"Link":"https://www.commissaries.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home - Commissaries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111025020636/http://www.distribution.dla.mil/sites/corpus_christi.aspx","external_links_name":"\"DLA Distribution\""},{"Link":"http://www.distribution.dla.mil/sites/corpus_christi.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cnic.navy.mil/regions/cnrse/installations/nas_corpus_christi.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://aeronav.faa.gov/d-tpp/2406/00098AD.PDF","external_links_name":"FAA Airport Diagram"},{"Link":"https://nfdc.faa.gov/nfdcApps/services/ajv5/airportDisplay.jsp?airportId=NGP","external_links_name":"airport information for NGP"},{"Link":"http://www.airnav.com/airport/KNGP","external_links_name":"airport information for KNGP"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=NGP","external_links_name":"accident history for NGP"},{"Link":"https://w1.weather.gov/data/obhistory/KNGP.html","external_links_name":"latest weather observations"},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/perl/code?id=KNGP&scale=2","external_links_name":"aeronautical chart for KNGP"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocumulus_volutus	Stratocumulus volutus	["1 See also","2 References"]	Type of cloud Stratocumulus volutusStratocumulus volutusAbbreviationSc volGenusStratocumulusSpeciesVolutusAltitude<2,000 m (<6,600 ft)ClassificationFamily C (Low-level)AppearanceLong tube-shaped cloud, usually singularPrecipitationYes Stratocumulus volutus is a rare species of stratocumulus cloud, typically forming alone. Volutus is translated from Latin, meaning revolve, being described as a roll cloud. Stratocumulus volutus clouds are low-level clouds, forming below 2,000 meters (6,600 feet). Volutus clouds are much more common in the form of stratocumulus, as opposed to altocumulus volutus. Stratocumulus volutus clouds are not severe, and may only bring several minutes of rain. Alternatively, stratocumulus volutus clouds may form with numerous layers, contradicting the usual rounded form. See also List of cloud types Stratocumulus cloud Cumulus cloud Roll cloud References ^ WMO. "Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)". International Cloud Atlas. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ Hamblyn, Richard (2017-05-15). Clouds: Nature and Culture. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-770-1. ^ Hamblyn, Richard (2021-10-12). The Met Office Cloud Book - Updated Edition: How to Understand the Skies. David and Charles. ISBN 978-1-4463-8108-3. ^ "Learn About Roll Clouds: Volutus Cloud Species". whatsthiscloud. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ WhatsThisCloud ⛅️ (2016-07-01), Stratocumulus volutus (St vol), retrieved 2022-11-16 ^ "There's a whole new species of cloud". Popular Science. 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2022-11-16. vteCloud genera and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne hydrometeors - WMO Latin terminology except where indicatedMesosphericExtreme-level80–85 kmNoctilucent (NLC)Polar mesospheric clouds Noctilucent type I veils Noctilucent type II bands Noctilucent type III billows Noctilucent type IV whirls StratosphericVery high-level15–30 kmNacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) Cirriform nacreous Lenticular nacreous Nitric acid and waterpolar stratospheric clouds (PSC) No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus TroposphericHigh-level3–18 kmCirrus (Ci)Species Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas) Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib) Cirrus floccus (Ci flo) Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa) Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc) Ci-only varieties Cirrus intortus (Ci in) Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve) Cirrocumulus (Cc)Species Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas) Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo) Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len) Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str) Cirrostratus (Cs)Species Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib) Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb) High-level-onlymutatus cloud Mutatus non-height specific (see below) Medium-level2–8 kmAltocumulus (Ac)Species Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas) Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo) Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len) Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str) Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol) Altostratus (As) Altostratus undulatus Nimbostratus (Ns) Multi-levelVarieties Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir) Low-level0–2 kmCumulonimbus (Cb) Towering verticalSpecies Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal) Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap) Cb-only supplementary features Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau) Tail cloud) Cumulonimbus incus (inc) Cumulonimbus murus ((mur) Wall cloud) Cb-only accessories and other Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu) Beaver tail) Overshooting top Hot tower Cumulus (Cu)Variable vertical extentSpecies Fractus Cumulus humilis (Cu hum) Cumulus mediocris (Cu med) (Cumulus congestus (Cu con) (Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con)) (ICAO term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is Towering cumulus )) Other Horseshoe Trade wind cumulus Stratus (St)Species Stratus fractus (St fra) Stratus nebulosus (St neb) St-only genitus cloud and other Stratus silvagenitus (St sil) Fog (Fg) Surface level Stratocumulus (Sc)Species Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas) Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo) Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len) Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str) Stratocumulus Undulatus Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol) Low-level-onlysupplementary features Arcus ((arc) Shelf) Tuba ((tub) Funnel cloud) Low-level-onlyaccessory cloud and other Pileus (pil) Velum (vel) Pannus (pan) Other- Actinoform cloud (Stratocumulus) Non-heightspecificVarieties Duplicatus (du) Lacunosus (la) Opacus (op) Perlucidus (pe) Radiatus (ra) Translucidus (tr) Undulatus (un) Supplementary features Asperitas (asp) Cavum (cav) Fluctus (flu) Mamma (mam) Praecipitatio (pra) Virga (vir) Mother clouds and human-made clouds (Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen) (Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut) Homogenitus (hogen) Homomutatus (homut) This cloud–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stratocumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud"},{"link_name":"cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"roll cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_cloud"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"altocumulus volutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altocumulus_volutus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Stratocumulus volutus is a rare species of stratocumulus cloud, typically forming alone.[1] Volutus is translated from Latin, meaning revolve, being described as a roll cloud.[2][3] Stratocumulus volutus clouds are low-level clouds, forming below 2,000 meters (6,600 feet). Volutus clouds are much more common in the form of stratocumulus, as opposed to altocumulus volutus.[4] Stratocumulus volutus clouds are not severe, and may only bring several minutes of rain.[5] Alternatively, stratocumulus volutus clouds may form with numerous layers, contradicting the usual rounded form.[6]","title":"Stratocumulus volutus"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of cloud types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cloud_types"},{"title":"Stratocumulus cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud"},{"title":"Cumulus cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_cloud"},{"title":"Roll cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_cloud"}]	[{"reference":"WMO. \"Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)\". International Cloud Atlas. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/species-stratocumulus-volutus-sc-vol.html","url_text":"\"Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)\""}]},{"reference":"Hamblyn, Richard (2017-05-15). Clouds: Nature and Culture. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-770-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UtgtDwAAQBAJ&dq=Stratocumulus+volutus&pg=PT207","url_text":"Clouds: Nature and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-770-1","url_text":"978-1-78023-770-1"}]},{"reference":"Hamblyn, Richard (2021-10-12). The Met Office Cloud Book - Updated Edition: How to Understand the Skies. David and Charles. ISBN 978-1-4463-8108-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=05pEEAAAQBAJ&dq=Stratocumulus+volutus&pg=PT28","url_text":"The Met Office Cloud Book - Updated Edition: How to Understand the Skies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4463-8108-3","url_text":"978-1-4463-8108-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Learn About Roll Clouds: Volutus Cloud Species\". whatsthiscloud. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://whatsthiscloud.com/cloud-species/volutus/","url_text":"\"Learn About Roll Clouds: Volutus Cloud Species\""}]},{"reference":"WhatsThisCloud ⛅️ (2016-07-01), Stratocumulus volutus (St vol), retrieved 2022-11-16","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/whatsthiscloud/27407135787/","url_text":"Stratocumulus volutus (St vol)"}]},{"reference":"\"There's a whole new species of cloud\". Popular Science. 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popsci.com/theres-new-species-cloud-celebrate-with-some-pretty-pictures/","url_text":"\"There's a whole new species of cloud\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/species-stratocumulus-volutus-sc-vol.html","external_links_name":"\"Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UtgtDwAAQBAJ&dq=Stratocumulus+volutus&pg=PT207","external_links_name":"Clouds: Nature and Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=05pEEAAAQBAJ&dq=Stratocumulus+volutus&pg=PT28","external_links_name":"The Met Office Cloud Book - Updated Edition: How to Understand the Skies"},{"Link":"https://whatsthiscloud.com/cloud-species/volutus/","external_links_name":"\"Learn About Roll Clouds: Volutus Cloud Species\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/whatsthiscloud/27407135787/","external_links_name":"Stratocumulus volutus (St vol)"},{"Link":"https://www.popsci.com/theres-new-species-cloud-celebrate-with-some-pretty-pictures/","external_links_name":"\"There's a whole new species of cloud\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratocumulus_volutus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_brevis	Extensor hallucis brevis muscle	["1 Structure","1.1 Nerve supply","2 Function","3 See also","4 Additional images","5 External links"]	Muscle on the top of the foot that helps to extend the big toe Extensor hallucis brevisMuscles of the front of the leg. (Ext. hallucis brevis colored in red.)AnimationDetailsOriginCalcaneusInsertionProximal phalanx of digit 1 (hallux, or the great toe)ArteryDorsalis pedis arteryNerveDeep fibular nerveActionsExtend halluxAntagonistFlexor hallucis brevis muscleIdentifiersLatinmusculus extensor hallucis brevisTA98A04.7.02.054TA22670FMA51141Anatomical terms of muscle The extensor hallucis brevis is a muscle on the top of the foot that helps to extend the big toe. Structure The extensor hallucis brevis is essentially the medial part of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. Some anatomists have debated whether these two muscles are distinct entities. The extensor hallucis brevis arises from the calcaneus and inserts on the proximal phalanx of the digit 1 (the big toe). Nerve supply Nerve supplied by lateral terminal branch of Deep Peroneal Nerve (deep fibular nerve) (proximal sciatic branches S1, S2). Same innervation of Extensor Digitorum Brevis Function The extensor hallucis brevis helps to extend the big toe. See also This article uses anatomical terminology. Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor hallucis longus Additional images Ext. hallucis brevis labeled at center. Dorsum of foot. Deep dissection. Dorsum of foot. Deep dissection. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Extensor hallucis brevis muscles. Anatomy figure: 16:03-05 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Dorsum of the foot showing the tendons that cross the ankle joint." vteMuscles of the hip and human legIliac region Iliopsoas Psoas major/Psoas minor Iliacus Buttocks Gluteal muscles Maximus Medius Minimus Tensor fasciae latae Lateral rotator group: Quadratus femoris Inferior gemellus Superior gemellus Internal obturator External obturator Piriformis Thigh / compartmentsAnterior Sartorius Quadriceps Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Articularis genus Posterior Hamstring Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Medial Pectineus External obturator Gracilis Adductor Longus Brevis Magnus Minimus Fascia Femoral sheath Femoral canal Femoral ring Adductor canal Adductor hiatus Muscular lacuna Fascia lata Iliotibial tract Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh Medial intermuscular septum of thigh Cribriform fascia Leg/compartmentsAnterior Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis (peroneus) tertius PosteriorSuperficial Triceps surae Gastrocnemius Soleus Accessory soleus Achilles tendon Plantaris Deep tarsal tunnel Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Popliteus Lateral Fibularis (peroneus) muscles Longus Brevis Fascia Pes anserinus Intermuscular septa Anterior Posterior Transverse FootDorsal Extensor hallucis brevis Extensor digitorum brevis Plantar 1st layer Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor digiti minimi 2nd layer Quadratus plantae Lumbrical muscle 3rd layer Foexor hallucis brevis Adductor hallucis Flexor digiti minimi brevis 4th layer Dorsal interossei Plantar interossei Fascia Plantar fascia retinacula Peroneal Inferior extensor Superior extensor Flexor Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle"},{"link_name":"big toe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_toe"}],"text":"The extensor hallucis brevis is a muscle on the top of the foot that helps to extend the big toe.","title":"Extensor hallucis brevis muscle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extensor digitorum brevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_brevis"},{"link_name":"calcaneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneus"}],"text":"The extensor hallucis brevis is essentially the medial part of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Kimble	Dick Kimble	["1 References","2 External links"]	American baseball player (1915-2001) Baseball player Dick KimbleShortstopBorn: (1915-07-27)July 27, 1915Buchtel, OhioDied: May 7, 2001(2001-05-07) (aged 85)Toledo, OhioBatted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 20, 1945, for the Washington SenatorsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 18, 1945, for the Washington SenatorsMLB statisticsGames played20Batting average.245Runs batted in1 Teams Washington Senators (1945) Richard Lewis Kimble (July 27, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was a shortstop in Major League Baseball. He played for the Washington Senators. References ^ "Dick Kimble Statistics and History". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved December 29, 2011. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors) This biographical article relating to a baseball shortstop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shortstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%9360)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statistics-1"}],"text":"Baseball playerRichard Lewis Kimble (July 27, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was a shortstop in Major League Baseball. He played for the Washington Senators.[1]","title":"Dick Kimble"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/k/kimbldi01.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Dick Kimble Statistics and History\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/k/kimbldi01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=kimble001ric","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick_Kimble&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_(boutique)	Sex (boutique)	["1 Paradise Garage","2 Let It Rock","3 Too Fast To Live, Too Young To Die","4 Sex","5 Seditionaries","6 World's End","7 Famous shop assistants","8 Further reading","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°29′00″N 0°10′39″W / 51.4834°N 0.1774°W / 51.4834; -0.1774Former boutique in London SEXLocationLondon, EnglandOwnerMalcolm McLarenVivienne WestwoodTypeBoutiqueOpened1974Closed1976 Sex (stylised SEX) was a boutique run by Vivienne Westwood and her then partner Malcolm McLaren at 430 King's Road, London between 1974 and 1976. It specialised in clothing that defined the look of the punk movement. Westwood and McLaren’s boutique underwent several name and correlating interior decor changes through the 1970s to connect with design inspirations, the boutique finally being renamed Worlds End in 1979, a name which (following a short period of closure) the shop retains to this day. Paradise Garage Prior to Westwood and McLaren taking over tenancy in 1971, 430 Kings Road had been the site of several fashion boutiques, including The 430 Boutique, operated by Carol Derry and Bill Fuller in the early 1960s, Hung On You run by Jane Ormsby Gore and Michael Rainey from 1967 to 1969, Mr Freedom, from 1969 to 1970, and Paradise Garage from 1970 to 1971. In October 1971, Malcolm McLaren and a friend from art school, Patrick Casey, opened a stall in the back of what was then the Paradise Garage boutique at 430 King's Road in London's Chelsea district. On sale were items collected by McLaren over the previous year, including rock & roll records, magazines, clothing and memorabilia from the 1950s. Let It Rock Trevor Myles (who ran Paradise Garage), relinquished the entire premises to McLaren and Casey in November 1971. They renamed the shop Let It Rock with stock including second-hand and new Teddy Boy clothes designed by McLaren's school teacher girlfriend Vivienne Westwood. The shop-front corrugated iron frontage was painted black with the name pasted in pink lettering. The interior was given period detail, such as "Odeon" wallpaper and Festival of Britain trinkets, furnished in the style of a 1950s living room. Bespoke tailored drape jackets, skin-tight trousers and thick-soled "brothel creepers" shoes were the mainstays of stock retailed under the label. Let It Rock was soon covered in the London Evening Standard. Too Fast To Live, Too Young To Die In 1973 the outlet interior was changed and the shop was given a new name, Too Fast To Live, Too Young To Die, to reflect a new range of clothing from Britain's early 1960s "rocker" fashions. Features of garments retailed under Too Fast To Live Too Young To Die included chains, leather, and sleeveless t-shirts adorned with provocative statements, reflecting Westwood's politically-informed design inspirations. With the boutique’s name paying homage to James Dean, the signage featured a black background with white lettering spelling out the shop’s new name around a large skull and crossbones, a new era of youth subculture was echoed. Sex In the spring of 1974 the shop underwent another refurbishment and was rebranded with the name SEX. The façade included a 4-foot (1.2 m) sign of pink foam rubber letters spelling "SEX", and the interior of the boutique was covered with graffiti from the SCUM Manifesto and chickenwire. Rubber curtains covered the walls and red carpeting was installed. SEX sold fetish and bondage wear supplied by existing specialist labels such as Atomage, She-And-Me and London Leatherman as well as designs by McLaren and Westwood. Jordan (Pamela Rooke) was a sales assistant. Among customers at SEX were the four original members of Sex Pistols (the bass-player Glen Matlock was an employee as a sales assistant on Saturdays). The group's name was provided by McLaren in partial promotion of the boutique. In August 1975, nineteen-year-old John Lydon was persuaded to audition for the group by singing along to Alice Cooper's "I'm Eighteen" on the jukebox. Other notable patrons included occasional assistant Chrissie Hynde, Adam Ant, Marco Pirroni, Siouxsie Sioux, Steven Severin and the rest of the Bromley Contingent. The store's designs confronted social and sexual taboos, and included T-shirts bearing images of the Cambridge Rapist's face hood, semi-naked cowboys from a 1969 illustration by the US artist Jim French, trompe-l'œil bare breasts by Rhode Island School of Design students Janusz and Laura Gottwald in the late 1960s, and pornographic texts from the book School for Wives ("I groaned with pain...in a soft corrosion") by the beat author Alexander Trocchi. Also featured were T-shirts with the slogan 'Prick Up Your Ears', a reference to the biography of influential proto-punk subversive Joe Orton, and text culled from the biography of Orton stating how cheap clothes suited him. Among the designs were clear plastic-pocketed jeans, zippered tops and the Anarchy shirt which used dead stock from the 1960s manufacturer Wemblex. These were bleached and dyed shirts and adorned with silk Karl Marx patches and anarchist slogans. Seditionaries In December 1976, 430 King's Road was renamed Seditionaries, trading under that title until September 1980. As Seditionaries: Clothes for Heroes, the boutique adopted brutalist interior and exterior styling: large murals depicting imagery of bomb damage, harshly bright lighting, and cavities perforating the ceiling created by McLaren, surrounded Westwood's innovative garments now considered punk signatures. Designs were licensed by Westwood to the operators of the boutique at 153 King's Road, Boy (formerly Acme Attractions) who issued them, some with alterations, over the next eight years. Boy London was founded by Stephane Raynor and Israel-based businessman John Krivine in 1976 on the King's Road. Krivine sold the company in 1984. World's End World's End In late 1980, the shop at 430 King's Road re-opened under the name World's End. The building was designed by McLaren and Westwood and realised by Roger Burton, aided by Jeremy Blackburn and Tony Devers, to resemble a mixture of the Olde Curiosity Shoppe and an 18th-century galleon. The façade was installed with a large clock which spun backwards with the floor raked at an angle. McLaren and Westwood launched the first of a series of collections from the outlet at the beginning of 1981 and collaborated for a further three years. World's End remains open as part of Vivienne Westwood's global fashion empire. Famous shop assistants Many people related with the punk scene worked at the shop in one way or another. A notable employee was Jordan (Pamela Rooke), whose provocative dress sense served as a walking advertisement for the shop. At various times, Glen Matlock, Chrissie Hynde and Sid Vicious also worked there. Further reading Albertine, Viv (25 November 2014). Clothes, Clothes, Clothes. Music, Music, Music. Boys, Boys, Boys.: A Memoir. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-250-06599-5. OCLC 1330344195. Robb, John (15 December 2010). Punk Rock: An Oral History. PM Press. ISBN 9781604860054. OCLC 801388488. Westwood, Vivienne; Kelly, Ian (9 October 2014). Vivienne Westwood. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4472-5413-3. OCLC 1028471285. The Look: Adventures in rock & pop fashion by Paul Gorman. Publisher: London, Adelita Ltd, 2006 ISBN 978-0-9552017-0-7 England's Dreaming Sex Pistols and Punk Rock by Jon Savage. Publisher: London, Faber & Faber Ltd, 1991 ISBN 978-0-571-13975-0 Rotten: No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs by John Lydon. Publisher: Picador, 1995 ISBN 0-312-11883-X SEX & SEDITIONARIES: The incomplete sordid works of Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren" by PunkPistol. Publisher: First Edition, 2006. ISBN 0-9554643-0-7 "DESTROY by PunkPistol. Vivienne Westwood & Malcolm McLaren: The destruction and deconstruction of punk clothing" by PunkPistol. Publisher: First Edition, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9554643-2-4 See also World's End, Kensington and Chelsea, the district. SEX: Too Fast To Live Too Young To Die, a compilation album of songs on their jukebox. References ^ J.C. Maçek III (6 June 2013). "Fashionably Anti-Establishment: 'Punk: From Chaos to Couture'". PopMatters. ^ Gorman, Paul (16 May 2015). "The original pop shop". The Architects’ Journal. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "Kings Road Archives – Flashbak". Flashbak. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ a b "Q&A: BOY London on Outfitting the Punk Movement". Rolling Stone. I started by selling Fifties clothing to him. – Stephane Raynor ^ a b "The Many Lives of Vivienne Westwood's Worlds End Shop". AnOther. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2022. Between 1971 and 1976, their boutique operated under the names, Let it Rock, Too Fast to Live Too Young to Die, Sex and Seditionaries, before being reinvented as Worlds End in 1979, a title the store still holds today. ^ "1972 - 1979 \| LET IT ROCK, SEDITIONARIES & EVERYTHING IN BETWEEN". TheHistorialist. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ a b "::THE LOOK – adventures in rock and pop fashion:: » The Politics Of Flash revisited". rockpopfashion.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ a b c "Anarchy in the UK: A Brief History Of Punk Fashion". Marie Claire. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ _black_acrylic (3 March 2014). "_Black_Acrylic: SEX". 0black0acrylic.blogspot.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Sex signage: Was McLaren inspired by Lubalin's cladding for the Georg Jensen flagship NY store?". paulgormanis.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Chris Spedding: Unsung hero of Seventies style from Alkasura + Granny Takes A Trip to Let It Rock, Sex + Seditionaries". Paul Gorman is... Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ Westwood, Vivienne; Kelly, Ian (9 October 2014). Vivienne Westwood. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9781447254133. Retrieved 12 April 2018 – via Google Books. ^ Drury, Colin (10 November 2017). "Jordan poses at Vivienne Westwood's SEX shop: 'I'm not sure why I lifted my top, but it felt right'". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "THE FILTH & THE FASHION – VIVIENNE WESTWOOD'S '70s SEX RAG REVOLUTION". selvedgeyard.com. 7 October 2010. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Chrissie Hynde + Kate Simon in Malcolm McLaren's Sex Pistols Smoking Boy T-shirts". paulgormanis.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "When Life Means Life – The Cambridge Rapist". wordpress.com. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ a b "The origins of the Tits tee: Robert Watts + Products for Implosions Inc". paulgormanis.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "::THE LOOK – adventures in rock and pop fashion:: » The strange and intriguing tale of the "tits tee"". rockpopfashion.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "When The Runaways guitarist Lita Ford raffled her McLaren/Westwood I Groaned With Pain t-shirt". paulgormanis.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Only anarchists are pretty! Slogan in Fashion". Or Not Magazine. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Antidizionario della Moda". antidizionariodellamoda.tumblr.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Seditionaries – Prick Up Your Ears muslin". flickr.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Review: Subversive Design at Brighton Museum – re-appropriation, satire and sexual taboo to inspire and entertain (warning – this show asks "who killed Bambi" and challenges gender stereotypes)". sussexartbeat.com. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ Dazed (1 May 2013). "The Anarchy Shirt". dazeddigital.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "The Shirt That Changed Everything Forever – Style Voyeur". 6 March 2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Strongman, Phil (12 April 2018). Pretty Vacant: A History of UK Punk. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 9781556527524. Retrieved 12 April 2018 – via Google Books. ^ "::THE LOOK – adventures in rock and pop fashion:: » Anarchy to Kanye: 30 years of Contemporary Wardrobe". rockpopfashion.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Only Anarchists Are Pretty: New Fragment x Peel + Lift Anarchy Shirt goes on sale as The Pool opens in Aoyoama". paulgormanis.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ Do It Yourself: Democracy and Design. Journal of Design History, Vol. 19, No. 1, (Spring, 2006), pp. 69–83 ^ "V&A · Vivienne Westwood: punk, new romantic and beyond". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Hint Fashion Magazine – Hint Blog". hintmag.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ Rocktheworld. "rock the world: sex pistols". rucktheworld.blogspot.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "The Filth and the Fury: how punk changed everything". The Independent. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "jonsavage " 430 King's Road". 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Seditionaries Clothing Store – Punk Clothes – Sex Pistols – Vivienne Westwood – Punk t shirts". punkflyer.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "BOY on Boy action: Iconic 80s photos of Boy George modeling fashions from BOY London". dangerousminds.net. 12 July 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "::THE LOOK – adventures in rock and pop fashion:: » Exclusive: McLaren and Punkpistol speak to THE LOOK". rockpopfashion.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "About Us Official Boy London website". boy-london.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ Agencies, News (5 May 2014). "Fashion brand's logo likened to Nazi eagle symbol". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 April 2018. {{cite web}}: \|first= has generic name (help) ^ Limited, Selfridges. "Selfridges, London". selfridges.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "BOY on Boy action: Iconic 80s photos of Boy George modeling fashions from BOY London". dangerousminds.net. 12 July 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Store withdraws Boy London clothing over 'Nazi' eagle logo complaints". The Independent. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Of Pirates, Peacocks, and Punks – Unframed". unframed.lacma.org. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ "Store Details \| Vivienne Westwood®". External links Only Anarchists Are Pretty (archive.org) Seditionaries Clothing designed by Vivienne Westwood & Malcolm McLaren c. 1976–1979. (Shockwave Flash) (archive.org) Punk Pirate 1981 Clothing line designed by Westwood and McLaren. (archive.org) Punk Pistol Seditionaries tribute site to clothing designed by Westwood & McLaren. (Shockwave Flash) 51°29′00″N 0°10′39″W / 51.4834°N 0.1774°W / 51.4834; -0.1774	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boutique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutique"},{"link_name":"Vivienne Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood"},{"link_name":"Malcolm McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren"},{"link_name":"King's Road, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Road,_London"},{"link_name":"punk movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_fashion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PM-1"}],"text":"Former boutique in LondonSex (stylised SEX) was a boutique run by Vivienne Westwood and her then partner Malcolm McLaren at 430 King's Road, London between 1974 and 1976. It specialised in clothing that defined the look of the punk movement.[1]Westwood and McLaren’s boutique underwent several name and correlating interior decor changes through the 1970s to connect with design inspirations, the boutique finally being renamed Worlds End in 1979, a name which (following a short period of closure) the shop retains to this day.","title":"Sex (boutique)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hung On You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_On_You"},{"link_name":"Mr Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Freedom_(fashion)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Malcolm McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren"},{"link_name":"King's Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Road"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Prior to Westwood and McLaren taking over tenancy in 1971, 430 Kings Road had been the site of several fashion boutiques, including The 430 Boutique, operated by Carol Derry and Bill Fuller in the early 1960s, Hung On You run by Jane Ormsby Gore and Michael Rainey from 1967 to 1969, Mr Freedom, from 1969 to 1970,[2] and Paradise Garage from 1970 to 1971.In October 1971, Malcolm McLaren and a friend from art school, Patrick Casey, opened a stall in the back of what was then the Paradise Garage boutique at 430 King's Road[3] in London's Chelsea district. On sale were items collected by McLaren over the previous year, including rock & roll records, magazines, clothing and memorabilia from the 1950s.[4]","title":"Paradise Garage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trevor Myles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Myles"},{"link_name":"second-hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-hand"},{"link_name":"Teddy Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Boy"},{"link_name":"Vivienne Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Festival of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"brothel creepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothel_creepers"},{"link_name":"London Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Trevor Myles (who ran Paradise Garage), relinquished the entire premises to McLaren and Casey in November 1971. They renamed the shop Let It Rock with stock including second-hand and new Teddy Boy clothes designed by McLaren's school teacher girlfriend Vivienne Westwood.[5] The shop-front corrugated iron frontage was painted black with the name pasted in pink lettering. The interior was given period detail, such as \"Odeon\" wallpaper and Festival of Britain trinkets, furnished in the style of a 1950s living room.[4]Bespoke tailored drape jackets, skin-tight trousers and thick-soled \"brothel creepers\" shoes were the mainstays of stock retailed under the label. Let It Rock was soon covered in the London Evening Standard.[citation needed]","title":"Let It Rock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"James Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dean"},{"link_name":"skull and crossbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones"}],"text":"In 1973 the outlet interior was changed and the shop was given a new name, Too Fast To Live, Too Young To Die, to reflect a new range of clothing from Britain's early 1960s \"rocker\" fashions.[6] Features of garments retailed under Too Fast To Live Too Young To Die included chains, leather, and sleeveless t-shirts adorned with provocative statements,[5] reflecting Westwood's politically-informed design inspirations. With the boutique’s name paying homage to James Dean, the signage featured a black background with white lettering spelling out the shop’s new name around a large skull and crossbones, a new era of youth subculture was echoed.","title":"Too Fast To Live, Too Young To Die"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"rebranded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebranding"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marieclaire.co.uk-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti"},{"link_name":"SCUM Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pamela Rooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Rooke"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"Glen Matlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Matlock"},{"link_name":"John Lydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lydon"},{"link_name":"Alice Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper"},{"link_name":"I'm Eighteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Eighteen"},{"link_name":"Chrissie Hynde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrissie_Hynde"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Adam Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ant"},{"link_name":"Marco Pirroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pirroni"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux"},{"link_name":"Steven Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Severin"},{"link_name":"Bromley Contingent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley_Contingent"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Rapist's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Samuel_Cook"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marieclaire.co.uk-8"},{"link_name":"Jim French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_French_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island School of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Alexander Trocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Trocchi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Joe Orton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Orton"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"In the spring of 1974 the shop underwent another refurbishment[7] and was rebranded with the name SEX.The façade[8] included a 4-foot (1.2 m) sign of pink foam rubber letters spelling \"SEX\",[9][10] and the interior of the boutique was covered with graffiti from the SCUM Manifesto and chickenwire. Rubber curtains covered the walls and red carpeting was installed.SEX[11] sold fetish and bondage wear supplied by existing specialist labels such as Atomage, She-And-Me and London Leatherman as well as designs by McLaren and Westwood.[12] Jordan (Pamela Rooke) was a sales assistant.[13][14] Among customers at SEX were the four original members of Sex Pistols (the bass-player Glen Matlock was an employee as a sales assistant on Saturdays). The group's name was provided by McLaren in partial promotion of the boutique. In August 1975, nineteen-year-old John Lydon was persuaded to audition for the group by singing along to Alice Cooper's \"I'm Eighteen\" on the jukebox. Other notable patrons included occasional assistant Chrissie Hynde,[15] Adam Ant, Marco Pirroni, Siouxsie Sioux, Steven Severin and the rest of the Bromley Contingent.The store's designs confronted social and sexual taboos, and included T-shirts bearing images of the Cambridge Rapist's face hood,[16] semi-naked cowboys[8] from a 1969 illustration by the US artist Jim French,[17] trompe-l'œil bare breasts[18] by Rhode Island School of Design students Janusz and Laura Gottwald in the late 1960s,[17] and pornographic texts from the book School for Wives (\"I groaned with pain...in a soft corrosion\")[19][20][21] by the beat author Alexander Trocchi. Also featured were T-shirts[22] with the slogan 'Prick Up Your Ears',[23] a reference to the biography of influential proto-punk subversive Joe Orton, and text culled from the biography of Orton stating how cheap clothes suited him. Among the designs were clear plastic-pocketed jeans, zippered tops and the Anarchy shirt[24][25] which used dead stock from the 1960s manufacturer Wemblex.[26][27] These were bleached and dyed shirts and adorned with silk Karl Marx patches and anarchist slogans.[28][29][30][31][32]","title":"Sex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood"},{"link_name":"Acme Attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acme_Attractions"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent.co.uk-42"}],"text":"In December 1976, 430 King's Road was renamed Seditionaries,[33][34] trading under that title until September 1980.[35] As Seditionaries: Clothes for Heroes, the boutique adopted brutalist interior and exterior styling: large murals depicting imagery of bomb damage, harshly bright lighting, and cavities perforating the ceiling created by McLaren,[7] surrounded Westwood's innovative garments now considered punk signatures.Designs were licensed by Westwood to the operators of the boutique at 153 King's Road, Boy (formerly Acme Attractions)[36] who issued them, some with alterations, over the next eight years.[37] Boy London was founded by Stephane Raynor[38] and Israel-based businessman John Krivine[39] in 1976 on the King's Road.[40][41] Krivine sold the company in 1984.[42]","title":"Seditionaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athitaya_Restaurant,_430_King%27s_Road,_London_SW10_0LJ,_4_June_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roger Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Burton"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"World's EndIn late 1980, the shop at 430 King's Road re-opened under the name World's End. The building was designed by McLaren and Westwood and realised by Roger Burton, aided by Jeremy Blackburn and Tony Devers, to resemble a mixture of the Olde Curiosity Shoppe and an 18th-century galleon. The façade was installed with a large clock which spun backwards with the floor raked at an angle. McLaren and Westwood launched the first of a series of collections[43] from the outlet at the beginning of 1981 and collaborated for a further three years. World's End remains open as part of Vivienne Westwood's global fashion empire.[44]","title":"World's End"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan (Pamela Rooke)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Rooke"},{"link_name":"Glen Matlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Matlock"},{"link_name":"Chrissie Hynde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrissie_Hynde"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marieclaire.co.uk-8"},{"link_name":"Sid Vicious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Vicious"}],"text":"Many people related with the punk scene worked at the shop in one way or another. A notable employee was Jordan (Pamela Rooke), whose provocative dress sense served as a walking advertisement for the shop. At various times, Glen Matlock, Chrissie Hynde[8] and Sid Vicious also worked there.","title":"Famous shop assistants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-250-06599-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-06599-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1330344195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1330344195"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781604860054","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604860054"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"801388488","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/801388488"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4472-5413-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-5413-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1028471285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1028471285"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9552017-0-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9552017-0-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-571-13975-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13975-0"},{"link_name":"Rotten: No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten:_No_Irish,_No_Blacks,_No_Dogs"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-11883-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-11883-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9554643-0-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9554643-0-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9554643-2-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9554643-2-4"}],"text":"Albertine, Viv (25 November 2014). Clothes, Clothes, Clothes. Music, Music, Music. Boys, Boys, Boys.: A Memoir. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-250-06599-5. OCLC 1330344195.\nRobb, John (15 December 2010). Punk Rock: An Oral History. PM Press. ISBN 9781604860054. OCLC 801388488.\nWestwood, Vivienne; Kelly, Ian (9 October 2014). Vivienne Westwood. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4472-5413-3. OCLC 1028471285.\nThe Look: Adventures in rock & pop fashion by Paul Gorman. Publisher: London, Adelita Ltd, 2006 ISBN 978-0-9552017-0-7\nEngland's Dreaming Sex Pistols and Punk Rock by Jon Savage. Publisher: London, Faber & Faber Ltd, 1991 ISBN 978-0-571-13975-0\nRotten: No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs by John Lydon. Publisher: Picador, 1995 ISBN 0-312-11883-X\nSEX & SEDITIONARIES: The incomplete sordid works of Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren\" by PunkPistol. Publisher: First Edition, 2006. ISBN 0-9554643-0-7\n\"DESTROY by PunkPistol. Vivienne Westwood & Malcolm McLaren: The destruction and deconstruction of punk clothing\" by PunkPistol. Publisher: First Edition, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9554643-2-4","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"World's End","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Athitaya_Restaurant%2C_430_King%27s_Road%2C_London_SW10_0LJ%2C_4_June_2011.jpg/170px-Athitaya_Restaurant%2C_430_King%27s_Road%2C_London_SW10_0LJ%2C_4_June_2011.jpg"}]	[{"title":"World's End, Kensington and Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_End,_Kensington_and_Chelsea"},{"title":"SEX: Too Fast To Live Too Young To Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEX:_Too_Fast_To_Live_Too_Young_To_Die"},{"title":"jukebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukebox"}]	[{"reference":"Albertine, Viv (25 November 2014). Clothes, Clothes, Clothes. Music, Music, Music. Boys, Boys, Boys.: A Memoir. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-250-06599-5. OCLC 1330344195.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-06599-5","url_text":"978-1-250-06599-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1330344195","url_text":"1330344195"}]},{"reference":"Robb, John (15 December 2010). Punk Rock: An Oral History. PM Press. ISBN 9781604860054. OCLC 801388488.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604860054","url_text":"9781604860054"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801388488","url_text":"801388488"}]},{"reference":"Westwood, Vivienne; Kelly, Ian (9 October 2014). Vivienne Westwood. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4472-5413-3. OCLC 1028471285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-5413-3","url_text":"978-1-4472-5413-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1028471285","url_text":"1028471285"}]},{"reference":"J.C. Maçek III (6 June 2013). \"Fashionably Anti-Establishment: 'Punk: From Chaos to Couture'\". PopMatters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/171894-punk-from-chaos-to-couture-by-andrew-bolton-et.-al/","url_text":"\"Fashionably Anti-Establishment: 'Punk: From Chaos to Couture'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Paul (16 May 2015). \"The original pop shop\". The Architects’ Journal. Retrieved 17 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/practice/culture/the-original-pop-shop","url_text":"\"The original pop shop\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kings Road Archives – Flashbak\". Flashbak. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://flashbak.com/tag/kings-road/","url_text":"\"Kings Road Archives – Flashbak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A: BOY London on Outfitting the Punk Movement\". Rolling Stone. I started by selling Fifties clothing to him. – Stephane Raynor","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/boy-london-on-outfitting-the-punk-movement-20120920","url_text":"\"Q&A: BOY London on Outfitting the Punk Movement\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Many Lives of Vivienne Westwood's Worlds End Shop\". AnOther. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2022. Between 1971 and 1976, their boutique operated under the names, Let it Rock, Too Fast to Live Too Young to Die, Sex and Seditionaries, before being reinvented as Worlds End in 1979, a title the store still holds today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/8672/clothes-for-heroes-the-story-of-westwoods-worlds-end-shop","url_text":"\"The Many Lives of Vivienne Westwood's Worlds End Shop\""}]},{"reference":"\"1972 - 1979 \| LET IT ROCK, SEDITIONARIES & EVERYTHING IN BETWEEN\". TheHistorialist. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehistorialist.com/2015/02/1972-1979-let-it-rock-seditionaries.html","url_text":"\"1972 - 1979 \| LET IT ROCK, SEDITIONARIES & EVERYTHING IN BETWEEN\""}]},{"reference":"\"::THE LOOK – adventures in rock and pop fashion:: » The Politics Of Flash revisited\". rockpopfashion.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://rockpopfashion.com/blog/?p=232","url_text":"\"::THE LOOK – adventures in rock and pop fashion:: » The Politics Of Flash revisited\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anarchy in the UK: A Brief History Of Punk Fashion\". Marie Claire. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/fashion/a-brief-history-of-punk-fashion-79145","url_text":"\"Anarchy in the UK: A Brief History Of Punk Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"_black_acrylic (3 March 2014). \"_Black_Acrylic: SEX\". 0black0acrylic.blogspot.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://0black0acrylic.blogspot.com/2014/03/sex.html","url_text":"\"_Black_Acrylic: SEX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sex signage: Was McLaren inspired by Lubalin's cladding for the Georg Jensen flagship NY store?\". paulgormanis.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paulgormanis.com/?p=18560","url_text":"\"Sex signage: Was McLaren inspired by Lubalin's cladding for the Georg Jensen flagship NY store?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Spedding: Unsung hero of Seventies style from Alkasura + Granny Takes A Trip to Let It Rock, Sex + Seditionaries\". Paul Gorman is... Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paulgormanis.com/?tag=sex","url_text":"\"Chris Spedding: Unsung hero of Seventies style from Alkasura + Granny Takes A Trip to Let It Rock, Sex + Seditionaries\""}]},{"reference":"Westwood, Vivienne; Kelly, Ian (9 October 2014). Vivienne Westwood. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9781447254133. Retrieved 12 April 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FV3nAwAAQBAJ&q=Westwood&pg=PT139","url_text":"Vivienne Westwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447254133","url_text":"9781447254133"}]},{"reference":"Drury, Colin (10 November 2017). \"Jordan poses at Vivienne Westwood's SEX shop: 'I'm not sure why I lifted my top, but it felt right'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/nov/10/jordan-vivienne-westwood-sex-shop-photo","url_text":"\"Jordan poses at Vivienne Westwood's SEX shop: 'I'm not sure why I lifted my top, but it felt right'\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE FILTH & THE FASHION – VIVIENNE WESTWOOD'S '70s SEX RAG REVOLUTION\". selvedgeyard.com. 7 October 2010. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190525021149/https://selvedgeyard.com/2010/10/07/the-filth-the-fashion-vivienne-westwoods-70s-sex-rag-revolution/","url_text":"\"THE FILTH & THE FASHION – VIVIENNE WESTWOOD'S '70s SEX RAG REVOLUTION\""},{"url":"https://selvedgeyard.com/2010/10/07/the-filth-the-fashion-vivienne-westwoods-70s-sex-rag-revolution/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chrissie Hynde + Kate Simon in Malcolm McLaren's Sex Pistols Smoking Boy T-shirts\". paulgormanis.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paulgormanis.com/?p=8459","url_text":"\"Chrissie Hynde + Kate Simon in Malcolm McLaren's Sex Pistols Smoking Boy T-shirts\""}]},{"reference":"\"When Life Means Life – The Cambridge Rapist\". wordpress.com. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://truecrimeenthusiast.wordpress.com/2016/12/14/the-cambridge-rapist/","url_text":"\"When Life Means Life – The Cambridge Rapist\""}]},{"reference":"\"The origins of the Tits tee: Robert Watts + Products for Implosions Inc\". paulgormanis.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paulgormanis.com/?p=4470","url_text":"\"The origins of the Tits tee: Robert Watts + Products for Implosions Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"::THE LOOK – adventures in rock and pop fashion:: » The strange and intriguing tale of the \"tits tee\"\". rockpopfashion.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://rockpopfashion.com/blog/?p=24","url_text":"\"::THE LOOK – adventures in rock and pop fashion:: » The strange and intriguing tale of the \"tits tee\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"When The Runaways guitarist Lita Ford raffled her McLaren/Westwood I Groaned With Pain t-shirt\". paulgormanis.com. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paulgormanis.com/?p=15935","url_text":"\"When The Runaways guitarist Lita Ford raffled her McLaren/Westwood I Groaned With Pain t-shirt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Only anarchists are pretty! Slogan in Fashion\". Or Not Magazine. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ornotmagazine.com/?mtheme_portfolio=only-anarchists-pretty-slogan-fashion","url_text":"\"Only anarchists are pretty! Slogan in Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antidizionario della Moda\". antidizionariodellamoda.tumblr.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308100725/https://antidizionariodellamoda.tumblr.com/tagged/vivienne-westwood/chrono","url_text":"\"Antidizionario della Moda\""},{"url":"https://antidizionariodellamoda.tumblr.com/tagged/vivienne-westwood/chrono","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seditionaries – Prick Up Your Ears muslin\". flickr.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Action_in_Chicago	Love and Action in Chicago	["1 Cast","2 Reception","2.1 Critical reception","3 References","4 External links"]	1999 American filmLove And Action In ChicagoTheatrical posterDirected byDwayne Johnson-CochranWritten byDwayne Johnson-CochranProduced byDavid ForrestBeau RogersBetsey ChasseDanny GoldStarringCourtney B. VanceRegina KingJason AlexanderKathleen TurnerEd AsnerCinematographyPhil ParmetEdited byJ. Kathleen GibsonMusic byRuss LandauDistributed byMTI Home VideoRelease date May 1, 1999 (1999-05-01) Running time95 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Love And Action In Chicago is a 1999 American action romantic comedy starring Courtney B. Vance, Regina King and Kathleen Turner. The film, written and directed by Dwayne Johnson-Cochran, in his directorial debut, focuses on a celibate hired assassin finding love with a quirky accountant in Chicago. Cast Courtney B. Vance as Eddie Jones Regina King as Lois Newton Kathleen Turner as Middleman Jason Alexander as Frank Bonner Edward Asner as Taylor Robert Breuler as Oli Michael Gilio as Martin Reception Critical reception Variety's Todd McCarthy described the film as a "spirited but unlikely romantic romp" that treats serious issues with discordant frivolity. While praising the film's imaginative genre play, sprightly writing, and performances, he notes that it struggles to effectively address moral complexities, leading to a disjunction between its comic style and serious undertones. He suggests that the film's virtues may not lead to major theatrical success but could find a promising audience on cable and video platforms. References ^ "Love-and-Action-in-Chicago - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com". movies.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ a b McCarthy, Todd (1999-10-19). "Love and Action in Chicago". Variety. Retrieved 2023-10-17. External links Love and Action in Chicago at IMDb Love and Action in Chicago at Rotten Tomatoes Love and Action in Chicago at AllMovie https://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/love-and-action-in-chicago-2-1200459447/ This article about a 1990s romantic comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to an American film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Courtney B. Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_B._Vance"},{"link_name":"Regina King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_King"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Turner"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Love And Action In Chicago is a 1999 American action romantic comedy starring Courtney B. Vance, Regina King and Kathleen Turner. The film, written and directed by Dwayne Johnson-Cochran, in his directorial debut, focuses on a celibate hired assassin finding love with a quirky accountant in Chicago.[1]","title":"Love and Action in Chicago"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Courtney B. Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_B._Vance"},{"link_name":"Regina King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_King"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Turner"},{"link_name":"Jason Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Edward Asner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Asner"},{"link_name":"Michael Gilio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gilio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Courtney B. Vance as Eddie Jones\nRegina King as Lois Newton\nKathleen Turner as Middleman\nJason Alexander as Frank Bonner\nEdward Asner as Taylor\nRobert Breuler as Oli\nMichael Gilio as Martin[2]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Todd McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Variety's Todd McCarthy described the film as a \"spirited but unlikely romantic romp\" that treats serious issues with discordant frivolity. While praising the film's imaginative genre play, sprightly writing, and performances, he notes that it struggles to effectively address moral complexities, leading to a disjunction between its comic style and serious undertones. He suggests that the film's virtues may not lead to major theatrical success but could find a promising audience on cable and video platforms.[2]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Love-and-Action-in-Chicago - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com\". movies.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110825191109/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/181819/Love-and-Action-in-Chicago/overview","url_text":"\"Love-and-Action-in-Chicago - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com\""},{"url":"http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/181819/Love-and-Action-in-Chicago/overview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Todd (1999-10-19). \"Love and Action in Chicago\". Variety. Retrieved 2023-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/love-and-action-in-chicago-1117752260/","url_text":"\"Love and Action in Chicago\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110825191109/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/181819/Love-and-Action-in-Chicago/overview","external_links_name":"\"Love-and-Action-in-Chicago - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com\""},{"Link":"http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/181819/Love-and-Action-in-Chicago/overview","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/love-and-action-in-chicago-1117752260/","external_links_name":"\"Love and Action in Chicago\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0176948/","external_links_name":"Love and Action in Chicago"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/love_and_action_in_chicago","external_links_name":"Love and Action in Chicago"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v181819","external_links_name":"Love and Action in Chicago"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/love-and-action-in-chicago-2-1200459447/","external_links_name":"https://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/love-and-action-in-chicago-2-1200459447/"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_and_Action_in_Chicago&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_and_Action_in_Chicago&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuknoom_Ch%CA%BCeen_II	Yuknoom Chʼeen II	["1 Biography","1.1 Birth","1.2 Reign","2 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Yuknoom Chʼeen II" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ajaw Yuknoom Che'en IIAjawFunerary mask of Yuknoom Ch'een IIKing of CalakmulReign1 May 636 - 686PredecessorYuknoom HeadSuccessorYuknoom Yichʼaak KʼahkʼBorn11 September 600CalakmulDied686(686-00-00) (aged 85–86)CalakmulIssueYuknoom Yichʼaak KʼahkʼLady K'abel, Queen of El PerúA daughter, Queen of La CoronaU-Hand K'inichHouseSnake dynastyFatherScroll SerpentMotherLady Scroll-in-HandReligionMaya religion This article is part of a series on theMaya civilization People Society Languages Writing Religion Mythology Sacrifice Cities Architecture Astronomy Calendar Stelae Art Textiles Trade Music Dance Medicine Cuisine Warfare History Preclassic Maya Classic Maya collapse Spanish conquest of the Maya Yucatán Chiapas Guatemala Petén Mesoamerica portalvte Yuknoom Chʼeen II (September 11, 600 – 680s), known as Yuknoom the Great, was a Maya ruler of the Kaan kingdom, which had its capital at Calakmul during the Classic Period of Mesoamerican chronology. Biography Birth Yuknoom was born on September 11, 600. His parents were possibly King Scroll Serpent and his wife, Lady Scroll-in-hand. Reign As he acceded in AD 636 and his successor followed him upon the throne in 686, Yuknoom the Great is known to have ruled the Kaan kingdom for fifty years during the height of its power and ascendency over Tikal. He took the name of the Early Classic king Yuknoom Chʼeen I upon his accession. As Tikal was showing strong signs of recovering from the defeat of its king Wak Chan Kʼawiil almost one hundred years earlier, Yuknoom exerted himself against Kaan's great rival; he accomplished this in the context of a division in Tikal's dynastic line whereby both Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil of Dos Pilas and his probable brother (or half-brother) Nuun Ujol Chaak of Tikal came to style themselves holy lords of Mutal. The initial circumstances of the relationship between Dos Pilas and Tikal are murky, but in 650 Bajlaj Chan Kʼawiil was attacked and driven from his city, and he came to acknowledge the Snake ruler as his overlord and ally in the factional dispute with Tikal. In 657 Yuknoom Chʼeen turned his attention to Tikal and vanquished it in a "star war" encounter, as a consequence of which Nuun Ujol Chaak must have pledged some form of fealty, because both he and Bajlaj Chan Kʼawiil subsequently attended a ritual performed by Calakmul prince Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ. But then in 672 the Tikal king asserted his independence by ousting Bajlaj Chan Kʼawiil from Dos Pilas and pursuing him as he sought refuge at other sites. Calakmul then intervened in 677 and dealt Nuun Ujol Chaak a second defeat, which was followed in 679 by a decisive vanquishment at the hands of Dos Pilas, almost certainly with Calakmul aid. The following year brought turmoil to another region of Kaan's hegemony; Naranjo, which had defected from its vassal status after the death of Aj Wosal Chan Kʼinich and had been punished by the defeat of its thirty-sixth ruler, had recovered sufficiently for the thirty-seventh to attack Kaan's client Caracol. Retribution seems to have followed swiftly, however, as the royal lineage of Naranjo was terminated within two years, ultimately to be replaced by the grandson of Bajlaj Chan Kʼawiil. Yuknoom Chʼeen's superordinate status was recognized in inscriptions at a number of sites, while it is probable that a great many other such mentions are lost to us. He sponsored three generations of Cancuen rulers and oversaw the accessions of two of them in 656 and 677. And far to the west of Calakmul, the accession of a king at Moral-Reforma in 662 took place under the auspices of Kaan, an event apparently coordinated with an attack by Piedras Negras on Moral-Reforma's neighbor Santa Elena that same year — an inscription at Piedras Negras mentions Calakmul six days before this event. An emissary of Yuknoom Chʼeen also supervised a ritual at Piedras Negras in 685. Yuknoom the Great was well into his eighties when he died, and it is likely that many of the successes of his later years were actually the achievements of his successor, Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ. Relations with La Corona were enhanced when a daughter of Yuknoom Chʼeen married a lord of that site in 679. References ^ Martin and Grube 2008:108 ^ Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens by Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube (2008:56-57, 74-75, 94-95, 108-9) vteMaya civilizationHistory Preclassic Maya Classic Maya collapse Spanish conquest Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán Topics Architecture E-Group Triadic pyramid Twin-pyramid complex Revival Art Graffiti Ceramics Cities Cuisine Dance Economy Trade Maritime trade Languages Classic Script List Mayanist Medicine Music Mythology Numerals People Sites Stelae Textiles Warfare Society Childhood Women Midwifery Religion Priesthood Sacrifice Human sacrifice Death rituals Social classes Ajaw Households Calendar Ajaw Baktun Haabʼ Kʼatun Kʼin Tun Tzolkʼin Winal Literature Annals of the Cakchiquels Chilam Balam Codices Dresden Grolier Madrid Paris Popol Vuh Rabinal Achí Ritual of the Bacabs Songs of Dzitbalché Título Cʼoyoi Título de Totonicapán Deities Classic Bacab Chaac Death gods God L Goddess I Hero Twins Howler monkey gods Itzamna Ixchel Jaguar gods Kʼawiil Kinich Ahau Maize god Mam Moon goddess Yopaat Post-Classic Acat Ah-Muzen-Cab Akna Chin Ixtab Kukulkan Yum Kaax Popol Vuh Awilix Camazotz Hun Hunahpu Huracan Jacawitz Qʼuqʼumatz Tohil Vucub Caquix Xmucane and Xpiacoc Xquic Zipacna Kings Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil Haʼ Kʼin Xook Itzam Kʼan Ahk II Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal Kʼinich Yat Ahk II Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil Yoʼnal Ahk III Yuknoom Chʼeen II Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ Queens Lady Eveningstar Lady of Itzan Lady of Tikal Lady Xoc Sak Kʼukʼ Wak Chanil Ajaw Yohl Ikʼnal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pronunciation?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization"},{"link_name":"Calakmul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calakmul"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerican chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology"}],"text":"AjawYuknoom Chʼeen II[pronunciation?] (September 11, 600 – 680s), known as Yuknoom the Great, was a Maya ruler of the Kaan kingdom, which had its capital at Calakmul during the Classic Period of Mesoamerican chronology.","title":"Yuknoom Chʼeen II"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scroll Serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_Serpent"},{"link_name":"Lady Scroll-in-hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Scroll-in-hand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Birth","text":"Yuknoom was born on September 11, 600. His parents were possibly King Scroll Serpent and his wife, Lady Scroll-in-hand. [citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Yuknoom Chʼeen I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuknoom_Ch%CA%BCeen_I"},{"link_name":"Wak Chan Kʼawiil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wak_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil"},{"link_name":"Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%CA%BCalaj_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil"},{"link_name":"Dos Pilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Pilas"},{"link_name":"Nuun Ujol Chaak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuun_Ujol_Chaak"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"star war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_war"},{"link_name":"Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuknoom_Yich%CA%BCaak_K%CA%BCahk%CA%BC"},{"link_name":"Calakmul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calakmul"},{"link_name":"Naranjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naranjo"},{"link_name":"Aj Wosal Chan Kʼinich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aj_Wosal_Chan_K%CA%BCinich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caracol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracol"},{"link_name":"Cancuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancuen"},{"link_name":"Piedras Negras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"La Corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Corona"}],"sub_title":"Reign","text":"As he acceded in AD 636 and his successor followed him upon the throne in 686, Yuknoom the Great is known to have ruled the Kaan kingdom for fifty years during the height of its power and ascendency over Tikal.[1] He took the name of the Early Classic king Yuknoom Chʼeen I upon his accession.As Tikal was showing strong signs of recovering from the defeat of its king Wak Chan Kʼawiil almost one hundred years earlier, Yuknoom exerted himself against Kaan's great rival; he accomplished this in the context of a division in Tikal's dynastic line whereby both Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil of Dos Pilas and his probable brother (or half-brother) Nuun Ujol Chaak of Tikal came to style themselves holy lords of Mutal. The initial circumstances of the relationship between Dos Pilas and Tikal are murky, but in 650 Bajlaj Chan Kʼawiil was attacked and driven from his city, and he came to acknowledge the Snake ruler as his overlord and ally in the factional dispute with Tikal.[citation needed]In 657 Yuknoom Chʼeen turned his attention to Tikal and vanquished it in a \"star war\" encounter, as a consequence of which Nuun Ujol Chaak must have pledged some form of fealty, because both he and Bajlaj Chan Kʼawiil subsequently attended a ritual performed by Calakmul prince Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ. But then in 672 the Tikal king asserted his independence by ousting Bajlaj Chan Kʼawiil from Dos Pilas and pursuing him as he sought refuge at other sites. Calakmul then intervened in 677 and dealt Nuun Ujol Chaak a second defeat, which was followed in 679 by a decisive vanquishment at the hands of Dos Pilas, almost certainly with Calakmul aid.The following year brought turmoil to another region of Kaan's hegemony; Naranjo, which had defected from its vassal status after the death of Aj Wosal Chan Kʼinich and had been punished by the defeat of its thirty-sixth ruler, had recovered sufficiently for the thirty-seventh to attack Kaan's client Caracol. Retribution seems to have followed swiftly, however, as the royal lineage of Naranjo was terminated within two years, ultimately to be replaced by the grandson of Bajlaj Chan Kʼawiil.Yuknoom Chʼeen's superordinate status was recognized in inscriptions at a number of sites, while it is probable that a great many other such mentions are lost to us. He sponsored three generations of Cancuen rulers and oversaw the accessions of two of them in 656 and 677. And far to the west of Calakmul, the accession of a king at Moral-Reforma in 662 took place under the auspices of Kaan, an event apparently coordinated with an attack by Piedras Negras on Moral-Reforma's neighbor Santa Elena that same year — an inscription at Piedras Negras mentions Calakmul six days before this event. An emissary of Yuknoom Chʼeen also supervised a ritual at Piedras Negras in 685.Yuknoom the Great was well into his eighties when he died, and it is likely that many of the successes of his later years were actually the achievements of his successor, Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ.[2]Relations with La Corona were enhanced when a daughter of Yuknoom Chʼeen married a lord of that site in 679.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yuknoom+Ch%CA%BCeen+II%22","external_links_name":"\"Yuknoom Chʼeen II\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yuknoom+Ch%CA%BCeen+II%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yuknoom+Ch%CA%BCeen+II%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yuknoom+Ch%CA%BCeen+II%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yuknoom+Ch%CA%BCeen+II%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yuknoom+Ch%CA%BCeen+II%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_manipulator	Parallel manipulator	["1 Design features","2 Lower mobility","3 Comparison to serial manipulators","4 Applications","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Type of mechanical system Abstract render of a Hexapod platform (Stewart Platform) A parallel manipulator is a mechanical system that uses several computer-controlled serial chains to support a single platform, or end-effector. Perhaps, the best known parallel manipulator is formed from six linear actuators that support a movable base for devices such as flight simulators. This device is called a Stewart platform or the Gough-Stewart platform in recognition of the engineers who first designed and used them. Over-actuated planar parallel manipulator simulated with MeKin2D. Also known as parallel robots, or generalized Stewart platforms (in the Stewart platform, the actuators are paired together on both the basis and the platform), these systems are articulated robots that use similar mechanisms for the movement of either the robot on its base, or one or more manipulator arms. Their 'parallel' distinction, as opposed to a serial manipulator, is that the end effector (or 'hand') of this linkage (or 'arm') is directly connected to its base by a number of (usually three or six) separate and independent linkages working simultaneously. No geometrical parallelism is implied. Design features A parallel manipulator is designed so that each chain is usually short, simple and can thus be rigid against unwanted movement, compared to a serial manipulator. Errors in one chain's positioning are averaged in conjunction with the others, rather than being cumulative. Each actuator must still move within its own degree of freedom, as for a serial robot; however in the parallel robot the off-axis flexibility of a joint is also constrained by the effect of the other chains. It is this closed-loop stiffness that makes the overall parallel manipulator stiff relative to its components, unlike the serial chain that becomes progressively less rigid with more components. This mutual stiffening also permits simple construction: Stewart platform hexapods chains use prismatic joint linear actuators between any-axis universal ball joints. The ball joints are passive: simply free to move, without actuators or brakes; their position is constrained solely by the other chains. Delta robots have base-mounted rotary actuators that move a light, stiff, parallelogram arm. The effector is mounted between the tips of three of these arms and again, it may be mounted with simple ball-joints. Static representation of a parallel robot is often akin to that of a pin-jointed truss: the links and their actuators feel only tension or compression, without any bending or torque, which again reduces the effects of any flexibility to off-axis forces. A further advantage of the parallel manipulator is that the heavy actuators may often be centrally mounted on a single base platform, the movement of the arm taking place through struts and joints alone. This reduction in mass along the arm permits a lighter arm construction, thus lighter actuators and faster movements. This centralisation of mass also reduces the robot's overall moment of inertia, which may be an advantage for a mobile or walking robot. All these features result in manipulators with a wide range of motion capability. As their speed of action is often constrained by their rigidity rather than sheer power, they can be fast-acting, in comparison to serial manipulators. Lower mobility A manipulator can move an object with up to 6 degrees of freedom (DoF), determined by 3 translation 3T and 3 rotation 3R coordinates for full 3T3R mobility. However, when a manipulation task requires less than 6 DoF, the use of lower mobility manipulators, with fewer than 6 DoF, may bring advantages in terms of simpler architecture, easier control, faster motion and lower cost. For example, the 3 DoF Delta robot has lower 3T mobility and has proven to be very successful for rapid pick-and-place translational positioning applications. The workspace of lower mobility manipulators may be decomposed into `motion’ and `constraint’ subspaces. For example, 3 position coordinates constitute the motion subspace of the 3 DoF Delta robot and the 3 orientation coordinates are in the constraint subspace. The motion subspace of lower mobility manipulators may be further decomposed into independent (desired) and dependent subspaces: consisting of `concomitant’ or `parasitic’ motion which is undesired motion of the manipulator. The debilitating effects of parasitic motion should be mitigated or eliminated in the successful design of lower mobility manipulators. For example, the Delta robot does not have parasitic motion since its end effector does not rotate. Comparison to serial manipulators Hexapod positioning systems, also known as Stewart Platforms. Most robot applications require rigidity. Serial robots may achieve this by using high-quality rotary joints that permit movement in one axis but are rigid against movement outside this. Any joint permitting movement must also have this movement under deliberate control by an actuator. A movement requiring several axes thus requires a number of such joints. Unwanted flexibility or sloppiness in one joint causes a similar sloppiness in the arm, which may be amplified by the distance between the joint and the end-effectuor: there is no opportunity to brace one joint's movement against another. Their inevitable hysteresis and off-axis flexibility accumulates along the arm's kinematic chain; a precision serial manipulator is a compromise between precision, complexity, mass (of the manipulator and of the manipulated objects) and cost. On the other hand, with parallel manipulators, a high rigidity may be obtained with a small mass of the manipulator (relatively to the charge being manipulated). This allows high precision and high speed of movements, and motivates the use of parallel manipulators in flight simulators (high speed with rather large masses) and electrostatic or magnetic lenses in particle accelerators (very high precision in positioning large masses). A five-bar parallel robot Sketchy, a portrait-drawing delta robot A drawback of parallel manipulators, in comparison to serial manipulators, is their limited workspace. As for serial manipulators, the workspace is limited by the geometrical and mechanical limits of the design (collisions between legs maximal and minimal lengths of the legs). The workspace is also limited by the existence of singularities, which are positions where, for some trajectories of the movement, the variation of the lengths of the legs is infinitely smaller than the variation of the position. Conversely, at a singular position, a force (like gravity) applied on the end-effector induce infinitely large constraints on the legs, which may result in a kind of "explosion" of the manipulator. The determination of the singular positions is difficult (for a general parallel manipulator, this is an open problem). This implies that the workspaces of the parallel manipulators are, usually, artificially limited to a small region where one knows that there is no singularity. Another drawback of parallel manipulators is their nonlinear behavior: the command which is needed for getting a linear or a circular movement of the end-effector depends dramatically on the location in the workspace and does not vary linearly during the movement. Applications Major industrial applications of these devices are: flight simulators automobile simulators in work processes photonics / optical fiber alignment They have also become more popular: in high speed, high-accuracy positioning with limited workspace, such as in assembly of PCBs as micro manipulators mounted on the end effector of larger but slower serial manipulators as high speed/high-precision milling machines Parallel robots are usually more limited in the workspace; for instance, they generally cannot reach around obstacles. The calculations involved in performing a desired manipulation (forward kinematics) are also usually more difficult and can lead to multiple solutions. Prototype of "PAR4", a 4-degree-of-freedom, high-speed, parallel robot. Two examples of popular parallel robots are the Stewart platform and the Delta robot. See also Robot kinematics Cartesian parallel manipulators References ^ Merlet, J.P. (2008). Parallel Robots, 2nd Edition. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4132-7. ^ Di, Raffaele (2006-12-01), Cubero, Sam (ed.), "Parallel Manipulators with Lower Mobility", Industrial Robotics: Theory, Modelling and Control, Pro Literatur Verlag, Germany / ARS, Austria, doi:10.5772/5030, ISBN 978-3-86611-285-8, retrieved 2020-12-03 ^ Device for the movement and positioning of an element in space, R. Clavel - US Patent 4,976,582, 1990 ^ R. Clavel, Delta: a fast robot with parallel geometry, Proc 18th Int Symp Ind Robots; Sydney, Australia (1988), pp. 91-100 ^ Nigatu, Hassen; Yihun, Yimesker (2020), Larochelle, Pierre; McCarthy, J. Michael (eds.), "Algebraic Insight on the Concomitant Motion of 3RPS and 3PRS PKMS", Proceedings of the 2020 USCToMM Symposium on Mechanical Systems and Robotics, Mechanisms and Machine Science, vol. 83, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 242–252, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43929-3_22, ISBN 978-3-030-43928-6, S2CID 218789290, retrieved 2020-12-13 ^ Nigatu, Hassen; Choi, Yun Ho; Kim, Doik (2021-10-01). "Analysis of parasitic motion with the constraint embedded Jacobian for a 3-PRS parallel manipulator". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 164: 104409. doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2021.104409. ISSN 0094-114X. ^ Nigatu, Hassen; Kim, Doik (2021-01-01). "Optimization of 3-DoF Manipulators' Parasitic Motion with the Instantaneous Restriction Space-Based Analytic Coupling Relation". Applied Sciences. 11 (10): 4690. doi:10.3390/app11104690. ^ "DexTAR - an educational parallel robot". Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. ^ "Sketchy, a home-constructed drawing robot". Jarkman. ^ "Active and Passive Fiber Alignment". Archived from the original on 2006-12-11. Retrieved 2007-03-29. Further reading Parallel manipulator with parasitic motion.Gogu, Grigore (2008). Structural Synthesis of Parallel Robots, Part 1: Methodology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-5102-9. Gogu, Grigore (2009). Structural Synthesis of Parallel Robots, Part 2: Translational topologies with Two and Three Degrees of Freedom. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-9793-5. Merlet, J.P. (2008). Parallel Robots, 2nd Edition. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4132-7. Kong, X.; Gosselin, C. (2007). Type Synthesis of Parallel Mechanisms. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-71989-2. Gallardo-Alvarado, J. (2016). Kinematic Analysis of Parallel Manipulators by Algebraic Screw Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-31124-1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parallel robots. Parallel Mechanisms Information Center What is a parallel robot? References on parallel robot vteRoboticsMain articles Outline Glossary Index History Geography Hall of Fame Ethics Laws Competitions AI competitions Types Aerobot Anthropomorphic Humanoid Android Cyborg Gynoid Claytronics Companion Automaton Animatronic Audio-Animatronics Industrial Articulated arm Domestic Educational Entertainment Juggling Military Medical Service Disability Agricultural Food service Retail BEAM robotics Soft robotics Classifications Biorobotics Cloud robotics Continuum robot Unmanned vehicle aerial ground Mobile robot Microbotics Nanorobotics Necrobotics Robotic spacecraft Space probe Swarm Telerobotics Underwater remotely-operated Robotic fish Locomotion Tracks Walking Hexapod Climbing Electric unicycle Robotic fins Navigation and mapping Motion planning Simultaneous localization and mapping Visual odometry Vision-guided robot systems Research Evolutionary Kits Simulator Suite Open-source Software Adaptable Developmental Human–robot interaction Paradigms Perceptual Situated Ubiquitous Companies Amazon Robotics Anybots Barrett Technology Boston Dynamics Energid Technologies FarmWise FANUC Figure AI Foster-Miller Harvest Automation Honeybee Robotics Intuitive Surgical IRobot KUKA Starship Technologies Symbotic Universal Robotics Wolf Robotics Yaskawa Related Critique of work Powered exoskeleton Workplace robotics safety Robotic tech vest Technological unemployment Terrainability Fictional robots Category Outline Authority control databases: National Israel United States ^ Nigatu, Hassen; Choi, Yun Ho; Kim, Doik (2021-10-01). "Analysis of parasitic motion with the constraint embedded Jacobian for a 3-PRS parallel manipulator". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 164: 104409. doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2021.104409. ISSN 0094-114X. ^ Nigatu, Hassen; Kim, Doik (2021-01-01). "Optimization of 3-DoF Manipulators' Parasitic Motion with the Instantaneous Restriction Space-Based Analytic Coupling Relation". Applied Sciences. 11 (10): 4690. doi:10.3390/app11104690.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hexapod0a.png"},{"link_name":"mechanical system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_system"},{"link_name":"computer-controlled serial chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_manipulator"},{"link_name":"end-effector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-effector"},{"link_name":"Stewart platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_platform"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Planar_DELTA_robot.gif"},{"link_name":"Stewart platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_platform"},{"link_name":"articulated robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_robot"},{"link_name":"manipulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulator_(device)"},{"link_name":"serial manipulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_manipulator"},{"link_name":"end effector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_effector"},{"link_name":"geometrical parallelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)"}],"text":"Abstract render of a Hexapod platform (Stewart Platform)A parallel manipulator is a mechanical system that uses several computer-controlled serial chains to support a single platform, or end-effector. Perhaps, the best known parallel manipulator is formed from six linear actuators that support a movable base for devices such as flight simulators. This device is called a Stewart platform or the Gough-Stewart platform in recognition of the engineers who first designed and used them.[1]Over-actuated planar parallel manipulator simulated with MeKin2D.Also known as parallel robots, or generalized Stewart platforms (in the Stewart platform, the actuators are paired together on both the basis and the platform), these systems are articulated robots that use similar mechanisms for the movement of either the robot on its base, or one or more manipulator arms. Their 'parallel' distinction, as opposed to a serial manipulator, is that the end effector (or 'hand') of this linkage (or 'arm') is directly connected to its base by a number of (usually three or six) separate and independent linkages working simultaneously. No geometrical parallelism is implied.","title":"Parallel manipulator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"serial manipulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_manipulator"},{"link_name":"degree of freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"closed-loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory#Closed-loop_transfer_function"},{"link_name":"Stewart platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_platform"},{"link_name":"prismatic joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prismatic_joint"},{"link_name":"linear actuators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_actuator"},{"link_name":"ball joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_joint"},{"link_name":"Delta robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_robot"},{"link_name":"rotary actuators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_actuator"},{"link_name":"Static","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statics"},{"link_name":"pin-jointed truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin-jointed_truss"},{"link_name":"moment of inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_inertia"},{"link_name":"walking robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_robot"}],"text":"A parallel manipulator is designed so that each chain is usually short, simple and can thus be rigid against unwanted movement, compared to a serial manipulator. Errors in one chain's positioning are averaged in conjunction with the others, rather than being cumulative. Each actuator must still move within its own degree of freedom, as for a serial robot; however in the parallel robot the off-axis flexibility of a joint is also constrained by the effect of the other chains. It is this closed-loop stiffness that makes the overall parallel manipulator stiff relative to its components, unlike the serial chain that becomes progressively less rigid with more components.This mutual stiffening also permits simple construction: Stewart platform hexapods chains use prismatic joint linear actuators between any-axis universal ball joints. The ball joints are passive: simply free to move, without actuators or brakes; their position is constrained solely by the other chains. Delta robots have base-mounted rotary actuators that move a light, stiff, parallelogram arm. The effector is mounted between the tips of three of these arms and again, it may be mounted with simple ball-joints. Static representation of a parallel robot is often akin to that of a pin-jointed truss: the links and their actuators feel only tension or compression, without any bending or torque, which again reduces the effects of any flexibility to off-axis forces.A further advantage of the parallel manipulator is that the heavy actuators may often be centrally mounted on a single base platform, the movement of the arm taking place through struts and joints alone. This reduction in mass along the arm permits a lighter arm construction, thus lighter actuators and faster movements. This centralisation of mass also reduces the robot's overall moment of inertia, which may be an advantage for a mobile or walking robot.All these features result in manipulators with a wide range of motion capability. As their speed of action is often constrained by their rigidity rather than sheer power, they can be fast-acting, in comparison to serial manipulators.","title":"Design features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"degrees of freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A manipulator can move an object with up to 6 degrees of freedom (DoF), determined by 3 translation 3T and 3 rotation 3R coordinates for full 3T3R mobility. However, when a manipulation task requires less than 6 DoF, the use of lower mobility manipulators, with fewer than 6 DoF, may bring advantages in terms of simpler architecture, easier control, faster motion and lower cost.[2] For example, the 3 DoF Delta [3][4] robot has lower 3T mobility and has proven to be very successful for rapid pick-and-place translational positioning applications. The workspace of lower mobility manipulators may be decomposed into `motion’ and `constraint’ subspaces. For example, 3 position coordinates constitute the motion subspace of the 3 DoF Delta robot and the 3 orientation coordinates are in the constraint subspace. The motion subspace of lower mobility manipulators may be further decomposed into independent (desired) and dependent subspaces: consisting of `concomitant’ or `parasitic’ motion which is undesired motion of the manipulator.[5][6][7] The debilitating effects of parasitic motion should be mitigated or eliminated in the successful design of lower mobility manipulators. For example, the Delta robot does not have parasitic motion since its end effector does not rotate.","title":"Lower mobility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hexapod_positioner_aka_Stewart_platform_x2.jpg"},{"link_name":"hysteresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis"},{"link_name":"kinematic chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_chain"},{"link_name":"flight simulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_simulator"},{"link_name":"electrostatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_lens"},{"link_name":"magnetic lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_lens"},{"link_name":"particle accelerators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DexTAR.jpg"},{"link_name":"five-bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-bar_linkage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sketchy,_portrait-drawing_delta_robot.jpg"},{"link_name":"delta robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_robot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"nonlinear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear"}],"text":"Hexapod positioning systems, also known as Stewart Platforms.Most robot applications require rigidity. Serial robots may achieve this by using high-quality rotary joints that permit movement in one axis but are rigid against movement outside this. Any joint permitting movement must also have this movement under deliberate control by an actuator. A movement requiring several axes thus requires a number of such joints. Unwanted flexibility or sloppiness in one joint causes a similar sloppiness in the arm, which may be amplified by the distance between the joint and the end-effectuor: there is no opportunity to brace one joint's movement against another. Their inevitable hysteresis and off-axis flexibility accumulates along the arm's kinematic chain; a precision serial manipulator is a compromise between precision, complexity, mass (of the manipulator and of the manipulated objects) and cost. On the other hand, with parallel manipulators, a high rigidity may be obtained with a small mass of the manipulator (relatively to the charge being manipulated). This allows high precision and high speed of movements, and motivates the use of parallel manipulators in flight simulators (high speed with rather large masses) and electrostatic or magnetic lenses in particle accelerators (very high precision in positioning large masses).A five-bar parallel robot[8]Sketchy, a portrait-drawing delta robot[9]A drawback of parallel manipulators, in comparison to serial manipulators, is their limited workspace. As for serial manipulators, the workspace is limited by the geometrical and mechanical limits of the design (collisions between legs maximal and minimal lengths of the legs). The workspace is also limited by the existence of singularities, which are positions where, for some trajectories of the movement, the variation of the lengths of the legs is infinitely smaller than the variation of the position. Conversely, at a singular position, a force (like gravity) applied on the end-effector induce infinitely large constraints on the legs, which may result in a kind of \"explosion\" of the manipulator. The determination of the singular positions is difficult (for a general parallel manipulator, this is an open problem). This implies that the workspaces of the parallel manipulators are, usually, artificially limited to a small region where one knows that there is no singularity.Another drawback of parallel manipulators is their nonlinear behavior: the command which is needed for getting a linear or a circular movement of the end-effector depends dramatically on the location in the workspace and does not vary linearly during the movement.","title":"Comparison to serial manipulators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flight simulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_simulator"},{"link_name":"photonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonics"},{"link_name":"optical fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"PCBs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board"},{"link_name":"serial manipulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_manipulator"},{"link_name":"milling machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milling_machine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prototype_robot_parall%C3%A8le_PAR4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stewart platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_platform"},{"link_name":"Delta robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_robot"}],"text":"Major industrial applications of these devices are:flight simulators\nautomobile simulators\nin work processes\nphotonics / optical fiber alignment[10]They have also become more popular:in high speed, high-accuracy positioning with limited workspace, such as in assembly of PCBs\nas micro manipulators mounted on the end effector of larger but slower serial manipulators\nas high speed/high-precision milling machinesParallel robots are usually more limited in the workspace; for instance, they generally cannot reach around obstacles. The calculations involved in performing a desired manipulation (forward kinematics) are also usually more difficult and can lead to multiple solutions.Prototype of \"PAR4\", a 4-degree-of-freedom, high-speed, parallel robot.Two examples of popular parallel robots are the Stewart platform and the Delta robot.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRS_Simulation_Video.gif"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4020-5102-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5102-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4020-9793-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9793-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4020-4132-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4132-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-71989-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-71989-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-319-31124-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31124-1"}],"text":"[1][2] Parallel manipulator with parasitic motion.Gogu, Grigore (2008). Structural Synthesis of Parallel Robots, Part 1: Methodology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-5102-9.\nGogu, Grigore (2009). Structural Synthesis of Parallel Robots, Part 2: Translational topologies with Two and Three Degrees of Freedom. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-9793-5.\nMerlet, J.P. (2008). Parallel Robots, 2nd Edition. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4132-7.\nKong, X.; Gosselin, C. (2007). Type Synthesis of Parallel Mechanisms. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-71989-2.Gallardo-Alvarado, J. (2016). Kinematic Analysis of Parallel Manipulators by Algebraic Screw Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-31124-1.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Abstract render of a Hexapod platform (Stewart Platform)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hexapod0a.png/310px-Hexapod0a.png"},{"image_text":"Over-actuated planar parallel manipulator simulated with MeKin2D.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Planar_DELTA_robot.gif/310px-Planar_DELTA_robot.gif"},{"image_text":"Hexapod positioning systems, also known as Stewart Platforms.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hexapod_positioner_aka_Stewart_platform_x2.jpg/310px-Hexapod_positioner_aka_Stewart_platform_x2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A five-bar parallel robot[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/DexTAR.jpg/240px-DexTAR.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sketchy, a portrait-drawing delta robot[9]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sketchy%2C_portrait-drawing_delta_robot.jpg/240px-Sketchy%2C_portrait-drawing_delta_robot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prototype of \"PAR4\", a 4-degree-of-freedom, high-speed, parallel robot.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prototype_robot_parall%C3%A8le_PAR4.jpg/220px-Prototype_robot_parall%C3%A8le_PAR4.jpg"},{"image_text":"[1][2] Parallel manipulator with parasitic motion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PRS_Simulation_Video.gif/220px-PRS_Simulation_Video.gif"}]	[{"title":"Robot kinematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_kinematics"},{"title":"Cartesian parallel manipulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_parallel_manipulators"}]	[{"reference":"Merlet, J.P. (2008). Parallel Robots, 2nd Edition. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4132-7","url_text":"978-1-4020-4132-7"}]},{"reference":"Di, Raffaele (2006-12-01), Cubero, Sam (ed.), \"Parallel Manipulators with Lower Mobility\", Industrial Robotics: Theory, Modelling and Control, Pro Literatur Verlag, Germany / ARS, Austria, doi:10.5772/5030, ISBN 978-3-86611-285-8, retrieved 2020-12-03","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intechopen.com/books/industrial_robotics_theory_modelling_and_control/parallel_manipulators_with_lower_mobility","url_text":"\"Parallel Manipulators with Lower Mobility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5772%2F5030","url_text":"10.5772/5030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86611-285-8","url_text":"978-3-86611-285-8"}]},{"reference":"Nigatu, Hassen; Yihun, Yimesker (2020), Larochelle, Pierre; McCarthy, J. Michael (eds.), \"Algebraic Insight on the Concomitant Motion of 3RPS and 3PRS PKMS\", Proceedings of the 2020 USCToMM Symposium on Mechanical Systems and Robotics, Mechanisms and Machine Science, vol. 83, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 242–252, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43929-3_22, ISBN 978-3-030-43928-6, S2CID 218789290, retrieved 2020-12-13","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-43929-3_22","url_text":"\"Algebraic Insight on the Concomitant Motion of 3RPS and 3PRS PKMS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-43929-3_22","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-43929-3_22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43928-6","url_text":"978-3-030-43928-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218789290","url_text":"218789290"}]},{"reference":"Nigatu, Hassen; Choi, Yun Ho; Kim, Doik (2021-10-01). \"Analysis of parasitic motion with the constraint embedded Jacobian for a 3-PRS parallel manipulator\". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 164: 104409. doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2021.104409. ISSN 0094-114X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mechmachtheory.2021.104409","url_text":"\"Analysis of parasitic motion with the constraint embedded Jacobian for a 3-PRS parallel manipulator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mechmachtheory.2021.104409","url_text":"10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2021.104409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-114X","url_text":"0094-114X"}]},{"reference":"Nigatu, Hassen; Kim, Doik (2021-01-01). \"Optimization of 3-DoF Manipulators' Parasitic Motion with the Instantaneous Restriction Space-Based Analytic Coupling Relation\". Applied Sciences. 11 (10): 4690. doi:10.3390/app11104690.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp11104690","url_text":"\"Optimization of 3-DoF Manipulators' Parasitic Motion with the Instantaneous Restriction Space-Based Analytic Coupling Relation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp11104690","url_text":"10.3390/app11104690"}]},{"reference":"\"DexTAR - an educational parallel robot\". Archived from the original on 2014-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140529143050/http://www.mecademic.com/DexTAR.html","url_text":"\"DexTAR - an educational parallel robot\""},{"url":"http://www.mecademic.com/DexTAR.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sketchy, a home-constructed drawing robot\". Jarkman.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jarkman.co.uk/catalog/robots/sketchy.htm","url_text":"\"Sketchy, a home-constructed drawing robot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Active and Passive Fiber Alignment\". Archived from the original on 2006-12-11. Retrieved 2007-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061211040917/http://www.pb.izm.fhg.de/p2sa/020_Technologies/Optik/FundE_Faserjustage.html","url_text":"\"Active and Passive Fiber Alignment\""},{"url":"http://www.pb.izm.fhg.de/p2sa/020_Technologies/Optik/FundE_Faserjustage.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gogu, Grigore (2008). Structural Synthesis of Parallel Robots, Part 1: Methodology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-5102-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5102-9","url_text":"978-1-4020-5102-9"}]},{"reference":"Gogu, Grigore (2009). Structural Synthesis of Parallel Robots, Part 2: Translational topologies with Two and Three Degrees of Freedom. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-9793-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9793-5","url_text":"978-1-4020-9793-5"}]},{"reference":"Merlet, J.P. (2008). Parallel Robots, 2nd Edition. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4132-7","url_text":"978-1-4020-4132-7"}]},{"reference":"Kong, X.; Gosselin, C. (2007). Type Synthesis of Parallel Mechanisms. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-71989-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-71989-2","url_text":"978-3-540-71989-2"}]},{"reference":"Gallardo-Alvarado, J. (2016). Kinematic Analysis of Parallel Manipulators by Algebraic Screw Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-31124-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31124-1","url_text":"978-3-319-31124-1"}]},{"reference":"Nigatu, Hassen; Choi, Yun Ho; Kim, Doik (2021-10-01). \"Analysis of parasitic motion with the constraint embedded Jacobian for a 3-PRS parallel manipulator\". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 164: 104409. doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2021.104409. ISSN 0094-114X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mechmachtheory.2021.104409","url_text":"\"Analysis of parasitic motion with the constraint embedded Jacobian for a 3-PRS parallel manipulator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mechmachtheory.2021.104409","url_text":"10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2021.104409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-114X","url_text":"0094-114X"}]},{"reference":"Nigatu, Hassen; Kim, Doik (2021-01-01). \"Optimization of 3-DoF Manipulators' Parasitic Motion with the Instantaneous Restriction Space-Based Analytic Coupling Relation\". Applied Sciences. 11 (10): 4690. doi:10.3390/app11104690.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp11104690","url_text":"\"Optimization of 3-DoF Manipulators' Parasitic Motion with the Instantaneous Restriction Space-Based Analytic Coupling Relation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp11104690","url_text":"10.3390/app11104690"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.intechopen.com/books/industrial_robotics_theory_modelling_and_control/parallel_manipulators_with_lower_mobility","external_links_name":"\"Parallel Manipulators with Lower Mobility\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5772%2F5030","external_links_name":"10.5772/5030"},{"Link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-43929-3_22","external_links_name":"\"Algebraic Insight on the Concomitant Motion of 3RPS and 3PRS PKMS\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-43929-3_22","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-030-43929-3_22"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218789290","external_links_name":"218789290"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mechmachtheory.2021.104409","external_links_name":"\"Analysis of parasitic motion with the constraint embedded Jacobian for a 3-PRS parallel manipulator\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mechmachtheory.2021.104409","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2021.104409"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-114X","external_links_name":"0094-114X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp11104690","external_links_name":"\"Optimization of 3-DoF Manipulators' Parasitic Motion with the Instantaneous Restriction Space-Based Analytic Coupling Relation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp11104690","external_links_name":"10.3390/app11104690"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140529143050/http://www.mecademic.com/DexTAR.html","external_links_name":"\"DexTAR - an educational parallel robot\""},{"Link":"http://www.mecademic.com/DexTAR.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jarkman.co.uk/catalog/robots/sketchy.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sketchy, a home-constructed drawing robot\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061211040917/http://www.pb.izm.fhg.de/p2sa/020_Technologies/Optik/FundE_Faserjustage.html","external_links_name":"\"Active and Passive Fiber Alignment\""},{"Link":"http://www.pb.izm.fhg.de/p2sa/020_Technologies/Optik/FundE_Faserjustage.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.parallemic.org/","external_links_name":"Parallel Mechanisms Information Center"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140629140810/http://www.mecademic.com/What-is-a-parallel-robot.html","external_links_name":"What is a parallel robot?"},{"Link":"http://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Jean-Pierre.Merlet//merlet_eng.html","external_links_name":"References on parallel robot"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007290697605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00000121","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mechmachtheory.2021.104409","external_links_name":"\"Analysis of parasitic motion with the constraint embedded Jacobian for a 3-PRS parallel manipulator\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mechmachtheory.2021.104409","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2021.104409"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-114X","external_links_name":"0094-114X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp11104690","external_links_name":"\"Optimization of 3-DoF Manipulators' Parasitic Motion with the Instantaneous Restriction Space-Based Analytic Coupling Relation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp11104690","external_links_name":"10.3390/app11104690"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otog_Front_Banner	Otog Front Banner	["1 Administrative divisions","2 Climate","3 References"]	Coordinates: 38°11′N 107°29′E / 38.183°N 107.483°E / 38.183; 107.483Banner in Inner Mongolia, ChinaOtog Front Banner 鄂托克前旗 • ᠣᠲᠣᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤBannerOtog FrontLocation in Inner MongoliaShow map of Inner MongoliaOtog FrontOtog Front (China)Show map of ChinaCoordinates: 38°11′N 107°29′E / 38.183°N 107.483°E / 38.183; 107.483CountryChinaAutonomous regionInner MongoliaPrefecture-level cityOrdosBanner seatOljoqArea • Total12,220 km2 (4,720 sq mi)Elevation1,340 m (4,400 ft)Population (2020) • Total92,724 • Density7.6/km2 (20/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Websitewww.etkqq.gov.cn Otog Front BannerChinese nameChinese鄂托克前旗TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinÈtuōkè QiánqíYue: CantoneseJyutpingngok6tok3hak1 cin4kei4Mongolian nameMongolian CyrillicОтгийн өмнөд хошууMongolian scriptᠣᠲᠣᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤTranscriptionsSASM/GNCOtoɣ-un Emünedü qosiɣu Otog Front Banner (Mongolian: ᠣᠲᠣᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ; Chinese: 鄂托克前旗) is a banner of southwestern Inner Mongolia, China, bordering Ningxia to the southwest and Shaanxi province to the southeast. It is under the administration of Ordos City. Administrative divisions Otog Front Banner is made up of 4 towns. Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Mongolian (Hudum Script) Mongolian (Cyrillic) Administrative division code Towns Oljoq Town 敖勒召其镇 Áolèzhàoqí Zhèn ᠣᠯᠵᠠᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Олзч балгас 150623100 Shanghaimiao Town 上海庙镇 Shànghǎimiào Zhèn ᠱᠠᠩᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠦᠮ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Шанхайн сүм балгас 150623101 Chengchuan Town 城川镇 Chéngchuān Zhèn ᠪᠣᠷᠣᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Борбалгас балгас 150623102 Nangsu Town 昂素镇 Ángsù Zhèn ᠨᠠᠩᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Нанс балгас 150623103 Other: Shanghaimiao Economic Development Zone (上海庙经济开发区) Climate Climate data for Otog Front Banner, elevation 1,333 m (4,373 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 15.3(59.5) 19.2(66.6) 27.2(81.0) 34.1(93.4) 34.9(94.8) 37.1(98.8) 37.7(99.9) 35.6(96.1) 35.1(95.2) 28.5(83.3) 23.5(74.3) 16.9(62.4) 37.7(99.9) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.2(31.6) 4.4(39.9) 11.1(52.0) 18.5(65.3) 23.9(75.0) 28.3(82.9) 29.9(85.8) 27.8(82.0) 22.6(72.7) 16.4(61.5) 8.6(47.5) 1.3(34.3) 16.1(60.9) Daily mean °C (°F) −9.0(15.8) −4.3(24.3) 3.0(37.4) 10.8(51.4) 16.8(62.2) 21.5(70.7) 23.4(74.1) 21.2(70.2) 15.6(60.1) 8.4(47.1) 0.2(32.4) −7.2(19.0) 8.4(47.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −16.1(3.0) −11.6(11.1) −4.2(24.4) 3.0(37.4) 9.2(48.6) 14.1(57.4) 16.8(62.2) 15.1(59.2) 9.3(48.7) 1.8(35.2) −6.2(20.8) −14.0(6.8) 1.4(34.6) Record low °C (°F) −31.4(−24.5) −30.3(−22.5) −22.3(−8.1) −10.7(12.7) −5.7(21.7) 0.9(33.6) 7.8(46.0) 5.7(42.3) −3.5(25.7) −15.9(3.4) −23.4(−10.1) −30.2(−22.4) −31.4(−24.5) Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.3(0.09) 3.3(0.13) 6.6(0.26) 12.1(0.48) 26.3(1.04) 31.0(1.22) 54.3(2.14) 62.2(2.45) 42.0(1.65) 14.2(0.56) 8.1(0.32) 1.5(0.06) 263.9(10.4) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.0 2.0 2.9 3.6 5.5 7.2 9.1 9.4 8.5 4.9 3.0 1.3 60.4 Average snowy days 4.0 3.1 2.5 0.8 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.9 2.6 2.5 16.5 Average relative humidity (%) 52 46 39 35 38 44 56 62 63 56 53 52 50 Mean monthly sunshine hours 216.2 213.6 247.0 267.6 298.1 297.4 292.3 266.4 231.7 243.4 222.2 214.0 3,009.9 Percent possible sunshine 71 70 66 67 67 67 66 64 63 71 74 73 68 Source: China Meteorological Administration References ^ Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023. Official site (in Chinese) vteCounty-level divisions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous RegionHohhot (capital)Prefecture-level citiesHohhot Huimin District Xincheng District Yuquan District Saihan District Togtoh County Wuchuan County Horinger County Qingshuihe County Tumed Left Banner Baotou Hondlon District Donghe District Qingshan District Shiguai District Bayan'obo Mining District Jiuyuan District Guyang County Tumed Right Banner Darhan'muminggan United Banner Wuhai Haibowan District Hainan District Wuda District Chifeng Hongshan District Yuanbaoshan District Songshan District Ningcheng County Linxi County Ar'horqin Banner Bairin Left Banner Bairin Right Banner Hexigten Banner Ongniud Banner Harqin Banner Aohan Banner Tongliao Horqin District Holingol city Kailu County Hure Banner Naiman Banner Jarud Banner Horqin Left Middle Banner Horqin Left Rear Banner Ordos Dongsheng District Kangbashi District Dalad Banner Jungar Banner Otog Front Banner Otog Banner Hanggin Banner Uxin Banner Ejin'horo Banner Hulunbuir Hailar District Zhalainuo'er District Manzhouli city Zalantun city Yakeshi city Genhe city Ergun city Arun Banner New Barag Right Banner New Barag Left Banner Old Barag Banner Oroqin Banner Evenk Banner Morin'dawa Daur Banner Bayannur Linhe District Wuyuan County Dengkou County Urad Front Banner Urad Middle Banner Urad Rear Banner Hanggin Rear Banner Ulanqab Jining District Fengzhen city Zhuozi County Huade County Shangdu County Xinghe County Liangcheng County Qahar Right Front Banner Qahar Right Middle Banner Qahar Right Rear Banner Dorbod Banner LeaguesHinggan Ulanhot city Arxan city Tuquan County Horqin Right Front Banner Horqin Right Middle Banner Jalaid Banner Xilingol Xilinhot city Erenhot city Duolun County Abag Banner Sonid Left Banner Sonid Right Banner East Ujimqin Banner West Ujimqin Banner Taibus Banner Bordered Yellow Banner Plain and Bordered White Banner Plain Blue Banner Alxa Alxa Left Banner Alxa Right Banner Ejin Banner Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States This Inner Mongolia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_(Inner_Mongolia)"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Ningxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"Ordos City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordos_City"}],"text":"Banner in Inner Mongolia, ChinaOtog Front Banner (Mongolian: ᠣᠲᠣᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ; Chinese: 鄂托克前旗) is a banner of southwestern Inner Mongolia, China, bordering Ningxia to the southwest and Shaanxi province to the southeast. It is under the administration of Ordos City.","title":"Otog Front Banner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_China"}],"text":"Otog Front Banner is made up of 4 towns.Other: Shanghaimiao Economic Development Zone (上海庙经济开发区)","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Climate data for Otog Front Banner, elevation 1,333 m (4,373 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n34.9(94.8)\n\n37.1(98.8)\n\n37.7(99.9)\n\n35.6(96.1)\n\n35.1(95.2)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n37.7(99.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n8.6(47.5)\n\n1.3(34.3)\n\n16.1(60.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−9.0(15.8)\n\n−4.3(24.3)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n−7.2(19.0)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−16.1(3.0)\n\n−11.6(11.1)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n9.2(48.6)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n−6.2(20.8)\n\n−14.0(6.8)\n\n1.4(34.6)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−31.4(−24.5)\n\n−30.3(−22.5)\n\n−22.3(−8.1)\n\n−10.7(12.7)\n\n−5.7(21.7)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n−3.5(25.7)\n\n−15.9(3.4)\n\n−23.4(−10.1)\n\n−30.2(−22.4)\n\n−31.4(−24.5)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n2.3(0.09)\n\n3.3(0.13)\n\n6.6(0.26)\n\n12.1(0.48)\n\n26.3(1.04)\n\n31.0(1.22)\n\n54.3(2.14)\n\n62.2(2.45)\n\n42.0(1.65)\n\n14.2(0.56)\n\n8.1(0.32)\n\n1.5(0.06)\n\n263.9(10.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n3.0\n\n2.0\n\n2.9\n\n3.6\n\n5.5\n\n7.2\n\n9.1\n\n9.4\n\n8.5\n\n4.9\n\n3.0\n\n1.3\n\n60.4\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n4.0\n\n3.1\n\n2.5\n\n0.8\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.9\n\n2.6\n\n2.5\n\n16.5\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n52\n\n46\n\n39\n\n35\n\n38\n\n44\n\n56\n\n62\n\n63\n\n56\n\n53\n\n52\n\n50\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n216.2\n\n213.6\n\n247.0\n\n267.6\n\n298.1\n\n297.4\n\n292.3\n\n266.4\n\n231.7\n\n243.4\n\n222.2\n\n214.0\n\n3,009.9\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n71\n\n70\n\n66\n\n67\n\n67\n\n67\n\n66\n\n64\n\n63\n\n71\n\n74\n\n73\n\n68\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[2][3]","title":"Climate"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Otog_Front_Banner&params=38_11_N_107_29_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-15","external_links_name":"38°11′N 107°29′E / 38.183°N 107.483°E / 38.183; 107.483"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Otog_Front_Banner&params=38_11_N_107_29_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-15","external_links_name":"38°11′N 107°29′E / 38.183°N 107.483°E / 38.183; 107.483"},{"Link":"http://www.etkqq.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"www.etkqq.gov.cn"},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/neimenggu/admin/","external_links_name":"Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties"},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"http://www.etkqq.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/142346100","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007467619305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99265443","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otog_Front_Banner&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C19MC_miRNA_cluster	C19MC miRNA cluster	["1 References"]	The C19MC miRNA cluster is a microRNA cluster consisting of 46 genes. These 46 genes encode 59 mature miRNAs. The C19MC miRNA cluster is only found in primate (including human) genomes and expresses miRNAs almost exclusively in the placenta, but also in testis, embryonic stem cells, and some tumors. They are also expressed highly in trophoblast-derived vesicles, including exosomes. C19MC miRNAs have been shown to be among the most expressed miRNAs in the human placenta and are also found in the serum of pregnant women. Trophoblast cells, found in the human placenta, produce many different types of microRNAs (miRNAs). MicroRNAs play a role in placental development or physiology. Some placental cell lines derived from trophoblasts also express C19MC miRNA, including the choriocarcinoma lines JEG3, JAr, and BeWo, but not HTR8/SVneo. References ^ a b c d e Ouyang Y, Mouillet JF, Coyne CB, Sadovsky Y (February 2014). "Review: placenta-specific microRNAs in exosomes – good things come in nano-packages". Placenta. 35 Suppl: S69-73. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.11.002. PMC 3944048. PMID 24280233. ^ Doridot L, Miralles F, Barbaux S, Vaiman D (November 2013). "Trophoblasts, invasion, and microRNA". Frontiers in Genetics. 4: 248. doi:10.3389/fgene.2013.00248. PMC 3836020. PMID 24312123.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cell lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_line"},{"link_name":"choriocarcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choriocarcinoma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouyang2014rev-1"}],"text":"Trophoblast cells, found in the human placenta, produce many different types of microRNAs (miRNAs). MicroRNAs play a role in placental development or physiology.[2]Some placental cell lines derived from trophoblasts also express C19MC miRNA, including the choriocarcinoma lines JEG3, JAr, and BeWo, but not HTR8/SVneo.[1]","title":"C19MC miRNA cluster"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ouyang Y, Mouillet JF, Coyne CB, Sadovsky Y (February 2014). \"Review: placenta-specific microRNAs in exosomes – good things come in nano-packages\". Placenta. 35 Suppl: S69-73. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.11.002. PMC 3944048. PMID 24280233.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3944048","url_text":"\"Review: placenta-specific microRNAs in exosomes – good things come in nano-packages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.placenta.2013.11.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.placenta.2013.11.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3944048","url_text":"3944048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24280233","url_text":"24280233"}]},{"reference":"Doridot L, Miralles F, Barbaux S, Vaiman D (November 2013). \"Trophoblasts, invasion, and microRNA\". Frontiers in Genetics. 4: 248. doi:10.3389/fgene.2013.00248. PMC 3836020. PMID 24312123.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836020","url_text":"\"Trophoblasts, invasion, and microRNA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2013.00248","url_text":"10.3389/fgene.2013.00248"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836020","url_text":"3836020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24312123","url_text":"24312123"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3944048","external_links_name":"\"Review: placenta-specific microRNAs in exosomes – good things come in nano-packages\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.placenta.2013.11.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.placenta.2013.11.002"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3944048","external_links_name":"3944048"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24280233","external_links_name":"24280233"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836020","external_links_name":"\"Trophoblasts, invasion, and microRNA\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2013.00248","external_links_name":"10.3389/fgene.2013.00248"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836020","external_links_name":"3836020"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24312123","external_links_name":"24312123"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis_Incisa%27	Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Incisa'	["1 Description","2 Pests and diseases","3 Cultivation","4 References"]	Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Incisa'SpeciesUlmus minorCultivar'Incisa' The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Incisa' was listed and described by John Frederick Wood, F.H.S., in The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist (1851), along with what he called U. Viminalis and U. Viminalis Variegata, as U. Viminalis Incisa, the Cut-leaved Twiggy-branched elm. An Ulmus campestris var. nuda subvar. incisa Hort.Vilv. was described by Wesmael in 1863, and considered by Green (1964) to be possibly one of Melville's U. × viminalis. Description Wood (1851) described 'Viminalis Incisa' as less compact in habit than U. Viminalis and U. Viminalis Variegata, but nevertheless erect, with slender rod-like branches and more serrated foliage. Wesmael's 'Incisa' (1863) had leaves irregularly sinuate-incised, with long pointed teeth. Pests and diseases Trees of the U. minor 'Viminalis' group are very susceptible to Dutch elm disease. Cultivation No specimens so labelled are known to survive. References ^ Wood, John Frederick (1852). "Coppiceana". The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist. 6. London: 365. ^ Wesmael, Alfred (1862). "Bulletin de la Fédération des sociétés d'horticulture de Belgique". p. 389. hdl:2027/hvd.32044103102810. Retrieved 6 July 2017. ^ Green, Peter Shaw (1964). "Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus". Arnoldia. 24 (6–8). Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: 41–80. Retrieved 16 February 2017. ^ Green, 1964, p.63 vteElm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivarsSpecies, varieties and subspecies U. alata (Winged elm) U. americana (American elm) U. americana var. floridana (Florida elm) U. bergmanniana (Bergmann's elm) U. bergmanniana var. bergmanniana U. bergmanniana var. lasiophylla U. castaneifolia (Chestnut-leafed or multinerved elm) U. changii (Hangzhou elm) U. changii var. changii U. changii var. kunmingensis (Kunming elm) U. chenmoui (Chenmou or Langya Mountain elm) U. chumlia U. crassifolia (Cedar or Texas cedar elm) U. davidiana (David or Father David elm) U. davidiana var. davidiana U. davidiana var. japonica (Japanese elm) U. elongata (Long raceme elm) U. gaussenii (Anhui or hairy elm) U. glabra (Wych or scots elm) U. glaucescens (Gansu elm) U. glaucescens var. glaucescens U. glaucescens var. lasiocarpa (hairy-fruited glaucescent elm) U. harbinensis (Harbin elm) U. ismaelis U. laciniata (Manchurian cut-leaf or lobed elm) U. laciniata var. nikkoensis (Nikko elm) U. laevis (European white elm) U. laevis var. celtidea U. laevis var. parvifolia U. laevis var. simplicidens U. lamellosa (Hebei elm) U. lanceifolia (Vietnam elm) U. macrocarpa (Large-fruited elm) U. macrocarpa var. glabra U. macrocarpa var. macrocarpa U. mexicana (Mexican elm) U. microcarpa (Tibetan elm) U. minor (Field elm) U. minor subsp. minor U. minor var. italica U. parvifolia (Chinese or lacebark elm) U. parvifolia var. coreana (Korean elm) U. prunifolia (Cherry-leafed elm) U. pseudopropinqua (Harbin spring elm) U. pumila (Siberian elm) U. rubra (Slippery elm) U. serotina (September elm) U. szechuanica (Szechuan (Sichuan) or red-fruited elm) U. thomasii (Rock or cork elm) U. uyematsui (Alishan elm) U. villosa (Cherry-bark or marn elm) U. wallichiana (Himalayan or kashmir elm) U. wallichiana subsp. wallichiana U. wallichiana subsp. xanthoderma U. wallichiana var. tomentosa Disputed species, varieties and subspecies U. boissieri U. minor subsp. canescens (Grey, grey-leafed or hoary elm) U. elliptica Hybrids U. davidiana var. japonica × U. minor U. × arbuscula U. × arkansana U. × brandisiana U. × diversifolia U. × hollandica (Dutch elm) U. × hollandica var. insularum U. × intermedia U. × mesocarpa Species cultivarsAmerican elm American Liberty Ascendens Augustine Aurea Beaverlodge Beebe's Weeping Brandon Burgoyne JFS Prince II College Columnaris Creole Queen Deadfree Delaware Exhibition Fiorei Flick's Spreader Folia Aurea Variegata Great Plains Hines Incisa Independence Iowa State Jackson Jefferson Kimley Klehmii L'Assomption Lake City Lewis & Clark Littleford Maine Markham Miller Park Minneapolis Park Moline Morden New Harmony Nigricans Patmore Pendula Penn Treaty Princeton Pyramidata Queen City Sheyenne Skinner Upright St. Croix Star Valley Forge Variegata Vase Washington Cedar elm Brazos Rim Chinese elm A-1 A. Ross Central Park Blizzard BSNUPF Burgundy Burnley Select Catlin Chessins Churchyard Cork Bark D. B. Cole Drake Dynasty Ed Wood Elsmo Emer I Emer II Emerald Prairie Frosty Garden City Clone Geisha Glory Golden Rey Hallelujah Hokkaido Jade Empress King's Choice Littleleaf Lois Hole Matthew Milliken Nire-keyaki Ohio Orange Ribbon Pathfinder Pendens Prairie Shade Prince Richard Red Fall Sabamiki Sagei Seiju Select 380 Sempervirens Small Frye State Fair Stone's Dwarf Taiwan The Thinker Todd True Green UPMTF Ware's Yarralumla Yatsubusa Zettler Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata European white elm Aureovariegata Colorans Helena Ornata Pendula Punctata Urticifolia Field elm Ademuz Albo-Dentata Amplifolia Argenteo-Variegata Atinia Atinia Pyramidalis Atinia Variegata Bea Schwarz Biltii Christine Buisman Concavaefolia Coritana Cretensis Cucullata Cucullata Variegata Dehesa de Amaniel Dehesa de la Villa Dicksonii Dijkwel Erecta Folia Alba-Punctata Glandulosa Goodyeri Hoersholmiensis Holmstruph Hunnybunii Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta Laciniata Lanuginosa Majadahonda Microphylla Pendula Microphylla Purpurea Microphylla Rubra Monumentalis Pendula Picturata Plotii Propendens Punctata Purpurascens Purpurea Retiro Reverti Rugosa Rueppellii Sarniensis Schuurhoek Silvery Gem Sowerbyi Stricta Suberosa Umbraculifera Gracilis Umbraculifera Viminalis Viminalis Aurea Viminalis Betulaefolia Viminalis Gracilis Viminalis Incisa Viminalis Marginata Viminalis Pendula Viminalis Pulverulenta Viminalis Stricta Virgata Webbiana Japanese elm Discovery Freedom Jacan JFS-Bieberich Mitsui Centennial Prospector Reperta Reseda Thomson Validation Siberian elm Ansaloni Aurea Aurescens Chinkota Dropmore Dwarf Weeper Green King Hansen Harbin Manchu Mauro Mr. Buzz Park Royal Pendula Pinnato-ramosa Poort Bulten Puszta Pyramidalis Fiorei Zhonghua Jinye Winged elm Lace Parasol Wych elm Albo-Variegata Australis Camperdownii Cebennensis Concavaefolia Cornuta Corylifolia Purpurea Corylifolia Fastigiata Macrophylla Fastigiata Stricta Fastigiata Variegata Firma Flava Gigantea Gittisham Grandidentata Holgeri Horizontalis Insularis Latifolia Latifolia Aurea Latifolia Aureo-Variegata Latifolia Nigricans Luteo Variegata Lutescens Macrophylla Maculata Minor Nana Nigra Nitida Oblongata Pendula Macrophylla Pendula Variegata Pyrenaica Spectabilis Superba Tomentosa Hybrid cultivars Androssowii Amsterdam Arno Cathedral Clusius Columella Den Haag Dodoens Escaillard Fiorente Frontier Fuente Umbria Homestead Karagatch Lobel Morfeo Morton Morton Glossy Morton Plainsman Morton Red Tip Morton Stalwart Nanguen New Horizon Patriot Plantyn Plinio Rebella Rebona Recerta Regal Repura Revera San Zanobi Sapporo Autumn Gold Sapporo Gold 2 Stavast Toledo Urban Wanoux Wingham Dutch elm Alba Angustifolia Balder Belgica Blandford Canadian Giant Cicestria Cinerea Commelin Dampieri Dauvessei Daveyi Dovaei Dumont Elegantissima Eleganto-Variegata Etrusca Fastigiata Fjerrestad Folia Rhomboidea Freja Fulva Gaujardii Groeneveld Haarlemensis Klemmer Loke Macrophylla Aurea Major Microphylla Modiolina Muscaviensis Odin Pioneer Pitteurs Serpentina Smithii Superba Tricolor Tyr Vegeta Viminalis Viscosa Wentworthii Pendula Wredei Ypreau U. × intermedia Coolshade Fremont Improved Coolshade Lincoln Rosehill Willis Unconfirmed derivation cultivars aff. Plotii Acutifolia Alata Alksuth Argenteo-Marginata Aspera Atropurpurea Australis Berardii Betulaefolia Nigrescens Crispa Crispa Aurea Crispa Pendula Densa Exoniensis Fastigiata Glabra Folia Aurea Folia Rubra Folia Variegata Pendula Gallica Glabra Globosa Hamburg Hertfordensis Angustifolia Hertfordensis Latifolia Hillieri Jalaica Jacqueline Hillier Kansas Hybrid Klemmer Blanc Koopmannii Lombartsii Louis van Houtte Marmorata Monstrosa Myrtifolia Myrtifolia Purpurea Nemoralis Nigrescens Planeroides Planifolia Purpurea Pyramidalis Bertini Ramulosa Rotundifolia Rubra Rufa Rugosa Scampstoniensis Sericea Tiliaefolia Tortuosa Turkestanica Variegata Nova Virens Fossil elms U. okanaganensis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Field Elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Elm"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"U. Viminalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis%27"},{"link_name":"U. Viminalis Variegata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis_Pulverulenta%27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wesmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wesmael"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bullfed1862-2"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shaw_Green"},{"link_name":"Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Melville_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"U. × viminalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis%27"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green-3"}],"text":"The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Incisa' was listed and described by John Frederick Wood, F.H.S., in The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist (1851), along with what he called U. Viminalis and U. Viminalis Variegata, as U. Viminalis Incisa, the Cut-leaved Twiggy-branched elm.[1] An Ulmus campestris var. nuda subvar. incisa Hort.Vilv. was described by Wesmael in 1863,[2] and considered by Green (1964) to be possibly one of Melville's U. × viminalis.[3]","title":"Ulmus minor 'Viminalis Incisa'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U. Viminalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis%27"},{"link_name":"U. Viminalis Variegata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis_Pulverulenta%27"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Wood (1851) described 'Viminalis Incisa' as less compact in habit than U. Viminalis and U. Viminalis Variegata, but nevertheless erect, with slender rod-like branches and more serrated foliage. Wesmael's 'Incisa' (1863) had leaves irregularly sinuate-incised, with long pointed teeth.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U. minor 'Viminalis'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_minor_%27Viminalis%27"},{"link_name":"Dutch elm disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease"}],"text":"Trees of the U. minor 'Viminalis' group are very susceptible to Dutch elm disease.","title":"Pests and diseases"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No specimens so labelled are known to survive.","title":"Cultivation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Wood, John Frederick (1852). \"Coppiceana\". The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist. 6. London: 365.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4j5OAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA365","url_text":"\"Coppiceana\""}]},{"reference":"Wesmael, Alfred (1862). \"Bulletin de la Fédération des sociétés d'horticulture de Belgique\". p. 389. hdl:2027/hvd.32044103102810. Retrieved 6 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wesmael","url_text":"Wesmael, Alfred"},{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044103102810?urlappend=%3Bseq=399","url_text":"\"Bulletin de la Fédération des sociétés d'horticulture de Belgique\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044103102810?urlappend=%3Bseq=399","url_text":"2027/hvd.32044103102810"}]},{"reference":"Green, Peter Shaw (1964). \"Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus\". Arnoldia. 24 (6–8). Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: 41–80. Retrieved 16 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shaw_Green","url_text":"Green, Peter Shaw"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/arnoldiaarno_21#page/40/mode/2up/","url_text":"\"Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum","url_text":"Arnold Arboretum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University","url_text":"Harvard University"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4j5OAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA365","external_links_name":"\"Coppiceana\""},{"Link":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044103102810?urlappend=%3Bseq=399","external_links_name":"\"Bulletin de la Fédération des sociétés d'horticulture de Belgique\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044103102810?urlappend=%3Bseq=399","external_links_name":"2027/hvd.32044103102810"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/arnoldiaarno_21#page/40/mode/2up/","external_links_name":"\"Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r-Kishont_County	Gömör and Kishont County	["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Subdivisions","5 Notes","6 References"]	Coordinates: 48°23′N 20°1′E / 48.383°N 20.017°E / 48.383; 20.017County of the Kingdom of Hungary This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gömör and Kishont County" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gömör-Kishont CountyComitatus Geomoriensis et Kishonthensis (Latin)Gömör és Kishont vármegye (Hungarian)Komitat Gemer und Kleinhont (German)Gemersko-malohontská župa (Slovak) County of the Kingdom of Hungary(1802-1923, 1938-1945) Coat of arms CapitalRimaszombat; Putnok (1920-1923)Area • Coordinates48°23′N 20°1′E / 48.383°N 20.017°E / 48.383; 20.017 • 19104,279 km2 (1,652 sq mi)Population • 1910 188,100 History • Established 1802• Treaty of Trianon 4 June 1920• Merged into Borsod-Gömör County 1923• County recreated (First Vienna Award) 1938• Remerged into Borsod-Gömör County 1945 Today part ofSlovakia (3,956 km2) Hungary (323 km2)Rimavská Sobota is the current name of the capital. Gömör-Kishont (Hungarian: Gömör és Kishont, Slovak: Gemer a Malohont, German: Gemer und Kleinhont) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its capital was Rimaszombat (present-day Rimavská Sobota). Most of its territory is now part of Slovakia, while a smaller part belongs to Hungary. Geography Map of Gömör-Kishont, 1891. Former county of Gömör-Kishont superimposed on map of contemporary Slovakia. Around 1910, Gömör-Kishont county shared borders with the counties Zólyom, Liptó, Szepes, Abaúj-Torna, Borsod, Heves and Nógrád. It was situated in the Gömör–Szepesi-érchegység (present-day Slovak Ore Mountains) approximately between the present-day Slovak-Hungarian border, the towns Poltár and Rozsnyó (present-day Rožňava) and the Low Tatras (Hungarian: Alacsony-Tátra, Slovak: Nízke Tatry). The river Sajó flowed through the county. Its area was 4,279 km² around 1910. History The county Gömör-Kishont was a combination of the counties Gömör and Kishont formed in 1802. It existed until the end of World War I. Gömör is one of the oldest counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, and was already mentioned in the 11th century. Kishont is the territory approximately between the towns Tiszolc (present-day Tisovec) and Rimaszombat (present-day Rimavská Sobota). Counties of Gömör and Kishont was part of Ottoman Empire between 1541–1595 and 1596–1686. In the aftermath of World War I, most of Gömör-Kishont county became part of newly formed Czechoslovakia, as recognized by the concerned states in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon. The area around Putnok became part of the newly formed Hungarian county Borsod-Gömör-Kishont (currently part of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén) in 1923. The Czechoslovak part of the county was part of the Slovak Land (Slovenská krajina/zem). Borsod (10) and Gömör-Kishont (9) counties after the Treaty of Trianon. In 1923, the two counties were merged to form Borsod-Gömör County. (6) Nógrád County (7) territory assigned from Gömör-Kishont County to Nógrád County in 1921. (8) territory assigned from Gömör-Kishont County to Borsod County in 1938. (11) the city of Miskolc (urban county). Following the provisions of the First Vienna Award, most of the Czechoslovak part became part of Hungary again in November 1938. The Gömör-Kishont county was recreated. The small northernmost part that remained in Slovak hands (a.o. the towns Dobšiná and Revúca) became part of the new Hron county (Pohronská župa). The Trianon borders were restored after World War II and the county was merged into Borsod-Gömör County. Since 1993, when Czechoslovakia was split, Gemer and Malohont have been part of Slovakia, and since 1996 divided between the Košice region and the Banská Bystrica region. Demographics Ethnic map of the county with data of the 1910 census (see the key in the description). Population by mother tongue Census Total Hungarian Slovak German Other or unknown 1880 169,064 83,235 (50.95%) 72,432 (44.34%) 5,714 (3.50%) 1,981 (1.21%) 1890 174,810 93,695 (53.60%) 74,731 (42.75%) 4,770 (2.73%) 1,614 (0.92%) 1900 183,784 103,660 (56.40%) 74,517 (40.55%) 4,059 (2.21%) 1,548 (0.84%) 1910 188,098 109,994 (58.48%) 72,232 (38.40%) 2,930 (1.56%) 2,942 (1.56%) Population by religion Census Total Roman Catholic Lutheran Calvinist Jewish Greek Catholic Other or unknown 1880 169,064 68,776 (40.68%) 60,138 (35.57%) 32,066 (18.97%) 4,320 (2.56%) 3,662 (2.17%) 102 (0.06%) 1890 174,810 73,197 (41.87%) 59,486 (34.03%) 33,479 (19.15%) 4,572 (2.62%) 4,019 (2.30%) 57 (0.03%) 1900 183,784 79,838 (43.44%) 59,459 (32.35%) 34,707 (18.88%) 5,339 (2.91%) 4,344 (2.36%) 97 (0.05%) 1910 188,098 85,355 (45.38%) 57,744 (30.70%) 34,798 (18.50%) 5,603 (2.98%) 4,410 (2.34%) 188 (0.10%) Subdivisions In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Gömör-Kishont county were: Districts (járás) District Capital Feled Feled (now Jesenské) Garamvölgy Nándorvölgy (now Vaľkovňa) Nagyrőce Jolsva (now Jelšava) Putnok (from 1910) Putnok Ratkó (from 1909) Ratkó (now Ratková) Rimaszombat Nyustya (now Hnúšťa) Rozsnyó Rozsnyó (now Rožňava) Tornalja Tornalja (now Tornaľa) Urban districts (rendezett tanácsú város) Dobsina (now Dobšiná) Jolsva (now Jelšava) Nagyrőce (now Revúca) Rimaszombat (now Rimavská Sobota) Rozsnyó (now Rožňava) Putnok is now in Hungary; all other named towns are now in Slovakia. Main Square, Rimavská Sobota Notes ^ Only linguistic communities > 1% are displayed. ^ Only religious communities > 1% are displayed. References ^ "Az 1881. év elején végrehajtott népszámlálás főbb eredményei megyék és községek szerint rendezve, II. kötet (1882)". library.hungaricana.hu. Retrieved 2021-09-28. ^ "A Magyar Korona országainak helységnévtára (1892)". library.hungaricana.hu. Retrieved 2021-09-29. ^ "A MAGYAR KORONA ORSZÁGAINAK 1900". library.hungaricana.hu. Retrieved 2021-09-29. ^ "KlimoTheca :: Könyvtár". Kt.lib.pte.hu. Retrieved 2021-09-29. vteCounties of the Lands of the Crown of Saint StephenKingdom of Hungary Abaúj-Torna Alsó-Fehér Arad Árva Bács-Bodrog Baranya Bars Békés Bereg Beszterce-Naszód Bihar Borsod Brassó Csanád Csík Csongrád Esztergom Fejér Fogaras Gömör-Kishont Győr Hajdú Háromszék Heves Hont Hunyad Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Kis-Küküllő Kolozs Komárom Krassó-Szörény Liptó Máramaros Maros-Torda Moson Nagy-Küküllő Nógrád Nyitra Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun Pozsony Sáros Somogy Sopron Szabolcs Szatmár Szeben Szepes Szilágy Szolnok-Doboka Temes Tolna Torda-Aranyos Torontál Trencsén Turóc Udvarhely Ugocsa Ung Vas Veszprém Zala Zemplén Zólyom Corpus separatum Fiume Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia Bjelovar-Križevci Lika-Krbava Modruš-Rijeka Požega Srijem Varaždin Virovitica Zagreb Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"comitatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitatus_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Rimavská Sobota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimavsk%C3%A1_Sobota"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"}],"text":"County of the Kingdom of HungaryGömör-Kishont (Hungarian: Gömör és Kishont, Slovak: Gemer a Malohont, German: Gemer und Kleinhont) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its capital was Rimaszombat (present-day Rimavská Sobota). Most of its territory is now part of Slovakia, while a smaller part belongs to Hungary.","title":"Gömör and Kishont County"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r-Kishont_county_map.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slovakia_Gemer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zólyom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3lyom_county"},{"link_name":"Liptó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipt%C3%B3_(county)"},{"link_name":"Szepes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szepes_(county)"},{"link_name":"Abaúj-Torna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba%C3%BAj-Torna"},{"link_name":"Borsod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsod"},{"link_name":"Heves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heves_(former_county)"},{"link_name":"Nógrád","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d_(former_county)"},{"link_name":"Slovak Ore Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Ore_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Poltár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polt%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Rožňava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BE%C5%88ava"},{"link_name":"Low Tatras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Tatra"},{"link_name":"Sajó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saj%C3%B3"}],"text":"Map of Gömör-Kishont, 1891.Former county of Gömör-Kishont superimposed on map of contemporary Slovakia.Around 1910, Gömör-Kishont county shared borders with the counties Zólyom, Liptó, Szepes, Abaúj-Torna, Borsod, Heves and Nógrád. It was situated in the Gömör–Szepesi-érchegység (present-day Slovak Ore Mountains) approximately between the present-day Slovak-Hungarian border, the towns Poltár and Rozsnyó (present-day Rožňava) and the Low Tatras (Hungarian: Alacsony-Tátra, Slovak: Nízke Tatry). The river Sajó flowed through the county. Its area was 4,279 km² around 1910.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gömör","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemer"},{"link_name":"Kishont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malohont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Tisovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisovec"},{"link_name":"Rimavská Sobota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimavsk%C3%A1_Sobota"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Putnok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnok"},{"link_name":"Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsod-Aba%C3%BAj-Zempl%C3%A9n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borsod,_G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r_%C3%A9s_Kishont.PNG"},{"link_name":"First Vienna Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vienna_Award"},{"link_name":"Dobšiná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%A1in%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Revúca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev%C3%BAca"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Košice region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice_Region"},{"link_name":"Banská Bystrica region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_Bystrica_Region"}],"text":"The county Gömör-Kishont was a combination of the counties Gömör and Kishont formed in 1802. It existed until the end of World War I. Gömör is one of the oldest counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, and was already mentioned in the 11th century. Kishont is the territory approximately between the towns Tiszolc (present-day Tisovec) and Rimaszombat (present-day Rimavská Sobota). Counties of Gömör and Kishont was part of Ottoman Empire between 1541–1595 and 1596–1686.In the aftermath of World War I, most of Gömör-Kishont county became part of newly formed Czechoslovakia, as recognized by the concerned states in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon. The area around Putnok became part of the newly formed Hungarian county Borsod-Gömör-Kishont (currently part of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén) in 1923. The Czechoslovak part of the county was part of the Slovak Land (Slovenská krajina/zem).Borsod (10) and Gömör-Kishont (9) counties after the Treaty of Trianon. In 1923, the two counties were merged to form Borsod-Gömör County. (6) Nógrád County (7) territory assigned from Gömör-Kishont County to Nógrád County in 1921. (8) territory assigned from Gömör-Kishont County to Borsod County in 1938. (11) the city of Miskolc (urban county).Following the provisions of the First Vienna Award, most of the Czechoslovak part became part of Hungary again in November 1938. The Gömör-Kishont county was recreated. The small northernmost part that remained in Slovak hands (a.o. the towns Dobšiná and Revúca) became part of the new Hron county (Pohronská župa). The Trianon borders were restored after World War II and the county was merged into Borsod-Gömör County. Since 1993, when Czechoslovakia was split, Gemer and Malohont have been part of Slovakia, and since 1996 divided between the Košice region and the Banská Bystrica region.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r_ethnic_map.png"}],"text":"Ethnic map of the county with data of the 1910 census (see the key in the description).","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r_%C3%A9s_Kis-Hont_county_administrative_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Putnok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rimaszombat,_reform%C3%A1tus_templom.JPG"}],"text":"In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Gömör-Kishont county were:Putnok is now in Hungary; all other named towns are now in Slovakia.Main Square, Rimavská Sobota","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ Only linguistic communities > 1% are displayed.\n\n^ Only religious communities > 1% are displayed.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Gömör-Kishont, 1891.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r-Kishont_county_map.jpg/220px-G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r-Kishont_county_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former county of Gömör-Kishont superimposed on map of contemporary Slovakia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Slovakia_Gemer.jpg/300px-Slovakia_Gemer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Borsod (10) and Gömör-Kishont (9) counties after the Treaty of Trianon. In 1923, the two counties were merged to form Borsod-Gömör County. (6) Nógrád County (7) territory assigned from Gömör-Kishont County to Nógrád County in 1921. (8) territory assigned from Gömör-Kishont County to Borsod County in 1938. (11) the city of Miskolc (urban county).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Borsod%2C_G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r_%C3%A9s_Kishont.PNG/300px-Borsod%2C_G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r_%C3%A9s_Kishont.PNG"},{"image_text":"Ethnic map of the county with data of the 1910 census (see the key in the description).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r_ethnic_map.png/200px-G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r_ethnic_map.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r_%C3%A9s_Kis-Hont_county_administrative_map.jpg/250px-G%C3%B6m%C3%B6r_%C3%A9s_Kis-Hont_county_administrative_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main Square, Rimavská Sobota","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rimaszombat%2C_reform%C3%A1tus_templom.JPG/250px-Rimaszombat%2C_reform%C3%A1tus_templom.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Az 1881. év elején végrehajtott népszámlálás főbb eredményei megyék és községek szerint rendezve, II. kötet (1882)\". library.hungaricana.hu. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-530_(UT)	U.S. Route 189	["1 Route description","1.1 Utah","1.2 Wyoming","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 References","5 External links"]	Route map: For the original US 189, see U.S. Route 189 (1920s). Highway in the United States U.S. Route 189US 189 highlighted in redRoute informationAuxiliary route of US 89Length322 mi (518 km)Existed1939–presentMajor junctionsSouth end I-15 in Provo, UTMajor intersections US 89 in Provo, UT US 40 in Heber City, UT I-80 near Park City, UT I-84 in Echo, UT I-80 near Evanston, WY US 30 in Kemmerer, WY US 191 near Daniel, WY US 26 / US 89 in Hoback, WY North end US 26 / US 89 / US 191 at Jackson, WY LocationCountryUnited StatesStatesUtah, WyomingCountiesUT: Utah, Wasatch, SummitWY: Uinta, Lincoln, Sublette, Teton Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided U.S. Route 189 is a spur of U.S. Route 89. It currently runs for 322 miles (518 km) from Provo, Utah at Interstate 15 to Jackson, Wyoming. The highway was not part of the original 1926 U.S. Highway system. The highway was created in the 1930s, absorbing former U.S. Route 530 and a portion of U.S. Route 30S. The portion through Provo Canyon (between Provo and Heber City, Utah) has been designated the Provo Canyon Scenic Byway by the state of Utah. Route description Utah Southern terminus in Provo, UT Provo Canyon, US-189 is visible in the bottom of the photo US-189 begins in Provo where it is known as University Avenue, referring to Brigham Young University. The highway then winds up Provo Canyon passing by Deer Creek Reservoir and paralleling the route of the Heber Creeper (now known as the Heber Valley Railroad). The portion in Provo Canyon is designated the Provo Canyon Scenic Byway by the state legislature. The highway exits Provo Canyon near Heber City, Utah. At Heber City US-189 meets U.S. Route 40 and is co-signed with Route 40 all the way to its junction with I-80. Prior to the construction of the Jordanelle Reservoir, the highway continued north concurrent with the former alignment of US-40 that is now under water. US-40 and 189 separated at Hailstone, also now under the lake. US-189 emerged from the lake shore along the route now signed State Route 32. SR-32 and former US-189 join I-80 in Wanship. Prior to the completion of Interstate 80 in eastern Utah US-189 formed the main streets of Coalville and other communities now bypassed by I-80. The Utah section of US-189 is defined in Utah Code Annotated § 72-4-124(2). The Utah Code does not contain the concurrent alignment along US-40 and I-80, but the concurrent portion is included in Utah Department of Transportation maps of the area. Wyoming US 189 enters Wyoming from the west co-routed with Interstate 80. The routes separate east of Evanston, at exit 18, where US 189 proceeds north through the town of Kemmerer, home of the JC Penney Mother Store which is located along the route. US 189 continues north, eventually following the western shore of Fontenelle Reservoir and passing Names Hill before entering La Barge, passing what is left of the Moondance Diner, which was moved to the town from New York City in 2007, and is famous from many movies and television shows. The route then continues north along the Green River towards the neighboring towns of Big Piney and Marbleton. This area is heavily developed by the Oil and Natural Gas industries. The route then cuts across the northern part of the Green River Basin through the town of Daniel and intersects with US 191 at Daniel Junction and runs concurrently to the north. Continuing north, the road traverses increasingly mountainous terrain, entering the Bridger-Teton National Forest and passing through the small community of Bondurant before descending through the narrow Hoback River Canyon to an intersection with US 26 and rejoining its parents route, US 89 at Hoback Junction. History U.S. Route 530LocationSilver Creek Junction–EchoExisted1926–1939 There was a US-189 in the initial 1926 plan for U.S. Highways, which ran from Nephi to Pigeon Hollow Junction. This route is currently the eastern half of State Route 132. In 1938, a second iteration of US 189 was created using several state routes. The portion from Provo to Heber City in Utah was numbered State Route 7. Although signed US-189 starting in 1938 this road retained the SR-7 designation until 1977. US-189 replaced US-530, designated in 1926, between the modern junctions of I-80 with US-40 at Silver Creek Junction and I-84 at Echo. Between Echo and Evanston, Wyoming US-189 was originally concurrent with US-30S. As portions of I-80 were complete, US-189 was moved from the old US-30S alignment to the freeway alignment. Prior to the construction of the Jordanelle Reservoir, the US-189 designation alternated between two routes between Hailstone and Wanship. For most of this era, US-189 was routed along what is now State Route 32 via Kamas. However, there are some years the official Utah Highway Map shows the road through Kamas designated as US-189 Alternate, with the main route of US-189 concurrent with the routes of US-40 and what is now I-80. In 1985 the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began plans to relocate US-40 and US-189 to prepare for the construction of the Jordanelle Reservoir. As late as 1989, UDOT still intended move US-189 to an alignment on the northern shore of the proposed reservoir. On January 18, 1990 the Federal Highway Administration sent a letter to UDOT recommending that US-189 not be moved to this new alignment. The stated reason was this new routing would result in traveling 15 miles (24 km) "out-of-direction". AASHTO agreed, and authorized a change of plan for the route of US-189 to run concurrent with US-40. UDOT agreed, and this new road was instead signed as extension of State Route 248. The portion of the former route of US-189 not submerged by the new lake was designated State Route 32 after months of negotiations with county officials. However, although US-189 was now officially concurrent with US-40 between Heber City and Silver Creek Junction, this segment was signed only as US-40, and an "END US-189" sign was posted in Heber City. This lasted until late 2017, when the end signs were removed and US-189 signs were added to the US-40 concurrency. US-189 remains unsigned on the I-80 concurrency between Silver Creek Junction and the Wyoming state line. Major intersections StateCountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes UtahUtahProvo0.0000.000 I-15 / Lakeview Parkway / University Avenue to 1860 South – Salt Lake City, Las VegasSouthern terminus 1.6332.628 US 89 – Springville, Orem 3.4345.526 SR-265 (University Parkway) – Brigham Young University 7.42511.949 SR-52 to I-15 – OremPartial interchange 10.65717.151View areaNunns View; southbound exit and entrance only 14.30023.014 SR-92 (Alpine Loop Scenic Byway) – Sundance Wasatch19.42331.258 SR-314 – Deer Creek Reservoir 24.88740.052 SR-113 – Charleston, Midway Heber City28.89046.494 US 40 – Duchesne, VernalSouthern end of overlap with US-40 29.82948.005 SR-113 (100 South) Summit33.58754.053 SR-32 north – Francis, KamasFormer US-189 north 33.80254.399South end of freeway 38.58962.1038Mayflower (SR-319)Exit numbers follow US-40 42.83768.9394 SR-248 – Park City, Kamas 45.52673.2672Silver Summit Silver Creek Junction46.83575.374— I-80 west – Salt Lake Citynorthbound left exit and southbound entrance I-80 west / Silver Creek RoadWestern end of I-80 overlap; exit 146 on I-80; Western terminus of US 40. 50.68381.566150Tollgate PromontoryExit numbers follow I-80 Wanship54.93188.403155 SR-32 south – Wanship, KamasSR-32 is former route of US-189 Coalville62.551100.666162Coalville (SR-280) Echo Junction67.283108.281168 I-84 west – OgdenExits 120A-B on I-84 67.640108.856169Echo 78.662126.594178EmoryWestbound exit and eastbound entrance 84.085135.322185Castle Rock 87.726141.181187Ranch Exit 91.649147.495191Wahsatch 96.6390.000155.5250.000Utah–Wyoming line WyomingUintaEvanston3.4535.5573 I-80 BL / US 189 Bus. – Evanston 5.2638.4705 WYO 150 – Mountain View 6.25710.0706 I-80 BL / US 189 Bus. – Evanston 18.29329.440 I-80 – LymanNorthern end of I-80 concurrency; exit 18 on I-80 Lincoln21.41034.456 WYO 412 south / California National Historic Trail / Oregon National Historic Trail – Carter Kemmerer34.51055.538 US 30 east / US 30 Byp. west / California National Historic Trail / Oregon National Historic Trail – Rock Springs, Port of Entry, CokevilleInterchange; southern end of overlap with US 30; exit 54 on US 30 Byp. 37.28059.996 US 30 west – Bear Lake, Montpelier, IdahoNorthern end of overlap with US 30 38.07161.269 WYO 233 north – Lake Viva Naughton 57.49092.521 WYO 240 south – Granger 61.39098.798 WYO 372 east – Fontenelle La Barge84.874136.591 WYO 235 SubletteBig Piney105.943170.499 WYO 350 west Marbleton109.384176.036 WYO 351 east – Boulder Daniel131.448211.545 US 191 south – Rock SpringsSouthern end of overlap with US 191 131.730211.999 WYO 354 west TetonHoback Junction184.656297.175 US 26 west / US 89 south – Alpine JunctionSouthern end of overlap with US 26/US 89 188.596303.516 WYO 391 west Jackson196.391316.061 WYO 22 west – Wilson, Teton Village 197.806318.338 US 26 east / US 89 / US 191 north (Cache Street)Northern terminus; north end of US 26/US 89/US 191 concurrency; road continues east as Broadway Avenue 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus References ^ "Provo Canyon Scenic Byway". Utah Office of Tourism. Retrieved October 13, 2007. ^ a b Dale Sanderson. "US-189 endpoint photos". Retrieved May 19, 2019. ^ "Utah Revised Code". State of Utah. Retrieved June 18, 2020. ^ "Highway Resolution Route 7". Utah Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 27, 2008. ^ "Highway Designation". Utah Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 27, 2008. ^ "Highway Reference Information". Utah Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 1, 2008. ^ "Maintenance Section Reference Book" (PDF). Wyoming Department of Transportation. February 15, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2014. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 189KML is not from Wikidata Endpoints of U.S. Highway 189 Endpoints of historic U.S. Highway 530 Browse numbered routes ← SR-186UT→ SR-190 ← WYO 175WY→ WYO 190 vteU.S. Routes related to US 30 30N‡ 30S (Ohio)‡ 30S (Idaho–Utah–Wyoming)‡ US 130 US 230‡ US 330‡ US 430‡ US 530‡ US 630‡ US 730 US 830‡ Special ‡This highway is no longer part of the system.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 189 (1920s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_189_(1920s)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_89"},{"link_name":"Provo, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 30S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_30S_(Idaho-Utah-Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Provo Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Heber City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heber_City,_Utah"}],"text":"For the original US 189, see U.S. Route 189 (1920s).Highway in the United StatesU.S. Route 189 is a spur of U.S. Route 89. It currently runs for 322 miles (518 km) from Provo, Utah at Interstate 15 to Jackson, Wyoming. The highway was not part of the original 1926 U.S. Highway system. The highway was created in the 1930s, absorbing former U.S. Route 530 and a portion of U.S. Route 30S. The portion through Provo Canyon (between Provo and Heber City, Utah) has been designated the Provo Canyon Scenic Byway by the state of Utah.","title":"U.S. Route 189"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Route_189_End.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provo_Canyon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Deer Creek Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Creek_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Heber Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heber_Valley_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Provo Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo_Canyon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uot-1"},{"link_name":"Heber City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heber_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapguy-2"},{"link_name":"Jordanelle Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanelle_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Hailstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailstone,_Utah"},{"link_name":"State Route 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Route_32"},{"link_name":"Wanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanship,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Coalville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalville,_Utah"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law-3"}],"sub_title":"Utah","text":"Southern terminus in Provo, UTProvo Canyon, US-189 is visible in the bottom of the photoUS-189 begins in Provo where it is known as University Avenue, referring to Brigham Young University. The highway then winds up Provo Canyon passing by Deer Creek Reservoir and paralleling the route of the Heber Creeper (now known as the Heber Valley Railroad). The portion in Provo Canyon is designated the Provo Canyon Scenic Byway by the state legislature.[1] The highway exits Provo Canyon near Heber City, Utah.At Heber City US-189 meets U.S. Route 40 and is co-signed with Route 40 all the way to its junction with I-80.[2]Prior to the construction of the Jordanelle Reservoir, the highway continued north concurrent with the former alignment of US-40 that is now under water. US-40 and 189 separated at Hailstone, also now under the lake. US-189 emerged from the lake shore along the route now signed State Route 32. SR-32 and former US-189 join I-80 in Wanship. Prior to the completion of Interstate 80 in eastern Utah US-189 formed the main streets of Coalville and other communities now bypassed by I-80.[citation needed]The Utah section of US-189 is defined in Utah Code Annotated § 72-4-124(2).[3] The Utah Code does not contain the concurrent alignment along US-40 and I-80, but the concurrent portion is included in Utah Department of Transportation maps of the area.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Interstate 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Evanston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanston,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Kemmerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemmerer,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"JC Penney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Penney_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Fontenelle Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontenelle_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Names Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_Hill"},{"link_name":"La Barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Barge,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Moondance Diner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondance_Diner"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Green River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Big Piney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Piney,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Marbleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbleton,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Oil and Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry"},{"link_name":"Green River Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Basin"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191"},{"link_name":"Bridger-Teton National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridger-Teton_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Bondurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondurant,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Hoback River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoback_River"},{"link_name":"US 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_26_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"US 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_89_(Wyoming)"}],"sub_title":"Wyoming","text":"US 189 enters Wyoming from the west co-routed with Interstate 80. The routes separate east of Evanston, at exit 18, where US 189 proceeds north through the town of Kemmerer, home of the JC Penney Mother Store which is located along the route. US 189 continues north, eventually following the western shore of Fontenelle Reservoir and passing Names Hill before entering La Barge, passing what is left of the Moondance Diner, which was moved to the town from New York City in 2007, and is famous from many movies and television shows. The route then continues north along the Green River towards the neighboring towns of Big Piney and Marbleton. This area is heavily developed by the Oil and Natural Gas industries. The route then cuts across the northern part of the Green River Basin through the town of Daniel and intersects with US 191 at Daniel Junction and runs concurrently to the north. Continuing north, the road traverses increasingly mountainous terrain, entering the Bridger-Teton National Forest and passing through the small community of Bondurant before descending through the narrow Hoback River Canyon to an intersection with US 26 and rejoining its parents route, US 89 at Hoback Junction.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway"},{"link_name":"Nephi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephi,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Pigeon Hollow Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_Hollow_Junction,_Utah"},{"link_name":"State Route 132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_132_(Utah)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resolution7-4"},{"link_name":"I-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_(Utah)"},{"link_name":"Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Evanston, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanston,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"Jordanelle Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanelle_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Hailstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailstone,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Wanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanship,_Utah"},{"link_name":"State Route 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Route_32"},{"link_name":"Kamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamas,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Utah Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Federal Highway Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration"},{"link_name":"AASHTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AASHTO"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"State Route 248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Route_248"},{"link_name":"State Route 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Route_32"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designation189-5"},{"link_name":"Heber City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heber_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapguy-2"}],"text":"There was a US-189 in the initial 1926 plan for U.S. Highways, which ran from Nephi to Pigeon Hollow Junction. This route is currently the eastern half of State Route 132.In 1938, a second iteration of US 189 was created using several state routes. The portion from Provo to Heber City in Utah was numbered State Route 7. Although signed US-189 starting in 1938 this road retained the SR-7 designation until 1977.[4]US-189 replaced US-530, designated in 1926, between the modern junctions of I-80 with US-40 at Silver Creek Junction and I-84 at Echo. Between Echo and Evanston, Wyoming US-189 was originally concurrent with US-30S. As portions of I-80 were complete, US-189 was moved from the old US-30S alignment to the freeway alignment.Prior to the construction of the Jordanelle Reservoir, the US-189 designation alternated between two routes between Hailstone and Wanship. For most of this era, US-189 was routed along what is now State Route 32 via Kamas. However, there are some years the official Utah Highway Map shows the road through Kamas designated as US-189 Alternate, with the main route of US-189 concurrent with the routes of US-40 and what is now I-80.In 1985 the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began plans to relocate US-40 and US-189 to prepare for the construction of the Jordanelle Reservoir. As late as 1989, UDOT still intended move US-189 to an alignment on the northern shore of the proposed reservoir. On January 18, 1990 the Federal Highway Administration sent a letter to UDOT recommending that US-189 not be moved to this new alignment. The stated reason was this new routing would result in traveling 15 miles (24 km) \"out-of-direction\". AASHTO agreed, and authorized a change of plan for the route of US-189 to run concurrent with US-40. UDOT agreed, and this new road was instead signed as extension of State Route 248. The portion of the former route of US-189 not submerged by the new lake was designated State Route 32 after months of negotiations with county officials.[5]However, although US-189 was now officially concurrent with US-40 between Heber City and Silver Creek Junction, this segment was signed only as US-40, and an \"END US-189\" sign was posted in Heber City. This lasted until late 2017, when the end signs were removed and US-189 signs were added to the US-40 concurrency. US-189 remains unsigned on the I-80 concurrency between Silver Creek Junction and the Wyoming state line.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]	[{"image_text":"Southern terminus in Provo, UT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/U.S._Route_189_End.jpg/220px-U.S._Route_189_End.jpg"},{"image_text":"Provo Canyon, US-189 is visible in the bottom of the photo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Provo_Canyon.jpg/220px-Provo_Canyon.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Provo Canyon Scenic Byway\". Utah Office of Tourism. Retrieved October 13, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utah.com/byways/provo_canyon.htm","url_text":"\"Provo Canyon Scenic Byway\""}]},{"reference":"Dale Sanderson. \"US-189 endpoint photos\". Retrieved May 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://usends.com/189.html","url_text":"\"US-189 endpoint photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Utah Revised Code\". State of Utah. Retrieved June 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title72/Chapter4/72-4-S124.html","url_text":"\"Utah Revised Code\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highway Resolution Route 7\". Utah Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=200609121733363","url_text":"\"Highway Resolution Route 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Utah Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Highway Designation\". Utah Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=200609121729253","url_text":"\"Highway Designation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Utah Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Highway Reference Information\". Utah Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=267328313105182138","url_text":"\"Highway Reference Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maintenance Section Reference Book\" (PDF). Wyoming Department of Transportation. February 15, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.wy.us/files/live/sites/wydot/files/shared/Maintenance/Maintenance%20Section%20Reference%20Book/2013%20Maintenance%20Section%20Reference%20Book%20(2-15-2013).pdf","url_text":"\"Maintenance Section Reference Book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Wyoming Department of Transportation"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.utah.com/byways/provo_canyon.htm","external_links_name":"\"Provo Canyon Scenic Byway\""},{"Link":"http://usends.com/189.html","external_links_name":"\"US-189 endpoint photos\""},{"Link":"https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title72/Chapter4/72-4-S124.html","external_links_name":"\"Utah Revised Code\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=200609121733363","external_links_name":"\"Highway Resolution Route 7\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=200609121729253","external_links_name":"\"Highway Designation\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=267328313105182138","external_links_name":"\"Highway Reference Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.wy.us/files/live/sites/wydot/files/shared/Maintenance/Maintenance%20Section%20Reference%20Book/2013%20Maintenance%20Section%20Reference%20Book%20(2-15-2013).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Maintenance Section Reference Book\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_189&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_189&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://usends.com/189.html","external_links_name":"Endpoints of U.S. Highway 189"},{"Link":"http://usends.com/530.html","external_links_name":"Endpoints of historic U.S. Highway 530"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Energy_Research	Institute for Energy Research	["1 History","2 Leadership","3 Funding","4 American Energy Alliance","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Free-market energy policy organization Institute for Energy ResearchFormation1989FounderRobert L. Bradley Jr.Founded atHouston, TexasTypeNonprofit public policy researchLocationWashington, D.C.Board of directorsSteven F. HaywardWebsiteinstituteforenergyresearch.org The Institute for Energy Research (IER) is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit organization that "conducts intensive research and analysis on the functions, operations, and government regulation of global energy markets." IER maintains that the free market provides the most "efficient and effective solutions" to "global energy and environmental challenges". IER is often described as a front group for the fossil fuel industry. It was initially formed by Charles Koch, receives donations from many large companies like Exxon, and publishes a stream of reports and position papers opposing any efforts to control greenhouse gasses. Thomas Pyle, president of the IER and its offshoot American Energy Alliance (AEA), was appointed to the US Department of Energy's transition team after the 2016 United States elections. History The IER is the successor organization to the Institute for Humane Studies—Texas, a foundation established in 1984 by classical-liberalism advocate Greg Rehmke of the Institute for Humane Studies in Menlo Park, California, of which billionaire businessman and political donor Charles Koch was a director. After failing to pay the Texas state franchise tax, IHST lost its charter in 1989, and was later rebranded as the Institute for Energy Research, or IER, under the presidency of Robert L. Bradley Jr., the former director of public policy analysis for Enron. IER began by distributing quarterly reports to a small but growing list of donors in the early 1990s and eventually expanded its publishing capabilities to include highly publicized studies. It was not until 2001 when Bradley secured funding to make IER a full-time organization. In 2007, IER was moved to Washington, D.C. where it transformed itself into an energy think tank producing research and analysis on global energy markets. In 2009, an article in Mother Jones magazine said IER was among the most prominent organizations questioning the existence and extent of anthropogenic climate change. In 2016, Thomas Pyle, president of IER and AEA, was appointed to the US Department of Energy's transition team after the 2016 United States elections. On 15 November, he delivered a memo entitled "What to Expect from the Trump Administration" which has been described as a "fossil fuel industry wish list". It called for withdrawing from the 2015 Paris Agreement, overturning the Clean Power Plan, opening federal lands to exploitation for coal and oil development, and rolling back CAFE fuel economy standards. Leadership The Institute's CEO and founder, Robert L. Bradley Jr., is a senior fellow at the American Institute for Economic Research and Energy & Climate Change Fellow at the Institute of Economic Affairs in London. He has written eight books, including Energy: The Master Resource; Climate Alarmism Reconsidered; and Edison to Enron. His former affiliations were with George Mason University, the University of Texas at Austin, and the Cato Institute. Funding IER is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization and is funded by tax deductible contributions from individuals, foundations and corporations. IER has received funding from the Brown Foundation (started by founders of a construction and energy company), the Searle Freedom Trust and the Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation. They have also previously received funding from ExxonMobil, the American Petroleum Institute, the Center to Protect Patient Rights, and Peabody Energy. IER says that it has not sought for or accepted financial support from the government. IER has been described as a front group for the fossil fuel industry, since it has accepted financial donations from firms in that sector. American Energy Alliance The Institute for Energy Research has a political arm, the American Energy Alliance (AEA). According to its website, "AEA’s mission is to enlist and empower energy consumers to encourage policymakers to support free market policies. Energy consumers, not bureaucrats, should decide the mix between various sources of energy. The tax code should not be used to pick energy winners and losers." In 2009, AEA ran television advertisements in opposition to the American Clean Energy and Security Act, also known as the Waxman-Markey Bill, that proposed an emissions trading plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to address climate change. In 2013, AEA provided an online petition to U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry regarding the U.S. federal government administration's approval of the Keystone XL pipeline extension. AEA supports approval of the pipeline. The AEA opposes a Wind Production Tax Credit. See also Robert P. Murphy References ^ a b c d "About Us". Institute for Energy Research. Retrieved 4 December 2015. ^ a b c Goldenberg, Suzanne; Bengtsson, Helena (June 13, 2016). "Biggest US coal company funded dozens of groups questioning climate change". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2016. ^ a b c d Negin, Elliott (July 19, 2013). "Koch-Funded Climate Contrarians Make Mischief on Capitol Hill". Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 October 2016. ^ a b c d Harkinson, Josh (December 4, 2009). "The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial". Mother Jones. Retrieved September 30, 2015. ^ "Interview with Greg Rehmke, MasterResource, June 23, 2021". 23 June 2021. ^ a b Fang, Lee (29 August 2014). "Charles Koch Personally Founded Group Protecting Oil Industry Hand-Outs, Documents Reveal". Republic Report. Essential Information. Retrieved 4 July 2018. ^ "Conservative Spotlight: Institute for Energy Research". Human Events. ^ Surgey, Nick (5 December 2016). "Revealed: The Trump Administration's Energy Plan". PR Watch. ^ Institute for Energy: Staff. Archived 2013-05-07 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Institute for Energy Research. 2012 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax" (PDF). Guidestar. 2012. Retrieved 2022-03-19. ^ Evans, Will (September 22, 2008). "New Group Tied To Oil Industry Runs Ads Promoting Drilling, Attacking Democrat". National Public Radio. Retrieved March 18, 2015. ^ Vogel, Kenneth (March 29, 2012). "Kochs linked to anti-Obama gas ads". Politico. Retrieved 4 December 2015. ^ Erman, Michael (23 May 2008). "Exxon again cuts funds for climate change skeptics". Reuters. ^ "Mission Statement". American Energy Alliance. Retrieved 2020-10-03. ^ "American Energy Alliance Homepage". The American Energy Alliance. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ Restuccia, Andrew (13 November 2012). "Fans, foes at war over wind tax credit extension". Politico. External links Official website "Institute for Energy Research Internal Revenue Service filings". ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"},{"link_name":"free market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-market"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"},{"link_name":"front group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_group"},{"link_name":"fossil fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-negin-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motherjones20091204-4"},{"link_name":"Charles Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Koch"},{"link_name":"Exxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"US Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"2016 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_elections"}],"text":"The Institute for Energy Research (IER) is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit organization that \"conducts intensive research and analysis on the functions, operations, and government regulation of global energy markets.\"[1] IER maintains that the free market provides the most \"efficient and effective solutions\" to \"global energy and environmental challenges\".[1]IER is often described as a front group for the fossil fuel industry.[2][3][4] It was initially formed by Charles Koch, receives donations from many large companies like Exxon, and publishes a stream of reports and position papers opposing any efforts to control greenhouse gasses. Thomas Pyle, president of the IER and its offshoot American Energy Alliance (AEA), was appointed to the US Department of Energy's transition team after the 2016 United States elections.","title":"Institute for Energy Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute for Humane Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Humane_Studies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Koch"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fang2014-6"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Bradley Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Bradley_Jr."},{"link_name":"Enron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fang2014-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-humanevents.com-7"},{"link_name":"Mother Jones magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"anthropogenic climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motherjones20091204-4"},{"link_name":"US Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"2016 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"Paris Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Clean Power Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan"},{"link_name":"CAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The IER is the successor organization to the Institute for Humane Studies—Texas, a foundation established in 1984 by classical-liberalism advocate Greg Rehmke[5] of the Institute for Humane Studies in Menlo Park, California, of which billionaire businessman and political donor Charles Koch[6] was a director. After failing to pay the Texas state franchise tax, IHST lost its charter in 1989, and was later rebranded as the Institute for Energy Research, or IER, under the presidency of Robert L. Bradley Jr., the former director of public policy analysis for Enron.[6]IER began by distributing quarterly reports to a small but growing list of donors in the early 1990s and eventually expanded its publishing capabilities to include highly publicized studies. It was not until 2001 when Bradley secured funding to make IER a full-time organization. In 2007, IER was moved to Washington, D.C. where it transformed itself into an energy think tank producing research and analysis on global energy markets.[7]In 2009, an article in Mother Jones magazine said IER was among the most prominent organizations questioning the existence and extent of anthropogenic climate change.[4]In 2016, Thomas Pyle, president of IER and AEA, was appointed to the US Department of Energy's transition team after the 2016 United States elections. On 15 November, he delivered a memo entitled \"What to Expect from the Trump Administration\" which has been described as a \"fossil fuel industry wish list\". It called for withdrawing from the 2015 Paris Agreement, overturning the Clean Power Plan, opening federal lands to exploitation for coal and oil development, and rolling back CAFE fuel economy standards.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert L. Bradley Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Bradley_Jr."},{"link_name":"American Institute for Economic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_for_Economic_Research"},{"link_name":"Institute of Economic Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cato Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Institute"}],"text":"The Institute's CEO and founder, Robert L. Bradley Jr., is a senior fellow at the American Institute for Economic Research and Energy & Climate Change Fellow at the Institute of Economic Affairs in London. He has written eight books, including Energy: The Master Resource; Climate Alarmism Reconsidered; and Edison to Enron.[9] His former affiliations were with George Mason University, the University of Texas at Austin, and the Cato Institute.","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Brown Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBR_(company)"},{"link_name":"Searle Freedom Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searle_Freedom_Trust"},{"link_name":"Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_family_foundations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ExxonMobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"American Petroleum Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-negin-3"},{"link_name":"Center to Protect Patient Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Future_Fund"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-negin-3"},{"link_name":"Peabody Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Energy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"},{"link_name":"front group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-negin-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motherjones20091204-4"}],"text":"IER is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization and is funded by tax deductible contributions from individuals, foundations and corporations.[1][10] IER has received funding from the Brown Foundation (started by founders of a construction and energy company), the Searle Freedom Trust and the Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation.[11][12] They have also previously received funding from ExxonMobil,[13] the American Petroleum Institute,[3] the Center to Protect Patient Rights,[3] and Peabody Energy.[2] IER says that it has not sought for or accepted financial support from the government.[1]IER has been described as a front group for the fossil fuel industry, since it has accepted financial donations from firms in that sector.[2][3][4]","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"American Clean Energy and Security Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Clean_Energy_and_Security_Act"},{"link_name":"Waxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Waxman"},{"link_name":"Markey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Markey"},{"link_name":"emissions trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"address climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motherjones20091204-4"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"Keystone XL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_XL"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aeahomepage-15"},{"link_name":"Wind Production Tax Credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Wind_Energy_Policy#Wind_Production_Tax_Credit_(PTC)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politico13nov2012-16"}],"text":"The Institute for Energy Research has a political arm, the American Energy Alliance (AEA). According to its website, \"AEA’s mission is to enlist and empower energy consumers to encourage policymakers to support free market policies. […] Energy consumers, not bureaucrats, should decide the mix between various sources of energy. The tax code should not be used to pick energy winners and losers.\"[14]In 2009, AEA ran television advertisements in opposition to the American Clean Energy and Security Act, also known as the Waxman-Markey Bill, that proposed an emissions trading plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to address climate change.[4]In 2013, AEA provided an online petition to U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry regarding the U.S. federal government administration's approval of the Keystone XL pipeline extension. AEA supports approval of the pipeline.[15]The AEA opposes a Wind Production Tax Credit.[16]","title":"American Energy Alliance"}]	[]	[{"title":"Robert P. Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy"}]	[{"reference":"\"About Us\". Institute for Energy Research. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/about/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Goldenberg, Suzanne; Bengtsson, Helena (June 13, 2016). \"Biggest US coal company funded dozens of groups questioning climate change\". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/13/peabody-energy-coal-mining-climate-change-denial-funding","url_text":"\"Biggest US coal company funded dozens of groups questioning climate change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Negin, Elliott (July 19, 2013). \"Koch-Funded Climate Contrarians Make Mischief on Capitol Hill\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/elliott-negin/koch-funded-climate-contr_b_3620727.html","url_text":"\"Koch-Funded Climate Contrarians Make Mischief on Capitol Hill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Harkinson, Josh (December 4, 2009). \"The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial\". Mother Jones. Retrieved September 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motherjones.com/special-reports/2009/12/dirty-dozen-climate-change-denial","url_text":"\"The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)","url_text":"Mother Jones"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Greg Rehmke, MasterResource, June 23, 2021\". 23 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.masterresource.org/institute-for-energy-research-american-energy-alliance/ihs-texas-forerunner-ier-i/","url_text":"\"Interview with Greg Rehmke, MasterResource, June 23, 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Fang, Lee (29 August 2014). \"Charles Koch Personally Founded Group Protecting Oil Industry Hand-Outs, Documents Reveal\". Republic Report. Essential Information. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.republicreport.org/2014/charles-koch-personally-founded-group-protecting-oil-industry-hand-outs-documents-reveal/","url_text":"\"Charles Koch Personally Founded Group Protecting Oil Industry Hand-Outs, Documents Reveal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conservative Spotlight: Institute for Energy Research\". Human Events.","urls":[{"url":"http://humanevents.com/2010/08/08/conservative-spotlight-institute-for-energy-research/","url_text":"\"Conservative Spotlight: Institute for Energy Research\""}]},{"reference":"Surgey, Nick (5 December 2016). \"Revealed: The Trump Administration's Energy Plan\". PR Watch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prwatch.org/news/2016/12/13184/revealed-trump-administrations-energy-plan","url_text":"\"Revealed: The Trump Administration's Energy Plan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Institute for Energy Research. 2012 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax\" (PDF). Guidestar. 2012. Retrieved 2022-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://pdf.guidestar.org/PDF_Images/2012/760/149/2012-760149778-09ca3f40-9.pdf","url_text":"\"Institute for Energy Research. 2012 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Will (September 22, 2008). \"New Group Tied To Oil Industry Runs Ads Promoting Drilling, Attacking Democrat\". National Public Radio. Retrieved March 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/blogs/secretmoney/2008/09/udall_radio_ad.html","url_text":"\"New Group Tied To Oil Industry Runs Ads Promoting Drilling, Attacking Democrat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio","url_text":"National Public Radio"}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Kenneth (March 29, 2012). \"Kochs linked to anti-Obama gas ads\". Politico. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politico.com/story/2012/03/kochs-linked-to-anti-obama-gas-ads-074643","url_text":"\"Kochs linked to anti-Obama gas ads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"}]},{"reference":"Erman, Michael (23 May 2008). \"Exxon again cuts funds for climate change skeptics\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-exxon-funding-idUKN2328446120080523","url_text":"\"Exxon again cuts funds for climate change skeptics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Mission Statement\". American Energy Alliance. Retrieved 2020-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanenergyalliance.org/about/mission-statement/","url_text":"\"Mission Statement\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Energy Alliance Homepage\". The American Energy Alliance. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanenergyalliance.org/","url_text":"\"American Energy Alliance Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"Restuccia, Andrew (13 November 2012). \"Fans, foes at war over wind tax credit extension\". Politico.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1112/83727.html","url_text":"\"Fans, foes at war over wind tax credit extension\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"}]},{"reference":"\"Institute for Energy Research Internal Revenue Service filings\". ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.","urls":[{"url":"https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/760149778","url_text":"\"Institute for Energy Research Internal Revenue Service filings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPublica","url_text":"ProPublica"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/","external_links_name":"instituteforenergyresearch.org"},{"Link":"http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/about/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/13/peabody-energy-coal-mining-climate-change-denial-funding","external_links_name":"\"Biggest US coal company funded dozens of groups questioning climate change\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/elliott-negin/koch-funded-climate-contr_b_3620727.html","external_links_name":"\"Koch-Funded Climate Contrarians Make Mischief on Capitol Hill\""},{"Link":"https://www.motherjones.com/special-reports/2009/12/dirty-dozen-climate-change-denial","external_links_name":"\"The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial\""},{"Link":"https://www.masterresource.org/institute-for-energy-research-american-energy-alliance/ihs-texas-forerunner-ier-i/","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Greg Rehmke, MasterResource, June 23, 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.republicreport.org/2014/charles-koch-personally-founded-group-protecting-oil-industry-hand-outs-documents-reveal/","external_links_name":"\"Charles Koch Personally Founded Group Protecting Oil Industry Hand-Outs, Documents Reveal\""},{"Link":"http://humanevents.com/2010/08/08/conservative-spotlight-institute-for-energy-research/","external_links_name":"\"Conservative Spotlight: Institute for Energy Research\""},{"Link":"https://www.prwatch.org/news/2016/12/13184/revealed-trump-administrations-energy-plan","external_links_name":"\"Revealed: The Trump Administration's Energy Plan\""},{"Link":"http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/staff/robert-l-bradley-jr/","external_links_name":"Staff."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130507120112/http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/staff/robert-l-bradley-jr/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pdf.guidestar.org/PDF_Images/2012/760/149/2012-760149778-09ca3f40-9.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Institute for Energy Research. 2012 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/blogs/secretmoney/2008/09/udall_radio_ad.html","external_links_name":"\"New Group Tied To Oil Industry Runs Ads Promoting Drilling, Attacking Democrat\""},{"Link":"http://www.politico.com/story/2012/03/kochs-linked-to-anti-obama-gas-ads-074643","external_links_name":"\"Kochs linked to anti-Obama gas ads\""},{"Link":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-exxon-funding-idUKN2328446120080523","external_links_name":"\"Exxon again cuts funds for climate change skeptics\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanenergyalliance.org/about/mission-statement/","external_links_name":"\"Mission Statement\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanenergyalliance.org/","external_links_name":"\"American Energy Alliance Homepage\""},{"Link":"http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1112/83727.html","external_links_name":"\"Fans, foes at war over wind tax credit extension\""},{"Link":"http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/760149778","external_links_name":"\"Institute for Energy Research Internal Revenue Service filings\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Arnold	Cornelius Arnold	["1 References"]	Cornelius Arnold (1711-1757?), was a poetical writer. Arnold was born 13 March 1711, and entered Merchant Taylors' School in 1723. The statement that he became one of the ushers in the school is incorrect. In the latter part of his life he was beadle to the Worshipful Company of Distillers. His works are: 'Distress, a poetical essay,' dedicated to John Robartes, 4th Earl of Radnor, London , 4to. 'Commerce, a poem,' 2nd edit. London, 1751, 4to. 'The Mirror. A Poetical Essay in the manner of Spenser,' dedicated to David Garrick, London, 1755, 4to. 'Osman,' a tragedy. In a volume of poems published in 1757. References This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Cornelius Arnold" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) "Arnold, Cornelius" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States This article about an English poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood"},{"link_name":"beadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beadle"},{"link_name":"Worshipful Company of Distillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Distillers"},{"link_name":"John Robartes, 4th Earl of Radnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robartes,_4th_Earl_of_Radnor"}],"text":"Arnold was born 13 March 1711, and entered Merchant Taylors' School in 1723. The statement that he became one of the ushers in the school is incorrect. In the latter part of his life he was beadle to the Worshipful Company of Distillers.His works are:'Distress, a poetical essay,' dedicated to John Robartes, 4th Earl of Radnor, London [1750?], 4to.\n'Commerce, a poem,' 2nd edit. London, 1751, 4to.\n'The Mirror. A Poetical Essay in the manner of Spenser,' dedicated to David Garrick, London, 1755, 4to.\n'Osman,' a tragedy. In a volume of poems published in 1757.","title":"Cornelius Arnold"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Arnold&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cornelius+Arnold%22","external_links_name":"\"Cornelius Arnold\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cornelius+Arnold%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cornelius+Arnold%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cornelius+Arnold%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cornelius+Arnold%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cornelius+Arnold%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Arnold,_Cornelius","external_links_name":"\"Arnold, Cornelius\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/71240953","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWyCGfG3GWmwHGhwmjmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr90020174","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Arnold&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Penrose	Scott Penrose	["1 References","2 External links"]	English magician and magic consultant Scott Penrose (born 1969 in Essex) is an English magician and magic consultant and is the son of magician John Penrose. Penrose is a former President of The Magic Circle having been proposed for the post by Paul Daniels. He is Honorary Vice President of The British Magic Society, the UK's oldest Magic Club. He was awarded the title The Magic Circle Stage Magician of the Year in 2000. He mainly works as a magic consultant and illusion designer. He taught Woody Allen magic for his movie Scoop and advised on the Houdini movie Death Defying Acts (starring Catherine Zeta-Jones and Guy Pearce). He also built illusions for and appeared in the movie Magicians and tutored Sir Michael Caine and the young Bill Milner for the movie Is Anybody There?. Other credits include designing, creating and building magic and illusions for UK TV shows such as QI, Jonathan Creek and Hustle. In the 2015 Christmas Special of QI, Penrose surprised Stephen Fry with membership of The Magic Circle. He had earlier appeared on QI in 2010 to perform the trick of pulling the head off a dove. For live theatre he has created illusion based special effects for the West End and UK Tour of Spamalot, Ghost Stories, The Ladykillers, I Can't Sing! The X Factor Musical, Bend It Like Beckham the Musical, Mrs Henderson Presents and the stage adaptation of The Tiger Who Came to Tea. In 2007 he created and advised on magic effects, illusions and quick change costume techniques for the Cirque du Soleil touring production "Koozå". He has been described as "The epitome of the professional magician. Think top hat and tails. Think silks, doves and disappearing candles and you will know exactly who I am talking about." As a former Executive Curator of The Magic Circle Museum, Penrose is also a magic historian and is known for his historical recreations and restoration of classics such as the Robert-Houdin Orange Tree, Maskelyne's Psycho Automaton and Devant's Educated Goldfish. His literary contributions include illustrating and co-authoring the book Alan Shaxon - The Sophisticated Sorcerer. UK singer Paloma Faith used to be Penrose's assistant in his illusion act before she rose to fame as a performer in her own right. Penrose later appeared in the video of Faith's song "Smoke and Mirrors". Penrose is associated with Andrew Lloyd Webber and made the magical effects for his musical Love Never Dies and the 2019 film adaptation of his musical Cats. References ^ "Paul Daniels and Debbie McGee 'spent last days eating ice cream and watching TV'". ^ "QI Series M - Merriment". British Comedy Guide. ^ "Ghost Stories review: Jeremy Dyson and Andy Nyman's hit spook fest returns to the Lyric for a lap of honour". ^ "Scott Penrose - Bend It Like Beckham". Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-04-28. ^ "Mrs Henderson Presents". Theatre Royal, Bath Programme. August 2015. ^ "Ipswich Magical Society Convention 2005. Magic, Mystery and Illusions". ^ "0950 - MagicWeek UK Magic News". ^ "Review Book - Alan Shaxon - the Sophisticated Sorcerer". ^ Paloma Faith Q&A - Independent ^ Love Never Dies Article ^ "Cats (2019) - IMDb". IMDb. External links Scott Penrose's Official Website Scott Penrose at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"magic consultant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_consultant"},{"link_name":"The Magic Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Circle_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"Paul Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Daniels"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"Scoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Death Defying Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Defying_Acts"},{"link_name":"Catherine Zeta-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Zeta-Jones"},{"link_name":"Guy Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Magicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magicians_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Sir Michael Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caine"},{"link_name":"Bill Milner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Milner"},{"link_name":"Is Anybody There?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_Anybody_There%3F"},{"link_name":"QI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QI"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Creek"},{"link_name":"Hustle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustle_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Spamalot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamalot"},{"link_name":"Ghost Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Stories_(play)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Ladykillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ladykillers_(play)"},{"link_name":"I Can't Sing! The X Factor Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Sing!_The_X_Factor_Musical"},{"link_name":"Bend It Like Beckham the Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend_It_Like_Beckham_the_Musical"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mrs Henderson Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_Henderson_Presents_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-programme-5"},{"link_name":"The Tiger Who Came to Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tiger_Who_Came_to_Tea"},{"link_name":"Cirque du Soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Psycho Automaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho_Automaton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Paloma Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_Faith"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lloyd Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"Love Never Dies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Never_Dies_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Scott Penrose (born 1969 in Essex) is an English magician and magic consultant and is the son of magician John Penrose.Penrose is a former President of The Magic Circle having been proposed for the post by Paul Daniels. He is Honorary Vice President of The British Magic Society, the UK's oldest Magic Club.[1] He was awarded the title The Magic Circle Stage Magician of the Year in 2000.He mainly works as a magic consultant and illusion designer. He taught Woody Allen magic for his movie Scoop and advised on the Houdini movie Death Defying Acts (starring Catherine Zeta-Jones and Guy Pearce). He also built illusions for and appeared in the movie Magicians and tutored Sir Michael Caine and the young Bill Milner for the movie Is Anybody There?. Other credits include designing, creating and building magic and illusions for UK TV shows such as QI, Jonathan Creek and Hustle. In the 2015 Christmas Special of QI, Penrose surprised Stephen Fry with membership of The Magic Circle.[2] He had earlier appeared on QI in 2010 to perform the trick of pulling the head off a dove.For live theatre he has created illusion based special effects for the West End and UK Tour of Spamalot, Ghost Stories,[3] The Ladykillers, I Can't Sing! The X Factor Musical, Bend It Like Beckham the Musical,[4] Mrs Henderson Presents[5] and the stage adaptation of The Tiger Who Came to Tea. In 2007 he created and advised on magic effects, illusions and quick change costume techniques for the Cirque du Soleil touring production \"Koozå\".He has been described as \"The epitome of the professional magician. Think top hat and tails. Think silks, doves and disappearing candles and you will know exactly who I am talking about.\"[6]As a former Executive Curator of The Magic Circle Museum, Penrose is also a magic historian and is known for his historical recreations and restoration of classics such as the Robert-Houdin Orange Tree, Maskelyne's Psycho Automaton and Devant's Educated Goldfish.[7] His literary contributions include illustrating and co-authoring the book Alan Shaxon - The Sophisticated Sorcerer.[8]UK singer Paloma Faith used to be Penrose's assistant in his illusion act before she rose to fame as a performer in her own right.[9] Penrose later appeared in the video of Faith's song \"Smoke and Mirrors\"[citation needed].Penrose is associated with Andrew Lloyd Webber and made the magical effects for his musical Love Never Dies[10] and the 2019 film adaptation of his musical Cats.[11]","title":"Scott Penrose"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Paul Daniels and Debbie McGee 'spent last days eating ice cream and watching TV'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12187089/Paul-Daniels-TV-magician-dies-aged-77.html","url_text":"\"Paul Daniels and Debbie McGee 'spent last days eating ice cream and watching TV'\""}]},{"reference":"\"QI Series M - Merriment\". 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Retrieved 2016-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160203225052/http://benditlikebeckhamthemusical.co.uk/creative/scott-penrose/","url_text":"\"Scott Penrose - Bend It Like Beckham\""},{"url":"http://benditlikebeckhamthemusical.co.uk/creative/scott-penrose/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs Henderson Presents\". Theatre Royal, Bath Programme. August 2015.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ipswich Magical Society Convention 2005. Magic, Mystery and Illusions\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ipswichmagicalsociety.co.uk/revconv2005.htm","url_text":"\"Ipswich Magical Society Convention 2005. 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IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5697572/fullcredits","url_text":"\"Cats (2019) - IMDb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12187089/Paul-Daniels-TV-magician-dies-aged-77.html","external_links_name":"\"Paul Daniels and Debbie McGee 'spent last days eating ice cream and watching TV'\""},{"Link":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/qi/episodes/13/8/","external_links_name":"\"QI Series M - Merriment\""},{"Link":"http://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/ghost-stories-review","external_links_name":"\"Ghost Stories review: Jeremy Dyson and Andy Nyman's hit spook fest returns to the Lyric for a lap of honour\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160203225052/http://benditlikebeckhamthemusical.co.uk/creative/scott-penrose/","external_links_name":"\"Scott Penrose - Bend It Like Beckham\""},{"Link":"http://benditlikebeckhamthemusical.co.uk/creative/scott-penrose/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ipswichmagicalsociety.co.uk/revconv2005.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ipswich Magical Society Convention 2005. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrill_of_the_Hills	Thrill of the Hills	["1 Awards","2 References","3 External links"]	2011 Canadian filmThrill of the HillsFilm posterFrenchFrisson des collines Directed byRichard RoyWritten byMichel MichaudRichard RoyProduced byLouis-Philippe RochonStarringAntoine Olivier PilonGuillaume Lemay-ThiviergeEvelyne BrochuAnick LemayPatrice RobitailleCinematographyYves BélangerEdited byMichel ArcandMusic byFM Le SieurProductioncompanySolofilmsDistributed byLes Films SévilleRelease date April 15, 2011 (2011-04-15) Running time103 minutesCountryCanadaLanguageFrench Thrill of the Hills (French: Frisson des collines) is a Canadian comedy-drama film, directed by Richard Roy and released in 2011. Set in Quebec in the late 1960s, the film stars Antoine Olivier Pilon as Frisson, a young boy whose father Aurèle (Patrice Robitaille) is killed in a workplace accident, who responds to his grief by enlisting his father's friend Tom (Guillaume Lemay-Thivierge) to take him to Woodstock so that he can see his musical idol, Jimi Hendrix, perform. The cast also includes Anick Lemay as Frisson's mother Lucille; Antoine Bertrand as Burger, the village idiot of their small town; and Evelyne Brochu as Hélène, Frisson's teacher at school on whom he is developing a crush as he enters puberty. The film entered production in late summer 2010, and the film had its theatrical premiere on April 15, 2011. Awards The film won a jury award at the Schlingel International Film Festival in 2011. It received four Prix Jutra nominations at the 14th Jutra Awards, for Best Supporting Actor (Bertrand), Best Supporting Actress (Lemay), Best Costume Design (Michèle Hamel) and Best Hairstyling (Denis Parent). Pilon won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in an International Feature Film at the 33rd Young Artist Awards, alongside fellow Canadian Julia Sarah Stone for her performance in The Year Dolly Parton Was My Mom. References ^ Charles-Henri Ramond, "Frisson des collines – Film de Richard Roy". Films du Québec, March 28, 2011. ^ Brendan Kelly, "Feels good, but it's not moving; Comic-drama dips into 1960s nostalgia". Montreal Gazette, April 15, 2011. ^ "Le tournage du film "Frisson-des-Collines", de Richard Roy, est commencé". Canadian Press, August 4, 2010. ^ "Frisson des collines prend l'affiche aujourd'hui". Le Téléjournal, April 15, 2011. ^ "Frisson des collines remporte le Prix du jury en Allemagne". Ici Radio-Canada, October 18, 2011. ^ "Jutra: liste des nominations". La Presse, March 9, 2012. ^ "Antoine Olivier Pilon obtient un prix à Los Angeles pour «Frisson des Collines»: Antoine Olivier Pilon prime à Los Angeles". Canadian Press, May 9, 2012. External links Thrill of the Hills at IMDb This article related to a Canadian film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Richard Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Roy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Antoine Olivier Pilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Olivier_Pilon"},{"link_name":"Patrice Robitaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Robitaille"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Lemay-Thivierge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Lemay-Thivierge"},{"link_name":"Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Anick Lemay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anick_Lemay"},{"link_name":"Antoine Bertrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Bertrand"},{"link_name":"Evelyne Brochu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyne_Brochu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Thrill of the Hills (French: Frisson des collines) is a Canadian comedy-drama film, directed by Richard Roy and released in 2011.[1] Set in Quebec in the late 1960s, the film stars Antoine Olivier Pilon as Frisson, a young boy whose father Aurèle (Patrice Robitaille) is killed in a workplace accident, who responds to his grief by enlisting his father's friend Tom (Guillaume Lemay-Thivierge) to take him to Woodstock so that he can see his musical idol, Jimi Hendrix, perform.[2]The cast also includes Anick Lemay as Frisson's mother Lucille; Antoine Bertrand as Burger, the village idiot of their small town; and Evelyne Brochu as Hélène, Frisson's teacher at school on whom he is developing a crush as he enters puberty.The film entered production in late summer 2010,[3] and the film had its theatrical premiere on April 15, 2011.[4]","title":"Thrill of the Hills"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schlingel International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlingel_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Prix Jutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Jutra"},{"link_name":"14th Jutra Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Jutra_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Iris_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Iris_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"Michèle Hamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mich%C3%A8le_Hamel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Young Artist Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Artist_Award"},{"link_name":"33rd Young Artist Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Young_Artist_Awards"},{"link_name":"Julia Sarah Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Sarah_Stone"},{"link_name":"The Year Dolly Parton Was My Mom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Year_Dolly_Parton_Was_My_Mom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The film won a jury award at the Schlingel International Film Festival in 2011.[5] It received four Prix Jutra nominations at the 14th Jutra Awards, for Best Supporting Actor (Bertrand), Best Supporting Actress (Lemay), Best Costume Design (Michèle Hamel) and Best Hairstyling (Denis Parent).[6]Pilon won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in an International Feature Film at the 33rd Young Artist Awards, alongside fellow Canadian Julia Sarah Stone for her performance in The Year Dolly Parton Was My Mom.[7]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.filmsquebec.com/films/frisson-des-collines-richard-roy/","external_links_name":"\"Frisson des collines – Film de Richard Roy\""},{"Link":"https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/535197/frisson-colline-prix-allemagne","external_links_name":"\"Frisson des collines remporte le Prix du jury en Allemagne\""},{"Link":"https://www.lapresse.ca/cinema/nouvelles/201207/17/01-4544917-jutra-liste-des-nominations.php","external_links_name":"\"Jutra: liste des nominations\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1466570/","external_links_name":"Thrill of the Hills"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrill_of_the_Hills&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Israel	National Council of Young Israel	["1 History","1.1 Seminars","1.2 Synagogues","1.3 Centralization and Orthodoxy","1.4 Charters","1.5 Constitution","1.6 Growth","2 3 West 16th Street","3 Today","4 Young Israel Council of Rabbis","5 Young Israel Kosher Dining clubs","6 Divisions","7 Controversy","8 Well-known branches","8.1 Young Israel of Brookline","8.2 Young Israel of Fifth Avenue","8.3 Young Israel of Flatbush","8.4 Young Israel Beth-El of Boro Park","8.5 Largest","9 List of Young Israel Synagogues","10 References","11 Bibliography","12 External links"]	American Orthodox Jewish network, 1912- National Council of Young IsraelTheologyOrthodox JudaismPresidentDavid WarshawRegionUnited States and CanadaHeadquarters50 Eisenhower Drive, Paramus, New JerseyOrigin1912 205 East Broadway, New York CityCongregations135Members~25,000 affiliatesOfficial websitewww.youngisrael.org The National Council of Young Israel (NCYI) or Young Israel (in Hebrew: ישראל הצעיר‎, Yisrael Hatza'ir), is a synagogue-based Orthodox Judaism organization in the United States with a network of affiliated "Young Israel" synagogues. Young Israel was founded in 1912, in its earliest form, by a group of 15 young Jews on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Their goal was to make Orthodox Judaism more relevant to young Americanized Jews at a time when a significant Jewish education was rare, and most Orthodox institutions were Yiddish-speaking and oriented to an older, European Jewish demographic. Today, Young Israel continues to promote Orthodox involvement of modern American Jews, while also advocating for the issues most relevant to its members, including support for Israel and Religious Zionism. History Early in the 20th century, American Jews were striving primarily for social and economic advancement, often leaving their religious observances behind. Because most jobs required working on Saturdays, observance of the Jewish Sabbath was rare, as were many other traditions. At the same time, the Reform movement had been expanding rapidly for about 40 years, and with its relaxed religious codes, secularly-educated leadership, and English orientation, attracted an increasing number of young people away from the folds of Orthodoxy. A group of young Orthodox Jews decided to do what they could to make Orthodox Judaism more relevant to their peers, and combat the wave of assimilation by Jews into Reform and secular American society. In 1911, Max Grablowsky, Joshua Horowitz and Benjamin Koenigsberg determined to organize a way to present an orthodox alternative to young people. It developed informally with two programs, one for education and one for worship. After consulting with Judah Magnes, the enlarged group, which was calling itself the Hebrew Circle, renamed itself Young Israel. Benjamin Koenigsberg, the first Orthodox Jewish American attorney loaned his law office to the organization. 1911 also saw the first issue of the Young Israel Viewpoint, a bimonthly that continued publication until 1988. Seminars The group developed a Friday night (Sabbath) lecture series in 1912, given in English. Judah Magnes delivered the inaugural address, attended by thousands. This was a major innovation in the Orthodox world. They were initially advised by rabbis Israel Friedlander and Mordecai Kaplan on topics and speakers. According to Bunim, Friedlander and Kaplan were affiliates of the Conservative Jewish Theological Seminary and the Conservative Judaism movement, and they sought to use Young Israel to establish a youth platform for the Conservative movement; until the end of World War I, Young Israel had two groups, the firmly Orthodox, and the more liberal group that worked with the Conservatives. According to Kraut (1998), Kaplan "worked for the Young Israel initiative that in conception was nondenominational..." Synagogues The first Young Israel synagogue was established in 1913 on East Broadway, on Manhattan's Lower East Side. David Warshaw traces the origins of the new synagogue to the summer of 1913, when some members of the YI seminar group were asked into a storefront shul at 205 East Broadway, to complete a minyan. Much to their delight, the shul allowed the new young members to lead services at least once each month. As they led the services, the Young Israel members introduced some small stylistic changes, that were acceptable to the Orthodox wing and would make the service more palatable to the Young Israel congregants. The changes included singing many parts of the prayer service, and the distribution of worship honors equally, where they had traditionally gone to established, wealthy congregants who could pay for them. Though the shul predated its Young Israel members, within months, they had attracted so many new young members, that they outgrew the store and moved to the Educational Alliance building. The young people had taken over the shul, itself a novel experience. However, it was not directly linked to the Young Israel lecture series, only sharing a common group of leaders, and the common idea of refreshing Orthodoxy for younger Jews. Recognizing its potential for young Jews everywhere, they named themselves "The Model Synagogue Organization." However, they recognized the synergy with the forums, and renamed the shul Young Israel. The first name of the shul was prescient. Young Jews in other neighborhoods were soon starting their own Young Israel shuls. However, each was independent, with only informal connections to the original group. Centralization and Orthodoxy By the end of World War I, the two Lower East Side groups shared a name, but little else. The Conservative group promoted the seminars, and the Orthodox group was focused on prayer. They reached a truce in 1918 and agreed to join forces in more than just name, and created a single Young Israel organization, led by Irving Bunim, who would be president of NCYI for many years. By 1920, Bunim and his Orthodox cohort grew nervous about the Conservative wing and their increasing theological changes. They did not like the changes in and of themselves, and these changes also prevented recognition of Young Israel by Orthodox rabbis, which would likely cause Young Israel to become a de facto branch of the Conservative movement. The merger created two years before had also caused the Conservatives to start trying to make changes in the Synagogue arm, which had been exclusively Orthodox. He sought the help of Rabbi Bernard Revel, and was able to convince the entire Young Israel to follow Revel's advice. Between Revel, and extensive networking by Bunim with other potential Young Israel leaders in the Orthodox community, the Conservative rabbis, particularly Kaplan, were shut out of the entire organization, and the movement became firmly Orthodox. Charters To bolster this success, in 1922 the Orthodox leaders added some basic Orthodox-oriented requirements to the Young Israel charter, such as synagogue requirements for regularly-held services, Torah study, separation of men and women. In 1924, the central group organized a convention for all the other groups that had emulated them (by setting up their own original Young Israel lectures and shuls). The other neighborhood groups agreed to abide by the charter. By 1926, the organization was incorporated, and owned the trademarked name, Young Israel. Any new shuls wishing to use the name would have to get agreement from the central organization, which required subscription to the charter. This prevented any Young Israel shul from moving toward Conservative practice. Constitution The Council's Constitution, gave it rights to proceeds of a sale by a failing branch of assets, with these funds benefitting the community or other branches. In 2021 a vote was made to nullify this provision. Growth By 1925, Young Israel was extending into social services, and formed a support agency for Sabbath-observant employment that included job placement and vocational training. Later in the decade, the synagogue network grew to about 25. The central organization developed a Wall Street office with a full-time staff. The office began publishing material regularly for branches and Young Israel members. A few years later, branches starting opening outside of New York. By 1935, there were branches in New York, New England, Chicago, and elsewhere in the Midwest, Canada, and Israel. 3 West 16th Street NCYI, the movement's umbrella, is a not-for-profit service organization, as defined by their 501(c)(3) status. The main headquarters, having been located at 3 West 16 street for over half a century, is now located in Paramus, NJ. Through 2006, NCYI headquarters was at 3 West 16th Street, a valuable property that it owned. Young Israel of Fifth Avenue leased its synagogue in the same building from NCYI. When NCYI sought to sell the building in 2002, the synagogue sued for breach of their long-standing arrangement, as the sale would require their eviction. The synagogue claimed that they were co-owners of the building. Eventually, a deal was made involving two other parties, the building sold, and NCYI moved its small staff to leased office space in lower Manhattan. However, the other two parties eventually had a falling-out, leading to the synagogue's eviction. The organization had been subject to an investigation by then-New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer's Charities Bureau. According to The Forward: "New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer, renowned for his jousts with the titans of corporate America, recently saw his own office tied in knots and thrown into turmoil during a three-year investigation into a small Orthodox synagogue organization." Today In July 2013, Rabbi Perry Tirschwell assumed the position of Executive Director. His predecessors included Rabbis Ephraim Sturm and Pesach Lerner. The new administration has made significant changes in the organization: moving the national office out of Manhattan, putting Viewpoint on hold; and creation of two monthly publications whose goal is to share best practices: Shul Solutions and Practical Pulpit. Many older Young Israel synagogues have declined and closed, but others still thrive. NCYI serves as the national coordinating agency for nearly 150 Orthodox congregations of nearly 25,000 member families throughout the United States and Canada. NCYI also serves as a resource to its sister organization in Israel, entitled Yisrael Hatzair - "The Young Israel Movement in Israel", encompassing over 50 synagogues in Israel. It is a grassroots organization administrated on the congregational model, taking its direction from local and national lay leadership as well as rabbis and professional staff. Its socio-cultural outlook is strongly influenced by the Religious Zionist Movement, with strong support of Israel as the homeland for the Jewish people. Congregations belonging to NCYI are generally named "Young Israel of...", followed by the name of the city or neighborhood. In recent decades, the Orthodox world has seen an increase in women's involvement in synagogue services, except for Haredi institutions. The practice has spread to several Young Israel branches. It is controversial in the Orthodox world, and most rabbis do not allow it. On advice of its rabbinical board, to help stanch the trend, NCYI implemented the Rambam's requirement that no women or converts to Judaism could serve as President of any of its synagogues. This has alienated some Young Israels. According to the Jewish Star, the rabbi of a synagogue with a female president was threatened by NCYI's leadership. Young Israel Council of Rabbis The Young Israel Council of Rabbis is the rabbinic arm of the organization. Young Israel Kosher Dining clubs To promote Orthodox values (eating kosher, observing the Sabbath, marrying fellow Jews), NCYI opened kosher dining programs on major USA college campuses. The first one opened at Cornell University in September 1956. Divisions The main divisions are Synagogue Services, Rabbinical Services, and a Benevolent Association (burial society). Additional components of the organization are the Women's League, the InterCollegiate Council (ICC), Youth department, American Friends of Yisrael Hatzair, and the Council of Rabbis. There are also departments with a focus on seniors, singles and an employment departments. Intercollegiates published: Aryeh Kaplan's five booklet Hashkafa series and Masorah, a newspaper Controversy A 2018 statement issued by the head of a major internal committee regarding juggling of political alignments in the administration of Israel's Prime Minister led, after various Tweets and press releases, to the breakaway of an Atlanta-based branch that had joined NCYI in 1994. NCYI's president acknowledged that another branch had left the organization five years prior. Well-known branches Young Israel of Brookline Young Israel of Brookline is located in Brookline, Massachusetts. The Boston Globe described it as, "an influential synagogue described as modern or centrist Orthodox.". It is known for the high level of Jewish scholarship among both the men and women of the congregation.Congregation Beth Judah - Young Israel of Worcester, Massachusetts The congregation is particularly noted for the architecture of its building. In 1994 the synagogue building suffered a severe fire, caused by a deteriorated electrical panel In 1996, the Young Israel dedicated a new building designed by Graham Gund. The building has a wrought-iron menorah sculpted by David Tonnesen. Instead of stained glass, the building uses art glass that has the effect of scattering rainbows over the congregation. Notable members include Aaron Feuerstein and Jeff Jacoby. Rabbi Saul Berman is a former rabbi of the Young Israel. Since 2014, the rabbi of Young Israel of Brookline has been Rabbi David Hellman. It was founded by Samuel Feuerstein, whose son Aaron Mordechai donated $1,000,000 to help it rebuild after a major fire. Young Israel of Fifth Avenue In 1945, when NCYI bought its headquarters building on West 16th Street, it also fostered the development of new branch synagogue on site, The Young Israel of Fifth Avenue. This became a point of contention over 50 years later, when NCYI sold the building. Eventually, due to this rift, the synagogue disaffiliated with Young Israel, and is now known as the Sixteenth Street Synagogue. As of 2013, it does not have its own quarters, and other area synagogues host prayer services that 16th Street members attend. Young Israel of Flatbush This was one of the earliest branches, and the affiliate that then-president Irving Bunim chose as the leader, in the 1930s, for instituting rabbinic leadership of Young Israel synagogues. At the time, it was one of the larger shuls, and was initially against getting a rabbi. By winning over such a prominent dissenter, Bunim succeeded in setting a trend for all branches, and Rabbi Solomon Sharfman became the first rabbi. Young Israel Beth-El of Boro Park Young Israel Beth-El of Boro Park Main article: Young Israel Beth El of Borough Park Established well before World War II as Young Israel of Boro Park, during the 1980s Young Israel merged with the Congregation Beth El of Borough Park, founded in 1902, to form Young Israel Beth El of Borough Park. The merged congregation worships from the National Register of Historic Places–listed synagogue on 15th Avenue in Brooklyn. Largest Young Israel of Woodmere is by far the branch with the largest congregation. There are approximately one thousand two hundred and fifty families as of 2018. The second largest branch is that of Young Israel of Deerfield Beach in Century Village, with about 1000 members. During the winter months, "with almost 120 men attending, the Daf Yomi class is America’s largest." List of Young Israel Synagogues Main article: List of Young Israel Synagogues References ^ Helen Chernikoff (February 21, 2021). "National Council of Young Israel replaces entire board in pivot away from politics". eJewishPhilanthrpoy.com. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Amos Bunim (1964). A Fire in His Soul: Irving M. Bunim, 1901–1980, the Man and His Impact on American Orthodox Jewry. New York: Feldheim Publishers. ISBN 9780873064736. Retrieved June 11, 2011. ^ "Revision of Sunday Laws Asked to Aid Sabbath Observers". JTA.org (Jewish Telegraphic Agency). January 15, 1952. ^ a b "Young Israel:About Us". Retrieved December 5, 2007.. ^ a b Weisz, Peter (2013). The Lander Legacy: The Life Story of Rabbi Dr. Bernard Lander. Jersey City: KTAV Publishing House. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-60280-228-5. OCLC 817721763. Retrieved December 23, 2022. ^ Stein, David (2012). "Benjamin Koenigsberg and the Birth of the Young Israel Movement". In Patterson, Clayton; Schneider, Mareleyn (eds.). Jews : a people's history of the Lower East Side. New York: Clayton Books. pp. 238–242. ISBN 978-0985788322. OCLC 829062303. ^ "Young Israel Viewpoint". (as listed at [[WorldCat) ^ For Kaplan and Friedlander founding Young Israel, see: S. Daniel Breslauer (1994). Mordecai Kaplan's Thought In a Postmodern Age. Scholars Press. p. 25. Daniel Judah Elazar (1995). Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry. Jewish Publication Society. p. 133. Daniel Judah Elazar, Rela M. Geffen (2000). The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities. State University of New York Press. p. 24. Bernard Melvin Lazerwitz (1998). Jewish Choices: American Jewish Denominationalism. State University of New York Press. p. 19. Benny Kraut, "Jewish Survival in Protestant American", in Jonathan D. Sarna (ed.) (1998). Minority Faiths and the American Protestant Mainstream. University of Illinois Press. p. 33. Freidman, Jeanette (2007). "Young Israel". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 21 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 402. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4. ^ Kraut, Benny (1998). "Review of A Modern Heretic and a Traditional Community: Mordecai M. Kaplan, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism". American Jewish History. 86 (3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 357–363. ISSN 0164-0178. JSTOR 23886287. ^ Kaufman, David. Shul with a Pool: The "synagogue-center" in American Jewish History, Brandeis University Press, University Press of New England, 1999, ISBN 0-87451-893-8, pp. 202–203. ^ "Constitution". ^ "Newly Installed Young Israel Board to Attempt Historical Constitution Change". eJewishPhilanthropy.com. February 20, 2021. ^ a b c Daniel J. Wakin (June 30, 2003). "A House Divided, and for Sale; Real Estate Splits Jewish Group and Synagogue". The New York Times. ^ "Deaths". The New York Times. July 10, 1979. ^ Sandy Eller (February 1, 2013). "After Long Feud, Shul Evicted From 16th St". The Jewish Press. ^ Eller, Sandy (February 1, 2013). "After Long Feud, Shul Evicted From 16th St". The Jewish Press. Brooklyn, NY. Retrieved September 11, 2013. ^ Wakin, Daniel J. [ (September 11, 2003). "Manhattan: Synagogue Wins Reprieve". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2007. ^ Popper, Nathaniel (December 9, 2005). "Probe of Shul Group Had N.Y. Crimebuster's Office in Tangles". The Forward. Retrieved December 18, 2019. ^ "Deaths". The New York Times. July 24, 1979. ^ "The Defeatist Pro-Israel Camp". Israel National News. November 9, 2010. For many decades the key professional staff of the National Council -- Rabbi Pesach Lerner and previously Rabbi Ephraim Sturm ^ KADINSKY, SERGEY (December 23, 2020). "Ghosts Of YI, When Orthodoxy Was Urban". Queens Jewish Link \| Connecting the Queens Jewish Community. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ "About NCYI – History". National Council of Young Israel. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013. ^ Hilchot Melachim, 1:5 ^ "Leaking Ship: Young Israel on the Rocks". Yeshiva University Commentator. December 3, 2007. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2008. ^ Michael Orbach (June 23, 2010). "No female presidents, says Young Israel". The Jewish Star. ^ Rabbi Ephraim Sturm. "Keeping Kosher on Campus". ^ "Young Israel Plans Kosher Fraternity Houses in American Universities". JTA.org (Jewish Telegraphic Agency). February 14, 1957. ^ "STURM--Rabbi Chaplain Ephraim H." The New York Times. July 7, 2015. Rabbi Sturm championed the idea that students could practice their religion without hindrance and be able to obtain kosher food at universities ^ focus: synagogue youth programs ^ the latter originated in the days of 'if you don't come in Saturday, don't come in Monday' ^ "American Jewish Year Book (1984)" (PDF). ^ "Atlanta Orthodox synagogue breaks from Young Israel". JNS.org. June 13, 2019. ^ "How partisan politics are dividing an Orthodox synagogue movement". March 5, 2019. ^ US Jews Resent Bid To limit Legitimacy (James L. Franklin, Boston Globe, December 17, 1988). ^ Living Their Faith: Modern Orthodox Jews are blending best of both worlds. (Richard Higgins, Boston Globe, August 19, 2000) ^ A synagoge debates a woman's place as Young Israel emerges from the ashes, its members reconcile age-old traditions with modern ways. (Irene Gillis, Boston Globe, May 18, 1995 ^ Architecture for the Gods by Michael J. Crosbie, Images Publishing Group, p. 84 ^ Synagogue will be rebuilt, members say Brookline fire's origin questioned. (Matthew Brelis, James Vaznis, Boston Globe, January 12, 1994 ^ Synagogue fire is traced to faulty circuit breaker (Matthew Brelis, Boston Globe, January 14, 1994) ^ Fire-damaged Brookline temple reopens. (Karen Avenaso, Boston Globe, November 18, 1996) ^ "Architectural Glass Art". Archived from the original on August 21, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2010. ^ Brecher, Elinor J. (September 21, 1996). "How 'doing what's right' made mill owner a workers' hero". Miami Herald. ^ "Rabbi David Hellman". YIB. Retrieved January 14, 2023. ^ Clay Risen (November 5, 2021). "Aaron Feuerstein, Mill Owner Who Refused to Leave, Dies at 95". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2023. ^ "Pages of Our Life: The Siyum Celebration, Completion of Baba Metzia". Siyum. 1943. p. Cover. ^ "Young Israel". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. New York City. March 7, 1935. Young Israel will hold an open house Saturday night for all intermediates at the Young Israel of Boro Park. ^ "Summer Camp for Seniors". February 28, 2019. Bibliography Kraut, Benny "A Modern Heretic and a Traditional Community: Mordecai M. Kaplan, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism" American Jewish History - Volume 86, Number 3, September 1998, pp. 357–363 Kornreich Yaakov; Saibel, Joel; Hart Strober, Deborah; Strober, Gerald " (2012). Young Israel at 100: An American Response to the Challenges of Orthodox Living 1912–2012. NCYI. ISBN 978-1475157925. External links National Council of Young Israel, NYC Young Israel of Aberdeen, NJ Young Israel of Pelham Parkway Jewish Center Young Israel of East Brunswick, NJ Young Israel of Brookline, Massachusetts Young Israel of Cherry Hill, NJ Young Israel of Greater Pittsburgh Young Israel of West Hempstead vteJews and Judaism in the United StatesMajor communal organizations B'nai B'rith Jewish Community Centers Jewish Federations of North America Local Jewish Federations Major advocacy organizations(not exclusively Israel-focused) American Jewish Committee American Jewish Congress Anti-Defamation League Conference of Presidents Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law (LDB) Religious Action Center Jewish Future Pledge Jewish Community Relations Councils (JCRCs) Jewish Council for Public Affairs Jewish environmental groups Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA) National Jewish Democratic Council Republican Jewish Coalition Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism White House Jewish Liaison Jewish Labor Committee Jewish Democratic Council of America Major humanitarianorganizations American Jewish World Service Joint Distribution Committee Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society United Israel Appeal Major Israel-focusedorganizations Ameinu American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) Americans for Peace Now Birthright Israel Hadassah Israeli-American Council J Street Jewish Voice for Peace Jewish Women's Archive Masa Israel Journey Middle East Media Research Institute Nefesh B'Nefesh New Israel Fund Tzofim Friendship Caravan Zionist Organization of America Major domestic and neighborhood assistance organizations Chaverim Hatzalah Secure Community Network Shomrim Tomchei Shabbos Major religious movementorganizations(and associated rabbinical membership and policy body; seminary) Agudath Israel of America (Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah; etc.) Agudas Chasidei Chabad (Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch; Tomchei Tmimim-U.S., RCA, etc.) Jewish Reconstructionist Federation (Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association; RRC) Young Israel Orthodox Union (Rabbinical Council of America; RIETS-YU, etc.) Society for Humanistic Judaism United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (Rabbinical Assembly; JTSA / AJU-Ziegler) Union for Reform Judaism (Central Conference of American Rabbis; HUC) List of synagogues(by movements) by US states Former Conservative Humanistic Orthodox and Modern Orthodox Reconstructionist Reform Unaffiliated Youth organizations Jewish summer camp B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO) (AZA / BBG) Bnei Akiva NCSY North American Federation of Temple Youth (NFTY) Tzivos Hashem United Synagogue Youth (USY) / Kadima Young Judaea Education College Jewish studies programs Hebrew school Jewish day school See template for schools Schechter Torah Umesorah Yeshiva / Mesivta Major university groupsOrganizations Chabad on Campus Hillel Masorti on Campus Orthodox student groups World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS) Fraternitiesand sororities Alpha Epsilon Pi Alpha Epsilon Phi Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi Sigma Alpha Mu Sigma Delta Tau Tau Delta Phi Tau Epsilon Phi Zeta Beta Tau MediaNews wires Jewish Telegraphic Agency Jewish News Syndicate News outlets Algemeiner Journal Baltimore Jewish Times Charlotte Jewish News Cleveland Jewish News Der Blatt Der Yid Di Tzeitung Hamodia The Jewish Advocate (Bost.) The Forward The Jewish Exponent (Phila.) The Jewish Journal (L.A.) The Jewish Ledger (Conn.) Jewish News of Greater Phoenix The Jewish Press Jewish Standard (N.J.) The Jewish Star (N.Y.) Jewish Voice JWeekly (S.F.) New York Jewish Week New Jersey Jewish News Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle St. Louis Jewish Light Washington Jewish Week Yated Ne'eman Vos Iz Neias? Yeshiva World News Magazines Ami Binah Commentary Emunah Magazine Jewish Currents Jewish Sports Review Jewish World Review Kindline Lilith Mishpacha Moment San Diego Jewish Journal San Diego Jewish World SAPIR Tablet Tikkun We Are in America Television Jewish Broadcasting Service Jewish Life Television (JLTV) National Jewish Television The Jewish Channel Websites AskMoses.com Chabad.org Heeb Jewcy Jewish Virtual Library Mosaic Tablet Magazine Yeshiva.co Dating JDate Lox Club Matzo Ball SawYouAtSinai Major communal activities Siyum HaShas Super Sunday phone-a-thon Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel 2 United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"},{"link_name":"Religious Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism"}],"text":"The National Council of Young Israel (NCYI) or Young Israel (in Hebrew: ישראל הצעיר‎, Yisrael Hatza'ir), is a synagogue-based Orthodox Judaism organization in the United States with a network of affiliated \"Young Israel\" synagogues. Young Israel was founded in 1912, in its earliest form, by a group of 15 young Jews on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Their goal was to make Orthodox Judaism more relevant to young Americanized Jews at a time when a significant Jewish education was rare, and most Orthodox institutions were Yiddish-speaking and oriented to an older, European Jewish demographic.[2]Today, Young Israel continues to promote Orthodox involvement of modern American Jews, while also advocating for the issues most relevant to its members, including support for Israel and Religious Zionism.","title":"National Council of Young Israel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews"},{"link_name":"Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCYI_About-4"},{"link_name":"Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Judah Magnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Magnes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisz-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Early in the 20th century, American Jews were striving primarily for social and economic advancement, often leaving their religious observances behind. Because most jobs required working on Saturdays, observance of the Jewish Sabbath was rare, as were many \nother traditions.[3][4] At the same time, the Reform movement had been expanding rapidly for about 40 years, and with its relaxed religious codes, secularly-educated leadership, and English orientation, attracted an increasing number of young people away from the folds of Orthodoxy.[2]A group of young Orthodox Jews decided to do what they could to make Orthodox Judaism more relevant to their peers, and combat the wave of assimilation by Jews into Reform and secular American society. In 1911, Max Grablowsky, Joshua Horowitz and Benjamin Koenigsberg determined to organize a way to present an orthodox alternative to young people. It developed informally with two programs, one for education and one for worship. After consulting with Judah Magnes, the enlarged group, which was calling itself the Hebrew Circle, renamed itself Young Israel. Benjamin Koenigsberg, the first Orthodox Jewish American attorney[5] loaned his law office to the organization.[2][6] 1911 also saw the first issue of the Young Israel Viewpoint, a bimonthly that continued publication until 1988.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weisz-5"},{"link_name":"Israel Friedlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Friedlander"},{"link_name":"Mordecai Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Kaplan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KaplanYoungIsrael-8"},{"link_name":"Jewish Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America"},{"link_name":"Conservative Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraut1998-9"}],"sub_title":"Seminars","text":"The group developed a Friday night (Sabbath) lecture series in 1912, given in English. Judah Magnes delivered the inaugural address, attended by thousands.[5] This was a major innovation in the Orthodox world. They were initially advised by rabbis Israel Friedlander and Mordecai Kaplan on topics and speakers.[8] According to Bunim, Friedlander and Kaplan were affiliates of the Conservative Jewish Theological Seminary and the Conservative Judaism movement, and they sought to use Young Israel to establish a youth platform for the Conservative movement; until the end of World War I, Young Israel had two groups, the firmly Orthodox, and the more liberal group that worked with the Conservatives.[2][verification needed] According to Kraut (1998), Kaplan \"worked for the Young Israel initiative that in conception was nondenominational...\"[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"shul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shul"},{"link_name":"minyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Educational Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"}],"sub_title":"Synagogues","text":"The first Young Israel synagogue was established in 1913 on East Broadway, on Manhattan's Lower East Side. David Warshaw traces the origins of the new synagogue to the summer of 1913, when some members of the YI seminar group were asked into a storefront shul [synagogue] at 205 East Broadway, to complete a minyan. Much to their delight, the shul allowed the new young members to lead services at least once each month.[10] As they led the services, the Young Israel members introduced some small stylistic changes, that were acceptable to the Orthodox wing and would make the service more palatable to the Young Israel congregants. The changes included singing many parts of the prayer service, and the distribution of worship honors equally, where they had traditionally gone to established, wealthy congregants who could pay for them.Though the shul predated its Young Israel members, within months, they had attracted so many new young members, that they outgrew the store and moved to the Educational Alliance building. The young people had taken over the shul, itself a novel experience. However, it was not directly linked to the Young Israel lecture series, only sharing a common group of leaders, and the common idea of refreshing Orthodoxy for younger Jews. Recognizing its potential for young Jews everywhere, they named themselves \"The Model Synagogue Organization.\" However, they recognized the synergy with the forums, and renamed the shul Young Israel.[2]The first name of the shul was prescient. Young Jews in other neighborhoods were soon starting their own Young Israel shuls. However, each was independent, with only informal connections to the original group.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irving Bunim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Bunim"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"},{"link_name":"Bernard Revel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Revel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"}],"sub_title":"Centralization and Orthodoxy","text":"By the end of World War I, the two Lower East Side groups shared a name, but little else. The Conservative group promoted the seminars, and the Orthodox group was focused on prayer. They reached a truce in 1918 and agreed to join forces in more than just name, and created a single Young Israel organization, led by Irving Bunim, who would be president of NCYI for many years.[2]By 1920, Bunim and his Orthodox cohort grew nervous about the Conservative wing and their increasing theological changes. They did not like the changes in and of themselves, and these changes also prevented recognition of Young Israel by Orthodox rabbis, which would likely cause Young Israel to become a de facto branch of the Conservative movement. The merger created two years before had also caused the Conservatives to start trying to make changes in the Synagogue arm, which had been exclusively Orthodox. He sought the help of Rabbi Bernard Revel, and was able to convince the entire Young Israel to follow Revel's advice. Between Revel, and extensive networking by Bunim with other potential Young Israel leaders in the Orthodox community, the Conservative rabbis, particularly Kaplan, were shut out of the entire organization, and the movement became firmly Orthodox.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"}],"sub_title":"Charters","text":"To bolster this success, in 1922 the Orthodox leaders added some basic Orthodox-oriented requirements to the Young Israel charter, such as synagogue requirements for regularly-held services, Torah study, separation of men and women. In 1924, the central group organized a convention for all the other groups that had emulated them (by setting up their own original Young Israel lectures and shuls). The other neighborhood groups agreed to abide by the charter. By 1926, the organization was incorporated, and owned the trademarked name, Young Israel. Any new shuls wishing to use the name would have to get agreement from the central organization, which required subscription to the charter. This prevented any Young Israel shul from moving toward Conservative practice.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Constitution","text":"The Council's Constitution,[11] gave it rights to proceeds of a sale by a failing branch of assets, with these funds benefitting the community or other branches. In 2021 a vote was made to nullify this provision.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"}],"sub_title":"Growth","text":"By 1925, Young Israel was extending into social services, and formed a support agency for Sabbath-observant employment that included job placement and vocational training.[2]Later in the decade, the synagogue network grew to about 25. The central organization developed a Wall Street office with a full-time staff. The office began publishing material regularly for branches and Young Israel members. A few years later, branches starting opening outside of New York. By 1935, there were branches in New York, New England, Chicago, and elsewhere in the Midwest, Canada, and Israel.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003-13"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"New York State Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Eliot Spitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer"},{"link_name":"The Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forward"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"NCYI, the movement's umbrella,[13] is a not-for-profit service organization, as defined by their 501(c)(3) status. The main headquarters, having been located at 3 West 16 street[14] for over half a century,[15] is now located in Paramus, NJ.Through 2006, NCYI headquarters was at 3 West 16th Street, a valuable property that it owned. Young Israel of Fifth Avenue leased its synagogue in the same building from NCYI. When NCYI sought to sell the building in 2002, the synagogue sued for breach of their long-standing arrangement, as the sale would require their eviction. The synagogue claimed that they were co-owners of the building. Eventually, a deal was made involving two other parties, the building sold, and NCYI moved its small staff to leased office space in lower Manhattan. However, the other two parties eventually had a falling-out, leading to the synagogue's eviction.[13][16][17]The organization had been subject to an investigation by then-New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer's Charities Bureau. According to The Forward: \"New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer, renowned for his jousts with the titans of corporate America, recently saw his own office tied in knots and thrown into turmoil during a three-year investigation into a small Orthodox synagogue organization.\"[18]","title":"3 West 16th Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ephraim Sturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_Sturm"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pesach Lerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pesach_Lerner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003-13"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCYI_About-4"},{"link_name":"Religious Zionist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Movement"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCYI-History-22"},{"link_name":"controversial in the Orthodox world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Simcha_Cohen#Appointing_Women_Leaders"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In July 2013, Rabbi Perry Tirschwell assumed the position of Executive Director. His predecessors included Rabbis Ephraim Sturm[19] and Pesach Lerner.[20][13] The new administration has made significant changes in the organization: moving the national office out of Manhattan, putting Viewpoint [magazine] on hold; and creation of two monthly publications whose goal is to share best practices: Shul Solutions and Practical Pulpit.Many older Young Israel synagogues have declined and closed, but others still thrive.[21] NCYI serves as the national coordinating agency for nearly 150 Orthodox congregations of nearly 25,000 member families throughout the United States and Canada. NCYI also serves as a resource to its sister organization in Israel, entitled Yisrael Hatzair - \"The Young Israel Movement in Israel\", encompassing over 50 synagogues in Israel.[4] It is a grassroots organization administrated on the congregational model, taking its direction from local and national lay leadership as well as rabbis and professional staff. Its socio-cultural outlook is strongly influenced by the Religious Zionist Movement, with strong support of Israel as the homeland for the Jewish people. Congregations belonging to NCYI are generally named \"Young Israel of...\", followed by the name of the city or neighborhood.[22]In recent decades, the Orthodox world has seen an increase in women's involvement in synagogue services, except for Haredi institutions. The practice has spread to several Young Israel branches. It is controversial in the Orthodox world, and most rabbis do not allow it. On advice of its rabbinical board, to help stanch the trend, NCYI implemented the Rambam's requirement[23] that no women or converts to Judaism could serve as President of any of its synagogues.[24] This has alienated some Young Israels. According to the Jewish Star,[25] the rabbi of a synagogue with a female president was threatened by NCYI's leadership.","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Young Israel Council of Rabbis is the rabbinic arm of the organization.","title":"Young Israel Council of Rabbis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"To promote Orthodox values (eating kosher, observing the Sabbath, marrying fellow Jews), NCYI opened kosher dining programs on major USA college campuses.[26] The first one opened at Cornell University in September 1956.[27][28]","title":"Young Israel Kosher Dining clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Aryeh Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan"},{"link_name":"Hashkafa series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan#Hashkafa_Series"}],"text":"The main divisions are Synagogue Services, Rabbinical Services, and a Benevolent Association (burial society). \nAdditional components of the organization are the Women's League, the InterCollegiate Council (ICC), Youth department,[29] American Friends of Yisrael Hatzair, and the Council of Rabbis. There are also departments with a focus on seniors, singles and an employment departments.[30]Intercollegiates published:[31]Aryeh Kaplan's five booklet Hashkafa series and\nMasorah, a newspaper","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"A 2018 statement issued by the head of a major internal committee regarding juggling of political alignments in the administration of Israel's Prime Minister led, after various Tweets and press releases, to the breakaway of an Atlanta-based branch that had joined NCYI in 1994.[32][33] NCYI's president acknowledged that another branch had left the organization five years prior.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Well-known branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congregation_Beth_Judah_Worcester.JPG"},{"link_name":"Worcester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Graham Gund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Gund"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"David Tonnesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Tonnesen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Aaron Feuerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Feuerstein"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jacoby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jacoby_(columnist)"},{"link_name":"Saul Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Berman"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Aaron Mordechai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Feuerstein"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Young Israel of Brookline","text":"Young Israel of Brookline is located in Brookline, Massachusetts. The Boston Globe described it as, \"an influential synagogue described as modern or centrist Orthodox.\".[34] It is known for the high level of Jewish scholarship among both the men and women of the congregation.[35][36]Congregation Beth Judah - Young Israel of Worcester, MassachusettsThe congregation is particularly noted for the architecture of its building.[37] In 1994 the synagogue building suffered a severe fire,[38] caused by a deteriorated electrical panel [39] In 1996, the Young Israel dedicated a new building designed by Graham Gund.[40] The building has a wrought-iron menorah sculpted by David Tonnesen. Instead of stained glass, the building uses art glass that has the effect of scattering rainbows over the congregation.[41] Notable members include Aaron Feuerstein[42] and Jeff Jacoby. Rabbi Saul Berman is a former rabbi of the Young Israel. Since 2014, the rabbi of Young Israel of Brookline has been Rabbi David Hellman.[43]It was founded by Samuel Feuerstein, whose son Aaron Mordechai donated $1,000,000 to help it rebuild after a major fire.[44]","title":"Well-known branches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Young Israel of Fifth Avenue","text":"In 1945, when NCYI bought its headquarters building on West 16th Street, it also fostered the development of new branch synagogue on site, The Young Israel of Fifth Avenue. This became a point of contention over 50 years later, when NCYI sold the building. Eventually, due to this rift, the synagogue disaffiliated with Young Israel, and is now known as the Sixteenth Street Synagogue. As of 2013, it does not have its own quarters, and other area synagogues host prayer services that 16th Street members attend.","title":"Well-known branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rabbi Solomon Sharfman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Solomon_Sharfman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beth_El_2_Brooklyn.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Young Israel of Flatbush","text":"This was one of the earliest branches, and the affiliate that then-president Irving Bunim chose as the leader, in the 1930s, for instituting rabbinic leadership of Young Israel synagogues. At the time, it was one of the larger shuls, and was initially against getting a rabbi. By winning over such a prominent dissenter, Bunim succeeded in setting a trend for all branches, and Rabbi Solomon Sharfman became the first rabbi.Young Israel Beth-El of Boro Park","title":"Well-known branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OpenHouse-46"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"sub_title":"Young Israel Beth-El of Boro Park","text":"Established well before World War II as Young Israel of Boro Park,[45][46] during the 1980s Young Israel merged with the Congregation Beth El of Borough Park, founded in 1902, to form Young Israel Beth El of Borough Park. The merged congregation worships from the National Register of Historic Places–listed synagogue on 15th Avenue in Brooklyn.","title":"Well-known branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Largest","text":"Young Israel of Woodmere is by far the branch with the largest congregation. There are approximately one thousand two hundred and fifty families as of 2018.The second largest branch is that of Young Israel of Deerfield Beach in Century Village, with about 1000 members.[47] During the winter months, \"with almost 120 men attending, the Daf Yomi class is America’s largest.\"","title":"Well-known branches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Young Israel Synagogues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1475157925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1475157925"}],"text":"Kraut, Benny \"A Modern Heretic and a Traditional Community: Mordecai M. Kaplan, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism\" American Jewish History - Volume 86, Number 3, September 1998, pp. 357–363\nKornreich Yaakov; Saibel, Joel; Hart Strober, Deborah; Strober, Gerald \" (2012). Young Israel at 100: An American Response to the Challenges of Orthodox Living 1912–2012. NCYI. ISBN 978-1475157925.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Congregation Beth Judah - Young Israel of Worcester, Massachusetts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Congregation_Beth_Judah_Worcester.JPG/220px-Congregation_Beth_Judah_Worcester.JPG"},{"image_text":"Young Israel Beth-El of Boro Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Beth_El_2_Brooklyn.JPG/220px-Beth_El_2_Brooklyn.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Helen Chernikoff (February 21, 2021). \"National Council of Young Israel replaces entire board in pivot away from politics\". eJewishPhilanthrpoy.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/national-council-of-young-israel-replaces-entire-board-in-pivot-away-from-politics","url_text":"\"National Council of Young Israel replaces entire board in pivot away from politics\""}]},{"reference":"Amos Bunim (1964). A Fire in His Soul: Irving M. Bunim, 1901–1980, the Man and His Impact on American Orthodox Jewry. New York: Feldheim Publishers. ISBN 9780873064736. Retrieved June 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WaObe1cRLc0C&q=a+fire+in+his+soul","url_text":"A Fire in His Soul: Irving M. Bunim, 1901–1980, the Man and His Impact on American Orthodox Jewry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873064736","url_text":"9780873064736"}]},{"reference":"\"Revision of Sunday Laws Asked to Aid Sabbath Observers\". JTA.org (Jewish Telegraphic Agency). January 15, 1952.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/1952/01/15/archive/revision-of-sunday-laws-asked-to-aid-sabbath-observers","url_text":"\"Revision of Sunday Laws Asked to Aid Sabbath Observers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency","url_text":"Jewish Telegraphic Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Young Israel:About Us\". Retrieved December 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.youngisrael.org/about.htm","url_text":"\"Young Israel:About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Weisz, Peter (2013). The Lander Legacy: The Life Story of Rabbi Dr. Bernard Lander. Jersey City: KTAV Publishing House. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-60280-228-5. OCLC 817721763. Retrieved December 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ininet.org/the-lander-legacy.html?page=3","url_text":"The Lander Legacy: The Life Story of Rabbi Dr. Bernard Lander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City","url_text":"Jersey City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTAV_Publishing_House","url_text":"KTAV Publishing House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60280-228-5","url_text":"978-1-60280-228-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/817721763","url_text":"817721763"}]},{"reference":"Stein, David (2012). \"Benjamin Koenigsberg and the Birth of the Young Israel Movement\". In Patterson, Clayton; Schneider, Mareleyn (eds.). Jews : a people's history of the Lower East Side. New York: Clayton Books. pp. 238–242. ISBN 978-0985788322. OCLC 829062303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Patterson","url_text":"Patterson, Clayton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985788322","url_text":"978-0985788322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/829062303","url_text":"829062303"}]},{"reference":"\"Young Israel Viewpoint\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/1126594391","url_text":"\"Young Israel Viewpoint\""}]},{"reference":"Freidman, Jeanette (2007). \"Young Israel\". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 21 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 402. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum","url_text":"Berenbaum, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Skolnik","url_text":"Skolnik, Fred"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Judaica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4","url_text":"978-0-02-866097-4"}]},{"reference":"Kraut, Benny (1998). \"Review of A Modern Heretic and a Traditional Community: Mordecai M. Kaplan, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism\". American Jewish History. 86 (3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 357–363. ISSN 0164-0178. JSTOR 23886287.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23886287","url_text":"\"Review of A Modern Heretic and a Traditional Community: Mordecai M. Kaplan, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0164-0178","url_text":"0164-0178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23886287","url_text":"23886287"}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution\".","urls":[{"url":"https://youngisrael.org/constitution","url_text":"\"Constitution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newly Installed Young Israel Board to Attempt Historical Constitution Change\". eJewishPhilanthropy.com. February 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/newly-installed-young-israel-board-to-attempt-historic-constitutional-change","url_text":"\"Newly Installed Young Israel Board to Attempt Historical Constitution Change\""}]},{"reference":"Daniel J. Wakin (June 30, 2003). \"A House Divided, and for Sale; Real Estate Splits Jewish Group and Synagogue\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/30/nyregion/a-house-divided-and-for-sale-real-estate-splits-jewish-group-and-synagogue.html","url_text":"\"A House Divided, and for Sale; Real Estate Splits Jewish Group and Synagogue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\". The New York Times. July 10, 1979.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/10/archives/obituary-2-no-title.html","url_text":"\"Deaths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Sandy Eller (February 1, 2013). \"After Long Feud, Shul Evicted From 16th St\". The Jewish Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/after-long-feud-shul-evicted-from-16th-st/2013/02/01","url_text":"\"After Long Feud, Shul Evicted From 16th St\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Press","url_text":"The Jewish Press"}]},{"reference":"Eller, Sandy (February 1, 2013). \"After Long Feud, Shul Evicted From 16th St\". The Jewish Press. Brooklyn, NY. Retrieved September 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/feautures-on-jewish-world/after-long-feud-shul-evicted-from-16th-st/2013/02/01/0/?print","url_text":"\"After Long Feud, Shul Evicted From 16th St\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Press","url_text":"The Jewish Press"}]},{"reference":"Wakin, Daniel J. [ (September 11, 2003). \"Manhattan: Synagogue Wins Reprieve\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405EEDB133BF932A2575AC0A9659C8B63","url_text":"\"Manhattan: Synagogue Wins Reprieve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Popper, Nathaniel (December 9, 2005). \"Probe of Shul Group Had N.Y. Crimebuster's Office in Tangles\". The Forward. Retrieved December 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://forward.com/news/1717/probe-of-shul-group-had-ny-crimebuster-e2-80-99s-office","url_text":"\"Probe of Shul Group Had N.Y. Crimebuster's Office in Tangles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\". The New York Times. July 24, 1979.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/24/archives/obituary-4-no-title.html","url_text":"\"Deaths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Defeatist Pro-Israel Camp\". Israel National News. November 9, 2010. For many decades the key professional staff of the National Council -- Rabbi Pesach Lerner and previously Rabbi Ephraim Sturm","urls":[{"url":"https://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/9801","url_text":"\"The Defeatist Pro-Israel Camp\""}]},{"reference":"KADINSKY, SERGEY (December 23, 2020). \"Ghosts Of YI, When Orthodoxy Was Urban\". Queens Jewish Link \| Connecting the Queens Jewish Community. Retrieved August 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queensjewishlink.com/index.php/local/20-community-corner/by-sergey-kadinsky/3736-ghosts-of-yi-when-orthodoxy-was-urban","url_text":"\"Ghosts Of YI, When Orthodoxy Was Urban\""}]},{"reference":"\"About NCYI – History\". National Council of Young Israel. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104052022/http://www.youngisrael.org/content/history.cfm","url_text":"\"About NCYI – History\""},{"url":"http://www.youngisrael.org/content/history.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leaking Ship: Young Israel on the Rocks\". Yeshiva University Commentator. December 3, 2007. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081207200331/http://media.www.yucommentator.com/media/storage/paper652/news/2007/12/03/Features/Leaking.Ship.Young.Israel.On.The.Rocks-3127077.shtml","url_text":"\"Leaking Ship: Young Israel on the Rocks\""},{"url":"http://media.www.yucommentator.com/media/storage/paper652/news/2007/12/03/Features/Leaking.Ship.Young.Israel.On.The.Rocks-3127077.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael Orbach (June 23, 2010). \"No female presidents, says Young Israel\". The Jewish Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejewishstar.com/stories/No-female-presidentssaysYoungIsrael,1818","url_text":"\"No female presidents, says Young Israel\""}]},{"reference":"Rabbi Ephraim Sturm. \"Keeping Kosher on Campus\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_Sturm","url_text":"Ephraim Sturm"},{"url":"https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2300590/jewish/Keeping-Kosher-on-Campus.htm","url_text":"\"Keeping Kosher on Campus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young Israel Plans Kosher Fraternity Houses in American Universities\". JTA.org (Jewish Telegraphic Agency). February 14, 1957.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/1957/02/14/archive/young-israel-plans-kosher-fraternity-houses-in-american-universities","url_text":"\"Young Israel Plans Kosher Fraternity Houses in American Universities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency","url_text":"Jewish Telegraphic Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"STURM--Rabbi Chaplain Ephraim H.\" The New York Times. July 7, 2015. Rabbi Sturm championed the idea that students could practice their religion without hindrance and be able to obtain kosher food at universities","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?n=ephraim-sturm&pid=175231945","url_text":"\"STURM--Rabbi Chaplain Ephraim H.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"American Jewish Year Book (1984)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/Vol_84__1984.pdf","url_text":"\"American Jewish Year Book (1984)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Orthodox synagogue breaks from Young Israel\". JNS.org. June 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jns.org/atlanta-orthodox-synagogue-breaks-from-young-israel-over-politics-support-of-trump","url_text":"\"Atlanta Orthodox synagogue breaks from Young Israel\""}]},{"reference":"\"How partisan politics are dividing an Orthodox synagogue movement\". March 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/2019/03/05/united-states/how-partisan-politics-are-dividing-an-orthodox-synagogue-movement","url_text":"\"How partisan politics are dividing an Orthodox synagogue movement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Architectural Glass Art\". Archived from the original on August 21, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090821113746/http://www.againc.com/ecclYoungIsrael.asp","url_text":"\"Architectural Glass Art\""},{"url":"http://www.againc.com/ecclYoungIsrael.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brecher, Elinor J. (September 21, 1996). \"How 'doing what's right' made mill owner a workers' hero\". Miami Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald","url_text":"Miami Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Rabbi David Hellman\". YIB. Retrieved January 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yibrookline.org/clergy","url_text":"\"Rabbi David Hellman\""}]},{"reference":"Clay Risen (November 5, 2021). \"Aaron Feuerstein, Mill Owner Who Refused to Leave, Dies at 95\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/05/business/aaron-feuerstein-dead.html","url_text":"\"Aaron Feuerstein, Mill Owner Who Refused to Leave, Dies at 95\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Pages of Our Life: The Siyum Celebration, Completion of Baba Metzia\". Siyum. 1943. p. Cover.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polestars-premium.top/1943-young-israel-of-boro-park-pages-of-our-life-issued-in-connection-with-p-11175.html","url_text":"\"Pages of Our Life: The Siyum Celebration, Completion of Baba Metzia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyum","url_text":"Siyum"}]},{"reference":"\"Young Israel\". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. New York City. March 7, 1935. Young Israel will hold an open house Saturday night for all intermediates at the Young Israel of Boro Park.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/1935/03/07/archive/new-york-city-18","url_text":"\"Young Israel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency","url_text":"Jewish Telegraphic Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Summer Camp for Seniors\". February 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wherewhatwhen.com/article/summer-camp-for-seniors","url_text":"\"Summer Camp for Seniors\""}]},{"reference":"Kornreich Yaakov; Saibel, Joel; Hart Strober, Deborah; Strober, Gerald \" (2012). Young Israel at 100: An American Response to the Challenges of Orthodox Living 1912–2012. NCYI. ISBN 978-1475157925.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1475157925","url_text":"978-1475157925"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.youngisrael.org/","external_links_name":"www.youngisrael.org"},{"Link":"https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/national-council-of-young-israel-replaces-entire-board-in-pivot-away-from-politics","external_links_name":"\"National Council of Young Israel replaces entire board in pivot away from politics\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WaObe1cRLc0C&q=a+fire+in+his+soul","external_links_name":"A Fire in His Soul: Irving M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Edelman	Ezra Edelman	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Documentary projects","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	American documentary producer and director Ezra EdelmanEdelman at the 70th Annual Peabody Awards, 2011BornEzra Benjamin Edelman (1974-08-06) August 6, 1974 (age 49)Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.Alma materYale University (BA)Occupation(s)Television director, television producerParentsPeter Edelman (father)Marian Wright Edelman (mother)RelativesJonah Edelman (brother) Ezra Benjamin Edelman (born August 6, 1974) is an American documentary producer and director. He won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming for directing O.J.: Made in America (2016). Early life and education Edelman was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He is the son of Marian Wright Edelman, former civil rights leader and aide to Martin Luther King Jr. and founder and president of the Children's Defense Fund, and Peter Edelman, former aide to Senator Robert F. Kennedy, former Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Planning and Evaluation, and professor at Georgetown University Law Center. His father is Jewish. He has two brothers, Joshua, an educational administrator, and Jonah, co-founder and CEO of Stand for Children. His parents were the third interracial marriage in Virginia after the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the state's anti-miscegenation law in Loving v. Virginia. His paternal great-grandfather was a Polish rabbi who was killed during the Holocaust and his maternal grandfather was a Baptist minister; he was raised in both faiths. Edelman graduated from Sidwell Friends School in Washington D.C. in July 1992, before going on to earn his bachelor's degree from Yale University. Career Documentary projects Edelman is best known for producing and directing the Academy Award-winning 2016 documentary film O.J.: Made in America for ESPN's 30 for 30. In his Oscar acceptance speech, Edelman dedicated the award to Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman, whom O. J. Simpson had been tried and acquitted of murdering in 1995. Previously he directed three HBO Sports documentaries: Magic & Bird: A Courtship of Rivals, The Curious Case of Curt Flood (2011) and the Emmy Award-winning Brooklyn Dodgers: Ghosts of Flatbush. He also wrote and directed a special on the former Big East Conference called Requiem for the Big East, also a part of the 30 for 30 series. Edelman produced Wyatt Cenac's Problem Areas, an HBO documentary series that ran for two seasons. Edelman also produced Stax: Soulsville U.S.A. for HBO, revolving around Stax Records. Edelman is set to direct a Roberto Clemente biopic for Legendary Entertainment. Personal life Edelman lives in Brooklyn, New York City. References ^ Green, Penelope (February 7, 2017). "After Two Tragedies, a Love to Bring Down Barriers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 23, 2020. ^ a b Lawson, Carol (October 8, 1992). "AT HOME WITH: Marian Wright Edelman; A Sense of Place Called Family". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2017. ^ Weiss Shulkin, Mark (2011). 100 Years In America: A History of a Jewish family a century after Immigration. iUniverse. p. 2. ISBN 9781462010431. Retrieved March 4, 2017. ^ Malloy, Courtland (July 26, 1992). "Two Worlds Under a Cap and Gown". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2016. ^ a b c Insheiwat, Shelly (June 1, 2016). "Filmmaker Ezra Edelman: ESPN Documentary 'O.J. Made in America'". Foxla.com. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved June 16, 2016. ^ a b c Busch, Anita (May 9, 2016). "'O.J.: Made In America' Filmmaker Ezra Edelman Lands At CAA". Deadline Hollywood. Deadline.com. Retrieved June 16, 2016. ^ a b c Khal (June 9, 2016). "Ezra Edelman Made 'O.J.: Made in America' So White People Realize: "Black People Have Gone Through a Lot of Sh*t"". Complex. New York, NY. Retrieved June 16, 2016. ^ A.O. Scott, "Review: 'O.J.: Made in America,' an Unflinching Take on His Rise and Fall," The New York Times, May 19, 2016. ^ National Public Radio (June 14, 2016). "New 5-Part Series Considers The 'Perfect Perversity' Of The O.J. Simpson Case". Fresh Air. National Public Radio. Retrieved June 16, 2016. ^ Miller, James Andrew (June 10, 2016). "Why ESPN Gave Director Ezra Edelman Nearly Eight Hours for 'O.J.: Made in America'". Vanity Fair. New York, NY: Condé Nast. Retrieved June 16, 2016. ^ a b Marcus, Stephanie; Strachan, Maxwell (April 27, 2016). "Everyone Is About To Know Ezra Edelman's Name". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2016. ^ Gough, Paul J. (April 29, 2008). "HBO Tops Sports Emmys". Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved June 16, 2016. ^ Steinberg, Dan (March 12, 2014). "Ezra Edelman and ESPN's 'Requiem for the Big East'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2016. ^ White, Peter (May 3, 2022). "Stax Records Docuseries Set At HBO From Jamila Wignot & Ezra Edelman". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 27, 2024. ^ McClintock, Pamela (February 5, 2018). "Ezra Edelman to Direct Roberto Clemente Baseball Biopic for Legendary". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 5, 2018. External links Ezra Edelman at IMDb Awards for Ezra Edelman vteBlack Reel Award for Outstanding Emerging Director Ezra Edelman (2017) Jordan Peele (2018) Boots Riley (2019) Melina Matsoukas (2020) Regina King (2021) Jeymes Samuel (2022) Nikyatu Jusu (2023) Cord Jefferson (2024) vteCritics' Choice Documentary Award for Best Director Ezra Edelman (2016) Evgeny Afineevsky / Frederick Wiseman (2017) Morgan Neville (2018) Peter Jackson / Steven Bognar and Julia Reichert (2019) Kirsten Johnson (2020) Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi and Jimmy Chin / Ahmir "Questlove" Thompson (2021) Ryan White (2022) Davis Guggenheim (2023) vteDirectors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Documentaries Barbara Kopple (1991) Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky (1992) Barbara Kopple (1993) Steve James (1994) Terry Zwigoff (1995) Al Pacino (1996) Michael Uys and Lexy Lovell (1997) Jerry Blumenthal, Peter Gilbert, and Gordon Quinn (1998) Nanette Burstein and Brett Morgen (1999) Charles Braverman (2000) Chris Hegedus and Jehane Noujaim (2001) Tasha Oldham (2002) Nathaniel Kahn (2003) Byambasuren Davaa and Luigi Falorni (2004) Werner Herzog (2005) Arūnas Matelis (2006) Asger Leth (2007) Ari Folman (2008) Louie Psihoyos (2009) Charles Ferguson (2010) James Marsh (2011) Malik Bendjelloul (2012) Jehane Noujaim (2013) Laura Poitras (2014) Matthew Heineman (2015) Ezra Edelman (2016) Matthew Heineman (2017) Tim Wardle (2018) Steven Bognar and Julia Reichert (2019) Michael Dweck and Gregory Kershaw (2020) Stanley Nelson Jr. (2021) Sara Dosa (2022) Mstyslav Chernov (2023) vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Documentary/Nonfiction ProgramInformational Series (1979–1994) John Korty (1979) Charles A. Bangert and Alfred R. Kelman (1983) Emile Ardolino (1984) David Heeley (1986) Gene Lasko (1990) Bob Eisenhardt, Susan Froemke, Peter Gelb, and Albert Maysles (1991) Fax Bahr, George Hickenlooper, and Eleanor Coppola (1992) Bill Couturié / Lee Stanley (1993) Robin Lehman (1994) Nonfiction Programming (2003–2017) Stanley Nelson Jr. (2003) Kate Davis (2004) James Miller (2005) Jon Alpert and Matthew O'Neill (2006) Spike Lee (2007) Adam Beckman and Christopher Wilcha (2008) Marina Zenovich (2009) Barak Goodman (2010) Josh Fox (2011) Martin Scorsese (2012) Robert Trachtenberg (2013) Jehane Noujaim (2014) Alex Gibney (2015) Moira Demos and Laura Ricciardi (2016) Ezra Edelman (2017) Documentary/Nonfiction Program (2018–present) Brett Morgen (2018) Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi and Jimmy Chin (2019) Steven Bognar and Julia Reichert (2020) Kirsten Johnson (2021) Peter Jackson (2022) Davis Guggenheim (2023) Between 1979–1994, the category was a juried award. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_for_Nonfiction_Programming"},{"link_name":"O.J.: Made in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.J.:_Made_in_America"}],"text":"Ezra Benjamin Edelman (born August 6, 1974) is an American documentary producer and director. He won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming for directing O.J.: Made in America (2016).","title":"Ezra Edelman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Marian Wright Edelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Children's Defense Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Defense_Fund"},{"link_name":"Peter Edelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Edelman"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Planning and Evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services_for_Planning_and_Evaluation"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-2"},{"link_name":"Jonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Edelman"},{"link_name":"Stand for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_for_Children"},{"link_name":"anti-miscegenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-miscegenation"},{"link_name":"Loving v. Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sidwell Friends School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidwell_Friends_School"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington_Post_Graduation-4"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelly_Insheiwat-5"}],"text":"Edelman was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He is the son of Marian Wright Edelman, former civil rights leader and aide to Martin Luther King Jr. and founder and president of the Children's Defense Fund, and Peter Edelman, former aide to Senator Robert F. Kennedy, former Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Planning and Evaluation, and professor at Georgetown University Law Center.[1] His father is Jewish.[2] He has two brothers, Joshua, an educational administrator, and Jonah, co-founder and CEO of Stand for Children. His parents were the third interracial marriage in Virginia after the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the state's anti-miscegenation law in Loving v. Virginia. \nHis paternal great-grandfather was a Polish rabbi who was killed during the Holocaust and his maternal grandfather was a Baptist minister; he was raised in both faiths.[2][3]Edelman graduated from Sidwell Friends School in Washington D.C. in July 1992,[4] before going on to earn his bachelor's degree from Yale University.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O.J.: Made in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.J.:_Made_in_America"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"30 for 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_for_30"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anita_Busch-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khal-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fresh_Air-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelly_Insheiwat-5"},{"link_name":"Nicole Brown Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Brown_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Ron Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Goldman"},{"link_name":"O. J. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson"},{"link_name":"tried and acquitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson_murder_trial"},{"link_name":"HBO Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO#Sports_programming"},{"link_name":"Magic & Bird: A Courtship of Rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_%26_Bird:_A_Courtship_of_Rivals"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anita_Busch-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khal-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anita_Busch-6"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Dodgers: Ghosts of Flatbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers:_Ghosts_of_Flatbush"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khal-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelly_Insheiwat-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gough-12"},{"link_name":"Big East Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"30 for 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_for_30"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington_Post_Story-13"},{"link_name":"Wyatt Cenac's Problem Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt_Cenac%27s_Problem_Areas"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Stax: Soulsville U.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stax:_Soulsville_U.S.A."},{"link_name":"Stax Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stax_Records"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Roberto Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Clemente"},{"link_name":"Legendary Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Documentary projects","text":"Edelman is best known for producing and directing the Academy Award-winning 2016 documentary film O.J.: Made in America for ESPN's 30 for 30.[6][7][8][9][10][11][5] In his Oscar acceptance speech, Edelman dedicated the award to Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman, whom O. J. Simpson had been tried and acquitted of murdering in 1995. Previously he directed three HBO Sports documentaries: Magic & Bird: A Courtship of Rivals,[6][7][11] The Curious Case of Curt Flood (2011)[6] and the Emmy Award-winning Brooklyn Dodgers: Ghosts of Flatbush.[7][5][12] He also wrote and directed a special on the former Big East Conference called Requiem for the Big East, also a part of the 30 for 30 series.[13] Edelman produced Wyatt Cenac's Problem Areas, an HBO documentary series that ran for two seasons. Edelman also produced Stax: Soulsville U.S.A. for HBO, revolving around Stax Records.[14]Edelman is set to direct a Roberto Clemente biopic for Legendary Entertainment.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"}],"text":"Edelman lives in Brooklyn, New York City.","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Green, Penelope (February 7, 2017). \"After Two Tragedies, a Love to Bring Down Barriers\". 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Retrieved June 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxla.com/good-day/good-day-la-celebrity-interviews/151374932-story","url_text":"\"Filmmaker Ezra Edelman: ESPN Documentary 'O.J. Made in America'\""}]},{"reference":"Busch, Anita (May 9, 2016). \"'O.J.: Made In America' Filmmaker Ezra Edelman Lands At CAA\". Deadline Hollywood. Deadline.com. Retrieved June 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/05/o-j-made-in-america-filmmaker-ezra-edelman-caa-1201751837/","url_text":"\"'O.J.: Made In America' Filmmaker Ezra Edelman Lands At CAA\""}]},{"reference":"Khal (June 9, 2016). \"Ezra Edelman Made 'O.J.: Made in America' So White People Realize: \"Black People Have Gone Through a Lot of Sht\"\". Complex. New York, NY. Retrieved June 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2016/06/ezra-edelman-oj-made-in-america-interview","url_text":"\"Ezra Edelman Made 'O.J.: Made in America' So White People Realize: \"Black People Have Gone Through a Lot of Sht\"\""}]},{"reference":"National Public Radio (June 14, 2016). \"New 5-Part Series Considers The 'Perfect Perversity' Of The O.J. Simpson Case\". Fresh Air. National Public Radio. Retrieved June 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2016/06/14/481993823/new-5-part-series-considers-the-perfect-perversity-of-the-o-j-simpson-case","url_text":"\"New 5-Part Series Considers The 'Perfect Perversity' Of The O.J. Simpson Case\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, James Andrew (June 10, 2016). \"Why ESPN Gave Director Ezra Edelman Nearly Eight Hours for 'O.J.: Made in America'\". Vanity Fair. New York, NY: Condé Nast. Retrieved June 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/06/espn-director-ezra-edelman-oj-made-in-america","url_text":"\"Why ESPN Gave Director Ezra Edelman Nearly Eight Hours for 'O.J.: Made in America'\""}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Stephanie; Strachan, Maxwell (April 27, 2016). \"Everyone Is About To Know Ezra Edelman's Name\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ezra-edelman-interview-made-in-america-oj-simpson-espn_us_571fb5a2e4b0b49df6a9537c","url_text":"\"Everyone Is About To Know Ezra Edelman's Name\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Gough, Paul J. (April 29, 2008). \"HBO Tops Sports Emmys\". Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved June 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hbo-tops-sports-emmys-110537","url_text":"\"HBO Tops Sports Emmys\""}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, Dan (March 12, 2014). \"Ezra Edelman and ESPN's 'Requiem for the Big East'\". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2014/03/12/ezra-edelman-and-espns-requiem-for-the-big-east/","url_text":"\"Ezra Edelman and ESPN's 'Requiem for the Big East'\""}]},{"reference":"White, Peter (May 3, 2022). \"Stax Records Docuseries Set At HBO From Jamila Wignot & Ezra Edelman\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/05/stax-records-docuseries-set-at-hbo-jamila-wignot-ezra-edelman-1235014317/","url_text":"\"Stax Records Docuseries Set At HBO From Jamila Wignot & Ezra Edelman\""}]},{"reference":"McClintock, Pamela (February 5, 2018). \"Ezra Edelman to Direct Roberto Clemente Baseball Biopic for Legendary\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ezra-edelman-direct-roberto-clemente-baseball-biopic-legendary-1081920","url_text":"\"Ezra Edelman to Direct Roberto Clemente Baseball Biopic for Legendary\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/fashion/marian-wright-peter-edelman.html","external_links_name":"\"After Two Tragedies, a Love to Bring Down Barriers\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/08/garden/at-home-with-marian-wright-edelman-a-sense-of-place-called-family.html","external_links_name":"\"AT HOME WITH: Marian Wright Edelman; A Sense of Place Called Family\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YdtDAwx2Nk8C&pg=PA2","external_links_name":"100 Years In America: A History of a Jewish family a century after Immigration"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1992/07/26/two-worlds-under-a-cap-and-gown/f2f2a20e-eefe-403c-a87f-0cdc57cb55a5/","external_links_name":"\"Two Worlds Under a Cap and Gown\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxla.com/good-day/good-day-la-celebrity-interviews/151374932-story","external_links_name":"\"Filmmaker Ezra Edelman: ESPN Documentary 'O.J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anauerapucu	Anauerapucu	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 00°04′02″S 51°15′48″W / 0.06722°S 51.26333°W / -0.06722; -51.26333District in Amapá, Brazil District in Amapá, BrazilAnauerapucuDistrictAnauerapucuShow map of AmapáAnauerapucuShow map of BrazilCoordinates: 00°04′02″S 51°15′48″W / 0.06722°S 51.26333°W / -0.06722; -51.26333Country BrazilState AmapáMunicipalitySantanaCreated in2001Area • Total70 km2 (30 sq mi)Elevation6 m (20 ft)Population (2021) • Total810 • Density12/km2 (30/sq mi)Postal code68925-000 Anauerapucu is a district of the Brazilian municipality of Santana in the state of Amapá. It is located on the northern shore of Vila Nova River, about 10 kilometres west of Santana. The district covers an area of 70 square kilometers, and has an average elevation of 6 meters above the sea level. Anauerapucu was established as a district in 2001. As of the year 2021, it had a population of 810. References ^ "Anauerapucu topographic map, elevation, terrain". Topographic maps. Retrieved 23 October 2023. ^ "Santana History" (PDF). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2023. ^ "Anauerapucu (Santana, Amapá, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 23 October 2023.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana,_Amap%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Amapá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Vila Nova River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Nova_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"District in Amapá, BrazilDistrict in Amapá, BrazilAnauerapucu is a district of the Brazilian municipality of Santana in the state of Amapá. It is located on the northern shore of Vila Nova River, about 10 kilometres west of Santana. The district covers an area of 70 square kilometers, and has an average elevation of 6 meters above the sea level.[1]Anauerapucu was established as a district in 2001.[2] As of the year 2021, it had a population of 810.[3]","title":"Anauerapucu"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Anauerapucu topographic map, elevation, terrain\". Topographic maps. Retrieved 23 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-vt1wm2/Anauerapucu/?center=-0.04429,-51.27989","url_text":"\"Anauerapucu topographic map, elevation, terrain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Santana History\" (PDF). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070111/http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/dtbs/amapa/santana.pdf","url_text":"\"Santana History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics","url_text":"Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics"},{"url":"http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/dtbs/amapa/santana.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anauerapucu (Santana, Amapá, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information\". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 23 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/amapa/santana/160060007__anauerapucu/","url_text":"\"Anauerapucu (Santana, Amapá, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anauerapucu&params=00_04_02_S_51_15_48_W_region:BR_type:city(810)","external_links_name":"00°04′02″S 51°15′48″W / 0.06722°S 51.26333°W / -0.06722; -51.26333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anauerapucu&params=00_04_02_S_51_15_48_W_region:BR_type:city(810)","external_links_name":"00°04′02″S 51°15′48″W / 0.06722°S 51.26333°W / -0.06722; -51.26333"},{"Link":"https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-vt1wm2/Anauerapucu/?center=-0.04429,-51.27989","external_links_name":"\"Anauerapucu topographic map, elevation, terrain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070111/http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/dtbs/amapa/santana.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Santana History\""},{"Link":"http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/dtbs/amapa/santana.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/amapa/santana/160060007__anauerapucu/","external_links_name":"\"Anauerapucu (Santana, Amapá, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Anniversary_(1959_song)	Happy Anniversary (1959 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Title song","4 Censorship","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	1959 American filmHappy AnniversaryTheatrical release posterDirected byDavid MillerScreenplay byJerome ChodorovJoseph FieldsBased onAnniversary Waltz1954 playby Jerome ChodorovJoseph FieldsProduced byRalph FieldsStarringDavid NivenMitzi GaynorCarl ReinerLoring SmithMonique Van VoorenCinematographyLee GarmesEdited byRichard MeyerMusic byRobert AllenSol KaplanAl StillmanDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date November 10, 1959 (1959-11-10) Running time81 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1 millionBox office$1,800,000 (US/ Canada) Happy Anniversary is a 1959 American comedy film starring David Niven and Mitzi Gaynor. Directed by David Miller, the movie's cast also included Carl Reiner and a young Patty Duke. Plot Chris Walters is a happily married father of two. For his 13th wedding anniversary, he sneaks home with a gift for wife Alice, a diamond brooch, and with a desire to have a romantic interlude. Interruptions ensue. If it isn't their children, Debbie, and Okkie, needing something, it's their maid, Millie, or it's Alice's mother, Lilly, on the phone. And then two delivery men arrive with a new television set. It's a gift from Alice's parents, Lilly and Arthur. Chris is not pleased. He hates television, and thinks the whole idea of TV is a needless distraction and corrupting influence on today's youth. At work, Chris has a partner, Bud, who is trying to woo a new client, Jeanette Revere, a woman who has been divorced four times. Jeanette is amazed in this day and age that a couple can remain happily married as long as the Walters' have. Over a celebration dinner, Chris lets it slip that he and Alice had sex a year before they got married. Lilly and Arthur are offended, having been under the impression that Alice didn't have sex with Chris until they were wed. They storm out. Chris is so angry, he kicks in the screen of the new TV. He argues with Alice and has to spend his anniversary night sleeping on the sofa. A gift arrives from Bud—it's another TV. Chris is irritated again, but promises not to cause a scene this time. When they turn it on, however, a show called "Kids Kouncil" has his daughter Debbie as a guest. And the child blurts out for all to hear that her parents are having marital difficulties, and had been intimate prior to their wedding. Chris again kicks in the TV. Chris storms out of the house this time. Elsewhere, Alice's parents also have a quarrel, which eventually leads to Lilly attempting to move in with her daughter. Everybody's angry now. A distraught Chris wants to come home. Alice feels no one cares about her. She intends to leave home herself. The family doctor, however, suddenly informs Alice that she is pregnant. She decides to give Chris another chance, as a gift arrives, yet another TV. This time it is from Chris. Cast David Niven as Chris Walters Mitzi Gaynor as Alice Walters Carl Reiner as Bud Monique Van Vooren as Jeanette Phyllis Povah as Lillian Gans / Grandma Loring Smith as Arthur Gans / Grandpa Patty Duke as Debbie Kevin Coughlin as Ockie Walters Elizabeth Wilson as Millie the Maid Title song "Happy Anniversary" is also the title of a popular song with music written by Robert Allen and lyrics by Al Stillman, that was introduced in this film. Recordings have been made by The Four Lads, Jane Morgan, Maureen Evans and Joan Regan. Censorship At the time, the Motion Picture Production Code prohibited the portrayal of illicit sex as harmless or positive. For the film to be approved under the Code, a line had to be inserted in post-production in which Chris expresses his regret at having had premarital sex with Alice. As Niven was not available, the line was done as a voice-over impression of Niven by voice actor Allen Swift. See also List of American films of 1959 References ^ "NY as Film Centre: Its Holiday for Stars". Variety. 27 May 1959. p. 16. ^ "Rental Potentials of 1960", Variety, 4 January 1961 p 47. Please note figures are rentals as opposed to total gross. ^ Zinsser, William K. (29 February 1960). "The Bold and Risky World of "Adult" Movies". Life Magazine. 48 (8): 82. Retrieved 10 August 2020. External links Happy Anniversary at IMDb Happy Anniversary at AllMovie Happy Anniversary at the TCM Movie Database Happy Anniversary at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films vteFilms directed by David Miller Penny Wisdom (1937) The Great Heart (1938) Drunk Driving (1939) More About Nostradamus (1941) Billy the Kid (1941) Sunday Punch (1942) Flying Tigers (1942) Top o' the Morning (1949) Love Happy (1949) Our Very Own (1950) Saturday's Hero (1951) Sudden Fear (1952) Twist of Fate (1954) Diane (1956) The Opposite Sex (1956) The Story of Esther Costello (1957) Happy Anniversary (1959) Midnight Lace (1960) Back Street (1961) Lonely Are the Brave (1962) Captain Newman, M.D. (1963) Hammerhead (1968) Hail, Hero! (1969) Executive Action (1973) Bittersweet Love (1976) The Best Place to Be (1979)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"David Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Niven"},{"link_name":"Mitzi Gaynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzi_Gaynor"},{"link_name":"David Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Miller_(director)"},{"link_name":"Carl Reiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Reiner"},{"link_name":"Patty Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Duke"}],"text":"Happy Anniversary is a 1959 American comedy film starring David Niven and Mitzi Gaynor. Directed by David Miller, the movie's cast also included Carl Reiner and a young Patty Duke.","title":"Happy Anniversary (1959 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Chris Walters is a happily married father of two. For his 13th wedding anniversary, he sneaks home with a gift for wife Alice, a diamond brooch, and with a desire to have a romantic interlude.Interruptions ensue. If it isn't their children, Debbie, and Okkie, needing something, it's their maid, Millie, or it's Alice's mother, Lilly, on the phone. And then two delivery men arrive with a new television set. It's a gift from Alice's parents, Lilly and Arthur.Chris is not pleased. He hates television, and thinks the whole idea of TV is a needless distraction and corrupting influence on today's youth.At work, Chris has a partner, Bud, who is trying to woo a new client, Jeanette Revere, a woman who has been divorced four times. Jeanette is amazed in this day and age that a couple can remain happily married as long as the Walters' have.Over a celebration dinner, Chris lets it slip that he and Alice had sex a year before they got married. Lilly and Arthur are offended, having been under the impression that Alice didn't have sex with Chris until they were wed. They storm out. Chris is so angry, he kicks in the screen of the new TV. He argues with Alice and has to spend his anniversary night sleeping on the sofa.A gift arrives from Bud—it's another TV. Chris is irritated again, but promises not to cause a scene this time. When they turn it on, however, a show called \"Kids Kouncil\" has his daughter Debbie as a guest. And the child blurts out for all to hear that her parents are having marital difficulties, and had been intimate prior to their wedding. Chris again kicks in the TV.Chris storms out of the house this time. Elsewhere, Alice's parents also have a quarrel, which eventually leads to Lilly attempting to move in with her daughter. Everybody's angry now.A distraught Chris wants to come home. Alice feels no one cares about her. She intends to leave home herself. The family doctor, however, suddenly informs Alice that she is pregnant. She decides to give Chris another chance, as a gift arrives, yet another TV. This time it is from Chris.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Niven"},{"link_name":"Mitzi Gaynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzi_Gaynor"},{"link_name":"Carl Reiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Reiner"},{"link_name":"Monique Van Vooren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Van_Vooren"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Povah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Povah"},{"link_name":"Loring Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loring_Smith"},{"link_name":"Patty Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Duke"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wilson"}],"text":"David Niven as Chris Walters\nMitzi Gaynor as Alice Walters\nCarl Reiner as Bud\nMonique Van Vooren as Jeanette\nPhyllis Povah as Lillian Gans / Grandma\nLoring Smith as Arthur Gans / Grandpa\nPatty Duke as Debbie\nKevin Coughlin as Ockie Walters\nElizabeth Wilson as Millie the Maid","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song"},{"link_name":"Robert Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Allen_(musicwriter)"},{"link_name":"Al Stillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Stillman"},{"link_name":"The Four Lads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Lads"},{"link_name":"Jane Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Maureen Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Evans"},{"link_name":"Joan Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Regan"}],"text":"\"Happy Anniversary\" is also the title of a popular song with music written by Robert Allen and lyrics by Al Stillman, that was introduced in this film. Recordings have been made by The Four Lads, Jane Morgan, Maureen Evans and Joan Regan.","title":"Title song"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motion Picture Production Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code"},{"link_name":"Allen Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Swift"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"At the time, the Motion Picture Production Code prohibited the portrayal of illicit sex as harmless or positive. For the film to be approved under the Code, a line had to be inserted in post-production in which Chris expresses his regret at having had premarital sex with Alice. As Niven was not available, the line was done as a voice-over impression of Niven by voice actor Allen Swift.[3]","title":"Censorship"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of American films of 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1959"}]	[{"reference":"\"NY as Film Centre: Its Holiday for Stars\". Variety. 27 May 1959. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety214-1959-05/page/n239/mode/1up?q=%22budgeted+at%22","url_text":"\"NY as Film Centre: Its Holiday for Stars\""}]},{"reference":"Zinsser, William K. (29 February 1960). \"The Bold and Risky World of \"Adult\" Movies\". Life Magazine. 48 (8): 82. Retrieved 10 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFUEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"The Bold and Risky World of \"Adult\" Movies\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety214-1959-05/page/n239/mode/1up?q=%22budgeted+at%22","external_links_name":"\"NY as Film Centre: Its Holiday for Stars\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFUEAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"\"The Bold and Risky World of \"Adult\" Movies\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052878/","external_links_name":"Happy Anniversary"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v94288","external_links_name":"Happy Anniversary"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/77323/enwp","external_links_name":"Happy Anniversary"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/52908","external_links_name":"Happy Anniversary"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogbanje	Ogbanje	["1 In popular culture","2 See also","3 References"]	Spirit in Igbo mythology An ọgbanje is a term in Odinani (Igbo: ọ̀dị̀nànị̀) for what was thought to be an evil spirit that would deliberately plague a family with misfortune. Belief in ọgbanje in Igboland is not as strong as it once was, although there are still some believers. Its literal meaning in the Igbo language is "children who come and go". Sometimes the word ọgbanje has been used as a synonym for a rude or stubborn child. The word ọgbanje is often translated as changeling, due to the similarities they share with the fairy changelings of Celtic and broader European mythology. Some theorists have hypothesized that these conceptions serve as mythological ways of understanding what were once unknown diseases that often claimed the lives of children (such as SIDS and sickle cell disease), as the inheritance of these diseases within families may have led people to conclude that the children involved were all incarnations of the same malevolent spirit. It was believed that within a certain amount of time from birth (usually not past puberty), the ọgbanje would deliberately die and then be reborn into the next child of the family and repeat the cycle, causing much grief. It is also believed that ọgbanje are born into the same immediate family all the time; it can even be born into an extended family. Ogbanje can be born into family from a spirit between gestation and birth. Another way is by being introduced to an ọgbanje group. The evil spirits are said to have stones called iyi-uwa, which they bury somewhere secret. The iyi-uwa serves to permit the ọgbanje to return to the human world and to find its targeted family. Finding the evil spirits' iyi-uwa ensures the ọgbanje would never again plague the family with misfortune. The iyi-uwa is dug out by a priest and destroyed. The child is confirmed to no longer be an ọgbanje after the destruction of the stone, or after the mother successfully gives birth to another baby. Female ọgbanje die during pregnancies along with the baby, while male ọgbanje die before the birth or death of a wife's baby. To prevent the ọgbanje from returning after the child's death, they would be cut or mutilated. Some ọgbanje, however, were said to return bearing the physical scars of the mutilation. Female circumcision was sometimes thought to get rid of the evil spirit. Trying to identify an ọgbanje that lacks mutilation scars can sometimes be difficult. Other things that have helped families identify them are birthmarks the child had, the first words they said, and behavior similarities from the child that has been reincarnated. Families paid a lot of attention to these types of characteristics, and most of the time would go to an oracle to confirm that the child was an ọgbanje. Another sign of an ọgbanje is a child who frequently becomes very ill, or is often in trouble. In popular culture In the critically acclaimed novel by Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart (1958), the character Ezinma was considered an ọgbanje because she was the first of 10 children born to her mother that did not die in infancy. In the novel Freshwater by Akwaeke Emezi (2018), the main character, Ada, contains multiple ọgbanje. In Francesca Ekwuyasi's Scotiabank Giller Prize-nominated novel Butter Honey Pig Bread (2020), the character Kambirinachi believes that she is an ọgbanje. In Ben Okri's Booker Prize-winning novel, The Famished Road (1991), as well as in the two other books in his trilogy, Songs of Enchantment (1993) and Astonishing the Gods (1995), the character Azaro is a spirit child, or ogbanje, who travels between worlds. See also Abiku References ^ Batista-Duarte, Ewerton (2022-12-16). "The close bond between ogbanje daughters and their fathers in the novels Things Fall Apart and The Bride Price". FronteiraZ. Revista do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Literatura e Crítica Literária (29): 143–156. doi:10.23925/1983-4373.2022i29p143-156. ISSN 1983-4373. ^ Ọnwụbalịlị JK (August 1983). "Sickle-cell anaemia: an explanation for the ancient myth of reincarnation in Nigeria". Lancet. 2 (8348): 503–5. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90524-x. PMID 6136656. ^ Nzewi E (May 2001). "Malevolent ọgbanje: recurrent reincarnation or sickle cell disease?". Soc Sci Med. 52 (9): 1403–16. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00245-8. PMID 11286364. ^ Iwalaiye, Temi (2021-06-19). "African gods: Nne Miri and Onabuluwa the progenitors of the Ogbanje spirit". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-08-11. ^ "Legend of the Ogbanje: Superhuman Abilities, Wanderlust between Life and Death - Afrocritik". 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2022-08-11. ^ Nnam, Nkuzi Michael (2007). Colonial Mentality in Africa. Hamilton Books. pp. 69–70. ISBN 1461626307. ^ a b Chinua Achebe "Things Fall Apart". ^ Sarkis, Marianne. "NIGERIA: Female circumcision in Igboland". www.fgmnetwork.org. ^ "Yahoo". Yahoo. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. ^ Emezi, Akwaeke (2018). Freshwater. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0802128997. ^ Ekwuyasi, Francesca (2020). Butter Honey Pig Bread. Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 1551528231. ^ "The In-Between World: On the Mythology of The Famished Road and the Literary Scaffolding of Ben Okri". Literary Hub. 2021-09-08. Retrieved 2021-12-02. vteOdinalaEstablishments Chukwu Arusi Chi (Primary) Arusi Agwu Nsi Ala Amadioha Anyanwu Ekwensu Ikenga Njoku Ji Concepts Inouwa Mmuo Ogu na Ofo Igbo calendar Topics Odinala Ekpe Mmanwu Nze na Ozo Sacred Places Earth Nri Ibini Ukpabi Derivatives Jonkonnu Obeah	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odinani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odinani"},{"link_name":"Igbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_language"},{"link_name":"evil spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_spirit"},{"link_name":"Igboland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igboland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"changeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling"},{"link_name":"fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"SIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome"},{"link_name":"sickle cell disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"malevolent spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malevolent_spirit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"puberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"iyi-uwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyi-uwa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nnam2007-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"Female circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_culture#Female_circumcision"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"An ọgbanje is a term in Odinani (Igbo: ọ̀dị̀nànị̀) for what was thought to be an evil spirit that would deliberately plague a family with misfortune. Belief in ọgbanje in Igboland is not as strong as it once was, although there are still some believers.[1]Its literal meaning in the Igbo language is \"children who come and go\". Sometimes the word ọgbanje has been used as a synonym for a rude or stubborn child. The word ọgbanje is often translated as changeling, due to the similarities they share with the fairy changelings of Celtic and broader European mythology. Some theorists have hypothesized that these conceptions serve as mythological ways of understanding what were once unknown diseases that often claimed the lives of children (such as SIDS and sickle cell disease),[citation needed] as the inheritance of these diseases within families may have led people to conclude that the children involved were all incarnations of the same malevolent spirit.[2][3]It was believed that within a certain amount of time from birth (usually not past puberty), the ọgbanje would deliberately die and then be reborn into the next child of the family and repeat the cycle, causing much grief. It is also believed that ọgbanje are born into the same immediate family all the time; it can even be born into an extended family. Ogbanje can be born into family from a spirit between gestation and birth. Another way is by being introduced to an ọgbanje group.[4]The evil spirits are said to have stones called iyi-uwa, which they bury somewhere secret. The iyi-uwa serves to permit the ọgbanje to return to the human world and to find its targeted family. Finding the evil spirits' iyi-uwa ensures the ọgbanje would never again plague the family with misfortune.[5] The iyi-uwa is dug out by a priest and destroyed. The child is confirmed to no longer be an ọgbanje after the destruction of the stone, or after the mother successfully gives birth to another baby.[6] Female ọgbanje die during pregnancies along with the baby, while male ọgbanje die before the birth or death of a wife's baby.To prevent the ọgbanje from returning after the child's death, they would be cut or mutilated. Some ọgbanje, however, were said to return bearing the physical scars of the mutilation.[7] Female circumcision was sometimes thought to get rid of the evil spirit.[8] Trying to identify an ọgbanje that lacks mutilation scars can sometimes be difficult. Other things that have helped families identify them are birthmarks the child had, the first words they said, and behavior similarities from the child that has been reincarnated. Families paid a lot of attention to these types of characteristics, and most of the time would go to an oracle to confirm that the child was an ọgbanje. Another sign of an ọgbanje is a child who frequently becomes very ill, or is often in trouble. [citation needed]","title":"Ogbanje"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinua Achebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinua_Achebe"},{"link_name":"Things Fall Apart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Akwaeke Emezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwaeke_Emezi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Francesca Ekwuyasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Ekwuyasi"},{"link_name":"Butter Honey Pig Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_Honey_Pig_Bread"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ben Okri's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Okri"},{"link_name":"The Famished Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Famished_Road"},{"link_name":"Songs of Enchantment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_of_Enchantment"},{"link_name":"Astonishing the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astonishing_the_Gods"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In the critically acclaimed novel by Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart (1958), the character Ezinma was considered an ọgbanje because she was the first of 10 children born to her mother that did not die in infancy.[7][9]\nIn the novel Freshwater by Akwaeke Emezi (2018), the main character, Ada, contains multiple ọgbanje.[10]\nIn Francesca Ekwuyasi's Scotiabank Giller Prize-nominated novel Butter Honey Pig Bread (2020), the character Kambirinachi believes that she is an ọgbanje.[11]\nIn Ben Okri's Booker Prize-winning novel, The Famished Road (1991), as well as in the two other books in his trilogy, Songs of Enchantment (1993) and Astonishing the Gods (1995), the character Azaro is a spirit child, or ogbanje, who travels between worlds.[12]","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	[{"title":"Abiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiku"}]	[{"reference":"Batista-Duarte, Ewerton (2022-12-16). \"The close bond between ogbanje daughters and their fathers in the novels Things Fall Apart and The Bride Price\". FronteiraZ. Revista do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Literatura e Crítica Literária (29): 143–156. doi:10.23925/1983-4373.2022i29p143-156. ISSN 1983-4373.","urls":[{"url":"https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/fronteiraz/article/view/58705","url_text":"\"The close bond between ogbanje daughters and their fathers in the novels Things Fall Apart and The Bride Price\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.23925%2F1983-4373.2022i29p143-156","url_text":"10.23925/1983-4373.2022i29p143-156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1983-4373","url_text":"1983-4373"}]},{"reference":"Ọnwụbalịlị JK (August 1983). \"Sickle-cell anaemia: an explanation for the ancient myth of reincarnation in Nigeria\". Lancet. 2 (8348): 503–5. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90524-x. PMID 6136656.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2883%2990524-x","url_text":"10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90524-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6136656","url_text":"6136656"}]},{"reference":"Nzewi E (May 2001). \"Malevolent ọgbanje: recurrent reincarnation or sickle cell disease?\". Soc Sci Med. 52 (9): 1403–16. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00245-8. PMID 11286364.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2800%2900245-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00245-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11286364","url_text":"11286364"}]},{"reference":"Iwalaiye, Temi (2021-06-19). \"African gods: Nne Miri and Onabuluwa the progenitors of the Ogbanje spirit\". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/african-gods-nne-miri-and-onabuluwa-the-progenitors-of-the-ogbanje-spirit/68zrens","url_text":"\"African gods: Nne Miri and Onabuluwa the progenitors of the Ogbanje spirit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legend of the Ogbanje: Superhuman Abilities, Wanderlust between Life and Death - Afrocritik\". 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2022-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afrocritik.com/legend-of-the-ogbanje-superhuman-abilities-wanderlust-between-life-and-death/","url_text":"\"Legend of the Ogbanje: Superhuman Abilities, Wanderlust between Life and Death - Afrocritik\""}]},{"reference":"Nnam, Nkuzi Michael (2007). Colonial Mentality in Africa. Hamilton Books. pp. 69–70. ISBN 1461626307.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1461626307","url_text":"1461626307"}]},{"reference":"Sarkis, Marianne. \"NIGERIA: Female circumcision in Igboland\". www.fgmnetwork.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fgmnetwork.org/gonews.php?subaction=showfull&id=1170937325","url_text":"\"NIGERIA: Female circumcision in Igboland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo\". Yahoo. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080502222637/http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/things_fall_apart/32.html","url_text":"\"Yahoo\""},{"url":"http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/things_fall_apart/32.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Emezi, Akwaeke (2018). Freshwater. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0802128997.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802128997","url_text":"978-0802128997"}]},{"reference":"Ekwuyasi, Francesca (2020). Butter Honey Pig Bread. Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 1551528231.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1551528231","url_text":"1551528231"}]},{"reference":"\"The In-Between World: On the Mythology of The Famished Road and the Literary Scaffolding of Ben Okri\". Literary Hub. 2021-09-08. Retrieved 2021-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://lithub.com/the-in-between-world-on-the-mythology-of-the-famished-road-and-the-literary-scaffolding-of-ben-okri/","url_text":"\"The In-Between World: On the Mythology of The Famished Road and the Literary Scaffolding of Ben Okri\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/fronteiraz/article/view/58705","external_links_name":"\"The close bond between ogbanje daughters and their fathers in the novels Things Fall Apart and The Bride Price\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.23925%2F1983-4373.2022i29p143-156","external_links_name":"10.23925/1983-4373.2022i29p143-156"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1983-4373","external_links_name":"1983-4373"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2883%2990524-x","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90524-x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6136656","external_links_name":"6136656"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2800%2900245-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00245-8"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11286364","external_links_name":"11286364"},{"Link":"https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/african-gods-nne-miri-and-onabuluwa-the-progenitors-of-the-ogbanje-spirit/68zrens","external_links_name":"\"African gods: Nne Miri and Onabuluwa the progenitors of the Ogbanje spirit\""},{"Link":"https://www.afrocritik.com/legend-of-the-ogbanje-superhuman-abilities-wanderlust-between-life-and-death/","external_links_name":"\"Legend of the Ogbanje: Superhuman Abilities, Wanderlust between Life and Death - Afrocritik\""},{"Link":"http://www.fgmnetwork.org/gonews.php?subaction=showfull&id=1170937325","external_links_name":"\"NIGERIA: Female circumcision in Igboland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080502222637/http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/things_fall_apart/32.html","external_links_name":"\"Yahoo\""},{"Link":"http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/things_fall_apart/32.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://lithub.com/the-in-between-world-on-the-mythology-of-the-famished-road-and-the-literary-scaffolding-of-ben-okri/","external_links_name":"\"The In-Between World: On the Mythology of The Famished Road and the Literary Scaffolding of Ben Okri\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solridge	Solridge	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 26°04′41″S 28°01′16″E / 26.078°S 28.021°E / -26.078; 28.021 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Solridge" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in Gauteng, South AfricaSolridgeSolridgeShow map of GautengSolridgeShow map of South AfricaCoordinates: 26°04′41″S 28°01′16″E / 26.078°S 28.021°E / -26.078; 28.021CountrySouth AfricaProvinceGautengMunicipalityCity of JohannesburgArea • Total0.24 km2 (0.09 sq mi)Population (2001) • Total372 • Density1,600/km2 (4,000/sq mi)Racial makeup (2001) • Black African35.5% • Coloured4.8% • White58.9%First languages (2001) • English68.6% • Zulu8.1% • Sotho6.45% • Xhosa5.7% • Tswana4.0%Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)Postal code (street)2191PO box2060 Solridge is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region B of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. References ^ a b "Sub Place Solridge". Census 2001. vteGreater JohannesburgNatural environment Highveld Geology Kaapvaal Craton Transvaal Supergroup Transvaal Basin Witwatersrand Supergroup Witwatersrand Basin Banket Topography Witwatersrand Magaliesberg (partially) Vredefort impact structure (partially) Rivers andwetlands Blesbokspruit Braamfontein Spruit Crocodile River Hennops River Jukskei River Klip River Wilge River Wonderfonteinspruit Climate 2016 flooding 2018–2021 drought Cradle ofHumankind Taung Child Mrs Ples Little Foot Rising Star Expedition Underground Astronauts Fossil sites Bolt's Farm Cooper's Cave Drimolen Gladysvale Haasgat Kromdraai Malapa Minnaar's Cave Motsetsi Plovers Lake Rising Star Cave Sterkfontein Swartkrans Wonder Cave Biodiversity Highveld grasslands (ecoregion) Montane grasslands and shrublands (biome) Afrotropical realm (biogeographic realm) Palaeotropical kingdom (floristic kingdom) Northern Provinces (WGSRPD area) Timber trees Vegetation types Andesite Mountain Bushveld Carletonville Dolomite Grassland Eastern Highveld Grassland Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands Egoli Granite Grassland Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld Highveld Alluvial Vegetation Moot Plains Bushveld Rand Highveld Grassland Soweto Highveld Grassland Tsakane Clay Grassland Urban woodland Parks and gardens Brenthurst Gardens Delta Park Donald Mackay Park Emmarentia Dam Huddle Park Johannesburg Botanical Garden Johannesburg Zoo Pullinger Kop Park Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden Wemmer Pan Zoo Lake Nature reserves Abe Bailey Nature Reserve Aloe Ridge Game Reserve Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve Kloofendal Nature Reserve Kromdraai Conservancy Krugersdorp Game Reserve Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve Marievale Bird Sanctuary Melville Koppies Olifantsvlei Nature Reserve Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve The Wilds Municipal Nature Reserve Human impact Acid mine drainage Mine dumps Urbanisation Sprawl CommunitiesInner City Johannesburg CBD Albertville Aldara Park Amalgam Auckland Park Belgravia Bellevue Bellevue East Benrose Berea Bertrams Braamfontein Braamfontein Werf Brixton City Deep City and Suburban City and Suburban Industrial Cottesloe Crosby Crown Crown North Doornfontein Droste Park Emmarentia Fairview Ferreirasdorp Fordsburg Forest Town Highlands Hillbrow Homestead Park Jan Hofmeyer Jeppestown Jeppestown South Joubert Park Judith's Paarl Killarney Lake View Estate Langlaagte North Lorentzville Marshalltown Mayfair Mayfair West Melville Milpark New Centre New Doornfontein Newtown North Doornfontein Observatory Paarlshoop Pageview Park Central Parktown Randview Riepen Park Riviera Rossmore Trojan Troyeville Village Deep Village Main Vrededorp Wemmer Westbury Westcliff Yeoville Northernsuburbs andenvirons Abbotsford Airdlin Albertskroon Alexandra Atholhurst Atholl Atholl Gardens Bagleyston Barbeque Downs Barbeque Downs Business Park Benmore Gardens Berario Beverley Gardens Birdhaven Birnam Blackheath Blairgowrie Bloubosrand Blue Hills Bordeaux Bramley Bramley North Bramley Park Bridle Park Broadacres Bromhof Bryanbrink Bryanston Bryanston East Bryanston West Buccleuch Bultfontein Bush Hill Carlswald Chartwell Cheltondale Chislehurston Country Life Park Country View Cowdray Park Craighall Craighall Park Cramerview Cresta Crowthorne Dainfern Daniel Brink Park Darrenwood Dennehof Diepsloot Douglasdale Dunhill Dunkeld Dunkeld West Ebony Park Edenburg Elton Hill Epsom Downs Erand Fairland Fairway Fairwood Farmall Fellside Ferndale Fontainebleau Forbesdale Fourways Franklin Roosevelt Park Gallo Manor The Gardens Glen Austin Glenadrienne Greenside Gresswold Greymont Halfway Gardens Halfway House Estate Hawkins Estate Headway Hill Highlands North Houghton Estate Houtkoppen Hurl Park Hurlingham Hurlingham Gardens Hyde Park Illovo Inadan Inanda Ivory Park Johannesburg North Jukskei Park Kaalfontein Kensington B Kentview Kew Khyber Rock Klevehill Park Kya Sand Kya Sands Kyalami AH Kyalami Business Park Kyalami Estates Linden Linksfield Littlefillan Lone Hill Lyme Park Magaliessig Malanshof Marlboro Marlboro Gardens Maroeladal Maryvale Melrose Melrose Estate Melrose North Midrand Midridge Park Mill Hill Millgate Farm Moodie Hill Morningside Morningside Manor New Brighton Newlands Nietgedacht Noordwyk Norscot North Champagne Estates Northcliff Northern Acres Northgate Northriding Norwood Oerder Park Olivedale Orange Grove Osummit Parkhurst Parkmore Parktown North Parkview Parkwood Paulshof Petervale Plooysville President Ridge Rabie Ridge Randburg Randjesfontein AH Randjespark Randpark Randpark Ridge Raumarais Park River Club Riverbend Rivonia Rosebank Rouxville Ruiterhof Salfred Sandhurst Sandown Sandton Savoy Estate Saxonwold Simba Solridge Strathavon Strijdompark Sunninghill Sunrella Sunset Acres Vandia Grove Victoria Victory Park Vorna Valley Waterval Estate Waverley Wierda Valley Willaway Willowild Witkoppen Witpoort Woodlands Woodmead Wynberg Zandspruit Southernsuburbs andenvirons Aeroton Alan Manor Alberton Aspen Hills Bassonia Booysens Chrisville Crown Gardens Diepkloof Dobsonville Doornkop Drieziek Eastcliff Elandspark Eldorado Park Electron Elladoone Ennerdale Evans Park Forest Hill Framton Gillview Glenanda Glenesk Glenvista Haddon The Hill Johannesburg South Kanana Park Kenilworth Kibler Park Klipriviersberg Klipriviersberg Estate Kliptown La Rochelle Lawley Lenasia Liefde en Vrede Lindberg Park Linmeyer Mayfield Park Meadowlands Meredale Moffat View Mondeor Mulbarton Nasrec Noordgesig Oakdene Ophirton Orange Farm Orlando Ormonde Phiri Protea Glen Regents Park Regents Park Estate Reuven Rewlatch Reynolds View Ridgeway Risana Rispark Robertsham Roseacre Rosettenville Salisbury Claims Selby South Hills Southdale Southfork Southgate Soweto Springfield Stafford Steeledale Suideroord Theta Towerby Townsview Tulisa Park Turf Club Turffontein Unigray Winchester Hills Zola East Rand Allen Grove Aston Manor Bapsfontein Bedfordview Benoni Bezuidenhout Valley Birch Acres Birchleigh Birchleigh North Boksburg Bonaero Park Brakpan Bredell Bruma Cresslawn Croydon Cyrildene Daveyton Dawn Park Dewetshof Duduza Edenvale Edleen Elcedes Elsburg Esther Park Etwatwa Fairmount The Gables Germiston Glen Marais Glenhazel Greenstone Hill Heriotdale Isando Katlehong Kempton Park Kempton Park West Kensington KwaThema Lakeside Langaville Lombardy East Malvern Modderfontein Mountain View Nigel Nimrod Park Norkem Park Oaklands Olifantsfontein Percelia Estate Pomona Primrose Prolecon Raedene Estate Reiger Park Rhodesfield Sandringham Spartan Spes Bona Springs Sunningdale Sunningdale Ridge Sydenham Talboton Terenure Thembisa Thokoza Tsakane Van Riebeeck Park Vosloorus Wanderers View Wattville West Rand Azaadville Bekkersdal Blyvooruitzicht Boikarabelo Bosmont Carletonville Claremont Constantia Kloof Coronationville Denver Driefontein East Driefontein Elandsrand Florida Florida Glen Florida Hills Fochville Kagiso Khutsong Krugersdorp Lindley Magaliesburg Mohlakeng Muldersdrift Munsieville Oberholzer Randfontein Rietvallei Roodepoort Sophiatown Venterspos Weltevredenpark Welverdiend West Driefontein Westdene Westonaria Zuurbekom Cityscape Constitution Hill Beyers Naudé Square Fordsburg Square Gandhi Square Mary Fitzgerald Square Walter Sisulu Square 7th Street Commissioner Street Munro Drive Beyers Naudé Drive Jan Smuts Avenue Louis Botha Avenue Malibongwe Drive Metropolitan routes M1 M2 Provincial routes R24 R25 R29 R41 R55 R82 R564 Johannesburg Ring Road N1 Western Bypass N3 Eastern Bypass N12 Southern Bypass N17 Landmarks Tallest buildings Public art Fire Walker Flame of Democracy Nelson Mandela Mural Orlando Power Station cooling towers Statues Mahatma Gandhi Nelson Mandela Civicbuildings Johannesburg City Hall Johannesburg Central Police Station Officebuildings 11 Diagonal Street Chamber of Mines Building Chancellor House Consolidated Building Corner House Corona Lodge Cuthberts Building Eskom Centre Johannesburg Trades Hall Kimberley House Logistics House London House Luthuli House Markham Building Megawatt Park Natal Bank Building National Bank Building Shell House Standard Bank Building Victory House Skyscrapers Absa Tower Carlton Centre Carlton Hotel Exchange Square Hekro Towers Johannesburg Sun Hotel Kine Centre The Leonardo Marble Towers Mariston Hotel Michelangelo Towers Radiopark Schlesinger Building Southern Life Centre Standard Bank Centre Trust Bank Building UCS Building Residentialbuildings Ansteys Building Arop House Astor Mansions Beacon Royal Circle Court Dorkay House Houghton Heights Kingsway Mansions Lauriston Court Manners Mansions Radoma Court Skyscrapers 120 End Street Highpoint Hillbrow Ponte City Tygerberg Building Structures Brixton Tower Hillbrow Tower Nelson Mandela Bridge Grayston Pedestrian and Cycle Bridge Urban planning Alexandra Renewal Project GovernmentNational governmentCourts Constitutional Court of South Africa South Gauteng High Court Labour Court Labour Appeal Court Chapter nine institutions Commission for Gender Equality CRL Rights Commission Human Rights Commission Provincial government Gauteng Provincial Legislature Executive Council of Gauteng Municipalities City of Johannesburg Seat: Johannesburg Mayor: Kabelo Gwamanda Elections Flag Coat of arms City of Ekurhuleni Seat: Germiston Mayor: Sivuyile Ngodwana Elections West Rand Merafong Seat: Carletonville Mogale Seat: Krugersdorp Rand West Seat: Randfontein African Union Pan-African Parliament Bureau Secretariat NEPAD Secretariat PoliticsGoverning parties Johannesburg: Al Jama-ah Ekurhuleni: AIC West Rand: ANC Merafong: ANC Mogale: ATM Rand West: ANC Political organisationsand parties based inGreater JohannesburgPolitical parties ActionSA African Christian Democratic Party African National Congress Veteran's League Women's League Youth League African People's Convention Agang Azanian People's Organisation Capitalist Party Congress of the People Dagga Party Economic Freedom Fighters Pan Africanist Congress South African Communist Party Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party Workers and Socialist Party Trade unions COSATU AFADWU CEPPWAWU CWU NEHAWU NUM POPCRU SAAPAWU SACCAWU SADNU SADTU SAFPU SAMWU SASAWU SASBO SATAWU FEDUSA UASA NACTU SAFTU NUMSA Other politicalorganisations Afrikanerbond Ahmed Kathrada Foundation Civicus COSAS Dagga Couple Earthlife Africa Free Market Foundation Helen Suzman Foundation Jacob Zuma Foundation Keep Left Landless People's Movement OUTA PASMA SASCO South African Institute of Race Relations South African Zionist Federation Tripartite Alliance Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front History Timeline Kweneng' Ruins Tlokwe Ruins Witwatersrand Gold Rush Mineral Revolution Transvaal gold fields Randlord Uitlander Ferreira's Camp Second Boer War Fortifications Johannesburg Fort Blockhouses Monumentsand memorials Anglo-Boer War Memorial Chris Hani Memorial Constitution Hill Hector Pieterson Memorial Observatory Ridge Scottish Horse War Memorial Walter Sisulu Square Cemeteries Avalon Cemetery Juliwe Cemetery Westpark Cemetery Historicalsites Bantu Men's Social Centre Kirchoff's Building Langlaagte Stamp Mill OK Bazaars Rand Water Board Building Red Square Rissik Street Post Office Shlom Native Eating House Union Observatory Houses 36 Houghton Drive David Webster House Dr Xuma House Endstead House Brunton House Hains James Mpanza House Kholvad House Lindfield House Mandela House Parktown mansions Villa Arcadia Pullinger Kop Rahima Moosa House Satyagraha House Tutu House Villa d'Este Historicalcompanies andorganisationsCompanies Bosasa Deneys Reitz Edcon Lema Mandela and Tambo Simmer and Jack VBS Mutual Bank Politicalorganisations Anti-Privatisation Forum Black Sash Democratic Left Front Gay and Lesbian Organization of Witwatersrand Industrial Workers of the World MK Military Veterans' Association Reform Committee Socialist Party of Azania Other organisations Witwatersrand Native Labour Association Events Jameson Raid Braamfontein explosion Battle of Doornkop Battle of Witpoort Rand Rebellion Empire Exhibition Schlesinger African Air Race 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Sophiatown forced removals Congress of the People Freedom Charter Treason Trial 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Soweto uprising Concert in the Park Westdene dam disaster Eerste Alternatiewe Afrikaanse Rockkonsert Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre Shell House massacre Ellis Park Stadium disaster Bredell land occupation World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg Declaration 2002 Soweto bombings Jacob Zuma rape trial Live 8 concert Live Earth concert Occupy Johannesburg Murder of Mido Macia Death and state memorial service of Nelson Mandela 2015 train crash #FeesMustFall Life Esidimeni scandal 10th BRICS summit Zondo Commission 2019 riots Shooting of Nathaniel Julies Zuma riots Murder of Babita Deokaran 2022 Soweto shooting Boksburg explosion 2023 Boksburg gas leak 15th BRICS summit 2023 building fire CultureCultural heritage Architecture Gumboot dancing amaKota Kwaito Performance art Joburg Ballet Musical ensembles Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra Johannesburg Youth Orchestra Soweto Gospel Choir Soweto String Quartet Theatres Alexander Theatre Alhambra Theatre Johannesburg Civic Theatre Market Theatre Wits Theatre Events and festivals Abantu Book Festival Encounters South African International Documentary Festival Joburg Art Fair In the City Johannesburg International Motor Show Johannesburg Pride Jozi Book Fair Naledi Theatre Awards Out In Africa South African Gay and Lesbian Film Festival RAMFest Rand Show South Africa’s Children’s Book Fair Transforming Stories International Christian Film Festival Ultra South Africa Museums and artgalleries Apartheid Museum Constitution Hill Museum Fietas Museum Gold Reef City Goodman Gallery Hector Pieterson Museum James Hall Transport Museum Johannesburg Art Gallery South African Airways Museum Mandela House Market Photo Workshop Maropeng Military History Museum Museum Africa Photo: Satyagraha House Workers' Museum Defunct SAB World of Beer South African National Railway And Steam Museum Clubs and societies Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging Automobile Association Nippon Club Rand Club SAA Museum Society South African Radio League Southern African Vexillological Association Religion SACC Anglican Diocese of Johannesburg Diocese of the Highveld Diocese of Christ the King Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg Knights of Da Gama Protestant Baptist Union Presbytery of Egoli Jewish Union of Orthodox Synagogues Johannesburg Beth Din Ohr Somayach SAUPJ Islamic Jamiatul Ulama Places ofworshipChurchesAnglican Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin Cathedral Church of Saint Dunstan St Aidan's Anglican Church St Boniface Church St Mary's Anglican Church St Michael and All Angels' Anglican Church Baptist Troyeville Baptist Church Calvinist Brixton Reformed Church Fordsburg Reformed Church Johanesburg East Reformed Church Johannesburg North Reformed Church Johannesburg Reformed Church Johannesburg Reformed Church (GKSA) Langlaagte Reformed Church Linden Reformed Church Parkhurst Reformed Church Turffontein Reformed Church Catholic Cathedral of Christ the King Holy Trinity Catholic Church Regina Mundi Catholic Church Maronite Shrine of Our Lady of the Cedars GreekOrthodox Cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen Latter-daySaints Johannesburg South Africa Temple Lutheran Friedenskirche SynagoguesOrthodox Chassidim Shul Doornfontein Synagogue Great Synagogue Oxford Shul Historical President Street Synagogue Progressive Beit Emanuel Progressive Synagogue Temple Israel Mosques Jumah Mosque Nizamiye Mosque Hindu temples Madhya Kailash Shiva Temple Scientology centres Castle Kyalami Media South African National Editors' Forum Southern African Music Rights Organisation AmaBhungane Mass mediaMagazines African Communist Drum Financial Mail Mining Weekly Music Industry Online Nomad Africa Magazine SA Flyer Defunct Die Arbeider en Arm Boer Style Top 40 Music Magazine Newspapers Caxton local newspapers (various) Beeld Business Day The Citizen City Press Daily Maverick Daily Sun Jewish Report Mail & Guardian Mayihlome News Rapport The South African The Sowetan The Star The Sunday Independent Sunday Times TimesLIVE Wits Vuvuzela Defunct New Age The New Age The World Radio stations 5FM 702 947 ArrowLine Chinese Radio Boervolk Radio ChaiFM Channel Africa Ekurhuleni FM Hot 1027 Jozi FM Kasie FM Kaya FM Metro FM Munghana Lonene FM Power FM Radio 2000 Radio Sonder Grense Rock FM 91.9 SAfm UJFM YFM Television channels CNBC Africa eNCA M-Net Me SABC 1 SABC 2 SABC 3 SABC Children SABC Education SABC News SABC Sport Soweto TV Defunct M-Net Series Film studios Film Resource Unit Quizzical Pictures Defunct Killarney Film Studios Record labels Ambitiouz Entertainment CCP Records Family Tree Records Gallo Records Kalawa Jazmee Records Game studios Celestial Games Cultural references District 9 Egoli: Place of Gold "Gimme Hope Jo'anna" Johannesburg Festival Overture The Real Housewives of Johannesburg Sarafina! "Soweto Blues" Welcome to Our Hillbrow Zoo City Economy Johannesburg Stock Exchange AltX Safex companies traded A2X Markets Brenthurst Foundation CompaniesvteCompanies based in Greater JohannesburgDiversifiedconglomerates Aveng Barloworld Bidvest Chancellor House Famous Brands Airlines Aerolift Airlink Cargo CemAir Egoli Air Federal Air Global Aviation National Airways Norse Air Phoebus Apollo Aviation SAA Safair FlySafair Solenta Aviation Defunct 1time African International Airways AirQuarius Aviation Avia Comair Command Airways Executive Aerospace Fly Blue Crane Imperial Air Cargo Interair South Africa Interlink Airlines kulula.com Mango Nationwide Airlines Rossair Executive Air Charter Rovos Air Skywise South African Express Constructionand engineering Concor Murray & Roberts Energy DLO Energy Resources Total South Africa Financial Absa Group ACM Gold & Forex Alexforbes Discovery Evolution Group Hollard Group Investec Liberty Holdings Livestock Wealth MiWay Insurance Lesaka Technologies Old Mutual Riovic Capital Group RMB Holdings RMI Holdings STANLIB Venmyn Rand Banks Absa Bank Access Bank South Africa African Alliance Investment Bank African Bank Bank Zero Bidvest Bank DBSA First National Bank FirstRand Bank Imperial Bank South Africa Mercantile Bank Nedbank Rand Merchant Bank Sasfin Bank Stanchart South Africa Standard Bank TymeBank Ubank Wizzit Defunct VBS Mutual Bank Hospitality Southern Sun Hotels Sun International Tsogo Sun ICT Afrihost BCX Cell C Cybatar Datatec Dimension Data EOH Holdings iVeri Payment Technologies MTN Neotel OTEL Telecoms Rain Sybrin Teraco Data Environments Vodacom Defunct Internet Solutions Luma Arcade Vision Software Legal Bowman Gilfillan ENSafrica Webber Wentzel Werksmans Defunct Deneys Reitz Mandela and Tambo Manufacturing Adcock Ingram AECI African Explosives All Joy Foods Bakers Clover Industries FEW IWC Isuzu Trucks South Africa Land Systems OMC Nampak Paramount Group PPC Premier FMCG Rand Refinery Rembrandt Group Sappi Simba SkyReach Aircraft Sling Aircraft South African Breweries Tiger Brands Truvelo Armoury Union Carriage & Wagon Defunct Basil Green Motors New PowerChutes Media Arena Holdings Caxton and CTP Publishers and Printers MultiChoice Nu Metro Cinemas Primedia SABC StarSat Ster-Kinekor Mining Alexkor Asa Resources African Rainbow Minerals AngloGold Ashanti DRDGOLD ERPM Gold Fields Harmony Gold Impala Platinum JCI Metorex Northam Platinum Sibanye-Stillwater Defunct Simmer and Jack Retail andmarketing AutoTrader Bidorbuy Cadac CNA The Creative Counsel Dis-Chem Exclusive Books Hyundai South Africa Incredible Connection Massmart Wantitall Defunct Edcon OK Bazaars Restaurantfranchises Chicken Licken Debonairs Pizza Mugg & Bean Nando's Roman's Pizza Steers Wimpy Services Netcare SA Waste Holdings Defunct Bosasa Transport Avis Southern Africa Comazar PUTCO Surtees Rail Group State-ownedenterprises Airports Company South Africa Denel Aeronautics Development Bank of Southern Africa Eskom Rand Water South African Broadcasting Corporation Sasol Sentech South African Airways Transnet Freightdynamics Defunct Lema Companies based in Ekurhuleni Companies based in Johannesburg Professionalassociations Gauteng Institute for Architecture South African Institute of Chartered Accountants South African Institute of Electrical Engineers South African Institute of Professional Accountants Mining Minerals Council South Africa Rand Refinery Mines Blyvooruitzicht Driefontein ERPM KDC Kopanang Kusasalethu Mintails Mponeng Old Randfontein Randfontein South Deep TauTona West Wits Shopping centres Carlton Centre Cresta Mall Dobsonville Mall Eastgate Fourways Mall Hyde Park Corner Mall of Africa Maponya Mall Nelson Mandela Square Northgate Northmead Square Oriental City Oriental Plaza Protea Glen Mall Sandton City Southgate Hotels and resorts The Leonardo Michelangelo Towers Montecasino Venues The Bassline Ellis Park Arena Gallagher Convention Centre Restaurants,bars and cafés The Radium Tourism Gold Reef City Cultural villages Ke-Ditselana Cultural Village Kwa-Khaya Lendaba Cultural Village Lesedi Cultural Village TransportCivil aviation South African Civil Aviation Authority Airports Grand Central Airport Lanseria International Airport O. R. Tambo International Airport Rand Airport Defunct Palmietfontein Airport Road transport Gauteng Department of Roads and Transport Johannesburg Roads Agency Roads Freeways e-tolling Buses and taxis PUTCO Trolleybuses Rail transport Gautrain Metrorail Gauteng Johannesburg–Durban high speed rail (proposed) Trams Train stations Johannesburg Park Station Marlboro Station Midrand Station Rhodesfield Station Rosebank Station Sandton Station SportsSports governingbodies based inGreater Johannesburg SASCOC Athletics South Africa Basketball South Africa Bowls South Africa Cricket South Africa Mind Sports South Africa South African Baseball Union South African Confederation of Cue Sport South African Equestrian Federation South African Football Association South African Handball Federation South African Hockey Association South African National Climbing Federation South African Sailing Squash South Africa Volleyball South Africa TeamsSoccer Atlie Bidvest Wits Jomo Cosmos JVW Kaizer Chiefs Lusitano Mahlangu Tigers Moroka Swallows Orlando Pirates UJ Ladies Wits University Yebo Yes United Former Germiston Callies Giant Blackpool Rugby Golden Lions Lions Falcons Jozi Cats Cricket Central Gauteng Lions Easterns Easterns Women Highveld Lions Imperial Lions Joburg Super Kings Titans Basketball Egoli Magic Jozi Nuggets Soweto Panthers UJ men's basketball team Equestrian sports National Horseracing Authority South African Lipizzaners Sports events 1992 Return Test 1995 Rugby World Cup Final 2003 Cricket World Cup Final 2010 FIFA World Cup Final Joburg Open Joburg Ladies Open South African Derby South African PGA Championship Soweto Derby Sports venuesStadia andarenas Alexandra Stadium Arthur Block Park Stadium Barnard Stadium Bidvest Stadium Bosman Stadium Cecil Payne Stadium Dobsonville Stadium Ellis Park Arena Ellis Park Stadium Germiston Stadium Huntersfield Stadium Johannesburg Stadium KwaThema Stadium Lenasia Stadium Makhulong Stadium Mehlareng Stadium Modderfontein Stadium Mohlakeng Stadium Orlando Stadium Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium Rabie Ridge Stadium Rand Stadium Randburg Hockey Stadium Ruimsig Stadium Sinaba Stadium Soccer City Soweto Cricket Oval UJ Stadium Union Stadium Wanderers Stadium Willowmoore Park Stadium Defunct Old Wanderers PAM Brink Stadium WeBuyCars Dome Golf courses Glendower Golf Club Randpark Golf Club Royal Johannesburg & Kensington Golf Club Equestrianvenues Turffontein Racecourse Motorsportsvenues Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit Education and research GDE CIDA FOTIM Geological Society of South Africa Mandela Institute for Development Studies SAARF South African Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation Student Sponsorship Programme South Africa Libraries Brenthurst Library Buckland Library Johannesburg Public Library Orlando East Public Library UJ Libraries University of the Witwatersrand Libraries UniversitiesUniversity of Johannesburg Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study UJFM Campuses APB Campus APK Campus Doornfontein Campus Soweto Campus Faculties Art, Design and Architecture Business and Economics Education Engineering and the Built Environment Health Sciences Humanities Law Science University of the Witwatersrand Campuses Evolutionary Studies Institute Global Change Institute Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit Johannesburg Planetarium Philosophical Papers Wits Theatre Complex Wits Vuvuzela Faculties Commerce, Law and Management Engineering and the Built Environment School of Architecture and Planning School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Health Sciences Humanities Science CIDA City Campus IIE MSAOther tertiaryinstitutions AFDA Central Johannesburg College CityVarsity Damelin Damelin Correspondence College Inscape Design College Lyceum College Midrand Graduate Institute Business schools Gordon Institute of Business Science IMM Graduate School Independent Institute of Education Milpark Business School Regenesys Business School Religious institutions Auckland Park Theological Seminary Baptist Theological College of Southern Africa Kollel Bet Mordechai Kollel Yad Shaul Lubavitch Yeshiva Gedolah St Augustine College South African Theological Seminary Yeshiva Gedolah State schools Hoërskool Alberton Allen Glen High School Athlone Boys' High School Barnato Park High School Boksburg High School Bopasenatla Secondary School Bryanston High School Hoërskool Dinamika Hoërskool Florida The Glen High School Germiston High School Greenside High School Hyde Park High School Jeppe High School for Boys Jeppe High School for Girls King Edward VII School Hoërskool Marais Viljoen Meadowlands Secondary School Moletsane High School Hoërskool Monument Morris Isaacson High School Naledi High School Northcliff High School Orchards Primary School Parktown Boys' High School Parkview Senior Primary School Sandown High School Sandringham High School Sir John Adamson High School Springs Boys' High School Thutolore Secondary School Hoërskool Voortrekker Waverley Girls' High School Westbury Secondary School Private schools Ashton International College Auckland Park Academy of Excellence Aurora Private School Charter College Christian Brothers' College Crawford College, Lonehill Crawford College, Sandton Helpmekaar Kollege Holy Family College Japari School Johannesburg Muslim School King David Schools Kingsmead College Lenasia Muslim School Marist Brothers College Redhill School The Ridge School Roedean School Sacred Heart College St Andrew's School for Girls St Barnabas College St Benedict's College St Catherine's School St David's Marist College St Dominic's Catholic School for Girls St Dunstan's College St John's College St Martin's School St Mary's School St Peter's College St Stithians College Torah Academy School Yeshiva College of South Africa Yeshiva Maharsha Beis Aharon Alternative schools African Leadership Academy Branson School of Entrepreneurship Khanya College Michael Mount Waldorf School International schools American International School Deutsche Internationale Schule Japanese School Lycée Jules Verne Services Johannesburg City Parks Hospitals Charlotte Maxeke Hospital Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital Helen Joseph Hospital Leratong Hospital Milpark Hospital Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital Pholosong Hospital Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital Tambo Memorial Hospital Historical Imperial Military Hospital, Baragwanath Queen Victoria Hospital Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children Water supplyand sanitation Rand Water Lesotho Highlands Water Project Dams Vaal Dam Vaal Barrage Water towers Grand Central Water Tower Yeoville Water Tower Electricity supply Eskom City Power Kelvin Power Station Kibo Gauteng Thermal Power Station (planned) Defunct power stations Orlando Power Station President Street Power Station Law enforcement andemergency services Johannesburg Central Police Station Metro Police departments Johannesburg Emergency Services Berea Fire Station Ekurhuleni Disaster & Emergency Management Services Charities and NGOs ActionAid Africa's Young Entrepreneurs African Parks Bigshoes Foundation Camp Sizanani Children of Fire International Global Water Foundation LoveLife South Africa Nelson Mandela Children's Fund Never Ending Gardens Nkosi's Haven POLAF Woman Against Rape Military units and formationsArmy unitsRegular 46 South African Brigade 21 South African Infantry Battalion 35 Engineer Support Regiment Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment Reserve Andrew Mlangeni Regiment Bambatha Rifles Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment Johannesburg Regiment Lenong Regiment OR Tambo Regiment Rand Light Infantry Sandfontein Artillery Regiment Solomon Mahlangu Regiment iWombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment SAMHS units 6 Medical Battalion Group Disbanded unitsArmy Witwatersrand Command SA Army Troop Information Unit 2 Locating Regiment 3 Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron 7 South African Infantry Division 15 Reception Depot 72 Motorised Brigade 73 Motorised Brigade Regiment University of the Witwatersrand Commandos Alberton Atlas Benoni Boksburg Brakpan Edenvale East Park Germiston Johannesburg East Johannesburg West Kempton Park Krugersdorp Modderfontein Nigel Randburg Roodepoort Sandton Springs Wemmerpan West Park West Rand Special Forces Hunter Group SAAF 4 Squadron SAAF 10 Squadron SAAF Category Johannesburg This Johannesburg-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg_Metropolitan_Municipality"}],"text":"Place in Gauteng, South AfricaSolridge is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region B of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.","title":"Solridge"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sub Place Solridge\". Census 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/77424062","url_text":"\"Sub Place Solridge\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Solridge&params=26.078_S_28.021_E_region:ZA_type:city(372)","external_links_name":"26°04′41″S 28°01′16″E / 26.078°S 28.021°E / -26.078; 28.021"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Solridge%22","external_links_name":"\"Solridge\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Solridge%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Solridge%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Solridge%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Solridge%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Solridge%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Solridge&params=26.078_S_28.021_E_region:ZA_type:city(372)","external_links_name":"26°04′41″S 28°01′16″E / 26.078°S 28.021°E / -26.078; 28.021"},{"Link":"http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/77424062","external_links_name":"\"Sub Place Solridge\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solridge&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadian_media	Mass media in Barbados	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	The mass media in Barbados have had a long history of being entitled to an open policy by the Government, and by the citizenry with respect to press Freedoms. Barbados has a collection of local and foreign owned media entities providing the country with varying views via newspaper, magazine, television, or radio communications. In terms of broadcast media, the Barbados Government largely has a hands off policy, as long as the content being aired by a media outlet is not profane, libelous, lewd, slanderous or vile. Depending on the severity, situations like a swearing offense could treated by an initial warning, and might proceed to monetary fines only if further instances continue. See also Communications in Barbados List of newspapers in Barbados List of radio stations in Barbados Multi-Choice TV (Barbados) – Cable channel provider References ^ "Barbados: Media", British Broadcasting Corporation, 4 August 2023 ^ "Barbados - Society", Commonwealth of Nations External links Mass media in Barbados at Curlie Barbados Advocate (Newspaper) Barbados Free Press (Political Commentary) Broad Street News (Financial Commentary) CBC Caribbean Broadcasting Corp – Barbados Radio AM900 The HEAT – Weekly news tabloid with no internet site to date (12 November 2006) vteBarbados articlesHistory Timeline British Empire Governors British West Indies Windward Islands colony Confederation riots West Indies Federation Barbados Independence Act 1966 Monarchy Governor-General Parliamentary republic 2021 Constitutional Amendment Geography Beaches Cities, towns and villages Climate Fauna Flora Rivers Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government President Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Judiciary Law Military Parliament Cabinet Police Political parties Economy Agriculture Central Bank Barbadian dollar (currency) Stock exchange Rum Telecommunications Tourism Transport Water Society Education Human rights LGBT Language People Demographics Ethnic groups Health Religion Culture Anthem Cuisine Coat of arms Crop Over Flag Landship Media Music Public holidays Sports OutlineIndex Category vteMedia of North AmericaSovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies andother territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands This Barbados-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast"}],"text":"In terms of broadcast media, the Barbados Government largely has a hands off policy, as long as the content being aired by a media outlet is not profane, libelous, lewd, slanderous or vile. Depending on the severity, situations like a swearing offense could treated by an initial warning, and might proceed to monetary fines only if further instances continue.","title":"Mass media in Barbados"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communications in Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Barbados"},{"title":"List of newspapers in Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Barbados"},{"title":"List of radio stations in Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Barbados"},{"title":"Multi-Choice TV (Barbados)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-Choice_TV_(Barbados)"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18724158","external_links_name":"\"Barbados: Media\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200619101946/https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/barbados/society","external_links_name":"\"Barbados - Society\""},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Regional/Caribbean/Barbados/News_and_Media/","external_links_name":"Mass media in Barbados"},{"Link":"http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/","external_links_name":"Barbados Advocate (Newspaper)"},{"Link":"http://barbadosfreepress.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"Barbados Free Press (Political Commentary)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161124165401/http://www.bsjbusiness.com/","external_links_name":"Broad Street News (Financial Commentary)"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.bb/","external_links_name":"CBC Caribbean Broadcasting Corp – Barbados Radio AM900"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Barbados&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucus_radicans	Fucus radicans	["1 Description","2 The Baltic Sea and speciation","3 Genetic biodiversity","3.1 Management","4 References"]	Species of seaweed Fucus radicans Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Diaphoretickes Clade: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Phylum: Gyrista Subphylum: Ochrophytina Class: Phaeophyceae Order: Fucales Family: Fucaceae Genus: Fucus Species: F. radicans Binomial name Fucus radicansL. Bergström & L. Kautsky, 2005 Fucus radicans is a species of brown algae in the family Fucaceae, endemic to and recently evolved within the Baltic Sea. The species was first described by Lena Bergström and Lena Kautsky in 2005 from a location in Ångermanland, Sweden. The specific epithet is from the Latin and means "rooting", referring to the fact that this species primarily reproduces by the taking root of detached fragments. Fucus radicans and F. vesiculosus living together Fucus radicans seems to have diverged from the closely related and widely distributed Fucus vesiculosus within about the last 400 years. It often reproduces clonally, which may have helped its rapid emergence as a new species. Genetic analysis supports the hypothesis of the recent divergence of Fucus radicans from Fucus vesiculosus as an example of sympatric speciation, with the two species presently occupying the same semi-marine territory. Description Fucus radicans is morphologically similar to bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus) which is dichotomously branched, and has brown leathery fronds known as thalli with a prominent midrib and globular air bladders. The main differences between the two are that plants of F. radicans are smaller and more bushy than F. vesiculosus and have narrower thalli. Bladderwrack is common on the foreshore on both sides of the temperate North Atlantic and the subarctic. F. radicans is endemic to the Baltic Sea, where it grows alongside F. vesiculosus. The Baltic Sea and speciation The Baltic Sea was formed by the retreating ice after the last ice age, about ten thousand years ago. At first it was a freshwater lake but the sea broke through on more than one occasion. From about 4,000 years ago till the present time it has been a brackish water area, relatively isolated from the North Sea with only occasional inflows of oceanic water. Over 200 rivers flow into the Baltic and this results in the surface layers being much less saline than other seas. There is a certain amount of inflow of water from the North Sea but this remains on the bottom and relatively unmixed with the surface waters. F. radicans is endemic to the Baltic Sea, where it grows in shallow water alongside F. vesiculosus. It seems to be specially adapted to low salinity levels and unable to tolerate the higher levels of salinity to which other species of seaweed are habituated. Even within the Baltic, salinity levels vary and F. radicans favours the northernmost part, the Gulf of Bothnia, where the brackish water may have a salinity of less than 10‰ (the open ocean has an average of 35‰). Being intermediate between sea and fresh water, the Baltic Sea, and especially the Gulf of Bothnia, has a low biodiversity and supports only a small number of plant and animal species that have been able to adapt to this level of salinity. Those that are present tend to be smaller than in their main habitats, be those marine or freshwater biomes. Bladderwrack (F. vesiculosus) has a wide distribution and is present in quantities in the Baltic Sea where it lives side by side with the very similar F. radicans. Studies to find their evolutionary relationship using chloroplast (RuBisCO gene) or mitochondrial DNA (intergenic spacer) sequence markers have been inconclusive. Genetic analysis using microsatellite markers (short DNA sequences) suggests that a divergence between the two species occurred between 125 and 2475 years ago with a posterior distribution peak at around 400 years ago. This means the species would have diverged more recently than the transition of the Baltic Sea from a marine environment to its present brackish state. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that F. radicans is found nowhere else other than the Baltic. An isolating mechanism between the two species may be the fact that F. vesiculosus normally reproduces sexually whereas F. radicans shows a much greater tendency to reproduce asexually, with detached fragments having the ability to take root and develop into new plants. Environmental stress, in this instance the decrease in salinity of the water, has been shown to contribute to the formation of new species. Another contributor to speciation is the evolutionary pressure applied by the change in the environment. Genetic biodiversity Fucus radicans is endemic to the Baltic Sea where it occurs along the coasts of the Bothnian Sea and in Estonian waters. It may also be present in (the Russian of) Gulf of Finland. Just like the closely related bladder wrack (F. vesiculosus), F. radicans can reproduce both sexually and asexually. The genetic structure in F. radicans is complex, and the genetic differences between populations in Estonia and in Gulf of Bothnia are substantial. Some populations are almost completely sexually recruited while others are dominated by single clones. The Estonian populations are mostly sexually reproduced, and harbour large genetic variation. The populations in the Bothnian Sea mostly recruit asexually, and are dominated by two clones—one female and one male. The female is found along a 550 km coastline, making up 20–95 % of the individuals in local populations. Due to this dominant clone, the genetic structure in F. radicans is less fine-scaled than in bladder wrack in this area. Management Genetic variation is fundamental for a species ability to adapt and survive in new environmental conditions. To mitigate future losses, management and conservation of Baltic Sea biodiversity should include also the genetic level. The situation in Fucus radicans, with large areas with no or very little sexual reproduction, means that this species has low potential for future genetic adaption. Thus, the warming and salinity decrease predicted for the Baltic Sea over the coming 50 to 100 years could risk the loss of populations and even the whole species. According to the Baltic Sea research and development project BONUS BAMBI, management for long-term conservation of F. radicans should aim to: protect populations with sexual activity. The sexually reproducing Estonian populations should be highly prioritised, maintain large population sizes, maintain connectivity between populations at present levels, provide management plans for populations in the Bothnian Sea and in Estonian waters, and in Gulf of Finland – if present. Since the Estonian populations are genetically different from other populations, they should not be used to replace lost populations in the Bothnian Sea. References ^ Guiry, M.D. (2010). "Fucus radicans L. Bergström & L. Kautsky, 2005". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-02-29. ^ Fucus radicans L.Bergström & L.Kautsky AlgaeBase. Retrieved 2012-02-29. ^ a b c d e Pereyra, R.T.; L. Bergström, L. Kautsky; K. Johannesson (2009). "Rapid speciation in a newly opened postglacial marine environment, the Baltic Sea". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (70): 70. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-70. PMC 2674422. PMID 19335884. ^ a b The Baltic Sea:Its Past, Present and Future Archived June 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Jan Thulin and Andris Andrushaitis. Retrieved 2012-02-29. ^ Ocean Water: Salinity Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine Science and Technology Focus. Retrieved 2012-03-03. ^ a b Pereyra, R. T.; Huenchuñir, C.; Johansson, D.; Forslund, H.; Kautsky, L.; Jonsson, P. R.; Johannesson, K. (2013-08-01). "Parallel speciation or long-distance dispersal? Lessons from seaweeds (Fucus) in the Baltic Sea". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 26 (8): 1727–1737. doi:10.1111/jeb.12170. PMID 23859364. ^ Ardehed, Angelica; Johansson, Daniel; Sundqvist, Lisa; Schagerström, Ellen; Zagrodzka, Zuzanna; Kovaltchouk, Nikolaj A.; Bergström, Lena; Kautsky, Lena; Rafajlovic, Marina (2016-08-15). "Divergence within and among seaweed siblings (Fucus vesiculosus and F. radicans) in the Baltic Sea". PLOS ONE. 11 (8): e0161266. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161266. PMC 4985153. PMID 27525655. ^ Johannesson, Kerstin; Johansson, Daniel; Larsson, Karl H.; Huenchuñir, Cecilia J.; Perus, Jens; Forslund, Helena; Kautsky, Lena; Pereyra, Ricardo T. (2011-10-01). "Frequent clonality in fucoids (Fucus radicans and Fucus vesiculosus; Fucales, Phaeophyceae) in the Baltic Sea". Journal of Phycology. 47 (5): 990–998. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01032.x. PMID 27020180. S2CID 10238077. ^ Ardehed, Angelica; Johansson, Daniel; Schagerström, Ellen; Kautsky, Lena; Johannesson, Kerstin; Pereyra, Ricardo T. (2015-09-09). "Complex spatial clonal structure in the macroalgae Fucus radicans with both sexual and asexual recruitment". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (19): 4233–4245. doi:10.1002/ece3.1629. PMC 4667831. PMID 26664675. ^ "BAMBI, Baltic Sea Marine Biodiversity". Göteborgs universitet. January 1, 2012. Retrieved 2017-10-20. Taxon identifiersFucus radicans Wikidata: Q5507040 Wikispecies: Fucus radicans AlgaeBase: 73320 EoL: 3063159 GBIF: 4377235 iNaturalist: 636773 IRMNG: 11677136 NCBI: 1086086 OBIS: 235808 Open Tree of Life: 688262 WoRMS: 235808	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"brown algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_algae"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Fucaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucaceae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Ångermanland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngermanland"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fucus_radicans_and_vesiculosus.jpg"},{"link_name":"diverged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_divergence"},{"link_name":"Fucus vesiculosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucus_vesiculosus"},{"link_name":"clonally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction"},{"link_name":"sympatric speciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatric_speciation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapid-3"}],"text":"Fucus radicans is a species of brown algae in the family Fucaceae, endemic to and recently evolved within the Baltic Sea. The species was first described by Lena Bergström and Lena Kautsky in 2005 from a location in Ångermanland, Sweden. The specific epithet is from the Latin and means \"rooting\", referring to the fact that this species primarily reproduces by the taking root of detached fragments.[2]Fucus radicans and F. vesiculosus living togetherFucus radicans seems to have diverged from the closely related and widely distributed Fucus vesiculosus within about the last 400 years. It often reproduces clonally, which may have helped its rapid emergence as a new species. Genetic analysis supports the hypothesis of the recent divergence of Fucus radicans from Fucus vesiculosus as an example of sympatric speciation, with the two species presently occupying the same semi-marine territory.[3]","title":"Fucus radicans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morphologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapid-3"}],"text":"Fucus radicans is morphologically similar to bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus) which is dichotomously branched, and has brown leathery fronds known as thalli with a prominent midrib and globular air bladders. The main differences between the two are that plants of F. radicans are smaller and more bushy than F. vesiculosus and have narrower thalli. Bladderwrack is common on the foreshore on both sides of the temperate North Atlantic and the subarctic. F. radicans is endemic to the Baltic Sea, where it grows alongside F. vesiculosus.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPF-4"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Bothnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia"},{"link_name":"‰","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_mil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapid-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"biomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPF-4"},{"link_name":"RuBisCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBisCO"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"microsatellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsatellite_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapid-3"},{"link_name":"asexually","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"speciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation"},{"link_name":"evolutionary pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rapid-3"}],"text":"The Baltic Sea was formed by the retreating ice after the last ice age, about ten thousand years ago. At first it was a freshwater lake but the sea broke through on more than one occasion. From about 4,000 years ago till the present time it has been a brackish water area, relatively isolated from the North Sea with only occasional inflows of oceanic water. Over 200 rivers flow into the Baltic and this results in the surface layers being much less saline than other seas. There is a certain amount of inflow of water from the North Sea but this remains on the bottom and relatively unmixed with the surface waters.[4] F. radicans is endemic to the Baltic Sea, where it grows in shallow water alongside F. vesiculosus. It seems to be specially adapted to low salinity levels and unable to tolerate the higher levels of salinity to which other species of seaweed are habituated. Even within the Baltic, salinity levels vary and F. radicans favours the northernmost part, the Gulf of Bothnia, where the brackish water may have a salinity of less than 10‰[3] (the open ocean has an average of 35‰).[5]Being intermediate between sea and fresh water, the Baltic Sea, and especially the Gulf of Bothnia, has a low biodiversity and supports only a small number of plant and animal species that have been able to adapt to this level of salinity. Those that are present tend to be smaller than in their main habitats, be those marine or freshwater biomes.[4] Bladderwrack (F. vesiculosus) has a wide distribution and is present in quantities in the Baltic Sea where it lives side by side with the very similar F. radicans. Studies to find their evolutionary relationship using chloroplast (RuBisCO gene) or mitochondrial DNA (intergenic spacer) sequence markers have been inconclusive. Genetic analysis using microsatellite markers (short DNA sequences) suggests that a divergence between the two species occurred between 125 and 2475 years ago with a posterior distribution peak at around 400 years ago. This means the species would have diverged more recently than the transition of the Baltic Sea from a marine environment to its present brackish state. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that F. radicans is found nowhere else other than the Baltic.[3]An isolating mechanism between the two species may be the fact that F. vesiculosus normally reproduces sexually whereas F. radicans shows a much greater tendency to reproduce asexually, with detached fragments having the ability to take root and develop into new plants. Environmental stress, in this instance the decrease in salinity of the water, has been shown to contribute to the formation of new species. Another contributor to speciation is the evolutionary pressure applied by the change in the environment.[3]","title":"The Baltic Sea and speciation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"bladder wrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucus_vesiculosus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Fucus radicans is endemic to the Baltic Sea where it occurs along the coasts of the Bothnian Sea and in Estonian waters.[6] It may also be present in (the Russian of) Gulf of Finland.[7] Just like the closely related bladder wrack (F. vesiculosus), F. radicans can reproduce both sexually and asexually.The genetic structure in F. radicans is complex, and the genetic differences between populations in Estonia and in Gulf of Bothnia are substantial.[6] Some populations are almost completely sexually recruited while others are dominated by single clones.[8][9] The Estonian populations are mostly sexually reproduced, and harbour large genetic variation. The populations in the Bothnian Sea mostly recruit asexually, and are dominated by two clones—one female and one male. The female is found along a 550 km coastline, making up 20–95 % of the individuals in local populations. Due to this dominant clone, the genetic structure in F. radicans is less fine-scaled than in bladder wrack in this area.","title":"Genetic biodiversity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Management","text":"Genetic variation is fundamental for a species ability to adapt and survive in new environmental conditions. To mitigate future losses, management and conservation of Baltic Sea biodiversity should include also the genetic level. The situation in Fucus radicans, with large areas with no or very little sexual reproduction, means that this species has low potential for future genetic adaption. Thus, the warming and salinity decrease predicted for the Baltic Sea over the coming 50 to 100 years could risk the loss of populations and even the whole species.According to the Baltic Sea research and development project BONUS BAMBI,[10] management for long-term conservation of F. radicans should aim to:protect populations with sexual activity. The sexually reproducing Estonian populations should be highly prioritised,\nmaintain large population sizes,\nmaintain connectivity between populations at present levels,\nprovide management plans for populations in the Bothnian Sea and in Estonian waters, and in Gulf of Finland – if present.Since the Estonian populations are genetically different from other populations, they should not be used to replace lost populations in the Bothnian Sea.","title":"Genetic biodiversity"}]	[{"image_text":"Fucus radicans and F. vesiculosus living together","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fucus_radicans_and_vesiculosus.jpg/190px-Fucus_radicans_and_vesiculosus.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Guiry, M.D. (2010). \"Fucus radicans L. Bergström & L. Kautsky, 2005\". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=235808","url_text":"\"Fucus radicans L. Bergström & L. 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Johannesson"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2674422","url_text":"\"Rapid speciation in a newly opened postglacial marine environment, the Baltic Sea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-70","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2148-9-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2674422","url_text":"2674422"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19335884","url_text":"19335884"}]},{"reference":"Pereyra, R. T.; Huenchuñir, C.; Johansson, D.; Forslund, H.; Kautsky, L.; Jonsson, P. R.; Johannesson, K. (2013-08-01). \"Parallel speciation or long-distance dispersal? Lessons from seaweeds (Fucus) in the Baltic Sea\". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 26 (8): 1727–1737. doi:10.1111/jeb.12170. PMID 23859364.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeb.12170","url_text":"10.1111/jeb.12170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23859364","url_text":"23859364"}]},{"reference":"Ardehed, Angelica; Johansson, Daniel; Sundqvist, Lisa; Schagerström, Ellen; Zagrodzka, Zuzanna; Kovaltchouk, Nikolaj A.; Bergström, Lena; Kautsky, Lena; Rafajlovic, Marina (2016-08-15). \"Divergence within and among seaweed siblings (Fucus vesiculosus and F. radicans) in the Baltic Sea\". PLOS ONE. 11 (8): e0161266. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161266. PMC 4985153. PMID 27525655.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4985153","url_text":"\"Divergence within and among seaweed siblings (Fucus vesiculosus and F. radicans) in the Baltic Sea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0161266","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0161266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4985153","url_text":"4985153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27525655","url_text":"27525655"}]},{"reference":"Johannesson, Kerstin; Johansson, Daniel; Larsson, Karl H.; Huenchuñir, Cecilia J.; Perus, Jens; Forslund, Helena; Kautsky, Lena; Pereyra, Ricardo T. (2011-10-01). \"Frequent clonality in fucoids (Fucus radicans and Fucus vesiculosus; Fucales, Phaeophyceae) in the Baltic Sea\". Journal of Phycology. 47 (5): 990–998. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01032.x. PMID 27020180. S2CID 10238077.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1529-8817.2011.01032.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01032.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27020180","url_text":"27020180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10238077","url_text":"10238077"}]},{"reference":"Ardehed, Angelica; Johansson, Daniel; Schagerström, Ellen; Kautsky, Lena; Johannesson, Kerstin; Pereyra, Ricardo T. (2015-09-09). \"Complex spatial clonal structure in the macroalgae Fucus radicans with both sexual and asexual recruitment\". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (19): 4233–4245. doi:10.1002/ece3.1629. PMC 4667831. PMID 26664675.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667831","url_text":"\"Complex spatial clonal structure in the macroalgae Fucus radicans with both sexual and asexual recruitment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.1629","url_text":"10.1002/ece3.1629"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667831","url_text":"4667831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26664675","url_text":"26664675"}]},{"reference":"\"BAMBI, Baltic Sea Marine Biodiversity\". Göteborgs universitet. January 1, 2012. Retrieved 2017-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bambi.gu.se/","url_text":"\"BAMBI, Baltic Sea Marine Biodiversity\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=235808","external_links_name":"\"Fucus radicans L. Bergström & L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Maritime_Authority	Jordan Maritime Authority	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Jordan Maritime Authorityالسلطة البحرية الاردنيةAgency overviewFormedNovember 1, 2002; 21 years ago (2002-11-01)JurisdictionJordanian governmentHeadquartersAqaba Websitewww.jma.gov.jo The Jordan Maritime Authority (JMA) is a government agency with the responsibility of governing the Red Sea and domestic ports, sea roads and shipping of Jordan. It was established in 2002 by Royal Decree and functions in conjunction with the Ministry of Transport. It is headquartered in Aqaba. See also Politics of Jordan Transport in Jordan References ^ "Jordan Maritime Commission – تنظيم ومراقبة وتطوير قطاع النقل البحري في المملكة" (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-05-24. External links Official website This Jordan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to ports, harbors or marinas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"sea roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_road"},{"link_name":"shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Royal Decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Decree"},{"link_name":"Aqaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqaba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Jordan Maritime Authority (JMA) is a government agency with the responsibility of governing the Red Sea and domestic ports, sea roads and shipping of Jordan. It was established in 2002 by Royal Decree and functions in conjunction with the Ministry of Transport. It is headquartered in Aqaba.[1]","title":"Jordan Maritime Authority"}]	[]	[{"title":"Politics of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan"},{"title":"Transport in Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Jordan"}]	[{"reference":"\"Jordan Maritime Commission – تنظيم ومراقبة وتطوير قطاع النقل البحري في المملكة\" (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jma.gov.jo/","url_text":"\"Jordan Maritime Commission – تنظيم ومراقبة وتطوير قطاع النقل البحري في المملكة\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.jma.gov.jo/","external_links_name":"www.jma.gov.jo"},{"Link":"http://www.jma.gov.jo/","external_links_name":"\"Jordan Maritime Commission – تنظيم ومراقبة وتطوير قطاع النقل البحري في المملكة\""},{"Link":"http://www.jma.gov.jo/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Maritime_Authority&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Maritime_Authority&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Gavrilov	Vasily Gavrilov	["1 Awards","2 Sources"]	Vasily GavrilovBirth nameVasily Timofeyvich GavrilovBorn6 March 1867Allegiance Russian EmpireService/branch Imperial Russian ArmyRanklieutenant generalCommands held10th Infantry Division1st Army CorpsBattles/warsBoxer RebellionRusso-Japanese WarWorld War I Vasily Timofeyvich Gavrilov (born 6 March 1867) was division and corps commanderin the military of the Russian Empire. He fought in the war against the Japanese Empire. He was promoted to Polkovnik in 1905 and major general in 1911. Awards Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov), 2nd class, 1902 Order of Saint Anna, 2nd class, 1904 Order of Saint George, 4th degree, 1905 Order of Saint Vladimir, 4th class, 1905 Order of Saint Vladimir, 3rd class, 1909 Gold Sword for Bravery, 1904 Preceded by Commander of the 10th Infantry Division 1915–1916 Succeeded by Preceded byAlexander Alexandrovich Dushkevich Commander of the 1st Army Corps April–December 1916 Succeeded byNikolai Ilyich Bulatov Sources Русская императорская армия: Биографии Archived 2017-04-09 at the Wayback Machine Гаврилов, Василий Тимофеевич.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Polkovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkovnik"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"}],"text":"Vasily Timofeyvich Gavrilov (born 6 March 1867) was division and corps commanderin the military of the Russian Empire. He fought in the war against the Japanese Empire. He was promoted to Polkovnik in 1905 and major general in 1911.","title":"Vasily Gavrilov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(House_of_Romanov)"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Anna"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_George"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Gold Sword for Bravery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Sword_for_Bravery"}],"text":"Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov), 2nd class, 1902\nOrder of Saint Anna, 2nd class, 1904\nOrder of Saint George, 4th degree, 1905\nOrder of Saint Vladimir, 4th class, 1905\nOrder of Saint Vladimir, 3rd class, 1909\nGold Sword for Bravery, 1904","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Русская императорская армия: Биографии","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.regiment.ru/bio/G/12.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170409110819/http://www.regiment.ru/bio/G/12.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Гаврилов, Василий Тимофеевич","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%AD/%D0%92%D0%A2/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"}],"text":"Русская императорская армия: Биографии Archived 2017-04-09 at the Wayback Machine\nГаврилов, Василий Тимофеевич.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.regiment.ru/bio/G/12.htm","external_links_name":"Русская императорская армия: Биографии"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170409110819/http://www.regiment.ru/bio/G/12.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%AD/%D0%92%D0%A2/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87","external_links_name":"Гаврилов, Василий Тимофеевич"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_Proliferation	Conceptual proliferation	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Translations ofpapañcaEnglishConceptual proliferationSanskritprapañcaPalipapañcaChinese戏论, 戲論 xìlùn (Simplified)Japanese戯論 (Rōmaji: Keron)Glossary of Buddhism In Buddhism, conceptual proliferation (Pāli: papañca; Sanskrit: prapañca; simplified Chinese: 戏论; traditional Chinese: 戲論; pinyin: xìlùn; Japanese: 戯論) or, alternatively, mental proliferation or conceptual elaboration, refers to conceptualization of the world through language and concepts which can then be a cause for suffering to arise. The translation of papañca as conceptual proliferation was first made by Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera in his research monograph Concept and Reality. The term is mentioned in a variety of suttas in the Pali canon, such as the Madhupindika Sutta (MN 18), and is mentioned in Mahayana Buddhism as well. When referencing the concepts derived from this process, such concepts are referred to in Pali as papañca-saññā-sankhā. Nippapañca is the diametrical opposition of papañca. Theravada Buddhist monk Chandima Gangodawila writes: Papañca is one of the most helpful Theravāda Buddhist teachings used to understand how our thoughts become impure and the most compelling account of this subject is the Madhupiṇḍika Sutta. Since many writers don't utilize papañca when alluding to defilements, many readers discover the setting of mental purification hard to understand. If we seriously want to learn how to keep our mental purification unadulterated from defilements, we should figure out how the mental purification can be tainted through papañca. In addition, Chandima examines the association of papañca to kilesa (defilements), upakkilesa (mental impurities), saññā (perceptions) and abhiññā (comprehensions) to find out whether or not the essential components of mental purification begin from managing papañca, or the other dhamma concepts, that can be bold for anyone who struggles to subsume defilements in modern-day life. See also Make a mountain out of a molehill Monkey mind Nibbāna: The Mind Stilled Reification (fallacy) References ^ Nanananda 1997, p. 4 ^ Nanananda 1997 ^ Gangodawila, Chandima, Papañca to Nippapañca: Mental Proliferation to Non-Mental Proliferation Ñāṇananda, Bhikkhu Kaṭukurunde (2012) , Concept and Reality in Early Buddhist Thought - An Essay on Papañca and Papañca-Saññâ-Saṅkhāra (PDF), Buddhist Publication Society, ISBN 978-955-24-0136-7 Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu Ninoslav. "Papañca-Saññā-Sankhā - An Essay". Retrieved 15 October 2010. External links Exploring the Honeyball Sutta, An Alternative Nidana Chain Getting Away From Prapanca, The Practical Applications of the Honeyball Sutta Dharma talk on papañca by Christina Feldman vteTopics in Buddhism Outline Glossary Index Foundations Four Noble Truths Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Eight Great Events Great Renunciation Physical characteristics Life of Buddha in art Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna (father) Māyā (mother) Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother) Yaśodharā (wife) Rāhula (son) Ānanda (cousin) Devadatta (cousin) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Mañjuśrī Mahāsthāmaprāpta Ākāśagarbha Kṣitigarbha Samantabhadra Vajrapāṇi Skanda Tārā Metteyya/Maitreya Disciples Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Ānanda Mahākassapa Aṅgulimāla Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhūti Punna Upāli Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Key concepts Avidyā (Ignorance) Bardo Bodhicitta Buddha-nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mental factors Mindstream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā (Craving) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Anicca Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva realm Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Naraka Three planes of existence Branches Mahayana Zen Chinese Chan Japanese Zen Korean Seon Vietnamese Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Huayan Risshū Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Vajrayana Tibetan Buddhism Chinese Esoteric Buddhism Shingon Dzogchen Theravada Navayana Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiṣeka Dāna Devotion Deity yoga Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā (Vipassana movement) Shikantaza Zazen Koan Ganana Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Mindful Yoga Satipatthana Nekkhamma Nianfo Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Sādhu Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five precepts Eight precepts Bodhisattva vow Pratimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of awakening Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhunī Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagārika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Western tulku Kappiya Donchee Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Achar Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Nagasena Aśvaghoṣa Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Kumārajīva Buddhaghosa Buddhapālita Dignāga Bodhidharma Zhiyi Emperor Wen of Sui Songtsen Gampo Xuanzang Shandao Padmasambhāva Saraha Atiśa Naropa Karmapa Hōnen Shinran Dōgen Nichiren Shamarpa Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Ajahn Mun B. R. 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Pāli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_language"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katukurunde_Nyanananda_Thera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"suttas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra"},{"link_name":"Pali canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_canon"},{"link_name":"Mahayana Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Theravada Buddhist monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhikkhu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In Buddhism, conceptual proliferation (Pāli: papañca; Sanskrit: prapañca; simplified Chinese: 戏论; traditional Chinese: 戲論; pinyin: xìlùn; Japanese: 戯論) or, alternatively, mental proliferation or conceptual elaboration, refers to conceptualization of the world through language and concepts which can then be a cause for suffering to arise.[1] The translation of papañca as conceptual proliferation was first made by Katukurunde Nyanananda Thera in his research monograph Concept and Reality.[2]The term is mentioned in a variety of suttas in the Pali canon, such as the Madhupindika Sutta (MN 18), and is mentioned in Mahayana Buddhism as well. When referencing the concepts derived from this process, such concepts are referred to in Pali as papañca-saññā-sankhā. Nippapañca is the diametrical opposition of papañca.Theravada Buddhist monk Chandima Gangodawila writes:Papañca is one of the most helpful Theravāda Buddhist teachings used to understand how our thoughts become impure and the most compelling account of this subject is the Madhupiṇḍika Sutta. Since many writers don't utilize papañca when alluding to defilements, many readers discover the setting of mental purification hard to understand. If we seriously want to learn how to keep our mental purification unadulterated from defilements, we should figure out how the mental purification can be tainted through papañca.In addition, Chandima examines the association of papañca to kilesa (defilements), upakkilesa (mental impurities), saññā (perceptions) and abhiññā (comprehensions) to find out whether or not the essential components of mental purification begin from managing papañca, or the other dhamma concepts, that can be bold for anyone who struggles to subsume defilements in modern-day life.[3]","title":"Conceptual proliferation"}]	[]	[{"title":"Make a mountain out of a molehill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_a_mountain_out_of_a_molehill"},{"title":"Monkey mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_mind"},{"title":"Nibbāna: The Mind Stilled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibb%C4%81na:_The_Mind_Stilled"},{"title":"Reification (fallacy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)"}]	[{"reference":"Gangodawila, Chandima, Papañca to Nippapañca: Mental Proliferation to Non-Mental Proliferation","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ñāṇananda, Bhikkhu Kaṭukurunde (2012) [1971], Concept and Reality in Early Buddhist Thought - An Essay on Papañca and Papañca-Saññâ-Saṅkhāra (PDF), Buddhist Publication Society, ISBN 978-955-24-0136-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katukurunde_Nanananda_Thera","url_text":"Ñāṇananda, Bhikkhu Kaṭukurunde"},{"url":"https://seeingthroughthenet.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/concept_and_reality.pdf","url_text":"Concept and Reality in Early Buddhist Thought - An Essay on Papañca and Papañca-Saññâ-Saṅkhāra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society","url_text":"Buddhist Publication Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-24-0136-7","url_text":"978-955-24-0136-7"}]},{"reference":"Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu Ninoslav. \"Papañca-Saññā-Sankhā - An Essay\". Retrieved 15 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://pathpress.wordpress.com/2010/08/01/papanca-sanna-sankha/","url_text":"\"Papañca-Saññā-Sankhā - An Essay\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://seeingthroughthenet.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/concept_and_reality.pdf","external_links_name":"Concept and Reality in Early Buddhist Thought - An Essay on Papañca and Papañca-Saññâ-Saṅkhāra"},{"Link":"http://pathpress.wordpress.com/2010/08/01/papanca-sanna-sankha/","external_links_name":"\"Papañca-Saññā-Sankhā - An Essay\""},{"Link":"http://www.freebuddhistaudio.com/audio/details?num=LOC327","external_links_name":"Exploring the Honeyball Sutta, An Alternative Nidana Chain"},{"Link":"http://www.freebuddhistaudio.com/audio/details?num=LOC306","external_links_name":"Getting Away From Prapanca, The Practical Applications of the Honeyball Sutta"},{"Link":"http://dharmaseed.org/teacher/44/talk/17404/","external_links_name":"Dharma talk on papañca"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_proliferation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Companc_S._A.	Gregorio Pérez Companc	["1 Background","1.1 Transition into the 21st century","2 Personal life","3 See also","4 Notes"]	Argentine businessman (1934–2024) Gregorio Pérez CompancCompanc in 1988BornJorge Gregorio Bazán(1934-08-23)23 August 1934Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDied14 June 2024(2024-06-14) (aged 89)OccupationPrincipal shareholder of Molinos Río de la PlataSpouseMaría Carmen Sundblad Beccar VarelaChildren8, including Luis and Pablo Gregorio Pérez Companc (born Jorge Gregorio Bazán; 23 August 1934 – 14 June 2024) also known as Don Gregorio or Goyo, was an Argentine businessman who was one of the country's wealthiest individuals, with an estimated net worth of US$2.5 billion as of August 2021. Background He was born Jorge Gregorio Bazán in Buenos Aires on 23 August 1934. He was adopted in 1945 by Margarita Companc de Pérez Acuña, a local socialite, and enrolled at the La Salle college preparatory school, though he left before graduating. He married María del Carmen "Munchi" Sundblad Beccar Varela, an heiress, in 1964, and in 1968, was named director of the Banco Río de La Plata (at the time of the country's largest, private-sector banks), following its purchase by his family. He built much of his fortune, however, as head of Petrolera Pérez Companc, a family-based conglomerate in oil and gas that was first established by Gregorio's adoptive father in 1946. Pérez Companc purchased a controlling stake in Banco Río de la Plata from his siblings in 1993, and would sell his shares to Spanish banking giant Banco Santander in 1997. Between 1990 and 1994, the company expanded its domestic activities in the oil business and in a number of other industries through participation in the country's privatization programme initiated by President Carlos Menem. By 1996, Pérez Companc S.A. had consolidated sales of US$1.41 billion. The family strengthened its hand in 1998 by forming a new public holding company, PC Holdings S.A., and later that year, acquired a 68% share in local food giant Molinos Río de la Plata from the traditional agribusiness house, Bunge y Born, for US$380 million. Molinos Río de la Plata, which sells Luchetti's pasta, Cocinero oils and Nobleza Gaucha yerba mate (among numerous brands), is one of Argentina's leading processed foods companies, earning roughly US$850 million in revenues in 2009. Transition into the 21st century In 1999, shareholders in Pérez Companc S.A. exchanged their voting shares for nonvoting shares (Class B shares) in PC Holdings S.A.: this raised some concern from financial and political analyst, since in such a transaction the controlling shareholders would have multiple vote shares to ensure their continuing voting control. However, the Comision Nacional de Valores approved the exchange, thus allowing the Pérez Companc family to own 58% of the company with 80% voting control. The 1998–2002 Argentine great depression produced numerous problems for the country's energy sector, and 1999 revenues for Petrolera Pérez Companc declined 3% to US$1.27 billion. The family also sold their 19% stake in Banco Río de la Plata during 1999. In a year that saw the Argentine economy shaken by the worst economic turmoil in over a century, Pérez Companc continued to oversee growth in the family's business concerns: the value of the group's consolidated energy, food processing and financial services portfolio grew a healthy 20% during 2001. He scored a big coup in October 2002 when he announced the sale of the family's 60% share of Petrolera Pérez Companc to Brazilian oil giant Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras) for a reported US$1 billion in cash and bonds. Personal life Gregorio Pérez Companc and his wife, María del Carmen Sundblad Beccar Varela, have eight children including Luis and Pablo. The family is deeply religious and have donated generously to Catholic Charities over the years. Pérez Companc and his wife raised Jersey dairy cows and operated Munchi's, a small chain of ice cream parlors. Long known for his love of modern and vintage cars, he reportedly owned a Bugatti, a Maserati, a limited-edition Ferrari F50, and the unique Ferrari 330 TRI/LM racing car. Gregorio Pérez Companc died on 14 June 2024, at the age of 89. See also Eduardo Eurnekian Ernestina Herrera de Noble María Amalia Lacroze de Fortabat Roberto Rocca Notes ^ "Gregorio Perez Companc & family". Forbes. ^ Majul, Luis. Los Dueños de la Argentina. Editorial Sudamericana, 1994. ^ Case Study on outward foreign direct investment from Argentina. UN Conference on Trade and Development, 27 October 2005 ^ Mariano F. Grondona, Major Corporate Events - Delisting and changes in the Capital Structure. OECD, 30 March 2001 ^ Forbes World's Richest People, 2002 ^ JONATHAN FRIEDLAND (12 December 1995). "LOS PÉREZ COMPANC DE ARGENTINA: SOBRIOS Y EFECTIVOS" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. Retrieved 14 June 2024. ^ Forbes World's Richest People, 2003 ^ "330 TRI LM s/n 0808". www.barchetta.cc. Retrieved 29 September 2018. ^ "Gregorio Perez Companc, One of Argentina's Richest, Dies at 89". Bloomberg. 14 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_dollar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Gregorio Pérez Companc (born Jorge Gregorio Bazán; 23 August 1934 – 14 June 2024) also known as Don Gregorio or Goyo, was an Argentine businessman who was one of the country's wealthiest individuals, with an estimated net worth of US$2.5 billion as of August 2021.[1]","title":"Gregorio Pérez Companc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"college preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_preparatory_school"},{"link_name":"Banco Río de La Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Santander_R%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Banco Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Santander"},{"link_name":"privatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"Carlos Menem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Menem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"Molinos Río de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinos_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"Bunge y Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunge_y_Born"},{"link_name":"yerba mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerba_mate"}],"text":"He was born Jorge Gregorio Bazán in Buenos Aires on 23 August 1934. He was adopted in 1945 by Margarita Companc de Pérez Acuña, a local socialite, and enrolled at the La Salle college preparatory school, though he left before graduating. He married María del Carmen \"Munchi\" Sundblad Beccar Varela, an heiress, in 1964, and in 1968, was named director of the Banco Río de La Plata (at the time of the country's largest, private-sector banks), following its purchase by his family. He built much of his fortune, however, as head of Petrolera Pérez Companc, a family-based conglomerate in oil and gas that was first established by Gregorio's adoptive father in 1946.[2]Pérez Companc purchased a controlling stake in Banco Río de la Plata from his siblings in 1993, and would sell his shares to Spanish banking giant Banco Santander in 1997. Between 1990 and 1994, the company expanded its domestic activities in the oil business and in a number of other industries through participation in the country's privatization programme initiated by President Carlos Menem.[3] By 1996, Pérez Companc S.A. had consolidated sales of US$1.41 billion. The family strengthened its hand in 1998 by forming a new public holding company, PC Holdings S.A., and later that year, acquired a 68% share in local food giant Molinos Río de la Plata from the traditional agribusiness house, Bunge y Born, for US$380 million. Molinos Río de la Plata, which sells Luchetti's pasta, Cocinero oils and Nobleza Gaucha yerba mate (among numerous brands), is one of Argentina's leading processed foods companies, earning roughly US$850 million in revenues in 2009.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shareholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholders"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1998–2002 Argentine great depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Petrobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrobras"},{"link_name":"bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)"}],"sub_title":"Transition into the 21st century","text":"In 1999, shareholders in Pérez Companc S.A. exchanged their voting shares for nonvoting shares (Class B shares) in PC Holdings S.A.: this raised some concern from financial and political analyst, since in such a transaction the controlling shareholders would have multiple vote shares to ensure their continuing voting control. However, the Comision Nacional de Valores approved the exchange, thus allowing the Pérez Companc family to own 58% of the company with 80% voting control.[4] The 1998–2002 Argentine great depression produced numerous problems for the country's energy sector, and 1999 revenues for Petrolera Pérez Companc declined 3% to US$1.27 billion. The family also sold their 19% stake in Banco Río de la Plata during 1999. In a year that saw the Argentine economy shaken by the worst economic turmoil in over a century, Pérez Companc continued to oversee growth in the family's business concerns: the value of the group's consolidated energy, food processing and financial services portfolio grew a healthy 20% during 2001.[5]He scored a big coup in October 2002 when he announced the sale of the family's 60% share of Petrolera Pérez Companc to Brazilian oil giant Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras) for a reported US$1 billion in cash and bonds.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_P%C3%A9rez_Companc"},{"link_name":"Pablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_P%C3%A9rez_Companc"},{"link_name":"Catholic Charities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Charities"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jersey dairy cows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_cattle"},{"link_name":"ice cream parlors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream_parlor"},{"link_name":"Bugatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti"},{"link_name":"Maserati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati"},{"link_name":"Ferrari F50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_F50"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ferrari 330 TRI/LM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_330_TRI/LM"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Gregorio Pérez Companc and his wife, María del Carmen Sundblad Beccar Varela, have eight children including Luis and Pablo. The family is deeply religious and have donated generously to Catholic Charities over the years.[6]Pérez Companc and his wife raised Jersey dairy cows and operated Munchi's, a small chain of ice cream parlors. Long known for his love of modern and vintage cars, he reportedly owned a Bugatti, a Maserati, a limited-edition Ferrari F50,[7] and the unique Ferrari 330 TRI/LM racing car.[8]Gregorio Pérez Companc died on 14 June 2024, at the age of 89.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Gregorio Perez Companc & family\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.forbes.com/profile/gregorio-perez-companc"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"LOS PÉREZ COMPANC DE ARGENTINA: SOBRIOS Y EFECTIVOS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-481389"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"330 TRI LM s/n 0808\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.barchetta.cc/english/All.Ferraris/Detail/0808.330TRI.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Gregorio Perez Companc, One of Argentina's Richest, Dies at 89\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-14/gregorio-perez-companc-one-of-argentina-s-richest-dies-at-89"}],"text":"^ \"Gregorio Perez Companc & family\". Forbes.\n\n^ Majul, Luis. Los Dueños de la Argentina. Editorial Sudamericana, 1994.\n\n^ Case Study on outward foreign direct investment from Argentina. UN Conference on Trade and Development, 27 October 2005\n\n^ Mariano F. Grondona, Major Corporate Events - Delisting and changes in the Capital Structure. OECD, 30 March 2001\n\n^ Forbes World's Richest People, 2002\n\n^ JONATHAN FRIEDLAND (12 December 1995). \"LOS PÉREZ COMPANC DE ARGENTINA: SOBRIOS Y EFECTIVOS\" [THE PÉREZ COMPANC OF ARGENTINA: SOBER AND EFFECTIVE] (in Spanish). El Tiempo. Retrieved 14 June 2024.\n\n^ Forbes World's Richest People, 2003\n\n^ \"330 TRI LM s/n 0808\". www.barchetta.cc. Retrieved 29 September 2018.\n\n^ \"Gregorio Perez Companc, One of Argentina's Richest, Dies at 89\". Bloomberg. 14 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Eduardo Eurnekian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Eurnekian"},{"title":"Ernestina Herrera de Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestina_Herrera_de_Noble"},{"title":"María Amalia Lacroze de Fortabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Amalia_Lacroze_de_Fortabat"},{"title":"Roberto Rocca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Rocca"}]	[{"reference":"\"Gregorio Perez Companc & family\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/gregorio-perez-companc","url_text":"\"Gregorio Perez Companc & family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"JONATHAN FRIEDLAND (12 December 1995). \"LOS PÉREZ COMPANC DE ARGENTINA: SOBRIOS Y EFECTIVOS\" [THE PÉREZ COMPANC OF ARGENTINA: SOBER AND EFFECTIVE] (in Spanish). El Tiempo. Retrieved 14 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-481389","url_text":"\"LOS PÉREZ COMPANC DE ARGENTINA: SOBRIOS Y EFECTIVOS\""}]},{"reference":"\"330 TRI LM s/n 0808\". www.barchetta.cc. Retrieved 29 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barchetta.cc/english/All.Ferraris/Detail/0808.330TRI.htm","url_text":"\"330 TRI LM s/n 0808\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gregorio Perez Companc, One of Argentina's Richest, Dies at 89\". Bloomberg. 14 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-14/gregorio-perez-companc-one-of-argentina-s-richest-dies-at-89","url_text":"\"Gregorio Perez Companc, One of Argentina's Richest, Dies at 89\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/gregorio-perez-companc","external_links_name":"\"Gregorio Perez Companc & family\""},{"Link":"https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-481389","external_links_name":"\"LOS PÉREZ COMPANC DE ARGENTINA: SOBRIOS Y EFECTIVOS\""},{"Link":"http://www.barchetta.cc/english/All.Ferraris/Detail/0808.330TRI.htm","external_links_name":"\"330 TRI LM s/n 0808\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-14/gregorio-perez-companc-one-of-argentina-s-richest-dies-at-89","external_links_name":"\"Gregorio Perez Companc, One of Argentina's Richest, Dies at 89\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiye_people	Jiye people	["1 Culture","2 References"]	For the Jie people of northern Uganda, see Jie (Uganda). For the Jie, a tribe in the Xiongnu Confederation in the 4th and 5th centuries, see Jie people. The Jiye, also known as Jie, are an ethnic group living in the Kathangor Hills in Eastern Equatoria state, South Sudan. They speak a dialect of the Toposa language. Culture The Jiye are seasonal pastoralists that mainly raise cattle. Women and children generally live in settled villages while men leave the village for the season to feed the cattle on pastures. In the villages, women engage in farming and cultivate crops like cow peas, maize, millet and tobacco. Cattle play a major role in Jiye culture and are incorporated into the religious system of the Jiye. References ^ "Jiye". gurtong. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2014. ^ Glottolog ^ Olson, James Stuart; Meur, Charles (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8. vte Ethnic groups in South Sudan Acholi Aja Angakuei Anuak Atuot Avukaya Baggara Arabs Bai Baka Balanda Boor Balanda Bviri Bari Binga Bongo Boya Burun Dār Fertit Didinga Dinka Dongotona Gollo Ifoto Imatong Indri Jikany Nuer Jiye Jumjum Jur Beli Jur Mananger Kakwa Kaligi Kara Keliko Ketebo Kichepo Kuku Lango Logir Lokoya Lopit Lotuko Luwo Madi Makaraka Mangayat Morokodo Moru Mundari Mundu Murle Ndogo Ngok Lual Yak Ngulgule Nuer Nyamusa Nyangatom Nyangwara Olu'bo Pari Pojulu Rek Sere Shilluk Shita Surma Tacho Tennet Thuri Tirma Toposa Yulu Zande This article about South Sudanese ethnicity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jie (Uganda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jie_(Uganda)"},{"link_name":"Jie people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jie_people"},{"link_name":"Kathangor Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathangor_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eastern Equatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Equatoria"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Toposa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toposa_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the Jie people of northern Uganda, see Jie (Uganda).For the Jie, a tribe in the Xiongnu Confederation in the 4th and 5th centuries, see Jie people.The Jiye, also known as Jie, are an ethnic group living in the Kathangor Hills in Eastern Equatoria state, South Sudan. They speak a dialect of the Toposa language.[1][2]","title":"Jiye people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Jiye are seasonal pastoralists that mainly raise cattle. Women and children generally live in settled villages while men leave the village for the season to feed the cattle on pastures. In the villages, women engage in farming and cultivate crops like cow peas, maize, millet and tobacco. Cattle play a major role in Jiye culture and are incorporated into the religious system of the Jiye.[3]","title":"Culture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jiye\". gurtong. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210129043413/http://www.gurtong.net/Peoples/PeoplesProfiles/Jiye/tabid/197/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Jiye\""},{"url":"http://www.gurtong.net/Peoples/PeoplesProfiles/Jiye/tabid/197/Default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Olson, James Stuart; Meur, Charles (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&dq=jiye+africa&pg=PA255","url_text":"The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27918-8","url_text":"978-0-313-27918-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210129043413/http://www.gurtong.net/Peoples/PeoplesProfiles/Jiye/tabid/197/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Jiye\""},{"Link":"http://www.gurtong.net/Peoples/PeoplesProfiles/Jiye/tabid/197/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jiye1239","external_links_name":"Glottolog"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&dq=jiye+africa&pg=PA255","external_links_name":"The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiye_people&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1592_in_literature	1592 in literature	["1 Events","2 New books","2.1 Prose","2.2 Drama","2.3 Poetry","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1592 in literature" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Overview of the events of 1592 in literature List of years in literature (table) … 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 … Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1592. Events February 5–7 – Ulysses Redux, a Latin play by William Gager, is staged by members of Christ Church, Oxford. Two days later, they revive Gager's 1583 Latin play Rivales (now lost). February 26 – The first firmly recorded performance of Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta is given by Lord Strange's Men in London. June 23 – The London theatres close and apart from a brief spell around January 1593 remain so for about 16 months due to an epidemic of bubonic plague. September 3 – The English writer Robert Greene dies in London of a "banquet of Rhenish wine and pickled herring", having apparently completed Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit (published soon after), including a reference to "an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers", taken to be the first published (critical) reference to Shakespeare as a playwright. September 26 – Rivales is performed again by members of Christ Church, with Queen Elizabeth I of England in the audience, during her second visit to the University of Oxford. October–December – Pembroke's Men, an English playing company, is known to be in existence, acting in Leicester and at Court in London. November 9 – The Sixto-Clementine Vulgate is promulgated. December 18 – An entry in the Stationers' Register may refer to Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, perhaps marking the year of its first performance. New books Prose Antonio Agustin – Dialoghi intorno alle medaglie inscrittioni et attre antichità, with woodcuts by Geronima Parasole (the first known printed book with illustrations by a woman) Isaac Casaubon – New edition of Theophrastus's Characteres Blaise de Montluc (died 1577) – Commentaires de Messire Blaise de Montluc 'P. F.' (translator) – The Historie of the Damnable Life, and Deserved Death of Doctor Iohn Faustus Robert Greene (died September 3) The Black Books Messenger A Disputation Between a Hee Conny-Catcher and a Shee Conny-Catcher The Third and Last Part of Conycatching Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit, Bought with a Million of Repentance Greene's Vision, Written at the Instant of his Death Philomela A Quip for an Upstart Courtier Muhammad al-Idrisi (died 1165) – De geographia universali or Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī dhikr al-amṣār wa-al-aqṭār wa-al-buldān wa-al-juzur wa-al-madā’ in wa-al-āfāq Richard Johnson – Nine Worthies of London Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer – Thresoor der Zeevaert (Treasure of navigation) Wu Cheng'en (died 1580/2; attributed) – Journey to the West (Xī Yóu Jì) Drama Anonymous (variously attributed to Thomas Kyd, William Shakespeare and/or Christopher Marlowe) – Arden of Faversham (published) Anonymous – A Knack to Know a Knave William Gager – Ulysses Redux (Latin) Thomas Kyd – The Spanish Tragedy (undated first printing, almost certainly between October and December in this year; first performed around 1587; first recorded performance November in this year) John Lyly – Gallathea and Midas published Christopher Marlowe – Edward II Thomas Nashe – Summer's Last Will and Testament William Shakespeare – The Taming of the Shrew (approximate date) Poetry Henry Constable – Diana Michael Drayton – The Shepherd's Garland Gabriel Harvey – Foure Letters and certaine Sonnets Births January 16 (baptised) – Henry King, English poet and bishop (died 1669) January 22 – Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher and scientist (died 1655) March 28 – John Amos Comenius (Jan Amos Komenský), Czech teacher and writer (died 1670) April 4 – Abraham Elzevir, Dutch printer (died 1652) May 8 – Francis Quarles, English poet (died 1644) July 10 – Pierre d'Hozier, French historian (died 1660) August 1 – François le Métel de Boisrobert, French poet (died 1662) Deaths July 22 – Ludwig Rabus, German Lutheran theologian (born 1523) September 3 – Robert Greene, English writer (born 1558) September 13 – Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (born 1533) September 26 (burial) – Thomas Watson, English lyric poet writing in English and Latin (born 1555) References ^ According to Thomas Nashe. ^ Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). "VII The Latin Versions". The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 349. ^ Yu, Anthony C., ed. (1977). The Journey to the West. Vol. 1. University of Chicago Press. p. 14. ^ Joachim Küpper; Leonie Pawlita (6 August 2018). Theatre Cultures within Globalising Empires: Looking at Early Modern England and Spain. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 22. ISBN 978-3-11-053688-1. ^ Hutchins, Robert Maynard; Hazlitt, W. Carew, eds. (1952). The Essays of Michel Eyquem de Montaigne. Great Books of the Western World. Vol. twenty–five. Trans. Charles Cotton. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. v. He had his son awakened each morning by 'the sound of a musical instrument'	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Overview of the events of 1592 in literatureThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1592.","title":"1592 in literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_5"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_7"},{"link_name":"William Gager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gager"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"1583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1583_in_literature"},{"link_name":"February 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_26"},{"link_name":"Christopher Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"The Jew of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jew_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Lord Strange's Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Strange%27s_Men"},{"link_name":"June 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_23"},{"link_name":"bubonic plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"},{"link_name":"September 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_3"},{"link_name":"Robert Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Greene_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene%27s_Groats-Worth_of_Wit"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"September 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Pembroke's Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke%27s_Men"},{"link_name":"playing company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_company"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"November 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_9"},{"link_name":"Sixto-Clementine Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"December 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_18"},{"link_name":"Stationers' Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationers%27_Register"},{"link_name":"Doctor Faustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(play)"}],"text":"February 5–7 – Ulysses Redux, a Latin play by William Gager, is staged by members of Christ Church, Oxford. Two days later, they revive Gager's 1583 Latin play Rivales (now lost).\nFebruary 26 – The first firmly recorded performance of Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta is given by Lord Strange's Men in London.\nJune 23 – The London theatres close and apart from a brief spell around January 1593 remain so for about 16 months due to an epidemic of bubonic plague.\nSeptember 3 – The English writer Robert Greene dies in London of a \"banquet of Rhenish wine and pickled herring\",[1] having apparently completed Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit (published soon after), including a reference to \"an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers\", taken to be the first published (critical) reference to Shakespeare as a playwright.\nSeptember 26 – Rivales is performed again by members of Christ Church, with Queen Elizabeth I of England in the audience, during her second visit to the University of Oxford.\nOctober–December – Pembroke's Men, an English playing company, is known to be in existence, acting in Leicester and at Court in London.\nNovember 9 – The Sixto-Clementine Vulgate is promulgated.[2]\nDecember 18 – An entry in the Stationers' Register may refer to Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, perhaps marking the year of its first performance.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Agustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Agustin"},{"link_name":"woodcuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut"},{"link_name":"Geronima Parasole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronima_Parasole"},{"link_name":"Isaac Casaubon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Casaubon"},{"link_name":"Theophrastus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus"},{"link_name":"Blaise de Montluc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_de_Lasseran-Massenc%C3%B4me,_seigneur_de_Montluc"},{"link_name":"Robert Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Greene_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit, Bought with a Million of Repentance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene%27s_Groats-Worth_of_Wit"},{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Idrisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi"},{"link_name":"Richard Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Johnson_(16th_century)"},{"link_name":"Nine Worthies of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Worthies_of_London"},{"link_name":"Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Janszoon_Waghenaer"},{"link_name":"Wu Cheng'en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en"},{"link_name":"Journey to the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Prose","text":"Antonio Agustin – Dialoghi intorno alle medaglie inscrittioni et attre antichità, with woodcuts by Geronima Parasole (the first known printed book with illustrations by a woman)\nIsaac Casaubon – New edition of Theophrastus's Characteres\nBlaise de Montluc (died 1577) – Commentaires de Messire Blaise de Montluc\n'P. F.' (translator) – The Historie of the Damnable Life, and Deserved Death of Doctor Iohn Faustus\nRobert Greene (died September 3)\nThe Black Books Messenger\nA Disputation Between a Hee Conny-Catcher and a Shee Conny-Catcher\nThe Third and Last Part of Conycatching\nGreene's Groats-Worth of Wit, Bought with a Million of Repentance\nGreene's Vision, Written at the Instant of his Death\nPhilomela\nA Quip for an Upstart Courtier\nMuhammad al-Idrisi (died 1165) – De geographia universali or Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī dhikr al-amṣār wa-al-aqṭār wa-al-buldān wa-al-juzur wa-al-madā’ in wa-al-āfāq\nRichard Johnson – Nine Worthies of London\nLucas Janszoon Waghenaer – Thresoor der Zeevaert (Treasure of navigation)\nWu Cheng'en (died 1580/2; attributed) – Journey to the West (Xī Yóu Jì)[3]","title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Kyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kyd"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Christopher Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"Arden of Faversham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arden_of_Faversham"},{"link_name":"A Knack to Know a Knave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Knack_To_Know_A_Knave"},{"link_name":"William Gager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gager"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kyd"},{"link_name":"The Spanish Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy"},{"link_name":"John Lyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lyly"},{"link_name":"Gallathea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallathea"},{"link_name":"Midas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midas_(Lyly_play)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"Edward II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_(play)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nashe"},{"link_name":"Summer's Last Will and Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer%27s_Last_Will_and_Testament"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"The Taming of the Shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew"}],"sub_title":"Drama","text":"Anonymous (variously attributed to Thomas Kyd, William Shakespeare and/or Christopher Marlowe) – Arden of Faversham (published)\nAnonymous – A Knack to Know a Knave\nWilliam Gager – Ulysses Redux (Latin)\nThomas Kyd – The Spanish Tragedy (undated first printing, almost certainly between October and December in this year; first performed around 1587; first recorded performance November in this year)\nJohn Lyly – Gallathea and Midas published\nChristopher Marlowe – Edward II\nThomas Nashe – Summer's Last Will and Testament\nWilliam Shakespeare – The Taming of the Shrew (approximate date)","title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Constable"},{"link_name":"Michael Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Drayton"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Harvey"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"Henry Constable – Diana\nMichael Drayton – The Shepherd's Garland\nGabriel Harvey – Foure Letters and certaine Sonnets","title":"New books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_16"},{"link_name":"Henry King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_King_(poet)"},{"link_name":"1669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1669_in_literature"},{"link_name":"January 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_22"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gassendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi"},{"link_name":"1655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1655_in_literature"},{"link_name":"March 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_28"},{"link_name":"John Amos Comenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Amos_Comenius"},{"link_name":"1670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1670_in_literature"},{"link_name":"April 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_4"},{"link_name":"Abraham Elzevir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Elzevir"},{"link_name":"1652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1652_in_literature"},{"link_name":"May 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_8"},{"link_name":"Francis Quarles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Quarles"},{"link_name":"1644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1644_in_literature"},{"link_name":"July 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_10"},{"link_name":"Pierre d'Hozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_d%27Hozier"},{"link_name":"1660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660_in_literature"},{"link_name":"August 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1"},{"link_name":"François le Métel de Boisrobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_le_M%C3%A9tel_de_Boisrobert"},{"link_name":"1662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1662_in_literature"}],"text":"January 16 (baptised) – Henry King, English poet and bishop (died 1669)\nJanuary 22 – Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher and scientist (died 1655)\nMarch 28 – John Amos Comenius (Jan Amos Komenský), Czech teacher and writer (died 1670)\nApril 4 – Abraham Elzevir, Dutch printer (died 1652)\nMay 8 – Francis Quarles, English poet (died 1644)\nJuly 10 – Pierre d'Hozier, French historian (died 1660)\nAugust 1 – François le Métel de Boisrobert, French poet (died 1662)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"July 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_22"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Rabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Rabus"},{"link_name":"1523","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1523_in_literature"},{"link_name":"September 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_3"},{"link_name":"Robert Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Greene_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"1558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1558_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"September 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_13"},{"link_name":"Michel de Montaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne"},{"link_name":"1533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1533_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"September 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26"},{"link_name":"Thomas Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Watson_(poet)"},{"link_name":"1555","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1555_in_literature"}],"text":"July 22 – Ludwig Rabus, German Lutheran theologian (born 1523)\nSeptember 3 – Robert Greene, English writer (born 1558)[4]\nSeptember 13 – Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (born 1533)[5]\nSeptember 26 (burial) – Thomas Watson, English lyric poet writing in English and Latin (born 1555)","title":"Deaths"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). \"VII The Latin Versions\". The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 349.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger","url_text":"Metzger, Bruce M."}]},{"reference":"Yu, Anthony C., ed. (1977). The Journey to the West. Vol. 1. University of Chicago Press. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Joachim Küpper; Leonie Pawlita (6 August 2018). Theatre Cultures within Globalising Empires: Looking at Early Modern England and Spain. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 22. ISBN 978-3-11-053688-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Io1uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22","url_text":"Theatre Cultures within Globalising Empires: Looking at Early Modern England and Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053688-1","url_text":"978-3-11-053688-1"}]},{"reference":"Hutchins, Robert Maynard; Hazlitt, W. Carew, eds. (1952). The Essays of Michel Eyquem de Montaigne. Great Books of the Western World. Vol. twenty–five. Trans. Charles Cotton. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. v. He had his son awakened each morning by 'the sound of a musical instrument'","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221592+in+literature%22","external_links_name":"\"1592 in literature\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221592+in+literature%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221592+in+literature%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221592+in+literature%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221592+in+literature%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221592+in+literature%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Io1uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22","external_links_name":"Theatre Cultures within Globalising Empires: Looking at Early Modern England and Spain"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mistress_and_her_Servant	The Mistress and her Servant	["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]	1929 film This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Mistress and her Servant" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Mistress and Her ServantIgo Sym and Henny PortenDirected byRichard OswaldWritten byGeorg Engel (novel)Friedrich RaffProduced byWilhelm von KaufmannHenny PortenStarringHenny PortenMary KidFritz KampersIgo SymCinematographyFriedl Behn-GrundProductioncompanyHenny Porten FilmDistributed byVereinigte Star-FilmRelease date 28 December 1929 (1929-12-28) Running time104 minutesCountryGermanyLanguagesSilentGerman intertitles The Mistress and Her Servant (German: Die Herrin und ihr Knecht) is a 1929 German silent drama film directed by Richard Oswald and starring Henny Porten, Mary Kid and Fritz Kampers. It was based on the novel of the same title by Georg Engel. It was shot at the EFA Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art director Franz Schroedter. Cast Henny Porten as Johanna von Grothe Mary Kid as Marianne, Johannas Schwester Fritz Kampers as Oberst Sassin Igo Sym as Fürst Fergussow Alexander Wiruboff as Erster Adjutant Alexander Sascha as Zweiter Adjutant Bruno Ziener as Baumgartner Renée Stobrawa as Frau Matjunke Gustl Gstettenbaur as Hans References ^ Belach p.219 Bibliography Belach, Helga. Henny Porten.: Der erste deutsche Filmstar. 1890 - 1960.. Haude & Spener, 1986. Weniger, Kay. 'Es wird im Leben dir mehr genommen als gegeben ...' Lexikon der aus Deutschland und Österreich emigrierten Filmschaffenden 1933 bis 1945. ACABUS Verlag, 2011. External links The Mistress and her Servant at IMDb vteThe films of Richard Oswald The Iron Cross (1914) Ivan Koschula (1914) The Silent Mill (1914) Laugh Bajazzo (1915) The Vice (1915) Tales of Hoffmann (1916) A Night of Horror (1916) The Uncanny House (1916) The Sea Battle (1917) The Lord of Hohenstein (1917) Let There Be Light (1917) The Picture of Dorian Gray (1917) The Story of Dida Ibsen (1918) Jettchen Gebert's Story (1918) Diary of a Lost Woman (1918) Henriette Jacoby (1918) The House of Three Girls (1918) Die Arche (1919) Different from the Others (1919) Prostitution (1919) Peer Gynt (1919) Around the World in Eighty Days (1919) Unheimliche Geschichten (1919) Figures of the Night (1920) Kurfürstendamm (1920) The Merry-Go-Round (1920) Manolescu's Memoirs (1920) Lady Hamilton (1921) The Golden Plague (1921) The House in Dragon Street (1921) The Love Affairs of Hector Dalmore (1921) Lucrezia Borgia (1922) Carlos and Elisabeth (1924) Semi-Silk (1925) The Wife of Forty Years (1925) Rags and Silk (1925) Should We Be Silent? (1926) When I Came Back (1926) We Belong to the Imperial-Royal Infantry Regiment (1926) The White Horse Inn (1926) Assassination (1927) Radio Magic (1927) Agitated Women (1927) The Transformation of Dr. Bessel (1927) Lützow's Wild Hunt (1927) A Crazy Night (1927) The Green Alley (1928) Villa Falconieri (1928) Spring Awakening (1929) The Mistress and her Servant (1929) Marriage in Trouble (1929) Cagliostro (1929) The Hound of the Baskervilles (1929) Dreyfus (1930) Vienna, City of Song (1930) Alraune (1930) The Tender Relatives (1930) 1914 (1931) Schubert's Dream of Spring (1931) Poor as a Church Mouse (1931) Victoria and Her Hussar (1931) The Captain from Köpenick (1931) Countess Mariza (1932) Unheimliche Geschichten (1932) The Flower of Hawaii (1933) A Song Goes Round the World (1933) Adventures on the Lido (1933) My Song Goes Round the World (1934) When You're Young, the World Belongs to You (1934) Bleeke Bet (1934) Storm over Asia (1938) Isle of Missing Men (1942) The Lovable Cheat (1949) This article related to a German silent film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Richard Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Oswald"},{"link_name":"Henny Porten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henny_Porten"},{"link_name":"Mary Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kid"},{"link_name":"Fritz Kampers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kampers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Georg Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Engel"},{"link_name":"EFA Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFA_Studios"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Franz Schroedter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schroedter"}],"text":"The Mistress and Her Servant (German: Die Herrin und ihr Knecht) is a 1929 German silent drama film directed by Richard Oswald and starring Henny Porten, Mary Kid and Fritz Kampers.[1] It was based on the novel of the same title by Georg Engel. It was shot at the EFA Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art director Franz Schroedter.","title":"The Mistress and her Servant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henny Porten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henny_Porten"},{"link_name":"Mary Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kid"},{"link_name":"Fritz Kampers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kampers"},{"link_name":"Igo Sym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igo_Sym"},{"link_name":"Alexander Wiruboff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Wiruboff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Sascha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Sascha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bruno Ziener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Ziener"},{"link_name":"Renée Stobrawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Stobrawa"},{"link_name":"Gustl Gstettenbaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustl_Gstettenbaur"}],"text":"Henny Porten as Johanna von Grothe\nMary Kid as Marianne, Johannas Schwester\nFritz Kampers as Oberst Sassin\nIgo Sym as Fürst Fergussow\nAlexander Wiruboff as Erster Adjutant\nAlexander Sascha as Zweiter Adjutant\nBruno Ziener as Baumgartner\nRenée Stobrawa as Frau Matjunke\nGustl Gstettenbaur as Hans","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Belach, Helga. Henny Porten.: Der erste deutsche Filmstar. 1890 - 1960.. Haude & Spener, 1986.\nWeniger, Kay. 'Es wird im Leben dir mehr genommen als gegeben ...' Lexikon der aus Deutschland und Österreich emigrierten Filmschaffenden 1933 bis 1945. ACABUS Verlag, 2011.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Mistress+and+her+Servant%22","external_links_name":"\"The Mistress and her Servant\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Mistress+and+her+Servant%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Mistress+and+her+Servant%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Mistress+and+her+Servant%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Mistress+and+her+Servant%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Mistress+and+her+Servant%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0019981/","external_links_name":"The Mistress and her Servant"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mistress_and_her_Servant&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_politician	Politics of Japan	["1 Constitution","1.1 Legitimacy","2 Government","3 Legislature","4 Political parties and elections","4.1 House of Councillors","4.2 House of Representatives","4.3 By prefecture","4.4 By PR block","4.5 Party-list vote by prefecture","5 Policy making","5.1 Policy development in Japan","6 Post-war political developments in Japan","7 Political developments since 1990","8 Political developments since 2000","9 Political developments since 2010","10 Political developments since 2020","11 See also","12 References","13 Further reading","14 External links"]	Political system of Japan Politics of Japan 日本の政治 (Japanese)Government Seal of JapanPolity typeUnitary parliamentaryconstitutional monarchyConstitutionConstitution of JapanLegislative branchNameNational DietTypeBicameralMeeting placeNational Diet BuildingUpper houseNameHouse of CouncillorsPresiding officerHidehisa Otsuji, President of the House of CouncillorsLower houseNameHouse of RepresentativesPresiding officerFukushiro Nukaga, Speaker of the House of RepresentativesExecutive branchHead of StateTitleEmperorCurrentlyNaruhitoAppointerHereditaryHead of GovernmentTitlePrime MinisterCurrentlyFumio KishidaAppointerEmperor (Nominated by National Diet)CabinetNameCabinet of JapanCurrent cabinetSecond Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle)LeaderPrime MinisterAppointerPrime MinisterHeadquartersNaikaku Sōri Daijin KanteiJudicial branchNameJudiciarySupreme CourtChief judgeSaburo TokuraSeatSupreme Court Building This article is part of a series onPolitics of Japan Constitution and Laws Constitution of Japan (1947–present) Meiji Constitution (1890–1947) Laws The Monarchy The Emperor (List) Naruhito Crown Prince Fumihito Imperial House Chrysanthemum Throne Imperial Succession Imperial Household Agency Executive Government Prime Minister (List) Fumio Kishida (LDP) Cabinet (List) Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle)(LDP-Komeito coalition) Ministries Administrative Agencies Legislature National Diet House of Representatives Speaker Fukushiro Nukaga Vice Speaker Banri Kaieda House of Councillors President Hidehisa Otsuji Vice President Hiroyuki Nagahama Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Saburo Tokura Justices of the Supreme Court Intellectual Property High Court Bank of Japan Governor Kazuo Ueda Japanese yen Banknotes Coins Elections List of districts of the House of Representatives of Japan List of districts of the House of Councillors of Japan Japanese House of Councillors national proportional representation block Political parties Japanese general elections 189018921894 (Mar)1894 (Sep)1898 (Mar)1898 (Aug)1902190319041908191219151917192019241928193019321936193719421946194719491952195319551958196019631967196919721976197919801983198619901993199620002003200520092012201420172021Next Japanese House of Councillors elections 19471950195319561959196219651968197119741977198019831986198919921995199820012004200720102013201620192022 Unified local elections 20072011201520192023 Administrative divisions Prefectures Governors Subprefectures Districts Municipalities Submunicipalities Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Foreign policy (history) Diplomatic missions of / in Japan Japanese passport Visa requirements Visa policy Algeria Angola Djibouti Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Namibia Nigeria Somalia South Africa Argentina Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Mexico Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Albania Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary Holy See Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Lithuania Malta Montenegro Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Australia Fiji New Zealand Palau Tonga Africa Arab world Latin America Oceania Southeast Asia European Union United Nations G20 G7 Japan portal Other countries vte The National Diet Building in Tokyo Politics of Japan are conducted in a framework of a dominant-party bicameral parliamentary constitutional monarchy, in which the Emperor is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government and the head of the Cabinet, which directs the executive branch. Legislative power is vested in the National Diet, which consists of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. The House of Representatives has eighteen standing committees ranging in size from 20 to 50 members and The House of Councillors has sixteen ranging from 10 to 45 members. Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts, and sovereignty is vested in the people of Japan by the 1947 Constitution, which was written during the Occupation of Japan primarily by American officials and had replaced the previous Meiji Constitution. Japan is considered a constitutional monarchy with a system of civil law. Politics in Japan in the post-war period has largely been dominated by the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which has been in power almost continuously since its foundation in 1955, a phenomenon known as the 1955 System. Of the 31 prime ministers since the end of the country's occupation, 24 as well as the longest serving ones have been members of the LDP. Consequently, Japan has been described as a de facto one-party state. According to the V-Dem Democracy indices, Japan was the 23rd most electoral democratic country in the world as of 2023. Constitution Main article: Constitution of Japan See also: Meiji Constitution and Seventeen-article constitution Legitimacy The creation and ratification of this current document has been widely viewed by many geopolitical analysts and historians as one that was forced upon Japan by the United States after the end of World War II. Although this "imposition" claim arose originally as a rallying cry among conservative politicians in favour of constitutional revision in the 1950s, and that it wasn't "inherently Japanese", it has also been supported by the research of several independent American and Japanese historians of the period. A competing claim, which also emerged from the political maelstrom of the 1950s revision debate, holds that the ratification decision was actually the result of apparent "collaboration" between American occupation authorities, successive Japanese governments of the time, and private sector "actors". Government Main article: Government of Japan The Imperial Palace in Tokyo has been the primary residence of the Emperor since 1869. Article 1 of the Constitution of Japan (日本国憲法, Nihon-koku kenpō) defines the Emperor (天皇, Tennō) to be "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people". He performs ceremonial duties and holds no real power. Political power is held mainly by the Prime Minister, Cabinet, and other elected members of the National Diet. The Imperial Throne is succeeded by a paternal male member of the Imperial House as designated by the Imperial Household Law. The chief of the executive branch and head of government, the Prime Minister (内閣総理大臣, Naikaku Sōri-Daijin), is appointed by the Emperor as directed by the National Diet. They are a member of either house of the National Diet and must be a civilian. The Cabinet (内閣, Naikaku) members are nominated by the Prime Minister, and are also required to be civilian. With the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in power, it has been convention that the President of the party serves as the Prime Minister. Legislature Main article: National Diet Japanese constitution states that the National Diet (国会, Kokkai), its law-making institution, shall consist of two Houses, namely the House of Representatives (衆議院, Shūgiin) and the House of Councillors (参議院, Sangiin). The Diet shall be the highest organ of state power, and shall be the sole law-making organ of the State. It states that both Houses shall consist of elected members, representative of all the people and that the number of the members of each House shall be fixed by law. Both houses pass legislation in identical form for it to become law. Similarly to other parliamentary systems, most legislation that is considered in the National Diet is proposed by the cabinet. The cabinet then relies on the expertise of the bureaucracy to draft actual bills. The lower house, the House of Representatives, the most powerful of the two, holds power over the government, being able to force its resignation. The lower house also has ultimate control of the passage of the budget, the ratification of treaties, and the selection of the Prime Minister. Its power over its sister house is, if a bill is passed by the lower house (the House of Representatives) but is voted down by the upper house (the House of Councillors), the ability to override the decision of the House of Councillors. Members of the lower house, as a result of the Prime Minister's power to dissolve them, more frequently serve for less than four years in any given terms. The upper house, the House of Councillors, is very weak and bills are sent to the House of Councillors only to be approved, not made. Members of the upper house are elected for six-year terms with half the members elected every three years. It is possible for different parties to control the lower house and the upper house, a situation referred to as a "twisted Diet", something that has become more common since the JSP took control of the upper house in 1989. Political parties and elections Further information: List of political parties in Japan and Elections in Japan Several political parties exist in Japan. However, the politics of Japan have primarily been dominated by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) since 1955, with the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) playing an important role as the opposition several times. The DPJ was the ruling party from 2009 to 2012 with the LDP as the opposition. The LDP was the ruling party for decades since 1955, despite the existence of multiple parties. Most of the prime ministers (presidents of the LDP) were elected from inner factions of the LDP. House of Councillors PartyNationalConstituencySeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%SeatsWonNot upTotalafter+/–Liberal Democratic Party18,256,24534.431820,603,29838.74456356119+6Nippon Ishin no Kai7,845,99514.8085,533,65710.41412921+5Constitutional Democratic Party6,771,91412.7778,154,33015.3310172239+7Komeito6,181,43211.6663,600,4906.777131427–1Japanese Communist Party3,618,3436.8233,636,5346.8414711–2Democratic Party For the People3,159,6575.9632,038,6553.8325510NewReiwa Shinsengumi2,319,1574.372989,7161.861325+3Sanseitō1,768,3853.3312,018,2153.800101NewSocial Democratic Party1,258,5022.371178,9110.340101–1NHK Party1,253,8722.3611,106,5082.080112+1Burdock Party193,7240.370000NewHappiness Realization Party148,0200.280134,7180.2500000Japan First Party109,0460.21074,0970.140000NewKunimori Conservative Party77,8610.150111,9560.210000NewIshin Seito Shimpu65,1070.120204,1020.380000NewFirst no Kai284,6290.540000NewChildren's Party50,6620.100000NewJapan Reform Party46,6410.090000NewKyowa Party41,0140.080000NewFree Republican Party33,6360.060000NewMetaverse Party19,1000.040000NewParty to Realize Bright Japan with a Female Emperor10,2680.020000NewSmile Party5,4090.010000NewParty to Know the Truth of Renewable Energy3,8680.010000NewPeace Party3,5590.010000NewTenmei Party3,2830.010000NewParty to take over U.S. military base in Okinawa to Tokyo3,0430.010000NewWake Up the Japanese Party2,4400.000000NewNuclear Fusion Party1,9130.000000NewIndependents4,285,3608.0655712–5Total53,027,260100.005053,180,012100.00751251232480Valid votes53,027,26097.0253,180,01297.29Invalid/blank votes1,626,2022.981,479,0202.71Total votes54,653,462100.0054,659,032100.00Registered voters/turnout105,019,20352.04105,019,20352.05Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications House of Representatives Main article: Results of the 2021 Japanese general election Liberal Democratic Party, PR vote share Constitutional Democratic Party, PR vote share Nippon Ishin no Kai, PR vote share Kōmeitō, PR vote share Japanese Communist Party, PR vote share Democratic Party For the People, PR vote share Reiwa Shinsengumi, PR vote share Constituency Cartogram Many polls had predicted a weakened LDP or even a complete loss of government control in the elections, with one poll by The Japan Times suggesting the party would lose around 40 seats. Though the LDP did lose 25 seats compared to the previous elections, they comfortably maintained their single-party majority in the Diet. The opposition coalition of CDP, JCP, SDP and Reiwa Shinsengumi failed to increase its seat share, suffering a net loss of thirteen seats compared to the outgoing parliament. The CDP itself remained the largest opposition party, finishing second with 96 seats; although this marked an increase on the 55 seats won by the original CDP in the 2017 elections, the party had held 109 seats going into the elections following the merger with the Democratic Party For the People. The JCP lost two seats going from 12 to 10, the SDP kept its one constituency seat in Okinawa, and Reiwa Shinsengumi increased its seats from one prior to the election to three. The Osaka-based Nippon Ishin no Kai saw a strong third-place finish with 41 seats, a net gain of 30. The party won all seats in Osaka prefecture, except for four where they did not stand a candidate. The party also finished first in the Kinki Proportional Block. PartyProportionalConstituencyTotalseats+/–Votes%SeatsVotes%SeatsLiberal Democratic Party19,914,88334.667227,626,23548.08187259–25Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan11,492,09520.003917,215,62129.965796NewNippon Ishin no Kai8,050,83014.01254,802,7938.361641+30Komeito7,114,28212.3823872,9311.52932+3Japanese Communist Party4,166,0767.2592,639,6314.59110–1Democratic Party For the People2,593,3964.5151,246,8122.17611NewReiwa Shinsengumi2,215,6483.863248,2800.4303NewSocial Democratic Party1,018,5881.770313,1930.5511–1NHK Party796,7881.390150,5420.2600NewShiji Seitō Nashi46,1420.08000Japan First Party33,6610.0609,4490.0200NewYamato Party16,9700.03015,0910.0300NewNew Party to Strengthen Corona Countermeasures by Change of Government6,6200.0100NewKunimori Conservative Party29,3060.0500NewLove Earth Party5,3500.0100NewNippon Spirits Party4,5520.01000Reform Future Party3,6980.0100NewRenewal Party2,7500.0000NewParty for a Successful Japan1,6300.0000NewIndependents2,269,1683.951212–10Total57,465,979100.0017657,457,032100.002894650Valid votes57,465,97997.5857,457,03297.55Invalid/blank votes1,425,3662.421,443,2272.45Total votes58,891,345100.0058,900,259100.00Registered voters/turnout105,224,10355.97105,224,10355.98Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications By prefecture Prefecture Totalseats Seats won LDP CDP Ishin Komeito DPP JCP SDP Ind. Aichi 15 11 3 1 Akita 3 2 1 Aomori 3 3 Chiba 13 9 4 Ehime 4 4 Fukui 2 2 Fukuoka 11 8 2 1 Fukushima 5 2 3 Gifu 5 5 Gunma 5 5 Hiroshima 7 5 1 1 Hokkaido 12 6 5 1 Hyōgo 12 8 1 1 2 Ibaraki 7 5 1 1 Ishikawa 3 3 Iwate 3 2 1 Kagawa 3 1 1 1 Kagoshima 4 2 1 1 Kanagawa 18 11 7 Kōchi 2 2 Kumamoto 4 3 1 Kyoto 6 2 2 1 1 Mie 4 3 1 Miyagi 6 4 2 Miyazaki 3 2 1 Nagano 5 4 1 Nagasaki 4 3 1 Nara 3 1 1 1 Niigata 6 2 3 1 Ōita 3 2 1 Okayama 5 4 1 Okinawa 4 2 1 1 Osaka 19 15 4 Saga 2 2 Saitama 15 12 3 Shiga 4 4 Shimane 2 2 Shizuoka 8 5 2 1 Tochigi 5 4 1 Tokushima 2 1 1 Tokyo 25 15 8 1 1 Tottori 2 2 Toyama 3 3 Wakayama 3 2 1 Yamagata 3 3 Yamaguchi 4 4 Yamanashi 2 2 Total 289 187 57 16 9 6 1 1 12 By PR block PR block Totalseats Seats won LDP % CDP % Ishin % Komeito % JCP % DPP % RS % Chūgoku 11 6 43.4% 2 18.4% 1 9.2% 2 14.0% 0 5.5% 0 3.7% 0 3.0% Hokkaido 8 4 33.6% 3 26.6% 0 8.4% 1 11.5% 0 8.1% 0 2.9% 0 4.0% Hokuriku–Shinetsu 11 6 41.8% 3 22.0% 1 10.3% 1 9.2% 0 6.4% 0 3.8% 0 3.2% Kinki (Kansai) 28 8 25.7% 3 11.6% 10 33.9% 3 12.3% 2 7.8% 1 3.2% 1 3.1% Kyushu 20 8 35.7% 4 20.1% 2 8.6% 4 16.5% 1 5.8% 1 4.4% 0 3.9% Northern Kanto 19 7 35.2% 5 22.5% 2 10.0% 3 13.3% 1 7.2% 1 4.8% 0 3.9% Shikoku 6 3 39.2% 1 17.2% 1 10.2% 1 13.7% 0 6.4% 0 7.2% 0 3.1% Southern Kanto 22 9 34.9% 5 22.3% 3 11.7% 2 11.5% 1 7.2% 1 5.2% 1 4.1% Tohoku 13 6 39.5% 4 24.1% 1 6.3% 1 11.1% 1 7.1% 0 4.8% 0 3.5% Tokai 21 9 37.4% 5 22.1% 2 10.3% 3 11.7% 1 6.1% 1 5.7% 0 4.1% Tokyo 17 6 31.0% 4 20.1% 2 13.3% 2 11.1% 2 10.4% 0 4.7% 1 5.6% Total 176 72 39 25 23 9 5 3 Party-list vote by prefecture Prefecture LDP CDP Innovation Komeito JCP DPFP Reiwa SDP Aichi 35.9 22.4 11.0 11.3 6.4 5.7 4.4 1.3 Akita 45.4 21.1 5.6 10.8 5.9 5.2 2.7 2.3 Aomori 43.2 23.8 4.4 11.0 7.9 2.5 3.3 2.7 Chiba 35.5 22.1 11.2 12.4 7.0 5.3 3.8 1.4 Ehime 41.1 18.6 9.9 14.2 5.2 4.4 3.3 2.1 Fukui 45.9 20.9 9.1 9.5 5.3 3.6 3.4 1.1 Fukuoka 33.0 19.3 11.1 17.3 6.5 4.4 4.3 2.5 Fukushima 37.9 25.7 5.3 11.2 7.2 5.2 3.8 2.3 Gifu 40.3 20.6 10.0 11.6 6.2 5.0 3.8 1.2 Gunma 38.4 20.2 9.3 14.3 7.3 3.5 3.6 1.9 Hiroshima 45.9 17.0 10.4 12.3 4.9 3.5 2.8 1.9 Hokkaido 33.6 26.6 8.4 11.5 8.1 2.9 4.0 1.6 Hyogo 27.4 13.4 32.1 12.3 6.2 3.0 3.3 1.2 Ibaraki 38.1 20.2 9.9 14.1 5.7 5.9 3.7 1.3 Ishikawa 44.1 18.4 14.4 8.7 4.5 3.5 3.1 1.9 Iwate 35.5 29.2 4.6 9.2 8.0 5.2 3.8 3.1 Kagawa 39.9 13.1 8.7 11.7 4.5 16.4 2.5 2.0 Kagoshima 41.3 20.7 7.7 14.3 4.6 3.1 3.2 3.6 Kanagawa 34.2 22.2 12.5 10.8 7.4 5.2 4.3 1.9 Kochi 38.0 21.7 6.1 15.0 10.4 3.0 3.0 1.5 Kumamoto 40.8 19.1 7.2 17.1 4.3 3.9 3.5 2.5 Kyoto 29.2 13.7 23.0 9.8 13.2 5.1 3.7 1.1 Mie 36.3 25.0 9.1 13.8 5.3 3.9 3.9 1.2 Miyagi 37.4 22.9 10.0 11.4 7.3 3.9 3.5 2.3 Miyazaki 38.9 17.2 9.1 16.2 5.3 5.3 2.8 3.5 Nagano 35.0 26.3 9.1 10.3 8.9 3.9 3.4 2.0 Nagasaki 37.1 19.7 7.2 15.7 4.8 8.7 3.0 2.5 Nara 30.6 13.9 28.1 11.8 7.0 3.5 2.7 1.1 Niigata 43.9 24.2 6.5 8.7 6.1 4.0 3.0 2.3 Oita 36.5 22.4 7.6 14.1 5.3 3.8 3.5 5.3 Okayama 37.8 19.8 9.7 15.9 6.3 4.7 3.0 1.4 Okinawa 23.8 20.2 6.0 20.9 9.7 3.1 5.9 8.6 Osaka 20.4 9.0 42.5 13.4 7.6 2.2 2.8 1.0 Saga 41.4 25.8 6.1 12.8 3.8 3.4 3.2 2.1 Saitama 32.5 23.6 10.2 13.3 8.4 4.9 4.1 1.6 Shiga 35.1 15.8 21.2 8.7 7.3 5.1 4.2 1.5 Shimane 42.5 22.0 7.4 12.7 5.8 3.5 2.9 2.1 Shizuoka 39.3 20.9 9.7 11.3 5.6 7.0 3.6 1.3 Tochigi 38.1 24.5 10.3 11.7 4.5 4.2 3.6 1.6 Tokushima 35.8 15.6 17.0 14.4 6.9 3.9 3.8 1.2 Tokyo 31.0 20.1 13.3 11.1 10.4 4.7 5.6 1.4 Tottori 36.5 23.7 7.9 16.5 6.0 3.2 3.5 1.6 Toyama 45.7 12.7 18.4 8.4 5.0 3.5 2.9 2.2 Wakayama 33.8 11.1 21.5 15.8 7.2 5.7 2.6 0.9 Yamagata 41.7 20.9 5.1 12.4 6.0 6.9 3.4 2.3 Yamaguchi 49.6 14.7 7.4 14.4 5.4 2.8 3.5 1.4 Yamanashi 39.7 24.8 6.0 11.7 6.5 4.5 4.1 1.5 Japan 34.7 20.0 14.1 12.4 7.3 4.5 3.9 1.8 Policy making Despite an increasingly unpredictable domestic and international environment, policy making conforms to well established postwar patterns. The close collaboration of the ruling party, the elite bureaucracy and important interest groups often make it difficult to tell who exactly is responsible for specific policy decisions. Policy development in Japan See also: Industrial policy of Japan, Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan, and Mass media and politics in Japan After a largely informal process within elite circles in which ideas were discussed and developed, steps might be taken to institute more formal policy development. This process often took place in deliberation councils (shingikai). There were about 200 shingikai, each attached to a ministry; their members were both officials and prominent private individuals in business, education, and other fields. The shingikai played a large role in facilitating communication among those who ordinarily might not meet. Given the tendency for real negotiations in Japan to be conducted privately (in the nemawashi, or root binding, process of consensus building), the shingikai often represented a fairly advanced stage in policy formulation in which relatively minor differences could be thrashed out and the resulting decisions couched in language acceptable to all. These bodies were legally established but had no authority to oblige governments to adopt their recommendations. The most important deliberation council during the 1980s was the Provisional Commission for Administrative Reform, established in March 1981 by Prime Minister Suzuki Zenko. The commission had nine members, assisted in their deliberations by six advisers, twenty-one "expert members," and around fifty "councillors" representing a wide range of groups. Its head, Keidanren president Doko Toshio, insisted that the government agree to take its recommendations seriously and commit itself to reforming the administrative structure and the tax system. In 1982, the commission had arrived at several recommendations that by the end of the decade had been actualized. These implementations included tax reform, a policy to limit government growth, the establishment in 1984 of the Management and Coordination Agency to replace the Administrative Management Agency in the Office of the Prime Minister, and privatization of the state-owned railroad and telephone systems. In April 1990, another deliberation council, the Election Systems Research Council, submitted proposals that included the establishment of single-seat constituencies in place of the multiple-seat system. Another significant policy-making institution in the early 1990s was the Liberal Democratic Party's Policy Research Council. It consisted of a number of committees, composed of LDP Diet members, with the committees corresponding to the different executive agencies. Committee members worked closely with their official counterparts, advancing the requests of their constituents, in one of the most effective means through which interest groups could state their case to the bureaucracy through the channel of the ruling party. Post-war political developments in Japan Political parties had begun to revive almost immediately after the Allied occupation began because of surrender of Japan in World War II. Left-wing organizations, such as the Japan Socialist Party and the Japanese Communist Party, quickly reestablished themselves, as did various conservative parties. The old Rikken Seiyūkai and Rikken Minseitō came back as, the Liberal Party (Nihon Jiyūtō) and the Japan Progressive Party (Nihon Shimpotō) respectively. The first postwar general election was held in 1946 (women were given the franchise for the first time in 1946), and the Liberal Party's vice president, Yoshida Shigeru (1878–1967), became prime minister. For the 1947 general election, anti-Yoshida forces left the Liberal Party and joined forces with the Progressive Party to establish the new Democratic Party (Minshutō). This divisiveness in conservative ranks gave a plurality to the Japan Socialist Party, which was allowed to form a cabinet, which lasted less than a year. Thereafter, the socialist party steadily declined in its electoral successes. After a short period of Democratic Party administration, Yoshida returned in late 1948 and continued to serve as prime minister until 1954. Even before Japan regained full sovereignty, the government had rehabilitated nearly 80,000 people who had been purged, many of whom returned to their former political and government positions. A debate over limitations on military spending and the sovereignty of the Emperor ensued, contributing to the great reduction in the Liberal Party's majority in the first post-occupation elections (October 1952). After several reorganizations of the armed forces, in 1954 the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) were established under a civilian director. Cold War realities and the hot war in nearby Korea also contributed significantly to the United States-influenced economic redevelopment, the suppression of communism, and the discouragement of organized labor in Japan during this period. Continual fragmentation of parties and a succession of minority governments led conservative forces to merge the Liberal Party (Jiyūtō) with the Japan Democratic Party (Nihon Minshutō), an offshoot of the earlier Democratic Party, to form the Liberal Democratic Party (Jiyū-Minshutō; LDP) in November 1955, called 1955 System. This party continuously held power from 1955 through 1993, except for a short while when it was replaced by a new minority government. LDP leadership was drawn from the elite who had seen Japan through the defeat and occupation. It attracted former bureaucrats, local politicians, businessmen, journalists, other professionals, farmers, and university graduates. In October 1955, socialist groups reunited under the Japan Socialist Party (JSP), which emerged as the second most powerful political force. It was followed closely in popularity by the Komeito, founded in 1964 as the political arm of the Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society), until 1991, a lay organization affiliated with the Nichiren Shōshū Buddhist sect. The Komeito emphasized the traditional Japanese beliefs and attracted urban laborers, former rural residents, and women. Like the Japan Socialist Party, it favored the gradual modification and dissolution of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact. Political developments since 1990 The LDP domination lasted until the National Diet Lower House general election on 18 July 1993, in which LDP failed to win a majority. A coalition of new parties and existing opposition parties formed a governing majority and elected a new non-LDP prime minister, Morihiro Hosokawa (leader of Japan New Party), in August 1993. His government's major legislative objective was political reform, consisting of a package of new political financing restrictions and major changes in the electoral system. The coalition succeeded in passing landmark political reform legislation in January 1994. In April 1994, Prime Minister Hosokawa resigned. Prime Minister Tsutomu Hata (leader of Japan Renewal Party) formed the successor coalition government, Japan's first minority government in almost 40 years. Prime Minister Hata resigned less than two months later. Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama (leader of JSP) formed the next government in June 1994 with the coalition of JSP, the LDP, and the small New Party Sakigake. The advent of a coalition containing the JSP and LDP shocked many observers because of their previously fierce rivalry. Prime Minister Murayama served from June 1994 to January 1996. He was succeeded by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto (president of the LDP), who served from January 1996 to July 1998. Prime Minister Hashimoto headed a loose coalition of three parties until the July 1998 Upper House election, when the two smaller parties cut ties with the LDP. Hashimoto resigned due to a poor electoral performance by the LDP in the Upper House elections. He was succeeded as party president of the LDP and prime minister by Keizō Obuchi, who took office on 30 July 1998. The LDP formed a governing coalition with the Liberal Party in January 1999, and Obuchi remained prime minister. The LDP-Liberal coalition expanded to include the New Komeito Party in October 1999. Political developments since 2000 Prime Minister Obuchi suffered a stroke in April 2000 and was replaced by Yoshirō Mori. After the Liberal Party left the coalition in April 2000, Prime Minister Mori welcomed a Liberal Party splinter group, the New Conservative Party, into the ruling coalition. The three-party coalition made up of the LDP, New Komeito, and the New Conservative Party maintained its majority in the Diet following the June 2000 Lower House elections. After a turbulent year in office in which he saw his approval ratings plummet to the single digits, Prime Minister Mori agreed to hold early elections for the LDP presidency in order to improve his party's chances in crucial July 2001 Upper House elections. On 24 April 2001, riding a wave of grassroots desire for change, maverick politician Junichiro Koizumi defeated former prime minister Hashimoto and other party stalwarts on a platform of economic and political reform. Koizumi was elected as Japan's 56th Prime Minister on 26 April 2001. On 11 October 2003, Prime Minister Koizumi dissolved the lower house and he was re-elected as the president of the LDP. Likewise, that year, the LDP won the general election, even though it suffered setbacks from the new opposition party, the liberal and social-democratic Democratic Party (DPJ). A similar event occurred during the 2004 Upper House election as well. In a strong move, on 8 August 2005, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi called for a snap general election to the lower house, as threatened, after LDP stalwarts and opposition DPJ parliamentarians defeated his proposal for a large-scale reform and privatization of Japan Post, which besides being Japan's state-owned postal monopoly is arguably the world's largest financial institution, with nearly 331 trillion yen of assets. The election was scheduled for 11 September 2005, with the LDP achieving a landslide victory under Junichiro Koizumi's leadership. The ruling LDP started losing hold in 2006. No prime minister except Koizumi had good public support. On 26 September 2006, the new LDP President Shinzo Abe was elected by a special session of the National Diet to succeed Junichiro Koizumi as the next prime minister. He was Japan's youngest post-World War II prime minister and the first born after the war. On 12 September 2007, Abe surprised Japan by announcing his resignation from office. He was replaced by Yasuo Fukuda, a veteran of LDP. In the meantime, on 4 November 2007, the leader of the main opposition party, Ichirō Ozawa announced his resignation from the post of party president, after controversy over an offer to the DPJ to join the ruling coalition in a grand coalition, but has since, with some embarrassment, rescinded his resignation. On 11 January 2008, Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda forced a bill allowing ships to continue a refueling mission in the Indian Ocean in support of US-led operations in Afghanistan. To do so, PM Fukuda used the LDP's overwhelming majority in the Lower House to ignore a previous "no-vote" of the opposition-controlled Upper House. This was the first time in 50 years that the Lower House voted to ignore the opinion of the Upper House. Fukuda resigned suddenly on 1 September 2008, just a few weeks after reshuffling his cabinet. On 1 September 2008, Fukuda's resignation was designed so that the LDP did not suffer a "power vacuum". It thus caused a leadership election within the LDP, and the winner, Tarō Asō (Shigeru Yoshida's grandson) was chosen as the new LDP president on 24 September 2008, he was appointed as the 92nd Prime Minister after the House of Representatives voted in his favor in the extraordinary session of the National Diet. Later, on 21 July 2009, Prime Minister Asō dissolved the House of Representatives and general election was held on 30 August. The election results for the House of Representatives were announced on 30 and 31 August 2009. The opposition party DPJ led by Yukio Hatoyama (Ichirō Hatoyama's grandson), won a majority by gaining 308 seats (10 seats were won by its allies the Social Democratic Party and the People's New Party). On 16 September 2009, the leader of DPJ, Hatoyama was elected by the House of Representatives as the 93rd Prime Minister of Japan. Political developments since 2010 This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018)On 2 June 2010, Hatoyama resigned due to lack of fulfillments of his policies, both domestically and internationally and soon after, on 8 June, Akihito, Emperor of Japan ceremonially swore in the newly elected DPJ's leader, Naoto Kan as the 94th prime minister. Kan suffered an early setback in the 2010 Japanese House of Councillors election. In a routine political change in Japan, DPJ's new leader and former finance minister of Kan Cabinet, Yoshihiko Noda was cleared and elected by the National Diet as 95th prime minister on 30 August 2011. He was officially appointed as prime minister in the attestation ceremony by Emperor Akihito at the Tokyo Imperial Palace on 2 September 2011. Noda dissolved the lower house on 16 November 2012 (as he failed to get support outside the Diet on various domestic issues i.e. consumption tax, nuclear energy) and general election was held on 16 December. The results were in favor of the LDP, which won an absolute majority in the leadership of former prime minister Shinzo Abe. He was appointed as the 96th Prime Minister of Japan on 26 December 2012. With the changing political situation, earlier in November 2014, Prime Minister Abe called for a fresh mandate for the Lower House. In an opinion poll the government failed to win public trust due to bad economic achievements in the two consecutive quarters and on the tax reforms. The general election was held on 14 December 2014, and the results were in favor of the LDP and its ally New Komeito. Together they managed to secure a huge majority by winning 325 seats for the Lower House. The opposition, DPJ, could not manage to provide alternatives to the voters with its policies and programs. "Abenomics", the ambitious self-titled fiscal policy of the current prime minister, managed to attract more voters in this election, many Japanese voters supported the policies. Shinzō Abe was sworn as the 97th prime minister on 24 December 2014 and would go ahead with his agenda of economic revitalization and structural reforms in Japan. Prime Minister Abe was elected again for a fourth term after the 2017 general election. It was a snap election called by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. Abe's ruling coalition won a clear majority with more than two-thirds of 465 seats in the lower house of Parliament (House of Representatives). The opposition was in deep political crisis. In July 2019, Japan had a national election. The ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) of Prime Minister Abe won a majority of seats in the upper house of Parliament (House of Councillors). However, Abe failed to achieve the two-thirds majority, and the ruling coalition could not amend the constitution. Political developments since 2020 On 28 August 2020 following reports of ill-health, Abe resigned citing health concerns, triggering a leadership election to replace him as prime minister. Abe was the longest-serving Prime Minister in the political history of Japan. After winning the leadership of the governing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga, a close ally of his predecessor, was elected as the 99th prime minister of Japan by the National Diet on 16 September 2020. He became the first prime minister appointed by Emperor Naruhito at the Tokyo Imperial Palace. Suga's response to the novel coronavirus pandemic, as the architect of the GoTo tourism program criticised for helping the virus spread, along with high case numbers in April 2021 ahead of the Tokyo Olympics has since negatively affected perceptions of his administration. On 2 September 2021, Suga announced that he would not seek reelection as LDP President, effectively ending his term as prime minister. On 4 October 2021, Fumio Kishida took office as new prime minister. Kishida was elected leader of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) previous week. He was officially confirmed as the 100th prime minister following a parliamentary vote with appointment by Emperor Naruhito at Tokyo Imperial Palace. On 31 October 2021, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) held onto its single party majority in the general election. On 8 July 2022, former prime minister Shinzo Abe was shot and killed at a campaign rally in Nara for the 2022 Japanese House of Councillors election. State funeral of Abe was held on 27 September at Nippon Budokan. 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Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ "Fumio Kishida takes office as Japan's new Prime Minister - CNN". 4 October 2021. ^ Park, Ju-min; Slodkowski, Antoni; Takenaka, Kiyoshi (November 2021). "Japan PM Kishida, strengthened by election win, lays out broad policy plans \| Reuters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021. ^ "Net Official Development Assistance In 2004" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2006. (32.9 KiB), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 11 April 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2006. ^ "Shinzo Abe: Japan ex-leader assassinated while giving speech". BBC News. 8 July 2022. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022. ^ "State funeral for Shinzo Abe held in Tokyo amid controversy". The Guardian. 27 September 2022. Further reading Curtis, Gerald (1999). The Logic of Japanese Politics: Leaders, Institutions, and the Limits of Change. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231502542. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Hattori, Ryuji (2019). Understanding History in Asia: What Diplomatic Documents Reveal. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Hosoya, Yuichi (2019). Security Politics in Japan: Legislation for a New Security Environment. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Iokibe, Makoto (2017). The History of US-Japan Relations: From Perry to the Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019. Kimura, Kan (2019). The Burden of the Past: Problems of Historical Perception in Japan-Korea Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Kitaoka, Shinichi (2018). The Political History of Modern Japan: Foreign Relations and Domestic Politics. Abingdon: Routledge. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Miyagi, Taizo (2017). Japan's Quest for Stability in Southeast Asia: Navigating the Turning Points in Postwar Asia. Abingdon: Routledge. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Neary, Ian (2019). The State and Politics in Japan, 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Polity. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Oros, Andrew (2017). Japan's Security Renaissance: New Policies and Politics for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231542593. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Sakai, Hidekazu and Sato Yoichiro (2017). Re-rising Japan: Its Strategic Power in International Relations. Bern: Peter Lang. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Serita, Kentaro (2018). The Territory of Japan: Its History and Legal Basis. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Smith, Sheila (2019). Japan Rearmed: The Politics of Military Power. Boston: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Tanaka, Akihiko (2017). Japan in Asia: Post-Cold-War Diplomacy. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. The Yomiuri Shimbun Political News Department (2017). Perspectives on Sino-Japanese Diplomatic Relations. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019. External links Electronic journal of contemporary japanese studies Archived 8 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine JapanesePolitics vteJapan articles Index Outline HistoryOverviews Lists Eras Clans Shoguns Wars Economic Education Foreign relations Military Naval Imperial Army Imperial Navy Ancient Paleolithic Jōmon period Yayoi period Kofun period Asuka period Taihō Code Asuka Kiyomihara Code Hakuhō period Taika Reform Monmu period Nara period Heian period Post-Classical Genpei War Kamakura period Kamakura shogunate Mongol invasions of Japan Genkō War Kenmu Restoration Muromachi period Ashikaga shogunate Nanboku-chō period Ōnin War Sengoku period Azuchi–Momoyama period Council of Five Elders Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) Early Modern Edo period Tokugawa shogunate Bakumatsu Empire of Japan Meiji era Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) Government Meiji oligarchy Meiji Restoration Abolition of the han system Boshin War Satsuma Rebellion Kazoku (noble) First Sino-Japanese War 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Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet_Building"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"dominant-party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant-party_system"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"},{"link_name":"parliamentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"head of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_power"},{"link_name":"Legislative power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_power"},{"link_name":"National Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"House of Councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Councillors"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Judicial power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_power"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"1947 Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Occupation of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Meiji Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)"},{"link_name":"post-war period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"1955 System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_System"},{"link_name":"occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"one-party state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"V-Dem Democracy indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vdem_dataset-6"}],"text":"The National Diet Building in TokyoPolitics of Japan are conducted in a framework of a dominant-party bicameral parliamentary constitutional monarchy, in which the Emperor is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government and the head of the Cabinet, which directs the executive branch.Legislative power is vested in the National Diet, which consists of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. The House of Representatives has eighteen standing committees ranging in size from 20 to 50 members and The House of Councillors has sixteen ranging from 10 to 45 members.[3]Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts, and sovereignty is vested in the people of Japan by the 1947 Constitution, which was written during the Occupation of Japan primarily by American officials and had replaced the previous Meiji Constitution. Japan is considered a constitutional monarchy with a system of civil law.Politics in Japan in the post-war period has largely been dominated by the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which has been in power almost continuously since its foundation in 1955, a phenomenon known as the 1955 System. Of the 31 prime ministers since the end of the country's occupation, 24 as well as the longest serving ones have been members of the LDP.[4] Consequently, Japan has been described as a de facto one-party state.[5] According to the V-Dem Democracy indices, Japan was the 23rd most electoral democratic country in the world as of 2023.[6]","title":"Politics of Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meiji Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Seventeen-article constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen-article_constitution"}],"text":"See also: Meiji Constitution and Seventeen-article constitution","title":"Constitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification"},{"link_name":"was forced upon Japan by the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"end of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TM-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TM-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Legitimacy","text":"The creation and ratification of this current document has been widely viewed by many geopolitical analysts and historians as one that was forced upon Japan by the United States after the end of World War II.[7]Although this \"imposition\" claim arose originally as a rallying cry among conservative politicians in favour of constitutional revision in the 1950s, and that it wasn't \"inherently Japanese\", it has also been supported by the research of several independent American and Japanese historians of the period.[7][8]A competing claim, which also emerged from the political maelstrom of the 1950s revision debate, holds that the ratification decision was actually the result of apparent \"collaboration\" between American occupation authorities, successive Japanese governments of the time, and private sector \"actors\".[9]","title":"Constitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KokyoL0059.jpg"},{"link_name":"Imperial Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"National Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet"},{"link_name":"Imperial Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_Throne"},{"link_name":"Imperial House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Law"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"appointed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Investiture"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"President of the party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)"}],"text":"The Imperial Palace in Tokyo has been the primary residence of the Emperor since 1869.Article 1 of the Constitution of Japan (日本国憲法, Nihon-koku kenpō) defines the Emperor (天皇, Tennō)[10] to be \"the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people\". He performs ceremonial duties and holds no real power. Political power is held mainly by the Prime Minister, Cabinet, and other elected members of the National Diet. The Imperial Throne is succeeded by a paternal male member of the Imperial House as designated by the Imperial Household Law.The chief of the executive branch and head of government, the Prime Minister (内閣総理大臣, Naikaku Sōri-Daijin), is appointed by the Emperor as directed by the National Diet. They are a member of either house of the National Diet and must be a civilian. The Cabinet (内閣, Naikaku) members are nominated by the Prime Minister, and are also required to be civilian. With the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in power, it has been convention that the President of the party serves as the Prime Minister.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"House of Councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Councillors"},{"link_name":"State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"House of Councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Councillors"},{"link_name":"JSP took control of the upper house in 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election"}],"text":"Japanese constitution states that the National Diet (国会, Kokkai), its law-making institution, shall consist of two Houses, namely the House of Representatives (衆議院, Shūgiin) and the House of Councillors (参議院, Sangiin). The Diet shall be the highest organ of state power, and shall be the sole law-making organ of the State. It states that both Houses shall consist of elected members, representative of all the people and that the number of the members of each House shall be fixed by law. Both houses pass legislation in identical form for it to become law. Similarly to other parliamentary systems, most legislation that is considered in the National Diet is proposed by the cabinet. The cabinet then relies on the expertise of the bureaucracy to draft actual bills.The lower house, the House of Representatives, the most powerful of the two, holds power over the government, being able to force its resignation. The lower house also has ultimate control of the passage of the budget, the ratification of treaties, and the selection of the Prime Minister. Its power over its sister house is, if a bill is passed by the lower house (the House of Representatives) but is voted down by the upper house (the House of Councillors), the ability to override the decision of the House of Councillors. Members of the lower house, as a result of the Prime Minister's power to dissolve them, more frequently serve for less than four years in any given terms.The upper house, the House of Councillors, is very weak and bills are sent to the House of Councillors only to be approved, not made. Members of the upper house are elected for six-year terms with half the members elected every three years.It is possible for different parties to control the lower house and the upper house, a situation referred to as a \"twisted Diet\", something that has become more common since the JSP took control of the upper house in 1989.","title":"Legislature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of political parties in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Elections in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"presidents of the LDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)"}],"text":"Further information: List of political parties in Japan and Elections in JapanSeveral political parties exist in Japan. However, the politics of Japan have primarily been dominated by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) since 1955, with the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) playing an important role as the opposition several times. The DPJ was the ruling party from 2009 to 2012 with the LDP as the opposition. The LDP was the ruling party for decades since 1955, despite the existence of multiple parties. Most of the prime ministers (presidents of the LDP) were elected from inner factions of the LDP.","title":"Political parties and elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Councillors","title":"Political parties and elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:49th_Japanese_General_Election_Cartogram.svg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Japan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party For the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_For_the_People"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurry_2021-14"}],"sub_title":"House of Representatives","text":"Constituency CartogramMany polls had predicted a weakened LDP or even a complete loss of government control in the elections,[11] with one poll by The Japan Times suggesting the party would lose around 40 seats. Though the LDP did lose 25 seats compared to the previous elections, they comfortably maintained their single-party majority in the Diet.[12][13]The opposition coalition of CDP, JCP, SDP and Reiwa Shinsengumi failed to increase its seat share, suffering a net loss of thirteen seats compared to the outgoing parliament. The CDP itself remained the largest opposition party, finishing second with 96 seats; although this marked an increase on the 55 seats won by the original CDP in the 2017 elections, the party had held 109 seats going into the elections following the merger with the Democratic Party For the People. The JCP lost two seats going from 12 to 10, the SDP kept its one constituency seat in Okinawa, and Reiwa Shinsengumi increased its seats from one prior to the election to three.The Osaka-based Nippon Ishin no Kai saw a strong third-place finish with 41 seats, a net gain of 30. The party won all seats in Osaka prefecture, except for four where they did not stand a candidate. The party also finished first in the Kinki Proportional Block.[14]","title":"Political parties and elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By prefecture","title":"Political parties and elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By PR block","title":"Political parties and elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Party-list vote by prefecture","title":"Political parties and elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elite bureaucracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_of_Japan"}],"text":"Despite an increasingly unpredictable domestic and international environment, policy making conforms to well established postwar patterns. The close collaboration of the ruling party, the elite bureaucracy and important interest groups often make it difficult to tell who exactly is responsible for specific policy decisions.","title":"Policy making"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial policy of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_policy_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Mass media and politics in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_and_politics_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"nemawashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemawashi"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Zenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Zenko"},{"link_name":"Keidanren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keidanren"},{"link_name":"Doko Toshio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doko_Toshio"},{"link_name":"state-owned railroad and telephone systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_public_corporations"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)"}],"sub_title":"Policy development in Japan","text":"See also: Industrial policy of Japan, Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan, and Mass media and politics in JapanAfter a largely informal process within elite circles in which ideas were discussed and developed, steps might be taken to institute more formal policy development. This process often took place in deliberation councils (shingikai). There were about 200 shingikai, each attached to a ministry; their members were both officials and prominent private individuals in business, education, and other fields. The shingikai played a large role in facilitating communication among those who ordinarily might not meet.Given the tendency for real negotiations in Japan to be conducted privately (in the nemawashi, or root binding, process of consensus building), the shingikai often represented a fairly advanced stage in policy formulation in which relatively minor differences could be thrashed out and the resulting decisions couched in language acceptable to all. These bodies were legally established but had no authority to oblige governments to adopt their recommendations. The most important deliberation council during the 1980s was the Provisional Commission for Administrative Reform, established in March 1981 by Prime Minister Suzuki Zenko. The commission had nine members, assisted in their deliberations by six advisers, twenty-one \"expert members,\" and around fifty \"councillors\" representing a wide range of groups. Its head, Keidanren president Doko Toshio, insisted that the government agree to take its recommendations seriously and commit itself to reforming the administrative structure and the tax system.In 1982, the commission had arrived at several recommendations that by the end of the decade had been actualized. These implementations included tax reform, a policy to limit government growth, the establishment in 1984 of the Management and Coordination Agency to replace the Administrative Management Agency in the Office of the Prime Minister, and privatization of the state-owned railroad and telephone systems. In April 1990, another deliberation council, the Election Systems Research Council, submitted proposals that included the establishment of single-seat constituencies in place of the multiple-seat system.Another significant policy-making institution in the early 1990s was the Liberal Democratic Party's Policy Research Council. It consisted of a number of committees, composed of LDP Diet members, with the committees corresponding to the different executive agencies. Committee members worked closely with their official counterparts, advancing the requests of their constituents, in one of the most effective means through which interest groups could state their case to the bureaucracy through the channel of the ruling party.","title":"Policy making"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allied occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing"},{"link_name":"Japan Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Japanese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"Rikken Seiyūkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai"},{"link_name":"Rikken Minseitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikken_Minseit%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Nihon Jiyūtō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nihon_Jiy%C5%ABt%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Japan Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"first postwar general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"women were given the franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"Yoshida Shigeru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshida_Shigeru"},{"link_name":"1947 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"military spending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_budget_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"sovereignty of the Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_regarding_the_role_of_the_Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"first post-occupation elections (October 1952)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Japan Self-Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"economic redevelopment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"organized labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_labor"},{"link_name":"minority governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_government"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"1955 System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_System"},{"link_name":"Japan Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Komeito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeito"},{"link_name":"Soka Gakkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soka_Gakkai"},{"link_name":"Nichiren Shōshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Japan Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan"}],"text":"Political parties had begun to revive almost immediately after the Allied occupation began because of surrender of Japan in World War II. Left-wing organizations, such as the Japan Socialist Party and the Japanese Communist Party, quickly reestablished themselves, as did various conservative parties. The old Rikken Seiyūkai and Rikken Minseitō came back as, the Liberal Party (Nihon Jiyūtō) and the Japan Progressive Party (Nihon Shimpotō) respectively. The first postwar general election was held in 1946 (women were given the franchise for the first time in 1946), and the Liberal Party's vice president, Yoshida Shigeru (1878–1967), became prime minister.For the 1947 general election, anti-Yoshida forces left the Liberal Party and joined forces with the Progressive Party to establish the new Democratic Party (Minshutō). This divisiveness in conservative ranks gave a plurality to the Japan Socialist Party, which was allowed to form a cabinet, which lasted less than a year. Thereafter, the socialist party steadily declined in its electoral successes. After a short period of Democratic Party administration, Yoshida returned in late 1948 and continued to serve as prime minister until 1954.Even before Japan regained full sovereignty, the government had rehabilitated nearly 80,000 people who had been purged, many of whom returned to their former political and government positions. A debate over limitations on military spending and the sovereignty of the Emperor ensued, contributing to the great reduction in the Liberal Party's majority in the first post-occupation elections (October 1952). After several reorganizations of the armed forces, in 1954 the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) were established under a civilian director. Cold War realities and the hot war in nearby Korea also contributed significantly to the United States-influenced economic redevelopment, the suppression of communism, and the discouragement of organized labor in Japan during this period.Continual fragmentation of parties and a succession of minority governments led conservative forces to merge the Liberal Party (Jiyūtō) with the Japan Democratic Party (Nihon Minshutō), an offshoot of the earlier Democratic Party, to form the Liberal Democratic Party (Jiyū-Minshutō; LDP) in November 1955, called 1955 System. This party continuously held power from 1955 through 1993, except for a short while when it was replaced by a new minority government. LDP leadership was drawn from the elite who had seen Japan through the defeat and occupation. It attracted former bureaucrats, local politicians, businessmen, journalists, other professionals, farmers, and university graduates.In October 1955, socialist groups reunited under the Japan Socialist Party (JSP), which emerged as the second most powerful political force. It was followed closely in popularity by the Komeito, founded in 1964 as the political arm of the Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society), until 1991, a lay organization affiliated with the Nichiren Shōshū Buddhist sect. The Komeito emphasized the traditional Japanese beliefs and attracted urban laborers, former rural residents, and women. Like the Japan Socialist Party, it favored the gradual modification and dissolution of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact.","title":"Post-war political developments in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lower House general election on 18 July 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_government"},{"link_name":"coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_government"},{"link_name":"Morihiro Hosokawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihiro_Hosokawa"},{"link_name":"Japan New Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_New_Party"},{"link_name":"electoral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_system"},{"link_name":"Tsutomu Hata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsutomu_Hata"},{"link_name":"Japan Renewal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Renewal_Party"},{"link_name":"Tomiichi Murayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama"},{"link_name":"New Party Sakigake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Party_Sakigake"},{"link_name":"Ryutaro Hashimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryutaro_Hashimoto"},{"link_name":"July 1998 Upper House election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election"},{"link_name":"Keizō Obuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiz%C5%8D_Obuchi"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_of_Japan_(1998)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The LDP domination lasted until the National Diet Lower House general election on 18 July 1993, in which LDP failed to win a majority. A coalition of new parties and existing opposition parties formed a governing majority and elected a new non-LDP prime minister, Morihiro Hosokawa (leader of Japan New Party), in August 1993. His government's major legislative objective was political reform, consisting of a package of new political financing restrictions and major changes in the electoral system. The coalition succeeded in passing landmark political reform legislation in January 1994.In April 1994, Prime Minister Hosokawa resigned. Prime Minister Tsutomu Hata (leader of Japan Renewal Party) formed the successor coalition government, Japan's first minority government in almost 40 years. Prime Minister Hata resigned less than two months later. Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama (leader of JSP) formed the next government in June 1994 with the coalition of JSP, the LDP, and the small New Party Sakigake. The advent of a coalition containing the JSP and LDP shocked many observers because of their previously fierce rivalry.Prime Minister Murayama served from June 1994 to January 1996. He was succeeded by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto (president of the LDP), who served from January 1996 to July 1998. Prime Minister Hashimoto headed a loose coalition of three parties until the July 1998 Upper House election, when the two smaller parties cut ties with the LDP. Hashimoto resigned due to a poor electoral performance by the LDP in the Upper House elections. He was succeeded as party president of the LDP and prime minister by Keizō Obuchi, who took office on 30 July 1998. The LDP formed a governing coalition with the Liberal Party in January 1999, and Obuchi remained prime minister. The LDP-Liberal coalition expanded to include the New Komeito Party in October 1999.","title":"Political developments since 1990"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yoshirō Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshir%C5%8D_Mori"},{"link_name":"New Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Conservative_Party_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"July 2001 Upper House elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election"},{"link_name":"Junichiro Koizumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Japan_general_election"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"social-democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-democratic"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"2004 Upper House election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election"},{"link_name":"Junichiro Koizumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi"},{"link_name":"snap general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Japan_general_election"},{"link_name":"Japan Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Post"},{"link_name":"Junichiro Koizumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi"},{"link_name":"Shinzo Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Abe"},{"link_name":"Junichiro Koizumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi"},{"link_name":"Yasuo Fukuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuo_Fukuda"},{"link_name":"Ichirō Ozawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Ozawa"},{"link_name":"grand coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_coalition"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Yasuo Fukuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuo_Fukuda"},{"link_name":"Tarō Asō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Yukio Hatoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukio_Hatoyama"},{"link_name":"Ichirō Hatoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"}],"text":"Prime Minister Obuchi suffered a stroke in April 2000 and was replaced by Yoshirō Mori. After the Liberal Party left the coalition in April 2000, Prime Minister Mori welcomed a Liberal Party splinter group, the New Conservative Party, into the ruling coalition. The three-party coalition made up of the LDP, New Komeito, and the New Conservative Party maintained its majority in the Diet following the June 2000 Lower House elections.After a turbulent year in office in which he saw his approval ratings plummet to the single digits, Prime Minister Mori agreed to hold early elections for the LDP presidency in order to improve his party's chances in crucial July 2001 Upper House elections. On 24 April 2001, riding a wave of grassroots desire for change, maverick politician Junichiro Koizumi defeated former prime minister Hashimoto and other party stalwarts on a platform of economic and political reform.Koizumi was elected as Japan's 56th Prime Minister on 26 April 2001. On 11 October 2003, Prime Minister Koizumi dissolved the lower house and he was re-elected as the president of the LDP. Likewise, that year, the LDP won the general election, even though it suffered setbacks from the new opposition party, the liberal and social-democratic Democratic Party (DPJ). A similar event occurred during the 2004 Upper House election as well.In a strong move, on 8 August 2005, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi called for a snap general election to the lower house, as threatened, after LDP stalwarts and opposition DPJ parliamentarians defeated his proposal for a large-scale reform and privatization of Japan Post, which besides being Japan's state-owned postal monopoly is arguably the world's largest financial institution, with nearly 331 trillion yen of assets. The election was scheduled for 11 September 2005, with the LDP achieving a landslide victory under Junichiro Koizumi's leadership.The ruling LDP started losing hold in 2006. No prime minister except Koizumi had good public support. On 26 September 2006, the new LDP President Shinzo Abe was elected by a special session of the National Diet to succeed Junichiro Koizumi as the next prime minister. He was Japan's youngest post-World War II prime minister and the first born after the war. On 12 September 2007, Abe surprised Japan by announcing his resignation from office. He was replaced by Yasuo Fukuda, a veteran of LDP.In the meantime, on 4 November 2007, the leader of the main opposition party, Ichirō Ozawa announced his resignation from the post of party president, after controversy over an offer to the DPJ to join the ruling coalition in a grand coalition,[15] but has since, with some embarrassment, rescinded his resignation.On 11 January 2008, Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda forced a bill allowing ships to continue a refueling mission in the Indian Ocean in support of US-led operations in Afghanistan. To do so, PM Fukuda used the LDP's overwhelming majority in the Lower House to ignore a previous \"no-vote\" of the opposition-controlled Upper House. This was the first time in 50 years that the Lower House voted to ignore the opinion of the Upper House. Fukuda resigned suddenly on 1 September 2008, just a few weeks after reshuffling his cabinet. On 1 September 2008, Fukuda's resignation was designed so that the LDP did not suffer a \"power vacuum\". It thus caused a leadership election within the LDP, and the winner, Tarō Asō (Shigeru Yoshida's grandson) was chosen as the new LDP president on 24 September 2008, he was appointed as the 92nd Prime Minister after the House of Representatives voted in his favor in the extraordinary session of the National Diet.[16]Later, on 21 July 2009, Prime Minister Asō dissolved the House of Representatives and general election was held on 30 August.[17]\nThe election results for the House of Representatives were announced on 30 and 31 August 2009. The opposition party DPJ led by Yukio Hatoyama (Ichirō Hatoyama's grandson), won a majority by gaining 308 seats (10 seats were won by its allies the Social Democratic Party and the People's New Party). On 16 September 2009, the leader of DPJ, Hatoyama was elected by the House of Representatives as the 93rd Prime Minister of Japan.","title":"Political developments since 2000"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Akihito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihito"},{"link_name":"newly elected DPJ's leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2010_Democratic_Party_(Japan,_1998)_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"Naoto Kan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoto_Kan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2010 Japanese House of Councillors election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election"},{"link_name":"finance minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Yoshihiko Noda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiko_Noda"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Imperial Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"consumption tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_tax"},{"link_name":"nuclear energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Shinzo Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Abe"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhk.or.jp-23"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Abenomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenomics"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhk.or.jp-23"},{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"national election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election"},{"link_name":"House of Councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Councillors"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"On 2 June 2010, Hatoyama resigned due to lack of fulfillments of his policies, both domestically and internationally[18] and soon after, on 8 June, Akihito, Emperor of Japan ceremonially swore in the newly elected DPJ's leader, Naoto Kan as the 94th prime minister.[19] Kan suffered an early setback in the 2010 Japanese House of Councillors election. In a routine political change in Japan, DPJ's new leader and former finance minister of Kan Cabinet, Yoshihiko Noda was cleared and elected by the National Diet as 95th prime minister on 30 August 2011. He was officially appointed as prime minister in the attestation ceremony by Emperor Akihito at the Tokyo Imperial Palace on 2 September 2011.[20]Noda dissolved the lower house on 16 November 2012 (as he failed to get support outside the Diet on various domestic issues i.e. consumption tax, nuclear energy) and general election was held on 16 December. The results were in favor of the LDP, which won an absolute majority in the leadership of former prime minister Shinzo Abe.[21] He was appointed as the 96th Prime Minister of Japan on 26 December 2012.[22] With the changing political situation, earlier in November 2014, Prime Minister Abe called for a fresh mandate for the Lower House. In an opinion poll the government failed to win public trust due to bad economic achievements in the two consecutive quarters and on the tax reforms.[23]The general election was held on 14 December 2014, and the results were in favor of the LDP and its ally New Komeito. Together they managed to secure a huge majority by winning 325 seats for the Lower House. The opposition, DPJ, could not manage to provide alternatives to the voters with its policies and programs. \"Abenomics\", the ambitious self-titled fiscal policy of the current prime minister, managed to attract more voters in this election, many Japanese voters supported the policies. Shinzō Abe was sworn as the 97th prime minister on 24 December 2014 and would go ahead with his agenda of economic revitalization and structural reforms in Japan.[23]Prime Minister Abe was elected again for a fourth term after the 2017 general election.[24] It was a snap election called by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.[25] Abe's ruling coalition won a clear majority with more than two-thirds of 465 seats in the lower house of Parliament (House of Representatives). The opposition was in deep political crisis.[26]In July 2019, Japan had a national election. The ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) of Prime Minister Abe won a majority of seats in the upper house of Parliament (House of Councillors). However, Abe failed to achieve the two-thirds majority, and the ruling coalition could not amend the constitution.[27]","title":"Political developments since 2010"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leadership election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Chief Cabinet Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Cabinet_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Yoshihide Suga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Naruhito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhito"},{"link_name":"novel coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Olympics_2020"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"reelection as LDP President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Fumio Kishida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumio_Kishida"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"former prime minister Shinzo Abe was shot and killed at a campaign rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe"},{"link_name":"Nara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_(city)"},{"link_name":"2022 Japanese House of Councillors election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Nippon Budokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Budokan"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"On 28 August 2020 following reports of ill-health, Abe resigned citing health concerns, triggering a leadership election to replace him as prime minister.[28] Abe was the longest-serving Prime Minister in the political history of Japan.[29]After winning the leadership of the governing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga, a close ally of his predecessor, was elected as the 99th prime minister of Japan by the National Diet on 16 September 2020.[30] He became the first prime minister appointed by Emperor Naruhito at the Tokyo Imperial Palace. Suga's response to the novel coronavirus pandemic, as the architect of the GoTo tourism program criticised for helping the virus spread,[31] along with high case numbers in April 2021 ahead of the Tokyo Olympics has since negatively affected perceptions of his administration.[32] On 2 September 2021, Suga announced that he would not seek reelection as LDP President, effectively ending his term as prime minister.[33] On 4 October 2021, Fumio Kishida took office as new prime minister. Kishida was elected leader of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) previous week. He was officially confirmed as the 100th prime minister following a parliamentary vote with appointment by Emperor Naruhito at Tokyo Imperial Palace.[34] On 31 October 2021, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) held onto its single party majority in the general election.[35][36]On 8 July 2022, former prime minister Shinzo Abe was shot and killed at a campaign rally in Nara for the 2022 Japanese House of Councillors election.[37] State funeral of Abe was held on 27 September at Nippon Budokan.[38]","title":"Political developments since 2020"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Logic of Japanese Politics: Leaders, Institutions, and the Limits of Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cup.columbia.edu/book/the-logic-of-japanese-politics/9780231108423"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780231502542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231502542"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190527081139/https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-logic-of-japanese-politics/9780231108423"},{"link_name":"Understanding History in Asia: What Diplomatic Documents Reveal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190527082923/https://japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/429746cfa338027b71d2e5dd936d6dc58d2fc0a9.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/429746cfa338027b71d2e5dd936d6dc58d2fc0a9.html"},{"link_name":"Security Politics in Japan: Legislation for a New Security Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190527081400/https://japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/48a1b379eea7386af5180ddf9976c07592f7a931.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/48a1b379eea7386af5180ddf9976c07592f7a931.html"},{"link_name":"The History of US-Japan Relations: From Perry to the Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190603071757/https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9789811031830"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9789811031830"},{"link_name":"The Burden of the Past: Problems of Historical Perception in Japan-Korea Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190527082924/https://www.press.umich.edu/10006543/burden_of_the_past"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.press.umich.edu/10006543/burden_of_the_past"},{"link_name":"The Political History of Modern Japan: Foreign Relations and Domestic Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.routledge.com/The-Political-History-of-Modern-Japan-Foreign-Relations-and-Domestic-Politics/Shinichi-Eldridge-Leonard/p/book/9781138337671"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190527115659/https://www.routledge.com/The-Political-History-of-Modern-Japan-Foreign-Relations-and-Domestic-Politics/Shinichi-Eldridge-Leonard/p/book/9781138337671"},{"link_name":"Japan's Quest for Stability in Southeast Asia: Navigating the Turning Points in Postwar Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.routledge.com/Japans-Quest-for-Stability-in-Southeast-Asia-Navigating-the-Turning-Points/Miyagi/p/book/9781138103726"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190527085636/https://www.routledge.com/Japans-Quest-for-Stability-in-Southeast-Asia-Navigating-the-Turning-Points/Miyagi/p/book/9781138103726"},{"link_name":"The State and Politics in Japan, 2nd Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9780745660479"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200509232557/https://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9780745660479"},{"link_name":"Japan's Security Renaissance: New Policies and Politics for the Twenty-First Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cup.columbia.edu/book/japans-security-renaissance/9780231172615"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780231542593","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231542593"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190527081150/https://cup.columbia.edu/book/japans-security-renaissance/9780231172615"},{"link_name":"Re-rising Japan: Its Strategic Power in International Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190527081136/https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/64338"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.peterlang.com/view/title/64338"},{"link_name":"The Territory of Japan: Its History and Legal Basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190527081133/https://japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/politicalscience/001894.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/politicalscience/001894.html"},{"link_name":"Japan Rearmed: The Politics of Military Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190608070359/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674987647"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674987647"},{"link_name":"Japan in Asia: Post-Cold-War Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190527081130/https://japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/politicalscience/001847.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/politicalscience/001847.html"},{"link_name":"Perspectives on Sino-Japanese Diplomatic Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190527082923/https://japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/politicalscience/001821.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//japanlibrary.jpic.or.jp/books/published/politicalscience/001821.html"}],"text":"Curtis, Gerald (1999). The Logic of Japanese Politics: Leaders, Institutions, and the Limits of Change. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231502542. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.\nHattori, Ryuji (2019). Understanding History in Asia: What Diplomatic Documents Reveal. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.\nHosoya, Yuichi (2019). Security Politics in Japan: Legislation for a New Security Environment. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.\nIokibe, Makoto (2017). The History of US-Japan Relations: From Perry to the Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.\nKimura, Kan (2019). The Burden of the Past: Problems of Historical Perception in Japan-Korea Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.\nKitaoka, Shinichi (2018). The Political History of Modern Japan: Foreign Relations and Domestic Politics. Abingdon: Routledge. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.\nMiyagi, Taizo (2017). Japan's Quest for Stability in Southeast Asia: Navigating the Turning Points in Postwar Asia. Abingdon: Routledge. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.\nNeary, Ian (2019). The State and Politics in Japan, 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Polity. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2019.\nOros, Andrew (2017). Japan's Security Renaissance: New Policies and Politics for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231542593. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.\nSakai, Hidekazu and Sato Yoichiro (2017). Re-rising Japan: Its Strategic Power in International Relations. Bern: Peter Lang. 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Retrieved 27 May 2019.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The National Diet Building in Tokyo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/National_Diet_Building.jpg/220px-National_Diet_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Imperial Palace in Tokyo has been the primary residence of the Emperor since 1869.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KokyoL0059.jpg/220px-KokyoL0059.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Liberal_Democratic_Party_%28Japan%29-2021.svg/350px-Liberal_Democratic_Party_%28Japan%29-2021.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_of_Japan-2021.svg/350px-Constitutional_Democratic_Party_of_Japan-2021.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nippon_Ishin_no_Kai-2021.svg/350px-Nippon_Ishin_no_Kai-2021.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/K%C5%8Dmeit%C5%8D-2021.svg/350px-K%C5%8Dmeit%C5%8D-2021.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Japanese_Communist_Party-2021.svg/350px-Japanese_Communist_Party-2021.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Democratic_Party_for_the_People-2021.svg/350px-Democratic_Party_for_the_People-2021.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Reiwa_Shinsengumi-2021.svg/350px-Reiwa_Shinsengumi-2021.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Constituency Cartogram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/49th_Japanese_General_Election_Cartogram.svg/350px-49th_Japanese_General_Election_Cartogram.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Foreign relations of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan"},{"title":"Government of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Japan"},{"title":"Law of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Japan"},{"title":"Liberalism in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan"},{"title":"Honebuto no hōshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honebuto_no_h%C5%8Dshin"},{"title":"Neoconservatism in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan"},{"title":"Political extremism in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_extremism_in_Japan"},{"title":"Political status of women in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Japan#Political_status_of_women"}]	[{"reference":"Japan: A Country Study. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perivolia_Municipal_Stadium	Perivolia Municipal Stadium	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°29′14.10″N 24°00′02.00″E / 35.4872500°N 24.0005556°E / 35.4872500; 24.0005556Perivolia Municipal StadiumΔημοτικό Στάδιο ΠεριβολίωνFull namePerivolia Municipal StadiumLocationChania, Crete, GreeceCoordinates35°29′14.10″N 24°00′02.00″E / 35.4872500°N 24.0005556°E / 35.4872500; 24.0005556OwnerMunicipality Of ChaniaOperatorMunicipal Authority Of ChaniaCapacity4,527Record attendance4,041 (16 September 2012)Field size105 x 68 mSurfaceGrassScoreboardYesConstructionBuilt1959Construction cost600,000 € (2012 Renovation)TenantsChania FC Perivolia Municipal Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Mournies, Chania, Greece. From the 2012-2013 season, Platanias FC were based at Perivolia Municipal Stadium, which led to extensive upgrading and modernization work at all levels during the summer of 2012, to meet in full all obligations set by the organizing principle of the Greek Super League. Since then, the Municipal stadium has "transformed" into a modern football stadium, with two tiers (one of them covered), journalists bays, brand-new change rooms for athletes and referees (female assistants have separate changing rooms), clinic, gym, comfortable offices for observers, room for press conferences, and other facilities. Platanias FC spent 6 years in the top tier Greek Super League from 2012-2013 until their relegation after 2017-2018. From the 2017-2018 season, Chania FC are also based at Perivolia Municipal Stadium following the merger of AO Chania and PGS Kissamikos. Chania FC is now the sole representative for the Chania region following the dissolution of Platanias FC in 2021. References ″Chania, Mournies (2012) Perivolia Stadium″ External links vtePlatanias Football Club Players Managers History History of Platanias F.C. Stadium Perivolia Municipal Stadium Website fcplatanias.gr vteChania Football Club Players Managers History History of Chania F.C. Home Stadium Perivolia Municipal Stadium Website chaniafc.gr 35°29′14.10″N 24°00′02.00″E / 35.4872500°N 24.0005556°E / 35.4872500; 24.0005556 This article about a Greek sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-purpose stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium"},{"link_name":"Mournies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mournies"},{"link_name":"Chania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chania"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Platanias FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanias_F.C."},{"link_name":"Greek Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_Greece"},{"link_name":"Chania FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chania_FC"},{"link_name":"Chania region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)"}],"text":"Perivolia Municipal Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Mournies, Chania, Greece.From the 2012-2013 season, Platanias FC were based at Perivolia Municipal Stadium, which led to extensive upgrading and modernization work at all levels during the summer of 2012, to meet in full all obligations set by the organizing principle of the Greek Super League.Since then, the Municipal stadium has \"transformed\" into a modern football stadium, with two tiers (one of them covered), journalists bays, brand-new change rooms for athletes and referees (female assistants have separate changing rooms), clinic, gym, comfortable offices for observers, room for press conferences, and other facilities.Platanias FC spent 6 years in the top tier Greek Super League from 2012-2013 until their relegation after 2017-2018.From the 2017-2018 season, Chania FC are also based at Perivolia Municipal Stadium following the merger of AO Chania and PGS Kissamikos.Chania FC is now the sole representative for the Chania region following the dissolution of Platanias FC in 2021.","title":"Perivolia Municipal Stadium"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perivolia_Municipal_Stadium&params=35_29_14.10_N_24_00_02.00_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°29′14.10″N 24°00′02.00″E / 35.4872500°N 24.0005556°E / 35.4872500; 24.0005556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perivolia_Municipal_Stadium&params=35_29_14.10_N_24_00_02.00_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°29′14.10″N 24°00′02.00″E / 35.4872500°N 24.0005556°E / 35.4872500; 24.0005556"},{"Link":"http://www.fcplatanias.gr/?page_id=68","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.fcplatanias.gr/","external_links_name":"fcplatanias.gr"},{"Link":"http://chaniafc.gr/","external_links_name":"chaniafc.gr"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perivolia_Municipal_Stadium&params=35_29_14.10_N_24_00_02.00_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°29′14.10″N 24°00′02.00″E / 35.4872500°N 24.0005556°E / 35.4872500; 24.0005556"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perivolia_Municipal_Stadium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serralunga_di_Crea	Serralunga di Crea	["1 References","2 External links"]	Comune in Piedmont, ItalySerralunga di CreaComuneComune di Serralunga di CreaSacro Monte di Crea, Paradise Chapel. Coat of armsLocation of Serralunga di Crea Serralunga di CreaLocation of Serralunga di Crea in ItalyShow map of ItalySerralunga di CreaSerralunga di Crea (Piedmont)Show map of PiedmontCoordinates: 45°6′N 8°17′E / 45.100°N 8.283°E / 45.100; 8.283CountryItalyRegionPiedmontProvinceAlessandria (AL)FrazioniMadonnina, Forneglio, CastellazzoGovernment • MayorGiancarlo BertoArea • Total8.79 km2 (3.39 sq mi)Elevation240 m (790 ft)Population (30 June 2009) • Total591 • Density67/km2 (170/sq mi)DemonymSerralunghesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code15020Dialing code0142Saint dayAugust 5 Serralunga di Crea (Piedmontese: Seralonga 'd Crea) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of Turin and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Alessandria. It is most famous for the Sacro Monte di Crea, a site of pilgrimage and worship close to it. Serralunga di Crea borders the following municipalities: Cereseto, Mombello Monferrato, Pontestura, Ponzano Monferrato, and Solonghello. References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat. External links Official web site for European Sacred Mountains (in English) vtePiedmont · Comuni of the Province of Alessandria Acqui Terme Albera Ligure Alessandria Alfiano Natta Alice Bel Colle Alluvioni Piovera Altavilla Monferrato Alzano Scrivia Arquata Scrivia Avolasca Balzola Basaluzzo Bassignana Belforte Monferrato Bergamasco Berzano di Tortona Bistagno Borghetto di Borbera Borgo San Martino Borgoratto Alessandrino Bosco Marengo Bosio Bozzole Brignano-Frascata Cabella Ligure Camagna Monferrato Camino Cantalupo Ligure Capriata d'Orba Carbonara Scrivia Carentino Carezzano Carpeneto Carrega Ligure Carrosio Cartosio Casal Cermelli Casale Monferrato Casaleggio Boiro Casalnoceto Casasco Cassano Spinola Cassine Cassinelle Castellania Coppi Castellar Guidobono Castellazzo Bormida Castelletto Merli Castelletto Monferrato Castelletto d'Erro Castelletto d'Orba Castelnuovo Bormida Castelnuovo Scrivia Castelspina Cavatore Cella Monte Cereseto Cerreto Grue Cerrina Monferrato Coniolo Conzano Costa Vescovato Cremolino Denice Dernice Fabbrica Curone Felizzano Fraconalto Francavilla Bisio Frascaro Frassinello Monferrato Frassineto Po Fresonara Frugarolo Fubine Monferrato Gabiano Gamalero Garbagna Gavi Giarole Gremiasco Grognardo Grondona Guazzora Isola Sant'Antonio Lerma Lu e Cuccaro Monferrato Malvicino Masio Melazzo Merana Mirabello Monferrato Molare Molino dei Torti Mombello Monferrato Momperone Moncestino Mongiardino Ligure Monleale Montacuto Montaldeo Montaldo Bormida Montecastello Montechiaro d'Acqui Montegioco Montemarzino Morano sul Po Morbello Mornese Morsasco Murisengo Novi Ligure Occimiano Odalengo Grande Odalengo Piccolo Olivola Orsara Bormida Ottiglio Ovada Oviglio Ozzano Monferrato Paderna Pareto Parodi Ligure Pasturana Pecetto di Valenza Pietra Marazzi Pomaro Monferrato Pontecurone Pontestura Ponti Ponzano Monferrato Ponzone Pozzol Groppo Pozzolo Formigaro Prasco Predosa Quargnento Quattordio Ricaldone Rivalta Bormida Rivarone Rocca Grimalda Roccaforte Ligure Rocchetta Ligure Rosignano Monferrato Sala Monferrato Sale San Cristoforo San Giorgio Monferrato San Salvatore Monferrato San Sebastiano Curone Sant'Agata Fossili Sardigliano Sarezzano Serralunga di Crea Serravalle Scrivia Sezzadio Silvano d'Orba Solero Solonghello Spigno Monferrato Spineto Scrivia Stazzano Strevi Tagliolo Monferrato Tassarolo Terruggia Terzo Ticineto Tortona Treville Trisobbio Valenza Valmacca Vignale Monferrato Vignole Borbera Viguzzolo Villadeati Villalvernia Villamiroglio Villanova Monferrato Villaromagnano Visone Volpedo Volpeglino Voltaggio Authority control databases VIAF This article on a location in the Province of Alessandria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piedmontese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmontese_language"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Alessandria"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria"},{"link_name":"Sacro Monte di Crea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacro_Monte_di_Crea"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Cereseto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereseto"},{"link_name":"Mombello Monferrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombello_Monferrato"},{"link_name":"Pontestura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontestura"},{"link_name":"Ponzano Monferrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzano_Monferrato"},{"link_name":"Solonghello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solonghello"}],"text":"Serralunga di Crea (Piedmontese: Seralonga 'd Crea) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of Turin and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Alessandria.It is most famous for the Sacro Monte di Crea, a site of pilgrimage and worship close to it.Serralunga di Crea borders the following municipalities: Cereseto, Mombello Monferrato, Pontestura, Ponzano Monferrato, and Solonghello.","title":"Serralunga di Crea"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Serralunga_di_Crea&params=45_6_N_8_17_E_type:city(627)_region:IT","external_links_name":"45°6′N 8°17′E / 45.100°N 8.283°E / 45.100; 8.283"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.sacrimonti.net/User/index.php?PAGE=Sito_it/Catalogo_eng","external_links_name":"Official web site for European Sacred Mountains"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/243524664","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serralunga_di_Crea&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Workman	Lance Workman	["1 Education","2 Works","3 Appearances","4 Books","5 References","6 External links"]	British psychologist This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (February 2019) Lance Workman is a British psychologist whose specialisms include biological psychology, clinical psychology, and evolutionary psychology. He currently teaches on the psychology undergraduate programme at Bath Spa University. He is an Associate Fellow of and a Chartered Psychologist with the British Psychological Society. Education He received an undergraduate degree in psychology and biology from Keele University and his doctorate from the University of Sussex. Works His book written with Will Reader, Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, has been published in the UK, US, Canada, Australia and Europe and includes a French edition. Research includes his finding that British robins have regional dialects, a number of research articles on Seasonal Affective Disorder and various works on the cerebral lateralisation of emotion. He is consultant editor for the journal Animal Behaviour and is on the editorial board for The Psychologist. Appearances On 13 April 2014, he appeared at the Leicester Square Theatre in London, as "the expert interviewee", with comedian Richard Herring in the show Richard Herring's Meaning of Life with comedian Richard Herring, discussing "Good and Evil". Books Workman, L. and Reader, W. (2004) Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521716536. References ^ a b c d "Bath Spa University". 20 April 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2019. ^ Richard Herring (13 April 2014). "Sunday 13th April 2014 \| Warming Up". RichardHerring.com. Retrieved 6 June 2014. External links Dr Lance Workman Lance Workman at researchgate.net Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel Czech Republic Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biological psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_psychology"},{"link_name":"clinical psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology"},{"link_name":"evolutionary psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology"},{"link_name":"Bath Spa University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Spa_University"},{"link_name":"British Psychological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Psychological_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"Lance Workman is a British psychologist whose specialisms include biological psychology, clinical psychology, and evolutionary psychology. He currently teaches on the psychology undergraduate programme at Bath Spa University. He is an Associate Fellow of and a Chartered Psychologist with the British Psychological Society.[1]","title":"Lance Workman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keele University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keele_University"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"He received an undergraduate degree in psychology and biology from Keele University and his doctorate from the University of Sussex.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"robins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_robin"},{"link_name":"Seasonal Affective Disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_Affective_Disorder"},{"link_name":"cerebral lateralisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_lateralisation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Animal Behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Behaviour_(journal)"},{"link_name":"The Psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychologist_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"His book written with Will Reader, Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, has been published in the UK, US, Canada, Australia and Europe and includes a French edition.[1]Research includes his finding that British robins have regional dialects, a number of research articles on Seasonal Affective Disorder and various works on the cerebral lateralisation of emotion.[citation needed]He is consultant editor for the journal Animal Behaviour and is on the editorial board for The Psychologist.[1]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicester Square Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Square_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Richard Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Herring"},{"link_name":"Richard Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Herring"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"On 13 April 2014, he appeared at the Leicester Square Theatre in London, as \"the expert interviewee\", with comedian Richard Herring in the show Richard Herring's Meaning of Life with comedian Richard Herring, discussing \"Good and Evil\".[2]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521716536","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521716536"}],"text":"Workman, L. and Reader, W. (2004) Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521716536.","title":"Books"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bath Spa University\". 20 April 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420193136/http://www.bathspa.ac.uk/about/profiles/profile.asp?user=academic%5Cworl1","url_text":"\"Bath Spa University\""},{"url":"http://www.bathspa.ac.uk/about/profiles/profile.asp?user=academic%5Cworl1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard Herring (13 April 2014). \"Sunday 13th April 2014 \| Warming Up\". RichardHerring.com. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richardherring.com/warmingup/9356/sunday_13th_april_2014.html","url_text":"\"Sunday 13th April 2014 \| Warming Up\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420193136/http://www.bathspa.ac.uk/about/profiles/profile.asp?user=academic%5Cworl1","external_links_name":"\"Bath Spa University\""},{"Link":"http://www.bathspa.ac.uk/about/profiles/profile.asp?user=academic%5Cworl1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.richardherring.com/warmingup/9356/sunday_13th_april_2014.html","external_links_name":"\"Sunday 13th April 2014 \| Warming Up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420193136/http://www.bathspa.ac.uk/about/profiles/profile.asp?user=academic%5Cworl1","external_links_name":"Dr Lance Workman"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lance_Workman/publications","external_links_name":"Lance Workman"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76606052","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007434750605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20221136951&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/080139604","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treacherous_Twins	Her Loss	["1 Background","2 Artwork","3 Promotion","4 Critical reception","4.1 Year-end lists","4.2 Industry awards","5 Controversy","6 Commercial performance","7 Track listing","8 Personnel","9 Charts","9.1 Weekly charts","9.2 Year-end charts","10 Certifications","11 Release history","12 References"]	2022 studio album by Drake and 21 Savage Her LossStudio album by Drake and 21 SavageReleasedNovember 4, 2022 (2022-11-04)GenreHip hopLength60:33Label OVO Republic Producer B100 Banbwoi Boi-1da Cheeze Beatz Dez Wright Earl on the Beat Elijah Fox F1lthy FortyOneSix Gentuar Memishi Go Grizzly Kid Masterpiece KrishnaMusic Kyson Lil Yachty Luke Crowder Mcevoy Metro Boomin Noel Cadastre Nyan Lieberthal Oz Rio Leyva SkipOnDaBeat Squat Beats Tay Keith Taz Taylor The Loud Pack Vinylz Wheezy Drake chronology Honestly, Nevermind(2022) Her Loss(2022) For All the Dogs(2023) 21 Savage chronology Spiral: From the Book of Saw Soundtrack(2021) Her Loss(2022) American Dream(2024) Singles from Her Loss "Rich Flex"Released: November 11, 2022 "Circo Loco"Released: November 11, 2022 "Spin Bout U"Released: February 24, 2023 Her Loss is a collaborative studio album by Canadian rapper Drake and British-American rapper 21 Savage. It was released on November 4, 2022, through OVO Sound and Republic Records. The album features a sole guest appearance from Travis Scott. It is the third part of what Drake described as "a trilogy of albums", following Certified Lover Boy (2021) and Honestly, Nevermind (2022). Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, Her Loss performed well commercially, debuting at number one on the Canadian Albums and US Billboard 200 charts, among other countries. Background Her Loss came after the duo's previous collaborations on "Sneakin'" (2016), "Issa" (2017), "Mr. Right Now" (2020), and "Knife Talk" (2021). On June 17, 2022, Drake released the song "Jimmy Cooks" featuring 21 Savage as the final track of his seventh studio album Honestly, Nevermind. Upon release, the song was the most successful track off the album and debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, but the song was not officially serviced to mainstream radio as a single until October 11. On October 19, Drake performed as a surprise guest at one of 21 Savage's concerts in Atlanta. On October 21, Drake announced the "Jimmy Cooks" music video would be released on 21 Savage's 30th birthday a day later. The video was eventually released that day. The visuals were briefly interrupted at the 1:25-mark, with text in typographic letters appearing reading "Her Loss – album by Drake and 21 Savage – October 28, 2022". The album was then confirmed by OVO and Republic on their social media. On October 26, Drake announced the album had been delayed to November 4, 2022, due to OVO record producer 40 contracting COVID-19 during the album's mixing and mastering process. The tracklist was revealed on November 3. On November 26, 2022, Drake revealed that the album is part of a trilogy of albums following Certified Lover Boy and Honestly, Nevermind. Artwork The cover art features adult dancer and model Quiana "Qui" Yasuka, also known as Suki Baby. It was posted by the rappers on their Instagram profiles on November 2. The then three-year old photograph was taken by Paris Aden, and was discovered by Lil Yachty, who successfully proposed it as the cover art. Promotion On November 1, 2022, Drake and 21 Savage began a joint fake press run for the album, spoofing common contemporary music promotion techniques. These included a Vogue cover, which was handed out by street teams and contained edited photos of Hailey Bieber and Jennifer Lawrence with 21 Savage's face tattoos. Other spoofs included a fake Cartier advertisement, a fake Tiny Desk Concert introduction, and a deepfake interview on The Howard Stern Show. They also mimicked televised and online live performances, such as performing "On BS" on Saturday Night Live (which guest starred Michael B. Jordan) and "Privileged Rappers" on a gold plated set of ColorsxStudios. "Rich Flex" was released on November 11, 2022, as the album's lead single. "Circo Loco" was sent to Italian contemporary hit radio on November 11, 2022, as the second official single from the album. "Spin Bout U" was sent to US rhythmic radio on February 24, 2023, as the third single. Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingAnyDecentMusic?5.5/10Metacritic62/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicClash6/10Exclaim!8/10HipHopDX3.2/5NMEPaste6.5/10Pitchfork6.4/10RapReviews6.5/10Slant Magazine Her Loss was met with mixed reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 62, based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 5.5 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus. Vernon Ayiku of Exclaim! praised the album, stating, "While Her Loss houses no immediate street bangers or Billboard hits, it's the sum that makes it Drake's best record this decade. From the comical fake promos during its rollout to the memorable one-liners and aggressive diss verses or the TikTok memes it will generate for months to come, Her Loss has a lot of meat on its bones". Marcus Shorter from Consequence enjoyed the album, saying, "Her Loss isn't always a deep album, but that doesn't make it any less profound. Sometimes excellent rapping over very dope beats mixed with a tinge of introspection goes a long way. Her Loss is our gain". Alex Swhear of Variety said, "Though not without its missteps, Her Loss leaves the unshakable impression that Drake, in 2022, is doing what inspires him rather than pandering. One year from Certified Lover Boy, that a surprising and encouraging evolution". In a lukewarm review, RapReviews's Steve "Flash" Juon said, "It's a better Drake album than Honestly, Nevermind it's not a better 21 album than I Am > I Was (2018) or Issa (2017). If you split the difference you wind up with an average album. There are a few I'd care to play more than once". Writing for Pitchfork, Paul A. Thompson stated, "There are moments of considered writing and bursts of Drake at or near his mischievous best, but in its middle, the record becomes inert, making the bits of self-conscious misanthropy scan as strained rather than gleeful, as if the id could be focus-grouped". Reviewing the album for Paste, Josh Svetz stated: "The best moments come when the duo find a balance and Drake falls back on his crate-digging prowess. ... Sadly, there's not enough of this to go around, making Her Loss another disposable Drake project that will fade away in a few weeks—one that could have been so much more". In a mixed review, Clash's Robin Murray said, "This new album is the perfect piece of fan service. It's on the mic, 21 Savage in full flow. The roll out – which pirated a Tiny Desk session and copied a Vogue cover – was pitch perfect, two artists subverting the expectations placed on them... It's a shame that Her Loss often feels entirely predictable. The foes that punctuate their bars are well-worn – less talented adversaries, love interests who leech on their wealth and prestige – and while it's nice to hear Drake unleashed, at times 21 Savage can feel like a passenger". Paul Attard of Slant Magazine said, "Uneven. ... There's simply too little give and take between this pairing to justify calling this a mutually beneficial partnership". In a negative review, Rolling Stone's Mosi Reeves said, "As Her Loss abandons 21 's form of smack talk as a playful, revelatory exercise, its tone shifts to Drake's toxic petulance... There's a gloominess this time around, and it's not just sloppy sequencing and hit-or-miss quality that ranges from clear standouts like "Pussy & Millions" "Treacherous Twins", to aimless dross like "Major Distribution". is a singular misfire". Year-end lists Select year-end rankings of Her Loss Critic/Publication List Rank Ref. Complex The Best Albums of 2022 8 Rolling Stone The 100 Best Albums of 2022 66 Industry awards Awards and nominations for Her Loss Year Ceremony Category Result Ref. 2023 BET Awards Album of the Year Nominated BET Hip Hop Awards Hip Hop Album of the Year Won Billboard Music Awards Top Billboard 200 Album Nominated Top Rap Album Won 2024 Grammy Awards Best Rap Album Nominated Controversy According to reports, Drake dissed several prominent celebrities throughout Her Loss, which received widespread media coverage and controversy. On "Circo Loco", he raps, "This bitch lie 'bout gettin' shots but she still a stallion / She don't even get the joke, but she still smilin'", which was interpreted as a double entendre that referenced women being dishonest about getting lip and buttock augmentations, and implied that Megan Thee Stallion was lying about her 2020 shooting allegations against Tory Lanez. Lil Yachty, who produced several songs on the album, stated "Circo Loco" did not reference Megan Thee Stallion, although she responded on Twitter, writing, "Stop using my shooting for clout bitch ass Niggas! Since when tf is it cool to joke abt women getting shot! You niggas especially RAP NIGGAS ARE LAME! Ready to boycott bout shoes and clothes but dog pile on a black woman when she say one of y'all homeboys abused her." Rolling Stone's Mosi Reeves wrote the controversy made Drake "unintentionally reveal himself as a self-centered jerk who refuses to grow up." On "Middle of the Ocean", Drake references his ex-girlfriend Serena Williams and her husband Alexis Ohanian, rapping, "Sidebar, Serena, your husband a groupie / He claim we don't got a problem but / No, boo, it is like you comin' for sushi / We might pop up on 'em at will like Suzuki." Ohanian addressed the reference on Twitter, writing "The reason I stay winning is because I'm relentless about being the best at whatever I do – including being the best groupie for my wife and daughter." On "BackOutsideBoyz", Drake was interpreted as dissing both DRAM, saying "Try to bring the dram' to me / He ain't know how we 'Cha Cha Slide'") and Ice Spice ("She a 10 tryin' to rap, it's good on mute"). Four days after the album's release, Drake and 21 Savage were sued by Condé Nast, the publisher for Vogue, in a Manhattan federal court who alleged their promotional campaign "entirely" relied on the unauthorised use of their trademarks and false representations relating to their business and business relationships. Condé Nast sought at least $4 million, or triple the defendants' profits from Her Loss, punitive damages, and to end any trademark infringement, and claimed they reached out to Drake and 21 Savage prior to taking legal action. Commercial performance Her Loss debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 404,000 album-equivalent units, including 12,000 pure album sales, replacing Taylor Swift's Midnights (2022) from the top spot. Her Loss earned a total of 513.56 million on-demand streams. The album is Drake's twelfth and 21 Savage's third number-one album in the US. All 16 tracks debuted on the Billboard Hot 100, with eight of them appearing in the top-10. The following week, Her Loss descended to number two, earning 170,000 album-equivalent units. On October 25, 2023, the album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over a two million units in the United States. As of December 27, 2023, Her Loss was the thirteenth best-selling album of the year according to Hits, moved a total 1,337,000 album-equivalent units, including 20,000 pure album sales, 40,000 song sales, 1.731 billion audio-on-demand streams, and 74 million video-on-demand streams. Track listing Her Loss track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Rich Flex"Aubrey GrahamShéyaa Abraham-JosephAnderson HernandezBrytavious ChambersMichael MuléIsaac De BoniJahmal GwinMegan PeteAnthony WhiteBobby Session Jr.Clifford Harris Jr.Aldrin DavisGladys HayesCharles BernsteinVinylzTay KeithFnZBoogzDaBeast3:592."Major Distribution"GrahamAbraham-JosephMiles McCollumEdgar FerreraElijah Fox-PeckKaushik BaruaTyshane ThompsonSkipOnDaBeatElijah FoxKid Masterpiece2:503."On BS"GrahamAbraham-JosephOzan YildirimElias StickenSimon GebrelulOzElyas4:214."BackOutsideBoyz" (performed by Drake)GrahamRio LeyvaDylan Cleary-KrellDanny Snodgrass Jr.McCollumLeyvaDez WrightTaz TaylorLil Yachty2:325."Privileged Rappers"GrahamAbraham-JosephIsaac BynumGentuar MemishiMcCollumNoah ShebibRonald IsleyO'Kelly Isley Jr.Rudolph IsleyErnie IsleyMarvin IsleyChris JasperEarl on the BeatMemishiLil Yachty402:406."Spin Bout U"GrahamAbraham-JosephMarquell JonesJason HernandezShebibTenaia SandersDwayne ArmstrongBanbwoiFortyOneSix403:347."Hours in Silence"GrahamAbraham-JosephNyan LieberthalCole McEvoy-MorieShebibNoel CadastreAshanti GuerreroPaul BeauregardLieberthalMcevoy40CadastreDaniel East6:398."Treacherous Twins"GrahamAbraham-JosephCadastreYildirimMatthew SamuelsElgin LumpkinTimothy MosleyMelvin BarcliffThom BellLinda CreedCadastreOzBoi-1da3:009."Circo Loco"GrahamAbraham-JosephSamuelsChambersShebibMcCollumThomas BangalterGuy-Manuel de Homem-ChristoAnthony MooreBoi-1daTay Keith403:5610."Pussy & Millions" (featuring Travis Scott)GrahamAbraham-JosephJacques Webster IIDarryl McCorkellKevin PriceJulius Rivera IIITimothy McKibbinsMcCollumIrvin WhitlowJosiah MuhammadMorris JonesCheeze BeatzGo GrizzlySquat BeatsB100Lil Yachty4:0211."Broke Boys"GrahamAbraham-JosephWesley GlassChambersLuke CrowderKrishna BissessarAbraham HerreraRafeal BrownWheezyTay KeithCrowderKrishnaMusicJack UriahAudio Anthem3:4512."Middle of the Ocean" (performed by Drake)GrahamYildirimNik FrasconaCadastreTim FriedrichLouis LeibfriedCameron GilesJoseph Jones IILaRon JamesDarryl PittmanKenneth GambleLeon HuffOzNik DCadastreSucukiLOOF5:5613."Jumbotron Shit Poppin" (performed by Drake)GrahamRichard OrtizKevin GomringerTim GomringerMcCollumJordan OrtizJeremiah RaisenShebibSimon GaudesDaniele GagliardiDilara SincerF1lthyCubeatzLil YachtyOogie ManeSad Pony40KlimperboyDannoProductionzSincer2:1714."More M's"GrahamAbraham-JosephLeland WayneDavid RuoffElias KlughammerMetro BoominKysonDavid x Eli3:4115."3AM on Glenwood" (performed by 21 Savage)Abraham-JosephYildirimPeter IskanderShebibOzIskander402:5816."I Guess It's Fuck Me" (performed by Drake)GrahamShiv BarotPatrick RosarioDouglas FordThe Loud Pack4:23Total length:60:33 Notes ^ signifies a co-producer ^ signifies an additional producer Sample credits "Rich Flex" contains samples of the score of Invasion of the Bee Girls, composed by Charles Bernstein; as well as samples of "I Want You, Girl", written by Gladys Hayes and performed by Sugar; interpolations of "Savage", written by Megan Pete, Anthony White, and Bobby Session Jr., as performed by Megan Thee Stallion; interpolations of "24's", written by Clifford Harris Jr. and Aldrin Davis, as performed by T.I.; and interpolations of "Red Opps", written by Shéyaa Abraham-Joseph and performed by 21 Savage. "Major Distribution" contains samples of "East Village", written by Elijah Fox-Peck and performed by Elijah Fox. "Privileged Rappers" contains samples of "Ballad for the Fallen Soldier", written by Ronald Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Rudolph Isley, Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, and Chris Jasper, as performed by The Isley Brothers. "Spin Bout U" contains samples of "Give Me Your Lov-N", written by Tenaia Sanders and Dwayne Armstrong, as performed by Oobie. "Hours in Silence" contains samples of "Talk Ya Ass Off Part 2", written by Paul Beauregard, as performed by DJ Paul, Juicy J, and Kingpin Skinny Pimp. "Treacherous Twins" contains samples of "Lonely Daze", written by Elgin Lumpkin, Timothy Mosley, Melvin Barcliff, Thom Bell, and Linda Creed, as performed by Ginuwine. "Circo Loco" contains samples of "One More Time", written by Thomas Bangalter, Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo, and Anthony Moore, as performed by Daft Punk. "Middle of the Ocean" contains samples of "Real Niggas", written by Cameron Giles, Joseph Jones II, LaRon James, and Darryl Pittman, as performed by The Diplomats; as well as samples of "Cry Together", written by Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff, as performed by The O'Jays. Personnel Musicians Drake – vocals (tracks 1–14, 16) 21 Savage – vocals (1–3, 5–11, 14, 15) Travis Scott – vocals (10) Birdman – additional vocals (1, 12) Young Nudy – additional vocals (1) Tay Keith – drums (1, 9) Vinylz – drums (1, 9) Elijah Fox – additional vocals (2) Big Bank – additional vocals (3) Lil Yachty – additional vocals (4), background vocals (13) Noah Shebib – additional keyboards (5) Noel Cadastre – drums, keyboards (8) Oz – drums (8) Dougie F – background vocals (16) Technical Chris Athens – mastering Dave Huffman – mastering (1–8), mastering assistance (9–16) Noah Shebib – mixing (all tracks) Noel Cadastre – mixing (1–13, 15, 16), recording (1–7, 10–16), mixing assistance (14) Metro Boomin – mixing (14) Ethan Stevens – mixing (14), recording (10) Les Bateman – engineering Isaiah Brown – recording (1–3, 5–7, 11, 14, 15) Harley Arsenault – mixing assistance (1–13, 15, 16) Greg Moffet – mixing assistance (1, 9–16) Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Her Loss Chart (2022) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 2 Australian Hip Hop/R&B Albums (ARIA) 1 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 2 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 4 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 6 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 1 Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI) 5 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 1 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 2 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 4 French Albums (SNEP) 10 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 6 Icelandic Albums (Plötutíðindi) 1 Irish Albums (OCC) 2 Italian Albums (FIMI) 3 Lithuanian Albums (AGATA) 1 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 2 Nigeria Albums (TurnTable) 6 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 1 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 6 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 2 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 1 UK Albums (OCC) 1 UK R&B Albums (OCC) 4 US Billboard 200 1 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 1 Year-end charts 2022 year-end chart performance for Her Loss Chart (2022) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 87 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 60 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 109 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 58 Lithuanian Albums (AGATA) 70 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 45 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 45 UK Albums (OCC) 69 2023 year-end chart performance for Her Loss Chart (2023) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 81 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 106 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 4 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 78 UK Albums (OCC) 93 US Billboard 200 4 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 2 Certifications Certifications for Her Loss Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Gold 35,000‡ Canada (Music Canada) 2× Platinum 160,000‡ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Gold 10,000‡ Italy (FIMI) Gold 25,000‡ New Zealand (RMNZ) Gold 7,500‡ Poland (ZPAV) Gold 10,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 100,000‡ United States (RIAA) 2× Platinum 2,000,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Release dates and formats for Her Loss Region Date Label(s) Format(s) Ref. Various November 4, 2022 OVORepublic Digital downloadstreaming March 17, 2023 CD References ^ Kyles, Yohance (November 9, 2022). "Sales Projections For Drake & 21 Savage's 'Her Loss' Increase". AllHipHop. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022. ^ Yoo, Noah (October 23, 2016). "Listen to Drake's New Songs "Sneakin'" , "Two Birds, One Stone," and "Fake Love"". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ Dandridge-Lemco, Ben (July 11, 2017). "21 Savage's "Issa" Featuring Young Thug And Drake Won't Be Officially Released". The Fader. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022. ^ a b c Bloom, Madison (November 4, 2022). "Drake and 21 Savage Release New Album Her Loss: Listen". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. 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"Taylor Swift's 'Midnights' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard 200 for Third Week". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022. ^ a b "American album certifications – Drake & 21 Savage – Her Loss". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 26, 2023. ^ "THE BIGGEST ALBUMS OF 2023". Hits. December 27, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023. ^ Ech, Joey (November 4, 2022). "Megan Thee Stallion Has a Writing Credit on Drake, 21 Savage's Her Loss Album". XXL. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022. ^ Saponara, Michael (November 4, 2022). "Every Song Ranked On Drake & 21 Savage's 'Her Loss' Album: Critic's Picks". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022. ^ Rindner, Grant (November 4, 2022). "Drake and 21 Savage's Album 'Her Loss' Is Full of Slick Subliminals, Shocking Bars and Great Beats". GQ. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. 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Retrieved March 10, 2023. vteDrake Albums Singles Awards and nominations Videography Studio albums Thank Me Later (2010) Take Care (2011) Nothing Was the Same (2013) Views (2016) Scorpion (2018) Certified Lover Boy (2021) Honestly, Nevermind (2022) Her Loss (with 21 Savage) (2022) For All the Dogs (2023) Compilations We Are Young Money (2009) Young Money: Rise of an Empire (2014) Care Package (2019) EPs So Far Gone (2009) Scary Hours (2018) The Best in the World Pack (2019) Scary Hours 2 (2021) For All the Dogs Scary Hours Edition (2023) Mixtapes Room for Improvement (2006) Comeback Season (2007) So Far Gone (2009) If You're Reading This It's Too Late (2015) What a Time to Be Alive (with Future) (2015) More Life (2017) Dark Lane Demo Tapes (2020) Tours America's Most Wanted Tour Away from Home Tour Club Paradise Tour Would You Like a Tour? Drake vs. Lil Wayne Summer Sixteen Tour Boy Meets World Tour Aubrey & the Three Migos Tour It's All a Blur Tour Related OVO Sound DreamCrew Young Money Entertainment YOLO Lil Wayne Forest Hill Collegiate Institute Vaughan Road Academy "Drake Would Love Me" "The Story of Adidon" "Heart on My Sleeve" Virginia Black Whiskey Feud with Kanye West Feud with Kendrick Lamar "Champagne Moments" Category vte21 SavageDiscographyStudio albums Issa Album (2017) I Am > I Was (2018) American Dream (2024) Collaborative studio albums Without Warning (with Offset & Metro Boomin) (2017) Savage Mode II (with Metro Boomin) (2020) Her Loss (with Drake) (2022) EPs Savage Mode (with Metro Boomin) (2016) Spiral: From the Book of Saw Soundtrack (2021) Singles "Red Opps" "X" "No Heart" "Bank Account" "Cocky" "A Lot" "Monster" "Immortal" "Mr. Right Now" "Runnin" "My Life" "Don't Play That" "Peru" (Remix) "Rich Flex" "Circo Loco" "Creepin'" "Spin Bout U" "Good Good" "Another One of Me" "Redrum" "N.H.I.E." "Née-Nah" "Prove It" Featured singles "Sneakin' " "Gucci on My" "Rockstar" "Pull Up N Wreck" "Krippy Kush (Remix)" "Bartier Cardi" "Enzo" "Floating" "Focus" "Psilocybae (Millennial Love)" "Opp Stoppa" (Remix) "Let It Go" "Number 2" "Who Want Smoke??" "Knife Talk" "Surround Sound" "Cash In Cash Out" "Jimmy Cooks" "06 Gucci" "Peaches & Eggplants" "Sittin' on Top of the World" (Remix) Other songs "Ghostface Killers" "Rap Saved Me" "BBO (Bad Bitches Only)" "Don't Come Out the House" "10 Freaky Girls" "Can't Leave Without It" "Ball w/o You" "Wish Wish" "Yessirskiii" "Glock in My Lap" "Rich Nigga Shit" "My Dawg" "Major Distribution" "On BS" "Pussy & Millions" "3AM on Glenwood" "Umbrella" "Niagara Falls (Foot or 2)" "Walk Em Down (Don't Kill Civilians)" "War Bout It" "Wit da Racks" "Want Me Dead" "Topia Twins" "Turks & Caicos" "Calling for You" "All of Me" "Sneaky" "Pop Ur Shit" "Dangerous" Related articles The Off-Season Tour It's All a Blur Tour Awards for Her Loss vteBET Hip Hop Award for Album of the Year King (2006) T.I. vs. T.I.P. / Finding Forever (2007) Tha Carter III (2008) Paper Trail (2009) The Blueprint 3 (2010) My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2011) Watch the Throne (2012) good kid, m.A.A.d city (2013) Nothing Was the Same (2014) 2014 Forest Hills Drive (2015) Views (2016) DAMN. (2017) Everything Is Love (2018) Astroworld (2019) Please Excuse Me for Being Antisocial (2020) Call Me If You Get Lost (2021) Mr. Morale & the Big Steppers (2022) Her Loss (2023)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"21 Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"},{"link_name":"OVO Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVO_Sound"},{"link_name":"Republic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Records"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Certified Lover Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Lover_Boy"},{"link_name":"Honestly, Nevermind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honestly,_Nevermind"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"}],"text":"Her Loss is a collaborative studio album by Canadian rapper Drake and British-American rapper 21 Savage. It was released on November 4, 2022, through OVO Sound and Republic Records. The album features a sole guest appearance from Travis Scott. It is the third part of what Drake described as \"a trilogy of albums\", following Certified Lover Boy (2021) and Honestly, Nevermind (2022).Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, Her Loss performed well commercially, debuting at number one on the Canadian Albums and US Billboard 200 charts, among other countries.","title":"Her Loss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sneakin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneakin%27"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dandridge-Lemco_2017-3"},{"link_name":"Mr. Right Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Right_Now"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloom-4"},{"link_name":"Knife Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife_Talk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloom-4"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Cooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Cooks"},{"link_name":"Honestly, Nevermind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honestly,_Nevermind"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complex-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"OVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVO_Sound"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complex-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Certified Lover Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Lover_Boy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Her Loss came after the duo's previous collaborations on \"Sneakin'\" (2016),[2] \"Issa\" (2017),[3] \"Mr. Right Now\" (2020),[4] and \"Knife Talk\" (2021).[4] On June 17, 2022, Drake released the song \"Jimmy Cooks\" featuring 21 Savage as the final track of his seventh studio album Honestly, Nevermind. Upon release, the song was the most successful track off the album and debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100,[5] but the song was not officially serviced to mainstream radio as a single until October 11.[6] On October 19, Drake performed as a surprise guest at one of 21 Savage's concerts in Atlanta.[7]On October 21, Drake announced the \"Jimmy Cooks\" music video would be released on 21 Savage's 30th birthday a day later.[8] The video was eventually released that day.[9] The visuals were briefly interrupted at the 1:25-mark, with text in typographic letters appearing reading \"Her Loss – album by Drake and 21 Savage – October 28, 2022\".[10] The album was then confirmed by OVO and Republic on their social media.[5][11] On October 26, Drake announced the album had been delayed to November 4, 2022, due to OVO record producer 40 contracting COVID-19 during the album's mixing and mastering process.[12] The tracklist was revealed on November 3.[13] On November 26, 2022, Drake revealed that the album is part of a trilogy of albums following Certified Lover Boy and Honestly, Nevermind.[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cowen-15"},{"link_name":"Lil Yachty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Yachty"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzgerald_2022-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rose_2022-17"}],"text":"The cover art features adult dancer and model Quiana \"Qui\" Yasuka, also known as Suki Baby. It was posted by the rappers on their Instagram profiles on November 2.[15] The then three-year old photograph was taken by Paris Aden, and was discovered by Lil Yachty, who successfully proposed it as the cover art.[16][17]","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"street teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_team"},{"link_name":"Hailey Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailey_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartier_(jeweler)"},{"link_name":"Tiny Desk Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Desk_Concerts"},{"link_name":"deepfake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepfake"},{"link_name":"The Howard Stern Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show"},{"link_name":"On BS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_BS"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Michael B. Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_B._Jordan"},{"link_name":"ColorsxStudios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColorsxStudios"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cowen-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GQ_rollout_2022-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legaspi_Legaspi_2022-19"},{"link_name":"Rich Flex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Flex"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Circo Loco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circo_Loco"},{"link_name":"contemporary hit radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Spin Bout U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_Bout_U"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"On November 1, 2022, Drake and 21 Savage began a joint fake press run for the album, spoofing common contemporary music promotion techniques. These included a Vogue cover, which was handed out by street teams and contained edited photos of Hailey Bieber and Jennifer Lawrence with 21 Savage's face tattoos. Other spoofs included a fake Cartier advertisement, a fake Tiny Desk Concert introduction, and a deepfake interview on The Howard Stern Show. They also mimicked televised and online live performances, such as performing \"On BS\" on Saturday Night Live (which guest starred Michael B. Jordan) and \"Privileged Rappers\" on a gold plated set of ColorsxStudios.[15][18][19]\"Rich Flex\" was released on November 11, 2022, as the album's lead single.[20] \"Circo Loco\" was sent to Italian contemporary hit radio on November 11, 2022, as the second official single from the album.[21] \"Spin Bout U\" was sent to US rhythmic radio on February 24, 2023, as the third single.[22]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stempel-34"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"normalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-24"},{"link_name":"AnyDecentMusic?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnyDecentMusic%3F"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADM-23"},{"link_name":"Exclaim!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayiku-27"},{"link_name":"Consequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_(publication)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"I Am > I Was","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Greater_than_I_Was"},{"link_name":"Issa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_Album"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RapReviews-32"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-31"},{"link_name":"Paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Svetz-30"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray-26"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Attard-33"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Pussy & Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_%26_Millions"},{"link_name":"Major Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Distribution_(Drake_and_21_Savage_song)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reeves-37"}],"text":"Her Loss was met with mixed reviews.[34] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 62, based on 12 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[24] Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 5.5 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.[23]Vernon Ayiku of Exclaim! praised the album, stating, \"While Her Loss houses no immediate street bangers or Billboard hits, it's the sum that makes it Drake's best record this decade. From the comical fake promos during its rollout to the memorable one-liners and aggressive diss verses or the TikTok memes it will generate for months to come, Her Loss has a lot of meat on its bones\".[27] Marcus Shorter from Consequence enjoyed the album, saying, \"Her Loss isn't always a deep album, but that doesn't make it any less profound. Sometimes excellent rapping over very dope beats mixed with a tinge of introspection goes a long way. Her Loss is our gain\".[35] Alex Swhear of Variety said, \"Though not without its missteps, Her Loss leaves the unshakable impression that Drake, in 2022, is doing what inspires him rather than pandering. One year from Certified Lover Boy, that [is] a surprising and encouraging evolution\".[36] In a lukewarm review, RapReviews's Steve \"Flash\" Juon said, \"It's a better Drake album than Honestly, Nevermind [but] it's not a better 21 [Savage] album than I Am > I Was (2018) or Issa (2017). If you split the difference you wind up with an average album. There are a few [songs] I'd care to play more than once\".[32] Writing for Pitchfork, Paul A. Thompson stated, \"There are moments of considered writing and bursts of Drake at or near his mischievous best, but in its middle, the record becomes inert, making the bits of self-conscious misanthropy scan as strained rather than gleeful, as if the id could be focus-grouped\".[31] Reviewing the album for Paste, Josh Svetz stated: \"The best moments come when the duo find a balance and Drake falls back on his crate-digging prowess. ... Sadly, there's not enough of this to go around, making Her Loss another disposable Drake project that will fade away in a few weeks—one that could have been so much more\".[30]In a mixed review, Clash's Robin Murray said, \"This new album is the perfect piece of fan service. It's [Drake] on the mic, 21 Savage in full flow. The roll out – which pirated a Tiny Desk session and copied a Vogue cover – was pitch perfect, two artists subverting the expectations placed on them... It's a shame that Her Loss often feels entirely predictable. The foes that punctuate their bars are well-worn – less talented adversaries, love interests who leech on their wealth and prestige – and while it's nice to hear Drake unleashed, at times 21 Savage can feel like a passenger\".[26] Paul Attard of Slant Magazine said, \"Uneven. ... There's simply too little give and take between this pairing to justify calling this a mutually beneficial partnership\".[33] In a negative review, Rolling Stone's Mosi Reeves said, \"As Her Loss abandons 21 [Savage]'s form of smack talk as a playful, revelatory exercise, its tone shifts to Drake's toxic petulance... There's a gloominess this time around, and it's not just sloppy sequencing and hit-or-miss quality that ranges from clear standouts like \"Pussy & Millions\" [or] \"Treacherous Twins\", to aimless dross like \"Major Distribution\". [The album] is a singular misfire\".[37]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end lists","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Industry awards","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dissed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diss_(music)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"double entendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_entendre"},{"link_name":"lip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_augmentation"},{"link_name":"buttock augmentations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttock_augmentation"},{"link_name":"Megan Thee Stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion"},{"link_name":"2020 shooting allegations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion#Tory_Lanez_shooting"},{"link_name":"Tory Lanez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory_Lanez"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reeves-37"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"Alexis Ohanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Ohanian"},{"link_name":"groupie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupie"},{"link_name":"No, boo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobu"},{"link_name":"sushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi"},{"link_name":"Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"BackOutsideBoyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BackOutsideBoyz"},{"link_name":"DRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAM_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Ice Spice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Spice"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Condé Nast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stempel-34"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stempel-34"}],"text":"According to reports, Drake dissed several prominent celebrities throughout Her Loss, which received widespread media coverage and controversy.[44] On \"Circo Loco\", he raps, \"This bitch lie 'bout gettin' shots but she still a stallion / She don't even get the joke, but she still smilin'\", which was interpreted as a double entendre that referenced women being dishonest about getting lip and buttock augmentations, and implied that Megan Thee Stallion was lying about her 2020 shooting allegations against Tory Lanez.[45][46] Lil Yachty, who produced several songs on the album, stated \"Circo Loco\" did not reference Megan Thee Stallion,[47] although she responded on Twitter, writing, \"Stop using my shooting for clout bitch ass Niggas! Since when tf is it cool to joke abt women getting shot! You niggas especially RAP NIGGAS ARE LAME! Ready to boycott bout shoes and clothes but dog pile on a black woman when she say one of y'all homeboys abused her.\"[48][49] Rolling Stone's Mosi Reeves wrote the controversy made Drake \"unintentionally reveal himself as a self-centered jerk who refuses to grow up.\"[37]On \"Middle of the Ocean\", Drake references his ex-girlfriend Serena Williams and her husband Alexis Ohanian, rapping, \"Sidebar, Serena, your husband a groupie / He claim we don't got a problem but / No, boo, it is like you comin' for sushi / We might pop up on 'em at will like Suzuki.\"[50][51] Ohanian addressed the reference on Twitter, writing \"The reason I stay winning is because I'm relentless about being the best at whatever I do – including being the best groupie for my wife and [my] daughter.\"[52][53] On \"BackOutsideBoyz\", Drake was interpreted as dissing both DRAM, saying \"Try to bring the dram' to me / He ain't know how we 'Cha Cha Slide'\")[54] and Ice Spice (\"She a 10 tryin' to rap, it's good on mute\").[55]Four days after the album's release, Drake and 21 Savage were sued by Condé Nast, the publisher for Vogue, in a Manhattan federal court who alleged their promotional campaign \"entirely\" relied on the unauthorised use of their trademarks and false representations relating to their business and business relationships.[34] Condé Nast sought at least $4 million, or triple the defendants' profits from Her Loss, punitive damages, and to end any trademark infringement,[56] and claimed they reached out to Drake and 21 Savage prior to taking legal action.[34]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"album-equivalent units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"Midnights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnights"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B200-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"double platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA-60"},{"link_name":"Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hits_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitsyearend2023-61"}],"text":"Her Loss debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 404,000 album-equivalent units, including 12,000 pure album sales, replacing Taylor Swift's Midnights (2022) from the top spot. Her Loss earned a total of 513.56 million on-demand streams. The album is Drake's twelfth and 21 Savage's third number-one album in the US.[57] All 16 tracks debuted on the Billboard Hot 100, with eight of them appearing in the top-10.[58] The following week, Her Loss descended to number two, earning 170,000 album-equivalent units.[59] On October 25, 2023, the album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over a two million units in the United States.[60] As of December 27, 2023, Her Loss was the thirteenth best-selling album of the year according to Hits, moved a total 1,337,000 album-equivalent units, including 20,000 pure album sales, 40,000 song sales, 1.731 billion audio-on-demand streams, and 74 million video-on-demand streams.[61]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rich Flex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Flex"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Shéyaa Abraham-Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"},{"link_name":"Anderson Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinylz"},{"link_name":"Brytavious Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Keith"},{"link_name":"Michael Mulé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FnZ"},{"link_name":"Isaac De Boni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FnZ"},{"link_name":"Megan Pete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion"},{"link_name":"Anthony White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._White_Did_It"},{"link_name":"Bobby Session Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Clifford Harris Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.I."},{"link_name":"Aldrin Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Toomp"},{"link_name":"Charles Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bernstein_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Vinylz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinylz"},{"link_name":"Tay Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Keith"},{"link_name":"FnZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FnZ"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Major Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Distribution_(Drake_and_21_Savage_song)"},{"link_name":"Miles McCollum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Yachty"},{"link_name":"Tyshane Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"On BS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_BS"},{"link_name":"Ozan Yildirim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"BackOutsideBoyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BackOutsideBoyz"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Danny Snodgrass Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taz_Taylor_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Taz Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taz_Taylor_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Lil Yachty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Yachty"},{"link_name":"Noah Shebib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Isley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Isley"},{"link_name":"O'Kelly Isley Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Kelly_Isley_Jr."},{"link_name":"Rudolph Isley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Isley"},{"link_name":"Ernie Isley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Isley"},{"link_name":"Marvin Isley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Isley"},{"link_name":"Chris Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jasper"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Spin Bout U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_Bout_U"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Paul Beauregard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Paul"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Matthew Samuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi-1da"},{"link_name":"Elgin Lumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginuwine"},{"link_name":"Timothy Mosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"Melvin Barcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland_%26_Magoo"},{"link_name":"Thom Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Bell"},{"link_name":"Linda Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Creed"},{"link_name":"Boi-1da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi-1da"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Circo Loco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circo_Loco"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bangalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bangalter"},{"link_name":"Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-Manuel_de_Homem-Christo"},{"link_name":"Anthony Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanthony"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Pussy & Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_%26_Millions"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Jacques Webster II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Wesley Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheezy"},{"link_name":"Wheezy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheezy"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Cameron Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%27ron"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jones II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jones_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"LaRon James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juelz_Santana"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff"},{"link_name":"Leon Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Jumbotron Shit Poppin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumbotron_Shit_Poppin"},{"link_name":"Richard Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_on_Dying"},{"link_name":"Kevin Gomringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubeatz"},{"link_name":"Tim Gomringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubeatz"},{"link_name":"Jordan Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_on_Dying"},{"link_name":"F1lthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_on_Dying"},{"link_name":"Cubeatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubeatz"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Oogie Mane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_on_Dying"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"Leland Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Boomin"},{"link_name":"Metro Boomin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Boomin"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"3AM on Glenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3AM_on_Glenwood"},{"link_name":"21 Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"^[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"^[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"},{"link_name":"Invasion of the Bee Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Bee_Girls"},{"link_name":"Charles Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bernstein_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_(Megan_Thee_Stallion_song)"},{"link_name":"Megan Pete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion"},{"link_name":"Anthony White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._White_Did_It"},{"link_name":"Bobby Session Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Megan Thee Stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XXL_Ech_2022-62"},{"link_name":"24's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24%27s_(T.I._song)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saponara_BB_2022-63"},{"link_name":"Clifford Harris Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.I."},{"link_name":"Aldrin Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Toomp"},{"link_name":"T.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.I."},{"link_name":"Red Opps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Opps"},{"link_name":"Shéyaa Abraham-Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"},{"link_name":"21 Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"},{"link_name":"Ballad for the Fallen Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_the_Sheets_(Isley_Brothers_album)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Isley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Isley"},{"link_name":"O'Kelly Isley Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Kelly_Isley_Jr."},{"link_name":"Rudolph Isley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Isley"},{"link_name":"Ernie Isley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Isley"},{"link_name":"Marvin Isley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Isley"},{"link_name":"Chris Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jasper"},{"link_name":"The Isley Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GQ_HL_2022-64"},{"link_name":"Paul Beauregard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Paul"},{"link_name":"DJ Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Paul"},{"link_name":"Juicy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_J"},{"link_name":"Lonely Daze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginuwine..._the_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"Elgin Lumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginuwine"},{"link_name":"Timothy Mosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"Melvin Barcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland_%26_Magoo"},{"link_name":"Thom Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Bell"},{"link_name":"Linda Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Creed"},{"link_name":"Ginuwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginuwine"},{"link_name":"One More Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_More_Time_(Daft_Punk_song)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bangalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bangalter"},{"link_name":"Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-Manuel_de_Homem-Christo"},{"link_name":"Anthony Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanthony"},{"link_name":"Daft Punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daft_Punk"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PF_MB_2022-65"},{"link_name":"Real Niggas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_Immunity_(The_Diplomats_album)"},{"link_name":"Cameron Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%27ron"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jones II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jones_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"LaRon James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juelz_Santana"},{"link_name":"The Diplomats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomats"},{"link_name":"Cry Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Full_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff"},{"link_name":"Leon Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff"},{"link_name":"The O'Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O%27Jays"}],"text":"Her Loss track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Rich Flex\"Aubrey GrahamShéyaa Abraham-JosephAnderson HernandezBrytavious ChambersMichael MuléIsaac De BoniJahmal GwinMegan PeteAnthony WhiteBobby Session Jr.Clifford Harris Jr.Aldrin DavisGladys HayesCharles BernsteinVinylzTay KeithFnZ[a]BoogzDaBeast[a]3:592.\"Major Distribution\"GrahamAbraham-JosephMiles McCollumEdgar FerreraElijah Fox-PeckKaushik BaruaTyshane ThompsonSkipOnDaBeatElijah FoxKid Masterpiece2:503.\"On BS\"GrahamAbraham-JosephOzan YildirimElias StickenSimon GebrelulOzElyas[a]4:214.\"BackOutsideBoyz\" (performed by Drake)GrahamRio LeyvaDylan Cleary-KrellDanny Snodgrass Jr.McCollumLeyvaDez WrightTaz TaylorLil Yachty2:325.\"Privileged Rappers\"GrahamAbraham-JosephIsaac BynumGentuar MemishiMcCollumNoah ShebibRonald IsleyO'Kelly Isley Jr.Rudolph IsleyErnie IsleyMarvin IsleyChris JasperEarl on the BeatMemishiLil Yachty40[b]2:406.\"Spin Bout U\"GrahamAbraham-JosephMarquell JonesJason HernandezShebibTenaia SandersDwayne ArmstrongBanbwoiFortyOneSix40[b]3:347.\"Hours in Silence\"GrahamAbraham-JosephNyan LieberthalCole McEvoy-MorieShebibNoel CadastreAshanti GuerreroPaul BeauregardLieberthalMcevoy40[a]Cadastre[a]Daniel East[a]6:398.\"Treacherous Twins\"GrahamAbraham-JosephCadastreYildirimMatthew SamuelsElgin LumpkinTimothy MosleyMelvin BarcliffThom BellLinda CreedCadastreOzBoi-1da[b]3:009.\"Circo Loco\"GrahamAbraham-JosephSamuelsChambersShebibMcCollumThomas BangalterGuy-Manuel de Homem-ChristoAnthony MooreBoi-1daTay Keith40[b]3:5610.\"Pussy & Millions\" (featuring Travis Scott)GrahamAbraham-JosephJacques Webster IIDarryl McCorkellKevin PriceJulius Rivera IIITimothy McKibbinsMcCollumIrvin WhitlowJosiah MuhammadMorris JonesCheeze BeatzGo GrizzlySquat BeatsB100Lil Yachty4:0211.\"Broke Boys\"GrahamAbraham-JosephWesley GlassChambersLuke CrowderKrishna BissessarAbraham HerreraRafeal BrownWheezyTay KeithCrowderKrishnaMusicJack Uriah[a]Audio Anthem[a]3:4512.\"Middle of the Ocean\" (performed by Drake)GrahamYildirimNik FrasconaCadastreTim FriedrichLouis LeibfriedCameron GilesJoseph Jones IILaRon JamesDarryl PittmanKenneth GambleLeon HuffOzNik D[a]Cadastre[a]Sucuki[a]LOOF[b]5:5613.\"Jumbotron Shit Poppin\" (performed by Drake)GrahamRichard OrtizKevin GomringerTim GomringerMcCollumJordan OrtizJeremiah RaisenShebibSimon GaudesDaniele GagliardiDilara SincerF1lthyCubeatz[a]Lil Yachty[a]Oogie Mane[a]Sad Pony[a]40[b]Klimperboy[b]DannoProductionz[b]Sincer[b]2:1714.\"More M's\"GrahamAbraham-JosephLeland WayneDavid RuoffElias KlughammerMetro BoominKysonDavid x Eli[a]3:4115.\"3AM on Glenwood\" (performed by 21 Savage)Abraham-JosephYildirimPeter IskanderShebibOzIskander[a]40[a]2:5816.\"I Guess It's Fuck Me\" (performed by Drake)GrahamShiv BarotPatrick RosarioDouglas FordThe Loud Pack4:23Total length:60:33Notes^[a] signifies a co-producer\n^[b] signifies an additional producerSample credits\"Rich Flex\" contains samples of the score of Invasion of the Bee Girls, composed by Charles Bernstein; as well as samples of \"I Want You, Girl\", written by Gladys Hayes and performed by Sugar; interpolations of \"Savage\", written by Megan Pete, Anthony White, and Bobby Session Jr., as performed by Megan Thee Stallion;[62] interpolations of \"24's\",[63] written by Clifford Harris Jr. and Aldrin Davis, as performed by T.I.; and interpolations of \"Red Opps\", written by Shéyaa Abraham-Joseph and performed by 21 Savage.\n\"Major Distribution\" contains samples of \"East Village\", written by Elijah Fox-Peck and performed by Elijah Fox.\n\"Privileged Rappers\" contains samples of \"Ballad for the Fallen Soldier\", written by Ronald Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Rudolph Isley, Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, and Chris Jasper, as performed by The Isley Brothers.\n\"Spin Bout U\" contains samples of \"Give Me Your Lov-N\", written by Tenaia Sanders and Dwayne Armstrong, as performed by Oobie.[64]\n\"Hours in Silence\" contains samples of \"Talk Ya Ass Off Part 2\", written by Paul Beauregard, as performed by DJ Paul, Juicy J, and Kingpin Skinny Pimp.\n\"Treacherous Twins\" contains samples of \"Lonely Daze\", written by Elgin Lumpkin, Timothy Mosley, Melvin Barcliff, Thom Bell, and Linda Creed, as performed by Ginuwine.\n\"Circo Loco\" contains samples of \"One More Time\", written by Thomas Bangalter, Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo, and Anthony Moore, as performed by Daft Punk.[65]\n\"Middle of the Ocean\" contains samples of \"Real Niggas\", written by Cameron Giles, Joseph Jones II, LaRon James, and Darryl Pittman, as performed by The Diplomats; as well as samples of \"Cry Together\", written by Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff, as performed by The O'Jays.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"21 Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Birdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdman_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Young Nudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Nudy"},{"link_name":"Tay Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Keith"},{"link_name":"Vinylz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinylz"},{"link_name":"Lil Yachty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Yachty"},{"link_name":"Noah Shebib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"Metro Boomin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Boomin"}],"text":"MusiciansDrake – vocals (tracks 1–14, 16)\n21 Savage – vocals (1–3, 5–11, 14, 15)\nTravis Scott – vocals (10)\nBirdman – additional vocals (1, 12)\nYoung Nudy – additional vocals (1)\nTay Keith – drums (1, 9)\nVinylz – drums (1, 9)\nElijah Fox – additional vocals (2)\nBig Bank – additional vocals (3)\nLil Yachty – additional vocals (4), background vocals (13)\nNoah Shebib – additional keyboards (5)\nNoel Cadastre – drums, keyboards (8)\nOz – drums (8)\nDougie F – background vocals (16)TechnicalChris Athens – mastering\nDave Huffman – mastering (1–8), mastering assistance (9–16)\nNoah Shebib – mixing (all tracks)\nNoel Cadastre – mixing (1–13, 15, 16), recording (1–7, 10–16), mixing assistance (14)\nMetro Boomin – mixing (14)\nEthan Stevens – mixing (14), recording (10)\nLes Bateman – engineering\nIsaiah Brown – recording (1–3, 5–7, 11, 14, 15)\nHarley Arsenault – mixing assistance (1–13, 15, 16)\nGreg Moffet – mixing assistance (1, 9–16)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Her_Loss&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Drake_&_21_Savage-66"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Drake_&_21_Savage-68"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_Drake_&_21_Savage-69"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_Drake_&_21_Savage-70"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_Drake-71"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Czech_-72"},{"link_name":"Hitlisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Denmark_Drake_&_21_Savage-73"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Drake_&_21_Savage-74"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_Drake-75"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_Drake_&_21_Savage-76"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Drake_&_21_Savage-77"},{"link_name":"Plötutíðindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland3_-79"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Italy_Drake_&_21_Savage-80"},{"link_name":"AGATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATA_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Drake_&_21_Savage-82"},{"link_name":"Nigeria Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurnTable_Top_50"},{"link_name":"TurnTable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurnTable"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Drake_&_21_Savage-84"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Spain_Drake_&_21_Savage-85"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Drake_&_21_Savage-86"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Drake_&_21_Savage-87"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-88"},{"link_name":"UK R&B Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UKR&B_-89"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Drake-90"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRandBHipHop_Drake-91"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Her_Loss&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Her Loss\n\n\nChart (2022)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[66]\n\n2\n\n\nAustralian Hip Hop/R&B Albums (ARIA)[67]\n\n1\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[68]\n\n2\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[69]\n\n4\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[70]\n\n6\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[71]\n\n1\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[72]\n\n5\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[73]\n\n1\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[74]\n\n2\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[75]\n\n4\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[76]\n\n10\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[77]\n\n6\n\n\nIcelandic Albums (Plötutíðindi)[78]\n\n1\n\n\nIrish Albums (OCC)[79]\n\n2\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[80]\n\n3\n\n\nLithuanian Albums (AGATA)[81]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[82]\n\n2\n\n\nNigeria Albums (TurnTable)[83]\n\n6\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[84]\n\n1\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[85]\n\n6\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[86]\n\n2\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[87]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[88]\n\n1\n\n\nUK R&B Albums (OCC)[89]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[90]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[91]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2022 year-end chart performance for Her Loss\n\n\nChart (2022)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[92]\n\n87\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[93]\n\n60\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[94]\n\n109\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[95]\n\n58\n\n\nLithuanian Albums (AGATA)[96]\n\n70\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[97]\n\n45\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[98]\n\n45\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[99]\n\n69\n\n\n2023 year-end chart performance for Her Loss\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[100]\n\n81\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[101]\n\n106\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[102]\n\n4\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[103]\n\n78\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[104]\n\n93\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[105]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[106]\n\n2","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kyles, Yohance (November 9, 2022). \"Sales Projections For Drake & 21 Savage's 'Her Loss' Increase\". AllHipHop. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://allhiphop.com/news/sales-projections-for-drake-21-savages-her-loss-increase/","url_text":"\"Sales Projections For Drake & 21 Savage's 'Her Loss' Increase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllHipHop","url_text":"AllHipHop"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221111033959/https://allhiphop.com/news/sales-projections-for-drake-21-savages-her-loss-increase/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yoo, Noah (October 23, 2016). \"Listen to Drake's New Songs \"Sneakin'\" [ft. 21 Savage], \"Two Birds, One Stone,\" and \"Fake Love\"\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/69247-drake-shares-new-songs-from-new-project-more-life-listen/","url_text":"\"Listen to Drake's New Songs \"Sneakin'\" [ft. 21 Savage], \"Two Birds, One Stone,\" and \"Fake Love\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221113040709/https://pitchfork.com/news/69247-drake-shares-new-songs-from-new-project-more-life-listen/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dandridge-Lemco, Ben (July 11, 2017). \"21 Savage's \"Issa\" Featuring Young Thug And Drake Won't Be Officially Released\". The Fader. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2017/07/11/21-savage-issa-young-thug-drake-never-coming-out","url_text":"\"21 Savage's \"Issa\" Featuring Young Thug And Drake Won't Be Officially Released\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221112204907/https://www.thefader.com/2017/07/11/21-savage-issa-young-thug-drake-never-coming-out","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bloom, Madison (November 4, 2022). \"Drake and 21 Savage Release New Album Her Loss: Listen\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/drake-and-21-savage-release-new-album-her-loss-listen/","url_text":"\"Drake and 21 Savage Release New Album Her Loss: Listen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221110122441/https://pitchfork.com/news/drake-and-21-savage-release-new-album-her-loss-listen/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Espinoza, Joshua (October 22, 2022). \"Drake Announces 'Her Loss' Collaborative Album With 21 Savage and Shares Release Date\". Complex. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/drake-announces-21-savage-joint-album-her-loss","url_text":"\"Drake Announces 'Her Loss' Collaborative Album With 21 Savage and Shares Release Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)","url_text":"Complex"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221022232347/https://www.complex.com/music/drake-announces-21-savage-joint-album-her-loss","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 40/M Future Releases\". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221011112504/https://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases","url_text":"\"Top 40/M Future Releases\""},{"url":"https://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fitzgerald, Trent (October 22, 2022). \"Drake and 21 Savage Collab Album Her Loss Dropping Next Week\". XXL. Archived from the original on October 23, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xxlmag.com/drake-21-savage-collab-album-her-loss/","url_text":"\"Drake and 21 Savage Collab Album Her Loss Dropping Next Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL_(magazine)","url_text":"XXL"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221023013639/https://www.xxlmag.com/drake-21-savage-collab-album-her-loss/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, J. Kim (October 22, 2022). \"Drake, 21 Savage Announce Joint Album 'Her Loss'\". Variety. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/drake-21-savage-her-loss-joint-album-1235411803/","url_text":"\"Drake, 21 Savage Announce Joint Album 'Her Loss'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221022233611/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/drake-21-savage-her-loss-joint-album-1235411803/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ruiz, Matthew Ismael (October 22, 2022). \"Drake and 21 Savage Announce New Joint Album, Share Video for \"Jimmy Cooks\": Watch\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/drake-and-21-savage-announce-new-joint-album-share-video-for-jimmy-cooks-watch/","url_text":"\"Drake and 21 Savage Announce New Joint Album, Share Video for \"Jimmy Cooks\": Watch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221022232402/https://pitchfork.com/news/drake-and-21-savage-announce-new-joint-album-share-video-for-jimmy-cooks-watch/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tinoco, Armando (October 22, 2022). \"Drake & 21 Savage Announce New Album \"Her Loss\" As The Duo Drops The \"Jimmy Cooks\" Music Video\". Deadline. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/10/drake-21-savage-announce-new-album-her-loss-jimmy-cooks-music-video-1235152707/","url_text":"\"Drake & 21 Savage Announce New Album \"Her Loss\" As The Duo Drops The \"Jimmy Cooks\" Music Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221022233141/https://deadline.com/2022/10/drake-21-savage-announce-new-album-her-loss-jimmy-cooks-music-video-1235152707/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Iasimone, Ashley (October 22, 2022). \"Drake & 21 Savage Announce Joint Album 'Her Loss' in New 'Jimmy Cooks' Music Video\". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/drake-21-savage-her-loss-jimmy-cooks-1235159814/","url_text":"\"Drake & 21 Savage Announce Joint Album 'Her Loss' in New 'Jimmy Cooks' Music Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221022223928/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/drake-21-savage-her-loss-jimmy-cooks-1235159814/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ruiz, Matthew Ismael (October 26, 2022). \"Drake Delays New Album Her Loss After Noah \"40\" Shebib Contracts COVID-19 During Mixing and Mastering\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/drake-delays-new-album-her-loss-after-noah-40-shebib-contracts-covid-19-during-mixing-and-mastering/","url_text":"\"Drake Delays New Album Her Loss After Noah \"40\" Shebib Contracts COVID-19 During Mixing and Mastering\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221027015118/https://pitchfork.com/news/drake-delays-new-album-her-loss-after-noah-40-shebib-contracts-covid-19-during-mixing-and-mastering/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bowenbank, Starr (November 3, 2022). \"Drake & 21 Savage Unveil 'Her Loss' Track List\". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 5, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Ruhr_S-Bahn	Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn	["1 Rolling stock history","1.1 Age of steam","1.2 Early electric years","1.3 The x-Wagen era","1.4 Rolling stock today","1.5 Rolling stock after 2019","2 Lines","2.1 Lines before December 2019","2.2 Lines after December 2019","3 Network map","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	German railway network covering the Rhine-Ruhr region It has been suggested that this article should be split into a new article titled Cologne S-Bahn. (discuss) (July 2021) S-Bahn Rhein-RuhrS-Bahn Rhein-Sieg / S-Bahn KölnDBAG Class 422 type at Dortmund HauptbahnhofOverviewLocaleRhine-Ruhr, North Rhine-Westphalia, GermanyTransit typeS-bahnNumber of lines16Number of stations124Annual ridership130 million Düsseldorf/Rhine-Ruhr: 98 million Cologne: 32 millionHeadquartersDüsseldorf, GermanyWebsitewww.s-bahn-rhein-ruhr.dewww.s-bahn-koeln.deOperationBegan operation1967Operator(s) DB Regio NRW, Regiobahn (S28), Vias (S7)Headway20 min.TechnicalSystem length676 km (420.05 mi) System map Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn network map including the Cologne S-Bahn The Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn (German: S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr) is a polycentric and electrically driven S-bahn network covering the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region in the German federated state of North Rhine-Westphalia. This includes most of the Ruhr (and cities such as Dortmund, Duisburg and Essen), the Berg cities of Wuppertal and Solingen and parts of the Rhineland (with cities such as Cologne and Düsseldorf). The easternmost city within the S-Bahn Rhine-Ruhr network is Unna, the westernmost city served is Mönchengladbach. The S-Bahn operates in the areas of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr and Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg tariff associations, touching areas of the Aachener Verkehrsverbund (AVV) at Düren and Westfalentarif at Unna. The network was established in 1967 with a line connecting Ratingen Ost to Düsseldorf-Garath. The system consists of 16 lines. With a system length of 676 km (420.05 mi), it is the second-largest S-Bahn network in Germany, behind S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland. Most of them are operated by DB Regio NRW, while line S28 is operated by Regiobahn and S7 by Vias. The S19 will run 24/7 between Düren and Hennef for 17 stations and not only between Cologne Hbf and Cologne/Bonn Airport. Rolling stock history Age of steam The predecessor of the S-Bahn was the so-called Bezirksschnellverkehr between the cities of Düsseldorf and Essen, which consisted of steam-powered push-pull trains, mainly hauled by Class 78, since 1951 also Class 65 engines. Early electric years The first S-Bahn lines were operated using Silberling cars and Class 141 locomotives. However these were not suited for operations on a rapid transit network and were soon replaced by Class 420 electric multiple units. Originally designed for the Munich S-Bahn, the Class 420 was judged in the mid-1970s to be unsuitable for the network, mainly due to being uncomfortable and lacking on-board toilets and not being walk-through, since one could travel rather long distances on the Rhine-Ruhr network. The x-Wagen era An X-Wagen control car at Essen Süd in July 2014 Constructing an improved version of the 420 with the tentative designation Class 422 was discussed, but in 1978 the Deutsche Bundesbahn commissioned a batch of coaches from Duewag and MBB. These lightweight and modern coaches were designated as x-Wagen ("x-car") after their classification code Bx. Among the design elements inherited from the recent LHB prototype carriages were the bogies with disc brakes and rubber airbag shock absorbers that also included automated level control, ensuring level boarding from S-Bahn platforms with a standard height of 96 cm regardless of varying passenger loading. In late 1978, the first prototypes of 2nd class type Bx 794.0 cars and Bxf 796.0 control cars were handed over to DB, followed by split first/second class cars type ABx 791.0 in early 1979. The prototypes were successful, so from 1981 to 1994 several series were commissioned, with some going to the Nuremberg S-Bahn system. A Class 111 locomotive leads an orange-and-white S-Bahn service across the Hohenzollernbrücke into Köln Hauptbahnhof in 1985 The x-Wagen were mechanically coupled to form fixed sets of typically one ABx car, one or two Bx cars and one Bxf control car. This way a train offered seating for a total of 222 to 302 passengers and standing room for another 429 to 539 passengers. A few five-car sets ran on peak time services. All cars were of a walk-through design with mechanical doors at each end. Initially the ABx car ran on the loco end to keep passengers looking for a seat from disturbing first-class passengers. The orientation of trains was not predictable in practice however, so the ABx car was instead put in the middle of the train. In later years, when insufficient numbers of Bx cars were ready for service, some trains ran with two ABx cars. Traction was provided by the Class 111 locomotives produced locally by Krupp in Essen. They had been designed for long-haul Intercity and limited-stop commuter train services with a maximum speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) and were not an ideal fit for rapid transit duty. After the German reunification, even before the old Deutsche Bundesbahn was merged with the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany to form the new Deutsche Bahn AG, the Class 143 Reichsbahn engines replaced the Class 111 on the S-Bahn network, limiting the top speed on the network to 120 km/h (75 mph) but with better acceleration and noticeably less jolting. Rolling stock today S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr Series 422 at Angermund station Class 1440 (Alstom Coradia Continental) train at Wuppertal Hauptbahnhof S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr train pulling out of Düsseldorf Volksgarten station The Cologne S-Bahn section went into full operation in 2002 in conjunction with the opening of the Cologne-Frankfurt high speed line. It runs with Class 423 EMUs on lines S11, S12 and S13/S19. Due to recent service improvements, there are insufficient numbers of Class 423 EMUs available, so Class 420 electric multiple units can be found on line S12. Starting in 2008, 84 units of Class 422 were introduced in the Ruhr area section and around Düsseldorf, replacing the x-Wagen loco-hauled trains. These newer classes of EMUs once again increased the maximum speed on the network to 140 km/h (87 mph) where permitted, which together with the better acceleration of the EMUs did reduce delays that had become entrenched in the latter years of x-Wagen operations. The S28 is not operated by DB Regio NRW, but by Regiobahn, which uses Bombardier TALENT DMUs. The S7 uses Alstom Coradia LINT DMUs and is operated by Abellio Rail NRW. New electric rolling stock for the S5 and S8 lines was introduced in December 2014 after having been tested on S68 since October 2014. These Alstom Coradia trains are operated by DB Regio NRW and offer on-board toilet facilities. All trains of Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn ran with the red DB livery except for the S7 and S28 trainsets which are painted in the colours of their respective operators. Rolling stock after 2019 Starting in December 2019, there will be major changes in the Ruhr area section of the network: The standard service pattern will be altered from a 20-minute to a 30-minute or 15-minute headway. Services around Düsseldorf and Cologne will not be affected and remain on their 20-minute schedule. Several services will no longer be operated by DB Regio NRW, but by Abellio Rail NRW. Simultaneously, the livery of all trains will change to green and white to uphold a uniform appearance regardless of operator. Lines S2, S3 and S9 as well as several Regionalbahn lines that will complement or supplant S-Bahn services will use Stadler FLIRT 3 XL units. Upon eventual electrification, those are also going to run on line S28, sporting Regiobahn's red and white livery. Lines The region's lines were mainly built by three major private railway companies of the early industrial era: The Cologne-Minden Railway Company, the Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company and the Rhenish Railway Company. After nationalisation and in the post-WW2-era, more lines were built or altered to accommodate S-Bahn services. A number of tunnel sections were added to extend the S-Bahn to new high-density housing estates (e. g. Cologne-Chorweiler), to suburbs that had historically been villages (e. g. Dortmund-Lütgendortmund station) or the Dortmund university founded in 1968. Lines before December 2019 Line Route Railways used Length Opening date of first section First section S1 Dortmund – Bochum – Essen – Mülheim (Ruhr) – Duisburg – Düsseldorf Airport – Düsseldorf – Hilden – Solingen Dortmund–Duisburg, Duisburg–Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf–Solingen 97 km 26.05.1974 Bochum – DU-Großenbaum S2 Dortmund – Dortmund-Dorstfeld – Dortmund-Mengede – Herne – (Gelsenkirchen – (Oberhausen – Duisburg) or Essen) or Recklinghausen Dortmund–Dortmund-Dorstfeld, Dortmund-Dorstfeld–Dortmund-Mengede, Dortmund-Mengede–Herne/Gelsenkirchen/Duisburg, and part of Gelsenkirchen–Essen or Herne–Recklinghausen 58 / 42 / 33 km 02.06.1991 Dortmund – Duisburg S3 Oberhausen – Mülheim (Ruhr) – Essen – Essen-Steele – Hattingen (Ruhr) Mitte Oberhausen–Essen-Steele Ost, Essen-Steele Ost–Bochum-Dahlhausen, Bochum-Dahlhausen–Hattingen (Ruhr) Mitte 33 km 26.05.1974 Oberhausen – Hattingen (Ruhr) S4 Dortmund-Lütgendortmund – Dortmund–Dorstfeld – Unna-Königsborn – Unna Dortmund-Lütgendortmund–Dortmund Süd, Dortmund Süd–Unna-Königsborn, Unna-Königsborn–Unna 30 km 03.06.1984 DO-Germania – Unna S5 Dortmund – Witten – Wetter (Ruhr) – Hagen (– Mönchengladbach Hbf; as S8, see below) Dortmund–Hagen 31 km 29.05.1994 Whole length S6 Essen – Ratingen Ost – Düsseldorf – Langenfeld (Rheinl) – Cologne – Cologne-Nippes Essen–Essen-Werden, Essen-Werden–Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf–Cologne, Cologne–Köln-Nippes 78 km 28.09.1967 Ratingen Ost – D-Garath S7 Wuppertal – Remscheid – Solingen Wuppertal–Wuppertal-Oberbarmen, Wuppertal-Oberbarmen–Solingen 41 km 15.12.2013 Whole length S8 (As S5, see above; Dortmund Hbf –) Hagen – Wuppertal – Wuppertal-Vohwinkel – Düsseldorf – Neuss – Mönchengladbach Hagen-Schwelm, Schwelm–Wuppertal, Wuppertal–Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf–Mönchengladbach 82 km 29.05.1988 Whole length S9 Haltern am See – Gladbeck West – Bottrop – Essen – Essen-Steele – Velbert-Langenberg – Wuppertal-Vohwinkel – Wuppertal Haltern-Gelsenkirchen-Buer Nord, Gladbeck – Bottrop, Essen-Dellwig Ost, Essen-Dellwig Ost–Essen West, Essen West–Essen-Steele, Essen-Steele–Wuppertal-Vohwinkel, Wuppertal-Vohwinkel–Wupperal 90 km 24.05.1998 Haltern – Essen-Steele S11 Düsseldorf Airport Terminal – Düsseldorf – Neuss – Cologne-Nippes – Cologne – Bergisch Gladbach Düsseldorf Airport Terminal–Düsseldorf-Unterrath railway, Düsseldorf-Unterrath–Düsseldorf, Neuss–Cologne, Cologne–Köln-Mülheim, Cologne-Mülheim–Bergisch Gladbach 74 km 01.06.1975 K-Chorweiler – Berg. Gladbach S12 S-Bahn-Rhein-SiegDüren – Horrem – Cologne – Troisdorf – Siegburg/Bonn – Au (Sieg) Düren–Cologne, Cologne–Au Sieg 105 km 02.06.1991 Köln-Nippes – Au (Sieg) S13 S-Bahn-Rhein-Sieg(One train a day to/ from Aachen – Düren –) Horrem – Cologne – Cologne/Bonn Airport – Troisdorf Aachen–Cologne, Cologne–Troisdorf incl. Cologne Airport loop 45 km 15.12.2002 Düren – Cologne-Deutz S19 S-Bahn-Rhein-SiegHorrem – Köln Hansaring – Köln – Cologne/Bonn Airport – Troisdorf– Siegburg/Bonn – Hennef (Sieg)6 pairs of services of the S 13 in the morning peak11 pairs of services of the S 13 in the afternoon peak Horrem–Köln, Cologne–Hennef incl. Cologne Airport loop 14.12.2014 Whole route S23 S-Bahn-Rhein-SiegEuskirchen – Rheinbach – Meckenheim – BonnSome trains continue from Euskirchen as RB 23 to Bad Münstereifel; all RB 23 services depart from Euskirchen as S 23 to Bonn Hbf Euskirchen–Bonn 47 km 14.12.2014 Whole route S28 Mettmann Stadtwald – Düsseldorf – Neuss – Kaarster See Mettmann Stadtwald–Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf–Neuss, Neuss–Kaarster See 34 km 26.09.1999 Whole route S68 Wuppertal-Vohwinkel – Düsseldorf – Langenfeld (Rheinl) Wuppertal–Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf–Langenfeld 39 km 13.12.2009 Whole length Kursbuchstrecken 450.x (x is equivalent to the number of the line), as of 13 December 2009. Lines after December 2019 Line Route Railways used Length Operating company Opening date of first section First section S1 Dortmund – Bochum – Essen – Mülheim (Ruhr) – Duisburg – Düsseldorf Airport – Düsseldorf – Hilden – Solingen Dortmund–Duisburg, Duisburg–Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf–Solingen 97 km DB Regio 26.05.1974 Bochum – DU-Großenbaum S2 Dortmund – Dortmund-Dorstfeld – Dortmund-Mengede – Herne – (Gelsenkirchen – Essen) or – Recklinghausen Dortmund–Dortmund-Dorstfeld, Dortmund-Dorstfeld–Dortmund-Mengede, Dortmund-Mengede–Herne/Gelsenkirchen/Duisburg, and part of Gelsenkirchen–Essen or Herne–Recklinghausen 58 / 42 / 33 km DB Regio 02.06.1991 Dortmund – Duisburg S3 Oberhausen – Mülheim (Ruhr) – Essen – Essen-Steele – Hattingen (Ruhr) Mitte Oberhausen–Essen-Steele Ost, Essen-Steele Ost–Bochum-Dahlhausen, Bochum-Dahlhausen–Hattingen (Ruhr) Mitte 33 km DB Regio 26.05.1974 Oberhausen – Hattingen (Ruhr) S4 Dortmund-Lütgendortmund – Dortmund–Dorstfeld – Unna-Königsborn – Unna Dortmund-Lütgendortmund–Dortmund Süd, Dortmund Süd–Unna-Königsborn, Unna-Königsborn–Unna 30 km DB Regio 03.06.1984 DO-Germania – Unna S5 Dortmund – Witten – Wetter (Ruhr) – Hagen (– Mönchengladbach Hbf; as S8, see below) Dortmund–Hagen 31 km DB Regio 29.05.1994 Whole length S6 Essen – Ratingen Ost – Düsseldorf – Langenfeld (Rheinl) – Cologne – Cologne-Nippes Essen–Essen-Werden, Essen-Werden–Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf–Cologne, Cologne–Köln-Nippes 78 km DB Regio 28.09.1967 Ratingen Ost – D-Garath S7 Wuppertal – Remscheid – Solingen Wuppertal–Wuppertal-Oberbarmen, Wuppertal-Oberbarmen–Solingen 41 km Vias Rail 15.12.2013 Whole length S8 (As S5, see above; Dortmund Hbf –) Hagen – Wuppertal – Wuppertal-Vohwinkel – Düsseldorf – Neuss – Mönchengladbach Hagen-Schwelm, Schwelm–Wuppertal, Wuppertal–Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf–Mönchengladbach 82 km DB Regio 29.05.1988 Whole length S9 Recklinghausen / Haltern am See – Gladbeck West – Bottrop – Essen – Essen-Steele – Velbert-Langenberg – Wuppertal-Vohwinkel – Wuppertal - Hagen Recklinghausen - Abzwg. Blumenthal, Abzwg. Blumenthal - Herten - (Abzwg. Marl-Lippe-Haltern) - Gladbeck - Bottrop - Essen-Dellwig Ost, Essen-Dellwig Ost–Essen West, Essen West–Essen-Steele, Essen-Steele–Wuppertal-Vohwinkel, Wuppertal-Vohwinkel–Wuppertal 90 km DB Regio 24.05.1998 Haltern – Essen-Steele S11 S-Bahn-Rhein-Sieg Düsseldorf Airport Terminal – Düsseldorf – Neuss – Cologne-Nippes – Cologne – Bergisch Gladbach Düsseldorf Airport Terminal–Düsseldorf-Unterrath railway, Düsseldorf-Unterrath–Düsseldorf, Neuss–Cologne, Cologne–Köln-Mülheim, Cologne-Mülheim–Bergisch Gladbach 74 km DB Regio 01.06.1975 K-Chorweiler – Berg. Gladbach S12 S-Bahn-Rhein-SiegDüren – Horrem – Cologne – Troisdorf – Siegburg/Bonn – Au (Sieg) Düren–Cologne, Cologne–Au Sieg 105 km DB Regio 02.06.1991 Köln-Nippes – Au (Sieg) S13 S-Bahn-Rhein-Sieg(One train a day to/ from Aachen – Düren –) Horrem – Cologne – Cologne/Bonn Airport – Troisdorf Aachen–Cologne, Cologne–Troisdorf incl. Cologne Airport loop 45 km DB Regio 15.12.2002 Düren – Cologne-Deutz S19 S-Bahn-Rhein-SiegHorrem – Köln Hansaring – Köln – Cologne/Bonn Airport – Troisdorf– Siegburg/Bonn – Hennef (Sieg)6 pairs of services of the S 13 in the morning peak11 pairs of services of the S 13 in the afternoon peak Horrem–Köln, Cologne–Hennef incl. Cologne Airport loop DB Regio 14.12.2014 Whole route S23 S-Bahn-Rhein-SiegEuskirchen – Rheinbach – Meckenheim – BonnSome trains continue from Euskirchen as RB 23 to Bad Münstereifel; all RB 23 services depart from Euskirchen as S 23 to Bonn Hbf Euskirchen–Bonn 47 km DB Regio 14.12.2014 Whole route S28 Mettmann Stadtwald – Düsseldorf – Neuss – Kaarster See Mettmann Stadtwald–Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf–Neuss, Neuss–Kaarster See 34 km Regiobahn 26.09.1999 Whole route S68 Wuppertal-Vohwinkel – Düsseldorf – Langenfeld (Rheinl) Wuppertal–Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf–Langenfeld 39 km DB Regio 13.12.2009 Whole length Network map See also List of rapid transit systems References ^ Press note Deutsche Bahn, 28. January 2011 ^ Facts and figures Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine S-Bahn Köln ^ Koch, Hildegard Braun, Oliver (2016-07-07). "Deutsche Bahn verliert acht VRR-Linien im Ruhrgebiet" (in German). Retrieved 2017-01-28.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "VRR: Heute S-Bahnvergabeentscheidung – BAHN". www.bahnberufe.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-01-28. ^ a b c d "S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr-Sieg – Geschichte" (in German). www.indusi.de. Retrieved 25 August 2011. External links Official website www.marco-wegener.de – Information and History of Rhine-Ruhr-Sieg S-Bahn (German) vteGerman S-BahnenIn operation Berlin Bremen Danube-Iller Dresden Freiburg Hamburg Hanover Karlsruhe Mitteldeutschland Mittelelbe Munich Nuremberg Ortenau Rhine-Main Rhine-Neckar Rhine-Ruhr Rostock Stuttgart Planned Augsburg Lübeck Defunct Erfurt (1976–1995) vteUrban public transport networks and systems in GermanyS-Bahn Berlin Bremen Cologne Dresden Erfurt1 Freiburg Hamburg Hanover Karlsruhe Magdeburg Mitteldeutschland Munich Neu-Ulm Nuremberg Offenburg Rhine-Main Rhine-Neckar Rhine-Ruhr Rostock Stuttgart Ulm U-Bahn Berlin Hamburg Munich Nuremberg Stadtbahn Bielefeld Bochum Bonn Chemnitz Cologne Dortmund Duisburg Düsseldorf Erfurt Essen Frankfurt Gelsenkirchen Hanover Heilbronn Karlsruhe Kassel Saarbrücken Mülheim Stuttgart Trams Aachen2 Augsburg Bad Schandau-Kirnitzschtal Berlin (Suburban: Schöneiche-Rüdersdorf · Woltersdorf) Bochum Bonn Brandenburg an der Havel Braunschweig Bremen Chemnitz Cologne Cottbus Darmstadt Dessau Döbeln Dresden Duisburg Düsseldorf Erfurt Essen Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt (Oder) Freiburg Gelsenkirchen Gera Görlitz Gotha Halberstadt Halle Hamburg2 Hanover Heidelberg Heilbronn Jena Karlsruhe Kassel Kehl Kiel2 Krefeld Leipzig (History) Lößnitz Ludwigshafen Magdeburg Mannheim Merseburg Mülheim Munich Mainz Münster2 Naumburg Nuremberg Nordhausen Oberhausen Plauen Potsdam Regensburg2 Rostock Saarbrücken Schwerin Strausberg Stuttgart Ulm Weil am Rhein Wuppertal2 Würzburg Zwickau Trolleybuses Eberswalde Esslingen am Neckar Solingen Suspension monorails Dortmund H-Bahn Dresden Suspension Railway Düsseldorf SkyTrain Wuppertal Schwebebahn Other Bad Schandau Elevator 1 Former S-Bahn network 2 Former tramway network	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"polycentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"S-bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-bahn"},{"link_name":"Rhine-Ruhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"federated state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Ruhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr"},{"link_name":"Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund"},{"link_name":"Duisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duisburg"},{"link_name":"Essen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen"},{"link_name":"Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergisches_Land"},{"link_name":"Wuppertal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal"},{"link_name":"Solingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solingen"},{"link_name":"Rhineland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Unna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unna"},{"link_name":"Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Ruhr"},{"link_name":"Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Sieg"},{"link_name":"Aachener Verkehrsverbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aachener_Verkehrsverbund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Düren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCren"},{"link_name":"Westfalentarif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westfalentarif&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Unna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unna"},{"link_name":"Ratingen Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratingen_Ost_station"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf-Garath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf-Garath_station"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland"},{"link_name":"DB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn"},{"link_name":"Regio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Regio"},{"link_name":"Regiobahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiobahn_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Vias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vias_(rail_company)"},{"link_name":"Cologne Hbf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Hbf"},{"link_name":"Cologne/Bonn Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne/Bonn_Airport_station"}],"text":"The Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn (German: S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr) is a polycentric and electrically driven S-bahn network covering the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region in the German federated state of North Rhine-Westphalia. This includes most of the Ruhr (and cities such as Dortmund, Duisburg and Essen), the Berg cities of Wuppertal and Solingen and parts of the Rhineland (with cities such as Cologne and Düsseldorf). The easternmost city within the S-Bahn Rhine-Ruhr network is Unna, the westernmost city served is Mönchengladbach.The S-Bahn operates in the areas of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr and Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg tariff associations, touching areas of the Aachener Verkehrsverbund (AVV) at Düren and Westfalentarif at Unna. The network was established in 1967 with a line connecting Ratingen Ost to Düsseldorf-Garath.The system consists of 16 lines. With a system length of 676 km (420.05 mi), it is the second-largest S-Bahn network in Germany, behind S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland. Most of them are operated by DB Regio NRW, while line S28 is operated by Regiobahn and S7 by Vias. The S19 will run 24/7 between Düren and Hennef for 17 stations and not only between Cologne Hbf and Cologne/Bonn Airport.","title":"Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rolling stock history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Essen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen"},{"link_name":"steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"push-pull trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-pull_train"},{"link_name":"Class 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRG_Class_78"},{"link_name":"Class 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Class_65"},{"link_name":"engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"}],"sub_title":"Age of steam","text":"The predecessor of the S-Bahn was the so-called Bezirksschnellverkehr between the cities of Düsseldorf and Essen, which consisted of steam-powered push-pull trains, mainly hauled by Class 78, since 1951 also Class 65 engines.","title":"Rolling stock history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silberling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silberling"},{"link_name":"Class 141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Class_E_41"},{"link_name":"Class 420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Class_420"},{"link_name":"electric multiple units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Munich S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"on-board toilets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_train_toilet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"walk-through","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangway_connection"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"}],"sub_title":"Early electric years","text":"The first S-Bahn lines were operated using Silberling cars and Class 141 locomotives. However these were not suited for operations on a rapid transit network and were soon replaced by Class 420 electric multiple units.Originally designed for the Munich S-Bahn, the Class 420 was judged in the mid-1970s to be unsuitable for the network[citation needed], mainly due to being uncomfortable and lacking on-board toilets[citation needed] and not being walk-through, since one could travel rather long distances on the Rhine-Ruhr network.[original research?]","title":"Rolling stock history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clp_20140731_2128_x-Wagen_Essen_S%C3%BCd.jpg"},{"link_name":"control car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_car"},{"link_name":"Essen Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen_S%C3%BCd_station"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bundesbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn"},{"link_name":"Duewag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duewag"},{"link_name":"MBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt-B%C3%B6lkow-Blohm"},{"link_name":"LHB prototype carriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHB_prototype_carriages"},{"link_name":"bogies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie"},{"link_name":"disc brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brake"},{"link_name":"shock absorbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"link_name":"platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_platform"},{"link_name":"standard height of 96 cm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_platform_height"},{"link_name":"control cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_car"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_class_travel"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_S-Bahn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:29.07.85_K%C3%B6ln_Hbf_111.158_(6041740895).jpg"},{"link_name":"Class 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Class_111"},{"link_name":"Hohenzollernbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenzollernbr%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"Class 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Class_111"},{"link_name":"Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp"},{"link_name":"Essen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bundesbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bahn AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn_AG"},{"link_name":"Class 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Class_243"}],"sub_title":"The x-Wagen era","text":"An X-Wagen control car at Essen Süd in July 2014Constructing an improved version of the 420 with the tentative designation Class 422 was discussed, but in 1978 the Deutsche Bundesbahn commissioned a batch of coaches from Duewag and MBB. These lightweight and modern coaches were designated as x-Wagen (\"x-car\") after their classification code Bx. Among the design elements inherited from the recent LHB prototype carriages were the bogies with disc brakes and rubber airbag shock absorbers that also included automated level control, ensuring level boarding from S-Bahn platforms with a standard height of 96 cm regardless of varying passenger loading.In late 1978, the first prototypes of 2nd class type Bx 794.0 cars and Bxf 796.0 control cars were handed over to DB, followed by split first/second class cars type ABx 791.0 in early 1979. The prototypes were successful, so from 1981 to 1994 several series were commissioned, with some going to the Nuremberg S-Bahn system.A Class 111 locomotive leads an orange-and-white S-Bahn service across the Hohenzollernbrücke into Köln Hauptbahnhof in 1985The x-Wagen were mechanically coupled to form fixed sets of typically one ABx car, one or two Bx cars and one Bxf control car. This way a train offered seating for a total of 222 to 302 passengers and standing room for another 429 to 539 passengers. A few five-car sets ran on peak time services. All cars were of a walk-through design with mechanical doors at each end. Initially the ABx car ran on the loco end to keep passengers looking for a seat from disturbing first-class passengers. The orientation of trains was not predictable in practice however, so the ABx car was instead put in the middle of the train. In later years, when insufficient numbers of Bx cars were ready for service, some trains ran with two ABx cars.Traction was provided by the Class 111 locomotives produced locally by Krupp in Essen. They had been designed for long-haul Intercity and limited-stop commuter train services with a maximum speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) and were not an ideal fit for rapid transit duty. After the German reunification, even before the old Deutsche Bundesbahn was merged with the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany to form the new Deutsche Bahn AG, the Class 143 Reichsbahn engines replaced the Class 111 on the S-Bahn network, limiting the top speed on the network to 120 km/h (75 mph) but with better acceleration and noticeably less jolting.","title":"Rolling stock history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BR_422_Angermund.jpg"},{"link_name":"Angermund station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angermund_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BR_1440_Wuppertal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wuppertal Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf Volksgarten station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Volksgarten_station"},{"link_name":"Cologne-Frankfurt high speed line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne%E2%80%93Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Class 423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBAG_Class_423"},{"link_name":"Class 422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBAG_Class_422"},{"link_name":"DB Regio NRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Regio_NRW"},{"link_name":"Regiobahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiobahn"},{"link_name":"Bombardier TALENT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_(train)"},{"link_name":"DMUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Alstom Coradia LINT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom_Coradia_LINT"},{"link_name":"DMUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Abellio Rail NRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellio_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"Alstom Coradia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom_Coradia"},{"link_name":"trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train"}],"sub_title":"Rolling stock today","text":"S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr Series 422 at Angermund stationClass 1440 (Alstom Coradia Continental) train at Wuppertal HauptbahnhofS-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr train pulling out of Düsseldorf Volksgarten stationThe Cologne S-Bahn section went into full operation in 2002 in conjunction with the opening of the Cologne-Frankfurt high speed line. It runs with Class 423 EMUs on lines S11, S12 and S13/S19. Due to recent service improvements, there are insufficient numbers of Class 423 EMUs available, so Class 420 electric multiple units can be found on line S12.Starting in 2008, 84 units of Class 422 were introduced in the Ruhr area section and around Düsseldorf, replacing the x-Wagen loco-hauled trains.These newer classes of EMUs once again increased the maximum speed on the network to 140 km/h (87 mph) where permitted, which together with the better acceleration of the EMUs did reduce delays that had become entrenched in the latter years of x-Wagen operations.The S28 is not operated by DB Regio NRW, but by Regiobahn, which uses Bombardier TALENT DMUs. The S7 uses Alstom Coradia LINT DMUs and is operated by Abellio Rail NRW.New electric rolling stock for the S5 and S8 lines was introduced in December 2014 after having been tested on S68 since October 2014. These Alstom Coradia trains are operated by DB Regio NRW and offer on-board toilet facilities.All trains of Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn ran with the red DB livery except for the S7 and S28 trainsets which are painted in the colours of their respective operators.","title":"Rolling stock history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Stadler FLIRT 3 XL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT"}],"sub_title":"Rolling stock after 2019","text":"Starting in December 2019, there will be major changes in the Ruhr area section of the network: The standard service pattern will be altered from a 20-minute to a 30-minute or 15-minute headway. Services around Düsseldorf and Cologne will not be affected and remain on their 20-minute schedule.Several services will no longer be operated by DB Regio NRW, but by Abellio Rail NRW.[3] Simultaneously, the livery of all trains will change to green and white to uphold a uniform appearance regardless of operator.[4]Lines S2, S3 and S9 as well as several Regionalbahn lines that will complement or supplant S-Bahn services will use Stadler FLIRT 3 XL units. Upon eventual electrification, those are also going to run on line S28, sporting Regiobahn's red and white livery.","title":"Rolling stock history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cologne-Minden Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne-Minden_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergisch-M%C3%A4rkische_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Rhenish Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"housing estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_estate"},{"link_name":"Cologne-Chorweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln-Chorweiler"},{"link_name":"Dortmund-Lütgendortmund station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund-L%C3%BCtgendortmund_station"},{"link_name":"Dortmund university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund_University_station"}],"text":"The region's lines were mainly built by three major private railway companies of the early industrial era: The Cologne-Minden Railway Company, the Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company and the Rhenish Railway Company. After nationalisation and in the post-WW2-era, more lines were built or altered to accommodate S-Bahn services.A number of tunnel sections were added to extend the S-Bahn to new high-density housing estates (e. g. Cologne-Chorweiler), to suburbs that had historically been villages (e. g. Dortmund-Lütgendortmund station) or the Dortmund university founded in 1968.","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kursbuchstrecken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursbuchstrecke"}],"sub_title":"Lines before December 2019","text":"Kursbuchstrecken 450.x (x is equivalent to the number of the line), as of 13 December 2009.","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lines after December 2019","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/8/51.25/6.9/en"}],"title":"Network map"}]	[{"image_text":"Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn network map including the Cologne S-Bahn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/S-Bahn_Rhein-Ruhr_2020.svg/285px-S-Bahn_Rhein-Ruhr_2020.svg.png"},{"image_text":"An X-Wagen control car at Essen Süd in July 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Clp_20140731_2128_x-Wagen_Essen_S%C3%BCd.jpg/220px-Clp_20140731_2128_x-Wagen_Essen_S%C3%BCd.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Class 111 locomotive leads an orange-and-white S-Bahn service across the Hohenzollernbrücke into Köln Hauptbahnhof in 1985","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/29.07.85_K%C3%B6ln_Hbf_111.158_%286041740895%29.jpg/220px-29.07.85_K%C3%B6ln_Hbf_111.158_%286041740895%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr Series 422 at Angermund station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/BR_422_Angermund.jpg/220px-BR_422_Angermund.jpg"},{"image_text":"Class 1440 (Alstom Coradia Continental) train at Wuppertal Hauptbahnhof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BR_1440_Wuppertal.jpg/220px-BR_1440_Wuppertal.jpg"},{"image_text":"S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr train pulling out of Düsseldorf Volksgarten station"}]	[{"title":"List of rapid transit systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rapid_transit_systems"}]	[{"reference":"Koch, Hildegard Braun, Oliver (2016-07-07). \"Deutsche Bahn verliert acht VRR-Linien im Ruhrgebiet\" (in German). Retrieved 2017-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/ruhrgebiet/neuer-betreiber-bei-s-bahnen-100.html","url_text":"\"Deutsche Bahn verliert acht VRR-Linien im Ruhrgebiet\""}]},{"reference":"\"VRR: Heute S-Bahnvergabeentscheidung – BAHN[berufe]\". www.bahnberufe.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bahnberufe.de/rund-um-bahnberufede/bahnnews/news/article/vrr-heute-s-bahnvergabeentscheidung.html","url_text":"\"VRR: Heute S-Bahnvergabeentscheidung – BAHN[berufe]\""}]},{"reference":"\"S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr-Sieg – Geschichte\" (in German). www.indusi.de. Retrieved 25 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marco-wegener.de/s-bahn/index.htm","url_text":"\"S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr-Sieg – Geschichte\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.s-bahn-rhein-ruhr.de/","external_links_name":"www.s-bahn-rhein-ruhr.de"},{"Link":"http://www.s-bahn-koeln.de/","external_links_name":"www.s-bahn-koeln.de"},{"Link":"http://www.deutschebahn.com/site/bahn/de/presse/presseinformationen/nrw/nrw20110128.html","external_links_name":"Press note"},{"Link":"http://www.s-bahn-koeln.de/regional/view/regionen/nrw/info/s-bahn_koeln_unternehmen.shtml","external_links_name":"Facts and figures"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706071650/http://www.s-bahn-koeln.de/regional/view/regionen/nrw/info/s-bahn_koeln_unternehmen.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/ruhrgebiet/neuer-betreiber-bei-s-bahnen-100.html","external_links_name":"\"Deutsche Bahn verliert acht VRR-Linien im Ruhrgebiet\""},{"Link":"http://www.bahnberufe.de/rund-um-bahnberufede/bahnnews/news/article/vrr-heute-s-bahnvergabeentscheidung.html","external_links_name":"\"VRR: Heute S-Bahnvergabeentscheidung – BAHN[berufe]\""},{"Link":"http://www.marco-wegener.de/s-bahn/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr-Sieg – Geschichte\""},{"Link":"http://www.s-bahn-rhein-ruhr.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.marco-wegener.de/s-bahn/index.htm","external_links_name":"www.marco-wegener.de – Information and History of Rhine-Ruhr-Sieg S-Bahn (German)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Rose_Bowl	1988 Rose Bowl	["1 Teams","1.1 Michigan State Spartans","1.2 USC Trojans","2 Game summary","3 References"]	College football game1988 Rose Bowl74th Rose Bowl Game USC Trojans Michigan State Spartans (8–3) (8–2–1) 17 20 Head coach: Larry Smith Head coach: George Perles APCoaches 1617 APCoaches 88 1234 Total USC 3077 17 Michigan State 7706 20 DateJanuary 1, 1988Season1987StadiumRose BowlLocationPasadena, CaliforniaMVPPercy Snow (MSU LB)FavoriteUSC by 3 pointsNational anthemSpirit of TroyRefereeGil Marchman (Big Ten;split crew betweenBig Ten and Pac-10)Halftime showSpirit of Troy,Michigan State University Spartan Marching BandAttendance101,688United States TV coverageNetworkNBCAnnouncersDick Enberg, Merlin Olsen Rose Bowl < 1987 1989 > The 1988 Rose Bowl was the 74th edition of the college football bowl game, played on January 1, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. The Michigan State Spartans defeated the USC Trojans 20–17 in a bowl rematch that was much closer than the 27–13 Spartan victory in the regular season. Michigan State linebacker Percy Snow was named the Player of the Game. This was the last Rose Bowl game televised by NBC Sports, ending a 37-year partnership. ABC Sports picked up rights to broadcast the game the following year. This was the Big Ten's first Rose Bowl win in seven years. Teams See also: 1987 NCAA Division I-A football season The teams opened the season against each other in East Lansing, Michigan in a nationally-televised game on Labor Day night. Michigan State took advantage of three USC turnovers to defeat the Trojans, 27–13. Michigan State Spartans Main article: 1987 Michigan State Spartans football team Led by head coach George Perles, a former Pittsburgh Steelers assistant coach, Michigan State had its best team in many years. The Spartans beat traditional Big 10 powers Michigan and Ohio State, and won the Big Ten by 1½ games over Indiana and Iowa, who tied for second place. They followed up the USC win by a 31–8 loss at Notre Dame, and then a 31–3 home loss to Florida State. The season got back on track with a 19–14 win at Iowa. A dramatic 17–11 win over in state rival Michigan occurred on October 10. On October 31, the Spartans defeated Ohio State, making this the first season since the 1966 National Championship when the Spartans defeated both Michigan and Ohio State. The Indiana Hoosiers also had beaten Michigan and Ohio State, and the meeting between Michigan State and Indiana on November 14 determined the Big Ten championship. Michigan State won 27–3 to clinch their first Rose Bowl appearance since the 1965 season. They are the only team in college history to not only beat Big 10 powers Ohio State and Michigan in the same season, but also the USC Trojans twice. USC Trojans Main article: 1987 USC Trojans football team USC struggled early and was only 4–3 after seven games, but won its next three to set up a showdown with rival UCLA (9–1) for the Pac-10 title and Rose Bowl berth. The UCLA Bruins, with Troy Aikman at quarterback and Gaston Green at running back were favored, and led 13–0 at halftime. It could have been worse, as on the last play of the first half, UCLA's Eric Turner intercepted a deflected pass at the UCLA goal line and had nothing but green grass ahead of him as he appeared primed to return it for a touchdown. But USC QB Rodney Peete ran down Turner and tackled him at the 10-yard line as time expired. USC had cut the lead to 13–10, and then midway through the 4th quarter, quarterback Rodney Peete threw to WR Erik Afholter in the back of the end zone. Afholter juggled the ball atop his shoulder pad as he slid out the end zone; television replays indicated no possession but the referees ruled it a touchdown. Leading 17–13, USC then intercepted Aikman as he tried to lead UCLA back and ran out the clock. Game summary Rose Bowl recordsat the Hall of Champions The game was a rematch of the season opener in East Lansing that Michigan State won 27–13. The game was dominated by defense; the story was Michigan State linebacker and game most valuable player Percy Snow, who had 17 unassisted tackles, while helping to force five USC turnovers. The Spartans also had their All-American running back Lorenzo White who proved to be a cut-back slashing workhorse with 35 carries for 113 yards . After USC tied the game early in the fourth quarter at 17, Michigan State marched to a game-winning field goal by John Langeloh with four minutes to play. The key play of the drive was a third down play in which Michigan State quarterback Bobby McAllister was nearly sacked, then scrambled and at the last instant found receiver Andre Rison at the sideline for a first down that kept the drive alive. USC had time to try to come back, and Trojans quarterback Rodney Peete led USC on a drive to the MSU 29-yard line with two minutes to play. But Peete fumbled the next snap, and Michigan State recovered before running out the clock. Lorenzo White's performance in this game, combined with his superb 4-year career, helped clinch his January 2019 election to the College Football Hall of Fame . References ^ "The latest line: college football". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 1, 1988. p. 28. ^ Peters, Ken (January 2, 1988). "Big 10 blooms again with Rose Bowl win". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. p. B1. ^ a b May, Peter (January 2, 1988). "Hold Big Ten jokes: Spartans take roses". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). (Hartford Courant). p. 1B. ^ 2008 Rose Bowl Program Archived March 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, 2008 Rose Bowl. Accessed January 26, 2008. vte1987–88 NCAA football bowl game season California (Dec. 12) Independence (Dec. 19) All-American (Dec. 22) Aloha (Dec. 25) Sun (Dec. 25) Liberty (Dec. 29) Freedom (Dec. 30) Holiday (Dec. 30) Gator (Dec. 31) Astro-Bluebonnet (Dec. 31) Rose (Jan. 1) Orange (Jan. 1) Florida Citrus (Jan. 1) Fiesta (Jan. 1) Cotton (Jan. 1) Sugar (Jan. 1) Hall of Fame (Jan. 2) Peach (Jan. 2) vteRose Bowl GameHistory & conference tie-ins History Rose Bowl (stadium) College Football Playoff Broadcasters Big Ten Conference Pac-12 Conference Games 1902 1903–1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942DUR 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002BCS 2003 2004 2005 2006BCS 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015CFS 2016 2017 2018CFS 2019 2020 2021CFS, DAL 2022 2023 2024CFS 2025CFQ 2026CFQ BCS denotes Bowl Championship Series Championship Game DAL denotes the game was played in Arlington, Texas. DUR denotes the game was played in Durham, North Carolina. CFS denotes College Football Playoff Semifinal Game CFQ denotes College Football Playoff Quarterfinal Game vteMichigan State Spartans bowl games 1938 Orange Bowl 1954 Rose Bowl 1956 Rose Bowl 1966 Rose Bowl 1984 Cherry Bowl 1985 Hall of Fame Classic 1988 Rose Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Aloha Bowl 1990 John Hancock Bowl 1993 Liberty Bowl 1995 Independence Bowl 1996 Sun Bowl 1997 Aloha Bowl 2000 Florida Citrus Bowl 2001 Silicon Valley Football Classic 2003 Alamo Bowl 2007 Champs Sports Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2010 Alamo Bowl 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2012 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl 2014 Rose Bowl 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (Jan) 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (Dec) † 2017 Holiday Bowl 2018 Redbox Bowl 2019 Pinstripe Bowl 2021 Peach Bowl † denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game vteUSC Trojans bowl games 1923 Rose Bowl Los Angeles Christmas Festival 1930 Rose Bowl 1932 Rose Bowl 1933 Rose Bowl 1939 Rose Bowl 1940 Rose Bowl 1944 Rose Bowl 1945 Rose Bowl 1946 Rose Bowl 1948 Rose Bowl 1953 Rose Bowl 1955 Rose Bowl 1963 Rose Bowl # 1967 Rose Bowl 1968 Rose Bowl 1969 Rose Bowl # 1970 Rose Bowl 1973 Rose Bowl 1974 Rose Bowl 1975 Rose Bowl 1975 Liberty Bowl 1977 Rose Bowl 1977 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl 1979 Rose Bowl 1980 Rose Bowl 1982 Fiesta Bowl 1985 Rose Bowl 1985 Aloha Bowl 1987 Florida Citrus Bowl 1988 Rose Bowl 1989 Rose Bowl 1990 Rose Bowl 1990 John Hancock Bowl 1992 Freedom Bowl 1993 Freedom Bowl 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic 1996 Rose Bowl 1998 Sun Bowl 2001 Las Vegas Bowl 2003 Orange Bowl 2004 Rose Bowl 2005 Orange Bowl # 2006 Rose Bowl # 2007 Rose Bowl 2008 Rose Bowl 2009 Rose Bowl 2009 Emerald Bowl 2012 Sun Bowl 2013 Las Vegas Bowl 2014 Holiday Bowl 2015 Holiday Bowl 2017 Rose Bowl 2017 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) 2019 Holiday Bowl 2023 Cotton Bowl Classic (January) 2023 Holiday Bowl Pound sign (#) denotes national championship game. vteCollege bowl games on NBCCitrus Bowl 1984 1985 Cotton Bowl 1993 1994 1995 Fiesta Bowl 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Gator Bowl 1949 1969 1971 (Jan) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Orange Bowl 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Outback Bowl 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Rose Bowl 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Sun Bowl 1964 1966 Related College Football on NBC list of personalities	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"bowl game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_game"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Michigan State Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team"},{"link_name":"USC Trojans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_USC_Trojans_football_team"},{"link_name":"bowl rematch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_college_football_post-season_games_that_were_rematches_of_regular_season_games"},{"link_name":"Percy Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Snow"},{"link_name":"Player of the Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game#Rose_Bowl_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bgtnblm-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbgtjo-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROSEBOWLPROGRAM-4"},{"link_name":"NBC Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sports"},{"link_name":"ABC Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_College_Football_on_ABC"},{"link_name":"seven years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Rose_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbgtjo-3"}],"text":"College football gameThe 1988 Rose Bowl was the 74th edition of the college football bowl game, played on January 1, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. The Michigan State Spartans defeated the USC Trojans 20–17 in a bowl rematch that was much closer than the 27–13 Spartan victory in the regular season. Michigan State linebacker Percy Snow was named the Player of the Game.[2][3][4]This was the last Rose Bowl game televised by NBC Sports, ending a 37-year partnership. ABC Sports picked up rights to broadcast the game the following year.This was the Big Ten's first Rose Bowl win in seven years.[3]","title":"1988 Rose Bowl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1987 NCAA Division I-A football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season"},{"link_name":"East Lansing, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan"}],"text":"See also: 1987 NCAA Division I-A football seasonThe teams opened the season against each other in East Lansing, Michigan in a nationally-televised game on Labor Day night. Michigan State took advantage of three USC turnovers to defeat the Trojans, 27–13.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Perles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Perles"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"}],"sub_title":"Michigan State Spartans","text":"Led by head coach George Perles, a former Pittsburgh Steelers assistant coach, Michigan State had its best team in many years. The Spartans beat traditional Big 10 powers Michigan and Ohio State, and won the Big Ten by 1½ games over Indiana and Iowa, who tied for second place. They followed up the USC win by a 31–8 loss at Notre Dame, and then a 31–3 home loss to Florida State. The season got back on track with a 19–14 win at Iowa. A dramatic 17–11 win over in state rival Michigan occurred on October 10. On October 31, the Spartans defeated Ohio State, making this the first season since the 1966 National Championship when the Spartans defeated both Michigan and Ohio State. The Indiana Hoosiers also had beaten Michigan and Ohio State, and the meeting between Michigan State and Indiana on November 14 determined the Big Ten championship. Michigan State won 27–3 to clinch their first Rose Bowl appearance since the 1965 season. They are the only team in college history to not only beat Big 10 powers Ohio State and Michigan in the same season, but also the USC Trojans twice.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Troy Aikman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Aikman"},{"link_name":"Gaston Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Green"},{"link_name":"Rodney Peete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Peete"}],"sub_title":"USC Trojans","text":"USC struggled early and was only 4–3 after seven games, but won its next three to set up a showdown with rival UCLA (9–1) for the Pac-10 title and Rose Bowl berth. The UCLA Bruins, with Troy Aikman at quarterback and Gaston Green at running back were favored, and led 13–0 at halftime. It could have been worse, as on the last play of the first half, UCLA's Eric Turner intercepted a deflected pass at the UCLA goal line and had nothing but green grass ahead of him as he appeared primed to return it for a touchdown. But USC QB Rodney Peete ran down Turner and tackled him at the 10-yard line as time expired. USC had cut the lead to 13–10, and then midway through the 4th quarter, quarterback Rodney Peete threw to WR Erik Afholter in the back of the end zone. Afholter juggled the ball atop his shoulder pad as he slid out the end zone; television replays indicated no possession but the referees ruled it a touchdown. Leading 17–13, USC then intercepted Aikman as he tried to lead UCLA back and ran out the clock.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UCLA_Rose_Bowl_record.jpg"},{"link_name":"East Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Percy Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Snow"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_White"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-02-sp-34225-story.html"},{"link_name":"Andre Rison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Rison"},{"link_name":"Rodney Peete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Peete"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//msutoday.msu.edu/news/2019/lorenzo-white-elected-to-college-football-hall-of-fame/"}],"text":"Rose Bowl recordsat the Hall of ChampionsThe game was a rematch of the season opener in East Lansing that Michigan State won 27–13. The game was dominated by defense; the story was Michigan State linebacker and game most valuable player Percy Snow, who had 17 unassisted tackles, while helping to force five USC turnovers. The Spartans also had their All-American running back Lorenzo White who proved to be a cut-back slashing workhorse with 35 carries for 113 yards [1].After USC tied the game early in the fourth quarter at 17, Michigan State marched to a game-winning field goal by John Langeloh with four minutes to play. The key play of the drive was a third down play in which Michigan State quarterback Bobby McAllister was nearly sacked, then scrambled and at the last instant found receiver Andre Rison at the sideline for a first down that kept the drive alive. USC had time to try to come back, and Trojans quarterback Rodney Peete led USC on a drive to the MSU 29-yard line with two minutes to play. But Peete fumbled the next snap, and Michigan State recovered before running out the clock. Lorenzo White's performance in this game, combined with his superb 4-year career, helped clinch his January 2019 election to the College Football Hall of Fame [2].","title":"Game summary"}]	[{"image_text":"Rose Bowl recordsat the Hall of Champions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UCLA_Rose_Bowl_record.jpg/220px-UCLA_Rose_Bowl_record.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"The latest line: college football\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 1, 1988. p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3VMNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4W0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3395%2C123413","url_text":"\"The latest line: college football\""}]},{"reference":"Peters, Ken (January 2, 1988). \"Big 10 blooms again with Rose Bowl win\". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. p. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTWB	KTWB	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°45′04″N 96°53′24″W / 43.751°N 96.890°W / 43.751; -96.890Radio station in Sioux Falls, South Dakota This article is about the Sioux Falls radio station. For the Seattle television station formerly called KTWB-TV, see KZJO. For the station that held the KTWB call sign from 1992 to 2013, see KELO-FM. KTWBSioux Falls, South DakotaBroadcast areaSioux Falls, South DakotaFrequency92.5 MHzBrandingBig Country 92.5ProgrammingFormatCountryOwnershipOwnerDuey E. Wright(Midwest Communications, Inc.)Sister stationsKELO (AM), KELO-FM, KELQ, KRRO, KQSF, KWSNHistoryFirst air date1965 (1965) (as KELO-FM)Former call signsKELO-FM (1965–2013)Technical informationFacility ID41972ClassCERP100,000 wattsHAAT555 meters (1,821 ft)LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitektwb.com KTWB is a radio station in Sioux Falls, South Dakota airing a country music format. The station is owned by Duey E. Wright, through licensee Midwest Communications, Inc. Its studios are located on South Phillips Avenue in Sioux Falls, while its transmitter is located near Rowena. History After a 52-year history in Sioux Falls radio, Midcontinent sold all of its stations, including KTWB, to Backyard Broadcasting of Baltimore in 2004. It marked the company's exit from broadcasting, having sold off KELO-TV in 1996. Backyard sold its seven Sioux Falls stations in 2012 to their present owner, Midwest Communications, in a $13.35 million transaction. On October 28, 2013, KTWB and its country format moved to 92.5 FM, swapping frequencies with adult contemporary-formatted KELO-FM, which moved to 101.9 FM. References ^ "Midcontinent to sell its 5 radio stations". Argus-Leader. 2004-09-23. p. 1. Retrieved 2022-01-06. ^ "Midwest Communications Expands To Sioux Falls". RadioInsight. Retrieved 2022-01-06. ^ "Midwest Announces Sioux Falls Frequency Swap". External links KTWB Big Country 92.5 website KTWB in the FCC FM station database KTWB in Nielsen Audio's FM station database vteRadio stations in the Sioux Falls metropolitan area (South Dakota/Minnesota)By AM frequency 570 730 800 1000 1050 1140 1230 1270 1320 1520 By FM frequency 88.1 89.1 90.1 90.5 90.9 92.5 93.9 94.5 95.7 96.5 97.3 98.7 99.1 99.7 100.1 100.5 101.1 101.9 102.7 103.7 104.7 106.9 107.9 LPFM 92.9 Translators 93.3 105.1 105.5 106.5 107.5 By call sign K227CZ K286CN K288GA K293BQ K298CY KARZ KAUR KCSD KELO KELO-FM KELQ KGWD KIHK KIKN-FM KISD KKLS-FM KKRC-FM KLOH KLQL KNWC KNWC-FM KQAD KQSF KRRO KRSD KRWH-LP KSFS KSOO KSOO-FM KSOU-FM KTWB KVCF KWOA KWSN KXRB KXRB-FM KYBB KZOY WNAX Defunct KSTJ-LP (104.3 FM) Nearby regions Brookings Huron–Mitchell Northeast Nebraska Sioux City Southwest Minnesota Watertown Yankton–Vermillion See also List of radio stations in South Dakota List of radio stations in Minnesota vteCountry radio stations in the state of South DakotaStations KBJM – Lemmon KBWS-FM – Sisseton KDLO-FM – Watertown KGFX – Pierre KGIM-FM – Aberdeen KIKN-FM – Salem/Sioux Falls KIMM – Rapid City KIQK – Rapid City KJAM-FM – Madison KKLS - Rapid City KKQQ – Brookings KKYA – Yankton KLXS-FM – Pierre KMIT – Mitchell KMLO – Mobridge KMOM – Roscoe KOUT – Rapid City KPLO-FM – Pierre KQKD - Redfield KRKI - Keystone KSDR-FM – Watertown KSOO-FM - Lennox/Sioux Falls KTWB – Sioux Falls KWYR – Winner KXRB – Sioux Falls KXRB-FM - Brandon KZZI – Rapid City WNAX-FM – Yankton See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in South Dakota vteMidwest CommunicationsIllinois Peoria WIRL WKZF WMBD WSWT WPBG WXCL Indiana Evansville WABX WIKY-FM WLYD WSTO Terre Haute WBOW WIBQ WIBU (defunct) WMGI WTHI-FM WWVR Michigan Battle Creek WFAT WNWN Coldwater WTVB Holland WHTC WYVN Kalamazoo WKZO WTOU WVFM WZOX Lansing WJXQ WLMI WQTX WWDK Minnesota Duluth KDAL KDAL-FM KDKE KQDS-FM KTCO WDSM WDUL Hibbing WEVE-FM WDKE WMFG WMFG-FM WNMT WTBX WUSZ North Dakota Fargo KFGO KFGO-FM KNFL KOYY KRWK KVOX-FM South Dakota Sioux Falls KELO KELO-FM KELQ KQSF KRRO KTWB KWSN Tennessee Knoxville WDKW WIMZ-FM WJXB-FM WNFZ Nashville WCJK WJXA WNFN Wisconsin Appleton WGEE WYDR Green Bay WDKF WIXX WNCY-FM WNFL WTAQ/WTAQ-FM Wausau WDEZ WIFC WOZZ WRIG WSAU WSAU-FM Sheboygan WBFM WHBL WHBZ WXER Website mwcradio.com 43°45′04″N 96°53′24″W / 43.751°N 96.890°W / 43.751; -96.890 This article about a radio station in South Dakota is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KZJO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZJO"},{"link_name":"KELO-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KELO-FM"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Midwest Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Communications"},{"link_name":"Rowena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowena,_South_Dakota"}],"text":"Radio station in Sioux Falls, South DakotaThis article is about the Sioux Falls radio station. For the Seattle television station formerly called KTWB-TV, see KZJO. For the station that held the KTWB call sign from 1992 to 2013, see KELO-FM.KTWB is a radio station in Sioux Falls, South Dakota airing a country music format. The station is owned by Duey E. Wright, through licensee Midwest Communications, Inc.Its studios are located on South Phillips Avenue in Sioux Falls, while its transmitter is located near Rowena.","title":"KTWB"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KELO-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KELO-TV"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Midwest Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Communications"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"KELO-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KELO-FM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"After a 52-year history in Sioux Falls radio, Midcontinent sold all of its stations, including KTWB, to Backyard Broadcasting of Baltimore in 2004. It marked the company's exit from broadcasting, having sold off KELO-TV in 1996.[1] Backyard sold its seven Sioux Falls stations in 2012 to their present owner, Midwest Communications, in a $13.35 million transaction.[2]On October 28, 2013, KTWB and its country format moved to 92.5 FM, swapping frequencies with adult contemporary-formatted KELO-FM, which moved to 101.9 FM.[3]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Midcontinent to sell its 5 radio stations\". Argus-Leader. 2004-09-23. p. 1. Retrieved 2022-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37111611/midcontinent-to-sell-its-5-radio/","url_text":"\"Midcontinent to sell its 5 radio stations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Midwest Communications Expands To Sioux Falls\". RadioInsight. Retrieved 2022-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/59039/midwest-communications-expands-to-sioux-falls/","url_text":"\"Midwest Communications Expands To Sioux Falls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Midwest Announces Sioux Falls Frequency Swap\".","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/86389/midwest-announces-sioux-falls-frequency-swap/","url_text":"\"Midwest Announces Sioux Falls Frequency Swap\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KTWB&params=43.751_N_96.890_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"43°45′04″N 96°53′24″W / 43.751°N 96.890°W / 43.751; -96.890"},{"Link":"http://ktwb.com/listen-live/","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"http://www.ktwb.com/","external_links_name":"ktwb.com"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37111611/midcontinent-to-sell-its-5-radio/","external_links_name":"\"Midcontinent to sell its 5 radio stations\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/59039/midwest-communications-expands-to-sioux-falls/","external_links_name":"\"Midwest Communications Expands To Sioux Falls\""},{"Link":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/86389/midwest-announces-sioux-falls-frequency-swap/","external_links_name":"\"Midwest Announces Sioux Falls Frequency Swap\""},{"Link":"http://www.ktwb.com/","external_links_name":"KTWB Big Country 92.5 website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KTWB","external_links_name":"KTWB"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=KTWB","external_links_name":"KTWB"},{"Link":"http://www.mwcradio.com/","external_links_name":"mwcradio.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KTWB&params=43.751_N_96.890_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"43°45′04″N 96°53′24″W / 43.751°N 96.890°W / 43.751; -96.890"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KTWB&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics	Saudi Arabia at the 1984 Summer Olympics	["1 Archery","2 Cycling","3 Fencing","4 Football","5 Shooting","6 References","7 External links"]	Sporting event delegationSaudi Arabia at the1984 Summer OlympicsIOC codeKSANOCSaudi Arabian Olympic CommitteeWebsiteolympic.sa (in Arabic and English)in Los AngelesCompetitors37 in 5 sportsFlag bearer Safaq Al-AnziMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024 Saudi Arabia competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. The nation returned to the Olympic Games after participating in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. 37 competitors, all men, took part in 11 events in 5 sports. Archery Main article: Archery at the 1984 Summer Olympics In the first time the nation competed in archery at the Olympics, Saudi Arabia entered three men. They only narrowly avoided being the three lowest placing competitors as Mansour Hamaid was able to score one point higher than Lhendup Tshering of Bhutan. Men's Individual Competition: Mansour Hamaid – 1998 points (→ 59th place) Faisal al Basam – 1993 points (→ 61st place) Yousef Jawdat – 1716 points (→ 62nd place) Cycling Main article: Cycling at the 1984 Summer Olympics Six cyclists represented Saudi Arabia in 1984. Individual road race Abdullah Al-Shaye — did not finish (→ no ranking) Hassan Al-Absi — did not finish (→ no ranking) Ali Al-Ghazawi — did not finish (→ no ranking) Mohammed Al-Shanqiti — did not finish (→ no ranking) Team time trial Hassan Al-Absi Ahmed Al-Saleh Mohammed Al-Shanqiti Rajab Moqbil Fencing Main article: Fencing at the 1984 Summer Olympics Seven fencers represented Saudi Arabia in 1984. Men's foil Majed Abdul Rahim Habib Ullah Khaled Fahd Al-Rasheed Abdullah Al-Zawayed Men's épée Jamil Mohamed Bubashit Mohamed Ahmed Abu Ali Rashid Fahd Al-Rasheed Men's team épée Mohamed Ahmed Abu Ali, Rashid Fahd Al-Rasheed, Jamil Mohamed Bubashit, Nassar Al-Dosari Football Main article: Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics Men's Team Competition Preliminary Round (Group C) Saudi Arabia – Brazil 1 – 3 Saudi Arabia – Morocco 0 – 1 Saudi Arabia – West Germany 0 – 6 Quarter Finals → Did not advance Team Roster: ( 1.) Mohamed Al-Husain ( 2.) Sameija Al-Dawasare ( 3.) Hassen Bishy ( 4.) Sameer Abdulshakor ( 5.) Abdullah Masod ( 6.) Ahmad Al-Bishi ( 7.) Shayemsh Al-Nasisah ( 8.) Ahamed Bayazid (10.) Fahed Mosaibeeh (11.) Mehaisen Al-Dosari (12.) Salman Al-Dosari (13.) Mohammed Abduljawad (14.) Saleh Al-Dossary (15.) Nawaf Al-Khamees (16.) Omar Bakhshwein (21.) Abdullah Al-Deayee ( 9.) Majed Abdullah Shooting Main article: Shooting at the 1984 Summer Olympics References ^ "Safaq Al-Anzi". olympedia.org. Retrieved 6 January 2024. ^ "Saudi Arabia at the 1984 Summer Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2015. External links Official Olympic Reports vteNations at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United StatesAfrica Algeria Benin Botswana Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe America Antigua-Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Suriname Trinidad-Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Burma China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iraq Japan Jordan South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Thailand United Arab Emirates North Yemen Europe Andorra Austria Belgium Cyprus Denmark Finland France West Germany Great Britain Greece Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands Norway Portugal Romania San Marino Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Tonga Western Samoa vteSaudi Arabia at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games19721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games2022Saudi Arabia did not participate in 1980 due to a boycott. This article related to sport in Saudi Arabia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This 1984 Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_boycott_of_the_1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-2"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationSaudi Arabia competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. The nation returned to the Olympic Games after participating in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. 37 competitors, all men, took part in 11 events in 5 sports.[2]","title":"Saudi Arabia at the 1984 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mansour Hamaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansour_Hamaid"},{"link_name":"Lhendup Tshering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhendup_Tshering"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Mansour Hamaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansour_Hamaid"},{"link_name":"Faisal al Basam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_al_Basam"},{"link_name":"Yousef Jawdat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousef_Jawdat"}],"text":"In the first time the nation competed in archery at the Olympics, Saudi Arabia entered three men. They only narrowly avoided being the three lowest placing competitors as Mansour Hamaid was able to score one point higher than Lhendup Tshering of Bhutan.Men's Individual Competition:Mansour Hamaid – 1998 points (→ 59th place)\nFaisal al Basam – 1993 points (→ 61st place)\nYousef Jawdat – 1716 points (→ 62nd place)","title":"Archery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Individual road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_individual_road_race"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Al-Shaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Shaye"},{"link_name":"Hassan Al-Absi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Al-Absi"},{"link_name":"Ali Al-Ghazawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Al-Ghazawi"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Al-Shanqiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Shanqiti_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Team time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Hassan Al-Absi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Al-Absi"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Al-Saleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Al-Saleh"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Al-Shanqiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Shanqiti_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Rajab Moqbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajab_Moqbil"}],"text":"Six cyclists represented Saudi Arabia in 1984.Individual road raceAbdullah Al-Shaye — did not finish (→ no ranking)\nHassan Al-Absi — did not finish (→ no ranking)\nAli Al-Ghazawi — did not finish (→ no ranking)\nMohammed Al-Shanqiti — did not finish (→ no ranking)Team time trialHassan Al-Absi\nAhmed Al-Saleh\nMohammed Al-Shanqiti\nRajab Moqbil","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Men's foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil"},{"link_name":"Majed Abdul Rahim Habib Ullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majed_Abdul_Rahim_Habib_Ullah"},{"link_name":"Khaled Fahd Al-Rasheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Fahd_Al-Rasheed"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Al-Zawayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Zawayed"},{"link_name":"Men's épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Jamil Mohamed Bubashit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil_Mohamed_Bubashit"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Ahmed Abu Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ahmed_Abu_Ali"},{"link_name":"Rashid Fahd Al-Rasheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Fahd_Al-Rasheed"},{"link_name":"Men's team épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Ahmed Abu Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ahmed_Abu_Ali"},{"link_name":"Rashid Fahd Al-Rasheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Fahd_Al-Rasheed"},{"link_name":"Jamil Mohamed Bubashit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil_Mohamed_Bubashit"},{"link_name":"Nassar Al-Dosari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassar_Al-Dosari"}],"text":"Seven fencers represented Saudi Arabia in 1984.Men's foilMajed Abdul Rahim Habib Ullah\nKhaled Fahd Al-Rasheed\nAbdullah Al-ZawayedMen's épéeJamil Mohamed Bubashit\nMohamed Ahmed Abu Ali\nRashid Fahd Al-RasheedMen's team épéeMohamed Ahmed Abu Ali, Rashid Fahd Al-Rasheed, Jamil Mohamed Bubashit, Nassar Al-Dosari","title":"Fencing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Al-Husain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Al-Husain"},{"link_name":"Sameija Al-Dawasare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameija_Al-Dawasare"},{"link_name":"Hassen Bishy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassen_Bishy"},{"link_name":"Sameer Abdulshakor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_Abdulshakor"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Masod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Masod"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Al-Bishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Al-Bishi"},{"link_name":"Shayemsh Al-Nasisah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayemsh_Al-Nasisah"},{"link_name":"Ahamed Bayazid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahamed_Bayazid"},{"link_name":"Fahed Mosaibeeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahed_Mosaibeeh"},{"link_name":"Mehaisen Al-Dosari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehaisen_Al-Dosari"},{"link_name":"Salman Al-Dosari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Al-Dosari"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Abduljawad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abduljawad"},{"link_name":"Saleh Al-Dossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Al-Dossary"},{"link_name":"Nawaf Al-Khamees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nawaf_Al-Khamees&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Omar Bakhshwein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bakhshwein"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Al-Deayee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Deayee"},{"link_name":"Majed Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majed_Abdullah"}],"text":"Men's Team CompetitionPreliminary Round (Group C)Saudi Arabia – Brazil 1 – 3\nSaudi Arabia – Morocco 0 – 1\nSaudi Arabia – West Germany 0 – 6Quarter Finals→ Did not advanceTeam Roster:( 1.) Mohamed Al-Husain\n( 2.) Sameija Al-Dawasare\n( 3.) Hassen Bishy\n( 4.) Sameer Abdulshakor\n( 5.) Abdullah Masod\n( 6.) Ahmad Al-Bishi\n( 7.) Shayemsh Al-Nasisah\n( 8.) Ahamed Bayazid\n(10.) Fahed Mosaibeeh\n(11.) Mehaisen Al-Dosari\n(12.) Salman Al-Dosari\n(13.) Mohammed Abduljawad\n(14.) Saleh Al-Dossary\n(15.) Nawaf Al-Khamees\n(16.) Omar Bakhshwein\n(21.) Abdullah Al-Deayee\n( 9.) Majed Abdullah","title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shooting"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Safaq Al-Anzi\". olympedia.org. Retrieved 6 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/43208","url_text":"\"Safaq Al-Anzi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia at the 1984 Summer Games\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielu%C5%84	Wieluń	["1 Origin of the name","2 History","2.1 Middle Ages","2.2 Modern era","2.3 World War II","3 Climate","4 Sights","5 Demographics","6 Transport","6.1 Roads","6.2 Railways","6.3 Public transport[31]","7 Sports","8 Notable residents","9 Districts","10 International relations","10.1 Twin towns – Sister cities","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°13′14″N 18°34′12″E / 51.22056°N 18.57000°E / 51.22056; 18.57000This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in Łódź Voivodeship, PolandWieluńOld town in Wieluń FlagCoat of armsWieluńCoordinates: 51°13′14″N 18°34′12″E / 51.22056°N 18.57000°E / 51.22056; 18.57000Country PolandVoivodeship ŁódźCounty WieluńGmina WieluńFirst mentioned1282Town rights1283Government • MayorPaweł OkrasaArea • Total16.9 km2 (6.5 sq mi)Population (31 December 2021) • Total21,624 Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code98–300Area code+48 43Car platesEWIWebsitehttp://www.wielun.eu/ Wieluń (Latin: Velun) is a town in south-central Poland with 21,624 inhabitants (2021). The town is the seat of the Gmina Wieluń and Wieluń County, and is located within the Łódź Voivodeship. Wieluń is a capital of the historical Wieluń Land. Wieluń has a long and rich history. In the past, it used to be an important urban trade centre of the Kingdom of Poland. Several Polish kings and notables visited the town, but following the catastrophic Swedish Deluge (1655–1660), Wieluń declined and never regained its status. In September 1939, during the invasion of Poland, it was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe. The Bombing of Wieluń is considered to be the first World War II bombing in Europe. It killed at least 127 civilians, injured hundreds more and destroyed the majority of the town. Origin of the name Wieluń was first mentioned in a 1282 document as the town of Velun (in 1283: Vilin). The exact origin of the name has not been explained. Historians claim that either it comes from a Slavic word "vel" (which means a wetland), or from a given name Wielisław. Jan Długosz wrote that Wieluń was located in the area abundant with water, which may mean that the former theory is correct. History Middle Ages Old Town in 1910 The Land of Wieluń (ziemia wieluńska, Terra Velumensis) was a historic land of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which for centuries was part of Sieradz Voivodeship, Greater Poland Province. It was based on the medieval Castellany of Ruda (located some 4 km (2 mi) from Wieluń), which was established in the 10th or 11th century. Ruda was the seat of a castellan and a Roman Catholic archdeacon, which made it the center of local administration. In the mid-13th century, however, the importance of Ruda diminished, at the expense of Wieluń, which was located in a more convenient spot. In 1281, the castellan's office was moved to Wieluń, and by 1299, the term Land of Ruda (Ziemia rudzka) had been replaced in documents by Land of Wieluń (Ziemia wieluńska). The medieval Castellany of Ruda, which was established in the 10th or 11th century. The Castellany of Ruda was first mentioned in the 1136 Bull of Gniezno, and during the period known as Fragmentation of Poland (see Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth), it was part of the Seniorate Province. As a result of ongoing power struggles in the districts during Fragmentation of Poland, Mieszko III the Old regained Greater Poland in 1181 and incorporated the Wieluń Land into it. In the late 12th century, the Castellany was acquired by Duke Władysław Odonic, and in 1217 it became property of Władysław III Spindleshanks. Later on, it was ruled by the Dukes of Silesia from the Duchy of Opole, and in the second half of the 13th century, was in Duchy of Greater Poland. In 1281, the castellany was moved from Ruda to Wieluń, and since then, it has been called the Land of Wieluń. Medieval defensive walls The settlement of Wieluń was founded probably in c. 1220 by Duke Władysław Odonic. It was first mentioned in documents in 1282, and probably in the same year it received a town charter. In the mid-14th century King Casimir III the Great built a castle here, which was part of defensive system protecting the border between the Kingdom of Poland and Czech-ruled Silesia. The castle itself was remodeled several times, due to frequent fires and wars. Currently, there is a Classicistic palace in its location. In both Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Land of Wieluń as part of Sieradz Voivodeship had its own civil servants, offices and courts, and the Castellan of Wieluń was one of Senators of Poland. The land had four starostas – at Wieluń itself, Ostrzeszów, Bolesławiec and Grabów nad Prosną. Two deputies to the Sejm were elected at Wieluń's Sejmiks, furthermore, the Voivode of Sieradz (of the Sieradz Voivodeship) was obliged to appoint his deputy from Wieluń. Royal privilege regarding salt trade, granted by King Władysław II Jagiełło in 1402 In 1370, following the last will of Casimir the Great, King Louis I of Hungary handed the Land of Wieluń to Duke of Opole, Władysław Opolczyk. In the same period, the Archbishop of Gniezno, Jarosław of Bogoria and Skotnik built a manor house in Wieluń. The town remained in the hands of Władysław Opolczyk until 1395, when it was returned to Poland. Wieluń quickly developed, in the 1390s a Paulists church together with an abbey were built, and in 1413, Archbishop Mikołaj Trąba moved the ancient collegiate church from Ruda to Wieluń. In the 1440s and 1450s, Wieluń was frequently destroyed in raids of Silesian dukes. By that time, it had already been an important center of commerce and government. The Land of Wieluń had its own coat of arms, established between 1410 and 1434. It can be found on the tomb of King Władysław II Jagiełło, together with coats of arms of Poland, Lithuania, Ruthenia, Greater Poland, and the Dobrzyń Land. Historically, the Land of Wieluń covers current counties of Wieluń, Ostrzeszów, Kępno and Wieruszów, as well as some locations in the counties of Olesno and Pajęczno. Modern era Wieluń prospered in the 16th century, the so-called Polish Golden Age. It was a royal city of Poland and capital of the Land of Wieluń, part of the Sieradz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province. At the beginning of the 17th century, the mother of future Grand Crown Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, one of the greatest commanders in Polish history, founded a Renaissance monastery of the Bernardine nuns in Wieluń, now housing a museum dedicated to the town's history. The town was devastated in the War of the Polish Succession, as the Battle of Byczyna took place near Wieluń. Good times ended in the catastrophic Swedish invasion (1655–1660), when the town was ransacked and burned both by the Swedish invaders, and by Polish troops, who took revenge on its Protestant residents for their support of the Lutheran Swedes. Finally, in 1707–1711, Wieluń's population was decimated by a plague (see miasma theory), which killed 2,000. Following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Wieluń briefly belonged to the Kingdom of Prussia, in 1807 it became part of the newly formed, but short-lived, Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and in 1815 it became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland, where it remained until World War I. The town burned twice (1791, 1858), and after the second fire, it was rebuilt in a new shape. After World War I, Poland regained independence in 1918, and in the interbellum Wieluń was a county seat in the Łódź Voivodeship. World War II Wieluń just after Luftwaffe bombing on 1 September 1939 On 1 September 1939, the city was bombed by the German Luftwaffe in the first action of World War II (apart from the Jabłonków Incident on 25/26 August). In the Bombing of Wieluń, German planes destroyed most of the town centre, including a clearly marked hospital, a synagogue, and the historic Gothic church, and killed at least 127 civilians. According to Norman Davies, the bombings destroyed three quarters of the town. Thousands were injured and many fled. No Polish military units were present in Wieluń at that time (31 August – 1 September 1939). By decision from September 5, 1939, one of the first three German special courts in occupied Poland was established in the town; it was eventually moved to Piotrków Trybunalski on September 22, 1939. On September 6–8, 1939 the Einsatzgruppe II entered the town, and mass searches of Polish offices and organizations were carried out. Already on September 8, 1939, inhabitants of Wieluń were among the 30 Poles massacred by German troops in Chechło near Pabianice. Wieluń was annexed to Nazi Germany on 8 October 1939 and placed under the administration of Reichsgau Wartheland. The Germans instigated a reign of terror against the Jewish population of Wieluń, which had lived there since the 1500s and amounted to around 4,000 people at the beginning of the war. Jews were kidnapped for forced labour with little pay. Monument to local teachers fallen or murdered during World War II Around 40 Poles from Wieluń were murdered by the Soviets in the large Katyn massacre in April to May 1940. In June 1940, the Germans expelled around 200 Poles, owners of villas, which were handed over to new German officials or converted to German offices. During the German occupation, a transit camp was operated in the town for Poles expelled from the region, who were then either deported to the so-called General Government in the eastern part of German-occupied Poland or to forced labour in Germany and German-occupied France or sent as slave laborers to new German colonists in the town's vicinity. The Germans also established and operated a Nazi prison in the town, and looted the local historical numismatic collection, which they sent to a newly established German museum in occupied Poznań. In 1941, Jews were forced into a ghetto. Many were then sent away to labour camps. In January 1942, the German publicly hanged ten Jews. Later that year, the 2,000 Jews still remaining in the city and others brought to Wieluń were rounded up and confined for several days in a church building without food or water. Several died there of exhaustion, others were murdered and 900 were then selected and sent to the Łódź ghetto. The rest were sent to the Chełmno extermination camp, where they were immediately gassed. Seventy to one hundred Wieluń Jews survived the war, and many returned to the city although most left soon afterward. The city was liberated on 19 January 1945 by troops of the Soviet 1st Ukrainian Front in the course of the Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive. Climate Wieluń has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm. Climate data for Wieluń (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 13.8(56.8) 18.0(64.4) 23.8(74.8) 29.5(85.1) 31.7(89.1) 36.4(97.5) 36.4(97.5) 37.1(98.8) 34.8(94.6) 26.3(79.3) 19.9(67.8) 15.2(59.4) 37.1(98.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.7(35.1) 3.3(37.9) 7.9(46.2) 14.7(58.5) 19.5(67.1) 22.8(73.0) 25.1(77.2) 24.9(76.8) 19.4(66.9) 13.4(56.1) 7.4(45.3) 2.7(36.9) 13.6(56.5) Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0(30.2) 0.1(32.2) 3.5(38.3) 9.2(48.6) 13.9(57.0) 17.2(63.0) 19.3(66.7) 19.0(66.2) 14.2(57.6) 9.1(48.4) 4.3(39.7) 0.3(32.5) 9.1(48.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.4(25.9) −2.7(27.1) 0.1(32.2) 4.2(39.6) 8.7(47.7) 12.0(53.6) 13.9(57.0) 13.8(56.8) 9.8(49.6) 5.7(42.3) 1.9(35.4) −1.9(28.6) 5.2(41.4) Record low °C (°F) −29.0(−20.2) −28.0(−18.4) −19.4(−2.9) −7.0(19.4) −2.4(27.7) −1.6(29.1) 4.1(39.4) 2.4(36.3) −2.9(26.8) −7.7(18.1) −17.3(0.9) −25.3(−13.5) −29.0(−20.2) Average precipitation mm (inches) 33.8(1.33) 30.9(1.22) 37.0(1.46) 35.8(1.41) 69.6(2.74) 70.3(2.77) 90.7(3.57) 51.5(2.03) 51.2(2.02) 42.0(1.65) 37.9(1.49) 36.9(1.45) 587.6(23.13) Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 6.7(2.6) 6.0(2.4) 4.1(1.6) 1.2(0.5) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.5(0.2) 1.7(0.7) 3.6(1.4) 6.7(2.6) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.81 14.57 14.27 11.70 13.33 14.17 14.17 12.43 11.83 13.63 13.70 16.27 166.88 Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 14.9 13.6 6.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.1 9.6 48.5 Average relative humidity (%) 85.9 83.0 76.9 68.5 70.5 71.4 70.4 70.1 76.6 82.4 86.9 87.4 76.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 51.1 69.6 123.5 188.9 240.7 234.7 245.4 232.4 163.8 114.9 58.0 43.3 1,766.2 Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020) Sights Sights of Wieluń (examples)Town HallCorpus Christi Collegiate churchMuseum of Wieluń LandSt. Joseph ChurchMonument of Witold PileckiKing Casimir the Great Square Cultural heritage sights of Wieluń include the Town Hall, medieval defensive town walls, the former Piarist college, and several historic churches such as the Gothic Corpus Christi Collegiate church, the Gothic-Baroque Church of St. Nicholas, and Baroque churches of Saint Joseph and of the Annunciation of Mary. The Museum of Wieluń Land (Muzeum Ziemi Wieluńskiej), located in the Renaissance Bernardine monastery, is the town's primary museum, dedicated to the history of Wieluń and its surroundings. It contains archaeological, ethnographic, historical and art collections. Displayed artifacts include jewelry and weaponry from the Bronze Age and Middle Ages, weapons and memorabilia from the 19th-century Polish national liberation uprisings, religious paintings and traditional folk sculptures, and Biblia Brzeska, one of the oldest Polish translations of the Bible. There is also an exhibition dedicated to the German bombing of Wieluń at the start World War II. There are monuments to notable people such as Witold Pilecki and Pope John Paul II in Wieluń. There are also several World War II memorials, dedicated to the victims of the German bombing of 1939, to local Poles murdered by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre, to local Jews murdered by the German occupiers in the Holocaust, etc. Demographics The majority of the population are Catholic. Number of inhabitants in years 1900: 7,361 1909: 9,095; incl. 3,444 Jews (37.8%), 352 Protestants (3.9%) and no Mariavites. 1931: 13,220 2006: 24,347 Transport Roads Wieluń is an important transportation hub. Main roads stemming from Wieluń include connection with Warsaw (to the north-east) and Wrocław (to the west), via the National Road DK 74. There are also two national roads: number DK 43 to Częstochowa and DK 45 to Opole and Łódź. Furthermore, there are two voivodeship (local) roads starting from Wieluń: road number 481 (going north-east) to Łask and road number 486 (going south-east) to Radomsko. The biggest communication problem in Wieluń is huge traffic (including transit) in the center of the town, due to lack of bypasses. A bypass of National Road DK 74 was fully completed and opened in March 2017, later additional bypasses will be built. The first section of the eastern bypass has already been finished. In the area of Wieluń there is also expressway S8 (it is located near the northern outskirts of the town). Additionally, there is a plan to build the 70 km-long Kalisz-Wieluń Road in the future. National road 43 in Wieluń Railways Rail connection links Wieluń to Poznań and Katowice. The line was built in the 1920s, as the junction of Kluczbork remained within borders of Weimar Germany and direct rail communication between Polish part of Upper Silesia and Poznań was impossible. Therefore, it was crucial to construct a brand new line, which runs from Herby Nowe to Kępno. The line was one of the most important connections in the Second Polish Republic, but after World War II, when Kluczbork was annexed by Poland, it lost its importance. Also, until the end of the 1980s, there was a narrow gauge railroad, which connected Wieluń with nearby Praszka. Currently, the town has two operating railway stations: Wieluń Dąbrowa and Wieluń Miasto. Wieluń is directly connected by rail with such cities as Tarnowskie Góry, Katowice, Poznań, Szczecin and Kępno. Once there was also a direct connection to Częstochowa and Lubliniec. Another means of communication with the surroundings and the entire country are buses. There is a modern (though built in 1976) bus station, which also handles international communication. Public transport Wieluń, like most cities, has a municipal communications. In Wieluń runs 8 lines operated by a local transport company – PKS Wieluń. Public transportation has existed since 1988. Line A: Wieluń-Dąbrowa Railway Station – Rychłowice Line B: Gas bottling plant – Ruda Line C: Wieluń-Dąbrowa Railway Station – Olewin Line D: Kurów – Wierzchlas Line D – BIS: Wieluń-Dąbrowa Railway Station – POW street Line E: Gas bottling plant – Stare Sady housing estate Line G: Gas bottling plant – Częstochowska street Line H: Masłowice – Stare Sady housing estate Sports Volleyball players of Siatkarz Wieluń in the team's last season in the PlusLiga The town has a sports club WKS Wieluń, established in 1957 after a merger of two earlier clubs. In the past, WKS Wieluń had several departments, such as track and field, basketball, table tennis, handball and association football. Currently, the only remaining department is football. Another notable club is Siatkarz Wieluń , volleyball team, which competes in the lower leagues, but in the past played in the PlusLiga, Poland's top division, most recently in the 2010–11 season. Notable residents Teresa Janina Kierocińska (1885–1946), nun Piotr Paweł Morta (born 1959), political activist, dissident, economist, co-inventor, activist in underground "Solidarity" Jan Wątroba (born 1953), bishop of Rzeszów Mariusz Wlazły (born 1983), volleyball player, World Champion Districts County office Downtown Armii Krajowej housing estate Bugaj housing estate Kopernika housing estate Stare Sady housing estate ("Old Orchards" housing estate ) Wyszyńskiego housing estate Wojska Polskiego housing estate "Za szpitalem" (Behind Hospital housing estate) Niedzielsko Chrusty Berlinek Stodolniana housing estate Moniuszki housing estate Podszubienice Kijak Błonie International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland Twin towns – Sister cities Wieluń is twinned with: Adelebsen, Germany Osterburg, Germany Ochtrup, Germany See also Bombing of Wieluń in World War II History of the Jewish community of Wieluń References ^ a b "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 26 August 2022. Data for territorial unit 1017094. ^ Rosin, Ryszard (1963). Słownik historyczno-geograficzny ziemi wieluńskiej w średniowieczu (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 169-173. ^ a b c d Jan Książek. "O Muzeum słów kilka". Muzeum Ziemi Wieluńskiej w Wieluniu (in Polish). Retrieved 2 October 2022. ^ a b "Oddziałowa Komisja w Łodzi (stan na maj 2018 r.). Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa przez lotników niemieckich w dniu 1 września 1939 roku, podczas bombardowania miasta, 32 pacjentów Szpitala w Wieluniu oraz kilkuset Polaków i Żydów, którzy zginęli w innych miejscach podczas bombardowania miasta, to jest o zbrodnię nazistowską stanowiącą zbrodnię wojenną (S 10.2004.Zn)". lodz.ipn.gov.pl (in Polish). IPN. May 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018. ^ Davies, Norman. "We must not forget the real causes of the war". The Independent. Retrieved 30 August 2018. ^ Grabowski, Waldemar (2009). "Polacy na ziemiach II RP włączonych do III Rzeszy". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 8–9 (103–104). IPN. p. 62. ISSN 1641-9561. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 118. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), p. 95 ^ "80. rocznica Zbrodni Katyńskiej". UM Wieluń (in Polish). Retrieved 29 December 2020. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939–1945 (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 251. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4. ^ Wardzyńska (2017), p. 251, 306, 308, 336 ^ "NS-Gefängnis Welun". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ Grochowina, Sylwia (2017). Cultural policy of the Nazi occupying forces in the Reich district Gdańsk–West Prussia, the Reich district Wartheland, and the Reich district of Katowice in the years 1939–1945. Toruń. p. 97. ISBN 978-83-88693-73-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Megargee, Geoffrey (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. Volume II 114–115. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7. ^ Kottek, Markus; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, Bruno; Rubel, Franz (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "Wieluń Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "Wieluń Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "Wieluń Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 20, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 601 (in German). ^ Erich Zechlin: Die Bevölkerungs- und Grundbesitzverteilung im Zartum Polen (The distribution of population and property in tsaristic Poland). Reimer, Berlin 1916, pp. 90–91 (in German) ^ Der Große Brockhaus. 15th edition, vol. 20, Leipzig 1935, p. 303 (in German). ^ "Komunikacja miejska - PKS Wieluń - biuro podróży, biuro turystyczne". pks-wielun.pl. Retrieved 29 August 2022. ^ Diocese of Rzeszów, Poland, GCatholic.org. ^ Bishop Jan Franciszek Wątroba. ^ a b c d "Gmina Wieluń – Miasta partnerskie" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2013. External links Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wieluń. vteWieluń CountySeat Wieluń Urban-rural gmina Gmina Wieluń Rural gminas Gmina Biała Gmina Czarnożyły Gmina Konopnica Gmina Mokrsko Gmina Osjaków Gmina Ostrówek Gmina Pątnów Gmina Skomlin Gmina Wierzchlas vteGmina WieluńTown and seat Wieluń Villages Bieniądzice Borowiec Chodaki Dąbrowa Gaszyn Jodłowiec Kadłub Klusiny Krajków Kurów Ludwina Małyszyn Masłowice Mokrosze Nowy Świat Olewin Piaski Ruda Rychłowice Sieniec Srebrnica Starzenice Turów Urbanice Widoradz Widoradz Dolny Zwiechy Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈvjɛluɲ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-population-1"},{"link_name":"Gmina Wieluń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Wielu%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Wieluń County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielu%C5%84_County"},{"link_name":"Łódź Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Wieluń Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielu%C5%84_Land"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Swedish Deluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_(history)"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Bombing of Wieluń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Place in Łódź Voivodeship, PolandWieluń [ˈvjɛluɲ] (Latin: Velun) is a town in south-central Poland with 21,624 inhabitants (2021).[1] The town is the seat of the Gmina Wieluń and Wieluń County, and is located within the Łódź Voivodeship. Wieluń is a capital of the historical Wieluń Land.Wieluń has a long and rich history. In the past, it used to be an important urban trade centre of the Kingdom of Poland. Several Polish kings and notables visited the town, but following the catastrophic Swedish Deluge (1655–1660), Wieluń declined and never regained its status. In September 1939, during the invasion of Poland, it was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe. The Bombing of Wieluń is considered to be the first World War II bombing in Europe. It killed at least 127 civilians, injured hundreds more and destroyed the majority of the town.","title":"Wieluń"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jan Długosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz"}],"text":"Wieluń was first mentioned in a 1282 document as the town of Velun (in 1283: Vilin).[2] The exact origin of the name has not been explained. Historians claim that either it comes from a Slavic word \"vel\" (which means a wetland), or from a given name Wielisław. Jan Długosz wrote that Wieluń was located in the area abundant with water, which may mean that the former theory is correct.","title":"Origin of the name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wielun_staryRynek_ok1910_z_widokiemNaKoscioly_MIchala_i_Jozefa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Sieradz Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradz_Voivodeship_(1339%E2%80%931793)"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Province,_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Castellany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellany"},{"link_name":"Ruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruda,_Wielun_County"},{"link_name":"castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"archdeacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon"},{"link_name":"Castellany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellany"},{"link_name":"Ruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruda,_Wielun_County"},{"link_name":"Bull of Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_of_Gniezno"},{"link_name":"Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_of_Boles%C5%82aw_III_Krzywousty"},{"link_name":"Seniorate Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniorate_Province"},{"link_name":"Mieszko III the Old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_III_the_Old"},{"link_name":"Władysław Odonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic"},{"link_name":"Władysław III Spindleshanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Opole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Opole"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mury_obronne_i_baszta_m%C4%99czarnia,_Wielu%C5%84.jpg"},{"link_name":"Władysław Odonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic"},{"link_name":"Casimir III the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"Sieradz Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradz_Voivodeship_(1339%E2%80%931793)"},{"link_name":"starostas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starosta"},{"link_name":"Ostrzeszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrzesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Bolesławiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82awiec,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Grabów nad Prosną","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab%C3%B3w_nad_Prosn%C4%85"},{"link_name":"Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Sejmiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejmik"},{"link_name":"Sieradz Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradz_Voivodeship_(1339%E2%80%931793)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AGAD_Wladyslaw_Jagiello,_krol_polski,_wydaje_mandat_do_zupnik%C3%B3w_zlecajacy_wydawanie_soli_dla_mieszczan_wielunskich.png"},{"link_name":"privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_(law)"},{"link_name":"Władysław II Jagiełło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"Louis I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Duke of Opole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Opole"},{"link_name":"Władysław Opolczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Opolczyk"},{"link_name":"Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gniezno"},{"link_name":"Jarosław of Bogoria and Skotnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_of_Bogoria_and_Skotnik"},{"link_name":"Paulists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulist"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Trąba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Tr%C4%85ba"},{"link_name":"collegiate church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_church"},{"link_name":"Władysław II Jagiełło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Dobrzyń Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrzy%C5%84_Land"},{"link_name":"Kępno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%99pno"},{"link_name":"Wieruszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierusz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Olesno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olesno"},{"link_name":"Pajęczno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj%C4%99czno"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"Old Town in 1910The Land of Wieluń (ziemia wieluńska, Terra Velumensis) was a historic land of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which for centuries was part of Sieradz Voivodeship, Greater Poland Province.It was based on the medieval Castellany of Ruda (located some 4 km (2 mi) from Wieluń), which was established in the 10th or 11th century. Ruda was the seat of a castellan and a Roman Catholic archdeacon, which made it the center of local administration. In the mid-13th century, however, the importance of Ruda diminished, at the expense of Wieluń, which was located in a more convenient spot. In 1281, the castellan's office was moved to Wieluń, and by 1299, the term Land of Ruda (Ziemia rudzka) had been replaced in documents by Land of Wieluń (Ziemia wieluńska).The medieval Castellany of Ruda, which was established in the 10th or 11th century. The Castellany of Ruda was first mentioned in the 1136 Bull of Gniezno, and during the period known as Fragmentation of Poland (see Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth), it was part of the Seniorate Province. \nAs a result of ongoing power struggles in the districts during Fragmentation of Poland, Mieszko III the Old regained Greater Poland in 1181 and incorporated the Wieluń Land into it. In the late 12th century, the Castellany was acquired by Duke Władysław Odonic, and in 1217 it became property of Władysław III Spindleshanks. Later on, it was ruled by the Dukes of Silesia from the Duchy of Opole, and in the second half of the 13th century, was in Duchy of Greater Poland. In 1281, the castellany was moved from Ruda to Wieluń, and since then, it has been called the Land of Wieluń.Medieval defensive wallsThe settlement of Wieluń was founded probably in c. 1220 by Duke Władysław Odonic. It was first mentioned in documents in 1282, and probably in the same year it received a town charter. In the mid-14th century King Casimir III the Great built a castle here, which was part of defensive system protecting the border between the Kingdom of Poland and Czech-ruled Silesia. The castle itself was remodeled several times, due to frequent fires and wars. Currently, there is a Classicistic palace in its location.In both Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Land of Wieluń as part of Sieradz Voivodeship had its own civil servants, offices and courts, and the Castellan of Wieluń was one of Senators of Poland. The land had four starostas – at Wieluń itself, Ostrzeszów, Bolesławiec and Grabów nad Prosną. Two deputies to the Sejm were elected at Wieluń's Sejmiks, furthermore, the Voivode of Sieradz (of the Sieradz Voivodeship) was obliged to appoint his deputy from Wieluń.Royal privilege regarding salt trade, granted by King Władysław II Jagiełło in 1402In 1370, following the last will of Casimir the Great, King Louis I of Hungary handed the Land of Wieluń to Duke of Opole, Władysław Opolczyk. In the same period, the Archbishop of Gniezno, Jarosław of Bogoria and Skotnik built a manor house in Wieluń. The town remained in the hands of Władysław Opolczyk until 1395, when it was returned to Poland. Wieluń quickly developed, in the 1390s a Paulists church together with an abbey were built, and in 1413, Archbishop Mikołaj Trąba moved the ancient collegiate church from Ruda to Wieluń. In the 1440s and 1450s, Wieluń was frequently destroyed in raids of Silesian dukes. By that time, it had already been an important center of commerce and government.The Land of Wieluń had its own coat of arms, established between 1410 and 1434. It can be found on the tomb of King Władysław II Jagiełło, together with coats of arms of Poland, Lithuania, Ruthenia, Greater Poland, and the Dobrzyń Land. Historically, the Land of Wieluń covers current counties of Wieluń, Ostrzeszów, Kępno and Wieruszów, as well as some locations in the counties of Olesno and Pajęczno.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"royal city of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_city_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Land of Wieluń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_of_Wielu%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sieradz Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradz_Voivodeship_(1339%E2%80%931793)"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Province,_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Grand Crown Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Crown_Hetman"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Koniecpolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Koniecpolski"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mzw-3"},{"link_name":"War of the Polish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%9388)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Byczyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Byczyna"},{"link_name":"Swedish invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_(history)"},{"link_name":"miasma theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory"},{"link_name":"Second Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Partition"},{"link_name":"Congress Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Poland"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"interbellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbellum"},{"link_name":"Łódź Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)"}],"sub_title":"Modern era","text":"Wieluń prospered in the 16th century, the so-called Polish Golden Age. It was a royal city of Poland and capital of the Land of Wieluń, part of the Sieradz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province. At the beginning of the 17th century, the mother of future Grand Crown Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, one of the greatest commanders in Polish history, founded a Renaissance monastery of the Bernardine nuns in Wieluń, now housing a museum dedicated to the town's history.[3] The town was devastated in the War of the Polish Succession, as the Battle of Byczyna took place near Wieluń. Good times ended in the catastrophic Swedish invasion (1655–1660), when the town was ransacked and burned both by the Swedish invaders, and by Polish troops, who took revenge on its Protestant residents for their support of the Lutheran Swedes. Finally, in 1707–1711, Wieluń's population was decimated by a plague (see miasma theory), which killed 2,000. Following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Wieluń briefly belonged to the Kingdom of Prussia, in 1807 it became part of the newly formed, but short-lived, Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and in 1815 it became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland, where it remained until World War I. The town burned twice (1791, 1858), and after the second fire, it was rebuilt in a new shape. After World War I, Poland regained independence in 1918, and in the interbellum Wieluń was a county seat in the Łódź Voivodeship.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zniszczenia1939_0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84"},{"link_name":"bombed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_bombing"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Jabłonków Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82onk%C3%B3w_Incident"},{"link_name":"Bombing of Wieluń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPN-4"},{"link_name":"Norman Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPN-4"},{"link_name":"Piotrków Trybunalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Einsatzgruppe II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Pabianice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabianice"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau Wartheland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"forced labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wielu%C5%84_pomnik_nauczycieli_poleg%C5%82ych_wlatach1939-45.jpg"},{"link_name":"Katyn massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_massacre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"expelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"German occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"forced labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"German-occupied France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"looted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_looting_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Łódź ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_ghetto"},{"link_name":"Chełmno extermination camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"1st Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front"},{"link_name":"Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz%E2%80%93Silesian_Offensive"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Wieluń just after Luftwaffe bombing on 1 September 1939On 1 September 1939, the city was bombed by the German Luftwaffe in the first action of World War II (apart from the Jabłonków Incident on 25/26 August). In the Bombing of Wieluń, German planes destroyed most of the town centre, including a clearly marked hospital, a synagogue, and the historic Gothic church, and killed at least 127 civilians.[4] According to Norman Davies, the bombings destroyed three quarters of the town.[5] Thousands were injured and many fled. No Polish military units were present in Wieluń at that time (31 August – 1 September 1939).[4]By decision from September 5, 1939, one of the first three German special courts in occupied Poland was established in the town; it was eventually moved to Piotrków Trybunalski on September 22, 1939.[6] On September 6–8, 1939 the Einsatzgruppe II entered the town, and mass searches of Polish offices and organizations were carried out.[7] Already on September 8, 1939, inhabitants of Wieluń were among the 30 Poles massacred by German troops in Chechło near Pabianice.[8] Wieluń was annexed to Nazi Germany on 8 October 1939 and placed under the administration of Reichsgau Wartheland. The Germans instigated a reign of terror against the Jewish population of Wieluń, which had lived there since the 1500s and amounted to around 4,000 people at the beginning of the war. Jews were kidnapped for forced labour with little pay.Monument to local teachers fallen or murdered during World War IIAround 40 Poles from Wieluń were murdered by the Soviets in the large Katyn massacre in April to May 1940.[9] In June 1940, the Germans expelled around 200 Poles, owners of villas, which were handed over to new German officials or converted to German offices.[10] During the German occupation, a transit camp was operated in the town for Poles expelled from the region, who were then either deported to the so-called General Government in the eastern part of German-occupied Poland or to forced labour in Germany and German-occupied France or sent as slave laborers to new German colonists in the town's vicinity.[11] The Germans also established and operated a Nazi prison in the town,[12] and looted the local historical numismatic collection, which they sent to a newly established German museum in occupied Poznań.[13] In 1941, Jews were forced into a ghetto. Many were then sent away to labour camps. In January 1942, the German publicly hanged ten Jews. Later that year, the 2,000 Jews still remaining in the city and others brought to Wieluń were rounded up and confined for several days in a church building without food or water. Several died there of exhaustion, others were murdered and 900 were then selected and sent to the Łódź ghetto. The rest were sent to the Chełmno extermination camp, where they were immediately gassed. Seventy to one hundred Wieluń Jews survived the war, and many returned to the city although most left soon afterward.[14]The city was liberated on 19 January 1945 by troops of the Soviet 1st Ukrainian Front in the course of the Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oceanic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kottek2006-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peel-16"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMGWtavg-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMGWtmin-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMGWtmax-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMGWprecip-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMGWprecipdays-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMGWsnowdepth-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMGWsnowdays-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMGWsun-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recordhigh-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recordlow-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-relativehumidity-27"}],"text":"Wieluń has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm.[15][16]Climate data for Wieluń (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n37.1(98.8)\n\n34.8(94.6)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n37.1(98.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n0.1(32.2)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n9.2(48.6)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n0.3(32.5)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−3.4(25.9)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n0.1(32.2)\n\n4.2(39.6)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n−1.9(28.6)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−29.0(−20.2)\n\n−28.0(−18.4)\n\n−19.4(−2.9)\n\n−7.0(19.4)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n−1.6(29.1)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n−2.9(26.8)\n\n−7.7(18.1)\n\n−17.3(0.9)\n\n−25.3(−13.5)\n\n−29.0(−20.2)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n33.8(1.33)\n\n30.9(1.22)\n\n37.0(1.46)\n\n35.8(1.41)\n\n69.6(2.74)\n\n70.3(2.77)\n\n90.7(3.57)\n\n51.5(2.03)\n\n51.2(2.02)\n\n42.0(1.65)\n\n37.9(1.49)\n\n36.9(1.45)\n\n587.6(23.13)\n\n\nAverage extreme snow depth cm (inches)\n\n6.7(2.6)\n\n6.0(2.4)\n\n4.1(1.6)\n\n1.2(0.5)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.5(0.2)\n\n1.7(0.7)\n\n3.6(1.4)\n\n6.7(2.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n16.81\n\n14.57\n\n14.27\n\n11.70\n\n13.33\n\n14.17\n\n14.17\n\n12.43\n\n11.83\n\n13.63\n\n13.70\n\n16.27\n\n166.88\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0 cm)\n\n14.9\n\n13.6\n\n6.1\n\n0.9\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.3\n\n3.1\n\n9.6\n\n48.5\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n85.9\n\n83.0\n\n76.9\n\n68.5\n\n70.5\n\n71.4\n\n70.4\n\n70.1\n\n76.6\n\n82.4\n\n86.9\n\n87.4\n\n76.1\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n51.1\n\n69.6\n\n123.5\n\n188.9\n\n240.7\n\n234.7\n\n245.4\n\n232.4\n\n163.8\n\n114.9\n\n58.0\n\n43.3\n\n1,766.2\n\n\nSource 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]\n\n\nSource 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[25][26][27]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wielu%C5%84._Ratusz_(7).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wielu%C5%84_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_p.w._Bo%C5%BCego_Cia%C5%82a_.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MuzeumZW.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wielu%C5%84_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_p.w._%C5%9Bw._J%C3%B3zefa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wielu%C5%84._Pomnik_Witolda_Pileckiego._(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Witold Pilecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Pilecki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pl._Kazimierza_WielkiegoWielu%C5%842.JPG"},{"link_name":"Piarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piarists"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Muzeum Ziemi Wieluńskiej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Ziemi_Wielu%C5%84skiej_w_Wieluniu"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mzw-3"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze-_and_Iron-Age_Poland"},{"link_name":"Biblia Brzeska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_Bible"},{"link_name":"Polish translations of the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Polish"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mzw-3"},{"link_name":"bombing of Wieluń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mzw-3"},{"link_name":"Witold Pilecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Pilecki"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Katyn massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_massacre"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"}],"text":"Sights of Wieluń (examples)Town HallCorpus Christi Collegiate churchMuseum of Wieluń LandSt. Joseph ChurchMonument of Witold PileckiKing Casimir the Great SquareCultural heritage sights of Wieluń include the Town Hall, medieval defensive town walls, the former Piarist college, and several historic churches such as the Gothic Corpus Christi Collegiate church, the Gothic-Baroque Church of St. Nicholas, and Baroque churches of Saint Joseph and of the Annunciation of Mary.The Museum of Wieluń Land (Muzeum Ziemi Wieluńskiej), located in the Renaissance Bernardine monastery, is the town's primary museum, dedicated to the history of Wieluń and its surroundings. It contains archaeological, ethnographic, historical and art collections.[3] Displayed artifacts include jewelry and weaponry from the Bronze Age and Middle Ages, weapons and memorabilia from the 19th-century Polish national liberation uprisings, religious paintings and traditional folk sculptures, and Biblia Brzeska, one of the oldest Polish translations of the Bible.[3] There is also an exhibition dedicated to the German bombing of Wieluń at the start World War II.[3]There are monuments to notable people such as Witold Pilecki and Pope John Paul II in Wieluń. There are also several World War II memorials, dedicated to the victims of the German bombing of 1939, to local Poles murdered by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre, to local Jews murdered by the German occupiers in the Holocaust, etc.","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Mariavites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariavite_Church"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The majority of the population are Catholic.Number of inhabitants in years1900: 7,361[28]\n1909: 9,095; incl. 3,444 Jews (37.8%), 352 Protestants (3.9%) and no Mariavites.[29]\n1931: 13,220[30]\n2006: 24,347","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"National Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_roads_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"DK 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_road_74_(Poland)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DK 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_road_43_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Częstochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa"},{"link_name":"DK 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_road_45_(Poland)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Opole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ask"},{"link_name":"Radomsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomsko"},{"link_name":"National Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_roads_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"DK 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_road_74_(Poland)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DK43_pilsudskiego_wielun_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"National road 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_road_43_(Poland)"}],"sub_title":"Roads","text":"Wieluń is an important transportation hub. Main roads stemming from Wieluń include connection with Warsaw (to the north-east) and Wrocław (to the west), via the National Road DK 74. There are also two national roads: number DK 43 to Częstochowa and DK 45 to Opole and Łódź.\nFurthermore, there are two voivodeship (local) roads starting from Wieluń: road number 481 (going north-east) to Łask and road number 486 (going south-east) to Radomsko.\nThe biggest communication problem in Wieluń is huge traffic (including transit) in the center of the town, due to lack of bypasses. A bypass of National Road DK 74 was fully completed and opened in March 2017, later additional bypasses will be built. The first section of the eastern bypass has already been finished. In the area of Wieluń there is also expressway S8 (it is located near the northern outskirts of the town). Additionally, there is a plan to build the 70 km-long Kalisz-Wieluń Road in the future.National road 43 in Wieluń","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Kluczbork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluczbork"},{"link_name":"Weimar Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Germany"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Herby Nowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herby_Nowe"},{"link_name":"Kępno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%99pno"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Praszka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praszka"},{"link_name":"Tarnowskie Góry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"Częstochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa"},{"link_name":"Lubliniec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubliniec"}],"sub_title":"Railways","text":"Rail connection links Wieluń to Poznań and Katowice. The line was built in the 1920s, as the junction of Kluczbork remained within borders of Weimar Germany and direct rail communication between Polish part of Upper Silesia and Poznań was impossible. Therefore, it was crucial to construct a brand new line, which runs from Herby Nowe to Kępno. The line was one of the most important connections in the Second Polish Republic, but after World War II, when Kluczbork was annexed by Poland, it lost its importance.Also, until the end of the 1980s, there was a narrow gauge railroad, which connected Wieluń with nearby Praszka. Currently, the town has two operating railway stations: Wieluń Dąbrowa and Wieluń Miasto. Wieluń is directly connected by rail with such cities as Tarnowskie Góry, Katowice, Poznań, Szczecin and Kępno. Once there was also a direct connection to Częstochowa and Lubliniec. Another means of communication with the surroundings and the entire country are buses. There is a modern (though built in 1976) bus station, which also handles international communication.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Public transport[31]","text":"Wieluń, like most cities, has a municipal communications. In Wieluń runs 8 lines operated by a local transport company – PKS Wieluń. Public transportation has existed since 1988.Line A: Wieluń-Dąbrowa Railway Station – Rychłowice\nLine B: Gas bottling plant – Ruda\nLine C: Wieluń-Dąbrowa Railway Station – Olewin\nLine D: Kurów – Wierzchlas\nLine D – BIS: Wieluń-Dąbrowa Railway Station – POW street\nLine E: Gas bottling plant – Stare Sady housing estate\nLine G: Gas bottling plant – Częstochowska street\nLine H: Masłowice – Stare Sady housing estate","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pamapol_Wielton_Wielu%C5%84.jpg"},{"link_name":"PlusLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlusLiga"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Siatkarz Wieluń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siatkarz_Wielu%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siatkarz_Wielu%C5%84"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"PlusLiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlusLiga"},{"link_name":"2010–11 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_PlusLiga"}],"text":"Volleyball players of Siatkarz Wieluń in the team's last season in the PlusLigaThe town has a sports club WKS Wieluń, established in 1957 after a merger of two earlier clubs. In the past, WKS Wieluń had several departments, such as track and field, basketball, table tennis, handball and association football. Currently, the only remaining department is football. Another notable club is Siatkarz Wieluń [pl], volleyball team, which competes in the lower leagues, but in the past played in the PlusLiga, Poland's top division, most recently in the 2010–11 season.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teresa Janina Kierocińska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Janina_Kieroci%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"Piotr Paweł Morta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Pawe%C5%82_Morta"},{"link_name":"Jan Wątroba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_W%C4%85troba"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Rzeszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rzesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Mariusz Wlazły","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariusz_Wlaz%C5%82y"}],"text":"Teresa Janina Kierocińska (1885–1946), nun\nPiotr Paweł Morta (born 1959), political activist, dissident, economist, co-inventor, activist in underground \"Solidarity\"\nJan Wątroba (born 1953), bishop of Rzeszów[32][33]\nMariusz Wlazły (born 1983), volleyball player, World Champion","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stary_Zamek_w_Wieluniu.jpg"}],"text":"County officeDowntown\nArmii Krajowej housing estate\nBugaj housing estate\nKopernika housing estate\nStare Sady housing estate (\"Old Orchards\" housing estate )\nWyszyńskiego housing estate\nWojska Polskiego housing estate\n\"Za szpitalem\" (Behind Hospital housing estate)\nNiedzielsko\nChrusty\nBerlinek\nStodolniana housing estate\nMoniuszki housing estate\nPodszubienice\nKijak\nBłonie","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Poland"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wielu%C5%84_twinnings-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Adelebsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelebsen"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wielu%C5%84_twinnings-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Osterburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osterburg_(Altmark)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wielu%C5%84_twinnings-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ochtrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochtrup"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wielu%C5%84_twinnings-34"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns – Sister cities","text":"Wieluń is twinned with:[34]Adelebsen, Germany[34]\n Osterburg, Germany[34]\n Ochtrup, Germany[34]","title":"International relations"}]	[{"image_text":"Old Town in 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wielun_staryRynek_ok1910_z_widokiemNaKoscioly_MIchala_i_Jozefa.jpg/220px-Wielun_staryRynek_ok1910_z_widokiemNaKoscioly_MIchala_i_Jozefa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Medieval defensive walls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mury_obronne_i_baszta_m%C4%99czarnia%2C_Wielu%C5%84.jpg/240px-Mury_obronne_i_baszta_m%C4%99czarnia%2C_Wielu%C5%84.jpg"},{"image_text":"Royal privilege regarding salt trade, granted by King Władysław II Jagiełło in 1402","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/AGAD_Wladyslaw_Jagiello%2C_krol_polski%2C_wydaje_mandat_do_zupnik%C3%B3w_zlecajacy_wydawanie_soli_dla_mieszczan_wielunskich.png/220px-AGAD_Wladyslaw_Jagiello%2C_krol_polski%2C_wydaje_mandat_do_zupnik%C3%B3w_zlecajacy_wydawanie_soli_dla_mieszczan_wielunskich.png"},{"image_text":"Wieluń just after Luftwaffe bombing on 1 September 1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Zniszczenia1939_0.jpg/220px-Zniszczenia1939_0.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to local teachers fallen or murdered during World War II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wielu%C5%84_pomnik_nauczycieli_poleg%C5%82ych_wlatach1939-45.jpg/220px-Wielu%C5%84_pomnik_nauczycieli_poleg%C5%82ych_wlatach1939-45.jpg"},{"image_text":"National road 43 in Wieluń","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/DK43_pilsudskiego_wielun_2.JPG/220px-DK43_pilsudskiego_wielun_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Volleyball players of Siatkarz Wieluń in the team's last season in the PlusLiga","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pamapol_Wielton_Wielu%C5%84.jpg/220px-Pamapol_Wielton_Wielu%C5%84.jpg"},{"image_text":"County office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stary_Zamek_w_Wieluniu.jpg/220px-Stary_Zamek_w_Wieluniu.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bombing of Wieluń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84"},{"title":"History of the Jewish community of Wieluń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jewish_community_of_Wielu%C5%84"}]	[{"reference":"\"Local Data Bank\". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 26 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka","url_text":"\"Local Data Bank\""}]},{"reference":"Rosin, Ryszard (1963). Słownik historyczno-geograficzny ziemi wieluńskiej w średniowieczu [Historical and Geographis Dictionary of the Wieluń Lands in the Middle Ages] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 169-173.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jan Książek. \"O Muzeum słów kilka\". Muzeum Ziemi Wieluńskiej w Wieluniu (in Polish). Retrieved 2 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://muzeum.wielun.pl/o-muzeum-slow-kilka/","url_text":"\"O Muzeum słów kilka\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oddziałowa Komisja w Łodzi (stan na maj 2018 r.). Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa przez lotników niemieckich w dniu 1 września 1939 roku, podczas bombardowania miasta, 32 pacjentów Szpitala w Wieluniu oraz kilkuset Polaków i Żydów, którzy zginęli w innych miejscach podczas bombardowania miasta, to jest o zbrodnię nazistowską stanowiącą zbrodnię wojenną (S 10.2004.Zn)\". lodz.ipn.gov.pl (in Polish). IPN. May 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://lodz.ipn.gov.pl/pl6/sledztwa/sledztwa/oddzialowa-komisja-w-lo/31454,Sledztwa-zakonczone-wydaniem-postanowienia-o-umorzeniu.html","url_text":"\"Oddziałowa Komisja w Łodzi (stan na maj 2018 r.). Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa przez lotników niemieckich w dniu 1 września 1939 roku, podczas bombardowania miasta, 32 pacjentów Szpitala w Wieluniu oraz kilkuset Polaków i Żydów, którzy zginęli w innych miejscach podczas bombardowania miasta, to jest o zbrodnię nazistowską stanowiącą zbrodnię wojenną (S 10.2004.Zn)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance","url_text":"IPN"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Norman. \"We must not forget the real causes of the war\". The Independent. Retrieved 30 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies","url_text":"Davies, Norman"},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/we-must-not-forget-the-real-causes-of-the-war-1778973.html","url_text":"\"We must not forget the real causes of the war\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Grabowski, Waldemar (2009). \"Polacy na ziemiach II RP włączonych do III Rzeszy\". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 8–9 (103–104). IPN. p. 62. ISSN 1641-9561.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance","url_text":"IPN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1641-9561","url_text":"1641-9561"}]},{"reference":"Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance","url_text":"IPN"}]},{"reference":"\"80. rocznica Zbrodni Katyńskiej\". UM Wieluń (in Polish). Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.um.wielun.pl/aktualnosci/2732-80-rocznica-zbrodni-katynskiej.html","url_text":"\"80. rocznica Zbrodni Katyńskiej\""}]},{"reference":"Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939–1945 (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 251. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8098-174-4","url_text":"978-83-8098-174-4"}]},{"reference":"\"NS-Gefängnis Welun\". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100001025","url_text":"\"NS-Gefängnis Welun\""}]},{"reference":"Grochowina, Sylwia (2017). Cultural policy of the Nazi occupying forces in the Reich district Gdańsk–West Prussia, the Reich district Wartheland, and the Reich district of Katowice in the years 1939–1945. Toruń. p. 97. ISBN 978-83-88693-73-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-88693-73-1","url_text":"978-83-88693-73-1"}]},{"reference":"Megargee, Geoffrey (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. Volume II 114–115. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35599-7","url_text":"978-0-253-35599-7"}]},{"reference":"Kottek, Markus; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, Bruno; Rubel, Franz (2006). \"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated\" (PDF). Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.","urls":[{"url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf","url_text":"\"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K","url_text":"2006MetZe..15..259K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130","url_text":"10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130"}]},{"reference":"Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). \"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification\" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf","url_text":"\"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007","url_text":"10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606","url_text":"1027-5606"}]},{"reference":"\"Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza\". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE","url_text":"\"Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza\""},{"url":"https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza\". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE","url_text":"\"Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza\""},{"url":"https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza\". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE","url_text":"\"Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza\""},{"url":"https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Miesięczna suma opadu\". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA","url_text":"\"Miesięczna suma opadu\""},{"url":"https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm\". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01","url_text":"\"Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm\""},{"url":"https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej\". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB","url_text":"\"Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej\""},{"url":"https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm\". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0","url_text":"\"Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm\""},{"url":"https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)\". Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL","url_text":"\"Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)\""},{"url":"https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wieluń Absolutna temperatura maksymalna\" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351180455&par=tmax&max_empty=3","url_text":"\"Wieluń Absolutna temperatura maksymalna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wieluń Absolutna temperatura minimalna\" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351180455&par=tmin&max_empty=3","url_text":"\"Wieluń Absolutna temperatura minimalna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wieluń Średnia wilgotność\" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351180455&par=rh&max_empty=3","url_text":"\"Wieluń Średnia wilgotność\""}]},{"reference":"\"Komunikacja miejska - PKS Wieluń - biuro podróży, biuro turystyczne\". pks-wielun.pl. Retrieved 29 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://pks-wielun.pl/strefa-pasazera/komunikacja-miejska","url_text":"\"Komunikacja miejska - PKS Wieluń - biuro podróży, biuro turystyczne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gmina Wieluń – Miasta partnerskie\" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120729111938/http://www.um.wielun.pl/index.php/miasta-partnerskie","url_text":"\"Gmina Wieluń – Miasta partnerskie\""},{"url":"http://www.um.wielun.pl/index.php/miasta-partnerskie","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wielu%C5%84&params=51_13_14_N_18_34_12_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"51°13′14″N 18°34′12″E / 51.22056°N 18.57000°E / 51.22056; 18.57000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wielu%C5%84&params=51_13_14_N_18_34_12_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"51°13′14″N 18°34′12″E / 51.22056°N 18.57000°E / 51.22056; 18.57000"},{"Link":"http://www.wielun.eu/","external_links_name":"http://www.wielun.eu/"},{"Link":"https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka","external_links_name":"\"Local Data Bank\""},{"Link":"https://muzeum.wielun.pl/o-muzeum-slow-kilka/","external_links_name":"\"O Muzeum słów kilka\""},{"Link":"http://lodz.ipn.gov.pl/pl6/sledztwa/sledztwa/oddzialowa-komisja-w-lo/31454,Sledztwa-zakonczone-wydaniem-postanowienia-o-umorzeniu.html","external_links_name":"\"Oddziałowa Komisja w Łodzi (stan na maj 2018 r.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_Card_Stud	Seven-card stud	["1 Rules","2 Variants","3 Sample deal","4 In popular culture","5 References"]	Variant of card game poker This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Seven-card stud" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Seven-card stud, also known as Seven-Toed Pete or Down-The-River, is a variant of stud poker. Before the 2000s surge of popularity of Texas hold 'em, seven-card stud was one of the most widely played poker variants in home games across the United States and in casinos in the eastern part of the country. Although seven-card stud is not as common in casinos today, it is still played online. The game is commonly played with two to eight players, however, eight may require special rules for the last cards dealt if no players fold. Playing with nine players is possible. In casino play it is common to use a small ante and bring-in. In home games using an ante only is typical. Seven-card stud is the "S" game in HORSE and similar mixed game formats. Rules The Poker game begins with each player being dealt two cards face down and one card face up. The player with the lowest-ranking up-card pays the bring-in, and betting proceeds after that in normal clockwise order. The bring-in is considered an open, so the next player in turn may not check. If two players have equally ranked low cards, suit may be used to break the tie and assign the bring-in (see high card by suit). If there is no bring-in, then the first betting round begins with the player showing the highest-ranking up-card, who may check. In this case, suit is not used to break ties. If two players have the same high up-card, the one first in clockwise rotation from the dealer acts first. After the first betting round, another up-card is dealt to each player (after a burn card, and starting at the dealer's left as will all subsequent rounds), followed by a second betting round beginning with the player whose up-cards make the best poker hand. Since fewer than five cards are face up, this means no straights, flushes, or full houses will count for this purpose. On this and all subsequent betting rounds, the player whose face-up cards make the best poker hand will act first, and may check or bet up to the limit of the game. The second round is followed by a third up-card and betting round, a fourth up-card and betting round, and finally a down-card, a fifth betting round, and showdown if necessary. Seven-card stud can be summarized therefore as "two down, four up, one down". Upon showdown, each player makes the best five-card poker hand they can out of the seven cards they were dealt. Seven cards to eight players plus four burn cards makes 60 cards, whereas there are only 52 in the deck: in most games, this is not a problem because several players will have folded in early betting rounds. In the event that the deck is exhausted during play, the four previously dealt burn cards can be used, but if these are not sufficient, then the final round will have a single community card (which can be used by everyone) dealt into the center of the table in lieu of a down-card to each player. Discarded cards from a folded hand are not reused. Stud poker players use the information they get from face-up cards to make strategic decisions. A player who sees a certain card folded is able to make decisions knowing that the card will never appear in another opponent's hand. Variants There are several variations of Seven-Card Stud Poker in which each player is dealt a set number of cards. Not all of these variations can be found at poker rooms but they can be played at home. "Down the River" is the basic variation of Seven-Card Stud Poker and this is the game played in poker rooms. "Mississippi" removes the betting round between fourth and fifth streets, making only four betting rounds. This game also deals the fourth and fifth cards face up. This makes the game more closely resemble Texas Hold'em by having the same betting structure and the same number of down and up cards. Another is "roll your own", in which four rounds of two cards each are dealt down, and each player must "roll" one card to face up, followed by a round of betting. Except for the first round, the card rolled may or may not be from the round just dealt. "Queens and after": in this variant, all Queens are wild, and so is whatever card that is dealt face up that follows the Queen. All cards of that kind are now wild, both showing and in the hole. The fun part is that if another Queen is dealt face-up, the wild card will change to whatever follows this Queen. The former card is no longer wild. "Baseball": in this variant 3s and 9s are wild, and a 4 dealt face up gets an extra card. "Low Chicago": Low spade in the hole gets half the pot. Similarly, "High Chicago" means high spade instead of low. Just "Chicago" can mean either. "Acey Ducey": aces and twos are wild. One-eyed Jacks or Suicide King can be specified as wild. Razz is a lowball form of Seven-Card Stud, with the objective being to get the lowest hand possible. In the variation called "Seven-Card Stud High-Low", the pot is split between the holder of the highest and lowest hand if the low hand is topped by at least an 8. Alternative names to this variation are Seven-Card Stud/8 and Seven-Card Stud Split. Sample deal The sample deal below assumes that a game is being played by four players: Jimmy, who is dealing in the examples; Larry, who is sitting to his left; Craig to his left; and Katherine to Craig’s left. All players ante 25¢. Jimmy deals each player two downcards and one upcard, beginning with Larry and ending with himself. Larry is dealt the 4♠, Craig the K♦, Katherine the 4♦, and Jimmy the 9♣. Because they are playing with a $1 bring-in, Katherine is required to start the betting with a $1 bring-in (her 4♦ is lower than 4♠ of Larry by suit). She had the option to open the betting for more, but she chose to bet only the required $1. The bring-in sets the current bet amount to $1, so Jimmy cannot check. He decides to call. Larry folds, indicating this by turning his upcard face down and discarding his cards. Craig raises to $3. Katherine folds, and Jimmy calls. Jimmy now deals a second face-up card to each remaining player: Craig is dealt the J♣, and Jimmy the K♥. Jimmy’s two upcards make a poker hand of no pair, K-9-high, and Craig has K-J-high, so it is Craig's turn to bet. He checks, as does Jimmy, ending the betting round. Another face up card is dealt: Craig gets the 10♥ and Jimmy gets the K♣. Jimmy now has a pair of kings showing, and Craig still has no pair, so Jimmy bets first. He bets $5, and Craig calls. On the next round, Craig receives the 10♦, making his upcards K-J-10-10. Jimmy receives the 3♠. Jimmy’s upcards are 9-K-K-3; the pair of kings is still higher than Craig’s pair of tens, so he bets $5 and Craig calls. Each player now receives a downcard. It is still Jimmy’s turn to bet because the downcard did not change either hand. He checks, Craig bets $10, and Jimmy calls. That closes the last betting round, and both players remain, so there is a showdown. Since Jimmy called Craig’s bet, Craig shows his cards first: Q♠ 2♥ K♦ J♣ 10♥ 10♦ A♦. He can play A-K-Q-J-10, making an ace-high straight. Jimmy shows (or, seeing he cannot beat Craig’s straight, mucks his cards): 9♥ 5♦ 9♣ K♥ K♣ 3♠ 5♠. The best five-card poker hand he can play is K-K-9-9-5, making two pair, kings and nines. Craig wins the pot. In popular culture At the end of Tennessee Williams' play A Streetcar Named Desire, the minor character Steve says "This game is seven-card stud," seemingly a reference to the narrative's transactional, game-like nature and its lack of propensity to change. References ^ Morehead, Albert H.; Mott-Smith, Geoffrey (1963). Hoyle's Rules of Games. New American Library. pp. 86. ^ Clark, Bryan (September 2006). "The Dying Days of Las Vegas 1-5 Stud". Two Plus Two Publishing. Archived from the original on November 23, 2006. Retrieved October 4, 2006. ^ "7 Card Stud Poker". vtePoker Index of poker articles Overview Betting Cheating Glossary History Poker boom List of poker playing card nicknames Tournaments PlayElements Chip Position Pot Playing card Hands Non-standard Tell Plays Aggression Bluff Check-raise Draw Isolation Protection Steal Variations Brag Draw poker Five-card draw Stud poker Five-card stud Seven-card stud Razz Community card poker Texas hold 'em Greek hold 'em Omaha hold 'em Six-plus hold 'em Casino games Caribbean stud Let It Ride Mississippi Stud Three Card Poker Four Card Poker Chinese poker Open-face Chinese poker Strategy Fundamental theorem of poker Morton's theorem Pot odds Slow play Computing Computer poker player Online poker Poker tools Category Commons Outline	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoyle-1"},{"link_name":"variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poker_variants"},{"link_name":"stud poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_poker"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"casinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"ante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker#Ante"},{"link_name":"bring-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring-in_(poker)"},{"link_name":"HORSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HORSE_(poker)"}],"text":"Seven-card stud, also known as Seven-Toed Pete or Down-The-River,[1] is a variant of stud poker. Before the 2000s surge of popularity of Texas hold 'em,[2] seven-card stud was one of the most widely played poker variants in home games across the United States[3] and in casinos in the eastern part of the country. Although seven-card stud is not as common in casinos today, it is still played online. The game is commonly played with two to eight players, however, eight may require special rules for the last cards dealt if no players fold. Playing with nine players is possible.In casino play it is common to use a small ante and bring-in. In home games using an ante only is typical.Seven-card stud is the \"S\" game in HORSE and similar mixed game formats.","title":"Seven-card stud"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_(game)"},{"link_name":"bring-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker#Bring-in"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_(poker)"},{"link_name":"high card by suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_card_by_suit"},{"link_name":"burn card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_card"},{"link_name":"showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showdown_(poker)"},{"link_name":"community card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card"}],"text":"The Poker game begins with each player being dealt two cards face down and one card face up. The player with the lowest-ranking up-card pays the bring-in, and betting proceeds after that in normal clockwise order. The bring-in is considered an open, so the next player in turn may not check. If two players have equally ranked low cards, suit may be used to break the tie and assign the bring-in (see high card by suit). If there is no bring-in, then the first betting round begins with the player showing the highest-ranking up-card, who may check. In this case, suit is not used to break ties. If two players have the same high up-card, the one first in clockwise rotation from the dealer acts first.After the first betting round, another up-card is dealt to each player (after a burn card, and starting at the dealer's left as will all subsequent rounds), followed by a second betting round beginning with the player whose up-cards make the best poker hand. Since fewer than five cards are face up, this means no straights, flushes, or full houses will count for this purpose. On this and all subsequent betting rounds, the player whose face-up cards make the best poker hand will act first, and may check or bet up to the limit of the game.The second round is followed by a third up-card and betting round, a fourth up-card and betting round, and finally a down-card, a fifth betting round, and showdown if necessary. Seven-card stud can be summarized therefore as \"two down, four up, one down\". Upon showdown, each player makes the best five-card poker hand they can out of the seven cards they were dealt.Seven cards to eight players plus four burn cards makes 60 cards, whereas there are only 52 in the deck: in most games, this is not a problem because several players will have folded in early betting rounds. In the event that the deck is exhausted during play, the four previously dealt burn cards can be used, but if these are not sufficient, then the final round will have a single community card (which can be used by everyone) dealt into the center of the table in lieu of a down-card to each player. Discarded cards from a folded hand are not reused.Stud poker players use the information they get from face-up cards to make strategic decisions. A player who sees a certain card folded is able to make decisions knowing that the card will never appear in another opponent's hand.","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roll your own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_your_own_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_(poker)"},{"link_name":"One-eyed Jacks or Suicide King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-eyed_jack"},{"link_name":"Razz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razz_(poker)"}],"text":"There are several variations of Seven-Card Stud Poker in which each player is dealt a set number of cards. Not all of these variations can be found at poker rooms but they can be played at home.\"Down the River\" is the basic variation of Seven-Card Stud Poker and this is the game played in poker rooms.\n\"Mississippi\" removes the betting round between fourth and fifth streets, making only four betting rounds. This game also deals the fourth and fifth cards face up. This makes the game more closely resemble Texas Hold'em by having the same betting structure and the same number of down and up cards.\nAnother is \"roll your own\", in which four rounds of two cards each are dealt down, and each player must \"roll\" one card to face up, followed by a round of betting. Except for the first round, the card rolled may or may not be from the round just dealt.\n\"Queens and after\": in this variant, all Queens are wild, and so is whatever card that is dealt face up that follows the Queen. All cards of that kind are now wild, both showing and in the hole. The fun part is that if another Queen is dealt face-up, the wild card will change to whatever follows this Queen. The former card is no longer wild.\n\"Baseball\": in this variant 3s and 9s are wild, and a 4 dealt face up gets an extra card.\n\"Low Chicago\": Low spade in the hole gets half the pot. Similarly, \"High Chicago\" means high spade instead of low. Just \"Chicago\" can mean either.\n\"Acey Ducey\": aces and twos are wild.\nOne-eyed Jacks or Suicide King can be specified as wild.\nRazz is a lowball form of Seven-Card Stud, with the objective being to get the lowest hand possible.\nIn the variation called \"Seven-Card Stud High-Low\", the pot is split between the holder of the highest and lowest hand if the low hand is topped by at least an 8. Alternative names to this variation are Seven-Card Stud/8 and Seven-Card Stud Split.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales"},{"link_name":"Larry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Sanger"},{"link_name":"Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Newman"},{"link_name":"Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Maher"},{"link_name":"straight.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_(poker)"},{"link_name":"mucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muck_(gambling)"},{"link_name":"two pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_pair"}],"text":"The sample deal below assumes that a game is being played by four players: Jimmy, who is dealing in the examples; Larry, who is sitting to his left; Craig to his left; and Katherine to Craig’s left.All players ante 25¢. Jimmy deals each player two downcards and one upcard, beginning with Larry and ending with himself. Larry is dealt the 4♠, Craig the K♦, Katherine the 4♦, and Jimmy the 9♣. Because they are playing with a $1 bring-in, Katherine is required to start the betting with a $1 bring-in (her 4♦ is lower than 4♠ of Larry by suit). She had the option to open the betting for more, but she chose to bet only the required $1. The bring-in sets the current bet amount to $1, so Jimmy cannot check. He decides to call. Larry folds, indicating this by turning his upcard face down and discarding his cards. Craig raises to $3. Katherine folds, and Jimmy calls.Jimmy now deals a second face-up card to each remaining player: Craig is dealt the J♣, and Jimmy the K♥. Jimmy’s two upcards make a poker hand of no pair, K-9-high, and Craig has K-J-high, so it is Craig's turn to bet. He checks, as does Jimmy, ending the betting round.Another face up card is dealt: Craig gets the 10♥ and Jimmy gets the K♣. Jimmy now has a pair of kings showing, and Craig still has no pair, so Jimmy bets first. He bets $5, and Craig calls.On the next round, Craig receives the 10♦, making his upcards K-J-10-10. Jimmy receives the 3♠. Jimmy’s upcards are 9-K-K-3; the pair of kings is still higher than Craig’s pair of tens, so he bets $5 and Craig calls.Each player now receives a downcard. It is still Jimmy’s turn to bet because the downcard did not change either hand. He checks, Craig bets $10, and Jimmy calls. That closes the last betting round, and both players remain, so there is a showdown.Since Jimmy called Craig’s bet, Craig shows his cards first: Q♠ 2♥ K♦ J♣ 10♥ 10♦ A♦. He can play A-K-Q-J-10, making an ace-high straight. Jimmy shows (or, seeing he cannot beat Craig’s straight, mucks his cards): 9♥ 5♦ 9♣ K♥ K♣ 3♠ 5♠. The best five-card poker hand he can play is K-K-9-9-5, making two pair, kings and nines. Craig wins the pot.","title":"Sample deal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"A Streetcar Named Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire"}],"text":"At the end of Tennessee Williams' play A Streetcar Named Desire, the minor character Steve says \"This game is seven-card stud,\" seemingly a reference to the narrative's transactional, game-like nature and its lack of propensity to change.","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Morehead, Albert H.; Mott-Smith, Geoffrey (1963). Hoyle's Rules of Games. New American Library. pp. 86.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hoylesrulesofgam00more","url_text":"Hoyle's Rules of Games"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hoylesrulesofgam00more/page/86","url_text":"86"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Bryan (September 2006). \"The Dying Days of Las Vegas 1-5 Stud\". Two Plus Two Publishing. Archived from the original on November 23, 2006. Retrieved October 4, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061123021244/http://www.twoplustwo.com/magazine/issue21/clark0906.html","url_text":"\"The Dying Days of Las Vegas 1-5 Stud\""},{"url":"http://www.twoplustwo.com/magazine/issue21/clark0906.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"7 Card Stud Poker\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.7cardstud.org/7-card-stud-rules.html","url_text":"\"7 Card Stud Poker\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Seven-card+stud%22","external_links_name":"\"Seven-card stud\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Seven-card+stud%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Seven-card+stud%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Seven-card+stud%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Seven-card+stud%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Seven-card+stud%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hoylesrulesofgam00more","external_links_name":"Hoyle's Rules of Games"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hoylesrulesofgam00more/page/86","external_links_name":"86"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061123021244/http://www.twoplustwo.com/magazine/issue21/clark0906.html","external_links_name":"\"The Dying Days of Las Vegas 1-5 Stud\""},{"Link":"http://www.twoplustwo.com/magazine/issue21/clark0906.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.7cardstud.org/7-card-stud-rules.html","external_links_name":"\"7 Card Stud Poker\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1202%E2%80%9314)	Anglo-French War (1213–1214)	["1 Aftermath","2 References","3 Bibliography"]	Conquest war of Philip II against England For other conflicts, see Anglo-French War. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Anglo-French WarPart of the Capetian–Plantagenet rivalryPhilip II of France at the Battle of BouvinesDate1213–1214LocationFrance, Flanders, NormandyResult French victory Truce of Chinon Collapse of the Angevin EmpireBelligerents Kingdom of France Angevin Empire Kingdom of England Duchy of Aquitaine Holy Roman Empire County of Flanders County of BoulogneCommanders and leaders Philip II of France John, King of England Emperor Otto IV Renaud of Boulogne Henry I, Duke of Brabant vteAnglo-French War1213–1214 Damme Roche-au-Moine Bouvines vteAnglo-French Wars 1109–1113 1116–1120 1173–1174 1189 1193–1196 1197–1199 1199–1200 1202–1204 1213–1214 1215–1217 1224 1230 1242–1243 1294–1303 1324 1337–1453 (1337–1360, 1369–1389, 1415–1453) 1496–1498 1512–1514 1522–1526 1542–1546 1557–1559 1562–1563 1627–1629 1666–1667 1678 1689–1815 1689–1697 1702–1713 1744–1748 1746–1763 1754–1763 1778–1783 1793–1802 1803–1814 1815 The Anglo-French War was a major medieval conflict that pitted the Kingdom of France against the Kingdom of England and various other states. It was fought in an attempt to curb the rising power of King Philip II of France and regain the Angevin continental possessions King John of England lost to him a decade earlier. It is widely regarded as the first anti-French coalition war and came to an end at the decisive Battle of Bouvines at which Philip defeated England and its allies. The Duchy of Normandy, once a site of conflict between Richard I of England and Philip II, grew to be one of the hot spots of medieval Anglo-French wars as the King of England had to defend a continental holding that was so close to Paris. In 1202, Philip II launched an invasion of Normandy that culminated in the six-month Siege of Château Gaillard, which led to the conquest of the duchy and of neighbouring territories. In 1214, when Pope Innocent III assembled an alliance of states against France, John agreed. The allies met Philip near Bouvines and were soundly defeated. The French victory resulted in the conquest of Flanders and put an end to further attempts from John to regain his lost territories. This conflict was an episode of a century-long struggle between the House of Capet and the House of Plantagenet over the Angevin domains in France, which started with Henry II's accession to the English throne in 1154 and his rivalry with Louis VII and ended with Louis IX's triumph over Henry III at the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242. Aftermath After the disastrous military campaigns in France and the loss of much of the Angevin domains, King John became increasingly unpopular and a civil war erupted in England as lords challenged him. Some of the rebellious barons, faced with an uncompromising king, turned to Prince Louis, the son and heir apparent of King Philip and grandson-in-law of King Henry II of England. Despite discouragement from his father and from Pope Innocent III, Louis sailed to England with an army on 14 June 1216, captured Winchester and soon controlled over half of the English kingdom. However, just when it seemed like England was about to be his, King John's sudden death in October caused the rebellious barons to desert Louis in favour of John's nine-year-old son, Henry III. With William Marshall acting as regent, a call for the English "to defend our land" against the French led to a reversal of fortunes on the battlefield. After his army was beaten at Lincoln on 20 May 1217 and a fleet led by Eustace the Monk, attempting to bring French reinforcements, was defeated off the coast of Sandwich on 24 August, Louis was forced to make peace on English terms. The principal provisions of the Treaty of Lambeth were an amnesty for English rebels, Louis to undertake not to attack England again and 10,000 marks to be given to Louis. The effect of the treaty was that Louis agreed that he had never been the legitimate King of England. References ^ Alan Harding (1993), England in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 10. According to L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal Louis became "master of the country". Bibliography Grant, R.G (2007). Battle: a visual journey through 5,000 years of combat. Dorling Kindersley. p. 109. Kohn, George Childs (31 October 2013). Dictionary of Wars. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95494-9.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-French War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_Bouvines"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_Bouvines"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_Bouvines"},{"link_name":"Anglo-French War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Damme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Damme"},{"link_name":"Roche-au-Moine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Roche-au-Moine"},{"link_name":"Bouvines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars"},{"link_name":"Anglo-French Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars"},{"link_name":"1109–1113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England#Later_reign,_1107%E2%80%931135,_1108%E2%80%9314"},{"link_name":"1116–1120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9mule"},{"link_name":"1173–1174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%931174"},{"link_name":"1189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England#Death"},{"link_name":"1193–1196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France"},{"link_name":"1197–1199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France"},{"link_name":"1199–1200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England#Accession_to_the_throne,_1199"},{"link_name":"1202–1204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy_by_Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"1213–1214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1215–1217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barons%27_War"},{"link_name":"1224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1224)"},{"link_name":"1230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_invasion_of_France_(1230)"},{"link_name":"1242–1243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saintonge_War"},{"link_name":"1294–1303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascon_War"},{"link_name":"1324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Saint-Sardos"},{"link_name":"1337–1453","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"1337–1360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360"},{"link_name":"1369–1389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389"},{"link_name":"1415–1453","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453"},{"link_name":"1496–1498","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931495"},{"link_name":"1512–1514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai"},{"link_name":"1522–1526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526"},{"link_name":"1542–1546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546"},{"link_name":"1557–1559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559"},{"link_name":"1562–1563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_expedition_to_France_(1562-1563)"},{"link_name":"1627–1629","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)"},{"link_name":"1666–1667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"1678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"1689–1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"1689–1697","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"1702–1713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"},{"link_name":"1744–1748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"},{"link_name":"1746–1763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_Wars"},{"link_name":"1754–1763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"1778–1783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)"},{"link_name":"1793–1802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars"},{"link_name":"1803–1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Philip II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"John of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bouvines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Richard I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"invasion of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_campaigns_of_1200%E2%80%931204"},{"link_name":"Siege of Château Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"century-long struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian-Plantagenet_rivalry"},{"link_name":"House of Capet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Capet"},{"link_name":"House of Plantagenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Louis VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Battle of Taillebourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taillebourg"}],"text":"For other conflicts, see Anglo-French War.vteAnglo-French War1213–1214\nDamme\nRoche-au-Moine\nBouvinesvteAnglo-French Wars\n1109–1113\n1116–1120\n1173–1174\n1189\n1193–1196\n1197–1199\n1199–1200\n1202–1204\n1213–1214\n1215–1217\n1224\n1230\n1242–1243\n1294–1303\n1324\n1337–1453 (1337–1360, 1369–1389, 1415–1453)\n1496–1498\n1512–1514\n1522–1526\n1542–1546\n1557–1559\n1562–1563\n1627–1629\n1666–1667\n1678\n1689–1815\n1689–1697\n1702–1713\n1744–1748\n1746–1763\n1754–1763\n1778–1783\n1793–1802\n1803–1814\n1815The Anglo-French War was a major medieval conflict that pitted the Kingdom of France against the Kingdom of England and various other states. It was fought in an attempt to curb the rising power of King Philip II of France and regain the Angevin continental possessions King John of England lost to him a decade earlier. It is widely regarded as the first anti-French coalition war and came to an end at the decisive Battle of Bouvines at which Philip defeated England and its allies.The Duchy of Normandy, once a site of conflict between Richard I of England and Philip II, grew to be one of the hot spots of medieval Anglo-French wars as the King of England had to defend a continental holding that was so close to Paris. In 1202, Philip II launched an invasion of Normandy that culminated in the six-month Siege of Château Gaillard, which led to the conquest of the duchy and of neighbouring territories.In 1214, when Pope Innocent III assembled an alliance of states against France, John agreed. The allies met Philip near Bouvines and were soundly defeated. The French victory resulted in the conquest of Flanders and put an end to further attempts from John to regain his lost territories.This conflict was an episode of a century-long struggle between the House of Capet and the House of Plantagenet over the Angevin domains in France, which started with Henry II's accession to the English throne in 1154 and his rivalry with Louis VII and ended with Louis IX's triumph over Henry III at the Battle of Taillebourg in 1242.","title":"Anglo-French War (1213–1214)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil war erupted in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barons%27_War"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"William Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"beaten at Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1217)"},{"link_name":"Eustace the Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk"},{"link_name":"defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1217)"},{"link_name":"Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lambeth"}],"text":"After the disastrous military campaigns in France and the loss of much of the Angevin domains, King John became increasingly unpopular and a civil war erupted in England as lords challenged him. Some of the rebellious barons, faced with an uncompromising king, turned to Prince Louis, the son and heir apparent of King Philip and grandson-in-law of King Henry II of England. Despite discouragement from his father and from Pope Innocent III, Louis sailed to England with an army on 14 June 1216, captured Winchester and soon controlled over half of the English kingdom.[1] However, just when it seemed like England was about to be his, King John's sudden death in October caused the rebellious barons to desert Louis in favour of John's nine-year-old son, Henry III.With William Marshall acting as regent, a call for the English \"to defend our land\" against the French led to a reversal of fortunes on the battlefield. After his army was beaten at Lincoln on 20 May 1217 and a fleet led by Eustace the Monk, attempting to bring French reinforcements, was defeated off the coast of Sandwich on 24 August, Louis was forced to make peace on English terms.The principal provisions of the Treaty of Lambeth were an amnesty for English rebels, Louis to undertake not to attack England again and 10,000 marks to be given to Louis. The effect of the treaty was that Louis agreed that he had never been the legitimate King of England.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dictionary of Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-135-95494-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95494-9"}],"text":"Grant, R.G (2007). Battle: a visual journey through 5,000 years of combat. Dorling Kindersley. p. 109.\nKohn, George Childs (31 October 2013). Dictionary of Wars. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95494-9.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Grant, R.G (2007). Battle: a visual journey through 5,000 years of combat. Dorling Kindersley. p. 109.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kohn, George Childs (31 October 2013). Dictionary of Wars. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95494-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Dictionary of Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95494-9","url_text":"978-1-135-95494-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Wars"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_Mona_Lisa_theories	Male Mona Lisa theories	["1 Salai","2 Self-portrait of Leonardo","3 References"]	Speculations that the Mona Lisa depicts a male figure Overlay of Leonardo's supposed self-portrait onto the Mona Lisa, done by Lillian Schwartz There are two theories revolving around the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci which postulate that the subject of the painting was actually a man. Leonardo is known for having a number of conspiracy theories formed around his life and his art, and the Mona Lisa has attracted an especially high number of these. Many of the theories surrounding the Mona Lisa stem from how art historians have still not conclusively determined the sitter's identity. The commonly accepted explanation is that she was Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a silk merchant from Florence named Francesco del Giocondo; however, without irrefutable proof there are still an array of alternative theories. While many theories uphold the assumption that the model for the Mona Lisa was a woman, there are two theories which propose that the sitter may have been a man in drag. One theory is that the model for the portrait was Leonardo's longtime apprentice and suspected lover, Gian Giacomo Caprotti, also known by the nickname Salai. The other theory is that the Mona Lisa is a self-portrait of Leonardo as a woman. Neither of these theories is well received by most art historians. Angelo Incarnato, a drawing by Leonardo believed to depict Salai Salai The theory that the Mona Lisa was modeled on Leonardo's suspected lover Salai is most staunchly championed by Silvano Vincenti, head of the National Committee for Cultural Heritage. Vincenti reported that he had used infrared technology to find earlier draft layers hidden underneath the Mona Lisa. Vincenti then compared the underlayers to several other paintings that Salai is widely believed to have posed for, including Saint John the Baptist and the Angelo Incarnato. According to Vincenti, the features of the Mona Lisa that most resemble Salai are the nose, forehead, and smile. Salai was Leonardo's longtime apprentice and friend, starting in 1490 when he was ten years and remaining at the workshop for two decades; he is widely rumored to have been intimately involved with Leonardo. Vincenti cites Leonardo's fascination with androgyny as a reason why the master may have painted Salai as a woman. This claim is strengthened by how Salai is purported to have cross-dressed repeatedly. The theory that the Mona Lisa was Salai has been brought up and refuted multiple times before. Self-portrait of Leonardo The theory that the Mona Lisa was a self-portrait by Leonardo was first proposed in 1987 by Lillian Schwartz, an artist and computer technician. Shwartz noted the similarities in the shapes of the facial features of the painting with those of the drawing popularly believed to be a self-portrait of Leonardo, and theorized that the Mona Lisa may have been a self-portrait in drag. Supporters of this theory cite Leonardo's love of riddles as motivation for him to paint himself as a woman. The self-portrait theory is widely held in low regard among Leonardo experts. References Visual arts portalEurope portal ^ a b c d e f "Mona Lisa: research backs theory on male and female models, 'art detective' claims". The Guardian. Reuters. April 26, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b c d Esterow, Milt (May 12, 2019). "The Many, Many Theories About Leonardo da Vinci". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b c d Cascone, Sarah (April 22, 2016). "Was the 'Mona Lisa' Leonardo's Male Lover?". Artnet News. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b App, gowithYamo-The Art (September 10, 2018). "Mona Lisa Conspiracy Theories". Medium. Retrieved September 20, 2022. vteLeonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa Lisa del Giocondo (subject) Replicas Isleworth Mona Lisa (16th century) Mona Lisa (Prado, c. 1503–1516) Hermitage Mona Lisa (c. 1550) L.H.O.O.Q. (1919) Mini Lisa (2013) Related Replicas and reinterpretations Speculations Male Mona Lisa theories Two–Mona Lisa theory Timeline of fictional stories about the Mona Lisa La Joconde nue 1911 theft Eduardo de Valfierno Yves Chaudron Vincenzo Peruggia On screen The Theft of the Mona Lisa (1931) Arsène Lupin (1932) The Mona Lisa Has Been Stolen (1966) City of Death (1979) Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase (1992) Mona Lisa's Revenge (2009) Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery (2022) Music Mona Lisa (1915 opera) "Mona Lisa" (1950 song) "Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile" (1984 song) "Lisa Mona Lisa" (1988 song) "The Ballad of Mona Lisa" (2011 song) "The Mona Lisa" (2013 song) In Search of Mona Lisa (2019 EP) Literature The Second Mrs. Giaconda (1975) I, Mona Lisa (2006) The Smile (2008)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DaVinci_MonaLisa1b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leonardo's supposed self-portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Man_in_Red_Chalk"},{"link_name":"Lillian Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Lisa Gherardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Gherardini"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-dressing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship"},{"link_name":"Gian Giacomo Caprotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Giacomo_Caprotti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Angelo_Incarnato.jpg"},{"link_name":"Angelo Incarnato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Incarnato&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Overlay of Leonardo's supposed self-portrait onto the Mona Lisa, done by Lillian SchwartzThere are two theories revolving around the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci which postulate that the subject of the painting was actually a man. Leonardo is known for having a number of conspiracy theories formed around his life and his art, and the Mona Lisa has attracted an especially high number of these. Many of the theories surrounding the Mona Lisa stem from how art historians have still not conclusively determined the sitter's identity. The commonly accepted explanation is that she was Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a silk merchant from Florence named Francesco del Giocondo; however, without irrefutable proof there are still an array of alternative theories.[1] While many theories uphold the assumption that the model for the Mona Lisa was a woman, there are two theories which propose that the sitter may have been a man in drag.[2] One theory is that the model for the portrait was Leonardo's longtime apprentice and suspected lover, Gian Giacomo Caprotti, also known by the nickname Salai. The other theory is that the Mona Lisa is a self-portrait of Leonardo as a woman. Neither of these theories is well received by most art historians.[2][1]Angelo Incarnato, a drawing by Leonardo believed to depict Salai","title":"Male Mona Lisa theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Committee for Cultural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Committee_for_Cultural_Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Saint John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Leonardo)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"androgyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgyny"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The theory that the Mona Lisa was modeled on Leonardo's suspected lover Salai is most staunchly championed by Silvano Vincenti, head of the National Committee for Cultural Heritage.[3] Vincenti reported that he had used infrared technology to find earlier draft layers hidden underneath the Mona Lisa.[1] Vincenti then compared the underlayers to several other paintings that Salai is widely believed to have posed for, including Saint John the Baptist and the Angelo Incarnato.[3][1] According to Vincenti, the features of the Mona Lisa that most resemble Salai are the nose, forehead, and smile.[3] Salai was Leonardo's longtime apprentice and friend, starting in 1490 when he was ten years and remaining at the workshop for two decades; he is widely rumored to have been intimately involved with Leonardo.[3] Vincenti cites Leonardo's fascination with androgyny as a reason why the master may have painted Salai as a woman.[1] This claim is strengthened by how Salai is purported to have cross-dressed repeatedly.[4] The theory that the Mona Lisa was Salai has been brought up and refuted multiple times before.[1]","title":"Salai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lillian Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"the drawing popularly believed to be a self-portrait of Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Man_in_Red_Chalk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"The theory that the Mona Lisa was a self-portrait by Leonardo was first proposed in 1987 by Lillian Schwartz, an artist and computer technician. Shwartz noted the similarities in the shapes of the facial features of the painting with those of the drawing popularly believed to be a self-portrait of Leonardo, and theorized that the Mona Lisa may have been a self-portrait in drag.[2] Supporters of this theory cite Leonardo's love of riddles as motivation for him to paint himself as a woman.[4] The self-portrait theory is widely held in low regard among Leonardo experts.[2]","title":"Self-portrait of Leonardo"}]	[{"image_text":"Overlay of Leonardo's supposed self-portrait onto the Mona Lisa, done by Lillian Schwartz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DaVinci_MonaLisa1b.jpg/220px-DaVinci_MonaLisa1b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Angelo Incarnato, a drawing by Leonardo believed to depict Salai","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Angelo_Incarnato.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Angelo_Incarnato.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mona Lisa: research backs theory on male and female models, 'art detective' claims\". The Guardian. Reuters. April 26, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/apr/26/mona-lisa-research-backs-theory-on-male-and-female-models-art-detective-claims","url_text":"\"Mona Lisa: research backs theory on male and female models, 'art detective' claims\""}]},{"reference":"Esterow, Milt (May 12, 2019). \"The Many, Many Theories About Leonardo da Vinci\". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/05/leonardo-da-vinci-500-years-later-theories-still-abound/588757/","url_text":"\"The Many, Many Theories About Leonardo da Vinci\""}]},{"reference":"Cascone, Sarah (April 22, 2016). \"Was the 'Mona Lisa' Leonardo's Male Lover?\". Artnet News. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/art-world/mona-lisa-leonardos-lover-salai-479783","url_text":"\"Was the 'Mona Lisa' Leonardo's Male Lover?\""}]},{"reference":"App, gowithYamo-The Art (September 10, 2018). \"Mona Lisa Conspiracy Theories\". Medium. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@gowithyamo/mona-lisa-conspiracy-theories-5dcbb264bacd","url_text":"\"Mona Lisa Conspiracy Theories\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/apr/26/mona-lisa-research-backs-theory-on-male-and-female-models-art-detective-claims","external_links_name":"\"Mona Lisa: research backs theory on male and female models, 'art detective' claims\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/05/leonardo-da-vinci-500-years-later-theories-still-abound/588757/","external_links_name":"\"The Many, Many Theories About Leonardo da Vinci\""},{"Link":"https://news.artnet.com/art-world/mona-lisa-leonardos-lover-salai-479783","external_links_name":"\"Was the 'Mona Lisa' Leonardo's Male Lover?\""},{"Link":"https://medium.com/@gowithyamo/mona-lisa-conspiracy-theories-5dcbb264bacd","external_links_name":"\"Mona Lisa Conspiracy Theories\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Zavisha	Brad Zavisha	["1 Career statistics","1.1 Regular season and playoffs","2 Awards","3 Transactions","4 External links"]	Ice hockey player Brad ZavishaBorn (1972-01-04) January 4, 1972 (age 52)Hines Creek, Alberta, CanadaHeight 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 205 lb (93 kg; 14 st 9 lb)Position Left wingShot LeftPlayed for Edmonton OilersNHL draft 43rd overall, 1990Quebec NordiquesPlaying career 1993–1998 Bradley J. Zavisha (born January 4, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He was selected in the third round of the 1990 NHL Entry Draft, 43rd overall, by the Quebec Nordiques. After four seasons in the major junior Western Hockey League, Zavisha turned professional. He played two games in the National Hockey League with the Edmonton Oilers during the 1993–94 season, but the majority of his career took place in the minor leagues or Europe. He was hampered by a serious knee injury, which caused him to miss the entire 1992–93 NHL season. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1987–88 St. Albert Saints AJHL 35 10 20 30 84 — — — — — 1988–89 Seattle Thunderbirds WHL 52 8 13 21 43 — — — — — 1989–90 Seattle Thunderbirds WHL 69 22 38 60 124 13 1 6 7 16 1990–91 Seattle Thunderbirds WHL 24 15 12 27 40 — — — — — 1990–91 Portland Winter Hawks WHL 48 25 22 47 41 — — — — — 1991–92 Portland Winter Hawks WHL 11 7 4 11 18 — — — — — 1991–92 Lethbridge Hurricanes WHL 59 44 40 84 160 5 3 1 4 18 1993–94 Edmonton Oilers NHL 2 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 1993–94 Cape Breton Oilers AHL 58 19 15 34 114 2 0 0 0 2 1994–95 Cape Breton Oilers AHL 62 13 20 33 55 — — — — — 1994–95 Hershey Bears AHL 9 3 0 3 12 — — — — — 1995–96 Hershey Bears AHL 5 1 0 1 2 — — — — — 1995–96 Michigan K-Wings IHL 5 1 0 1 2 — — — — — 1995–96 ESV Kaufbeuren DEL 1 0 0 0 2 — — — — — 1996–97 Manchester Storm ISL 40 10 13 23 18 6 1 0 1 0 1997–98 Birmingham Bulls ECHL 70 19 36 55 90 4 0 0 0 4 AHL totals 134 36 35 71 183 2 0 0 0 2 NHL totals 2 0 0 0 0 — — — — — Awards 1992 – WHL East First All-Star team Transactions March 10, 1992 – Quebec trades Zavisha and Ron Tugnutt to Edmonton in exchange for Martin Ručinský March 13, 1995 – Edmonton trades Zavisha and a sixth-round selection in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Ryan McGill External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"left winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"1990 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Quebec Nordiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques"},{"link_name":"major junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_junior"},{"link_name":"Western Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"1993–94 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1992–93 NHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_NHL_season"}],"text":"Bradley J. Zavisha (born January 4, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He was selected in the third round of the 1990 NHL Entry Draft, 43rd overall, by the Quebec Nordiques. After four seasons in the major junior Western Hockey League, Zavisha turned professional. He played two games in the National Hockey League with the Edmonton Oilers during the 1993–94 season, but the majority of his career took place in the minor leagues or Europe. He was hampered by a serious knee injury, which caused him to miss the entire 1992–93 NHL season.","title":"Brad Zavisha"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1992 – WHL East First All-Star team","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron Tugnutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Tugnutt"},{"link_name":"Martin Ručinský","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ru%C4%8Dinsk%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"1995 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Ryan McGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_McGill"}],"text":"March 10, 1992 – Quebec trades Zavisha and Ron Tugnutt to Edmonton in exchange for Martin Ručinský\nMarch 13, 1995 – Edmonton trades Zavisha and a sixth-round selection in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Ryan McGill","title":"Transactions"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8458481","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=72716&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/z/zavisbr01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=5852","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_Forest_virus	Taï Forest ebolavirus	["1 Nomenclature","2 Use of term","3 Previous designations","4 Virus inclusion criteria","5 Disease","6 Ecology","7 Molecular biology","8 References","9 External links"]	Species of virus Tai Forest ebolavirus Virus classification (unranked): Virus Realm: Riboviria Kingdom: Orthornavirae Phylum: Negarnaviricota Class: Monjiviricetes Order: Mononegavirales Family: Filoviridae Genus: Ebolavirus Species: Tai Forest ebolavirus Synonyms Taï Forest virus (TAFV) The species Taï Forest ebolavirus (/tɑːˈiː/) is a virological taxon included in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The species has a single virus member, Taï Forest virus (TAFV). The members of the species are called Taï Forest ebolaviruses. Tai Forest ebolavirus has been seen in a single human infection due to contact with chimpanzees from the Tai Forest in Côte d'Ivoire. Nomenclature The name Taï Forest ebolavirus is derived from Parc National de Taï (the name of a national park in Côte d'Ivoire, where Taï Forest virus was first discovered) and the taxonomic suffix ebolavirus (which denotes an ebolavirus species). According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the name Taï Forest ebolavirus is always to be capitalized, italicized, never abbreviated, and to be preceded by the word "species". The names of its members (Taï Forest ebolaviruses) are to be capitalized, are not italicized, and used without articles. The species was introduced in 1998 as Cote d'Ivoire Ebola virus. In 2002, the name was changed to Cote d'Ivoire ebolavirus. The name was proposed to be changed to Taï Forest ebolavirus in 2010, and this proposal was immediately accepted by the ICTV. A virus of the genus Ebolavirus is a member of the species Taï Forest ebolavirus if: it is endemic in Côte d'Ivoire it has a genome with three gene overlaps (VP35/VP40, GP/VP30, VP24/L) it has a genomic sequence different from Ebola virus by ≥30% but different from that of Taï Forest virus by <30%. Taï Forest virus (/tɑːˈiː/; TAFV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known Ebola virus (EBOV). TAFV causes severe disease in primates, the Ebola hemorrhagic fever. TAFV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group. Use of term Taï Forest virus (abbreviated TAFV) was first described in 1995 as a new "strain" of Ebola virus. It is the single member of the species Taï Forest ebolavirus, which is included into the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The name Taï Forest virus is derived from Parc National de Taï (the name of a national park in Côte d'Ivoire, where it was first discovered) and the taxonomic suffix virus. According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the name Taï Forest virus is always to be capitalized, but (in contrast to taxon names, e. g. genus and species names) is never italicized, and may be abbreviated (with TAFV being the official abbreviation). Previous designations Taï Forest virus was first introduced as a new "strain" of Ebola virus in 1995. In 2000, it received the designation Côte d'Ivoire Ebola virus, and in 2002 the name was changed to Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus. (both times misspelling "Côte"). Other names circulating in the literature were the correct Côte d'Ivoire Ebola virus and Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus, and the jargon terms Ivory Coast Ebola virus and Ivory Coast ebolavirus. Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-CI (for Ebola virus Côte d'Ivoire or Ebola virus Côte d'Ivoire), EBOV-IC (for Ebola virus Ivory Coast), ICEBOV (for Ivory Coast Ebola virus or Ivory Coast ebolavirus) and most recently CIEBOV (for Cote d;Ivoire Ebola virus, Côte d'Ivoire Ebola virus, Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus or Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus). The virus received its final designation in 2010, when it was renamed Taï Forest virus (TAFV). Virus inclusion criteria A virus of the species Taï Forest ebolavirus is a Taï Forest virus (TAFV) if it has the properties of Taï Forest ebolaviruses and if its genome diverges from that of the prototype Taï Forest virus, Taï Forest virus variant Côte d'Ivoire (TAFV/CI), by ≤10% at the nucleotide level. Disease TAFV is one of four ebolaviruses that causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans (in the literature also often referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, EHF). EVD due to TAFV infection cannot be differentiated from EVD caused by other ebolaviruses by clinical observation alone, which is why the clinical presentation and pathology of infections by all ebolaviruses is presented together on a separate page (see Ebola virus disease). TAFV made its first and thus far only known appearance in 1994 during a viral hemorrhagic fever epizootic among western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. As more dead western chimpanzees were discovered, many tested positive for infection with an ebolavirus distinct from those already known. One of the scientists performing the necropsies on the infected western chimpanzees contracted TAFV. She developed symptoms similar to those of dengue fever approximately a week after the necropsy, and was transported to Switzerland for treatment. She was discharged from hospital after two weeks and had fully recovered six weeks after the infection. Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks due to Taï Forest virus (TAFV) infection Year Geographic location Human cases/deaths (case-fatality rate) 1994 Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire 1/0 (0%) Ecology The ecology of TAFV is currently unclear and no reservoir host has yet been identified. Therefore, it remains unclear how TAFV was introduced into the western chimpanzee population. Bats are suspected to harbor the virus because infectious Marburg virus (MARV), a distantly related filovirus, has been isolated from bats, and because traces (but no infectious particles) of the more closely related Ebola virus (EBOV) were found in bats as well. Molecular biology TAFV is basically uncharacterized on a molecular level. However, its genomic sequence, and with it the genomic organization and the conservation of individual open reading frames, is similar to that of the other four known ebolaviruses. It is therefore currently assumed that the knowledge obtained for EBOV can be extrapolated to TAFV and that all TAFV proteins behave analogous to those of EBOV. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kuhn, Jens H.; Becker, Stephan; Ebihara, Hideki; Geisbert, Thomas W.; Johnson, Karl M.; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; Lipkin, W. Ian; Negredo, Ana I; et al. (2010). "Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations". Archives of Virology. 155 (12): 2083–103. doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x. PMC 3074192. PMID 21046175. ^ Baize, Sylvain; Pannetier, Delphine; Oestereich, Lisa; Rieger, Toni; Koivogui, Lamine; Magassouba, N'Faly; Soropogui, Barrè; Sow, Mamadou Saliou; Keïta, Sakoba; De Clerck, Hilde; Tiffany, Amanda; Dominguez, Gemma; Loua, Mathieu; Traoré, Alexis; Kolié, Moussa; Malano, Emmanuel Roland; Heleze, Emmanuel; Bocquin, Anne; Mély, Stephane; Raoul, Hervé; Caro, Valérie; Cadar, Dániel; Gabriel, Martin; Pahlmann, Meike; Tappe, Dennis; Schmidt-Chanasit, Jonas; Impouma, Benido; Diallo, Abdoul Karim; Formenty, Pierre; et al. (2014). "Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea". New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (15): 1418–25. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1404505. PMID 24738640. ^ Netesov, S. V.; Feldmann, H.; Jahrling, P. B.; Klenk, H. D.; Sanchez, A. (2000). "Family Filoviridae". In van Regenmortel, M. H. V.; Fauquet, C. M.; Bishop, D. H. L.; Carstens, E. B.; Estes, M. K.; Lemon, S. M.; Maniloff, J.; Mayo, M. A.; McGeoch, D. J.; Pringle, C. R.; Wickner, R. B. (eds.). Virus Taxonomy—Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, US: Academic Press. pp. 539–48. ISBN 978-0-12-370200-5. ^ Pringle, C. R. (1998). "Virus taxonomy-San Diego 1998". Archives of Virology. 143 (7): 1449–59. doi:10.1007/s007050050389. PMID 9742051. S2CID 13229117. ^ a b Feldmann, H.; Geisbert, T. W.; Jahrling, P. B.; Klenk, H.-D.; Netesov, S. V.; Peters, C. J.; Sanchez, A.; Swanepoel, R.; Volchkov, V. E. (2005). "Family Filoviridae". In Fauquet, C. M.; Mayo, M. A.; Maniloff, J.; Desselberger, U.; Ball, L. A. (eds.). Virus Taxonomy—Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, US: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 645–653. ISBN 978-0-12-370200-5. ^ a b Mayo, M. A. (2002). "ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot". Archives of Virology. 147 (11): 2254–60. doi:10.1007/s007050200052. S2CID 43887711. ^ a b le Guenno, B.; Formenty, P.; Wyers, M.; Gounon, P.; Walker, F.; Boesch, C. (1995). "Isolation and partial characterisation of a new strain of Ebola virus". Lancet. 345 (8960): 1271–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90925-7. PMID 7746057. S2CID 38897209. ^ ICTV: How to write a virus name, on ICTV online (2019) ^ Netesov, S. V.; Feldmann, H.; Jahrling, P. B.; Klenk, H. D.; Sanchez, A. (2000). "Family Filoviridae". In van Regenmortel, M. H. V.; Fauquet, C. M.; Bishop, D. H. L.; Carstens, E. B.; Estes, M. K.; Lemon, S. M.; Maniloff, J.; Mayo, M. A.; McGeoch, D. J.; Pringle, C. R.; Wickner, R. B. (eds.). Virus Taxonomy—Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, USA: Academic Press. pp. 539–48. ISBN 978-0-12-370200-5. ^ Pringle, C. R. (1998). "Virus taxonomy-San Diego 1998". Archives of Virology. 143 (7): 1449–59. doi:10.1007/s007050050389. PMID 9742051. S2CID 13229117. ^ Towner, J. S.; Amman, B. R.; Sealy, T. K.; Carroll, S. A. R.; Comer, J. A.; Kemp, A.; Swanepoel, R.; Paddock, C. D.; Balinandi, S.; Khristova, M. L.; Formenty, P. B.; Albarino, C. G.; Miller, D. M.; Reed, Z. D.; Kayiwa, J. T.; Mills, J. N.; Cannon, D. L.; Greer, P. W.; Byaruhanga, E.; Farnon, E. C.; Atimnedi, P.; Okware, S.; Katongole-Mbidde, E.; Downing, R.; Tappero, J. W.; Zaki, S. R.; Ksiazek, T. G.; Nichol, S. T.; Rollin, P. E. (2009). Fouchier, Ron A. M. (ed.). "Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats". PLOS Pathogens. 5 (7): e1000536. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536. PMC 2713404. PMID 19649327. ^ Leroy, E. M.; Kumulungui, B.; Pourrut, X.; Rouquet, P.; Hassanin, A.; Yaba, P.; Délicat, A.; Paweska, J. T.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Swanepoel, R. (2005). "Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus". Nature. 438 (7068): 575–576. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..575L. doi:10.1038/438575a. PMID 16319873. S2CID 4403209. External links ICTV Files and Discussions - Discussion forum and file distribution for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Archived 2011-10-07 at the Wayback Machine vteFiloviridaeEbolavirusOutbreaks 1976 Sudan outbreak 1976 Zaire outbreak 2013−2016 West African Ebola virus epidemic Timeline Reported cases and deaths Responses United Nations Ebola Response Fund Operation United Assistance in Guinea in Liberia in Mali in Nigeria in Sierra Leone in Spain in the US in the UK Ouse to Ouse Tock Womey massacre Recent DR Congo outbreaks and epidemics 2014 2017 2018 Équateur Kivu epidemic 2020 Équateur 2021 North Kivu Species Bundibugyo ebolavirus BDBV Reston ebolavirus RESTV Sudan ebolavirus SUDV Taï Forest ebolavirus TAFV Zaire ebolavirus EBOV Drug candidates BCX4430 Brincidofovir DZNep Favipiravir FGI-103 FGI-104 FGI-106 JK-05 Lamivudine mAb114 TKM-Ebola (failed) Triazavirin ZMapp Vaccines cAd3-ZEBOV Drugs Vaccines rVSV-ZEBOV Notable people Ebola researchers William Close Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum Peter Piot Ebola patients Ameyo Adadevoh Kent Brantly Pauline Cafferkey Thomas Eric Duncan Salome Karwah Sheik Umar Khan Matthew Lukwiya Mayinga N'Seka Patrick Sawyer Popular culture The Hot Zone (1995 book by Richard Preston) Outbreak (1995 film) Ebola Syndrome (1996 film) Executive Orders (1996 novel) Ebola-chan (2014 meme) 93 Days (2016 film) The Hot Zone (2019 miniseries based on Preston book) Miscellaneous Ebola virus disease Ebola virus disease treatment research Ebola River MarburgvirusOutbreaks 1967 Marburg virus outbreak in West Germany 2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak 2021 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Guinea 2022 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Ghana 2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea 2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Tanzania Species Marburg marburgvirus MARV RAVV Drug candidates BCX4430 FGI-103 FGI-106 Popular culture The Hot Zone (1995 book) Miscellaneous Marburg virus disease Marburg CuevavirusSpecies Lloviu cuevavirus (LLOV) DianlovirusSpecies Mengla virus (MLAV) StriavirusSpecies Xilang striavirus ThamnovirusSpecies Huangjiao thamnovirus Commons Wikispecies Taxon identifiersTai Forest ebolavirus Wikidata: Q51926913 Wikispecies: Taï Forest ebolavirus CoL: 54K2W IRMNG: 11460930 NCBI: 186541	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses"},{"link_name":"/tɑːˈiː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuhnArch-1"},{"link_name":"virological taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses"},{"link_name":"Ebolavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolavirus"},{"link_name":"Filoviridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoviridae"},{"link_name":"Mononegavirales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegavirales"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuhnArch-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuhnArch-1"},{"link_name":"Tai Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Forest"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The species Taï Forest ebolavirus (/tɑːˈiː/)[1] is a virological taxon included in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The species has a single virus member, Taï Forest virus (TAFV).[1] The members of the species are called Taï Forest ebolaviruses.[1]Tai Forest ebolavirus has been seen in a single human infection due to contact with chimpanzees from the Tai Forest in Côte d'Ivoire.[2]","title":"Taï Forest ebolavirus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parc National de Taï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"suffix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuhnArch-1"},{"link_name":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses"},{"link_name":"capitalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization"},{"link_name":"italicized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type"},{"link_name":"articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuhnArch-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feldmann2005-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV_at_the_Paris_ICV:_results_of_t-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuhnArch-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ebolavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolavirus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuhnArch-1"},{"link_name":"Ebola virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus"},{"link_name":"/tɑːˈiː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuhnArch-1"},{"link_name":"Ebola virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus"},{"link_name":"disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates"},{"link_name":"Ebola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease"},{"link_name":"hemorrhagic fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever"},{"link_name":"Select Agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_Agent"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"Category A Bioterrorism Agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioterrorism"},{"link_name":"Australia Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Group"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The name Taï Forest ebolavirus is derived from Parc National de Taï (the name of a national park in Côte d'Ivoire, where Taï Forest virus was first discovered) and the taxonomic suffix ebolavirus (which denotes an ebolavirus species).[1] According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the name Taï Forest ebolavirus is always to be capitalized, italicized, never abbreviated, and to be preceded by the word \"species\". The names of its members (Taï Forest ebolaviruses) are to be capitalized, are not italicized, and used without articles.[1]The species was introduced in 1998 as Cote d'Ivoire Ebola virus.[3][4] In 2002, the name was changed to Cote d'Ivoire ebolavirus.[5][6] The name was proposed to be changed to Taï Forest ebolavirus in 2010,[1] and this proposal was immediately accepted by the ICTV.[citation needed]A virus of the genus Ebolavirus is a member of the species Taï Forest ebolavirus if:[1]it is endemic in Côte d'Ivoire\nit has a genome with three gene overlaps (VP35/VP40, GP/VP30, VP24/L)\nit has a genomic sequence different from Ebola virus by ≥30% but different from that of Taï Forest virus by <30%.Taï Forest virus (/tɑːˈiː/;[1] TAFV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known Ebola virus (EBOV). TAFV causes severe disease in primates, the Ebola hemorrhagic fever. TAFV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.[citation needed]","title":"Nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ebola virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leGuenno1995-7"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses"},{"link_name":"Ebolavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolavirus"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses"},{"link_name":"Filoviridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoviridae"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses"},{"link_name":"Mononegavirales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegavirales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuhnArch-1"},{"link_name":"Parc National de Taï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"suffix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix"},{"link_name":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses"},{"link_name":"capitalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization"},{"link_name":"italicized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type"},{"link_name":"abbreviated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Taï Forest virus (abbreviated TAFV) was first described in 1995 as a new \"strain\" of Ebola virus.[7] It is the single member of the species Taï Forest ebolavirus, which is included into the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales.[1] The name Taï Forest virus is derived from Parc National de Taï (the name of a national park in Côte d'Ivoire, where it was first discovered) and the taxonomic suffix virus. According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the name Taï Forest virus is always to be capitalized, but (in contrast to taxon names, e. g. genus and species names) is never italicized, and may be abbreviated (with TAFV being the official abbreviation).[8]","title":"Use of term"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leGuenno1995-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feldmann2005-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV_at_the_Paris_ICV:_results_of_t-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuhnArch-1"}],"text":"Taï Forest virus was first introduced as a new \"strain\" of Ebola virus in 1995.[7] In 2000, it received the designation Côte d'Ivoire Ebola virus,[9][10] and in 2002 the name was changed to Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus.[5][6] (both times misspelling \"Côte\"). Other names circulating in the literature were the correct Côte d'Ivoire Ebola virus and Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus, and the jargon terms Ivory Coast Ebola virus and Ivory Coast ebolavirus. Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-CI (for Ebola virus Côte d'Ivoire or Ebola virus Côte d'Ivoire), EBOV-IC (for Ebola virus Ivory Coast), ICEBOV (for Ivory Coast Ebola virus or Ivory Coast ebolavirus) and most recently CIEBOV (for Cote d;Ivoire Ebola virus, Côte d'Ivoire Ebola virus, Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus or Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus). The virus received its final designation in 2010, when it was renamed Taï Forest virus (TAFV).[1]","title":"Previous designations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"nucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KuhnArch-1"}],"text":"A virus of the species Taï Forest ebolavirus is a Taï Forest virus (TAFV) if it has the properties of Taï Forest ebolaviruses and if its genome diverges from that of the prototype Taï Forest virus, Taï Forest virus variant Côte d'Ivoire (TAFV/CI), by ≤10% at the nucleotide level.[1]","title":"Virus inclusion criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ebola virus disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease"},{"link_name":"Ebola virus disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease"},{"link_name":"epizootic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epizootic"},{"link_name":"Taï National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"dengue fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"TAFV is one of four ebolaviruses that causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans (in the literature also often referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, EHF). EVD due to TAFV infection cannot be differentiated from EVD caused by other ebolaviruses by clinical observation alone, which is why the clinical presentation and pathology of infections by all ebolaviruses is presented together on a separate page (see Ebola virus disease). TAFV made its first and thus far only known appearance in 1994 during a viral hemorrhagic fever epizootic among western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. As more dead western chimpanzees were discovered, many tested positive for infection with an ebolavirus distinct from those already known. One of the scientists performing the necropsies on the infected western chimpanzees contracted TAFV. She developed symptoms similar to those of dengue fever approximately a week after the necropsy, and was transported to Switzerland for treatment. She was discharged from hospital after two weeks and had fully recovered six weeks after the infection.[citation needed]","title":"Disease"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"link_name":"Marburg virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_virus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ebola virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The ecology of TAFV is currently unclear and no reservoir host has yet been identified. Therefore, it remains unclear how TAFV was introduced into the western chimpanzee population. Bats are suspected to harbor the virus because infectious Marburg virus (MARV), a distantly related filovirus, has been isolated from bats,[11] and because traces (but no infectious particles) of the more closely related Ebola virus (EBOV) were found in bats as well.[12]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"open reading frames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame"},{"link_name":"extrapolated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"TAFV is basically uncharacterized on a molecular level. However, its genomic sequence, and with it the genomic organization and the conservation of individual open reading frames, is similar to that of the other four known ebolaviruses. It is therefore currently assumed that the knowledge obtained for EBOV can be extrapolated to TAFV and that all TAFV proteins behave analogous to those of EBOV.[citation needed]","title":"Molecular biology"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kuhn, Jens H.; Becker, Stephan; Ebihara, Hideki; Geisbert, Thomas W.; Johnson, Karl M.; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; Lipkin, W. Ian; Negredo, Ana I; et al. (2010). \"Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations\". Archives of Virology. 155 (12): 2083–103. doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x. PMC 3074192. PMID 21046175.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074192","url_text":"\"Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00705-010-0814-x","url_text":"10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074192","url_text":"3074192"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21046175","url_text":"21046175"}]},{"reference":"Baize, Sylvain; Pannetier, Delphine; Oestereich, Lisa; Rieger, Toni; Koivogui, Lamine; Magassouba, N'Faly; Soropogui, Barrè; Sow, Mamadou Saliou; Keïta, Sakoba; De Clerck, Hilde; Tiffany, Amanda; Dominguez, Gemma; Loua, Mathieu; Traoré, Alexis; Kolié, Moussa; Malano, Emmanuel Roland; Heleze, Emmanuel; Bocquin, Anne; Mély, Stephane; Raoul, Hervé; Caro, Valérie; Cadar, Dániel; Gabriel, Martin; Pahlmann, Meike; Tappe, Dennis; Schmidt-Chanasit, Jonas; Impouma, Benido; Diallo, Abdoul Karim; Formenty, Pierre; et al. (2014). \"Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea\". New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (15): 1418–25. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1404505. PMID 24738640.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1404505","url_text":"\"Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1404505","url_text":"10.1056/NEJMoa1404505"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24738640","url_text":"24738640"}]},{"reference":"Netesov, S. V.; Feldmann, H.; Jahrling, P. B.; Klenk, H. D.; Sanchez, A. (2000). \"Family Filoviridae\". In van Regenmortel, M. H. V.; Fauquet, C. M.; Bishop, D. H. L.; Carstens, E. B.; Estes, M. K.; Lemon, S. M.; Maniloff, J.; Mayo, M. A.; McGeoch, D. J.; Pringle, C. R.; Wickner, R. B. (eds.). Virus Taxonomy—Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, US: Academic Press. pp. 539–48. ISBN 978-0-12-370200-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-370200-5","url_text":"978-0-12-370200-5"}]},{"reference":"Pringle, C. R. (1998). \"Virus taxonomy-San Diego 1998\". Archives of Virology. 143 (7): 1449–59. doi:10.1007/s007050050389. PMID 9742051. S2CID 13229117.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007050050389","url_text":"10.1007/s007050050389"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9742051","url_text":"9742051"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13229117","url_text":"13229117"}]},{"reference":"Feldmann, H.; Geisbert, T. W.; Jahrling, P. B.; Klenk, H.-D.; Netesov, S. V.; Peters, C. J.; Sanchez, A.; Swanepoel, R.; Volchkov, V. E. (2005). \"Family Filoviridae\". In Fauquet, C. M.; Mayo, M. A.; Maniloff, J.; Desselberger, U.; Ball, L. A. (eds.). Virus Taxonomy—Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, US: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 645–653. ISBN 978-0-12-370200-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-370200-5","url_text":"978-0-12-370200-5"}]},{"reference":"Mayo, M. A. (2002). \"ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot\". Archives of Virology. 147 (11): 2254–60. doi:10.1007/s007050200052. S2CID 43887711.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007050200052","url_text":"\"ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007050200052","url_text":"10.1007/s007050200052"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43887711","url_text":"43887711"}]},{"reference":"le Guenno, B.; Formenty, P.; Wyers, M.; Gounon, P.; Walker, F.; Boesch, C. (1995). \"Isolation and partial characterisation of a new strain of Ebola virus\". Lancet. 345 (8960): 1271–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90925-7. PMID 7746057. S2CID 38897209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2895%2990925-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90925-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7746057","url_text":"7746057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38897209","url_text":"38897209"}]},{"reference":"Netesov, S. V.; Feldmann, H.; Jahrling, P. B.; Klenk, H. D.; Sanchez, A. (2000). \"Family Filoviridae\". In van Regenmortel, M. H. V.; Fauquet, C. M.; Bishop, D. H. L.; Carstens, E. B.; Estes, M. K.; Lemon, S. M.; Maniloff, J.; Mayo, M. A.; McGeoch, D. J.; Pringle, C. R.; Wickner, R. B. (eds.). Virus Taxonomy—Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, USA: Academic Press. pp. 539–48. ISBN 978-0-12-370200-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-370200-5","url_text":"978-0-12-370200-5"}]},{"reference":"Pringle, C. R. (1998). \"Virus taxonomy-San Diego 1998\". Archives of Virology. 143 (7): 1449–59. doi:10.1007/s007050050389. PMID 9742051. S2CID 13229117.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007050050389","url_text":"10.1007/s007050050389"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9742051","url_text":"9742051"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13229117","url_text":"13229117"}]},{"reference":"Towner, J. S.; Amman, B. R.; Sealy, T. K.; Carroll, S. A. R.; Comer, J. A.; Kemp, A.; Swanepoel, R.; Paddock, C. D.; Balinandi, S.; Khristova, M. L.; Formenty, P. B.; Albarino, C. G.; Miller, D. M.; Reed, Z. D.; Kayiwa, J. T.; Mills, J. N.; Cannon, D. L.; Greer, P. W.; Byaruhanga, E.; Farnon, E. C.; Atimnedi, P.; Okware, S.; Katongole-Mbidde, E.; Downing, R.; Tappero, J. W.; Zaki, S. R.; Ksiazek, T. G.; Nichol, S. T.; Rollin, P. E. (2009). Fouchier, Ron A. M. (ed.). \"Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats\". PLOS Pathogens. 5 (7): e1000536. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536. PMC 2713404. PMID 19649327.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713404","url_text":"\"Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000536","url_text":"10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713404","url_text":"2713404"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19649327","url_text":"19649327"}]},{"reference":"Leroy, E. M.; Kumulungui, B.; Pourrut, X.; Rouquet, P.; Hassanin, A.; Yaba, P.; Délicat, A.; Paweska, J. T.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Swanepoel, R. (2005). \"Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus\". Nature. 438 (7068): 575–576. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..575L. doi:10.1038/438575a. PMID 16319873. S2CID 4403209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..575L","url_text":"2005Natur.438..575L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438575a","url_text":"10.1038/438575a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16319873","url_text":"16319873"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4403209","url_text":"4403209"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074192","external_links_name":"\"Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00705-010-0814-x","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074192","external_links_name":"3074192"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21046175","external_links_name":"21046175"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1404505","external_links_name":"\"Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1404505","external_links_name":"10.1056/NEJMoa1404505"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24738640","external_links_name":"24738640"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007050050389","external_links_name":"10.1007/s007050050389"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9742051","external_links_name":"9742051"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13229117","external_links_name":"13229117"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007050200052","external_links_name":"\"ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007050200052","external_links_name":"10.1007/s007050200052"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43887711","external_links_name":"43887711"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2895%2990925-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90925-7"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7746057","external_links_name":"7746057"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38897209","external_links_name":"38897209"},{"Link":"https://ictv.global/faq/names","external_links_name":"How to write a virus name"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007050050389","external_links_name":"10.1007/s007050050389"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9742051","external_links_name":"9742051"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13229117","external_links_name":"13229117"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713404","external_links_name":"\"Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000536","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713404","external_links_name":"2713404"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19649327","external_links_name":"19649327"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..575L","external_links_name":"2005Natur.438..575L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438575a","external_links_name":"10.1038/438575a"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16319873","external_links_name":"16319873"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4403209","external_links_name":"4403209"},{"Link":"http://talk.ictvonline.org/default.aspx","external_links_name":"ICTV Files and Discussions - Discussion forum and file distribution for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007192538/http://talk.ictvonline.org/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/54K2W","external_links_name":"54K2W"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11460930","external_links_name":"11460930"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=186541","external_links_name":"186541"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eormenred_of_Kent	Eormenred of Kent	["1 References","2 External links"]	King of Kent EormenredKing of KentReign640–before 664PredecessorEadbaldSuccessorEorcenberhtDiedbefore 664SpouseOslafaIssueDomne EafeÆthelredÆthelberhtEormengythFatherEadbaldMotherEmma Eormenred (died before 664) was a member of the royal family of the Kingdom of Kent, who is described as king in some texts. There is no contemporary evidence for Eormenred, but he is mentioned in later hagiographies, and his existence is considered possible by scholars. In the Kentish royal legend, Eormenred is described as a son of Eadbald, who was King of Kent from 616 to 640, and his second wife Emma, who may have been a Frankish princess. "Eormenred" is a name of Frankish origin, as is that of his brother, Eorcenberht. Before his father's death, Eormenred married Oslava and had at least four children, possibly five: two sons, Æthelred and Æthelberht, and two daughters, Domne Eafe and Eormengyth. Eormenburh may be a further daughter, or a synonym for Domne Eafe. Following his father's death, Eorcenberht ascended to the throne. The description of Eormenred as king may indicate that he ruled jointly with his brother or, alternatively, that he held a subordinate position while being granted the title of "king". He died before his brother, and is said to have left his two sons in Eorcenberht's care. However, after Eorcenberht himself died, his son and successor Ecgberht arranged for the murder of these potential rival claimants to the throne, who were later venerated as saints. Domne Eafe was not killed, and was subsequently granted land on Thanet by Ecgberht for a monastery, as penance for the murder of her brothers. This land is stated to have previously belonged to Eormenred. References ^ a b c d S. E. Kelly, "Eorcenberht", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ^ a b Mary Dockray-Miller, Motherhood and mothering in Anglo-Saxon England, p.19 ^ Wasyliw, Patricia Healy. Martyrdom, Murder, and Magic: Child Saints and Their Cults in Medieval Europe, Peter Lang, 2008, p. 74ISBN 9780820427645 External links Eormenred 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England vteMonarchs of Kent Hengest Horsa Oisc Octa Eormenric Æthelberht I Eadbald Æðelwald 1 Eorcenberht Eormenred Ecgberht I Hlothhere Eadric Mul Swæfheard Swæfberht Oswine Wihtred Alric Eadbert I Æthelbert II Eardwulf Eadberht II Sigered Eanmund Heaberht Ecgberht II Ealhmund Eadberht III Præn Cuthred Coenwulf 2 Ceolwulf I 3 Baldred Æthelwulf 5 Æthelstan Æthelberht 5 1 Existence uncertain (See Eadbald) 2 Also monarch of Mercia 3 Also monarch of East Anglia and Mercia 4 Also monarch of Wessex, Essex, Sussex and Mercia 5 Also monarch of Wessex	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"hagiographies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Kentish royal legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentish_royal_legend"},{"link_name":"Eadbald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadbald_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_of_Austrasia"},{"link_name":"Eorcenberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eorcenberht_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Æthelred and Æthelberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_and_%C3%86thelberht"},{"link_name":"Domne Eafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domne_Eafe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dockray-2"},{"link_name":"Ecgberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecgberht_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dockray-2"}],"text":"Eormenred (died before 664) was a member of the royal family of the Kingdom of Kent, who is described as king in some texts. There is no contemporary evidence for Eormenred, but he is mentioned in later hagiographies, and his existence is considered possible by scholars.[1]In the Kentish royal legend, Eormenred is described as a son of Eadbald, who was King of Kent from 616 to 640,[1] and his second wife Emma, who may have been a Frankish princess. \"Eormenred\" is a name of Frankish origin, as is that of his brother, Eorcenberht.[1] Before his father's death, Eormenred married Oslava and had at least four children, possibly five: two sons, Æthelred and Æthelberht, and two daughters, Domne Eafe and Eormengyth. Eormenburh may be a further daughter, or a synonym for Domne Eafe.[2]Following his father's death, Eorcenberht ascended to the throne. The description of Eormenred as king may indicate that he ruled jointly with his brother or, alternatively, that he held a subordinate position while being granted the title of \"king\". He died before his brother, and is said to have left his two sons in Eorcenberht's care. However, after Eorcenberht himself died, his son and successor Ecgberht arranged for the murder of these potential rival claimants to the throne, who were later venerated as saints.[3] Domne Eafe was not killed, and was subsequently granted land on Thanet by Ecgberht for a monastery, as penance for the murder of her brothers.[1] This land is stated to have previously belonged to Eormenred.[2]","title":"Eormenred of Kent"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/articleHL/39239?docPos=2&anchor=match","external_links_name":"Eorcenberht"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-1HS5gCZ1w4C&dq=Saint+Tyfei&pg=PA81","external_links_name":"Wasyliw, Patricia Healy. Martyrdom, Murder, and Magic: Child Saints and Their Cults in Medieval Europe, Peter Lang, 2008, p. 74"},{"Link":"http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=2474","external_links_name":"Eormenred 1"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Camperdown_(D32)	HMS Camperdown (D32)	["1 Service","2 References","3 Publications"]	Battle-class destroyer of the Royal Navy For other ships with the same name, see HMS Camperdown. History United Kingdom NameHMS Camperdown BuilderFairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Laid down30 October 1942 Launched8 February 1944 Commissioned18 June 1945 IdentificationPennant number D32 FateScrapped 1970 General characteristics Class and typeBattle-class destroyer Displacement 2,325 tons standard 3,430 tons full load Length379 ft (116 m) Beam40 ft (12 m) Draught15.3 ft (4.7 m) Propulsion2 steam turbines, 2 shafts, 2 boilers, 50,000 shp (37 MW) Speed35.75 knots (66.21 km/h) Range4,400 nautical miles (8,100 km) at 12 knots (22 km/h) Complement268 Armament 2 × dual 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun 1 × single 4-inch (102 mm) gun 14 × Bofors 40 mm gun 10 × 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes 1 × Squid mortar Service record Part of: British Pacific Fleet 19th Destroyer Flotilla 3rd Destroyer Flotilla 1st Destroyer Squadron HMS Camperdown was a Battle-class destroyer of the Royal Navy (RN). She was named after the Battle of Camperdown, a naval engagement between the British and Dutch that took place in 1797, and which resulted in a British victory. She was built by Fairfields and launched on 8 February 1944 and commissioned on 18 June 1945. Service Camperdown was despatched to the Far East, joining the 19th Destroyer Flotilla of the British Pacific Fleet after VJ Day and so did not see action during the Second World War. In November 1946, Camperdown, along with the rest of the 19th Flotilla, returned to the United Kingdom, and was placed in reserve at Devonport in April 1947. Camperdown was refitted from January to May 1950, and on 26 May 1953, was recommissioned for trials. She formed part of the Fleet Review on the Solent to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on 15 June 1953 as part of the reserve fleet, a record of which can be found displayed on board the royal yacht Britannia. In 1953, at Plymouth, Camperdown was accidentally rammed by Coreopsis, a Flower-class corvette (renamed Compass Rose for her role in the film The Cruel Sea), causing damage. Camperdown was refitted and modernised at Liverpool between 18 May 1956 and 29 October 1957. After trials, on 10 December 1957, the ship joined the 3rd Destroyer Squadron, which alternated between service with the Home Fleet and the Mediterranean Fleet, replacing St. Kitts, which had been withdrawn from use because of poor condition. On 21 September 1958, a fire broke out in Camperdown's boiler room while the destroyer was taking part in a NATO exercise, damaging electrical cables but causing no casualties. In 1960, Camperdown joined the 1st Destroyer Squadron, with spells with the Home and Mediterranean Fleets. In 1962, Camperdown was placed on the disposal list and in 1970, she was finally scrapped at Faslane. References ^ a b c d e f English 2008, p. 152 ^ Critchley 1982, p. 106 ^ "News in Brief". The Times. No. 50608. 14 November 1946. p. 2. ^ "Berthing Plan for the Spithead Review". The Times. No. 52648. 15 June 1953. p. 15. ^ Marriott 1989, p. 72 ^ Souvenir Programme, Coronation Review of the Fleet, Spithead, 15th June 1953, HMSO, Gale and Polden ^ "Fire in Destroyer: Damage to Power Cables". The Times. No. 54264. 24 September 1958. p. 13. Publications Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) . Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8. Critchley, Mike (1982). British Warships Since 1945: Part 3: Destroyers. Liskeard, UK: Maritime Books. ISBN 0-9506323-9-2. English, John (2008). Obdurate to Daring: British Fleet Destroyers 1941–45. Windsor: World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-9560769-0-8. Hodges, Peter (1971). Battle Class Destroyers. London: Almark Publishing. ISBN 0-85524-012-1. Marriott, Leo (1989). Royal Navy Destroyers Since 1945. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1817-0. vteBattle-class destroyers Royal Navy1942 group Armada Barfleur Cadiz Camperdown Finisterre Gabbard Gravelines Hogue Lagos St. James St. Kitts Saintes Sluys Solebay Trafalgar Vigo 1943 groupCompleted Agincourt Aisne Alamein Barrosa Corunna Dunkirk Malplaquet / Jutland Matapan Cancelled Albuera Belleisle Jutland Mons Namur Navarino Omdurman Oudenarde Poictiers River Plate San Domingo Somme St. Lucia Talavera Trincomalee Vimiera Waterloo Ypres Royal Australian Navy Anzac Tobruk Other operators Imperial Iranian Navy Artemiz / Damavand (ex-Sluys) Pakistan Navy Badr / Indus (ex-Gabbard) Khaibar (ex-Cadiz) Preceded by: Weapon class Followed by: Daring class List of destroyers of the Royal Navy List of destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Camperdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Camperdown"},{"link_name":"Battle-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Camperdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Fairfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering_Company"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Camperdown.HMS Camperdown was a Battle-class destroyer of the Royal Navy (RN). She was named after the Battle of Camperdown, a naval engagement between the British and Dutch that took place in 1797, and which resulted in a British victory.She was built by Fairfields and launched on 8 February 1944 and commissioned on 18 June 1945.","title":"HMS Camperdown (D32)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"19th Destroyer Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=19th_Destroyer_Flotilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"VJ Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VJ_Day"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engp152-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-critp106-2"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engp152-1"},{"link_name":"Devonport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Devonport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engp152-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engp152-1"},{"link_name":"Fleet Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Review"},{"link_name":"Solent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solent"},{"link_name":"Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marp72-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"royal yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_yacht"},{"link_name":"Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMY_Britannia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Coreopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Coreopsis_(K32)"},{"link_name":"Flower-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower-class_corvette"},{"link_name":"corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"The Cruel Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cruel_Sea_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engp152-1"},{"link_name":"3rd Destroyer Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Destroyer_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Home Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"St. Kitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_St._Kitts_(D18)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engp152-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1st Destroyer Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Destroyer_Squadron_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Faslane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faslane"}],"text":"Camperdown was despatched to the Far East, joining the 19th Destroyer Flotilla of the British Pacific Fleet after VJ Day and so did not see action during the Second World War.[1][2] In November 1946, Camperdown, along with the rest of the 19th Flotilla, returned to the United Kingdom,[3][1] and was placed in reserve at Devonport in April 1947.[1]Camperdown was refitted from January to May 1950, and on 26 May 1953, was recommissioned for trials.[1] She formed part of the Fleet Review on the Solent to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on 15 June 1953 as part of the reserve fleet,[4][5][6] a record of which can be found displayed on board the royal yacht Britannia.[citation needed]In 1953, at Plymouth, Camperdown was accidentally rammed by Coreopsis, a Flower-class corvette (renamed Compass Rose for her role in the film The Cruel Sea), causing damage.[citation needed] Camperdown was refitted and modernised at Liverpool between 18 May 1956 and 29 October 1957.[1] After trials, on 10 December 1957, the ship joined the 3rd Destroyer Squadron, which alternated between service with the Home Fleet and the Mediterranean Fleet, replacing St. Kitts, which had been withdrawn from use because of poor condition.[1] On 21 September 1958, a fire broke out in Camperdown's boiler room while the destroyer was taking part in a NATO exercise, damaging electrical cables but causing no casualties.[7] In 1960, Camperdown joined the 1st Destroyer Squadron, with spells with the Home and Mediterranean Fleets. In 1962, Camperdown was placed on the disposal list and in 1970, she was finally scrapped at Faslane.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colledge, J. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge"},{"link_name":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86176-281-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9506323-9-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9506323-9-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9560769-0-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9560769-0-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85524-012-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85524-012-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7110-1817-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1817-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Battle_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Battle_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battle_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Battle-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Armada_(D14)"},{"link_name":"Barfleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Barfleur_(D80)"},{"link_name":"Cadiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cadiz_(D79)"},{"link_name":"Camperdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Finisterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Finisterre_(D55)"},{"link_name":"Gabbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Gabbard_(D47)"},{"link_name":"Gravelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Gravelines_(D24)"},{"link_name":"Hogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hogue_(D74)"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Lagos_(D44)"},{"link_name":"St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_St._James_(D65)"},{"link_name":"St. Kitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_St._Kitts_(D18)"},{"link_name":"Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Saintes_(D84)"},{"link_name":"Sluys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sluys_(D60)"},{"link_name":"Solebay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Solebay_(D70)"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Trafalgar_(D77)"},{"link_name":"Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Vigo_(D31)"},{"link_name":"Agincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Agincourt_(D86)"},{"link_name":"Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Aisne_(D22)"},{"link_name":"Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Alamein"},{"link_name":"Barrosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Barrosa_(D68)"},{"link_name":"Corunna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Corunna_(D97)"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dunkirk_(D09)"},{"link_name":"Malplaquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Jutland_(D62)"},{"link_name":"Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Jutland_(D62)"},{"link_name":"Matapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Matapan_(D43)"},{"link_name":"Albuera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Albuera"},{"link_name":"Belleisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Belleisle_(I88)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Jutland_(I16)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Namur_(I58)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Navarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Navarino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oudenarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Oudenarde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poictiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Poictiers_(I10)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Talavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Talavera_(I72)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trincomalee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Trincomalee_(I59)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Delight_(D119)"},{"link_name":"Royal 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class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daring-class_destroyer_(1949)"},{"link_name":"List of destroyers of the Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_destroyer_classes_of_the_Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"List of destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Destroyers_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy"}],"text":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.\nCritchley, Mike (1982). British Warships Since 1945: Part 3: Destroyers. Liskeard, UK: Maritime Books. ISBN 0-9506323-9-2.\nEnglish, John (2008). Obdurate to Daring: British Fleet Destroyers 1941–45. Windsor: World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-9560769-0-8.\nHodges, Peter (1971). Battle Class Destroyers. London: Almark Publishing. ISBN 0-85524-012-1.\nMarriott, Leo (1989). Royal Navy Destroyers Since 1945. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1817-0.vteBattle-class destroyers Royal Navy1942 group\nArmada\nBarfleur\nCadiz\nCamperdown\nFinisterre\nGabbard\nGravelines\nHogue\nLagos\nSt. James\nSt. Kitts\nSaintes\nSluys\nSolebay\nTrafalgar\nVigo\n1943 groupCompleted\nAgincourt\nAisne\nAlamein\nBarrosa\nCorunna\nDunkirk\nMalplaquet / Jutland\nMatapan\nCancelled\nAlbuera\nBelleisle\nJutland\nMons\nNamur\nNavarino\nOmdurman\nOudenarde\nPoictiers\nRiver Plate\nSan Domingo\nSomme\nSt. Lucia\nTalavera\nTrincomalee\nVimiera\nWaterloo\nYpres\n Royal Australian Navy\nAnzac\nTobruk\nOther operators Imperial Iranian Navy\nArtemiz / Damavand (ex-Sluys)\n Pakistan Navy\nBadr / Indus (ex-Gabbard)\nKhaibar (ex-Cadiz)\n\nPreceded by: Weapon class\nFollowed by: Daring class\n\nList of destroyers of the Royal Navy\nList of destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"News in Brief\". The Times. No. 50608. 14 November 1946. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Berthing Plan for the Spithead Review\". The Times. No. 52648. 15 June 1953. p. 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fire in Destroyer: Damage to Power Cables\". The Times. No. 54264. 24 September 1958. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge","url_text":"Colledge, J. 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ISBN 978-0-9560769-0-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9560769-0-8","url_text":"978-0-9560769-0-8"}]},{"reference":"Hodges, Peter (1971). Battle Class Destroyers. London: Almark Publishing. ISBN 0-85524-012-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85524-012-1","url_text":"0-85524-012-1"}]},{"reference":"Marriott, Leo (1989). Royal Navy Destroyers Since 1945. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1817-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1817-0","url_text":"0-7110-1817-0"}]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Tuck	Hillary Tuck	["1 Filmography","1.1 Film","1.2 Television","2 References","3 External links"]	American actress This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Hillary Tuck" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hillary TuckBornJuly 1, 1978Kerrville, TexasOther namesHilary TuckHillary CrollOccupationActressYears active1994–presentSpouse Bobby Croll (m. 2010)Children2 Hillary Tuck (born July 1, 1978) is an American actress. She had roles in the NBC Saturday Morning sitcom Hang Time (1995–1996) and Disney's Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show. She has also guest starred in such television series as Roseanne, Boy Meets World, Judging Amy, House, The Closer, Bones, Ghost Whisperer, 90210 and others. Tuck has also appeared in the feature films Camp Nowhere (1994), The Great Mom Swap (1995), Life as a House (2001) and The Visitation (2006). She also played a new intern in the 2001 film How to Make a Monster. She also appeared in guest roles in The Mentalist (2012) and Grimm (2015). Tuck married Bobby Croll in 2010; together, the couple have son Jasper and daughter Cleo. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1994 Camp Nowhere Betty Stoller 2004 The Wild Card Jennifer Flanagan Video 2006 The Visitation Darlene Henchle 2012 The Debt Collector Short 2013 Wrong Cops Kylie 2014 April Rain Angela 2019 The Art of Being Television Year Title Role Notes 1994–1996 Boy Meets World Samantha, Sarah & Kristen Episodes: "Pairing Off", "On the Air" & "The Happiest Show on Earth" 1995 The Great Mom Swap Karen Ridgeway TV film Hang Time Samantha Morgan Main role (season 1) 1996 Roseanne Kiki Episode: "Hoi Polloi Meets Hoiti Toiti" 1997–2000 Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show Amy Szalinski Main role 2003 10-8: Officers on Duty Carrie Chandler Episode: "Badlands" 2004 Center of the Universe Rebecca Episode: "Good Parenting, Bad Parenting" 2005 Without a Trace Becky Episode: "Neither Rain Nor Sleet" Judging Amy Jessica Zicklin Episode: "Sorry I Missed You" Family Guy Patty / Cecilia (voice) Episode: "8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter" Cold Case Vicky Leoni (1978) Episode: "Bad Night" 2006 The Hunters Cat Hunter TV film House Kara Mason Episode: "Forever" The Closer Kendall Price Episode: "No Good Deed" 2007 Bones Abby Singer Episode: "The Glowing Bones in the Old Stone House" 2008 Ghost Whisperer Julia Henderson Episode: "Save Our Souls" 2009 Three Rivers Teri Dawson Episode: "Place of Life" Always and Forever Rachel Foster TV film Grey's Anatomy Julie Jacobson Episode: "Holidaze" Life's Chronicles Denise TV film 2010 In Plain Sight Gina Lucas Episode: "A Priest Walks Into a Bar" 90210 Erin Episode: "They're Playing Her Song" 2011 NCIS Justine Booth Episode: "The Penelope Papers" 2012 The Mentalist Kelly Episode: "Ruby Slippers" Necessary Roughness Layla Episode: "A Load of Bull" 2013 Longmire Linda James Episode: "The Road to Hell" Franklin & Bash Jill Episode: "By the Numbers" 2015 Grimm Maggie Bowden Episode: "Iron Hans" 2017 Wisdom of the Crowd Miranda Vincent Episode: "Machine Learning" 2018 Sorry for Your Loss Tara Episode: "The Penguin and The Mechanic" 2019 Bosch Victim's Wife Episode: "Pill Shills" References ^ "TV Talkback: Shrinking Hillary's Big Career". Toronto Star. January 22, 2000. p. 78. ProQuest 1346415857. Hillary Tuck was born July 1, 1978 in Texas Hill County, Texas, and she's been playing Amy Szalinksi since the Shrunk TV series premiered in 1997. ^ "Hillary Tuck". Times of India. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ "Meet Hillary Tuck". Gettysburg Times. March 11, 2000. p. A 9. Retrieved August 3, 2022. External links Hillary Tuck at IMDb Hillary Tuck on X This article about an American television actor born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Hang Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Time_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey,_I_Shrunk_the_Kids:_The_TV_Show"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Roseanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseanne_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Boy Meets World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Meets_World"},{"link_name":"Judging Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judging_Amy"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Closer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Closer"},{"link_name":"Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ghost Whisperer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer"},{"link_name":"90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90210_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Camp Nowhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Nowhere"},{"link_name":"The Great Mom Swap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Mom_Swap"},{"link_name":"Life as a House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_as_a_House"},{"link_name":"The Visitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Visitation_(film)"},{"link_name":"How to Make a Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Make_a_Monster_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"The Mentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mentalist"},{"link_name":"Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Grimm_(film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hillary Tuck (born July 1, 1978) is an American actress. She had roles in the NBC Saturday Morning sitcom Hang Time (1995–1996) and Disney's Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show.[3]She has also guest starred in such television series as Roseanne, Boy Meets World, Judging Amy, House, The Closer, Bones, Ghost Whisperer, 90210 and others.Tuck has also appeared in the feature films Camp Nowhere (1994), The Great Mom Swap (1995), Life as a House (2001) and The Visitation (2006). She also played a new intern in the 2001 film How to Make a Monster. She also appeared in guest roles in The Mentalist (2012) and Grimm (2015).Tuck married Bobby Croll in 2010; together, the couple have son Jasper and daughter Cleo.[citation needed]","title":"Hillary Tuck"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"TV Talkback: Shrinking Hillary's Big Career\". Toronto Star. January 22, 2000. p. 78. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorn_(journal)	The Tolkien Society	["1 History","2 Contact with Tolkien","3 Activities","3.1 Events","3.2 Publications","3.3 Local groups","3.4 Tolkien to the World","3.5 Archive","3.6 Plaques and memorials","3.7 Awards","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Primary","5.2 Secondary","6 External links"]	Educational charity and literary society devoted to the life and works of J. R. R. Tolkien The Tolkien SocietyEstablished6 November 1969; 54 years ago (1969-11-06)FounderVera ChapmanLegal statusEducational charityFocusEducationLocationUnited KingdomRegion served GlobalPresidentJ. R. R. Tolkien (in perpetuo)Vice-PresidentPriscilla TolkienChairShaun GunnerAffiliationsAlliance of Literary SocietiesWebsitewww.tolkiensociety.org The Tolkien Society is an educational charity and literary society devoted to the study and promotion of the life and works of the author and academic J. R. R. Tolkien. It began informally in 1969, and held its inaugural meeting in 1970. It holds five annual events, namely a Birthday Toast, a Tolkien Reading Day, an AGM and Springmoot, a Seminar, and the Oxonmoot conference-and-convention. The society publishes a bulletin named Amon Hen, and a peer-reviewed journal, Mallorn. It has local groups called "smials", one of which, the Cambridge Tolkien Society, publishes the open access journal Anor. History Vera Chapman and Jessica Yates, then secretary of the Tolkien Society and editor of Amon Hen, at the Eagle and Child, Oxonmoot 1979 In the November 1969 issue of The Middle Earthworm, a letters of comment fanzine mainly aimed at British members of the Tolkien Society of America, Vera Chapman announced "if not quite the birth, at least the hopeful conception of a Tolkien Society of Britain". This was supplemented by a personal column by Chapman in the New Statesman published on 7 November which ran "Tolkien Society of Britain — write Belladonna Took , c/o Chapman, 21 Harrington House, Stanhope St. London NW1". Since this would have hit news-stands a day before publication, the Tolkien Society's informal beginning has been placed at Thursday 6 November 1969. The Tolkien Society gradually took shape over the following years. December 1969 saw the publication of Belladonna's Broadsheet, which after three issues was replaced by The Mallorn in October 1970. This was conceived as a quarterly publication, and the first issue was joined by The Tolkien Society Bulletin, which was to be produced on a six-weekly basis. The Society's official bulletin was replaced in January 1972 with Anduril, but was quickly supplanted by Henneth Annûn after three issues (the first had been numbered 0, and it continued independently until issue number 7). This new publication changed its name to Amon Hen with the second issue, seemingly for no particular reason. It, together with Mallorn (the article having been dropped), are still published by the Tolkien Society. The "inaugural" meeting of the Tolkien Society was hosted by the Hobbit Society of University College London on 29 January 1970, where the name of the new society was discussed and the first committee was appointed. A constitution was considered at the first general meeting of the Tolkien Society on 20 November 1970 at UCL, but was ultimately rejected. The Tolkien Society did not become a legal entity until a constitution was finally ratified on 15 January 1972. It later obtained charitable status in England and Wales on 7 July 1977. Jonathan Simons, third chairman of the Tolkien Society at Oxonmoot 1979 An AGM has been held each year since 1972, and since 1973 has featured a talk from a guest speaker. It is one of the three main annual Tolkien Society events, the largest and most popular being "Oxonmoot". In the December 1973 issue of the fanzine Nazgul, contributor John Abbot asked, "hat do you think of the idea of Oxford Moot this year?" The 1974 AGM approved the idea, and the first Oxonmoot met at The Welsh Pony on George Street, later that year between 13–15 September. The first (near-)annual Tolkien Society "workshop" was held on 22 March 1986, morphing into the "Tolkien Society Seminar" from 1989 onwards. The more informal "Summermoot" was held on an irregular basis in the 1980s and 1990s, occasionally hosted by Joanna Tolkien and Hugh Baker at their farm in Wales. According to their son (and Tolkien's great-grandson) Royd Tolkien: As a family, we’ve always been involved with The Tolkien Society and when I was a kid they used to come up to our small farm in Wales for Summer Moots. They’d dress up as characters, camp in the field, sword fight, let off homemade fireworks and have huge campfires. The first awareness of the legacy came from those fun times. The Tolkien Society has organized major conferences to celebrate significant Tolkienian anniversaries. "The J. R. R. Tolkien Centenary Conference" at Keble College, Oxford, marked one-hundred years since Tolkien's birth in 1992. "Tolkien 2005: The Ring Goes Ever On" celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of The Lord of the Rings at Aston University, Birmingham. "The Return of the Ring: Celebrating Tolkien in 2012" marked seventy-five years since the publication of The Hobbit at Loughborough University, and received a special video message from director Peter Jackson and artists John Howe and Alan Lee. Contact with Tolkien Chapman first contacted J. R. R. Tolkien on behalf of the Tolkien Society at the suggestion of Joy Hill, Tolkien's secretary during the 1960s. On 1 May 1970 she wrote Tolkien a letter introducing the Society and its aims. When it was announced that Tolkien had been awarded a CBE in the New Year's Honours, the Society sent Tolkien a telegram on his eightieth birthday on 3 January 1972, a gift of tobacco in a green china jar, and a congratulatory note; on 6 February, he replied thanking the Society. Later that year, on 27 June, Chapman met Tolkien at a sherry party hosted by Tolkien's publishers, Allen & Unwin, and Tolkien agreed to become the Society's honorary president. Tolkien died the following year, and Chapman offered the presidency to his son Christopher. He wrote back suggesting that his father could remain president in perpetuity. This was agreed at the following Annual General Meeting in 1974. Activities Events Priscilla Tolkien, honorary vice-president of the Tolkien Society, hosting a garden party for the Society at her house during Oxonmoot 1979 The Tolkien Society currently organizes five events on an annual basis: The Birthday Toast is held on Tolkien's birthday on 3 January. The Society asks fans across the world to raise a toast to "The Professor" at 9pm their local time. Many local groups (or "smials") hold their own Birthday Toast events. In recent years the event has become social media orientated, with fans sharing pictures of themselves raising a toast to Tolkien on platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. Tolkien Reading Day is held on the anniversary of the downfall of Sauron on 25 March. It aims to promote the reading of Tolkien based around a particular theme chosen each year by the Tolkien Society committee. The idea was first proposed to the Society by Sean Kirst, a journalist at the Syracuse, New York The Post-Standard, in 2002 and the first Tolkien Reading Day was set for 25 March 2003. The AGM and Springmoot is held over a weekend in April. Although the Annual General Meeting is the main aspect of the event, the weekend also includes the semi-formal Annual Dinner followed by a talk from a guest speaker. As the AGM and Springmoot changes location each year, it is an opportunity for members to spend the rest of the weekend exploring local attraction sites. The Tolkien Society Seminar is a day-long event held over the summer, consisting of a series of papers on a selected theme. Oxonmoot is held on a weekend near to Hobbit Day, Bilbo and Frodo's birthday on 22 September. It is a conference-cum-convention held in an Oxford college since 1991. With around 200 attendees, it features academic lectures, quizzes, costuming, and closes with a memorial service called Enyalië at Tolkien's grave in Wolvercote cemetery. Publications The cover of Mallorn 12 (1978) featuring an illustration by Pauline Baynes Membership of the Tolkien Society includes a subscription to the bulletin Amon Hen and journal Mallorn. The former is published six times a year, while the latter is published once a year. Mallorn tends to be more scholarly than Amon Hen, although the range of content has varied over the years. Prominent contributors include Christopher Tolkien, Priscilla Tolkien, and Tom Shippey. Quettar was the bulletin of the Linguistic Fellowship of The Tolkien Society between 1980 and 1995, running for forty-nine issues before being wound up. The Tolkien Society has also published a number of one-off publications, including the proceedings of the 1992 and 2005 conferences. Its "Peter Roe" series of books are published irregularly, and tend to print proceedings of seminars and talks by guest speakers. Local groups Local groups affiliated to the Tolkien Society are known as "smials", the name used for hobbit-holes in The Lord of the Rings. One smial at the University of Cambridge, known as the "Cambridge Tolkien Society" and "Minas Tirith", has published the open access journal Anor since the 1980s. Tolkien to the World The Tolkien to the World programme raises funds to send Tolkien books to schools and libraries across the world. Its aim is "to work towards a situation where everyone in the world has access to Tolkien’s principal works of fiction". Archive The Tolkien Society Archive maintains a large number of Tolkien books and journals together with a collection of ephemera such as press clippings and responses (both commercial and creative) to Tolkien which might not otherwise be preserved. Plaques and memorials The Tolkien Society has funded blue plaques at places of significance in Tolkien's life. These include: Sarehole Mill in Birmingham, a location adjacent to one of Tolkien's childhood homes and the inspiration behind Ted Sandyman's mill in The Lord of the Rings. In 2015, the Tolkien Society and Birmingham Museums Trust announced a partnership to promote Sarehole Mill and its connection to Tolkien. 4 Highfield Road in Birmingham, Tolkien's home between January 1910 and Autumn 1911. The Plough and Harrow Hotel in Birmingham, where Tolkien stayed with his new wife Edith on 3 June 1916 shortly before leaving for war service in France. 2 Darnley Road in Leeds, the Tolkien family home between 17 March 1924 and 4 January 1926. The 1992 Centenary Conference, organized by the Tolkien Society and the Mythopoeic Society, sponsored a memorial to Tolkien in Oxford University Parks. This involved the installation of a bench by the River Cherwell with an accompanying plaque and the planting of two trees representing Telperion and Laurelin from The Silmarillion. Awards Main article: Tolkien Society Awards The Tolkien Society Awards were established in 2014 to "recognise excellence in the fields of Tolkien scholarship and fandom". The awards are held annually and are announced at the Annual Dinner during the Society's AGM and Springmoot weekend. Past winners include authors Christopher Tolkien, Tom Shippey, Dimitra Fimi, John Garth, and artist Jenny Dolfen. See also Category:The Tolkien Society members Tolkien fandom Mythopoeic Society References Primary ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Noad, Charles E. "The Tolkien Society - the early days". Mallorn. 50. The Tolkien Society: 15–24. ^ a b "Seminar". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Reading Day". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "AGM and Springmoot". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Oxonmoot". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Amon Hen". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Mallorn". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Quettar". Linguistic Fellowship of the Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Other Publications". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Peter Roe". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Smials". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Anor". Cambridge Tolkien Society. Retrieved 20 November 2015. ^ "Tolkien to the World". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Archives and Collections". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Memorials". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 28 October 2015. ^ The Tolkien Society Guide to Oxford. Cheltenham: The Tolkien Society. 2005. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-905520-17-3. ^ "Awards". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 4 November 2015. Secondary ^ a b Scull, Christina; Hammond, Wayne G. (2006). The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide. Vol. Reader's Guide. London: HarperCollins. p. 287. ISBN 0-00-714918-2. ^ Barella, Cecilia (2013) . "Tolkien Scholarship: Institutions". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. p. 658. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1. ^ "Charity framework". Charity Commission. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "Royd Tolkien: Hobbit creator's great-grandson proud of film". BBC News. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2015. ^ "Getting to know Royd Tolkien". TheOneRing.net. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2015. ^ Barkham, Patrick (13 August 2005). "Middle Earth comes to the Midlands". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2015. ^ "In pictures: Return of the Ring Festival". BBC News. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2015. ^ "Birthday Toast". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ White, Alan (4 January 2015). "J.R.R. Tolkien Fans Around The World Are Toasting His 123rd Birthday". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 2 November 2015. ^ Kirst, Sean (20 March 2006). "The International Tolkien Reading Day: Looking back on how it started, in Syracuse". Syracuse.com. Retrieved 2 November 2015. ^ a b Goldhill, Olivia (12 December 2014). "The Hobbit: Welcome to the world of Tolkien mania". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 November 2015. ^ "Hobbit fans in four-day Oxonmoot". Oxford Mail. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2015. ^ "Tolkien fans hold annual Oxonmoot in Oxford". BBC News. 24 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2015. ^ "Tolkien festival this weekend ties in with most-popular ever Bodleian summer show". Oxford Mail. 21 September 2018. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ Scull & Hammond 2006, p. 1137. ^ Rogansky, Abi (25 June 2015). "A new chapter: Tolkien Society and Sarehole Mill". Birmingham Museums Trust. Retrieved 2 November 2015. ^ "Tolkien Society Unveils Tolkien Commemorative Plaque in Leeds". TheOneRing.net. 30 September 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2015. ^ "JRR Tolkien letter reveals poor sales of The Hobbit". BBC News. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2015. ^ "Announcing the inaugural Tolkien Society Awards". TheOneRing.net. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2015. External links Official website vteJ. R. R. Tolkien Bibliography Letters Poetryand songs Songs for the Philologists (1936) "Bagme Bloma" The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son (1953) "A Walking Song" (1954) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962) "Errantry" "Fastitocalon" "The Sea-Bell" "The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late" The Road Goes Ever On (1967) Bilbo's Last Song (1974) List of Tolkien's alliterative verse Fiction The Hobbit (1937) "Leaf by Niggle" (1947) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun (1945) Farmer Giles of Ham (1949) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (1954) The Two Towers (1954) The Return of the King (1955) Tree and Leaf (1964) The Tolkien Reader (1966) Smith of Wootton Major (1967) Posthumous fiction The Father Christmas Letters (1976) The Silmarillion (1977) Unfinished Tales (1980) Mr. Bliss (1982) The History of Middle-earth (1983–1996) The Book of Lost Tales The Lays of Beleriand The Shaping of Middle-earth The Lost Road and Other Writings The History of The Lord of the Rings Morgoth's Ring The War of the Jewels The Peoples of Middle-earth Roverandom (1998) The Children of Húrin (2007) The History of The Hobbit (2007) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún (2009) The Fall of Arthur (2013) The Story of Kullervo (2015) Beren and Lúthien (2017) The Fall of Gondolin (2018) The Nature of Middle-earth (2021) The Fall of Númenor (2022) Academicworks Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Middle English text, 1925) "The Devil's Coach Horses" (1925) "Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad" (1929) "Sigelwara Land" (1932–34) "Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale" (1934) "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics" (1936) "On Fairy-Stories" (1939) "On Translating Beowulf" (1940) Sir Orfeo (1944) Ancrene Wisse (1962) "English and Welsh" (1963) Jerusalem Bible (as translator and lexicographer, 1966) Posthumous academic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo (translations, 1975) Exodus (1981) Finn and Hengest (1982) The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays (1983) Beowulf and the Critics (2002) Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary with "Sellic Spell" (2014) A Secret Vice (2016) ScholarsWriters Biographers Humphrey Carpenter John Garth Charles Moseley Popular authors Lin Carter Robert Foster Glen GoodKnight J. E. A. Tyler Christian Stratford Caldecott Matthew T. Dickerson Colin Duriez Peter Kreeft Joseph Pearce Fleming Rutledge Ralph C. Wood Literarycritics Douglas A. Anderson Nicholas Birns Bradley J. Birzer David Bratman Janet Brennan Croft Patrick Curry Bradford Lee Eden Dimitra Fimi Jason Fisher Verlyn Flieger Michael Foster Wayne G. Hammond Randel Helms Thomas Honegger Charles A. Huttar Paul H. Kocher Stuart D. Lee Jared Lobdell John D. Rateliff Robin Anne Reid Christina Scull Amy H. Sturgis Richard C. West Elizabeth Whittingham Linguists Anthony Appleyard Helge Fauskanger Carl F. Hostetter Tom Loback David Salo Arden R. Smith Allan Turner Medievalists Marjorie Burns Jane Chance Michael D. C. Drout Jonathan Evans Vincent Ferré Gergely Nagy Tom Shippey Elizabeth Solopova Sandra Ballif Straubhaar Related A Tolkien Compass Family Francis Xavier Morgan Influences Artwork J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator Languages constructed by Tolkien The Inklings The Keys of Middle-earth Mythlore Mythopoeic Society Elvish Linguistic Fellowship Picturing Tolkien Tolkien and the Classical World Tolkien's impact on fantasy Tolkien and the modernists Tolkien Estate Tolkien fandom The Tolkien Society Awards Tolkien Reading Day Tolkien Studies Memorials Reception Tolkien research Works inspired by Tolkien J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography (1977, authorized biography) The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Master of Middle-Earth Perilous Realms Tolkien and the Great War The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon Tolkien, Race and Cultural History Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' Tolkien (biographical film) Poems and Songs of Middle Earth (album) Language and Human Nature The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary Understanding The Lord of the Rings Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"educational charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"literary society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_society"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScullHammond2006-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tolkien Reading Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_Reading_Day"},{"link_name":"Oxonmoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxonmoot"},{"link_name":"open access journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_journal"}],"text":"The Tolkien Society is an educational charity and literary society devoted to the study and promotion of the life and works of the author and academic J. R. R. Tolkien.[1][2]It began informally in 1969, and held its inaugural meeting in 1970. It holds five annual events, namely a Birthday Toast, a Tolkien Reading Day, an AGM and Springmoot, a Seminar, and the Oxonmoot conference-and-convention.The society publishes a bulletin named Amon Hen, and a peer-reviewed journal, Mallorn. It has local groups called \"smials\", one of which, the Cambridge Tolkien Society, publishes the open access journal Anor.","title":"The Tolkien Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vera_Chapman_and_Jessica_Yates_at_the_Eagle_and_Child,_Oxonmoot_1979.jpg"},{"link_name":"the Eagle and Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle_and_Child"},{"link_name":"Oxonmoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxonmoot"},{"link_name":"fanzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanzine"},{"link_name":"Tolkien Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society"},{"link_name":"Vera Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Chapman"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jonathan_Simons_at_a_costume_party_at_the_Eastgate_Hotel,_Oxonmoot_1979.jpg"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"George Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Street,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"[T 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seminar-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Keble College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keble_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScullHammond2006-1"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Aston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Hobbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit"},{"link_name":"Loughborough University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough_University"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson"},{"link_name":"John Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Alan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Vera Chapman and Jessica Yates, then secretary of the Tolkien Society and editor of Amon Hen, at the Eagle and Child, Oxonmoot 1979In the November 1969 issue of The Middle Earthworm, a letters of comment fanzine mainly aimed at British members of the Tolkien Society of America, Vera Chapman announced \"if not quite the birth, at least the hopeful conception of a Tolkien Society of Britain\".[T 1] This was supplemented by a personal column by Chapman in the New Statesman published on 7 November which ran \"Tolkien Society of Britain — write Belladonna Took [Chapman's pseudonym], c/o Chapman, 21 Harrington House, Stanhope St. London NW1\".[T 1] Since this would have hit news-stands a day before publication, the Tolkien Society's informal beginning has been placed at Thursday 6 November 1969.[T 1]The Tolkien Society gradually took shape over the following years. December 1969 saw the publication of Belladonna's Broadsheet, which after three issues was replaced by The Mallorn in October 1970. This was conceived as a quarterly publication, and the first issue was joined by The Tolkien Society Bulletin, which was to be produced on a six-weekly basis.[T 1] The Society's official bulletin was replaced in January 1972 with Anduril, but was quickly supplanted by Henneth Annûn after three issues (the first had been numbered 0, and it continued independently until issue number 7). This new publication changed its name to Amon Hen with the second issue, seemingly for no particular reason.[T 1] It, together with Mallorn (the article having been dropped), are still published by the Tolkien Society.The \"inaugural\" meeting of the Tolkien Society was hosted by the Hobbit Society of University College London on 29 January 1970, where the name of the new society was discussed and the first committee was appointed.[T 1] A constitution was considered at the first general meeting of the Tolkien Society on 20 November 1970 at UCL, but was ultimately rejected.[T 1] The Tolkien Society did not become a legal entity until a constitution was finally ratified on 15 January 1972.[T 1] It later obtained charitable status in England and Wales on 7 July 1977.[3]Jonathan Simons, third chairman of the Tolkien Society at Oxonmoot 1979An AGM has been held each year since 1972, and since 1973 has featured a talk from a guest speaker.[T 1] It is one of the three main annual Tolkien Society events, the largest and most popular being \"Oxonmoot\". In the December 1973 issue of the fanzine Nazgul, contributor John Abbot asked, \"[w]hat do you think of the idea of Oxford Moot this year?\"[T 1] The 1974 AGM approved the idea, and the first Oxonmoot met at The Welsh Pony on George Street, later that year between 13–15 September.[T 1] The first (near-)annual Tolkien Society \"workshop\" was held on 22 March 1986, morphing into the \"Tolkien Society Seminar\" from 1989 onwards.[T 2] The more informal \"Summermoot\" was held on an irregular basis in the 1980s and 1990s, occasionally hosted by Joanna Tolkien and Hugh Baker at their farm in Wales.[4] According to their son (and Tolkien's great-grandson) Royd Tolkien:As a family, we’ve always been involved with The Tolkien Society and when I was a kid they used to come up to our small farm in Wales for Summer Moots. They’d dress up as characters, camp in the field, sword fight, let off homemade fireworks and have huge campfires. The first awareness of the legacy came from those fun times.[5]The Tolkien Society has organized major conferences to celebrate significant Tolkienian anniversaries. \"The J. R. R. Tolkien Centenary Conference\" at Keble College, Oxford, marked one-hundred years since Tolkien's birth in 1992.[1] \"Tolkien 2005: The Ring Goes Ever On\" celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of The Lord of the Rings at Aston University, Birmingham.[6] \"The Return of the Ring: Celebrating Tolkien in 2012\" marked seventy-five years since the publication of The Hobbit at Loughborough University, and received a special video message from director Peter Jackson and artists John Howe and Alan Lee.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"Allen & Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"},{"link_name":"Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noad2010-3"}],"text":"Chapman first contacted J. R. R. Tolkien on behalf of the Tolkien Society at the suggestion of Joy Hill, Tolkien's secretary during the 1960s. On 1 May 1970 she wrote Tolkien a letter introducing the Society and its aims.[T 1] When it was announced that Tolkien had been awarded a CBE in the New Year's Honours, the Society sent Tolkien a telegram on his eightieth birthday on 3 January 1972, a gift of tobacco in a green china jar, and a congratulatory note; on 6 February, he replied thanking the Society.[T 1]Later that year, on 27 June, Chapman met Tolkien at a sherry party hosted by Tolkien's publishers, Allen & Unwin, and Tolkien agreed to become the Society's honorary president.[T 1] Tolkien died the following year, and Chapman offered the presidency to his son Christopher. He wrote back suggesting that his father could remain president in perpetuity. This was agreed at the following Annual General Meeting in 1974.[T 1]","title":"Contact with Tolkien"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Priscilla_Tolkien_hosting_a_garden_party_for_The_Tolkien_Society_at_her_house,_Oxonmoot_1979.jpg"},{"link_name":"Priscilla Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Reuel_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"garden party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_party"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tolkien Reading Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_Reading_Day"},{"link_name":"[T 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"The Post-Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post-Standard"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[T 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[T 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seminar-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldhill2014-15"},{"link_name":"Hobbit Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbit_Day"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"[T 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Wolvercote cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolvercote#Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldhill2014-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Events","text":"Priscilla Tolkien, honorary vice-president of the Tolkien Society, hosting a garden party for the Society at her house during Oxonmoot 1979The Tolkien Society currently organizes five events on an annual basis:The Birthday Toast is held on Tolkien's birthday on 3 January. The Society asks fans across the world to raise a toast to \"The Professor\" at 9pm their local time. Many local groups (or \"smials\") hold their own Birthday Toast events.[8] In recent years the event has become social media orientated, with fans sharing pictures of themselves raising a toast to Tolkien on platforms such as Facebook and Twitter.[9]\nTolkien Reading Day is held on the anniversary of the downfall of Sauron on 25 March. It aims to promote the reading of Tolkien based around a particular theme chosen each year by the Tolkien Society committee.[T 3] The idea was first proposed to the Society by Sean Kirst, a journalist at the Syracuse, New York The Post-Standard, in 2002 and the first Tolkien Reading Day was set for 25 March 2003.[10]\nThe AGM and Springmoot is held over a weekend in April. Although the Annual General Meeting is the main aspect of the event, the weekend also includes the semi-formal Annual Dinner followed by a talk from a guest speaker. As the AGM and Springmoot changes location each year, it is an opportunity for members to spend the rest of the weekend exploring local attraction sites.[T 4]\nThe Tolkien Society Seminar is a day-long event held over the summer, consisting of a series of papers on a selected theme.[T 2][11]\nOxonmoot is held on a weekend near to Hobbit Day, Bilbo and Frodo's birthday on 22 September.[12] It is a conference-cum-convention held in an Oxford college since 1991.[T 5] With around 200 attendees, it features academic lectures, quizzes, costuming, and closes with a memorial service called Enyalië at Tolkien's grave in Wolvercote cemetery.[11][13][14]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mallorn_Journal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pauline Baynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Baynes"},{"link_name":"Christopher Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Priscilla Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Tom Shippey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey"},{"link_name":"[T 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[T 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[T 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[T 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[T 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"The cover of Mallorn 12 (1978) featuring an illustration by Pauline BaynesMembership of the Tolkien Society includes a subscription to the bulletin Amon Hen and journal Mallorn. The former is published six times a year, while the latter is published once a year. Mallorn tends to be more scholarly than Amon Hen, although the range of content has varied over the years. Prominent contributors include Christopher Tolkien, Priscilla Tolkien, and Tom Shippey.[T 6][T 7]Quettar was the bulletin of the Linguistic Fellowship of The Tolkien Society between 1980 and 1995, running for forty-nine issues before being wound up.[T 8]The Tolkien Society has also published a number of one-off publications, including the proceedings of the 1992 and 2005 conferences.[T 9] Its \"Peter Roe\" series of books are published irregularly, and tend to print proceedings of seminars and talks by guest speakers.[T 10]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"[T 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"open access journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_journal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullHammond20061137-26"},{"link_name":"[T 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Local groups","text":"Local groups affiliated to the Tolkien Society are known as \"smials\", the name used for hobbit-holes in The Lord of the Rings.[T 11] One smial at the University of Cambridge, known as the \"Cambridge Tolkien Society\" and \"Minas Tirith\", has published the open access journal Anor since the 1980s.[15][T 12]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[T 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tttw-28"}],"sub_title":"Tolkien to the World","text":"The Tolkien to the World programme raises funds to send Tolkien books to schools and libraries across the world. Its aim is \"to work towards a situation where everyone in the world has access to Tolkien’s principal works of fiction\".[T 13]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[T 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Archive","text":"The Tolkien Society Archive maintains a large number of Tolkien books and journals together with a collection of ephemera such as press clippings and responses (both commercial and creative) to Tolkien which might not otherwise be preserved.[T 14]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blue plaques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"[T 15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Sarehole Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarehole_Mill"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Museums Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Museums_Trust"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Edith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Mythopoeic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Parks"},{"link_name":"River Cherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"The Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"[T 16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Plaques and memorials","text":"The Tolkien Society has funded blue plaques at places of significance in Tolkien's life.[T 15] These include:Sarehole Mill in Birmingham, a location adjacent to one of Tolkien's childhood homes and the inspiration behind Ted Sandyman's mill in The Lord of the Rings. In 2015, the Tolkien Society and Birmingham Museums Trust announced a partnership to promote Sarehole Mill and its connection to Tolkien.[16]\n4 Highfield Road in Birmingham, Tolkien's home between January 1910 and Autumn 1911.\nThe Plough and Harrow Hotel in Birmingham, where Tolkien stayed with his new wife Edith on 3 June 1916 shortly before leaving for war service in France.\n2 Darnley Road in Leeds, the Tolkien family home between 17 March 1924 and 4 January 1926.[17][18]The 1992 Centenary Conference, organized by the Tolkien Society and the Mythopoeic Society, sponsored a memorial to Tolkien in Oxford University Parks. This involved the installation of a bench by the River Cherwell with an accompanying plaque and the planting of two trees representing Telperion and Laurelin from The Silmarillion.[T 16]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Christopher Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Tom Shippey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey"},{"link_name":"Dimitra Fimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi"},{"link_name":"John Garth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garth_(author)"},{"link_name":"Jenny Dolfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Dolfen"},{"link_name":"[T 17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"The Tolkien Society Awards were established in 2014 to \"recognise excellence in the fields of Tolkien scholarship and fandom\". The awards are held annually and are announced at the Annual Dinner during the Society's AGM and Springmoot weekend.[19] Past winners include authors Christopher Tolkien, Tom Shippey, Dimitra Fimi, John Garth, and artist Jenny Dolfen.[T 17]","title":"Activities"}]	[{"image_text":"Vera Chapman and Jessica Yates, then secretary of the Tolkien Society and editor of Amon Hen, at the Eagle and Child, Oxonmoot 1979","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Vera_Chapman_and_Jessica_Yates_at_the_Eagle_and_Child%2C_Oxonmoot_1979.jpg/220px-Vera_Chapman_and_Jessica_Yates_at_the_Eagle_and_Child%2C_Oxonmoot_1979.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jonathan Simons, third chairman of the Tolkien Society at Oxonmoot 1979","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jonathan_Simons_at_a_costume_party_at_the_Eastgate_Hotel%2C_Oxonmoot_1979.jpg/220px-Jonathan_Simons_at_a_costume_party_at_the_Eastgate_Hotel%2C_Oxonmoot_1979.jpg"},{"image_text":"Priscilla Tolkien, honorary vice-president of the Tolkien Society, hosting a garden party for the Society at her house during Oxonmoot 1979","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Priscilla_Tolkien_hosting_a_garden_party_for_The_Tolkien_Society_at_her_house%2C_Oxonmoot_1979.jpg/220px-Priscilla_Tolkien_hosting_a_garden_party_for_The_Tolkien_Society_at_her_house%2C_Oxonmoot_1979.jpg"},{"image_text":"The cover of Mallorn 12 (1978) featuring an illustration by Pauline Baynes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Mallorn_Journal.jpg/170px-Mallorn_Journal.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Category:The Tolkien Society members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Tolkien_Society_members"},{"title":"Tolkien fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_fandom"},{"title":"Mythopoeic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society"}]	[{"reference":"Noad, Charles E. \"The Tolkien Society - the early days\". Mallorn. 50. The Tolkien Society: 15–24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/","url_text":"\"The Tolkien Society - the early days\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seminar\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/events/seminar/","url_text":"\"Seminar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reading Day\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/events/reading-day/","url_text":"\"Reading Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGM and Springmoot\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/events/agm/","url_text":"\"AGM and Springmoot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxonmoot\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/events/oxonmoot/","url_text":"\"Oxonmoot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amon Hen\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/publications/amon-hen/","url_text":"\"Amon Hen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mallorn\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/publications/mallorn/","url_text":"\"Mallorn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quettar\". Linguistic Fellowship of the Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quettar.org/","url_text":"\"Quettar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Other Publications\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/publications/other/","url_text":"\"Other Publications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Roe\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/publications/peter-roe/","url_text":"\"Peter Roe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smials\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/smials/","url_text":"\"Smials\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anor\". Cambridge Tolkien Society. Retrieved 20 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://tolkien.soc.ucam.org/Anor","url_text":"\"Anor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tolkien to the World\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/tolkien-to-the-world/","url_text":"\"Tolkien to the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archives and Collections\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/archive/","url_text":"\"Archives and Collections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memorials\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 28 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/memorials/","url_text":"\"Memorials\""}]},{"reference":"The Tolkien Society Guide to Oxford. Cheltenham: The Tolkien Society. 2005. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-905520-17-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905520-17-3","url_text":"0-905520-17-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards\". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 4 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/awards/","url_text":"\"Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Scull, Christina; Hammond, Wayne G. (2006). The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide. Vol. Reader's Guide. London: HarperCollins. p. 287. ISBN 0-00-714918-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Scull","url_text":"Scull, Christina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond","url_text":"Hammond, Wayne G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide","url_text":"The J. R. R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petticoat_affair	Petticoat affair	["1 Background","2 Controversy","3 Resolution","4 Aftermath","5 Legacy","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]	19th-century U.S. presidential scandal A cigar box exploiting Eaton's fame and beauty, showing President Jackson introduced to Peggy O'Neal (left) and two lovers fighting a duel over her (right) Peggy O'Neill Eaton, in later life The Petticoat affair (also known as the Eaton affair) was a political scandal involving members of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet and their wives, from 1829 to 1831. Led by Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun, these women, dubbed the "Petticoats", socially ostracized Secretary of War John Eaton and his wife, Peggy Eaton, over disapproval of the circumstances surrounding the Eatons' marriage and what they deemed her failure to meet the "moral standards of a Cabinet Wife". The Petticoat affair rattled the entire Jackson administration and eventually led to the resignation of all but one Cabinet member. The ordeal facilitated Martin Van Buren's rise to the presidency and was in part responsible for Calhoun's transformation from a nationwide political figure with presidential aspirations into a sectional leader of the Southern United States. Background Margaret "Peggy" Eaton was the eldest daughter of William O'Neill, owner of the Franklin House, a boarding house and tavern located in Washington, D.C., a short distance from the White House, that was a well-known social hub popular with politicians and military officials. Peggy was well-educated for a woman of that era – she studied French and was known for her ability to play the piano. William T. Barry, who later served as Postmaster General, wrote "of a charming little girl ... who very frequently plays the piano, and entertains us with agreeable songs". As a young girl, her reputation had already begun to come under scrutiny because of her employment in a bar frequented by men, as well as her casual bantering with the boarding house's clientele. In her later years, Peggy reminisced, "While I was still in pantalettes and rolling hoops with other girls, I had the attention of men, young and old; enough to turn a girl's head." When Peggy was 15 years old, her father intervened to prevent her attempt to elope with an Army officer. In 1816, the 17-year-old Peggy married John B. Timberlake, a purser in the United States Navy. Timberlake, aged 39, had a reputation as a drunkard and was heavily in debt. The Timberlakes became acquainted with John Eaton in 1818. At the time, Eaton was a wealthy 28-year-old widower and newly elected U.S. Senator from Tennessee, despite not yet having reached the constitutionally-mandated minimum age of 30. He was also a long-time friend of Andrew Jackson. Once Timberlake told Eaton of his financial troubles, Eaton unsuccessfully attempted to have the Senate pass legislation that would authorize payment of the debts Timberlake had accrued during his Naval service. Eventually, Eaton paid Timberlake's debts and procured him a lucrative posting to the U.S. Navy's Mediterranean Squadron; many rumormongers asserted that Eaton aided Timberlake as a means to remove him from Washington, in order for Eaton to socialize with Peggy. While with the Mediterranean Squadron, Timberlake died on April 2, 1828. This served to fuel new rumors throughout Washington, suggesting he had taken his own life as the result of Eaton's supposed affair with Peggy. Medical examiners concluded Timberlake had died of pneumonia, brought on by pulmonary disease. Controversy External videos Booknotes interview with John Marszalek on The Petticoat Affair, March 8, 1998, C-SPAN This article is part of a series aboutAndrew Jackson Early life Revolutionary War service Early career Personal life Military career Creek War Battle of New Orleans First Seminole War 1824 election Corrupt bargain 7th President of the United States Presidency First term 1828 campaign election 1st inauguration Jacksonian democracy Spoils system Petticoat affair Maysville veto Indian Removal Trail of Tears Nat Turner's rebellion Bank War Nullification crisis Foreign affairs Second term 1832 election 2nd inauguration Senate censure Payment of national debt Specie Circular Assassination attempts Reaction to anti-slavery tracts Texas Revolution Exploring expedition Panic of 1837 Judicial appointments Post-presidency Later life and death Legacy Legacy Memorials Manifest destiny The Hermitage Second Party System Bibliography vte Jackson was elected president in 1828, with his term set to begin on March 4, 1829. He was reportedly fond of Peggy Timberlake and encouraged Eaton to marry her. They were wed on January 1, 1829, only nine months after her husband's death. Customarily, it would have been considered proper for their marriage to have followed a longer mourning period. Historian John F. Marszalek explains his opinion on the "real reasons Washington society found Peggy unacceptable": She did not know her place; she forthrightly spoke up about anything that came to her mind, even topics of which women were supposed to be ignorant. She thrust herself into the world in a manner inappropriate for a woman. ... Accept her, and society was in danger of disruption. Accept this uncouth, impure, forward, worldly woman, and the wall of virtue and morality would be breached and society would have no further defenses against the forces of frightening change. Margaret Eaton was not that important in herself; it was what she represented that constituted the threat. Proper women had no choice; they had to prevent her acceptance into society as part of their defense of that society's morality. Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John Calhoun and leader of the "anti-Peggy" Washington wives When Jackson assumed the presidency, he appointed Eaton as Secretary of War. Floride Calhoun, Second Lady of the United States, led the wives of other Washington political figures, mostly those of Jackson's cabinet members, in an "anti-Peggy" coalition, which served to shun the Eatons socially and publicly. The women refused to pay courtesy calls to the Eatons at their home and to receive them as visitors, and denied them invitations to parties and other social events. President Andrew Jackson supported the Eatons in the Petticoat affair. Emily Donelson, niece of Andrew Jackson's late wife Rachel Donelson Robards and the wife of Jackson's adopted son and confidant Andrew Jackson Donelson, served as Jackson's "surrogate First Lady". Emily Donelson chose to side with the Calhoun faction, which led Jackson to replace her with his daughter-in-law Sarah Yorke Jackson as his official hostess. Secretary of State Martin Van Buren was a widower and the only unmarried member of the Cabinet; he raised himself in Jackson's esteem by aligning himself with the Eatons. Jackson's sympathy for the Eatons stemmed in part from his late wife Rachel being the subject of innuendo during the presidential campaign, when questions arose as to whether her first marriage had been legally ended before she married Jackson. Jackson believed these attacks were the cause of Rachel's death on December 22, 1828, several weeks after his election to the presidency. Eaton's entry into a high-profile Cabinet post helped intensify the opposition of Mrs. Calhoun's group. In addition, Calhoun was becoming the focal point of opposition to Jackson; Calhoun's supporters opposed a second term for Jackson because they wanted Calhoun elected president. In addition, Jackson favored and Calhoun opposed the protective tariff that came to be known as the Tariff of Abominations. U.S. tariffs on imported goods generally favored Northern industries by limiting competition, but Southerners opposed them because the tariffs raised the price of finished goods but not the raw materials produced in the South. The dispute over the tariff led to the nullification crisis of 1832, with Southerners – including Calhoun – arguing that states could refuse to obey federal laws to which they objected, even to the point of secession from the Union, while Jackson vowed to prevent secession and preserve the Union at any cost. Because Calhoun was the most visible opponent of the Jackson administration, Jackson felt that Calhoun and other anti-Jackson officials were fanning the flames of the Peggy Eaton controversy in an attempt to gain political leverage. Duff Green, a Calhoun protégé and editor of the United States Telegraph, accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun Cabinet members Samuel D. Ingham and John Branch removed from their positions. Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun. In 1830, reports had emerged which accurately stated that while Calhoun was Secretary of War and Jackson was a major general in the U.S. Army, Calhoun had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida. These reports infuriated Jackson. Calhoun asked Eaton to approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War. Eaton did nothing. This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters. Calhoun published them in the Telegraph. Their publication gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy, which further enraged the president. Resolution The dispute was finally resolved when Van Buren offered to resign, giving Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his Cabinet by asking for the resignations of the anti-Eaton Cabinet members. Postmaster General William T. Barry was the lone Cabinet member to stay, and Eaton eventually received appointments that took him away from Washington, first as governor of Florida Territory, and then as minister to Spain. On June 17, the day before Eaton formally resigned, a story appeared in the Telegraph stating that it had been "proved" that the families of Ingham, Branch, and Attorney General John M. Berrien had refused to associate with Mr. Eaton. Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article. Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that, while he was not the source for the article, the information was still true. On June 18, Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through Eaton's brother in law, Dr. Philip G. Randolph, who visited Ingham twice and the second time threatened him with personal harm if he did not comply with Eaton's demands. Randolph was dismissed, and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation and describing his situation as one of "pity and contempt". Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice. Ingham was then informed that Eaton, Randolph, and others were looking to assault him. He gathered together his own bodyguard and was not immediately molested. However, he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him. He then left the city and returned safely to his home. Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place, and Jackson asked Eaton to explain himself. Eaton admitted that he "passed by" the place where Ingham had been staying, "but at no point attempted to enter ... or besiege it". Aftermath Secretary of State Martin Van Buren supported the Eatons, aiding in his rise to the presidency. In 1832, Jackson nominated Van Buren as minister to Great Britain. Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it, claiming his act would "...kill him, sir, kill him dead. He will never kick, sir, never kick." However, Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics, which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy. This raised Van Buren even further in Jackson's esteem. Van Buren succeeded Calhoun as vice president when Jackson won a second term in 1832. Van Buren thus became the de facto heir to the presidency and succeeded Jackson in 1837. Although Emily Donelson had supported Floride Calhoun, after the controversy ended Jackson asked her to return as his official hostess; she resumed these duties in conjunction with Sarah Yorke Jackson until returning to Tennessee after contracting tuberculosis, leaving Sarah Yorke Jackson to serve alone as Jackson's hostess. John Calhoun resigned as vice president shortly before the end of his term and returned with his wife to South Carolina. Quickly elected to the U.S. Senate, he returned to Washington not as a national leader with presidential prospects but as a regional leader who argued in favor of states' rights and the expansion of slavery. In regard to the Petticoat affair, Jackson later remarked, "I rather have live vermin on my back than the tongue of one of these Washington women on my reputation." To Jackson, Peggy Eaton was just another of many wronged women whom over his lifetime he had known and defended. He believed that every woman he had defended in his life, including her, had been the victim of ulterior motives, so that political enemies could bring him down. Legacy Historian Robert V. Remini said that "the entire Eaton affair might be termed infamous. It ruined reputations and terminated friendships. And it was all so needless." Historian Kirsten E. Wood argues that it "was a national political issue, raising questions of manhood, womanhood, presidential power, politics, and morality." The 1936 film The Gorgeous Hussy is a fictionalized account of the Petticoat affair. It features Joan Crawford as Peggy O'Neal, Robert Taylor as John Timberlake, Lionel Barrymore as Andrew Jackson, and Franchot Tone as John Eaton. References ^ a b c "Andrew Jackson: The Petticoat Affair, Scandal in Jackson's White House". History Net. 12 June 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2009. ^ Marszalek 2000, p. 1835. ^ Wood, Kristen E. (March 1, 1997). "One Woman so Dangerous to Public Morals". Journal of the Early Republic. 17 (2). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press: 237–75. doi:10.2307/3124447. JSTOR 3124447. ^ Watson, Robert P. (2012). Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789–1900. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-4422-1834-5. ^ a b c McCrary, Royce C.; Ingham, S. D. (1976). ""The Long Agony is Nearly over": Samuel D. Ingham Reports on the Dissolution of Andrew Jackson's First Cabinet". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 100 (2): 231–242. JSTOR 20091054. ^ Gerson, Noel Bertram (1974). That Eaton Woman: In Defense of Peggy O'Neale Eaton. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 9780517517765. ^ Baker, Richard A. (2006). 200 Notable Days: Senate Stories, 1787 to 2002. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-16-076331-1. ^ Belohlavek, John M. (2016). Andrew Jackson: Principle and Prejudice. New York City: Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-415-84485-7. ^ Humes, James C. (1992). My Fellow Americans: Presidential Addresses that Shaped History. New York City: Praeger. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-275-93507-8. ^ Grimmett, Richard F. (2009). St. John's Church, Lafayette Square: The History and Heritage of the Church of the Presidents, Washington, DC. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Mill City Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-934248-53-9. ^ Nester, William (2013). The Age of Jackson and the Art of American Power, 1815–1848. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-61234-605-2. ^ Marszalek 2000, pp. 56–57. ^ Manweller, Mathew (2012). Chronology of the U.S. Presidency. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-59884-645-4. ^ Chronology of the U.S. Presidency, p. 245. ^ Strock, Ian Randal (2016). Ranking the First Ladies: True Tales and Trivia, from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama. New York: Carrel Books. ISBN 978-1-63144-058-8. ^ Ranking the First Ladies ^ Greenstein, Fred I. (2009). Inventing the Job of President: Leadership Style from George Washington to Andrew Jackson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-691-13358-4. ^ Gripsrud, Jostein (2010). Relocating Television: Television in the Digital Context. New York: Routledge. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-415-56452-6. ^ Mattes, Kyle; Redlawsk, David P. (2014). The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-226-20202-0. ^ Snelling 1831, p. 194. ^ Cheathem 2008, p. 29. ^ a b Remini 1981, pp. 306–07. ^ "John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President (1825–1832)". United States Senate. Retrieved May 7, 2016. ^ Snelling 1831, p. 199. ^ Snelling 1831, pp. 199–200. ^ a b Snelling 1831, p. 200. ^ Parton 1860, p. 366. ^ a b Remini 1981, p. 320. ^ Latner 2002, p. 108. ^ Meacham 2008, pp. 171–175. ^ Woolley, John; Peters, Gerhard. "Election of 1832". American Presidency Project. Retrieved July 20, 2017. ^ Cheatham, Mark R. and Peter C. Mancall, eds., Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives, ABC-CLIO, 2008, 30-32. ^ Widmer, Edward L. 2005. Martin Van Buren: The American Presidents Series, The 8th President, 1837–1841. Time Books. ISBN 978-0-7862-7612-7 ^ Marszalek 2000, p. 238. ^ Wills, Matthew (2019-12-20). "The Mrs. Eaton Affair". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2020-05-05. ^ Nugent, Frank S., "The Gorgeous Hussy (1936) Democratic Unconvention in 'The Gorgeous Hussy,' at the Capitol -- 'A Son Comes Home,' at the Rialto," movie review, The New York Times, 5 September 1936. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ Schwarz, Frederic D., "1831: That Eaton Woman," American Heritage, April/May 2006, Vol. 57. No. 2 (Subscription only.) Retrieved 29 December 2015. Bibliography Cheathem, Mark Renfred (2008). Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-017-9. Latner, Richard B. (2002). "Andrew Jackson". In Graff, Henry (ed.). The Presidents: A Reference History (7th ed.). Marszalek, John F. (2000) . The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2634-9. Meacham, Jon (2008). American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House. New York: Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8129-7346-4. Parton, James (1860). Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 3. New York, NY: Mason Brothers. p. 648. Remini, Robert V. (1981). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8018-5913-7. Snelling, William Joseph (1831). A Brief and Impartial History of the Life and Actions of Andrew Jackson. Boston, MA: Stimpson & Clapp. p. 164. Wood, Kirsten E. “‘One Woman so Dangerous to Public Morals’: Gender and Power in the Eaton Affair,” Journal of the Early Republic 17 (Summer 1997): 237–275. External links "Andrew Jackson and the Tavern-Keeper's Daughter", Women's History Andrew Jackson on the Web: Petticoat Affair J. Kingston Pierce, "Andrew Jackson's 'Petticoat Affair'", The History Net, June 1999 This American Life, #485 "Surrogates", Act One: Petticoats in a Twist, (January 25, 2013). Sarah Koenig talks with historian Nancy Tomes about the Petticoat Affair. vteMartin Van Buren 8th President of the United States (1837–1841) 8th Vice President of the United States (1833–1837) U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom (1831–1832) 10th United States Secretary of State (1829–1831) 9th Governor of New York (1829) U.S. Senator from New York (1821–1828) Attorney General of New York (1815–1819) Life Bucktails Albany Regency Tammany Hall 1821 United States Senate election in New York United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Tariff of Abominations Democratic Party 1828 New York gubernatorial election Petticoat affair Kitchen Cabinet 1832 Democratic National Convention 1832 United States presidential election 1836 United States presidential election 1835 Democratic National Convention Second Party System Martin Van Buren National Historic Site 1844 Democratic National Convention Barnburners and Hunkers 1848 Democratic National Convention Free Soil Party 1848 United States presidential election Reformed Dutch Church Presidency Inauguration of Martin Van Buren Panic of 1837 Specie Circular Independent Treasury Treaty of New Echota Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren United States v. The Amistad List of federal judges appointed by Martin Van Buren Gold Spoon Oration 1840 United States presidential election 1840 Democratic National Convention Writings Papers of Martin Van Buren Public image Recarving Rushmore List of memorials to Martin Van Buren Mount Van Buren USS Van Buren (1839) Burr Amistad "The Van Buren Boys" Family Family of Martin Van Buren Abraham Van Buren (father) James I. Van Alen (maternal half-brother) Abraham Van Buren (son) Angelica Singleton Van Buren (daughter-in-law) John Van Buren (son) ← Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison → ← John C. Calhoun Richard Mentor Johnson → Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peggy-O%27Neal_image.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Peggy_O%27Neal_Eaton_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"political scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Floride Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floride_Calhoun"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John C. Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun"},{"link_name":"Petticoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petticoats"},{"link_name":"John Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Peggy Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Eaton"},{"link_name":"Jackson administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Martin Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"Southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"}],"text":"A cigar box exploiting Eaton's fame and beauty, showing President Jackson introduced to Peggy O'Neal (left) and two lovers fighting a duel over her (right)Peggy O'Neill Eaton, in later lifeThe Petticoat affair (also known as the Eaton affair) was a political scandal involving members of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet and their wives, from 1829 to 1831. Led by Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun, these women, dubbed the \"Petticoats\", socially ostracized Secretary of War John Eaton and his wife, Peggy Eaton, over disapproval of the circumstances surrounding the Eatons' marriage and what they deemed her failure to meet the \"moral standards of a Cabinet Wife\".The Petticoat affair rattled the entire Jackson administration and eventually led to the resignation of all but one Cabinet member. The ordeal facilitated Martin Van Buren's rise to the presidency and was in part responsible for Calhoun's transformation from a nationwide political figure with presidential aspirations into a sectional leader of the Southern United States.","title":"Petticoat affair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historynet-1"},{"link_name":"William T. Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Barry"},{"link_name":"Postmaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek20001835-2"},{"link_name":"pantalettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantalettes"},{"link_name":"rolling hoops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoop_rolling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One_Woman-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John B. Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Timberlake"},{"link_name":"purser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purser"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Long-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Long-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Squadron_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Long-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historynet-1"}],"text":"Margaret \"Peggy\" Eaton was the eldest daughter of William O'Neill, owner of the Franklin House, a boarding house and tavern located in Washington, D.C., a short distance from the White House, that was a well-known social hub popular with politicians and military officials. Peggy was well-educated for a woman of that era – she studied French and was known for her ability to play the piano.[1] William T. Barry, who later served as Postmaster General, wrote \"of a charming little girl ... who very frequently plays the piano, and entertains us with agreeable songs\".[2]As a young girl, her reputation had already begun to come under scrutiny because of her employment in a bar frequented by men, as well as her casual bantering with the boarding house's clientele. In her later years, Peggy reminisced, \"While I was still in pantalettes and rolling hoops with other girls, I had the attention of men, young and old; enough to turn a girl's head.\"[3]When Peggy was 15 years old, her father intervened to prevent her attempt to elope with an Army officer.[4] In 1816, the 17-year-old Peggy married John B. Timberlake, a purser in the United States Navy.[5] Timberlake, aged 39, had a reputation as a drunkard and was heavily in debt.[5] The Timberlakes became acquainted with John Eaton in 1818.[6] At the time, Eaton was a wealthy 28-year-old widower and newly elected U.S. Senator from Tennessee, despite not yet having reached the constitutionally-mandated minimum age of 30.[7] He was also a long-time friend of Andrew Jackson.[8]Once Timberlake told Eaton of his financial troubles, Eaton unsuccessfully attempted to have the Senate pass legislation that would authorize payment of the debts Timberlake had accrued during his Naval service. Eventually, Eaton paid Timberlake's debts and procured him a lucrative posting to the U.S. Navy's Mediterranean Squadron; many rumormongers asserted that Eaton aided Timberlake as a means to remove him from Washington, in order for Eaton to socialize with Peggy.While with the Mediterranean Squadron, Timberlake died on April 2, 1828. This served to fuel new rumors throughout Washington, suggesting he had taken his own life as the result of Eaton's supposed affair with Peggy.[5] Medical examiners concluded Timberlake had died of pneumonia, brought on by pulmonary disease.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"in 1828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"mourning period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"John F. Marszalek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Marszalek"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek200056%E2%80%9357-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floride_Calhoun_nee_Colhoun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Floride Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floride_Calhoun"},{"link_name":"Second Lady of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_Jackson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emily Donelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Donelson"},{"link_name":"Rachel Donelson Robards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson Donelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sarah Yorke Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Martin Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Tariff of Abominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations"},{"link_name":"nullification crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_crisis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historynet-1"},{"link_name":"Duff Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duff_Green"},{"link_name":"Samuel D. Ingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham"},{"link_name":"John Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Branch"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831194-20"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1818 invasion of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Wars"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheathem200829-21"},{"link_name":"Seminole War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Wars"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981306%E2%80%9307-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_C._Calhoun,_7th_Vice_President_(1825%E2%80%931832)-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981306%E2%80%9307-22"}],"text":"Jackson was elected president in 1828, with his term set to begin on March 4, 1829. He was reportedly fond of Peggy Timberlake and encouraged Eaton to marry her.[9] They were wed on January 1, 1829,[10] only nine months after her husband's death. Customarily, it would have been considered proper for their marriage to have followed a longer mourning period.[11]Historian John F. Marszalek explains his opinion on the \"real reasons Washington society found Peggy unacceptable\":She did not know her place; she forthrightly spoke up about anything that came to her mind, even topics of which women were supposed to be ignorant. She thrust herself into the world in a manner inappropriate for a woman. ... Accept her, and society was in danger of disruption. Accept this uncouth, impure, forward, worldly woman, and the wall of virtue and morality would be breached and society would have no further defenses against the forces of frightening change. Margaret Eaton was not that important in herself; it was what she represented that constituted the threat. Proper women had no choice; they had to prevent her acceptance into society as part of their defense of that society's morality.[12]Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John Calhoun and leader of the \"anti-Peggy\" Washington wivesWhen Jackson assumed the presidency, he appointed Eaton as Secretary of War. Floride Calhoun, Second Lady of the United States, led the wives of other Washington political figures, mostly those of Jackson's cabinet members, in an \"anti-Peggy\" coalition, which served to shun the Eatons socially and publicly. The women refused to pay courtesy calls to the Eatons at their home and to receive them as visitors, and denied them invitations to parties and other social events.[13]President Andrew Jackson supported the Eatons in the Petticoat affair.Emily Donelson, niece of Andrew Jackson's late wife Rachel Donelson Robards and the wife of Jackson's adopted son and confidant Andrew Jackson Donelson, served as Jackson's \"surrogate First Lady\".[14][15] Emily Donelson chose to side with the Calhoun faction, which led Jackson to replace her with his daughter-in-law Sarah Yorke Jackson as his official hostess.[16] Secretary of State Martin Van Buren was a widower and the only unmarried member of the Cabinet; he raised himself in Jackson's esteem by aligning himself with the Eatons.[17]Jackson's sympathy for the Eatons stemmed in part from his late wife Rachel being the subject of innuendo during the presidential campaign, when questions arose as to whether her first marriage had been legally ended before she married Jackson. Jackson believed these attacks were the cause of Rachel's death on December 22, 1828, several weeks after his election to the presidency.[18][19]Eaton's entry into a high-profile Cabinet post helped intensify the opposition of Mrs. Calhoun's group. In addition, Calhoun was becoming the focal point of opposition to Jackson; Calhoun's supporters opposed a second term for Jackson because they wanted Calhoun elected president. In addition, Jackson favored and Calhoun opposed the protective tariff that came to be known as the Tariff of Abominations. U.S. tariffs on imported goods generally favored Northern industries by limiting competition, but Southerners opposed them because the tariffs raised the price of finished goods but not the raw materials produced in the South. The dispute over the tariff led to the nullification crisis of 1832, with Southerners – including Calhoun – arguing that states could refuse to obey federal laws to which they objected, even to the point of secession from the Union, while Jackson vowed to prevent secession and preserve the Union at any cost. Because Calhoun was the most visible opponent of the Jackson administration, Jackson felt that Calhoun and other anti-Jackson officials were fanning the flames of the Peggy Eaton controversy in an attempt to gain political leverage.[1] Duff Green, a Calhoun protégé and editor of the United States Telegraph, accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun Cabinet members Samuel D. Ingham and John Branch removed from their positions.[20]Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun. In 1830, reports had emerged which accurately stated that while Calhoun was Secretary of War and Jackson was a major general in the U.S. Army, Calhoun had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida. These reports infuriated Jackson.[21] Calhoun asked Eaton to approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War. Eaton did nothing. This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters.[22] Calhoun published them in the Telegraph.[23] Their publication gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy, which further enraged the president.[22]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William T. Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Barry"},{"link_name":"Florida Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Territory"},{"link_name":"minister to Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Spain"},{"link_name":"John M. Berrien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Berrien"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831199-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831199%E2%80%93200-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831200-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParton1860366-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1831200-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981320-28"}],"text":"The dispute was finally resolved when Van Buren offered to resign, giving Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his Cabinet by asking for the resignations of the anti-Eaton Cabinet members. Postmaster General William T. Barry was the lone Cabinet member to stay, and Eaton eventually received appointments that took him away from Washington, first as governor of Florida Territory, and then as minister to Spain.On June 17, the day before Eaton formally resigned, a story appeared in the Telegraph stating that it had been \"proved\" that the families of Ingham, Branch, and Attorney General John M. Berrien had refused to associate with Mr. Eaton. Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article.[24] Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that, while he was not the source for the article, the information was still true.[25] On June 18, Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through Eaton's brother in law, Dr. Philip G. Randolph, who visited Ingham twice and the second time threatened him with personal harm if he did not comply with Eaton's demands. Randolph was dismissed, and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation[26] and describing his situation as one of \"pity and contempt\". Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice.[27] Ingham was then informed that Eaton, Randolph, and others were looking to assault him. He gathered together his own bodyguard and was not immediately molested. However, he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him. He then left the city and returned safely to his home.[26] Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place, and Jackson asked Eaton to explain himself. Eaton admitted that he \"passed by\" the place where Ingham had been staying, \"but at no point attempted to enter ... or besiege it\".[28]","title":"Resolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Alexander_-_Martin_Van_Buren_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatner2002108-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2008171%E2%80%93175-30"},{"link_name":"in 1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"states' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarszalek2000238-34"}],"text":"Secretary of State Martin Van Buren supported the Eatons, aiding in his rise to the presidency.In 1832, Jackson nominated Van Buren as minister to Great Britain. Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it, claiming his act would \"...kill him, sir, kill him dead. He will never kick, sir, never kick.\"[29] However, Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics, which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy. This raised Van Buren even further in Jackson's esteem.[30] Van Buren succeeded Calhoun as vice president when Jackson won a second term in 1832.[31] Van Buren thus became the de facto heir to the presidency and succeeded Jackson in 1837.Although Emily Donelson had supported Floride Calhoun, after the controversy ended Jackson asked her to return as his official hostess; she resumed these duties in conjunction with Sarah Yorke Jackson until returning to Tennessee after contracting tuberculosis, leaving Sarah Yorke Jackson to serve alone as Jackson's hostess.John Calhoun resigned as vice president shortly before the end of his term and returned with his wife to South Carolina.[32] Quickly elected to the U.S. Senate, he returned to Washington not as a national leader with presidential prospects but as a regional leader who argued in favor of states' rights and the expansion of slavery.In regard to the Petticoat affair, Jackson later remarked, \"I [would] rather have live vermin on my back than the tongue of one of these Washington women on my reputation.\"[33] To Jackson, Peggy Eaton was just another of many wronged women whom over his lifetime he had known and defended. He believed that every woman he had defended in his life, including her, had been the victim of ulterior motives, so that political enemies could bring him down.[34]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert V. Remini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_V._Remini"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemini1981320-28"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Gorgeous Hussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gorgeous_Hussy"},{"link_name":"Joan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Robert Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Lionel Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Franchot Tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchot_Tone"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Historian Robert V. Remini said that \"the entire Eaton affair might be termed infamous. It ruined reputations and terminated friendships. And it was all so needless.\"[28] Historian Kirsten E. Wood argues that it \"was a national political issue, raising questions of manhood, womanhood, presidential power, politics, and morality.\"[35]The 1936 film The Gorgeous Hussy is a fictionalized account of the Petticoat affair. It features Joan Crawford as Peggy O'Neal, Robert Taylor as John Timberlake, Lionel Barrymore as Andrew Jackson, and Franchot Tone as John Eaton.[36][37]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1wjCVfr4oxUC&pg=PA17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59884-017-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-017-9"},{"link_name":"Marszalek, John F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Marszalek"},{"link_name":"The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=euL5ZJPW-4kC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-2634-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2634-9"},{"link_name":"Meacham, Jon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Meacham"},{"link_name":"American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/americanlionandr00meac_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8129-7346-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7346-4"},{"link_name":"Parton, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Parton"},{"link_name":"Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifeandrewjacks00partgoog"},{"link_name":"648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifeandrewjacks00partgoog/page/n739"},{"link_name":"Remini, Robert V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_V._Remini"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8018-5913-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7"},{"link_name":"Snelling, William Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joseph_Snelling"},{"link_name":"A Brief and Impartial History of the Life and Actions of Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/abriefandimpart00snelgoog"},{"link_name":"164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/abriefandimpart00snelgoog/page/n172"}],"text":"Cheathem, Mark Renfred (2008). Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-017-9.\nLatner, Richard B. (2002). \"Andrew Jackson\". In Graff, Henry (ed.). The Presidents: A Reference History (7th ed.).\nMarszalek, John F. (2000) [1997]. The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2634-9.\nMeacham, Jon (2008). American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House. New York: Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8129-7346-4.\nParton, James (1860). Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 3. New York, NY: Mason Brothers. p. 648.\nRemini, Robert V. (1981). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8018-5913-7.\nSnelling, William Joseph (1831). A Brief and Impartial History of the Life and Actions of Andrew Jackson. Boston, MA: Stimpson & Clapp. p. 164.\nWood, Kirsten E. “‘One Woman so Dangerous to Public Morals’: Gender and Power in the Eaton Affair,” Journal of the Early Republic 17 (Summer 1997): 237–275.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"A cigar box exploiting Eaton's fame and beauty, showing President Jackson introduced to Peggy O'Neal (left) and two lovers fighting a duel over her (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Peggy-O%27Neal_image.jpg/220px-Peggy-O%27Neal_image.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peggy O'Neill Eaton, in later life","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Margaret_Peggy_O%27Neal_Eaton_2.jpg/220px-Margaret_Peggy_O%27Neal_Eaton_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John Calhoun and leader of the \"anti-Peggy\" Washington wives","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Floride_Calhoun_nee_Colhoun.jpg"},{"image_text":"President Andrew Jackson supported the Eatons in the Petticoat affair.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg/220px-Andrew_Jackson.jpg"},{"image_text":"Secretary of State Martin Van Buren supported the Eatons, aiding in his rise to the presidency.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Francis_Alexander_-_Martin_Van_Buren_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Francis_Alexander_-_Martin_Van_Buren_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Andrew Jackson: The Petticoat Affair, Scandal in Jackson's White House\". History Net. 12 June 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historynet.com/andrew-jackson-the-petticoat-affair-scandal-in-jackons-white-house.htm/4","url_text":"\"Andrew Jackson: The Petticoat Affair, Scandal in Jackson's White House\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Kristen E. (March 1, 1997). \"One Woman so Dangerous to Public Morals\". Journal of the Early Republic. 17 (2). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press: 237–75. doi:10.2307/3124447. JSTOR 3124447.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Early_Republic","url_text":"Journal of the Early Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3124447","url_text":"10.2307/3124447"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3124447","url_text":"3124447"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Robert P. (2012). Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789–1900. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-4422-1834-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A6LRVg0kn28C&pg=PA192","url_text":"Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789–1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield","url_text":"Rowman & Littlefield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1834-5","url_text":"978-1-4422-1834-5"}]},{"reference":"McCrary, Royce C.; Ingham, S. D. (1976). \"\"The Long Agony is Nearly over\": Samuel D. Ingham Reports on the Dissolution of Andrew Jackson's First Cabinet\". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 100 (2): 231–242. JSTOR 20091054.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20091054","url_text":"20091054"}]},{"reference":"Gerson, Noel Bertram (1974). That Eaton Woman: In Defense of Peggy O'Neale Eaton. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 9780517517765.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K3crAQAAIAAJ&q=%22john+eaton%22+%22friendly%22+%22timberlake%22","url_text":"That Eaton Woman: In Defense of Peggy O'Neale Eaton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517517765","url_text":"9780517517765"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Richard A. (2006). 200 Notable Days: Senate Stories, 1787 to 2002. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-16-076331-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/200notabledaysse0000bake","url_text":"200 Notable Days: Senate Stories, 1787 to 2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Government_Printing_Office","url_text":"US Government Printing Office"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/200notabledaysse0000bake/page/41","url_text":"41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-076331-1","url_text":"978-0-16-076331-1"}]},{"reference":"Belohlavek, John M. (2016). Andrew Jackson: Principle and Prejudice. New York City: Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-415-84485-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QKJTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65","url_text":"Andrew Jackson: Principle and Prejudice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-84485-7","url_text":"978-0-415-84485-7"}]},{"reference":"Humes, James C. (1992). My Fellow Americans: Presidential Addresses that Shaped History. New York City: Praeger. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-275-93507-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/myfellowamerican00hume","url_text":"My Fellow Americans: Presidential Addresses that Shaped History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Praeger"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/myfellowamerican00hume/page/41","url_text":"41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93507-8","url_text":"978-0-275-93507-8"}]},{"reference":"Grimmett, Richard F. (2009). St. John's Church, Lafayette Square: The History and Heritage of the Church of the Presidents, Washington, DC. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Mill City Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-934248-53-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qKQKhVMFUAwC&pg=PA40","url_text":"St. John's Church, Lafayette Square: The History and Heritage of the Church of the Presidents, Washington, DC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934248-53-9","url_text":"978-1-934248-53-9"}]},{"reference":"Nester, William (2013). The Age of Jackson and the Art of American Power, 1815–1848. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-61234-605-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AWquAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107","url_text":"The Age of Jackson and the Art of American Power, 1815–1848"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_Books","url_text":"Potomac Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-605-2","url_text":"978-1-61234-605-2"}]},{"reference":"Manweller, Mathew (2012). Chronology of the U.S. Presidency. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-59884-645-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uqB3ehA7M0oC&pg=PA232","url_text":"Chronology of the U.S. Presidency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-645-4","url_text":"978-1-59884-645-4"}]},{"reference":"Strock, Ian Randal (2016). Ranking the First Ladies: True Tales and Trivia, from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama. New York: Carrel Books. ISBN 978-1-63144-058-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=naSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30","url_text":"Ranking the First Ladies: True Tales and Trivia, from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63144-058-8","url_text":"978-1-63144-058-8"}]},{"reference":"Greenstein, Fred I. (2009). Inventing the Job of President: Leadership Style from George Washington to Andrew Jackson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-691-13358-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inventingjobofpr0000gree","url_text":"Inventing the Job of President: Leadership Style from George Washington to Andrew Jackson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inventingjobofpr0000gree/page/90","url_text":"90"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13358-4","url_text":"978-0-691-13358-4"}]},{"reference":"Gripsrud, Jostein (2010). Relocating Television: Television in the Digital Context. New York: Routledge. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-415-56452-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k84q2Ems18MC&pg=PA202","url_text":"Relocating Television: Television in the Digital Context"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56452-6","url_text":"978-0-415-56452-6"}]},{"reference":"Mattes, Kyle; Redlawsk, David P. (2014). The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-226-20202-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tkUZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74","url_text":"The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-20202-0","url_text":"978-0-226-20202-0"}]},{"reference":"\"John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President (1825–1832)\". United States Senate. Retrieved May 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_John_Calhoun.htm","url_text":"\"John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President (1825–1832)\""}]},{"reference":"Woolley, John; Peters, Gerhard. \"Election of 1832\". American Presidency Project. Retrieved July 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1832","url_text":"\"Election of 1832\""}]},{"reference":"Wills, Matthew (2019-12-20). \"The Mrs. Eaton Affair\". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2020-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://daily.jstor.org/the-mrs-eaton-affair/","url_text":"\"The Mrs. Eaton Affair\""}]},{"reference":"Cheathem, Mark Renfred (2008). Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-017-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1wjCVfr4oxUC&pg=PA17","url_text":"Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-017-9","url_text":"978-1-59884-017-9"}]},{"reference":"Latner, Richard B. (2002). \"Andrew Jackson\". In Graff, Henry (ed.). The Presidents: A Reference History (7th ed.).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marszalek, John F. (2000) [1997]. The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2634-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Marszalek","url_text":"Marszalek, John F."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=euL5ZJPW-4kC","url_text":"The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2634-9","url_text":"978-0-8071-2634-9"}]},{"reference":"Meacham, Jon (2008). American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House. New York: Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8129-7346-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Meacham","url_text":"Meacham, Jon"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanlionandr00meac_0","url_text":"American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7346-4","url_text":"978-0-8129-7346-4"}]},{"reference":"Parton, James (1860). Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 3. New York, NY: Mason Brothers. p. 648.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Parton","url_text":"Parton, James"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeandrewjacks00partgoog","url_text":"Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 3"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeandrewjacks00partgoog/page/n739","url_text":"648"}]},{"reference":"Remini, Robert V. (1981). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilanthes_callosa	Strobilanthes callosa	["1 Description by mi","1.1 Eight year bloom cycle and mass flowering","1.2 Masting","2 Distribution","3 Medicinal uses","4 Other uses","5 Control methods","6 Common in the hills near Mumbai","7 References","8 External links"]	Species of plant known for distant flower cycles Strobilanthes callosa Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Acanthaceae Genus: Strobilanthes Species: S. callosa Binomial name Strobilanthes callosaNees Synonyms Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek Strobilanthes callosa (Synonym: Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek) is a shrub found mainly in the low lying hills of the Western Ghats, all along the west coast of India. Its standardized Hindi name is maruadona (मरुआदोना) which it is called in the state of Madhya Pradesh where it is also found. In the state of Maharashtra, in the Marathi language, and other local dialects and in the neighboring state of Karnataka, the shrub is locally known as karvi (कारवी), sometimes spelled in English as karvy. This shrub belongs to the genus Strobilanthes which was first scientifically described by Nees in the 19th century. The genus has around 350 species, of which at least 46 are found in India. Because most of these species show an unusual flowering behaviour, varying from annual to 16-year blooming cycles, there is often confusion on the national scale about which plant is flowering. Description by mi It is a large shrub, sometimes attaining 6–20 ft in height and 21⁄2 inches in diameter and flowers between July and September. This plant is recognized for the fact that it takes nearly a decade for the bloom cycle to occur. Its leaves are home to several insects including caterpillars and snails which feed on it. The shrub has an interesting life cycle; It comes alive and green every year with the advent of monsoon, but once the rainy season is over, all that is left is dry and dead-looking stems. This pattern repeats itself for seven years, but in the eighth year the plant bursts into mass flowering. Plants that bloom at long intervals like Strobilanthes callosa are known as plietesials, the term plietesial has been used in reference to perennial monocarpic plants “of the kind most often met with in the Strobilanthinae” (a subtribe of Acanthaceae containing Strobilanthes and allied genera) that usually grow gregariously, flower simultaneously following a long interval, set seed, and die. Other commonly used expressions or terms which apply to part or all of the plietesial life history include gregarious flowering, mast seeding, and supra-annual synchronized semelparity (semelparity = monocarpy). In 1953 Sharfuddin Khan describing the plant in the former Hyderabad State wrote: Botanical Name - Strobilanthes callosus Strobilanthes, Blume.; F.B.I. IV-429. S. callosus, Nees.; F.B.I. IV-451. Brandi's Ind. Trees, 500. Gamble's Ind. Timbers, 518. Vern. Karvi, Mar. A large shrub, sometimes attaining 6-20 ft. in height and 21⁄2 inches in diameter; branches often warted or scabrous-tubercled. Leaves opposite, 7 by 3 in., sometimes much larger, crenate, rough, conspicuously marked with five lines above, nerves 8-16 pair; petiole 2-3 in. Flowers in strobiliform spikes 1-4 in. long, often densely or laxly cymose; bracts 1/2 - 1 in. long, orbicular or elliptic. Calyx 1/2 in., in fruit often exceeding 3/4 in., sub-equally 5-lobed to the base; segments oblong, obtuse, softly hairy. Corolla tubular-ventricose, 11⁄2 in., glabrous without, very hairy within, deep blue; lobes 5, nearly equal, contorted in bud. Stamens 4; filaments hairy downwards; anthers blunt; not spurred at the base. Ovary 4-ovuled; style linear; stigma of one long linear-lanceolate branch the other minute. Capsule 3/4 by 1/3 in., seeds more than 1/3 in. long, thin, obovate, acute, densely shaggy with white inelastic adpressed hair, except on the large oblong areoles. Tolerably common on the Kannad and Ajanta ghats in Aurangabad. In 'List of Trees, Shrubs, etc., of the Bombay Presidency,' Talbot remarks. "It covers large areas on the Konkan and N. Kanara ghats, and forms the undergrowth in many of the deciduous moist forests. Sometimes a very large shrub (30 ft., high and 21⁄2 in. in diameter). A general flowering takes place every seven or eight years. The white glabrous bracts become covered, after the flowering is over, with viscous strongly smelling hairs. The flowers vary in colour from purple-blue to pink. A general flowering of this species in N. Kanara, took place in Sept-Oct. 1887. The capsules ripen during the cold and hot seasons, and are elastically dehiscent, making a peculiar, almost continuous, noise during the shedding of the seeds in a forest of this species".— Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953. In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguist lines, the above-mentioned state of Hyderabad was split up between Andhra Pradesh, Bombay state (later divided into states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and Karnataka. Eight year bloom cycle and mass flowering The Strobilanthes callosa bush typically takes seven years to grow. It is only in its eighth year that it bursts into bloom. At that time the pink and white buds bear bright purple (purplish blue) flowers in a mass flowering which covers many forest areas with a colorful lavender blush of buds with a tinge of pink with its profusion of violet blooms, after this once in a lifetime mass flowering the bush finally dies out. The flowers are rich in pollen and nectar and attract a wide range of species of butterflies, birds and insects including honey bees and carpenter bees that come to feed on their nectar. Typically the lifespan of a single Strobilanthes callosa bloom lasts between 15 and 20 days and its mass blooming usually extends from mid-August to September-end. After the mass flowering, the shrub is covered with fruits which are dry by the next year. With the coming of the monsoon and the first rains in the next year, the dried fruits absorb moisture and burst open with a pop, the hillsides where Strobilanthes callosa grows are filled with these loud popping sounds of dried seed pods bursting open somewhat explosively dehiscing their seeds for dispersal and soon new plants germinate taking root in the wet forest floor. Masting Some species of Strobilanthes including this one are examples of a mass seeding phenomenon termed as masting which can be defined as "synchronous production of seed at long intervals by a population of plants", strict masting only occurs in species that are monocarpic (or semelparous) -- individuals of the species only reproduce once during their lifetime, then die. Distribution Strobilanthes callosa which is mostly peculiar to the hills of the Western Ghats (Sahyadris) in India can be seen growing wild around Mumbai, Tansa, Khandala, Bhimashankar, Malshej Ghat, Basgadh, Anjaneri, Dhodap, Salher-Mulher (Nashik region), Mulshi, Aurangabad (common on the Kannad and Ajanta ghats), Konkan etc. in the state of Maharashtra, parts of the state of Madhya Pradesh, parts of the state of Gujarat and in large areas of Belagavi and Uttara Kannada Ghats in the state of Karnataka among other places all along the Western Ghat hills on the west coast of India. Medicinal uses While the leaves of Strobilanthes callosa are poisonous, and unfit for human consumption, the plant is used as a traditional medicinal herb by the local adivasi tribals and villagers for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Its leaves are crushed and the juice obtained is believed to be a sure cure for stomach ailments. The plant has been the subject of scientific research which confirms its use in folk medicine as a valid anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial herbal drug with anti-rheumatic activity. Related species include Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK (大青葉, Da Ching Yeh, タイセイヨウ), used in Chinese and Japanese herbal medicine, and Strobilanthes forrestii Diels (Wei Niu Xi), used in Chinese herbal medicine. Other uses Strobilanthes callosa has sturdy stems which along with its leaves is generally used by the local adivasi tribals and villagers as thatching material to build their huts. Immediately after its mass flowering the Karvi honey collected by wild bee honey hunters is a popular local delicacy, it is much thicker and darker than other varieties. Control methods The following Western Ghats forestry report from the year 1908 of Ankola high forests in coastal Karnataka (then under Bombay Presidency), provides methods to clear and control this shrub, when required, from spreading uncontrollably into unwanted areas: () That the growth of Karvi (Sirobilanthes callosus) in many places is very heavy and is a direct check on natural regeneration. To get rid of this weed is difficult, though probably not impossible. In the Jaunsar Division areas were successfully treated in 1906 by cutting S. Wallichi when the flowers were fully out and the fruit had begun to form, but was not actually ripe. The Strobilanthes callosus flowers every seventh or eight year in Uttara Kannada and then dies down, so that, at the period of flowering, it might be treated in a similar way with advantage. It should be borne in mind that cutting off the heads of Karvi when it first com- mences to flower is useless, as it then puts out sideshoots which flower later ; it can therefore only be treated when the flowers begin to fall. The time of flowering is given as September and October. ...Karvi is the difficulty here, with care it should be burnt directly after flowering. Seed-lings will suffer relatively little by burning as they have only appeared in the patches where Karvi is absent.— WORKING PLAN REPORT UC-NRLF ANKOLA HIGH FOREST BLOCKS XXIV & XXV BY E. S. PEAESON, I. F. S., F. L. S., Deputy Conservator of Forests, WORKING PLANS, S. C. 1908- BOMBAY PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS 1910 Common in the hills near Mumbai The Karvi bush as it is locally known grows in abundance in the western ghat hills near the metropolis of Mumbai including throughout the Sanjay Gandhi National Park as in other parts of its natural range. In Sanjay Gandhi National Park its latest bloomings took place in 2000, then in 2008, and it is scheduled to bloom there again in 2016. Termed by nature enthusiasts as 'nature's miracle', its maximum bloom can be seen on some of the inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on vast slopey expanses on the hillsides with Kanheri caves area of the national park being one of the best places to observe large blooming expanses. In the state of Maharashtra in the neighborhood of Mumbai the mass flowering of Karvi has been observed to occur in the same year as Mumbai in Khandala and one year earlier in Bhimashankar and Malshej, beyond Kalyan. Local conservation NGOs like the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and World Wide Fund for Nature - India (WWF-India) bring groups of city-dwelling people from Mumbai and elsewhere, sometimes in collaboration with other organizations, for regular nature walks in the nature trails of Sanjay Gandhi National Park and organize special trips every eight years when the rare Karvi flowers are in full bloom. Near Mumbai, the Karvi is also found in Karnala, the Yeoor hills, Tungareshwar and some parts of Goregaon including Film City. References ^ a b c d "Strobilanthes callosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved December 24, 2017. ^ a b c Flower that takes years to bloom; by Prachi Pinglay; At Mumbai; BBC News ^ K.P.Sagreiya and Balwant Singh:Botanical and Standardised Hindi Names of Important and Common Forest Plants of Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior Government Regional Press, 1958. Also see: Flora of Madhya Pradesh ^ a b c d Agarwal R., Rangari V. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots. Ind. J. Pharm. 2003;35:384–387. Pdf: Archived 2018-05-11 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b THE KARNATAKA FOREST MANUAL; 1976; Government of Karnataka, India. Pdf: Archived 2009-05-30 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Singh, B.; Sahu, P.M.; Sharma, M.K. (2002, May 1). Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of triterpenoids from Strobilanthes callosus Nees. (Short Communication) The Free Library. (2002). Retrieved January 21, 2010 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom Archived 2008-08-17 at the Wayback Machine; by Nitya Kaushik; At Mumbai; Aug 12, 2008; The Indian Express Newspaper ^ a b c d e f Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953. Available online at the Official website of the state of Andhra Pradesh Forest Department: Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed on 23 January 2010 ^ a b WORKING PLAN REPORT UC-NRLF ANKOLA HIGH FOREST BLOCKS XXIV & XXV BY E. S. PEAESON, I. F. S., F. L. S., Deputy Conservator of Forests, WORKING PLANS, S. C. 1908- BOMBAY. PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS 1910. Available online at . Accessed 25 January 2010 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; At Mumbai; TNN, 22 September 2008; The Times of India ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Karvy blooms; By Shantanu Chhaya; 24 July 2000; Bombay Edition: Bombay Times; Times of India Supplement. A copy of this original Newspaper article is posted online at "mumbai-central.com": Archived 2010-04-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ Moylan, Elizabeth C.; Bennett, Jonathan R.; Carine, Mark A.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Scotland, Robert W. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among Strobilanthes s.l. (Acanthaceae): evidence from ITS nrDNA, trnL-F cpDNA, and morphology". American Journal of Botany. 91 (5): 724–735. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.724. PMID 21653427. ^ Kurinji crown - The Palni Hills are once again witnessing the mass flowering of neelakurinji.; TEXT & PHOTOGRAPHS by IAN LOCKWOOD; Volume 23 - Issue 17 :: Aug. 26-Sep. 08, 2006; Frontline Magazine; INDIA'S NATIONAL MAGAZINE from the publishers of THE HINDU ^ Daniel, Thomas F. 2006. Synchronous Flowering and Monocarpy Suggest Plietesial Life History forNeotropical Stenostephanus chiapensis(Acanthaceae). PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Fourth Series. Volume 57, No. 38, pp. 1011–1018, 1 fig. December 28, 2006 ^ Kelly, D (1994). "The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding" (PDF). Trends Ecol. Evol. 9 (12): 465–470. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90310-7. PMID 21236924. ^ Janzen (1976) in Annul. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 7, 347-391 ^ Strobilanthes callosus; Botany Photo of the Day Archived 2010-09-26 at the Wayback Machine; Notes posted by Daniel Mosquin; January 13, 2009 ^ Kirtikar K.R., Book: The Poisonous Plants of Bombay. Scientific Publishers (India), 2003, vi, 300 p, ISBN 8172333447. 'The Poisonous Plants of Bombay' was published during 1892–1904 in a series of papers I-XX in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Intro of the Book posted at https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no32050.htm ^ Tanaka, T; Ikeda, T; Kaku, M; Zhu, XH; Okawa, M; Yokomizo, K; Uyeda, M; Nohara, T (October 2004). "A new lignan glycoside and phenylethanoid glycosides from Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK". Chem. Pharm. Bull. 52 (10): 1242–5. doi:10.1248/cpb.52.1242. PMID 15467245. ^ "Nakanoshima Technos database". ^ "A Systematic Study on Confused Species of Chinese Materia Medica". Planta Med 2006;72:865-74. November 2006, Vol. 35 No. 11 ^ Wet and Wild; by Nitya Kaushik; Jun 15, 2009; The Indian Express External links Picture Search for: "Strobilanthes callosus" on "flickr". Picture Search for: "Karvi" (local name for "Strobilanthes callosus") on "flickr". CAUTION! It includes lot of other photos and some or many of other flowers Picture Search for: "Karvy" (local name for "Strobilanthes callosus") on "flickr". CAUTION! It includes lot of other photos and some or many of other flowers Photo of hikers standing in Karvy or Strobilanthes callosus forest with shrubs higher than themselves when the bushes are budding pink (Lavender) just before flowering in the eight year Archived 2019-01-25 at the Wayback Machine, Archived 2012-02-23 at the Wayback Machine The karvy truth Archived 2012-02-23 at the Wayback Machine; By Vikas Hotwani; September 14, 2008; Mumbai Mirror; mumbaimirror.com Taxon identifiersStrobilanthes callosa Wikidata: Q7624200 Wikispecies: Strobilanthes callosa CoL: 532PH GBIF: 3781786 GRIN: 426542 iNaturalist: 474029 IPNI: 55587-1 NCBI: 2766699 Open Tree of Life: 6078959 Plant List: tro-100112 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:55587-1 Tropicos: 100433858 WFO: wfo-0000433820	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-1"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flower_that_takes_years_to_bloom;_BBC-2"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"where it is also found","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Marathi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anti-inflammatory_and_anti-arthritic_activities_of_lupeol_and_19%CE%B1-H_lupeol_isolated_from_Strobilanthus_callosus_and_Strobilanthus_ixiocephala_roots.-4"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THE_KARNATAKA_FOREST_MANUAL,_1976-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anti-inflammatory_and_anti-arthritic_activities_of_lupeol_and_19%CE%B1-H_lupeol_isolated_from_Strobilanthus_callosus_and_Strobilanthus_ixiocephala_roots.-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THE_KARNATAKA_FOREST_MANUAL,_1976-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anti-inflammatory_and_antimicrobial_activities_of_triterpenoids_from_Strobilanthes_callosus_Nees-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharfuddin_Khan,_M._D._Forest_flora_of_Hyderabad_State._AP_Forest_Division,_India;_1953.-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORKING_PLAN_REPORT_UC-NRLF_[[ANKOLA]]_HIGH_FOREST_BLOCKS_XXIV_&_XXV-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Strobilanthes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilanthes"},{"link_name":"Nees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nees"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moylan2004-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Strobilanthes callosa [1] (Synonym: Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek)[1] is a shrub found mainly in the low lying hills of the Western Ghats, all along the west coast of India.[2] Its standardized Hindi name is maruadona (मरुआदोना)[3] which it is called in the state of Madhya Pradesh where it is also found. In the state of Maharashtra, in the Marathi language,[4] and other local dialects and in the neighboring state of Karnataka,[5] the shrub is locally known as karvi (कारवी),[4][5][6][7][8][9] sometimes spelled in English as karvy.[10][11]This shrub belongs to the genus Strobilanthes which was first scientifically described by Nees in the 19th century.[11] The genus has around 350 species,[12] of which at least 46 are found in India. \nBecause most of these species show an unusual flowering behaviour, varying from annual to 16-year blooming cycles, there is often confusion on the national scale about which plant is flowering.[13]","title":"Strobilanthes callosa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharfuddin_Khan,_M._D._Forest_flora_of_Hyderabad_State._AP_Forest_Division,_India;_1953.-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flower_that_takes_years_to_bloom;_BBC-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"life cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"},{"link_name":"plietesials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plietesials"},{"link_name":"monocarpic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocarpic"},{"link_name":"Acanthaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthaceae"},{"link_name":"Strobilanthes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilanthes"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera"},{"link_name":"mast seeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(botany)#Mast_seeding"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_State"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_State"},{"link_name":"AP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharfuddin_Khan,_M._D._Forest_flora_of_Hyderabad_State._AP_Forest_Division,_India;_1953.-8"},{"link_name":"Reorganisation of the Indian States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act"},{"link_name":"state of Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Bombay state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_state"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"}],"text":"It is a large shrub, sometimes attaining 6–20 ft in height and 21⁄2 inches in diameter[8] and flowers between July and September. This plant is recognized for the fact that it takes nearly a decade for the bloom cycle to occur.[2] Its leaves are home to several insects including caterpillars and snails[7] which feed on it. The shrub has an interesting life cycle; It comes alive and green every year with the advent of monsoon, but once the rainy season is over, all that is left is dry and dead-looking stems. This pattern repeats itself for seven years, but in the eighth year the plant bursts into mass flowering.[7][10][11]Plants that bloom at long intervals like Strobilanthes callosa are known as plietesials, the term plietesial has been used in reference to perennial monocarpic plants “of the kind most often met with in the Strobilanthinae” (a subtribe of Acanthaceae containing Strobilanthes and allied genera) that usually grow gregariously, flower simultaneously following a long interval, set seed, and die. Other commonly used expressions or terms which apply to part or all of the plietesial life history include gregarious flowering, mast seeding, and supra-annual synchronized semelparity (semelparity = monocarpy).[14]In 1953 Sharfuddin Khan describing the plant in the former Hyderabad State wrote:Botanical Name - Strobilanthes callosus\nStrobilanthes, Blume.; F.B.I. IV-429. S. callosus, Nees.; F.B.I. IV-451. Brandi's Ind. Trees, 500. Gamble's Ind. Timbers, 518. Vern. Karvi, Mar.\nA large shrub, sometimes attaining 6-20 ft. in height and 21⁄2 inches in diameter; branches often warted or scabrous-tubercled. Leaves opposite, 7 by 3 in., sometimes much larger, crenate, rough, conspicuously marked with five lines above, nerves 8-16 pair; petiole 2-3 in. Flowers in strobiliform spikes 1-4 in. long, often densely or laxly cymose; bracts 1/2 - 1 in. long, orbicular or elliptic. Calyx 1/2 in., in fruit often exceeding 3/4 in., sub-equally 5-lobed to the base; segments oblong, obtuse, softly hairy. Corolla tubular-ventricose, 11⁄2 in., glabrous without, very hairy within, deep blue; lobes 5, nearly equal, contorted in bud. Stamens 4; filaments hairy downwards; anthers blunt; not spurred at the base. Ovary 4-ovuled; style linear; stigma of one long linear-lanceolate branch the other minute. Capsule 3/4 by 1/3 in., seeds more than 1/3 in. long, thin, obovate, acute, densely shaggy with white inelastic adpressed hair, except on the large oblong areoles.\n\nTolerably common on the Kannad and Ajanta ghats in Aurangabad. In 'List of Trees, Shrubs, etc., of the Bombay Presidency,' Talbot remarks. \"It covers large areas on the Konkan and N. Kanara ghats, and forms the undergrowth in many of the deciduous moist forests. Sometimes a very large shrub (30 ft., high and 21⁄2 in. in diameter). A general flowering takes place every seven or eight years. The white glabrous bracts become covered, after the flowering is over, with viscous strongly smelling hairs. The flowers vary in colour from purple-blue to pink. A general flowering of this species in N. Kanara, took place in Sept-Oct. 1887. The capsules ripen during the cold and hot seasons, and are elastically dehiscent, making a peculiar, almost continuous, noise during the shedding of the seeds in a forest of this species\".— Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953.[8]In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguist lines, the above-mentioned state of Hyderabad was split up between Andhra Pradesh, Bombay state (later divided into states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and Karnataka.","title":"Description by mi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flower_that_takes_years_to_bloom;_BBC-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"},{"link_name":"lavender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_(color)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"seed pods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_pod"},{"link_name":"dehiscing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)"},{"link_name":"their seeds for dispersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_dispersal"},{"link_name":"germinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_germination"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"}],"sub_title":"Eight year bloom cycle and mass flowering","text":"The Strobilanthes callosa bush typically takes seven years to grow. It is only in its eighth year that it bursts into bloom. At that time the pink and white buds[10] bear bright purple[2] (purplish blue[11]) flowers in a mass flowering which covers many forest areas with a colorful lavender blush[7] of buds with a tinge of pink[11] with its profusion of violet blooms,[10] after this once in a lifetime mass flowering the bush finally dies out.[7][10] The flowers are rich in pollen and nectar and attract a wide range of species of butterflies, birds and insects including honey bees and carpenter bees that come to feed on their nectar.[7][10]Typically the lifespan of a single Strobilanthes callosa bloom lasts between 15 and 20 days and its mass blooming usually extends from mid-August to September-end.[7]After the mass flowering, the shrub is covered with fruits which are dry by the next year. With the coming of the monsoon and the first rains in the next year, the dried fruits absorb moisture and burst open with a pop, the hillsides where Strobilanthes callosa grows are filled with these loud popping sounds of dried seed pods bursting open somewhat explosively dehiscing their seeds for dispersal and soon new plants germinate taking root in the wet forest floor.[7][10]","title":"Description by mi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"masting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(botany)#Mast_seeding"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"monocarpic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocarpic"},{"link_name":"semelparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semelparous"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Masting","text":"Some species of Strobilanthes including this one are examples of a mass seeding phenomenon termed as masting[15] which can be defined as \"synchronous production of seed at long intervals by a population of plants\",[16] strict masting only occurs in species that are monocarpic (or semelparous) -- individuals of the species only reproduce once during their lifetime, then die.[17]","title":"Description by mi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Tansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansa_River"},{"link_name":"Khandala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandala"},{"link_name":"Bhimashankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhimashankar"},{"link_name":"Malshej Ghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malshej_Ghat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dhodap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhodap"},{"link_name":"Nashik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashik"},{"link_name":"Mulshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulshi_Taluka"},{"link_name":"Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad_district,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Kannad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharfuddin_Khan,_M._D._Forest_flora_of_Hyderabad_State._AP_Forest_Division,_India;_1953.-8"},{"link_name":"Konkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharfuddin_Khan,_M._D._Forest_flora_of_Hyderabad_State._AP_Forest_Division,_India;_1953.-8"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Uttara Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttara_Kannada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharfuddin_Khan,_M._D._Forest_flora_of_Hyderabad_State._AP_Forest_Division,_India;_1953.-8"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"}],"text":"Strobilanthes callosa which is mostly peculiar to the hills of the Western Ghats (Sahyadris)[7][10] in India can be seen growing wild around Mumbai, Tansa, Khandala, Bhimashankar, Malshej Ghat, Basgadh, Anjaneri, Dhodap, Salher-Mulher (Nashik region), Mulshi, Aurangabad (common on the Kannad and Ajanta ghats),[8] Konkan[8] etc. in the state of Maharashtra, parts of the state of Madhya Pradesh, parts of the state of Gujarat and in large areas of Belagavi and Uttara Kannada Ghats[8] in the state of Karnataka among other places all along the Western Ghat hills on the west coast of India.[11]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"traditional medicinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine"},{"link_name":"herb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"},{"link_name":"adivasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adivasi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anti-inflammatory_and_anti-arthritic_activities_of_lupeol_and_19%CE%B1-H_lupeol_isolated_from_Strobilanthus_callosus_and_Strobilanthus_ixiocephala_roots.-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"},{"link_name":"folk medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_medicine"},{"link_name":"anti-inflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory"},{"link_name":"antimicrobial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial"},{"link_name":"herbal drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_drug"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anti-inflammatory_and_antimicrobial_activities_of_triterpenoids_from_Strobilanthes_callosus_Nees-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anti-inflammatory_and_anti-arthritic_activities_of_lupeol_and_19%CE%B1-H_lupeol_isolated_from_Strobilanthus_callosus_and_Strobilanthus_ixiocephala_roots.-4"},{"link_name":"Strobilanthes cusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilanthes_cusia"},{"link_name":"大","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7"},{"link_name":"青","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92"},{"link_name":"葉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%91%89"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"While the leaves of Strobilanthes callosa are poisonous,[1][18] and unfit for human consumption, the plant is used as a traditional medicinal herb by the local adivasi tribals and villagers[1] for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.[4] Its leaves are crushed and the juice obtained is believed to be a sure cure for stomach ailments.[11]The plant has been the subject of scientific research which confirms its use in folk medicine as a valid anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial herbal drug[6] with anti-rheumatic activity.[4]Related species include Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK (大青葉, Da Ching Yeh, タイセイヨウ), used in Chinese[19] and Japanese herbal medicine,[20] and Strobilanthes forrestii Diels (Wei Niu Xi), used in Chinese herbal medicine.[21]","title":"Medicinal uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adivasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adivasi"},{"link_name":"thatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatching"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"},{"link_name":"honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"}],"text":"Strobilanthes callosa has sturdy stems which along with its leaves is generally used by the local adivasi tribals and villagers as thatching material to build their huts.[7][10][11]Immediately after its mass flowering the Karvi honey collected by wild bee honey hunters is a popular local delicacy, it is much thicker and darker than other varieties.[7][10][11]","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"Ankola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankola"},{"link_name":"high forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_forest_(woodland)"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Bombay Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidency"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORKING_PLAN_REPORT_UC-NRLF_[[ANKOLA]]_HIGH_FOREST_BLOCKS_XXIV_&_XXV-9"}],"text":"The following Western Ghats forestry report from the year 1908 of Ankola high forests in coastal Karnataka (then under Bombay Presidency), provides methods to clear and control this shrub, when required, from spreading uncontrollably into unwanted areas:() That the growth of Karvi (Sirobilanthes callosus) in many places is very heavy and is a direct check on natural regeneration. To get rid of this weed is difficult, though probably not impossible. In the Jaunsar Division areas were successfully treated in 1906 by cutting S. Wallichi when the flowers were fully out and the fruit had begun to form, but was not actually ripe. The Strobilanthes callosus flowers every seventh or eight year in Uttara Kannada and then dies down, so that, at the period of flowering, it might be treated in a similar way with advantage. It should be borne in mind that cutting off the heads of Karvi when it first com- mences to flower is useless, as it then puts out sideshoots which flower later ; it can therefore only be treated when the flowers begin to fall. The time of flowering is given as September and October.\n...Karvi is the difficulty here, with care it should be burnt directly after flowering. Seed-lings will suffer relatively little by burning as they have only appeared in the patches where Karvi is absent.— WORKING PLAN REPORT UC-NRLF ANKOLA HIGH FOREST BLOCKS XXIV & XXV BY E. S. PEAESON, I. F. S., F. L. S., Deputy Conservator of Forests, WORKING PLANS, S. C. 1908- BOMBAY PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS 1910[9]","title":"Control methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Sanjay Gandhi National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Kanheri caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanheri_caves"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"},{"link_name":"Kalyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyan,_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_biology"},{"link_name":"NGOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO"},{"link_name":"Bombay Natural History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Natural_History_Society"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"},{"link_name":"World Wide Fund for Nature - India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature_-_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Karvy_blooms;_July_2000-11"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature_lovers_on_the_Karvy_trail;_Times_of_India-10"},{"link_name":"Karnala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnala_Bird_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Yeoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeoor"},{"link_name":"Goregaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goregaon"},{"link_name":"Film City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_City,_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_gears_for_lavender_Karvi%E2%80%99s_once-in-eight-years_bloom;_The_Indian_Express-7"}],"text":"The Karvi bush as it is locally known grows in abundance in the western ghat hills near the metropolis of Mumbai including throughout the Sanjay Gandhi National Park as in other parts of its natural range. In Sanjay Gandhi National Park its latest bloomings took place in 2000,[11] then in 2008, and it is scheduled to bloom there again in 2016. Termed by nature enthusiasts[who?] as 'nature's miracle', its maximum bloom can be seen on some of the inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on vast slopey expanses on the hillsides with Kanheri caves area of the national park being one of the best places to observe large blooming expanses.[7][10]In the state of Maharashtra in the neighborhood of Mumbai the mass flowering of Karvi has been observed to occur in the same year as Mumbai in Khandala and one year earlier in Bhimashankar and Malshej, beyond Kalyan.[11]Local conservation NGOs like the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)[7] and World Wide Fund for Nature - India (WWF-India)[11] bring groups of city-dwelling people from Mumbai and elsewhere, sometimes in collaboration with other organizations, for regular nature walks in the nature trails of Sanjay Gandhi National Park[22] and organize special trips every eight years when the rare Karvi flowers are in full bloom.[10]Near Mumbai, the Karvi is also found in Karnala, the Yeoor hills, Tungareshwar and some parts of Goregaon including Film City.[7]","title":"Common in the hills near Mumbai"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Strobilanthes callosa\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved December 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=426542","url_text":"\"Strobilanthes callosa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"Moylan, Elizabeth C.; Bennett, Jonathan R.; Carine, Mark A.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Scotland, Robert W. (2004). \"Phylogenetic relationships among Strobilanthes s.l. (Acanthaceae): evidence from ITS nrDNA, trnL-F cpDNA, and morphology\". American Journal of Botany. 91 (5): 724–735. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.724. PMID 21653427.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.5.724","url_text":"\"Phylogenetic relationships among Strobilanthes s.l. (Acanthaceae): evidence from ITS nrDNA, trnL-F cpDNA, and morphology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.5.724","url_text":"10.3732/ajb.91.5.724"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653427","url_text":"21653427"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, D (1994). \"The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding\" (PDF). Trends Ecol. Evol. 9 (12): 465–470. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90310-7. PMID 21236924.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biol.canterbury.ac.nz/masting/pdfs/Kelly94TREE.pdf","url_text":"\"The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2894%2990310-7","url_text":"10.1016/0169-5347(94)90310-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21236924","url_text":"21236924"}]},{"reference":"Tanaka, T; Ikeda, T; Kaku, M; Zhu, XH; Okawa, M; Yokomizo, K; Uyeda, M; Nohara, T (October 2004). \"A new lignan glycoside and phenylethanoid glycosides from Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK\". Chem. Pharm. Bull. 52 (10): 1242–5. doi:10.1248/cpb.52.1242. PMID 15467245.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fcpb.52.1242","url_text":"\"A new lignan glycoside and phenylethanoid glycosides from Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fcpb.52.1242","url_text":"10.1248/cpb.52.1242"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15467245","url_text":"15467245"}]},{"reference":"\"Nakanoshima Technos database\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nakanoshima-tech.co.jp/db/search.php?mode=syoyaku&query=&off=9","url_text":"\"Nakanoshima Technos database\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Systematic Study on Confused Species of Chinese Materia Medica\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/search?q=cache:VISfUFOzkwoJ:www.docstoc.com/docs/2362233/A-Systematic-Study-on-Confused-Species-of-Chinese-Materia-Medica+%22da+xue+teng%22+strobilanthes&hl=en&gl=us","url_text":"\"A Systematic Study on Confused Species of Chinese Materia Medica\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=426542","external_links_name":"\"Strobilanthes callosa\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7580725.stm","external_links_name":"Flower that takes years to bloom"},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-2sD5rU9LZAJ:medind.nic.in/ibi/t03/i6/ibit03i6p384.pdf+Strobilanthes+callosus&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiNhDe-JqZLmk1JeIFeO_1Y-1CuqR9OUctyCSA-R29-VhcVvirhAP_Hc2RoNqydoBp1HZ-KJRgHPK6eNHwzBh8x4lXiFLzQOn71Agfmwmgtm3NtEwsmz9n9FHipB9nuOdd0YybQ&sig=AHIEtbT3ZyKZpmmFAG9TNc8CNiTvLwUIqA","external_links_name":"Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots."},{"Link":"http://medind.nic.in/ibi/t03/i6/ibit03i6p384.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511140829/http://medind.nic.in/ibi/t03/i6/ibit03i6p384.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:80cbs2pe6PsJ:www.karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/Acts_Rules/acts/KFD_Manual_1976.pdf+Strobilanthes+callosus+Karnataka&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShVZz4J99YdGWP8hA_NbSrnSDry5P5ijeSk-A4hYnaSDjT334GBLujC3f3W_lXU9--NoKKAuo1NVfFHjb6EM1eHLTey6pzdNePbG_Hy-JrEPzF95nC9XWaxBsowsWCrqKHcIZyv&sig=AHIEtbThkTo-jAJiXjmi9VIrNo9_FMbeeg","external_links_name":"THE KARNATAKA FOREST MANUAL"},{"Link":"http://www.karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/Acts_Rules/acts/KFD_Manual_1976.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090530021930/http://www.karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/Acts_Rules/acts/KFD_Manual_1976.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anti-inflammatory+and+antimicrobial+activities+of+triterpenoids+from...-a092527805","external_links_name":"Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of triterpenoids from Strobilanthes callosus Nees. (Short Communication)"},{"Link":"http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/City-gears-for-lavender-Karvis-onceineightyears-bloom/347666/","external_links_name":"City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080817062032/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/City-gears-for-lavender-Karvis-onceineightyears-bloom/347666/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://forest.ap.nic.in/Forest%20Flora%20of%20Andhra%20Pradesh/Flora%20by%20M%20Sharfuddin%20Khan/Botanical%20Names/Strobilanthes%20callosus.htm","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165047/http://forest.ap.nic.in/Forest%20Flora%20of%20Andhra%20Pradesh/Flora%20by%20M%20Sharfuddin%20Khan/Botanical%20Names/Strobilanthes%20callosus.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/workingplanrepor00bombrich/workingplanrepor00bombrich_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030238/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-22/mumbai/27921087_1_bloom-sanjay-gandhi-national-park-plant","external_links_name":"Nature lovers on the Karvy trail"},{"Link":"http://www.mumbai-central.com/misc/karvy.html","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100406202617/http://www.mumbai-central.com/misc/karvy.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.5.724","external_links_name":"\"Phylogenetic relationships among Strobilanthes s.l. (Acanthaceae): evidence from ITS nrDNA, trnL-F cpDNA, and morphology\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.5.724","external_links_name":"10.3732/ajb.91.5.724"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653427","external_links_name":"21653427"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071021105803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2317/stories/20060908001106600.htm","external_links_name":"Kurinji crown - The Palni Hills are once again witnessing the mass flowering of neelakurinji."},{"Link":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/scipubs/pdfs/v57/proccas_v57_n38.pdf","external_links_name":"Synchronous Flowering and Monocarpy Suggest Plietesial Life History forNeotropical Stenostephanus chiapensis(Acanthaceae)."},{"Link":"http://www.biol.canterbury.ac.nz/masting/pdfs/Kelly94TREE.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2894%2990310-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/0169-5347(94)90310-7"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21236924","external_links_name":"21236924"},{"Link":"http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2009/01/strobilanthes_callosus.php","external_links_name":"Strobilanthes callosus; Botany Photo of the Day"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100926114910/http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2009/01/strobilanthes_callosus.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no32050.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no32050.htm"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fcpb.52.1242","external_links_name":"\"A new lignan glycoside and phenylethanoid glycosides from Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fcpb.52.1242","external_links_name":"10.1248/cpb.52.1242"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15467245","external_links_name":"15467245"},{"Link":"http://www.nakanoshima-tech.co.jp/db/search.php?mode=syoyaku&query=&off=9","external_links_name":"\"Nakanoshima Technos database\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?q=cache:VISfUFOzkwoJ:www.docstoc.com/docs/2362233/A-Systematic-Study-on-Confused-Species-of-Chinese-Materia-Medica+%22da+xue+teng%22+strobilanthes&hl=en&gl=us","external_links_name":"\"A Systematic Study on Confused Species of Chinese Materia Medica\""},{"Link":"http://www.indianexpress.com/news/wet-and-wild/476303/0","external_links_name":"Wet and Wild"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/search/?s=int&w=all&q=Strobilanthes+callosus&m=text","external_links_name":"Picture Search for: \"Strobilanthes callosus\" on \"flickr\"."},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/search/?s=int&w=all&q=Karvi&m=text","external_links_name":"Picture Search for: \"Karvi\" (local name for \"Strobilanthes callosus\") on \"flickr\". CAUTION! It includes lot of other photos and some or many of other flowers"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/search/?s=int&w=all&q=Karvy&m=text","external_links_name":"Picture Search for: \"Karvy\" (local name for \"Strobilanthes callosus\") on \"flickr\". CAUTION! It includes lot of other photos and some or many of other flowers"},{"Link":"http://humanflowerproject.com/index.php/weblog/comments/sexy_as_a_septennial/","external_links_name":"Photo of hikers standing in Karvy or Strobilanthes callosus forest with shrubs higher than themselves when the bushes are budding pink (Lavender) just before flowering in the eight year"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190125093643/http://www.humanflowerproject.com/index.php/weblog/comments/sexy_as_a_septennial","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://humanflowerproject.com/images/uploads/karvyhike475.jpg","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120223143038/http://humanflowerproject.com/images/uploads/karvyhike475.jpg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Lifestyle%20-%20Leisure&sectid=79&contentid=200809142008091402153243851bb95cf","external_links_name":"The karvy truth"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120223141909/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Lifestyle%20-%20Leisure&sectid=79&contentid=200809142008091402153243851bb95cf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/532PH","external_links_name":"532PH"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3781786","external_links_name":"3781786"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=426542","external_links_name":"426542"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/474029","external_links_name":"474029"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/55587-1","external_links_name":"55587-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2766699","external_links_name":"2766699"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6078959","external_links_name":"6078959"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-100112","external_links_name":"tro-100112"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A55587-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:55587-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100433858","external_links_name":"100433858"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000433820","external_links_name":"wfo-0000433820"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_America_with_Jonah_Ray	Hidden America with Jonah Ray	["1 References","2 External links"]	American TV series or program Hidden America with Jonah RayGenre Travel Parody Presented byJonah RayCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes17 (list of episodes)ProductionRunning time30 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkSeesoReleaseJune 2, 2016 (2016-06-02) –May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04) Hidden America with Jonah Ray is a travel parody series that debuted on June 2, 2016 on Seeso. Parodying the style of Anthony Bourdain's travel show, viewers follow Jonah Ray as he explores and pokes fun at local restaurants, memorials and historical sites in various cities. Ray visits American cities including Boston, Austin, New Orleans and Chicago. The nine-episode first season features guests like Weird Al Yankovic, Ralph Garman, Jeff B. Davis, William Tokarsky, Randall Park, David Koechner, Conphidance and many more. On August 18, 2016 it was announced that Hidden America had been renewed for a second season. References ^ a b c "Hidden America with Jonah Ray is the Travel Show Parody We've Been Waiting For". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved 2018-03-05. ^ Pedersen, Erik (2016-08-18). "Seeso Renews 'Hidden America', 'Cyanide & Happiness', 'What's Your F@%king Deal?!'". Deadline. Retrieved 2018-03-05. External links Hidden America with Jonah Ray at IMDb vteSeeso original programmingReleased The UCB Show (2015–17) The Cyanide & Happiness Show (2016–17) Bajillion Dollar Propertie$ (2016–17) Flowers (2016–18) Hidden America with Jonah Ray (2016–17) HarmonQuest (2016) Take My Wife (2016) Shrink (2017) This article relating to a comedy television series in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seeso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeso"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paste-1"},{"link_name":"Anthony Bourdain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain"},{"link_name":"Jonah Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Ray"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paste-1"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Weird Al Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Al_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"Ralph Garman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Garman"},{"link_name":"Jeff B. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_B._Davis"},{"link_name":"William Tokarsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tokarsky"},{"link_name":"Randall Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Park"},{"link_name":"David Koechner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Koechner"},{"link_name":"Conphidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conphidance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paste-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Hidden America with Jonah Ray is a travel parody series that debuted on June 2, 2016 on Seeso.[1] Parodying the style of Anthony Bourdain's travel show, viewers follow Jonah Ray as he explores and pokes fun at local restaurants, memorials and historical sites in various cities.[1] Ray visits American cities including Boston, Austin, New Orleans and Chicago. The nine-episode first season features guests like Weird Al Yankovic, Ralph Garman, Jeff B. Davis, William Tokarsky, Randall Park, David Koechner, Conphidance and many more.[1] On August 18, 2016 it was announced that Hidden America had been renewed for a second season.[2]","title":"Hidden America with Jonah Ray"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Hidden America with Jonah Ray is the Travel Show Parody We've Been Waiting For\". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved 2018-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/06/hidden-america-with-jonah-ray-is-the-travel-show-p.html","url_text":"\"Hidden America with Jonah Ray is the Travel Show Parody We've Been Waiting For\""}]},{"reference":"Pedersen, Erik (2016-08-18). \"Seeso Renews 'Hidden America', 'Cyanide & Happiness', 'What's Your F@%king Deal?!'\". Deadline. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Wheels	Birmingham Wheels Park	["1 History","2 Community projects","3 Motorsports","3.1 Drifting","3.2 Karting","3.3 Stock car racing","4 Filming and television","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 52°28′50″N 1°51′45″W / 52.48058°N 1.86244°W / 52.48058; -1.86244Dedicated Wheeled-sports park Birmingham Wheels ParkLocationAdderley Road S, Bordesley Green BirminghamCoordinates52°28′51″N 1°51′46″W / 52.48083°N 1.86278°W / 52.48083; -1.86278Opened1963 Birmingham Wheels Park (formerly Wheels Adventure Park) was a dedicated Wheeled-sports park with a short-track oval motor racing circuit, MSA approved kart circuit, drifting arenas, off-road rally stage and a purpose-built outdoor speed-skating arena. The site is in the Bordesley Green area of Birmingham, England. Formerly run by a Charitable Company Limited by Guarantee, and controlled by Birmingham City Council, it is now closed and planned for redevelopment. History The park was initially operated by the West Midlands Probation Service. When the Birmingham Brummies motorcycle speedway team were left without a home in late 1984, following the closure of the ole Perry Barr Stadium they sealed a deal to race at the Wheels Project for the 1985 season. Unfortunately due to various reasons the team only raced one more season at the venue in 1986, with the last home fixture was on 26 September 1986. The Stockcar racing arena is a 330 metres (1,080 ft) oval, with spectator terracing surrounding two corners of the circuit along with the home stretch. Built with a cinder surface, after the Birmingham Brummies speedway team finished in 1986, the track was red with tarmac. Until 2019, racing events on the oval track was run by Incarace, The future of the site was thrown into doubt when in 2006 plans were unveiled for the City of Birmingham Stadium. The large stadium/casino complex (which would also have been the new home for nearby Birmingham City F.C) would have been built on the Wheels complex, including the Birmingham Wheels Oval circuit. However, with the government shelving, and the introduction of 'super casinos', the future for Birmingham Wheels Park seemed secure. Many Councillors and advocates for the park have worked hard to ensure the future of the Park, including Cllr Bob Beauchamp who has worked hard over many years to keep and grow the Park on behalf of residents and sports enthusiasts nationwide. The short circuit oval has been recognised as a participation sports venue and as such if the facility were to be removed from the people of Birmingham, it has been established that the local authority must provide an alternative venue of the same or better standard. The community of users regularly accessing the site feel very strongly that this unique Park has manifest public benefit - and with there being so many derelict sites in the city, there has been a persuasive argument that sporting facilities such as Birmingham Wheels Park should be protected. A government-appointed inspector in 2017 confirmed that the council must allow for the continuation of the sporting facilities of BWP to either be relocated or built within the regeneration plans, however, The labor council of Birmingham, obtained 15 million pounds, by stating the park was a former site, and then to level up the sporting facility to sell of the land for housing and warehousing developments, a sad end to 40 years of sporting activities within the heart of the UK. The stock car arena is one of six arenas onsite - each hosting different wheeled sports. The venue has seen national and international champions starting their skating or racing careers at the Park. In 2020, the stock car track survived an attempt at being closed by Birmingham City Council and the oval racing operations were taken over byPromotasport Internationa (PRI). Following the issuing of the new lease on the Park to Motor Racing Live in March 2020, the park closed again and awaits redevelopment plans. Several special events were held that assisted drivers from all over the UK who suffered from disability and mental health issues, which allowed for L2D to open during full lockdown during the covid-19 pandemic. This now has been taken away with the remaining community asset of the park, by the council since the closure in October 2021. On 9 April 2024, Birmingham City announced their acquisition of Wheels Park, intending to transform it into a sports quarter, which would include a state-of-the-art stadium and training amenities for all Birmingham City teams (as the replacement to their current stadium St Andrew's) & plans for expansive commercial and community spaces. The development of the Sports Quarter is anticipated to generate the creation of more than 3,000 employment opportunities within the local area. The club's chairman, Tom Wagner, declared that the stadium is expected to be completed by August 2029, with an estimated cost ranging from "2-3 billion pounds." The stadium is aiming to host future international events such as the Euros and NFL matches. Community projects Speed skating - a community-based project supported and funded by the licensees and tenants of the venue. Sensory garden. Community service - base for the team for the central Birmingham area. Motorsports Drifting The sport of drifting was first hosted at the venue in 2006 when Japanese professional drifters came to the UK and held events to promote the sport. In 2012, Drift Allstars saw Irish drifter Alan Sinnot take 1st place podium from Australian driver Luke Fink after his tire came off a mid-battle in front of a sell-out crowd. Luke would later return to the UK and help create and host at Birmingham Wheels Raceway, what was at the time, the largest prize money event within the sport. The drifting academies on site have been in operation since 2008, Drift Allstars originally started, followed by Learn2drift Ltd in 2012, and in 2014 when drift Allstars went into liquidation, the charity owners of the park sold the cars they held for nonpayment of rent to Flatout factory, who later rebranded as Pro Drift Academy UK. When the park was reopened in July 2020, Learn2drift Ltd took overall control of the drift training on the site due to the size of their operations, allowing for a central base in the UK for their disabled driver training and intensive drift training. In 2021, one of L2D's drivers became the second professional driver to earn his Pro2 British drift championships license at just the age of 13 years old. Mitchell Gibbons, now earning the right to become an instructor within the L2D team. Karting The 970 metres (3,180 ft) international Kart circuit is where Nigel Mansell started his career. and the Grand Prix Karting center has both junior and practice circuits and runs events on the main circuit. Stock car racing The short circuit oval hosts versions of Stock car racing every Saturday evening including rounds of BRISCA Formula 1 and Formula 2. Filming and television The site has been the location of several filming shoots including; The Gadget Show A Question of Sport Brum BBC's Gassed up series (2022 episode 2) See also Hednesford Hills Raceway Incarace short circuit References ^ Company no. 1991870. Charity no. 701209 ^ a b "About Birmingham Wheels Park". Birmingham Wheels Park. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ "Birmingham Brummies". Defunct Speedway. Retrieved 6 October 2022. ^ "Visionaries can now see wheels in motion". Birmingham Weekly Mercury. 10 February 1985. Retrieved 15 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Brummies on Brink". Birmingham News. 11 December 1986. Retrieved 15 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "'Setback' fears over race firm's Birmingham Wheels departure". BBC News. 20 February 2020. ^ Motorsport businesses at Nechells' Birmingham Wheels tracks protest over eviction fears Birmingham Mail 26 December 2012 ^ "Birmingham Wheels is SAVED after closure and eviction threat lifted". 17 January 2020. ^ "Fixtures". ^ "Knighthead Acquires 48-Acre Site in East Birmingham." Birmingham City FC News. Retrieved from ^ "Tom Wagner: Birmingham City Stadium and Training Ground Plans Represent Another Step Forward." Birmingham Mail. Retrieved from ^ "Birmingham City: The Billion Pound project". BBC Sounds. Retrieved 9 April 2024. ^ "Clonegal man wins European Drift title". Irish Independent. Retrieved 15 April 2024. ^ "Our Team and School". Learn to Drift. Retrieved 15 April 2024. External links Birmingham Wheels Park official website Grand Prix Karting official website Motor Racing Live official website Incarace page Rally Rides official website 52°28′50″N 1°51′45″W / 52.48058°N 1.86244°W / 52.48058; -1.86244	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motor racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_racing"},{"link_name":"MSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Sports_Association"},{"link_name":"Bordesley Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordesley_Green"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-2"}],"text":"Dedicated Wheeled-sports parkBirmingham Wheels Park (formerly Wheels Adventure Park) was a dedicated Wheeled-sports park with a short-track oval motor racing circuit, MSA approved kart circuit, drifting arenas, off-road rally stage and a purpose-built outdoor speed-skating arena. The site is in the Bordesley Green area of Birmingham, England. Formerly run by a Charitable Company Limited by Guarantee,[1] and controlled by Birmingham City Council, it is now closed and planned for redevelopment.[2]","title":"Birmingham Wheels Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-2"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Brummies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Brummies"},{"link_name":"ole Perry Barr Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birchfield_Ladbroke_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"tarmac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarmacadam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"City of Birmingham Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City F.C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"examples needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Euros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The park was initially operated by the West Midlands Probation Service.[2]When the Birmingham Brummies motorcycle speedway team were left without a home in late 1984, following the closure of the ole Perry Barr Stadium[3] they sealed a deal to race at the Wheels Project for the 1985 season.[4] Unfortunately due to various reasons the team only raced one more season at the venue in 1986, with the last home fixture was on 26 September 1986.[5]The Stockcar racing arena is a 330 metres (1,080 ft) oval, with spectator terracing surrounding two corners of the circuit along with the home stretch. Built with a cinder surface, after the Birmingham Brummies speedway team finished in 1986, the track was red with tarmac. \nUntil 2019, racing events on the oval track was run by Incarace,[6]The future of the site was thrown into doubt when in 2006 plans were unveiled for the City of Birmingham Stadium. The large stadium/casino complex (which would also have been the new home for nearby Birmingham City F.C) would have been built on the Wheels complex, including the Birmingham Wheels Oval circuit. However, with the government shelving, and the introduction of 'super casinos', the future for Birmingham Wheels Park seemed secure.Many Councillors and advocates for the park have worked hard to ensure the future of the Park, including Cllr Bob Beauchamp who has worked hard over many years to keep and grow the Park on behalf of residents and sports enthusiasts nationwide.[7] The short circuit oval has been recognised as a participation sports venue and as such if the facility were to be removed from the people of Birmingham, it has been established that the local authority must provide an alternative venue of the same or better standard. The community of users regularly accessing the site feel very strongly that this unique Park has manifest public benefit - and with there being so many derelict sites in the city, there has been a persuasive argument that sporting facilities such as Birmingham Wheels Park should be protected.A government-appointed inspector in 2017 confirmed that the council must allow for the continuation of the sporting facilities of BWP to either be relocated or built within the regeneration plans, however, The labor council of Birmingham, obtained 15 million pounds, by stating the park was a former site, and then to level up the sporting facility to sell of the land for housing and warehousing developments, a sad end to 40 years of sporting activities within the heart of the UK.\nThe stock car arena is one of six arenas onsite - each hosting different wheeled sports. The venue has seen national and international champions starting their skating or racing careers at the Park. In 2020, the stock car track survived an attempt at being closed by Birmingham City Council[8] and the oval racing operations were taken over byPromotasport Internationa (PRI).[9]Following the issuing of the new lease on the Park to Motor Racing Live in March 2020, the park closed again and awaits redevelopment plans.[examples needed] Several special events were held that assisted drivers from all over the UK who suffered from disability and mental health issues, which allowed for L2D to open during full lockdown during the covid-19 pandemic. This now has been taken away with the remaining community asset of the park, by the council since the closure in October 2021.On 9 April 2024, Birmingham City announced their acquisition of Wheels Park, intending to transform it into a sports quarter, which would include a state-of-the-art stadium and training amenities for all Birmingham City teams (as the replacement to their current stadium St Andrew's) & plans for expansive commercial and community spaces. The development of the Sports Quarter is anticipated to generate the creation of more than 3,000 employment opportunities within the local area. [10] The club's chairman, Tom Wagner, declared that the stadium is expected to be completed by August 2029, with an estimated cost ranging from \"2-3 billion pounds.\" The stadium is aiming to host future international events such as the Euros and NFL matches. [11] [12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sensory garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_garden"},{"link_name":"Community service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service"}],"text":"Speed skating - a community-based project supported and funded by the licensees and tenants of the venue.\nSensory garden.\nCommunity service - base for the team for the central Birmingham area.","title":"Community projects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Motorsports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)"},{"link_name":"Drift Allstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift_Allstars"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Drifting","text":"The sport of drifting was first hosted at the venue in 2006 when Japanese professional drifters came to the UK and held events to promote the sport. In 2012, Drift Allstars saw Irish drifter Alan Sinnot take 1st place podium from Australian driver Luke Fink after his tire came off a mid-battle in front of a sell-out crowd. Luke would later return to the UK and help create and host at Birmingham Wheels Raceway, what was at the time, the largest prize money event within the sport.[13]The drifting academies on site have been in operation since 2008, Drift Allstars originally started, followed by Learn2drift Ltd in 2012, and in 2014 when drift Allstars went into liquidation, the charity owners of the park sold the cars they held for nonpayment of rent to Flatout factory, who later rebranded as Pro Drift Academy UK. When the park was reopened in July 2020, Learn2drift Ltd took overall control of the drift training on the site due to the size of their operations, allowing for a central base in the UK for their disabled driver training and intensive drift training.[citation needed]In 2021, one of L2D's drivers became the second professional driver to earn his Pro2 British drift championships license at just the age of 13 years old. Mitchell Gibbons, now earning the right to become an instructor within the L2D team.[14]","title":"Motorsports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nigel Mansell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Mansell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Karting","text":"The 970 metres (3,180 ft) international Kart circuit is where Nigel Mansell started his career. [citation needed] and the Grand Prix Karting center has both junior and practice circuits and runs events on the main circuit.","title":"Motorsports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stock car racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_car_racing"}],"sub_title":"Stock car racing","text":"The short circuit oval hosts versions of Stock car racing every Saturday evening including rounds of BRISCA Formula 1 and Formula 2.","title":"Motorsports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Gadget Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gadget_Show"},{"link_name":"A Question of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Question_of_Sport"},{"link_name":"Brum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brum_(TV_series)"}],"text":"The site has been the location of several filming shoots including;The Gadget Show\nA Question of Sport\nBrum\nBBC's Gassed up series (2022 episode 2)","title":"Filming and television"}]	[]	[{"title":"Hednesford Hills Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hednesford_Hills_Raceway"}]	[{"reference":"\"About Birmingham Wheels Park\". Birmingham Wheels Park. Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://birminghamwheelspark.org/aboutwheelspark.php","url_text":"\"About Birmingham Wheels Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham Brummies\". Defunct Speedway. Retrieved 6 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/Birmingham%20Hall%20Green.htm","url_text":"\"Birmingham Brummies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visionaries can now see wheels in motion\". Birmingham Weekly Mercury. 10 February 1985. Retrieved 15 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001816/19850210/045/0045","url_text":"\"Visionaries can now see wheels in motion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Brummies on Brink\". Birmingham News. 11 December 1986. Retrieved 15 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003660/19861211/031/0031","url_text":"\"Brummies on Brink\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"'Setback' fears over race firm's Birmingham Wheels departure\". BBC News. 20 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-51564300","url_text":"\"'Setback' fears over race firm's Birmingham Wheels departure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham Wheels is SAVED after closure and eviction threat lifted\". 17 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/birmingham-wheels-saved-after-closure-17588872","url_text":"\"Birmingham Wheels is SAVED after closure and eviction threat lifted\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fixtures\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pri-birminghamwheels.co.uk/fixtures.html","url_text":"\"Fixtures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham City: The Billion Pound project\". BBC Sounds. Retrieved 9 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0hprmnb","url_text":"\"Birmingham City: The Billion Pound project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clonegal man wins European Drift title\". Irish Independent. Retrieved 15 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/regionals/clonegal-man-wins-european-drift-title/28831652.html","url_text":"\"Clonegal man wins European Drift title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Team and School\". Learn to Drift. Retrieved 15 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://learn2drift.com/","url_text":"\"Our Team and School\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birmingham_Wheels_Park&params=52.48058_N_1.86244_W_type:landmark_region:GB-BIR","external_links_name":"52°28′50″N 1°51′45″W / 52.48058°N 1.86244°W / 52.48058; -1.86244"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birmingham_Wheels_Park&params=52_28_51_N_1_51_46_W_","external_links_name":"52°28′51″N 1°51′46″W / 52.48083°N 1.86278°W / 52.48083; -1.86278"},{"Link":"http://birminghamwheelspark.org/aboutwheelspark.php","external_links_name":"\"About Birmingham Wheels Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/Birmingham%20Hall%20Green.htm","external_links_name":"\"Birmingham Brummies\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001816/19850210/045/0045","external_links_name":"\"Visionaries can now see wheels in motion\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003660/19861211/031/0031","external_links_name":"\"Brummies on Brink\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-51564300","external_links_name":"\"'Setback' fears over race firm's Birmingham Wheels departure\""},{"Link":"http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/businesses-at-nechells-wheels-tracks-in-protest-386545","external_links_name":"Motorsport businesses at Nechells' Birmingham Wheels tracks protest over eviction fears"},{"Link":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/birmingham-wheels-saved-after-closure-17588872","external_links_name":"\"Birmingham Wheels is SAVED after closure and eviction threat lifted\""},{"Link":"http://www.pri-birminghamwheels.co.uk/fixtures.html","external_links_name":"\"Fixtures\""},{"Link":"https://www.bcfc.com/news/all/knighthead-acquires-48-acre-site-in-east-birmingham","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/tom-wagner-birmingham-city-stadium-28963316","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0hprmnb","external_links_name":"\"Birmingham City: The Billion Pound project\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/regionals/clonegal-man-wins-european-drift-title/28831652.html","external_links_name":"\"Clonegal man wins European Drift title\""},{"Link":"https://learn2drift.com/","external_links_name":"\"Our Team and School\""},{"Link":"https://www.birminghamwheels.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Birmingham Wheels Park official website"},{"Link":"https://www.grandprixkarting.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Grand Prix Karting official website"},{"Link":"https://www.motorracinglive.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Motor Racing Live official website"},{"Link":"http://www.spedeworth.co.uk/incarace/venue.php?name=birmingham","external_links_name":"Incarace page"},{"Link":"https://rallyschool.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Rally Rides official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birmingham_Wheels_Park&params=52.48058_N_1.86244_W_type:landmark_region:GB-BIR","external_links_name":"52°28′50″N 1°51′45″W / 52.48058°N 1.86244°W / 52.48058; -1.86244"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_FA_Cup_final	1962 FA Cup final	["1 Road to Wembley","1.1 Tottenham Hotspur","1.2 Burnley","2 Match review","3 Media coverage","4 Guest of honour","5 European qualification","6 Match details","7 References","8 External links"]	Football match1962 FA Cup finalEvent1961–62 FA Cup Tottenham Hotspur Burnley 3 1 Date5 May 1962VenueWembley Stadium, LondonRefereeJim Finney (Hereford)Attendance100,000← 1961 1963 → The 1962 FA Cup final took place on 5 May 1962 at Wembley Stadium and was won by Tottenham Hotspur over Burnley, by a 3–1 scoreline. Due to the lack of passion and excitement, replaced by patience and cautious play, the final was dubbed "The Chessboard Final". Tottenham were the holders, having won the League and FA Cup Double the previous season. They had finished the 1962 league campaign in third place. Burnley finished runners-up in the league that season, behind Ipswich Town. Road to Wembley Tottenham Hotspur Home teams listed first. All teams from Division One, except Plymouth Argyle (Division Two) Round 3: Birmingham City 3–3 Tottenham Hotspur (Greaves 2, Jones) Replay: Tottenham Hotspur 4–2 Birmingham City (Medwin 2, Allen, Greaves) Round 4: Plymouth Argyle 1–5 Tottenham Hotspur (Medwin, White, Greaves 2, Jones) Round 5: West Bromwich Albion 2–4 Tottenham Hotspur (Smith 2, Greaves 2) Round 6: Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 Aston Villa (Blanchflower, Jones) Semi-final: Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Manchester United (at Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield) (Medwin, Greaves, Jones) Burnley Home teams listed first. All teams from Division One, except Leyton Orient (Division Two) and Queens Park Rangers (Division Three) Round 3: Burnley 6–1 Queens Park Rangers (Harris 2, Elder, Connelly, Mcllroy, Ingham o.g.) Round 4: Burnley 1–1 Leyton Orient (Harris) Replay: Leyton Orient 0–1 Burnley (Miller) Round 5: Burnley 3–1 Everton (Miller, Connelly, Robson) Round 6: Sheffield United 0–1 Burnley (Pointer) Semi-final: Burnley 1–1 Fulham (at Villa Park, Birmingham) (Connelly) Replay: Burnley 2–1 Fulham (at Filbert Street, Leicester) (Robson 2) Match review Tottenham Hotspur took an early lead when Jimmy Greaves scored past Burnley goalkeeper Adam Blacklaw with a low left foot shot to the right corner of the net. The score remained 1–0 until half time. Burnley equalised shortly after the interval through Jimmy Robson, who in doing so had scored the 100th FA Cup Final goal at Wembley. However, Bobby Smith quickly countered for Tottenham Hotspur to restore their one-goal lead. Smith had scored in the 1961 final and remained the only player to score in successive finals for the next forty years, until Freddie Ljungberg of Arsenal repeated the feat with goals in the 2001 and 2002 finals. With ten minutes remaining, Burnley defender Tommy Cummings handled the ball on the goal-line and a penalty was awarded to Tottenham. Danny Blanchflower sealed victory for Tottenham with a penalty that sent Blacklaw the wrong way, securing Tottenham Hotspur's fourth FA Cup title. Despite the opinion of the final by the press, the game itself actually produced more action in the penalty area than any previous post-war final, with the two keepers being forced into more saves from shots on target than any two keepers in any previous post-war final. The game also pivoted on two moments of controversy. The first came midway through the second half when Jimmy Robson was put through to score what looked like a second equaliser for Burnley. The linesman's flag ruled the goal out and while BBC television pictures are not conclusive the call was an extremely close one. The second centred on Tottenham's decisive penalty when the opposite linesman flagged for a foul, presumably on goalkeeper Blacklaw seconds before the handball incident for which the penalty was awarded. The referee did not seem to see the linesman's flag and pointed to the spot while, to their credit, none of the Burnley players protested. Media coverage The game was the nineteenth cup final to be broadcast in its entirety by the BBC, for the fourth time as a Grandstand special. The commentator was Kenneth Wolstenholme, whose post-match comments again went against the majority of the media when he stated that it was his belief that the final would "rank among the great post-war finals", having been "keenly contested by two great teams", a statement supported by the match statistics. As in all broadcasts of previous finals, the game was televised in black and white with score updates being provided by camera shots of Wembley's large scoreboard. However, in a new innovation the BBC introduced zoomed-in shots of the match which gave television spectators the feeling that they were just yards away from the action. All previous finals had been filmed almost entirely from one or two cameras giving long-range images of the game. Radio cameras, situated behind each goal, were brought more into use in this final, having previously been in position but virtually ignored by the director in the previous six finals. Both major cinema newsreels, Pathé and Movietone, covered the game for broadcast in their newsreels that evening throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland. Both companies filmed the game in colour, with both commentaries echoing the belief that it had been a classic final. Both companies also gained access to the post-match celebrations in the Tottenham dressing room BBC Radio commentary was provided by Raymond Glendenning and Alan Clarke A few seconds of newsreel footage of the crowd at the final was used in the "ode to joy" scene of the 1965 Beatles feature film Help! Guest of honour The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh were the official guests of honour. The former presented the trophy while the latter had been introduced to the two teams before the game. This final also marked the end of the tradition of the winning captain leading the stadium in three cheers for Her Majesty and the playing of the national anthem after the presentation. The national anthem was still sung before and after the final until 1971. This was the last final with exposed terraces at Wembley; by 1963 the roof had been extended all the way around the stadium in preparation for the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Edwin Mosscrop, who featured in the winning Burnley team in the 1914 final, was an invited guest of Burnley and went onto the pitch before this final. He was the last surviving pre-First World War international player when he died in 1980. European qualification Tottenham's victory in the competition paved the way for them to compete in the European Cup Winners' Cup for the 1962–63 campaign. They went on to win the trophy, making them the first English and British club to win a European trophy. Match details 5 May 1962 Tottenham Hotspur3–1Burnley Greaves 3' Smith 51' Blanchflower 80' (pen.) Report Robson 50' Wembley, LondonAttendance: 100,000Referee: Jim Finney Tottenham Hotspur Burnley 1 Bill Brown 2 Peter Baker 3 Ron Henry 4 Danny Blanchflower (c) 5 Maurice Norman 6 Dave Mackay 7 Terry Medwin 8 John White 9 Bobby Smith 10 Jimmy Greaves 11 Cliff Jones Manager: Bill Nicholson 1 Adam Blacklaw 2 John Angus 3 Alex Elder 4 Jimmy Adamson (c) 5 Tommy Cummings 6 Brian Miller 7 John Connelly 8 Jimmy McIlroy 9 Ray Pointer 10 Jimmy Robson 11 Gordon Harris Manager: Harry Potts Match rules 90 minutes 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary Replay if scores still level References ^ "Tottenham 3–1 Burnley". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014. ^ "Spurs European Glory". Archived from the original on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2011. External links Game facts at soccerbase.com “The Chess Board” final vteFA CupSeasons 1871–72 1872–73 1873–74 1874–75 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Qualifying rounds 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 History Trophy List of finals Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Scottish clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Giant-Killing Award vteBurnley F.C. matchesFA Cup Finals 1914 1947 1962 FA Charity Shield 1921 1960 1973 Associate Members' Cup Final 1988 Play-off Finals 1994 Second Division 2009 Championship Other matches Burnley 0–1 Lincoln City (2017) vteTottenham Hotspur F.C. matchesNationalFA CupFinals 1901 1921 1961 1962 1967 1981 1982 1987 1991 Knockout Tottenham Hotspur 3–4 Manchester City (2004) League Cup Finals 1971 1973 1982 1999 2002 2008 2009 2015 2021 FA Charity Shields 1920 1921 1951 1961 1962 1967 1981 1982 1991 InternationalUEFA Champions League Final 2019 UEFA Cup Finals 1972 1974 1984 European Cup Winners' Cup Final 1963 Other matches 1901–02 World Championship 2015 MLS All-Star Game vte1961–62 in English football « 1960–61 1962–63 » FA competitions FA Cup (Qualifying rounds Final) Charity Shield FA Amateur Cup Football League Football League (First Division Second Division Third Division Fourth Division) League Cup (Final) Lower leagues Hellenic League Isthmian League Midland League Northern League Southern League Spartan League Western League European competitions European Cup Cup Winners' Cup Inter-Cities Fairs Cup International Football Cup Related to national team 1962 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA Group 6) British Home Championship Walter Winterbottom Club seasonsFirst Division Arsenal Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Burnley Cardiff City Chelsea Everton Fulham Ipswich Town Leicester City Manchester City Manchester United Nottingham Forest Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Tottenham Hotspur West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Second Division Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol Rovers Bury Charlton Athletic Derby County Huddersfield Town Leeds United Leyton Orient Liverpool Luton Town Middlesbrough Newcastle United Norwich City Plymouth Argyle Preston North End Rotherham United Scunthorpe United Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Swansea Town Walsall Third Division Barnsley Bournemouth and Boscombe Athletic Bradford Park Avenue Brentford Bristol City Coventry City Crystal Palace Grimsby Town Halifax Town Hull City Lincoln City Newport County Northampton Town Notts County Peterborough United Portsmouth Port Vale Queens Park Rangers Reading Shrewsbury Town Southend United Swindon Town Torquay United Watford Fourth Division Accrington Stanley Aldershot Barrow Bradford City Carlisle United Chester Chesterfield Colchester United Crewe Alexandra Darlington Doncaster Rovers Exeter City Gillingham Hartlepools United Mansfield Town Millwall Oldham Athletic Rochdale Southport Stockport County Tranmere Rovers Workington Wrexham York City 1961–62 transfers	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"previous season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."}],"text":"Football matchThe 1962 FA Cup final took place on 5 May 1962 at Wembley Stadium and was won by Tottenham Hotspur over Burnley, by a 3–1 scoreline. Due to the lack of passion and excitement, replaced by patience and cautious play, the final was dubbed \"The Chessboard Final\". Tottenham were the holders, having won the League and FA Cup Double the previous season. They had finished the 1962 league campaign in third place. Burnley finished runners-up in the league that season, behind Ipswich Town.","title":"1962 FA Cup final"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Road to Wembley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Greaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Greaves"},{"link_name":"Adam Blacklaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Blacklaw"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Robson"},{"link_name":"FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Bobby Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Smith_(footballer_born_1933)"},{"link_name":"1961 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Freddie Ljungberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Ljungberg"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Danny Blanchflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Blanchflower"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fa62-1"}],"text":"Tottenham Hotspur took an early lead when Jimmy Greaves scored past Burnley goalkeeper Adam Blacklaw with a low left foot shot to the right corner of the net. The score remained 1–0 until half time. Burnley equalised shortly after the interval through Jimmy Robson, who in doing so had scored the 100th FA Cup Final goal at Wembley. However, Bobby Smith quickly countered for Tottenham Hotspur to restore their one-goal lead. Smith had scored in the 1961 final and remained the only player to score in successive finals for the next forty years, until Freddie Ljungberg of Arsenal repeated the feat with goals in the 2001 and 2002 finals.With ten minutes remaining, Burnley defender Tommy Cummings handled the ball on the goal-line and a penalty was awarded to Tottenham. Danny Blanchflower sealed victory for Tottenham with a penalty that sent Blacklaw the wrong way, securing Tottenham Hotspur's fourth FA Cup title.Despite the opinion of the final by the press, the game itself actually produced more action in the penalty area than any previous post-war final, with the two keepers being forced into more saves from shots on target than any two keepers in any previous post-war final.The game also pivoted on two moments of controversy. The first came midway through the second half when Jimmy Robson was put through to score what looked like a second equaliser for Burnley. The linesman's flag ruled the goal out and while BBC television pictures are not conclusive the call was an extremely close one. The second centred on Tottenham's decisive penalty when the opposite linesman flagged for a foul, presumably on goalkeeper Blacklaw seconds before the handball incident for which the penalty was awarded. The referee did not seem to see the linesman's flag and pointed to the spot while, to their credit, none of the Burnley players protested.[1]","title":"Match review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grandstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandstand_(BBC)"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Wolstenholme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Wolstenholme"},{"link_name":"Pathé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Movietone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movietone_News"},{"link_name":"Raymond Glendenning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Glendenning"},{"link_name":"Alan Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Clarke_(sports_commentator)"},{"link_name":"Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatles"},{"link_name":"Help!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help!_(film)"}],"text":"The game was the nineteenth cup final to be broadcast in its entirety by the BBC, for the fourth time as a Grandstand special. The commentator was Kenneth Wolstenholme, whose post-match comments again went against the majority of the media when he stated that it was his belief that the final would \"rank among the great post-war finals\", having been \"keenly contested by two great teams\", a statement supported by the match statistics.As in all broadcasts of previous finals, the game was televised in black and white with score updates being provided by camera shots of Wembley's large scoreboard. However, in a new innovation the BBC introduced zoomed-in shots of the match which gave television spectators the feeling that they were just yards away from the action. All previous finals had been filmed almost entirely from one or two cameras giving long-range images of the game. Radio cameras, situated behind each goal, were brought more into use in this final, having previously been in position but virtually ignored by the director in the previous six finals.Both major cinema newsreels, Pathé and Movietone, covered the game for broadcast in their newsreels that evening throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland. Both companies filmed the game in colour, with both commentaries echoing the belief that it had been a classic final. Both companies also gained access to the post-match celebrations in the Tottenham dressing roomBBC Radio commentary was provided by Raymond Glendenning and Alan ClarkeA few seconds of newsreel footage of the crowd at the final was used in the \"ode to joy\" scene of the 1965 Beatles feature film Help!","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"1966 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1914 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"}],"text":"The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh were the official guests of honour. The former presented the trophy while the latter had been introduced to the two teams before the game. This final also marked the end of the tradition of the winning captain leading the stadium in three cheers for Her Majesty and the playing of the national anthem after the presentation. The national anthem was still sung before and after the final until 1971.This was the last final with exposed terraces at Wembley; by 1963 the roof had been extended all the way around the stadium in preparation for the 1966 FIFA World Cup.Edwin Mosscrop, who featured in the winning Burnley team in the 1914 final, was an invited guest of Burnley and went onto the pitch before this final. He was the last surviving pre-First World War international player when he died in 1980.","title":"Guest of honour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"1962–63 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Tottenham's victory in the competition paved the way for them to compete in the European Cup Winners' Cup for the 1962–63 campaign. They went on to win the trophy, making them the first English and British club to win a European trophy.[2]","title":"European qualification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Greaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Greaves"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Smith_(footballer,_born_1933)"},{"link_name":"Blanchflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Blanchflower"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080328113418/http://www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk/1962.htm"},{"link_name":"Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Robson"},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Jim Finney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Finney"}],"text":"5 May 1962\nTottenham Hotspur3–1Burnley\n\nGreaves 3'\nSmith 51'\nBlanchflower 80' (pen.)\nReport\nRobson 50'\nWembley, LondonAttendance: 100,000Referee: Jim Finney","title":"Match details"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tottenham 3–1 Burnley\". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140409155402/http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/archive/1962-FA-Cup-final-Tottenham-3-1-Burnley-unseen-pictures-of-Jimmy-Greaves-Danny-Blanchflower-Jimmy-Robson-and-co-plus-original-Daily-Mirror-match-reports-and-features-from-the-time-article18231.html","url_text":"\"Tottenham 3–1 Burnley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"},{"url":"http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/archive/1962-FA-Cup-final-Tottenham-3-1-Burnley-unseen-pictures-of-Jimmy-Greaves-Danny-Blanchflower-Jimmy-Robson-and-co-plus-original-Daily-Mirror-match-reports-and-features-from-the-time-article18231.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spurs European Glory\". Archived from the original on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071216053657/http://www.soccerhistory.org.uk/Spurs%20Europe.htm","url_text":"\"Spurs European Glory\""},{"url":"http://www.soccerhistory.org.uk/Spurs%20Europe.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328113418/http://www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk/1962.htm","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140409155402/http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/archive/1962-FA-Cup-final-Tottenham-3-1-Burnley-unseen-pictures-of-Jimmy-Greaves-Danny-Blanchflower-Jimmy-Robson-and-co-plus-original-Daily-Mirror-match-reports-and-features-from-the-time-article18231.html","external_links_name":"\"Tottenham 3–1 Burnley\""},{"Link":"http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/archive/1962-FA-Cup-final-Tottenham-3-1-Burnley-unseen-pictures-of-Jimmy-Greaves-Danny-Blanchflower-Jimmy-Robson-and-co-plus-original-Daily-Mirror-match-reports-and-features-from-the-time-article18231.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071216053657/http://www.soccerhistory.org.uk/Spurs%20Europe.htm","external_links_name":"\"Spurs European Glory\""},{"Link":"http://www.soccerhistory.org.uk/Spurs%20Europe.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20100117003623/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=258923","external_links_name":"Game facts"},{"Link":"http://www.mehstg.com/1962.htm","external_links_name":"“The Chess Board” final"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Cologne	Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne	["1 History","2 Finances","3 List of archbishops of Cologne since 1824","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°56′29″N 6°57′30″E / 50.9413°N 6.9582°E / 50.9413; 6.9582Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in Germany This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Archdiocese of CologneArchidioecesis ColoniensisErzbistum KölnCoat of Arms of the Archdiocese of CologneLocationCountry GermanyEcclesiastical provinceCologneMetropolitanCologne, North Rhine-WestphaliaStatisticsArea6,181 km2 (2,386 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2021) 5,522,000 1,738,000 ( 31.5%)Parishes514InformationDenominationCatholic ChurchSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablished313CathedralCologne CathedralPatron saintSt. JosephImmaculate ConceptionCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisArchbishopRainer WoelkiAuxiliary BishopsDominik SchwaderlappAnsgar PuffRolf SteinhauserVicar GeneralGuido AssmannMapWebsiteerzbistum-koeln.de (German) Cologne Cathedral The archdioceses of Central Europe, 1500. The archdiocese of Cologne was larger than the Electorate of the same name and included suffragant dioceses. In Germany, the territory of the dioceses and archdioceses (spiritual) was usually much larger than the prince-bishoprics and archbishoprics/electorates (temporal), ruled by the same individual. The Archdiocese of Cologne (Latin: Archidioecesis Coloniensis; German: Erzbistum Köln) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in western North Rhine-Westphalia and northern Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. History At an early date Christianity came to Cologne with the Roman soldiers and traders. According to Irenaeus of Lyons, it was a bishop's see as early as the second century. However, Saint Maternus, a contemporary of Constantine I, is the first historically certain bishop of Cologne. As a result of its favourable situation, the city survived the stormy period around the fall of the Western Roman Empire. When the Franks took possession of the country in the fifth century, it became a royal residence. On account of the services of the bishops to the Merovingian kings, the city was to have been the metropolitan see of Saint Boniface, but Mainz was chosen, for unknown reasons, and Cologne did not become an archbishopric until the time of Charlemagne. The city suffered heavily from Viking invasions, especially in the autumn of 881, but recovered quickly from these calamities, especially during the reign of the Ottonian emperors. From the mid-13th century, the Electorate of Cologne—not to be confused with the larger Archdiocese of Cologne—was one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. The city of Cologne as such became a free city in 1288 and the archbishop eventually moved his residence from Cologne Cathedral to Bonn to avoid conflicts with the Free City, which escaped his jurisdiction. After 1795, the archbishopric's territories on the left bank of the Rhine were occupied by France, and were formally annexed in 1801. The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 secularized the rest of the archbishopric, giving the Duchy of Westphalia to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt. As an ecclesial government, however, the archdiocese remained (more or less) intact: while she lost the left bank including the episcopal city itself, Cologne, to the new Diocese of Aachen established under Napoleon's auspices, there still remained a substantial amount of territory on the right bank of the Rhine. After the death of the last Elector-Archbishop in 1801, the see was vacant for 23 years, being governed by vicar capitular Johann Herrmann Joseph v. Caspars zu Weiss and, after his death, by Johann Wilhelm Schmitz. In 1821, the archdiocese regained Cologne and the right bank of the Rhine (though with a new circumscription reflecting the Prussian subdivisions) and, in 1824, an archbishop was established there again. It remains an archdiocese to the present day, considered the most important one of Germany. Finances Cologne, the largest (in terms of inhabitants non-Catholics included) and reportedly richest diocese in Europe, announced in October 2013 that "in connection with the current discussion about Church finances" that its archbishop had reserves amounting to 166.2 million Euro in 2012. It said the 9.6 million Euro earnings from its investments were, as in previous years, added to the diocesan budget of 939 million Euro in 2012, three-quarters of which was financed by the "church tax" levied on churchgoers. In 2015 the archdiocese for the first time published its financial accounts, which show assets worth more than £2bn. Documents posted on the archdiocesan website showed assets of €3.35bn (£2.5bn) at the end of 2013. Some € 2.4 billion (£1.8bn) were invested in stocks, funds and company holdings. A further €646m (£475m) were held in tangible assets, mostly property. Cash reserves and outstanding loans amounted to about €287m (£211m). List of archbishops of Cologne since 1824 Main article: List of bishops and archbishops of Cologne The following is a list of the archbishops since the Archdiocese of Cologne was re-filled in 1824. 1824–1835: Ferdinand August von Spiegel 1835–1845: Clemens August von Droste-Vischering 1845–1864: Cardinal Johannes von Geissel 1866–1885: Cardinal Paul Ludolf Melchers 1885–1899: Cardinal Philipp Krementz 1899–1912: Hubert Theophil Simar 1902–1912: Cardinal Anton Hubert Fischer 1912–1919: Cardinal Felix von Hartmann 1920–1941: Cardinal Karl Joseph Schulte 1942–1969: Cardinal Josef Frings 1969–1987: Cardinal Joseph Höffner 1989–2014: Cardinal Joachim Meisner 2014– : Cardinal Rainer Woelki References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2013-06-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Cologne" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "Finance scandal spurs German bishops to reveal secret funds". Reuters. 16 October 2013. ^ "Cologne archdiocese reveals £2.5bn in assets". External links (in German) List of Bishops and Archbishops of Cologne Archdiocese of Cologne (Erzbistum Köln) (in English) List of Bishops and Archbishops of Cologne Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom) vteHierarchy of the Catholic Church in GermanyArchdioceses Bamberg Berlin Freiburg im Breisgau Hamburg Cologne Munich and Freising Paderborn Dioceses Eichstätt Speyer Würzburg Dresden-Meissen Görlitz Mainz Rottenburg-Stuttgart Hildesheim Osnabrück Aachen Essen Limburg Münster Trier Augsburg Passau Regensburg Erfurt Fulda Magdeburg Other Ordinary of the Bundeswehr Ukrainian Apostolic Exarch of Germany and Scandinavia Catholicism portal vteCatholic dioceses in GermanyProvince of Bamberg Archdiocese of Bamberg Diocese of Eichstätt Diocese of Speyer Diocese of Würzburg Province of Berlin Archdiocese of Berlin Diocese of Dresden-Meissen Diocese of Görlitz Province of Cologne Archdiocese of Cologne Diocese of Aachen Diocese of Essen Diocese of Limburg Diocese of Münster Diocese of Trier Province of Freiburg Archdiocese of Freiburg Diocese of Mainz Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart Province of Hamburg Archdiocese of Hamburg Diocese of Hildesheim Diocese of Osnabrück Province of Munich and Freising Archdiocese of Munich and Freising Diocese of Augsburg Diocese of Passau Diocese of Regensburg Province of Paderborn Archdiocese of Paderborn Diocese of Erfurt Diocese of Fulda Diocese of Magdeburg Sui iuris jurisdictions Military Ordinariate of Germany Apostolic Exarchate in Germany and Scandinavia for the Ukrainians Catholicism portal 50°56′29″N 6°57′30″E / 50.9413°N 6.9582°E / 50.9413; 6.9582 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cologne_Cathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cologne Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirchenprovinzen_Deutschland_1500.jpg"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"archdiocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in GermanyCologne CathedralThe archdioceses of Central Europe, 1500. The archdiocese of Cologne was larger than the Electorate of the same name and included suffragant dioceses. In Germany, the territory of the dioceses and archdioceses (spiritual) was usually much larger than the prince-bishoprics and archbishoprics/electorates (temporal), ruled by the same individual.The Archdiocese of Cologne (Latin: Archidioecesis Coloniensis; German: Erzbistum Köln) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in western North Rhine-Westphalia and northern Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.","title":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Irenaeus of Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Saint Maternus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternus_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"fall of the Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Merovingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian"},{"link_name":"Saint Boniface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Boniface"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Viking invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_invasions"},{"link_name":"Ottonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Electorate of Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Cologne Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Reichsdeputationshauptschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss"},{"link_name":"Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Aachen"},{"link_name":"the see was vacant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sede_vacante"},{"link_name":"vicar capitular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_capitular"}],"text":"At an early date Christianity came to Cologne with the Roman soldiers and traders. According to Irenaeus of Lyons, it was a bishop's see as early as the second century. However, Saint Maternus, a contemporary of Constantine I, is the first historically certain bishop of Cologne. As a result of its favourable situation, the city survived the stormy period around the fall of the Western Roman Empire. When the Franks took possession of the country in the fifth century, it became a royal residence. On account of the services of the bishops to the Merovingian kings, the city was to have been the metropolitan see of Saint Boniface, but Mainz was chosen, for unknown reasons, and Cologne did not become an archbishopric until the time of Charlemagne. The city suffered heavily from Viking invasions, especially in the autumn of 881, but recovered quickly from these calamities, especially during the reign of the Ottonian emperors.[2]From the mid-13th century, the Electorate of Cologne—not to be confused with the larger Archdiocese of Cologne—was one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. The city of Cologne as such became a free city in 1288 and the archbishop eventually moved his residence from Cologne Cathedral to Bonn to avoid conflicts with the Free City, which escaped his jurisdiction.After 1795, the archbishopric's territories on the left bank of the Rhine were occupied by France, and were formally annexed in 1801. The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 secularized the rest of the archbishopric, giving the Duchy of Westphalia to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt. As an ecclesial government, however, the archdiocese remained (more or less) intact: while she lost the left bank including the episcopal city itself, Cologne, to the new Diocese of Aachen established under Napoleon's auspices, there still remained a substantial amount of territory on the right bank of the Rhine. After the death of the last Elector-Archbishop in 1801, the see was vacant for 23 years, being governed by vicar capitular Johann Herrmann Joseph v. Caspars zu Weiss and, after his death, by Johann Wilhelm Schmitz. In 1821, the archdiocese regained Cologne and the right bank of the Rhine (though with a new circumscription reflecting the Prussian subdivisions) and, in 1824, an archbishop was established there again. It remains an archdiocese to the present day, considered the most important one of Germany.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Cologne, the largest (in terms of inhabitants non-Catholics included) and reportedly richest diocese in Europe, announced in October 2013 that \"in connection with the current discussion about Church finances\" that its archbishop had reserves amounting to 166.2 million Euro in 2012. It said the 9.6 million Euro earnings from its investments were, as in previous years, added to the diocesan budget of 939 million Euro in 2012, three-quarters of which was financed by the \"church tax\" levied on churchgoers.[3] In 2015 the archdiocese for the first time published its financial accounts, which show assets worth more than £2bn. Documents posted on the archdiocesan website showed assets of €3.35bn (£2.5bn) at the end of 2013. Some € 2.4 billion (£1.8bn) were invested in stocks, funds and company holdings. A further €646m (£475m) were held in tangible assets, mostly property. Cash reserves and outstanding loans amounted to about €287m (£211m).[4]","title":"Finances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferdinand August von Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_August_von_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"Clemens August von Droste-Vischering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_August_von_Droste-Vischering"},{"link_name":"Johannes von Geissel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_von_Geissel"},{"link_name":"Paul Ludolf Melchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Melchers"},{"link_name":"Philipp Krementz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Krementz"},{"link_name":"Hubert Theophil Simar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Theophil_Simar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anton Hubert Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Hubert_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Felix von Hartmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_von_Hartmann"},{"link_name":"Karl Joseph Schulte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Joseph_Schulte"},{"link_name":"Josef Frings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Frings"},{"link_name":"Joseph Höffner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H%C3%B6ffner"},{"link_name":"Joachim Meisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Meisner"},{"link_name":"Rainer Woelki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Woelki"}],"text":"The following is a list of the archbishops since the Archdiocese of Cologne was re-filled in 1824.1824–1835: Ferdinand August von Spiegel\n1835–1845: Clemens August von Droste-Vischering\n1845–1864: Cardinal Johannes von Geissel\n1866–1885: Cardinal Paul Ludolf Melchers\n1885–1899: Cardinal Philipp Krementz\n1899–1912: Hubert Theophil Simar\n1902–1912: Cardinal Anton Hubert Fischer\n1912–1919: Cardinal Felix von Hartmann\n1920–1941: Cardinal Karl Joseph Schulte\n1942–1969: Cardinal Josef Frings\n1969–1987: Cardinal Joseph Höffner\n1989–2014: Cardinal Joachim Meisner\n2014– : Cardinal Rainer Woelki","title":"List of archbishops of Cologne since 1824"}]	[{"image_text":"Cologne Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cologne_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Cologne_Cathedral.jpg"},{"image_text":"The archdioceses of Central Europe, 1500. The archdiocese of Cologne was larger than the Electorate of the same name and included suffragant dioceses. In Germany, the territory of the dioceses and archdioceses (spiritual) was usually much larger than the prince-bishoprics and archbishoprics/electorates (temporal), ruled by the same individual.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kirchenprovinzen_Deutschland_1500.jpg/220px-Kirchenprovinzen_Deutschland_1500.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2013-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130730183407/http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/06/14/news/31175.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/06/14/news/31175.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Cologne\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Cologne","url_text":"\"Cologne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Finance scandal spurs German bishops to reveal secret funds\". Reuters. 16 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-catholic-wealth-idUKBRE99F0M620131016","url_text":"\"Finance scandal spurs German bishops to reveal secret funds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cologne archdiocese reveals £2.5bn in assets\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/1771/0/cologne-archdiocese-reveals-2-5bn-in-assets","url_text":"\"Cologne archdiocese reveals £2.5bn in assets\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cologne&params=50.9413_N_6.9582_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:DE","external_links_name":"50°56′29″N 6°57′30″E / 50.9413°N 6.9582°E / 50.9413; 6.9582"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Roman+Catholic+Archdiocese+of+Cologne%22","external_links_name":"\"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Roman+Catholic+Archdiocese+of+Cologne%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Roman+Catholic+Archdiocese+of+Cologne%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Roman+Catholic+Archdiocese+of+Cologne%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Roman+Catholic+Archdiocese+of+Cologne%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Roman+Catholic+Archdiocese+of+Cologne%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.erzbistum-koeln.de/","external_links_name":"erzbistum-koeln.de"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130730183407/http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/06/14/news/31175.html","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/06/14/news/31175.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Cologne","external_links_name":"\"Cologne\""},{"Link":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-catholic-wealth-idUKBRE99F0M620131016","external_links_name":"\"Finance scandal spurs German bishops to reveal secret funds\""},{"Link":"http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/1771/0/cologne-archdiocese-reveals-2-5bn-in-assets","external_links_name":"\"Cologne archdiocese reveals £2.5bn in assets\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120206070403/http://www.erzbistum-koeln.de/erzbistum/erzbischof/eb_liste.html","external_links_name":"List of Bishops and Archbishops of Cologne"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719053520/http://www.koelner-dom.de/bischoefe.html?&L=1","external_links_name":"List of Bishops and Archbishops of Cologne"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cologne&params=50.9413_N_6.9582_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:DE","external_links_name":"50°56′29″N 6°57′30″E / 50.9413°N 6.9582°E / 50.9413; 6.9582"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000097203517","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143723114","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118691967","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118691967","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2029646-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V264316","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007528222405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81032267","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026445662","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebataillon	Seebataillon	["1 Establishment and history","1.1 Kingdom of Prussia","1.2 German Empire","2 Colonial deployments","3 Units and garrisons in 1912","4 World War I","5 World War II","6 Bundesmarine","7 German Navy","8 Footnotes and references"]	German term for certain naval infantry or marine troops This article is about the general term and historical naval units. For the modern German unit, see Naval Force Protection Battalion (Germany). This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Seebataillon (plural Seebataillone), literally "sea battalion", is a German term for certain troops of naval infantry or marines. It was used by the Prussian Navy, the North German Federal Navy, the Imperial German Navy, the Austro-Hungarian Navy, the Kriegsmarine, and briefly in the Bundesmarine. In 2014, also the modern German Navy established a naval force protection unit called Seebataillon. Establishment and history Kingdom of Prussia The first Seebataillon was organized on 13 May 1852 as the Royal Prussian Marinier-Korps at Stettin. This formation provided small contingents of marines to perform traditional functions such as protecting officers, general policing aboard warships and limited amphibious shore intrusions. The Seebataillon in 1870 had a strength of 22 officers and 680 non-commissioned officers and men. Battalion headquarters was then located at Kiel. German Empire After the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck more or less ignored the navy as it did “not fit his intentions”. Bismarck’s continental policies sought to avoid colonial or naval entanglements and he would oppose plans to further develop navy forces. With the creation of the Imperial Admiralty, Prussian Army Generalleutnant Albrecht von Stosch was appointed chief. Stosch had no experience in naval matters, but “nevertheless, brought significant administrative talents to his new post.” He also perceived military power to emanate “from the tip of an army bayonet.” Flag of III. Seebataillon based at Qingdao Stosch ended the practice of placing marines aboard warships. Instead he adopted a concept that became known as Infanterieismus. He would train seamen as naval infantry, qualified in using small arms and competent in infantry tactics and amphibious operations. That approach would position the Seebataillon as a compact, self-contained organization, roughly equivalent to the British Royal Marine Light Infantry. Enlargement of the battalion to six companies allowed a reorganization and the transfer of half of the battalion to Wilhelmshaven to form the II. Seebataillon. Both battalions were then increased in size to four companies. Scheduled exchanges of officers from the Prussian Army brought current tactical thinking to the sea battalions. Among others, 1st Lieutenant Erich Ludendorff served 1888–1891 as company commander; Lt.Col. Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck was commanding officer from 1909 to 1913 of the 2nd Sea Battalion at Wilhelmshaven. After the successful occupation of Jiaozhou in China on 14 November 1897 by the navy’s East Asia Cruiser Division in a flawless demonstration of Infanterieismus, two companies from the first and two companies from the II. Seebataillon were fused to form a third formation, the III. Seebataillon. This new battalion arrived at Qingdao on 26 January 1898 to garrison the East Asian Station of the imperial navy. It was and remained the only all-German unit with permanent status in an overseas protectorate. German marines in Jiaozhou III. Seebataillon during field exercises in Jiaozhou German marines in the field in Jiaozhou German marine formation at Qingdao Colonial deployments Since the mid-1880s Seebataillon troops were frequently used as temporary intervention forces, mostly in the colonies. A company was sent in 1884 to German Kamerun. During the Boxer Rebellion in China from 1900 to 1901, the I. and II. Seebataillon, reinforced by an engineer company and field artillery battery, comprised the German contingent to the international relief force. In 1904–1908 during the Herero Wars, a formation in battalion strength supported the Schutztruppe in German South West Africa; during 1905–1906 a Seebataillon detachment served in German East Africa during the Maji Maji Rebellion.Naval infantryman in full marching order, 1910 Units and garrisons in 1912 I. Seebataillon at Kiel on the Baltic II. Seebataillon at Wilhelmshaven on the North Sea III. Seebataillon at Qingdao (with its replacement and training base at Cuxhaven) Additional small formations were the East Asian Marine Detachment (OMD) at Beijing and Tianjin, and Marine-Detachment Skutari, a company composed of personnel from I. and II. Seebataillone as Marine-Detachment in internationally occupied Albania. World War I The outbreak of the Great War saw the rapid expansion of marine forces into division size units. Drawing on Seebataillon reservists and conscripts, the naval infantry brigade under Generalmajor von Wiechmann grew into the Marine Division; an additional Marine Division was formed in November 1914. These two divisions formed Marine-Korps-Flandern (Naval Corps Flanders) under Admiral Ludwig von Schröder (known in Germany as the "Lion of Flanders"). In early February 1917 a third Marine Division was organized thus giving the naval infantry corps a strength of 70,000 men. Marine units fought in 1914 at Tsingtao and Antwerp, in 1915 at Ypres, in 1916 on the Somme, in 1917 in Flanders and during the 1918 offensive battles in northern France. World War II The Marine-Stoßtrupp-Kompanie was formed in March 1938. It initially consisted of two infantry platoons, one engineer platoon and one weapons platoon with a total strength about 250 men. On 1 September 1939 it took part in the Battle of Westerplatte. In 1940 the unit was expanded to six companies as Marine-Stoßtrupp-Abteilung. The formation participated in the occupation of Normandy and the Channel Islands. In 1945 a number of Navy sailors were sent to fight in the Battle of Berlin by order of Grand Admiral Dönitz, while thousands were organized into infantry formations. Those included the 1st Naval Infantry Division and others. Bundesmarine In April 1958 a marine engineer battalion was raised for the Federal German Navy and was initially under the command of the destroyer forces commander. After several reorganizations, the amphibious groups of the Federal Navy were dissolved or reassigned in 1993. German Navy Badge of the current Seebataillon On 1 April 2014 a new Seebataillon was formed from existing naval protection forces, boarding teams, and the Minentaucher company. The German Navy Seebataillon was integrated into the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps Command in 2016, allowing access to the vast experience of the Dutch marines in global amphibious operations, training, use of specialised equipment (amphibious ships) and facilities (Texel Island - Amphibious training grounds). Footnotes and references ^ "Das Seebatallion" (in German). German Navy. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2017. ^ Gottschall, By Order of the Kaiser, p. 42 ^ Gottschall, p. 43 ^ Gottschall, p. 18 ^ http://s400910952.websitehome.co.uk/germancolonialuniforms/sb%20skutari.htm ^ "Deutsches Marinearchiv". ^ Das „Multitool“ der Marine - Seebataillon in Eckernförde aufgestellt Gottschall, Terrell D. By Order of the Kaiser. Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy, 1865–1902. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2003. ISBN 1-55750-309-5 Nuhn, Walter. Kolonialpolitik und die Marine. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 2002. ISBN 3-7637-6241-8 External links German Marine Infantry site – German only Seebataillone page at German Colonial Uniforms kaiserlichesmarinekorps	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naval Force Protection Battalion (Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Force_Protection_Battalion_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"naval infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_infantry"},{"link_name":"marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marines_(military)"},{"link_name":"Prussian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Navy"},{"link_name":"North German Federal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Federal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"Bundesmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesmarine"},{"link_name":"German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy"},{"link_name":"naval force protection unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Force_Protection_Battalion_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the general term and historical naval units. For the modern German unit, see Naval Force Protection Battalion (Germany).Seebataillon (plural Seebataillone), literally \"sea battalion\", is a German term for certain troops of naval infantry or marines. It was used by the Prussian Navy, the North German Federal Navy, the Imperial German Navy, the Austro-Hungarian Navy, the Kriegsmarine, and briefly in the Bundesmarine. In 2014, also the modern German Navy established a naval force protection unit called Seebataillon.[1]","title":"Seebataillon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Establishment and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettin"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"}],"sub_title":"Kingdom of Prussia","text":"The first Seebataillon was organized on 13 May 1852 as the Royal Prussian Marinier-Korps at Stettin. This formation provided small contingents of marines to perform traditional functions such as protecting officers, general policing aboard warships and limited amphibious shore intrusions. The Seebataillon in 1870 had a strength of 22 officers and 680 non-commissioned officers and men. Battalion headquarters was then located at Kiel.","title":"Establishment and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Imperial Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Imperial_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"Prussian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Army"},{"link_name":"Generalleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalleutnant"},{"link_name":"Albrecht von Stosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Stosch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:III_Seebataillon_Fahne.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"naval infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_infantry"},{"link_name":"infantry tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_tactics"},{"link_name":"amphibious operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_operations"},{"link_name":"Royal Marine Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marine_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmshaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmshaven"},{"link_name":"Erich Ludendorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff"},{"link_name":"Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck"},{"link_name":"Jiaozhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay_Leased_Territory"},{"link_name":"East Asia Cruiser Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-214-12,_China,_Tsingtau.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-214-09,_China,_Tsingtau.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-214-10,_China,_Tsingtau.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%B5%E8%90%A5_13.jpg"}],"sub_title":"German Empire","text":"After the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck more or less ignored the navy as it did “not fit his intentions”. Bismarck’s continental policies sought to avoid colonial or naval entanglements and he would oppose plans to further develop navy forces. With the creation of the Imperial Admiralty, Prussian Army Generalleutnant Albrecht von Stosch was appointed chief. Stosch had no experience in naval matters, but “nevertheless, brought significant administrative talents to his new post.”[2] He also perceived military power to emanate “from the tip of an army bayonet.”Flag of III. Seebataillon based at QingdaoStosch ended the practice of placing marines aboard warships. Instead he adopted a concept that became known as Infanterieismus.[3] He would train seamen as naval infantry, qualified in using small arms and competent in infantry tactics and amphibious operations. That approach would position the Seebataillon as a compact, self-contained organization, roughly equivalent to the British Royal Marine Light Infantry.[4] Enlargement of the battalion to six companies allowed a reorganization and the transfer of half of the battalion to Wilhelmshaven to form the II. Seebataillon. Both battalions were then increased in size to four companies. Scheduled exchanges of officers from the Prussian Army brought current tactical thinking to the sea battalions. Among others, 1st Lieutenant Erich Ludendorff served 1888–1891 as company commander; Lt.Col. Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck was commanding officer from 1909 to 1913 of the 2nd Sea Battalion at Wilhelmshaven.After the successful occupation of Jiaozhou in China on 14 November 1897 by the navy’s East Asia Cruiser Division in a flawless demonstration of Infanterieismus, two companies from the first and two companies from the II. Seebataillon were fused to form a third formation, the III. Seebataillon. This new battalion arrived at Qingdao on 26 January 1898 to garrison the East Asian Station of the imperial navy. It was and remained the only all-German unit with permanent status in an overseas protectorate.German marines in Jiaozhou\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIII. Seebataillon during field exercises in Jiaozhou\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGerman marines in the field in Jiaozhou\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGerman marine formation at Qingdao","title":"Establishment and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamerun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun"},{"link_name":"Boxer Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Herero Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_Wars"},{"link_name":"Schutztruppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutztruppe"},{"link_name":"German South West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_South_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"German East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Maji Maji Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seesoldat_der_Kaiserlichen_Marine_feldmarschm%C3%A4ssig_um_1910.jpg"}],"text":"Since the mid-1880s Seebataillon troops were frequently used as temporary intervention forces, mostly in the colonies. A company was sent in 1884 to German Kamerun. During the Boxer Rebellion in China from 1900 to 1901, the I. and II. Seebataillon, reinforced by an engineer company and field artillery battery, comprised the German contingent to the international relief force. In 1904–1908 during the Herero Wars, a formation in battalion strength supported the Schutztruppe in German South West Africa; during 1905–1906 a Seebataillon detachment served in German East Africa during the Maji Maji Rebellion.Naval infantryman in full marching order, 1910","title":"Colonial deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmshaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmshaven"},{"link_name":"Cuxhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuxhaven"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"I. Seebataillon at Kiel on the Baltic\nII. Seebataillon at Wilhelmshaven on the North Sea\nIII. Seebataillon at Qingdao (with its replacement and training base at Cuxhaven)Additional small formations were the East Asian Marine Detachment (OMD) at Beijing and Tianjin, and Marine-Detachment Skutari, a company composed of personnel from I. and II. Seebataillone as Marine-Detachment in internationally occupied Albania.[5]","title":"Units and garrisons in 1912"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Marine-Korps-Flandern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Corps_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Ludwig von Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The outbreak of the Great War saw the rapid expansion of marine forces into division size units. Drawing on Seebataillon reservists and conscripts, the naval infantry brigade under Generalmajor von Wiechmann grew into the Marine Division; an additional Marine Division was formed in November 1914. These two divisions formed Marine-Korps-Flandern (Naval Corps Flanders) under Admiral Ludwig von Schröder (known in Germany as the \"Lion of Flanders\").[citation needed] In early February 1917 a third Marine Division was organized thus giving the naval infantry corps a strength of 70,000 men.[citation needed]Marine units fought in 1914 at Tsingtao and Antwerp, in 1915 at Ypres, in 1916 on the Somme, in 1917 in Flanders and during the 1918 offensive battles in northern France.[citation needed]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine-Stoßtrupp-Kompanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinestosstruppkompanie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Battle of Westerplatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte"},{"link_name":"Channel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands"},{"link_name":"Battle of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"1st Naval Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Naval_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_divisions_in_World_War_II#Kriegsmarine"}],"text":"The Marine-Stoßtrupp-Kompanie was formed in March 1938.[6] It initially consisted of two infantry platoons, one engineer platoon and one weapons platoon with a total strength about 250 men. On 1 September 1939 it took part in the Battle of Westerplatte.In 1940 the unit was expanded to six companies as Marine-Stoßtrupp-Abteilung. The formation participated in the occupation of Normandy and the Channel Islands.In 1945 a number of Navy sailors were sent to fight in the Battle of Berlin by order of Grand Admiral Dönitz, while thousands were organized into infantry formations. Those included the 1st Naval Infantry Division and others.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesmarine"}],"text":"In April 1958 a marine engineer battalion was raised for the Federal German Navy and was initially under the command of the destroyer forces commander. After several reorganizations, the amphibious groups of the Federal Navy were dissolved or reassigned in 1993.","title":"Bundesmarine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_SeeBtl.svg"},{"link_name":"Seebataillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Battalion_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"naval protection forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Protection_Force_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Minentaucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minentaucher"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Marine_Corps"}],"text":"Badge of the current SeebataillonOn 1 April 2014 a new Seebataillon was formed from existing naval protection forces, boarding teams, and the Minentaucher company.[7] The German Navy Seebataillon was integrated into the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps Command in 2016, allowing access to the vast experience of the Dutch marines in global amphibious operations, training, use of specialised equipment (amphibious ships) and facilities (Texel Island - Amphibious training grounds).","title":"German Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Das Seebatallion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marine.de/portal/a/marine/start/ueberuns/markdo/einsfltl1/seebtl/!ut/p/z1/hY7NDoIwEISfxQPXbgXlx1s9aGJINFEUejEFasHUltQKPr41nEw0zm1nv5kMUMiBKta3gtlWKybdXdDwvIzTQ-onvn9Ikikms1W2zI6Rv96GcPoHUPfGP0Qw7GsOheuIfnbMHAQU6JX17Ik6bazkFrHqvRCKhqla8p2uyGhsgAqpy3E6UWUQC6CGX7jhBj2Msxtru_vCwx4ehgEJrYXkqOYe_pZo9N1C_gFCd8sHHMxln5LJC14U3dQ!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922T9910A4FUBUV72G40"},{"link_name":"German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"http://s400910952.websitehome.co.uk/germancolonialuniforms/sb%20skutari.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//s400910952.websitehome.co.uk/germancolonialuniforms/sb%20skutari.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Deutsches Marinearchiv\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deutsches-marinearchiv.de/Archiv/1935-1945/Einheiten/infanterie/allgemein.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Das „Multitool“ der Marine - Seebataillon in Eckernförde aufgestellt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marine.de/portal/a/marine/!ut/p/c4/NYo7DsJADAVvZO9SBEFHSAEp00DoTGJFFvuJLAcaDs9uwRtpmnn4wEKityxkkhMFvOM4yfH5gUgK9LKNQ2C81d_MMOXEVm2cTIoXJcsKa1YLtWyqpYDMODrftW7v_vPfw2Xod-fGN921HXCN8fQDL1Gj9A!!/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55750-309-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-309-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7637-6241-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-6241-8"},{"link_name":"German Marine Infantry site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marine-infanterie.de/"},{"link_name":"Seebataillone page at German Colonial Uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.germancolonialuniforms.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"kaiserlichesmarinekorps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080316031335/http://www.kaiserlichesmarinekorps.be/"}],"text":"^ \"Das Seebatallion\" (in German). German Navy. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2017.\n\n^ Gottschall, By Order of the Kaiser, p. 42\n\n^ Gottschall, p. 43\n\n^ Gottschall, p. 18\n\n^ http://s400910952.websitehome.co.uk/germancolonialuniforms/sb%20skutari.htm\n\n^ \"Deutsches Marinearchiv\".\n\n^ Das „Multitool“ der Marine - Seebataillon in Eckernförde aufgestelltGottschall, Terrell D. By Order of the Kaiser. Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy, 1865–1902. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2003. ISBN 1-55750-309-5\nNuhn, Walter. Kolonialpolitik und die Marine. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 2002. ISBN 3-7637-6241-8External linksGerman Marine Infantry site – German only\nSeebataillone page at German Colonial Uniforms\nkaiserlichesmarinekorps","title":"Footnotes and references"}]	[{"image_text":"Flag of III. Seebataillon based at Qingdao","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/III_Seebataillon_Fahne.jpg/180px-III_Seebataillon_Fahne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Naval infantryman in full marching order, 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Seesoldat_der_Kaiserlichen_Marine_feldmarschm%C3%A4ssig_um_1910.jpg/220px-Seesoldat_der_Kaiserlichen_Marine_feldmarschm%C3%A4ssig_um_1910.jpg"},{"image_text":"Badge of the current Seebataillon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wappen_SeeBtl.svg/220px-Wappen_SeeBtl.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Das Seebatallion\" (in German). German Navy. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marine.de/portal/a/marine/start/ueberuns/markdo/einsfltl1/seebtl/!ut/p/z1/hY7NDoIwEISfxQPXbgXlx1s9aGJINFEUejEFasHUltQKPr41nEw0zm1nv5kMUMiBKta3gtlWKybdXdDwvIzTQ-onvn9Ikikms1W2zI6Rv96GcPoHUPfGP0Qw7GsOheuIfnbMHAQU6JX17Ik6bazkFrHqvRCKhqla8p2uyGhsgAqpy3E6UWUQC6CGX7jhBj2Msxtru_vCwx4ehgEJrYXkqOYe_pZo9N1C_gFCd8sHHMxln5LJC14U3dQ!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922T9910A4FUBUV72G40","url_text":"\"Das Seebatallion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy","url_text":"German Navy"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsches Marinearchiv\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deutsches-marinearchiv.de/Archiv/1935-1945/Einheiten/infanterie/allgemein.htm","url_text":"\"Deutsches Marinearchiv\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Seebataillon&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Seebataillon","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"http://www.marine.de/portal/a/marine/start/ueberuns/markdo/einsfltl1/seebtl/!ut/p/z1/hY7NDoIwEISfxQPXbgXlx1s9aGJINFEUejEFasHUltQKPr41nEw0zm1nv5kMUMiBKta3gtlWKybdXdDwvIzTQ-onvn9Ikikms1W2zI6Rv96GcPoHUPfGP0Qw7GsOheuIfnbMHAQU6JX17Ik6bazkFrHqvRCKhqla8p2uyGhsgAqpy3E6UWUQC6CGX7jhBj2Msxtru_vCwx4ehgEJrYXkqOYe_pZo9N1C_gFCd8sHHMxln5LJC14U3dQ!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922T9910A4FUBUV72G40","external_links_name":"\"Das Seebatallion\""},{"Link":"http://s400910952.websitehome.co.uk/germancolonialuniforms/sb%20skutari.htm","external_links_name":"http://s400910952.websitehome.co.uk/germancolonialuniforms/sb%20skutari.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.deutsches-marinearchiv.de/Archiv/1935-1945/Einheiten/infanterie/allgemein.htm","external_links_name":"\"Deutsches Marinearchiv\""},{"Link":"http://www.marine.de/portal/a/marine/!ut/p/c4/NYo7DsJADAVvZO9SBEFHSAEp00DoTGJFFvuJLAcaDs9uwRtpmnn4wEKityxkkhMFvOM4yfH5gUgK9LKNQ2C81d_MMOXEVm2cTIoXJcsKa1YLtWyqpYDMODrftW7v_vPfw2Xod-fGN921HXCN8fQDL1Gj9A!!/","external_links_name":"Das „Multitool“ der Marine - Seebataillon in Eckernförde aufgestellt"},{"Link":"http://www.marine-infanterie.de/","external_links_name":"German Marine Infantry site"},{"Link":"http://www.germancolonialuniforms.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Seebataillone page at German Colonial Uniforms"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080316031335/http://www.kaiserlichesmarinekorps.be/","external_links_name":"kaiserlichesmarinekorps"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_March_Weeks	List of General Hospital characters (1960s)	["1 Tom Baldwin","2 Meg Bentley","3 Angie Costello","4 Howie Dawson","5 Jane Harland","6 Lucille March","7 Diana Taylor","8 Peter Taylor","9 References"]	General Hospital is the longest running American television serial drama, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. The series premiered on April 1, 1963. This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and began their run, or significantly returned, from the years 1963 to 1969. Tom Baldwin Tom BaldwinGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byPaul Savior (1966–72) Don Chastain (1976–77)Duration 1967–72 1976–77 First appearanceDecember 12, 1966Last appearance1977ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byFrank and Doris HursleyIntroduced byJames Young (1967) Tom Donovan (1976)In-universe informationOccupationPhysicianSiblingsLee BaldwinSpouseAudrey March Hardy (1967–77)ChildrenTom HardyGrandchildrenTommy HardyNieces and nephewsScott Baldwin (adoptive) Thomas "Tom" Baldwin is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. The role was originated by Paul Savior in 1967. The character was presumably killed off in 1972, but brought back on canvas in September 1976, portrayed by Don Chastain, who left in 1977 amongst a large number of cast changes that occurred when Irving and Tex Elman took over as head writers. Tom Baldwin joined General Hospital in December 1966 to replace Dr. Peter Lindsay. Tom soon became interested in Jessie Brewer, R.N. but Jessie was in a relationship with Dr. John Prentice. Dr. Prentice's daughter, Polly, was also interested in Tom. In 1967, Tom Baldwin is treating Dr. John Prentice for his heart condition when John dies. When it is revealed that John had died because of a barbiturate overdose, John's daughter Polly Prentice tries to frame Jessie Brewer for murder. Tom is charged as an accessory before Phil Brewer returns to town with evidence that clears them both. Meanwhile, nurse Audrey March returns from Vietnam, trying to forget about her divorce from Steve Hardy, and marries Tom. When Audrey refuses to sleep with him, Tom is furious and rapes Audrey. When Audrey learns she is pregnant, she files for divorce and leaves town. In 1972, Audrey returns, claiming the baby had died so that Tom would not protest the divorce. Audrey and Steve decide to remarry, but the lies Audrey was telling begin to hurt their relationship and they break up. Tom finds out about the baby and tries to get custody. Audrey is forced to stay in their marriage, and they rename the baby Tom "Tommy" Baldwin Jr. When their relationship ends, Tom leaves the country with the child, with the help of Florence Andrews. Eventually, the child is sent back to Audrey, who is told that Tom died of a heart attack. In September 1976, Tom is revealed to be alive and returns to fight for custody of the child, while begging Audrey not to divorce him. When Tommy runs away, Tom agrees to the divorce and moves to Salt Lake City. Audrey and Steve remarry while Steve adopts Tommy, renamed Tom Hardy. Meg Bentley Meg BentleyGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byPatricia Breslin (1965–69) Jen Shepard (1967) Elizabeth MacRae (1969–73)Duration1965–73First appearanceJuly 7, 1965Last appearanceJuly 16, 1973ClassificationFormer: regularCreated byFrank and Doris HursleyIntroduced byJames YoungIn-universe informationOccupationNurseParentsHenry Quinton Emma QuintonHusbandLloyd Bentley (pre-1965) Lee Baldwin (1966–73)SonsScott BaldwinStepdaughtersBrooke Bentley ClintonGrandchildrenRobert FrankKaren Wexler Logan Hayes Serena Baldwin Christina Baldwin (adoptive) Elizabeth MacRae took over the role of Meg in 1969.Meg Baldwin (also Quinton and Bentley) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital. Patricia Breslin originated the role in 1965. Jen Shepard temporarily portrayed the character from June 27 to July 19, 1967, when Breslin had an emergency appendectomy. Breslin left in 1969 when she married Art Modell. The role was taken over by Elizabeth MacRae, in August 1969, who left the series when the character died in 1973. In 1965, Meg Bentley becomes a nurse at General Hospital. Her husband Lloyd has just died and she moves to town with her son Scotty and stepdaughter Brooke. Meg is engaged to Dr. Noel Clinton, which Brooke does not approve of. Brooke seduces Noel away from Meg, and Meg is comforted by Lee Baldwin. Soon they are married. In 1969, Meg learns she has breast cancer and has a radical mastectomy. After the mastectomy, Meg has a mental breakdown and has to be committed to a sanitarium. She is eventually cured, but seeks treatment from Dr. Lesley Webber for high blood pressure. Meg dies, and Lee adopts Scotty. Angie Costello Angie CostelloGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byJana TaylorDuration 1963–1966 1993 First appearanceApril 1, 1963Last appearanceApril 1, 1993ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byTheordore FerroMathilde FerroIntroduced bySelig J. Seligman (1963)Wendy Riche (1993)In-universe informationParentsMike CostelloSpouseEddie WeeksMr. CollinsChildrenJessieGrandchildrenUnnamed grandchild Angie Costello Collins (formerly Weeks) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Jana Taylor originated the role on the series' premiere on April 1, 1963. Taylor portrayed the role until September 22, 1966. She returned for a guest appearance on the show's 30th anniversary episode on April 1, 1993. Angie Costello is the first patient of Dr. Steve Hardy (John Beradino), the Chief of Staff at General Hospital. Angie is brought in with severe cuts on her face from a car accident where her boyfriend Eddie Weeks (then Craig Curtis) was driving. After surgery, Angie is upset that her face will be disfigured and causes trouble and stress for Dr. Hardy and Nurse Jessie Brewer (Emily McLaughlin). Angie recovers from plastic surgery and has an illegitimate child with Eddie, which they give up for adoption to Fred and Janet Fleming (Simon Scott and Ruth Phillips). Angie and Eddie get married, and want their child back. They kidnap the baby and are arrested. The court gives them custody of the baby and they leave town for Chicago. Angie returns in April 1993 and visits with Steve the same day as his 30th anniversary at General Hospital. Angie is related to Steve and Audrey through marriage, as her father-in-law, Al Weeks, married Audrey's sister, Lucille, years after Angie was seen on the show. Howie Dawson Howie DawsonGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byRay GirardinDuration1968–74First appearanceMay 16, 1968Last appearance1974ClassificationFormer, regularIntroduced byJames YoungIn-universe informationOccupationAdministrator at General HospitalSpouseJane DawsonChildrenJoanne Dawson Howie Dawson is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Ray Girardin originated the role in 1968 and played the character until 1974. Howie is driving when he gets into a car accident with his pregnant girlfriend Jane Harland, who miscarries. They marry but face problems due to his mother. Howie becomes involved with Jane's cousin Carol during a difficult time in their marriage, but reconciles with Jane after their child is born. When Jane wants another child, Howie feels pressured and starts seeing Augusta McLeod. He goes back to Jane when he needs to improve his image to get an important position at General Hospital. They eventually separate and Howie leaves for New York City. Jane Harland Jane HarlandGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byShelby HiattDuration1968–75First appearanceMay 13, 1968Last appearance1975ClassificationFormer, regularIntroduced byJames YoungIn-universe informationOccupationNurseSpouseHowie DawsonChildrenJoanne DawsonFirst cousinsAugusta McLeod, Carol Jane Harland (previously Dawson) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Shelby Hiatt originated the role in 1968. She briefly left on maternity leave in 1972. Hiatt portrayed the character until she was let go by the series in August 1975. Jane is brought to General Hospital as a patient after a car accident caused by her boyfriend Howie Dawson, that makes her miscarry her baby. She joins the nursing staff at the hospital and marries Howie. Their marriage struggles due to Howie's mother. Jane becomes involved with Tom Baldwin during a difficult time with Howie. When Tom's wife Audrey becomes pregnant, he resumes their marriage and Jane reconciles with Howie after their child is born. They eventually separate and Howie leaves town. After Jane's child suddenly dies, she is grief-stricken and leaves to work at another hospital. Lucille March Lucille March WeeksGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byLucille Wall (1963–82) Mary Grace Canfield (temp. 1973)Duration 1963–76 1982 First appearanceApril 18, 1963Last appearance1982ClassificationFormer, regularIntroduced byJames Young (1963)Gloria Monty (1982)In-universe informationOccupationRegistered nurseSiblingsAudrey March Hardy Edith LoganSpouseAl Weeks (1974—)StepchildrenEddie WeeksNieces and nephewsAnne Logan Tom Hardy Lucille Wall portrayed the role for over a decade.Lucille March Weeks is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Lucille Wall originated the role on the fourteenth episode of the series. Wall won a special Emmy Award for her portrayal of Lucille, as well as an award for Outstanding Individual Contribution to Daytime Drama in 1975 at the Afternoon TV Writers and Editors Awards. Lucille March is the senior nurse on the seventh floor of General Hospital. One of Lucille's first patients is troubled Angie Costello, who is badly injured in a car accident caused by her boyfriend, Eddie Weeks. Gruff on the surface but hiding a heart of gold, she is nicknamed "Sarge" by her student nurse charges. In 1964, her sister Audrey March comes to visit and gets involved with Dr. Steve Hardy. In 1974, Lucille marries Eddie's father, Al Weeks, a widower who is a custodian at the hospital. Throughout the years, Lucille gives advice to her sister. In 1976 she retires to a farm in upstate New York, and Audrey becomes Head Nurse. Lucille pays a visit to Port Charles in 1982, having earlier invited niece Annie Logan and her adopted son Jeremy to pay her a visit. Diana Taylor Diana TaylorGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byValerie Starrett (1970–77) Davey Davison (temp. 1977) Brooke Bundy (1977–81)Duration1970–81First appearanceApril 8, 1970Last appearanceFebruary 1981ClassificationFormer, regularIntroduced byJames YoungIn-universe informationOccupationWaitressParentsPearl MaynardSiblingsBeth MaynardSpousePeter Taylor (1972–1979)ChildrenUnnamed childTracy TaylorMartha TaylorAdoptive childrenSteven Webber Diana Taylor (maiden name Maynard) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Davey Davison played the character temporarily in February 1977 while Starrett was recovering from minor surgery. That September, the series did not renew Starrett's contract and she was replaced with Brooke Bundy, reportedly due to her more youthful appearance. Others reported Starrett was let go due to conflicts with executive producer at the time Tom Donovan, who was shortly replaced by Gloria Monty at the beginning of 1978. Starrett had become popular with fans, resulting in mail from upset viewers to Bundy and the network. In 1980, the character saw less screen time due to the show's focus on the adventure storyline between popular couple Luke and Laura and mob boss Frank Smith. Bundy left the series when the character was killed off in 1981. Soap opera syndicate writer Lynda Hirsch reported that Bundy had wished to remain on the show but there was lack of storyline for her when Richard Dean Anderson left the role of Jeff Webber. Brooke Bundy took over the role of Diana in 1977.Diana dates Phil Brewer while he is on-the-run and using an assumed name. When he returns to his wife Jessie Brewer (Emily McLaughlin), Diane confides to Peter Taylor (Craig Huebing) that she is pregnant with Phil's child. They have a marriage of convenience, but develop real feelings for each other. The baby dies of pneumonia, but Phil becomes obsessed with Diana and rapes her. Diana becomes pregnant again and tells Peter he is the father. The truth comes out after the baby is born and after Diana has a hysterectomy, she and Peter become estranged, especially because he has trouble loving her daughter Martha. Phil realizes his obsession with Diana is in vain and leaves town. Diana becomes involved with patient Owen Stratton, but he dies before they marry. Peter becomes closer with Martha and reconciles with Diana. In 1975, Diana becomes one of five suspects in the murder of Phil Brewer. The network filmed versions of each character committing the crime, in an effort to ensure the public would not find out the secret, and the actors were not told which character would be guilty. Starrlett told the Associated Press: "It's an interesting idea but as an actress I want to know what I'm doing. I'm playing innocence based on what I feel about my character. You have to go on some assumption and that's mine." Starrlett's character Diana eventually confesses to the murder to protect her husband Peter. Augusta McLeod confesses and Diana is released. Peter Taylor Peter TaylorGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byPaul Carr (1969) Craig Huebing (1969–79)Duration 1969–79 First appearanceAugust 4, 1969Last appearanceSeptember 1979ClassificationFormer, regularIntroduced byJames YoungIn-universe informationOccupationPsychiatristSpouseJessie Brewer (1969–1970) Diana Taylor (1972–1979)Adoptive childrenMartha Taylor Steven WebberStepchildrenTracy Taylor Dr. Peter Taylor is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Craig Huebing took over the role in 1969. Huebing remained on the show during cast cutbacks in August 1977, although stated his character was on the backburner. Huebing left the series when the character was killed off in September 1979, which soap opera syndicate writer Lynda Hirsch speculated was due to Huebing's contract demands. Peter Taylor, a psychiatrist at General Hospital, marries Jessie Brewer (Emily McLaughlin) when she believes her husband Phil Brewer is dead. Phil is alive and dating Diana Maynard (Valerie Starrett) under an assumed name. When Jessie finds him, her marriage to Peter is annulled. Peter and Diana plan a marriage of convenience when Diana reveals she is pregnant with Phil's child, but develop actual feelings for each other. The child dies and when Diana becomes pregnant again, Peter believes he's the father. When he learns the truth, he has a hard time loving the child, Martha, and he and Diana become estranged. He later becomes closer with Martha and reconciles with Diana. They renew their vows but Phil threatens to tell Diana that Peter is the father of Augusta McLeod's unborn child. Phil is murdered, and Peter becomes one of five suspects during a long investigation. Diana confesses to protect Peter, but Augusta confesses to Peter and he tells the police, releasing Diana. References ^ a b "about general hospital". ABC.com. Disney–ABC Television Group. Retrieved March 16, 2016. ^ Tropiano, Stephen (2000). TV Towns. New York City, New York: TV Books L.L.C. ISBN 1-57500-127-6. ^ Newcomb, Roger (March 15, 2013). "General Hospital Classic Photo Of The Day (Baldwins)". We Love Soaps. welovesoaps.com. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ Pike, Charlie (September 24, 1976). "Pike's Peak". The Dispatch. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ Reed, Jon-Michael (August 18, 1977). "'General Hospital' Gets Major Transfusion". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ "TV Key Mail Bag". Toledo Blade. September 2, 1965. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ Handsaker, Gene (June 27, 1967). "TV Fare Features Specials". Kentucky New Era. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ "Patricia Modell, actress and wife of Art Modell, dead at 80". CNN. cnn.com. October 12, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2011. ^ "TV Key Mailbag". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 3, 1969. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ a b "'Hospital' Begins 8th TV Season". Youngstown Vindicator. April 12, 1970. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ "National Breast Cancer Awareness Month: Watch Jennifer Brooks, Monica Quartermaine, Lillian Raines, Dorian Lord, Lucinda Walsh, Reva Shayne & Others Battle Breast Cancer, Educate Audience". We Love Soaps. welovesoaps.net. October 12, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ According to The Complete Scrapbook, Angie had a boy; but in the 1993 30th anniversary episode, she has a daughter whom she says she had given up for adoption and Steve helped her get back. ^ "Premiere of Daytime Show". The Southeast Missourian. March 29, 1963. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ Power, Samantha (July–August 1995). "War & A Piece". Spy. 9 (4). Sussex Publishers, LLC: 53. ISSN 0890-1759. ^ Boucher Stetson, Debi (April 4, 2006). "'Social Security' to offer comic relief". Harwich Oracle. wickedlocal.com. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ "Reader's Mailbox". The Milwaukee Journal. November 12, 1972. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ Pike, Charlie (August 8, 1975). "Pike's Peak". The Dispatch. Retrieved March 16, 2013. ^ Folkart, Burt A. (July 16, 1986). "OBITUARIES : Lucille Wall, Star of Radio Show 'Portia'". Los Angeles Times. latimes.com. Retrieved August 31, 2012. ^ "Daytime series honored". The Day. September 26, 1975. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ James Young (Executive producer); Frank and Doris Hursley (Head writers) (April 28, 1970). General Hospital. Season 8. ABC. ^ Hirsch, Lynda (February 20, 1977). "Emmy Seekers Nominate Selves". Toledo Blade. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ a b Scheuer, Steven H. (August 28, 1977). "New Life, New Wife". Boca Raton News. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ "Soaps". Toledo Blade. April 26, 1978. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ a b "Networks Slugging It Out For Daytime Supremacy". Ocala Star-Banner. February 23, 1978. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ Hirsch, Lynda (March 6, 1978). "Soap Opera Fans Offer Candid Views on Shows". Youngstown Vindicator. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ "Soap star plays college student". The Virgin Islands Daily News. October 11, 1980. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ Carter, Alan (December 15, 1995). "Brooke Bundy: Our Missed Brooke". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ Hirsch, Lynda (May 29, 1981). "Lynda Offers Answers About Popular 'Soaps'". Youngstown Vindicator. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ Margulies, Lee (January 13, 1975). "TV Audience Won't Learn Whodunnit Yet". The Evening Independent. Associated Press. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ "Daytime drama beginning 15th year". Lewiston Morning Tribune. April 9, 1977. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ Baker, Mark (March 17, 2006). "Actor turned Eugene retiree Craig Huebing dies at age 77". Eugene Register-Guard. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ Hirsch, Lynda (September 9, 1979). "The Soaps". Toledo blade. Retrieved March 17, 2013. vteGeneral HospitalCast and crew Present cast members Past cast members Crew Families Cassadine Corinthos Cramer Hardy/Webber Jerome Lord Quartermaine Scorpio/Jones Spencer Related articles Twist of Fate Port Charles (spin-off) Night Shift (spin-off) What If... Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital Characters of General Hospital 50th anniversary	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GH-1"},{"link_name":"Frank and Doris Hursley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_and_Doris_Hursley"},{"link_name":"general hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Port Charles, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles,_New_York_(fictional_city)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GH-1"}],"text":"General Hospital is the longest running American television serial drama, airing on ABC.[1] Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, who originally set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York.[2] The series premiered on April 1, 1963.[1] This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and began their run, or significantly returned, from the years 1963 to 1969.","title":"List of General Hospital characters (1960s)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savoir_70-3"},{"link_name":"killed off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_off"},{"link_name":"Don Chastain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Chastain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chastain_Start-4"},{"link_name":"head writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_writer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chastain_exit_77-5"},{"link_name":"Dr. John Prentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John_Prentice"},{"link_name":"barbiturate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate"},{"link_name":"Jessie Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Audrey March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_March_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Steve Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hardy"},{"link_name":"rapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Tom Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hardy_(General_Hospital)"}],"text":"Thomas \"Tom\" Baldwin is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. The role was originated by Paul Savior[3] in 1967. The character was presumably killed off in 1972, but brought back on canvas in September 1976, portrayed by Don Chastain,[4] who left in 1977 amongst a large number of cast changes that occurred when Irving and Tex Elman took over as head writers.[5]Tom Baldwin joined General Hospital in December 1966 to replace Dr. Peter Lindsay. Tom soon became interested in Jessie Brewer, R.N. but Jessie was in a relationship with Dr. John Prentice. Dr. Prentice's daughter, Polly, was also interested in Tom.\nIn 1967, Tom Baldwin is treating Dr. John Prentice for his heart condition when John dies. When it is revealed that John had died because of a barbiturate overdose, John's daughter Polly Prentice tries to frame Jessie Brewer for murder. Tom is charged as an accessory before Phil Brewer returns to town with evidence that clears them both. Meanwhile, nurse Audrey March returns from Vietnam, trying to forget about her divorce from Steve Hardy, and marries Tom. When Audrey refuses to sleep with him, Tom is furious and rapes Audrey. When Audrey learns she is pregnant, she files for divorce and leaves town.In 1972, Audrey returns, claiming the baby had died so that Tom would not protest the divorce. Audrey and Steve decide to remarry, but the lies Audrey was telling begin to hurt their relationship and they break up. Tom finds out about the baby and tries to get custody. Audrey is forced to stay in their marriage, and they rename the baby Tom \"Tommy\" Baldwin Jr. When their relationship ends, Tom leaves the country with the child, with the help of Florence Andrews. Eventually, the child is sent back to Audrey, who is told that Tom died of a heart attack.In September 1976, Tom is revealed to be alive and returns to fight for custody of the child, while begging Audrey not to divorce him. When Tommy runs away, Tom agrees to the divorce and moves to Salt Lake City. Audrey and Steve remarry while Steve adopts Tommy, renamed Tom Hardy.","title":"Tom Baldwin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_MacRae_Original.jpg"},{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Patricia Breslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Breslin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breslin_1965-6"},{"link_name":"appendectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendectomy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shepard_Temp_67-7"},{"link_name":"Art Modell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Modell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breslin_Obit_CNN-8"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth MacRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_MacRae"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae_Start-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8th_Season-10"},{"link_name":"Scotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Lee Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"radical mastectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_mastectomy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLS_Breast_Cancer-11"},{"link_name":"Lesley Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Webber"},{"link_name":"high blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressure"}],"text":"Elizabeth MacRae took over the role of Meg in 1969.Meg Baldwin (also Quinton and Bentley) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital. Patricia Breslin originated the role in 1965.[6] Jen Shepard temporarily portrayed the character from June 27 to July 19, 1967, when Breslin had an emergency appendectomy.[7] Breslin left in 1969 when she married Art Modell.[8] The role was taken over by Elizabeth MacRae,[9] in August 1969,[10] who left the series when the character died in 1973.In 1965, Meg Bentley becomes a nurse at General Hospital. Her husband Lloyd has just died and she moves to town with her son Scotty and stepdaughter Brooke. Meg is engaged to Dr. Noel Clinton, which Brooke does not approve of. Brooke seduces Noel away from Meg, and Meg is comforted by Lee Baldwin. Soon they are married. In 1969, Meg learns she has breast cancer and has a radical mastectomy.[11] After the mastectomy, Meg has a mental breakdown and has to be committed to a sanitarium. She is eventually cured, but seeks treatment from Dr. Lesley Webber for high blood pressure. Meg dies, and Lee adopts Scotty.","title":"Meg Bentley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Premiere_Annoucement-13"},{"link_name":"Steve Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hardy"},{"link_name":"John Beradino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beradino"},{"link_name":"Eddie Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters#Eddie_Weeks"},{"link_name":"Jessie Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Emily McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"illegitimate child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_child"},{"link_name":"Fred and Janet Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters#Fred_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Simon Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Scott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"}],"text":"Angie Costello Collins (formerly Weeks) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Jana Taylor originated the role on the series' premiere on April 1, 1963.[13] Taylor portrayed the role until September 22, 1966. She returned for a guest appearance on the show's 30th anniversary episode on April 1, 1993.Angie Costello is the first patient of Dr. Steve Hardy (John Beradino), the Chief of Staff at General Hospital. Angie is brought in with severe cuts on her face from a car accident where her boyfriend Eddie Weeks (then Craig Curtis) was driving. After surgery, Angie is upset that her face will be disfigured and causes trouble and stress for Dr. Hardy and Nurse Jessie Brewer (Emily McLaughlin). Angie recovers from plastic surgery and has an illegitimate child with Eddie, which they give up for adoption to Fred and Janet Fleming (Simon Scott and Ruth Phillips). Angie and Eddie get married, and want their child back. They kidnap the baby and are arrested. The court gives them custody of the baby and they leave town for Chicago. Angie returns in April 1993 and visits with Steve the same day as his 30th anniversary at General Hospital. Angie is related to Steve and Audrey through marriage, as her father-in-law, Al Weeks, married Audrey's sister, Lucille, years after Angie was seen on the show.","title":"Angie Costello"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Ray Girardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Girardin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spy_95-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Girardin_Tenure-15"},{"link_name":"Augusta McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_McLeod"}],"text":"Howie Dawson is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Ray Girardin[14] originated the role in 1968 and played the character until 1974.[15]Howie is driving when he gets into a car accident with his pregnant girlfriend Jane Harland, who miscarries. They marry but face problems due to his mother. Howie becomes involved with Jane's cousin Carol during a difficult time in their marriage, but reconciles with Jane after their child is born. When Jane wants another child, Howie feels pressured and starts seeing Augusta McLeod. He goes back to Jane when he needs to improve his image to get an important position at General Hospital. They eventually separate and Howie leaves for New York City.","title":"Howie Dawson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiatt_Maternity_Leave-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiatt_Fired-17"}],"text":"Jane Harland (previously Dawson) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Shelby Hiatt originated the role in 1968. She briefly left on maternity leave in 1972.[16] Hiatt portrayed the character until she was let go by the series in August 1975.[17]Jane is brought to General Hospital as a patient after a car accident caused by her boyfriend Howie Dawson, that makes her miscarry her baby. She joins the nursing staff at the hospital and marries Howie. Their marriage struggles due to Howie's mother. Jane becomes involved with Tom Baldwin during a difficult time with Howie. When Tom's wife Audrey becomes pregnant, he resumes their marriage and Jane reconciles with Howie after their child is born. They eventually separate and Howie leaves town. After Jane's child suddenly dies, she is grief-stricken and leaves to work at another hospital.","title":"Jane Harland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucille_Wall.jpg"},{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Lucille Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Wall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8th_Season-10"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wall-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afternoon_TV_Award-19"},{"link_name":"Angie Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Costello-Weeks"},{"link_name":"Audrey March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_March_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Steve Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hardy"}],"text":"Lucille Wall portrayed the role for over a decade.Lucille March Weeks is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Lucille Wall originated the role on the fourteenth episode of the series.[10] Wall won a special Emmy Award for her portrayal of Lucille,[18] as well as an award for Outstanding Individual Contribution to Daytime Drama in 1975 at the Afternoon TV Writers and Editors Awards.[19]Lucille March is the senior nurse on the seventh floor of General Hospital. One of Lucille's first patients is troubled Angie Costello, who is badly injured in a car accident caused by her boyfriend, Eddie Weeks. Gruff on the surface but hiding a heart of gold, she is nicknamed \"Sarge\" by her student nurse charges. In 1964, her sister Audrey March comes to visit and gets involved with Dr. Steve Hardy. In 1974, Lucille marries Eddie's father, Al Weeks, a widower who is a custodian at the hospital. Throughout the years, Lucille gives advice to her sister. In 1976 she retires to a farm in upstate New York, and Audrey becomes Head Nurse. Lucille pays a visit to Port Charles in 1982, having earlier invited niece Annie Logan and her adopted son Jeremy to pay her a visit.","title":"Lucille March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davison-21"},{"link_name":"Brooke Bundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Bundy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77_Exit-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starrett_Replaced-23"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Gloria Monty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Monty"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78_Cast-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bundy_Mail-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78_Cast-24"},{"link_name":"Luke and Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_and_Laura"},{"link_name":"Frank Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Smith_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bundy_Screentime-26"},{"link_name":"killed off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_off"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bundy_EW_95-27"},{"link_name":"Richard Dean Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Jeff Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Webber"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirsch_Bundy-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brooke_Bundy_1967.JPG"},{"link_name":"Phil Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Jessie Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Emily McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"marriage of convenience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brewer_Murder-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15th_year-30"},{"link_name":"Augusta McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_McLeod"}],"text":"Diana Taylor (maiden name Maynard) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital.Davey Davison played the character temporarily in February 1977 while Starrett was recovering from minor surgery.[21] That September, the series did not renew Starrett's contract and she was replaced with Brooke Bundy,[22] reportedly due to her more youthful appearance.[23] Others reported Starrett was let go due to conflicts with executive producer at the time Tom Donovan, who was shortly replaced by Gloria Monty at the beginning of 1978.[24] Starrett had become popular with fans, resulting in mail from upset viewers to Bundy[25] and the network.[24] In 1980, the character saw less screen time due to the show's focus on the adventure storyline between popular couple Luke and Laura and mob boss Frank Smith.[26] Bundy left the series when the character was killed off in 1981.[27] Soap opera syndicate writer Lynda Hirsch reported that Bundy had wished to remain on the show but there was lack of storyline for her when Richard Dean Anderson left the role of Jeff Webber.[28]Brooke Bundy took over the role of Diana in 1977.Diana dates Phil Brewer while he is on-the-run and using an assumed name. When he returns to his wife Jessie Brewer (Emily McLaughlin), Diane confides to Peter Taylor (Craig Huebing) that she is pregnant with Phil's child. They have a marriage of convenience, but develop real feelings for each other. The baby dies of pneumonia, but Phil becomes obsessed with Diana and rapes her. Diana becomes pregnant again and tells Peter he is the father. The truth comes out after the baby is born and after Diana has a hysterectomy, she and Peter become estranged, especially because he has trouble loving her daughter Martha. Phil realizes his obsession with Diana is in vain and leaves town. Diana becomes involved with patient Owen Stratton, but he dies before they marry. Peter becomes closer with Martha and reconciles with Diana.In 1975, Diana becomes one of five suspects in the murder of Phil Brewer. The network filmed versions of each character committing the crime, in an effort to ensure the public would not find out the secret, and the actors were not told which character would be guilty. Starrlett told the Associated Press: \"It's an interesting idea but as an actress I want to know what I'm doing. I'm playing innocence based on what I feel about my character. You have to go on some assumption and that's mine.\"[29] Starrlett's character Diana eventually confesses to the murder to protect her husband Peter.[30] Augusta McLeod confesses and Diana is released.","title":"Diana Taylor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huebing-31"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77_Exit-22"},{"link_name":"killed off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_off"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huebing_Exit-32"},{"link_name":"Jessie Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Emily McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"Phil Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Brewer"},{"link_name":"marriage of convenience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience"},{"link_name":"Augusta McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_McLeod"}],"text":"Dr. Peter Taylor is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera, General Hospital. Craig Huebing took over the role in 1969.[31] Huebing remained on the show during cast cutbacks in August 1977, although stated his character was on the backburner.[22] Huebing left the series when the character was killed off in September 1979, which soap opera syndicate writer Lynda Hirsch speculated was due to Huebing's contract demands.[32]Peter Taylor, a psychiatrist at General Hospital, marries Jessie Brewer (Emily McLaughlin) when she believes her husband Phil Brewer is dead. Phil is alive and dating Diana Maynard (Valerie Starrett) under an assumed name. When Jessie finds him, her marriage to Peter is annulled. Peter and Diana plan a marriage of convenience when Diana reveals she is pregnant with Phil's child, but develop actual feelings for each other. The child dies and when Diana becomes pregnant again, Peter believes he's the father. When he learns the truth, he has a hard time loving the child, Martha, and he and Diana become estranged. He later becomes closer with Martha and reconciles with Diana. They renew their vows but Phil threatens to tell Diana that Peter is the father of Augusta McLeod's unborn child. Phil is murdered, and Peter becomes one of five suspects during a long investigation. Diana confesses to protect Peter, but Augusta confesses to Peter and he tells the police, releasing Diana.","title":"Peter Taylor"}]	[{"image_text":"Elizabeth MacRae took over the role of Meg in 1969.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Elizabeth_MacRae_Original.jpg/150px-Elizabeth_MacRae_Original.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lucille Wall portrayed the role for over a decade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lucille_Wall.jpg/150px-Lucille_Wall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brooke Bundy took over the role of Diana in 1977.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Brooke_Bundy_1967.JPG/150px-Brooke_Bundy_1967.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"about general hospital\". ABC.com. Disney–ABC Television Group. Retrieved March 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc.go.com/shows/general-hospital/about-the-show","url_text":"\"about general hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%E2%80%93ABC_Television_Group","url_text":"Disney–ABC Television Group"}]},{"reference":"Tropiano, Stephen (2000). TV Towns. New York City, New York: TV Books L.L.C. ISBN 1-57500-127-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tvtownsillustrat00trop","url_text":"TV Towns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57500-127-6","url_text":"1-57500-127-6"}]},{"reference":"Newcomb, Roger (March 15, 2013). \"General Hospital Classic Photo Of The Day (Baldwins)\". We Love Soaps. welovesoaps.com. Retrieved March 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.welovesoaps.net/2013/03/gh50-photo12.html","url_text":"\"General Hospital Classic Photo Of The Day (Baldwins)\""}]},{"reference":"Pike, Charlie (September 24, 1976). \"Pike's Peak\". The Dispatch. Retrieved March 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3sfAAAAIBAJ&dq=tom-baldwin%20general%20hospital&pg=5580%2C2106458","url_text":"\"Pike's Peak\""}]},{"reference":"Reed, Jon-Michael (August 18, 1977). \"'General Hospital' Gets Major Transfusion\". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved March 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B5dPAAAAIBAJ&dq=tom-baldwin%20general%20hospital&pg=6185%2C4643066","url_text":"\"'General Hospital' Gets Major Transfusion\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Key Mail Bag\". Toledo Blade. September 2, 1965. Retrieved March 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bz0xAAAAIBAJ&dq=meg-bentley%20general-hospital&pg=4609%2C2654143","url_text":"\"TV Key Mail Bag\""}]},{"reference":"Handsaker, Gene (June 27, 1967). \"TV Fare Features Specials\". Kentucky New Era. Retrieved March 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fusrAAAAIBAJ&pg=2232%2C7549927","url_text":"\"TV Fare Features Specials\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patricia Modell, actress and wife of Art Modell, dead at 80\". CNN. cnn.com. October 12, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/12/showbiz/obit-modell/","url_text":"\"Patricia Modell, actress and wife of Art Modell, dead at 80\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"TV Key Mailbag\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 3, 1969. Retrieved March 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fs1RAAAAIBAJ&dq=meg-baldwin%20general-hospital&pg=4802%2C896539","url_text":"\"TV Key Mailbag\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Hospital' Begins 8th TV Season\". Youngstown Vindicator. April 12, 1970. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yHFIAAAAIBAJ&dq=lucille-wall%20general-hospital&pg=758%2C4706373","url_text":"\"'Hospital' Begins 8th TV Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Breast Cancer Awareness Month: Watch Jennifer Brooks, Monica Quartermaine, Lillian Raines, Dorian Lord, Lucinda Walsh, Reva Shayne & Others Battle Breast Cancer, Educate Audience\". We Love Soaps. welovesoaps.net. October 12, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.welovesoaps.net/2011/10/nbcam.html","url_text":"\"National Breast Cancer Awareness Month: Watch Jennifer Brooks, Monica Quartermaine, Lillian Raines, Dorian Lord, Lucinda Walsh, Reva Shayne & Others Battle Breast Cancer, Educate Audience\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premiere of Daytime Show\". The Southeast Missourian. March 29, 1963. Retrieved March 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ac0fAAAAIBAJ&dq=jana-taylor%20general%20hospital&pg=2259%2C6786733","url_text":"\"Premiere of Daytime Show\""}]},{"reference":"Power, Samantha (July–August 1995). \"War & A Piece\". Spy. 9 (4). Sussex Publishers, LLC: 53. ISSN 0890-1759.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgu9QCTT_SwC&q=%22howie+dawson%22+%22general+hospital%22&pg=PA53","url_text":"\"War & A Piece\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0890-1759","url_text":"0890-1759"}]},{"reference":"Boucher Stetson, Debi (April 4, 2006). \"'Social Security' to offer comic relief\". Harwich Oracle. wickedlocal.com. Retrieved March 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wickedlocal.com/harwich/news/x1563283475#axzz2NkVN1BEd","url_text":"\"'Social Security' to offer comic relief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reader's Mailbox\". The Milwaukee Journal. November 12, 1972. Retrieved March 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E0waAAAAIBAJ&pg=2898,1580144&dq=shelby-hiatt+general-hospital&hl=en","url_text":"\"Reader's Mailbox\""}]},{"reference":"Pike, Charlie (August 8, 1975). \"Pike's Peak\". The Dispatch. Retrieved March 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EnIcAAAAIBAJ&dq=shelby-hiatt%20general-hospital&pg=6009%2C3311233","url_text":"\"Pike's Peak\""}]},{"reference":"Folkart, Burt A. (July 16, 1986). \"OBITUARIES : Lucille Wall, Star of Radio Show 'Portia'\". Los Angeles Times. latimes.com. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1986-07-16/news/mn-19460_1_lucille-wall","url_text":"\"OBITUARIES : Lucille Wall, Star of Radio Show 'Portia'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daytime series honored\". The Day. September 26, 1975. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K-sgAAAAIBAJ&pg=3534%2C4843689","url_text":"\"Daytime series honored\""}]},{"reference":"James Young (Executive producer); Frank and Doris Hursley (Head writers) (April 28, 1970). General Hospital. Season 8. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer","url_text":"Executive producer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_and_Doris_Hursley","url_text":"Frank and Doris Hursley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_writer","url_text":"Head writers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital","url_text":"General Hospital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Lynda (February 20, 1977). \"Emmy Seekers Nominate Selves\". Toledo Blade. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hPROAAAAIBAJ&dq=valerie-starrett%20general-hospital&pg=6975%2C4842219","url_text":"\"Emmy Seekers Nominate Selves\""}]},{"reference":"Scheuer, Steven H. (August 28, 1977). \"New Life, New Wife\". Boca Raton News. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rx1UAAAAIBAJ&dq=brooke-bundy%20general-hospital&pg=7197%2C9278103","url_text":"\"New Life, New Wife\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soaps\". Toledo Blade. April 26, 1978. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pgtPAAAAIBAJ&dq=valerie-starrett%20general-hospital&pg=4890%2C1847509","url_text":"\"Soaps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Networks Slugging It Out For Daytime Supremacy\". Ocala Star-Banner. February 23, 1978. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EbFPAAAAIBAJ&dq=valerie-starrett%20general-hospital&pg=7067%2C6397945","url_text":"\"Networks Slugging It Out For Daytime Supremacy\""}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Lynda (March 6, 1978). \"Soap Opera Fans Offer Candid Views on Shows\". Youngstown Vindicator. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ofJYAAAAIBAJ&dq=brooke-bundy%20general-hospital&pg=599%2C2391812","url_text":"\"Soap Opera Fans Offer Candid Views on Shows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soap star plays college student\". The Virgin Islands Daily News. October 11, 1980. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EDZOAAAAIBAJ&dq=brooke-bundy%20general-hospital&pg=3614%2C517408","url_text":"\"Soap star plays college student\""}]},{"reference":"Carter, Alan (December 15, 1995). \"Brooke Bundy: Our Missed Brooke\". Entertainment Weekly. ew.com. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,299982,00.html","url_text":"\"Brooke Bundy: Our Missed Brooke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Lynda (May 29, 1981). \"Lynda Offers Answers About Popular 'Soaps'\". Youngstown Vindicator. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u-tIAAAAIBAJ&dq=brooke-bundy%20general-hospital&pg=3027%2C5153508","url_text":"\"Lynda Offers Answers About Popular 'Soaps'\""}]},{"reference":"Margulies, Lee (January 13, 1975). \"TV Audience Won't Learn Whodunnit Yet\". The Evening Independent. Associated Press. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JkxQAAAAIBAJ&dq=valerie-starrett%20general-hospital&pg=7005%2C2957034","url_text":"\"TV Audience Won't Learn Whodunnit Yet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daytime drama beginning 15th year\". Lewiston Morning Tribune. April 9, 1977. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=opJfAAAAIBAJ&dq=valerie-starrett%20general-hospital&pg=3668%2C3004703","url_text":"\"Daytime drama beginning 15th year\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Mark (March 17, 2006). \"Actor turned Eugene retiree Craig Huebing dies at age 77\". Eugene Register-Guard. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NGBWAAAAIBAJ&dq=craig-huebing%20general-hospital&pg=5128%2C3718560","url_text":"\"Actor turned Eugene retiree Craig Huebing dies at age 77\""}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Lynda (September 9, 1979). \"The Soaps\". Toledo blade. Retrieved March 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xTBPAAAAIBAJ&dq=brooke-bundy%20general-hospital&pg=4099%2C518910","url_text":"\"The Soaps\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://abc.go.com/shows/general-hospital/about-the-show","external_links_name":"\"about general hospital\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tvtownsillustrat00trop","external_links_name":"TV Towns"},{"Link":"http://www.welovesoaps.net/2013/03/gh50-photo12.html","external_links_name":"\"General Hospital Classic Photo Of The Day (Baldwins)\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b3sfAAAAIBAJ&dq=tom-baldwin%20general%20hospital&pg=5580%2C2106458","external_links_name":"\"Pike's Peak\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B5dPAAAAIBAJ&dq=tom-baldwin%20general%20hospital&pg=6185%2C4643066","external_links_name":"\"'General Hospital' Gets Major 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_Final	List of FIFA World Cup finals	["1 List of final matches","2 Results","3 See also","4 Footnotes","5 References","6 External links"]	For a list of FIFA Women's World Cup finals, see List of FIFA Women's World Cup finals. Football tournamentFIFA World Cup finalFounded1930; 94 years ago (1930)Current champions Argentina (3rd title)Most successful team(s) Brazil (5 titles) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, when it was not held because of World War II. The World Cup final match is the last of the competition, played by the only two teams remaining in contention, and the result determines which country is declared the world champion. It is a one-off match decided in regulation time. In case of a draw, extra time is used. If scores are then still level, a penalty shoot-out determines the winner, under the rules in force since 1986; prior to that, finals still tied after extra time would have been replayed, though this never proved necessary. The golden goal rule would have applied during extra time in 1998 and 2002, but was not put in practice either. The only exception to this type of format was the 1950 World Cup, which featured a final round-robin group of four teams; the decisive match of that group is often regarded as the de facto final of that tournament, including by FIFA itself. The team that wins the final receives the FIFA World Cup Trophy, and its name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy. Of 80 different nations that have appeared in the tournament, 13 have made it to the final, and 8 have won. Brazil, the only team that has participated in every World Cup, is also the most successful team in the competition, having won five titles and finished second twice. Italy and Germany have four titles each, with Germany having reached more finals than any other team, eight. Current champion Argentina has three titles, Uruguay and France have two each, while England and Spain have one each. Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands and Croatia have played in the final without winning. Only teams from Europe (UEFA) and South America (CONMEBOL) have ever competed in the final. Argentina defeated France on penalties in the latest final, staged at Qatar's Lusail Stadium in 2022. List of final matches London(1966)Paris(1938, 1998)Berlin(2006)Rome(1934, 1990)Madrid(1982)Stockholm(1958)Bern(1954)Munich(1974)Moscow(2018)class=notpageimage\| Locations of finals held in Europe Montevideo (1930)Buenos Aires(1978)Rio de Janeiro(1950, 2014)Santiago (1962)Yokohama(2002)Mexico City(1970, 1986)Johannesburg(2010)Pasadena(1994)Lusail(2022)East Rutherford(2026)class=notpageimage\| Locations of finals held in the rest of the world Key to the list a.e.t. Match went to extra time pen. Match was won on a penalty shoot-out List of FIFA World Cup finals Year Winners Score Runners-up Venue Location Attendance Ref. 1930 Uruguay 4–2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay 68,346 1934 Italy 2–1 (a.e.t.) Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome, Italy 55,000 1938 Italy 4–2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris, France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2–1 Brazil Maracanã Stadium Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 173,850 1954 West Germany 3–2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern, Switzerland 62,500 1958 Brazil 5–2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna, Sweden 49,737 1962 Brazil 3–1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago, Chile 68,679 1966 England 4–2 (a.e.t.) West Germany Wembley Stadium London, England 96,924 1970 Brazil 4–1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City, Mexico 107,412 1974 West Germany 2–1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich, West Germany 78,200 1978 Argentina 3–1 (a.e.t.) Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires, Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3–1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid, Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3–2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City, Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1–0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome, Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0–0 (a.e.t.)(3–2 pen.) Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena, California, United States 94,194 1998 France 3–0 Brazil Stade de France Saint-Denis, France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2–0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama, Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1–1 (a.e.t.)(5–3 pen.) France Olympiastadion Berlin, Germany 69,000 2010 Spain 1–0 (a.e.t.) Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg, South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1–0 (a.e.t.) Argentina Maracanã Stadium Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4–2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow, Russia 78,011 2022 Argentina 3–3 (a.e.t.)(4–2 pen.) France Lusail Stadium Lusail, Qatar 88,966 2026 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey, United States Results Map of winning countries Results by nation Team Winners Runners-up Total finals Years won Years runners-up Brazil 5 2 7 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002 1950, 1998 Germany 4 4 8 1954, 1974, 1990, 2014 1966, 1982, 1986, 2002 Italy 4 2 6 1934, 1938, 1982, 2006 1970, 1994 Argentina 3 3 6 1978, 1986, 2022 1930, 1990, 2014 France 2 2 4 1998, 2018 2006, 2022 Uruguay 2 0 2 1930, 1950 — England 1 0 1 1966 — Spain 1 0 1 2010 — Netherlands 0 3 3 — 1974, 1978, 2010 Hungary 0 2 2 — 1938, 1954 Czechoslovakia 0 2 2 — 1934, 1962 Sweden 0 1 1 — 1958 Croatia 0 1 1 — 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners-up UEFA 29 12 17 CONMEBOL 15 10 5 See also List of FIFA Confederations Cup finals List of FIFA World Cup final stadiums List of FIFA World Cup final goalscorers Footnotes ^ The 1962 and 1966 finals had provisions for only a single replay, and then a drawing of lots. For knockout matches other than the finals, penalty shoot-outs had been adopted from 1978, while lots would have been drawn between 1962 and 1974. ^ The team's totals include the records of West Germany (1954–1990). ^ Decisive match of a final stage; technically not a final but often regarded as such. References General "World Cup 1930–2018". Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2023. Specific ^ "Laws of the Game" (PDF). FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2009. ^ "Why penalty shoot-outs were introduced". fifamuseum.com. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ "FIFA World Cup finals since 1930" (PDF). FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2009. ^ "Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil (World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil)". Globo TV. 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014. ^ "World Cup Spotlight on Brazil". CNN. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2007. ^ "All-time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930-2010" (PDF). FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2013. ^ "1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Uruguay 1930". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1934 FIFA World Cup Italy". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Italy 1934". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1938 FIFA World Cup France". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – France 1938". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Brazil 1950". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Switzerland 1954". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Sweden 1958". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1962 FIFA World Cup Chile". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Chile 1962". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1966 FIFA World Cup England". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – England 1966". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Mexico 1970". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1974 FIFA World Cup Germany". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Germany 1974". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Argentina 1978". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1982 FIFA World Cup Spain". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Spain 1982". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Mexico 1986". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1990 FIFA World Cup Italy". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – Italy 1990". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1994 FIFA World Cup USA". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – USA 1994". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "1998 FIFA World Cup France". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – France 1998". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "World Cup history – South Korea & Japan 2002". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "2006 FIFA World Cup Germany". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "Zidane off as Italy win World Cup". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2009. ^ "2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2012. ^ "Netherlands 0–1 Spain (aet)". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2012. ^ "Estadio Do Maracana, Rio de Janeiro". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2014. ^ McNulty, Phil (13 July 2014). "Germany 1–0 Argentina". BBC Sport. BBC. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014. ^ "Formidable France secure second title". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). 15 July 2018. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2019. ^ "More than half the world watched record-breaking 2018 World Cup". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). 21 December 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019. ^ "Argentina and Messi spot on for World Cup glory". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). 18 December 2022. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022. External links FIFA World Cup Archived 22 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine at FIFA.com vteFIFA World CupFédération internationale de football association (FIFA)Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada / Mexico / United States 2026 Morocco / Portugal / Spain 20301 Saudi Arabia 2034 Qualification 19302 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Finals 1930 1934 1938 19503 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Final draw 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Bids 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 Officials 2010 2014 2018 2022 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Overall records Player records winners top appearances red cards Goalscorer records top finals hat-tricks own goals Manager records winners all appearances Match records opening penalty shoot-outs Miscellaneous Awards Balls Controversies Economics Fan Festival Films History Mascots Music Notable matches qualifying Referees Stadiums finals Trophy Video games World Champions Cup 1 Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay will host the inaugural games 2 There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only. 3 No final held; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage. Category Commons vteFIFA World Cup final venues20th century Estadio Centenario (1930) Stadio Nazionale PNF (1934) Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir (1938) Maracanã Stadium (1950) Wankdorf Stadium (1954) Råsunda Stadium (1958) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos (1962) Wembley Stadium (1966) Estadio Azteca (1970) Olympiastadion (1974) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti (1978) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium (1982) Estadio Azteca (1986) Stadio Olimpico (1990) Rose Bowl (1994) Stade de France (1998) 21st century International Stadium Yokohama (2002) Olympiastadion (2006) Soccer City (2010) Maracanã Stadium (2014) Luzhniki Stadium (2018) Lusail Stadium (2022) MetLife Stadium (2026)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of FIFA Women's World Cup finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_finals"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"men's national teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_men%27s_national_association_football_teams"},{"link_name":"Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_(draw)"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"replayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"golden goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_goal"},{"link_name":"1950 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"round-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"the decisive match of that group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_v_Brazil_(1950_FIFA_World_Cup)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-All_results-4"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globo-5"},{"link_name":"appeared in the tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_team_appearances_in_the_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL"},{"link_name":"the latest final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Lusail Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail_Stadium"}],"text":"For a list of FIFA Women's World Cup finals, see List of FIFA Women's World Cup finals.Football tournamentThe FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, when it was not held because of World War II.The World Cup final match is the last of the competition, played by the only two teams remaining in contention, and the result determines which country is declared the world champion. It is a one-off match decided in regulation time. In case of a draw, extra time is used. If scores are then still level, a penalty shoot-out determines the winner,[1] under the rules in force since 1986; prior to that, finals still tied after extra time would have been replayed,[n 1] though this never proved necessary. The golden goal rule would have applied during extra time in 1998 and 2002, but was not put in practice either.The only exception to this type of format was the 1950 World Cup, which featured a final round-robin group of four teams; the decisive match of that group is often regarded as the de facto final of that tournament, including by FIFA itself.[3]The team that wins the final receives the FIFA World Cup Trophy, and its name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy.[4] Of 80 different nations that have appeared in the tournament, 13 have made it to the final, and 8 have won. Brazil, the only team that has participated in every World Cup, is also the most successful team in the competition, having won five titles and finished second twice.[5] Italy and Germany[n 2] have four titles each, with Germany having reached more finals than any other team, eight. Current champion Argentina has three titles, Uruguay and France have two each, while England and Spain have one each. Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands and Croatia have played in the final without winning. Only teams from Europe (UEFA) and South America (CONMEBOL) have ever competed in the final.Argentina defeated France on penalties in the latest final, staged at Qatar's Lusail Stadium in 2022.","title":"List of FIFA World Cup finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of final matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_cup_winners.png"}],"text":"Map of winning countries","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"}],"text":"^ The 1962 and 1966 finals had provisions for only a single replay, and then a drawing of lots. For knockout matches other than the finals, penalty shoot-outs had been adopted from 1978, while lots would have been drawn between 1962 and 1974.[2]\n\n^ The team's totals include the records of West Germany (1954–1990).[6]\n\n^ Decisive match of a final stage; technically not a final but often regarded as such.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of winning countries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/World_cup_winners.png/350px-World_cup_winners.png"}]	[{"title":"List of FIFA Confederations Cup finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIFA_Confederations_Cup_finals"},{"title":"List of FIFA World Cup final stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_final_stadiums"},{"title":"List of FIFA World Cup final goalscorers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_final_goalscorers"}]	[{"reference":"\"World Cup 1930–2018\". Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/worldcup.html","url_text":"\"World Cup 1930–2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221213025041/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/worldcup.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Laws of the Game\" (PDF). FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206073655/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/federation/81/42/36/lotg_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Laws of the Game\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/federation/81/42/36/lotg_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Why penalty shoot-outs were introduced\". fifamuseum.com. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/blog-stories/blog/why-the-lottery-that-is-penalty-shoot-outs-were-introduced-2610606/","url_text":"\"Why penalty shoot-outs were introduced\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230112213404/https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/blog-stories/blog/why-the-lottery-that-is-penalty-shoot-outs-were-introduced-2610606/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FIFA World Cup finals since 1930\" (PDF). FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514092024/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mcwc/ip-301_09a_wc-finals_alltime_8864.pdf","url_text":"\"FIFA World Cup finals since 1930\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mcwc/ip-301_09a_wc-finals_alltime_8864.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil (World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil)\". Globo TV. 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://globotv.globo.com/rede-globo/jornal-da-globo/t/edicoes/v/taca-da-copa-do-mundo-chega-ao-brasil/3296190/","url_text":"\"Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil (World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205424/http://globotv.globo.com/rede-globo/jornal-da-globo/t/edicoes/v/taca-da-copa-do-mundo-chega-ao-brasil/3296190/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup Spotlight on Brazil\". CNN. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._DeMets	David DeMets	["1 References"]	American biostatistician (born 1944) David L. DeMets (born 27 November 1944) is an American biostatistician. DeMets earned a doctorate in biostatistics from the University of Minnesota in 1970, and completed his postdoctoral research at the National Institutes of Health in 1972, then joined the University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty in 1972. He was later named Max Halperin Professor of Biostatistics, and awarded emeritus status upon retirement in 2017. DeMets was elected a fellow of the American Statistical Association in 1986, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1998, and a member of the Institute of Medicine in 2013. References ^ a b "David L. DeMets Biography". University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "David L. DeMets". University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "ASA Fellows". American Statistical Association. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "Three faculty named AAAS fellows". University of Wisconsin–Madison. 5 November 1998. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "Institute of Medicine Elects 70 New Members, 10 Foreign Associates". EurekAlert!. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2023. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID Other IdRef This article about a statistician from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dldmbio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dldmbio-1"},{"link_name":"American Statistical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Statistical_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Institute of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"David L. DeMets (born 27 November 1944) is an American biostatistician.DeMets earned a doctorate in biostatistics from the University of Minnesota in 1970, and completed his postdoctoral research at the National Institutes of Health in 1972, then joined the University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty in 1972.[1] He was later named Max Halperin Professor of Biostatistics,[2] and awarded emeritus status upon retirement in 2017.[1]DeMets was elected a fellow of the American Statistical Association in 1986,[3] a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1998,[4] and a member of the Institute of Medicine in 2013.[5]","title":"David DeMets"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"David L. DeMets Biography\". University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved 17 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biostat.wisc.edu/~demets/Biography/longbio.html","url_text":"\"David L. DeMets Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"David L. DeMets\". University of Wisconsin–Madison. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Price_(Carnhuanawc)	Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc)	["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]	Portrait of Carnhuanawc (c. 1826) by "Emmanuel Giaconia" (pseudonym; possibly William Jones or Hugh Hughes), University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter The Reverend Thomas Price (2 October 1787 – 7 November 1848) (known by the bardic name of Carnhuanawc) was a historian and a major Welsh literary figure of the early 19th century. Price was also "an essayist, orator, naturalist, educationalist, linguist, antiquarian, artist and musician". He contributed to learned and popular journals and was a leading figure in the revival of the Eisteddfod. Biography Price was born at Pencaerelin, in Llanfihangel Bryn Pabuan, near Builth Wells. In 1805 he attended Brecon Grammar School, now Christ College, Brecon, living in lodgings until he was able to qualify as a deacon of the Church of England. He became a curate in Radnorshire, living at Builth Wells with his mother. He wrote in both the English and Welsh languages. Carnhuanawc was subsequently incumbent of Llanfihangel Cwmdu, Breconshire. Price was a major influence on Lady Charlotte Guest, whom he assisted in her translation of the Mabinogion. He was also associated with the work of Augusta Hall, Baroness Llanover, to whom he taught Welsh. When his health failed, the baroness became his patron and brought him to live nearby. Price was an advocate of pan-Celticism and to this end, between 1824 and 1845, he learnt the Breton language. He also encouraged the British and Foreign Bible Society to fund the publication, in 1827, of Jean-François Le Gonidec's translation of the New Testament into Breton. In 1829 he visited Le Gonidec, whom he had assisted with the translation, at his home in Angoulême. Price was also a close friend of Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué ("Kervarker"), the leading Breton literary figure of the day, who was editor of the collection of popular songs known as the Barzaz Breiz (Ballads of Brittany). Price brought La Villemarqué to a hugely successful series of Eisteddfodau at Abergavenny. Works An Essay on the Physiognomy and Physiology of the Present Inhabitants of Britain (1829) Hanes Cymru a Chenedl y Cymryo'r Cynoesoedd hyd at Farwolaeth Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ("Welsh History and the Ancient Welsh Nation up to the Death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd") (1836–1842) The Geographical Progress of Empire and Civilization (1847) Literary Remains (1854–55) References ^ Brinley Rees. "Price, Thomas (Carnhuanawc; 1787-1848), historian and antiquary". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 18 September 2019. ^ "English". ^ John T. Koch Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia, entry "Thomas Price" ^ "English". External links Cymdeithas Carnhuanawc (Carnhuanawc Society) – in Welsh, English, French and Breton Thomas Price 'Carnhuanawc' (1748–1848) c.1826 by Emmanuel Giaconia, at Founder's Library, Trinity St David, Lampeter Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnhuanawc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hugh Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hughes_(painter)"},{"link_name":"University of Wales Trinity Saint David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales_Trinity_Saint_David"},{"link_name":"Lampeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampeter"},{"link_name":"1787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1787_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"bardic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardic_name"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Eisteddfod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisteddfod"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Portrait of Carnhuanawc (c. 1826) by \"Emmanuel Giaconia\" (pseudonym; possibly William Jones or Hugh Hughes), University of Wales Trinity Saint David, LampeterThe Reverend Thomas Price (2 October 1787 – 7 November 1848)[1] (known by the bardic name of Carnhuanawc) was a historian and a major Welsh literary figure of the early 19th century. Price was also \"an essayist, orator, naturalist, educationalist, linguist, antiquarian, artist and musician\". He contributed to learned and popular journals and was a leading figure in the revival of the Eisteddfod.[2]","title":"Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Builth Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builth_Wells"},{"link_name":"Christ College, Brecon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_College,_Brecon"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon#Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Radnorshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radnorshire"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Welsh languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Lady Charlotte Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Charlotte_Guest"},{"link_name":"Mabinogion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion"},{"link_name":"Augusta Hall, Baroness Llanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Hall,_Baroness_Llanover"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"pan-Celticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Celticism"},{"link_name":"Breton language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"British and Foreign Bible Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Le Gonidec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Gonidec#Biblical_translations"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Claude_Henri,_vicomte_Hersart_de_la_Villemarqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Barzaz Breiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barzaz_Breiz"},{"link_name":"Abergavenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abergavenny"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Price was born at Pencaerelin, in Llanfihangel Bryn Pabuan, near Builth Wells. In 1805 he attended Brecon Grammar School, now Christ College, Brecon, living in lodgings until he was able to qualify as a deacon of the Church of England. He became a curate in Radnorshire, living at Builth Wells with his mother. He wrote in both the English and Welsh languages. Carnhuanawc was subsequently incumbent of Llanfihangel Cwmdu, Breconshire.Price was a major influence on Lady Charlotte Guest, whom he assisted in her translation of the Mabinogion. He was also associated with the work of Augusta Hall, Baroness Llanover, to whom he taught Welsh. When his health failed, the baroness became his patron and brought him to live nearby.Price was an advocate of pan-Celticism and to this end, between 1824 and 1845, he learnt the Breton language. He also encouraged the British and Foreign Bible Society to fund the publication, in 1827, of Jean-François Le Gonidec's translation of the New Testament into Breton. In 1829 he visited Le Gonidec, whom he had assisted with the translation, at his home in Angoulême.[3]Price was also a close friend of Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué (\"Kervarker\"), the leading Breton literary figure of the day, who was editor of the collection of popular songs known as the Barzaz Breiz (Ballads of Brittany). Price brought La Villemarqué to a hugely successful series of Eisteddfodau at Abergavenny.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An Essay on the Physiognomy and Physiology of the Present Inhabitants of Britain (1829)\nHanes Cymru a Chenedl y Cymryo'r Cynoesoedd hyd at Farwolaeth Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (\"Welsh History and the Ancient Welsh Nation up to the Death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd\") (1836–1842)\nThe Geographical Progress of Empire and Civilization (1847)\nLiterary Remains (1854–55)","title":"Works"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of Carnhuanawc (c. 1826) by \"Emmanuel Giaconia\" (pseudonym; possibly William Jones or Hugh Hughes), University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Carnhuanawc.jpg/220px-Carnhuanawc.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Brinley Rees. \"Price, Thomas (Carnhuanawc; 1787-1848), historian and antiquary\". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosurgery	Immunosurgery	["1 References"]	Immunosurgery of a blastocyst. Antibodies are added that attach to the outermost layer of cells, which on a blastocyst is the trophoblast. After removing any unbound antibodies and adding complement, the trophoblast cells are destroyed, leaving only the inner cell mass. Immunosurgery is a method of selectively removing the external cell layer (trophoblast) of a blastocyst through a cytotoxicity procedure. The protocol for immunosurgery includes preincubation with an antiserum, rinsing it with embryonic stem cell derivation media to remove the antibodies, exposing it to complement, and then removing the lysed trophoectoderm through a pipette. This technique is used to isolate the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. The trophoectoderm's cell junctions and tight epithelium "shield" the ICM from antibody binding by effectively making the cell impermeable to macromolecules. Immunosurgery can be used to obtain large quantities of pure inner cell masses in a relatively short period of time. The ICM obtained can then be used for stem cell research and is better to use than adult or fetal stem cells because the ICM has not been affected by external factors, such as manually bisecting the cell. However, if the structural integrity of the blastocyst is compromised prior to the experiment, the ICM is susceptible to the immunological reaction. Thus, the quality of the embryo used is imperative to the experiment's success. In addition, when using complement derived from animals, the source of the animals matters. They should be kept in a specific-pathogen-free environment to increase the likelihood that the animal has not developed natural antibodies against the bacterial carbohydrates present in the serum (which can be obtained from a different animal). Solter and Knowles developed the first method of immunosurgery with their 1975 paper "Immunosurgery of Mouse Blastocyst". They primarily used it for studying early embryonic development. Though immunosurgery is the most prevalent method of ICM isolation, various experiments have improved the process, such as through the use of lasers (performed by Tanaka, et al.) and micromanipulators (performed by Ding, et al.). These new methods reduce the risk of contamination with animal materials within the embryonic stem cells derived from the ICM, which can cause complications later on if the embryonic stem cells are transplanted into a human for cell therapy. References ^ a b Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Allogeneic component to overcome rejection in interspecific pregnancy". WikiJournal of Medicine. 1 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.004. ^ Cruz, Y. P.; Treichel, R. S.; Harsay, E.; Chi, K. D. (1993-01-01). "Mouse Blastocyst Immunosurgery with Commercial Antiserum to Mouse Erythrocytes". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal. 29A (8): 671–675. doi:10.1007/BF02634557. JSTOR 4294104. PMID 8376320. S2CID 7019136. ^ Nichols, Jennifer; Boroviak, Thorsten (2015). "Maximizing Clonal Embryonic Stem Cell Derivation by ERK Pathway Inhibition". Embryonic Stem Cell Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1341. pp. 1–13. doi:10.1007/7651_2015_253. ISBN 978-1-4939-2953-5. PMID 26026883. ^ a b Solter, D; Knowles, BB (1975). "Immunosurgery of mouse blastocyst". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 72 (12): 5099–102. Bibcode:1975PNAS...72.5099S. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.12.5099. PMC 388883. PMID 1108013. ^ Crook, Jeremy M.; Kravets, Lucy; Peura, Teija; Firpo, Meri T. (2017). "Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells". Stem Cell Banking. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1590. pp. 115–129. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6921-0_8. ISBN 978-1-4939-6919-7. PMID 28353265. ^ “Production of Chimeras,” Chapter 11, in Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, 3rd edition, by Andras Nagy, Marina Gertsenstein, Kristina Vintersten, and Richard Behringer. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA, 2003. ^ Amit, Michal (2013). "Sources and Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells". Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 997. pp. 3–11. doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-348-0_1. ISBN 978-1-62703-347-3. PMID 23546743. ^ Tanaka, Noriko; Takeuchi, Takumi; Neri, Queenie V.; Sills, Eric Scott; Palermo, Gianpiero D. (2006-01-01). "Laser-assisted blastocyst dissection and subsequent cultivation of embryonic stem cells in a serum/cell free culture system: applications and preliminary results in a murine model". Journal of Translational Medicine. 4: 20. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-4-20. ISSN 1479-5876. PMC 1479373. PMID 16681851. ^ Yan Ding, Yi Gan, Jing Bo Feng, Shao Hua Qi, Rui Ming Li, Dong Sheng Li. "Efficient isolation inner cell mass from blastocysts by improved microsurgical technique". Cell Research (2008) 18:s39. doi: 10.1038/cr.2008.129; published online 4 August 2008 This immunology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This surgery article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"trophoblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophoblast"},{"link_name":"blastocyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocyst"},{"link_name":"cytotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity"},{"link_name":"antiserum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiserum"},{"link_name":"embryonic stem cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell"},{"link_name":"complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"inner cell mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_cell_mass"},{"link_name":"cell junctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_junction"},{"link_name":"epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium"},{"link_name":"macromolecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"stem cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"specific-pathogen-free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific-pathogen-free"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"embryonic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryogenesis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"embryonic stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell"},{"link_name":"cell therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_therapy"}],"text":"Immunosurgery is a method of selectively removing the external cell layer (trophoblast) of a blastocyst through a cytotoxicity procedure. The protocol for immunosurgery includes preincubation with an antiserum, rinsing it with embryonic stem cell derivation media to remove the antibodies, exposing it to complement, and then removing the lysed trophoectoderm through a pipette.[1] This technique is used to isolate the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. The trophoectoderm's cell junctions and tight epithelium \"shield\" the ICM from antibody binding by effectively making the cell impermeable to macromolecules.[2][3]Immunosurgery can be used to obtain large quantities of pure inner cell masses in a relatively short period of time. The ICM obtained can then be used for stem cell research and is better to use than adult or fetal stem cells because the ICM has not been affected by external factors, such as manually bisecting the cell.[4][5] However, if the structural integrity of the blastocyst is compromised prior to the experiment, the ICM is susceptible to the immunological reaction. Thus, the quality of the embryo used is imperative to the experiment's success. In addition, when using complement derived from animals, the source of the animals matters. They should be kept in a specific-pathogen-free environment to increase the likelihood that the animal has not developed natural antibodies against the bacterial carbohydrates present in the serum (which can be obtained from a different animal).[6]Solter and Knowles developed the first method of immunosurgery with their 1975 paper \"Immunosurgery of Mouse Blastocyst\". They primarily used it for studying early embryonic development.[4][7] Though immunosurgery is the most prevalent method of ICM isolation, various experiments have improved the process, such as through the use of lasers (performed by Tanaka, et al.) and micromanipulators (performed by Ding, et al.).[8][9] These new methods reduce the risk of contamination with animal materials within the embryonic stem cells derived from the ICM, which can cause complications later on if the embryonic stem cells are transplanted into a human for cell therapy.","title":"Immunosurgery"}]	[{"image_text":"Immunosurgery of a blastocyst. Antibodies are added that attach to the outermost layer of cells, which on a blastocyst is the trophoblast. After removing any unbound antibodies and adding complement, the trophoblast cells are destroyed, leaving only the inner cell mass.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Blastocyst_immunosurgery.png/220px-Blastocyst_immunosurgery.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Häggström, Mikael (2014). \"Allogeneic component to overcome rejection in interspecific pregnancy\". WikiJournal of Medicine. 1 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.004.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15347%2Fwjm%2F2014.004","url_text":"\"Allogeneic component to overcome rejection in interspecific pregnancy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15347%2Fwjm%2F2014.004","url_text":"10.15347/wjm/2014.004"}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Y. P.; Treichel, R. S.; Harsay, E.; Chi, K. D. (1993-01-01). \"Mouse Blastocyst Immunosurgery with Commercial Antiserum to Mouse Erythrocytes\". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheherazade	Scheherazade	["1 Name","2 Narration","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Character from Arabian Nights For other uses, see Scheherazade (disambiguation). Fictional character ScheherazadeشهرزادOne Thousand and One Nights characterScheherazade, 19th century painting by Sophie AndersonPortrayed byMili Avital, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Claude Jade, Anna Karina, María Montez, Cyrine Abdelnour, Sulaf Fawakherji, Annette Haven, Meredith Stepien, Damini Kanwal ShettyIn-universe informationGenderFemaleOccupationQueen consortFamilyThe chief vizier (father)Dunyazad (sister)SpouseShahryarChildren3 sonsOther namesShahrazad, Shahrzad Scheherazade (/ʃəˌhɛrəˈzɑːd, -də/) is a major character and the storyteller in the frame narrative of the Middle Eastern collection of tales known as the One Thousand and One Nights. Name According to modern scholarship, the name Scheherazade derives from the Middle Persian name Čehrāzād, which is composed of the words čehr ('lineage') and āzād ('noble, exalted'). The earliest forms of Scheherazade's name in Arabic sources include Shirazad (Arabic: شيرازاد, romanized: Šīrāzād) in al-Masudi, and Shahrazad in Ibn al-Nadim. The name appears as Šahrazād in the Encyclopaedia of Islam and as Šahrāzād in the Encyclopædia Iranica. Among standard 19th-century printed editions, the name appears as شهرزاد, Šahrazād in Macnaghten's Calcutta edition (1839–1842) and in the 1862 Bulaq edition, and as شاهرزاد, Šāhrazād in the Breslau edition (1825–1843). Muhsin Mahdi's critical edition has شهرازاد, Šahrāzād. The spelling Scheherazade first appeared in English-language texts in 1801, borrowed from German usage. Scheherazade and the sultan by Iranian painter Sani al Mulk (1849–1856) Narration This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Scheherazade" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Scheherazade and the sultan by German painter Ferdinand Keller, 1880 The story goes that the monarch Shahryar, on discovering that his first wife was unfaithful to him, resolved to marry a new virgin every day and to have her beheaded the next morning before she could dishonor him. Eventually, the vizier could find no more virgins of noble blood and, against her father's wishes, Scheherazade volunteered to marry the king. Sir Richard Burton's translation of The Nights describes Scheherazade in this way: Scheherazade had perused the books, annals, and legends of preceding Kings, and the stories, examples, and instances of bygone men and things; indeed it was said that she had collected a thousand books of histories relating to antique races and departed rulers. She had perused the works of the poets and knew them by heart; she had studied philosophy and the sciences, arts, and accomplishments; and she was pleasant and polite, wise and witty, well-read and well-bred. Once in the king's chambers, Scheherazade asked if she might bid one last farewell to her beloved younger sister, Dunyazad, who had secretly been prepared to ask Scheherazade to tell a story during the long night. The king lay awake and listened with awe as Scheherazade told her first story. The night passed by, and Scheherazade stopped in the middle. The king asked her to finish, but Scheherazade said there was no time, as dawn was breaking. So the king spared her life for one day so she could finish the story the next night. The following night Scheherazade finished the story and then began a second, more exciting tale, which she again stopped halfway through at dawn. Again, the king spared her life for one more day so that she could finish the second story. Thus the king kept Scheherazade alive day by day, as he eagerly anticipated the conclusion of each previous night's story. At the end of 1,001 nights, and 1,000 stories, Scheherazade finally told the king that she had no more tales to tell him and asked to be able to say goodbye to the three sons and 1 daughter she had given him during those years. During the preceding 1,001 nights, however, the king had fallen in love with Scheherazade. He spared her life and made her his queen. See also List of works influenced by One Thousand and One Nights References ^ a b "Scheherazade". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 27 April 2019. ^ Marzolph, Ulrich (2017). "Arabian Nights". In Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0021. he narrator's name is of Persian origin, the Arabicised form Shahrazād being the equivalent of the Persian Chehr-āzād, meaning "of noble descent and/or appearance". ^ a b Ch. Pellat (2011). "Alf Layla wa-Layla". Encyclopædia Iranica. ^ a b Hamori, A. (2012). "S̲h̲ahrazād". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6771. ^ Robert Irwin (2004). The Arabian Nights: A Companion. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 944 (Kindle loc). ^ Hamdan Muhammad Ali Hussein Ismail (حمدان محمد علي حسين إسماعيل) (2009). Ishkaliyat al-Tarjamah fi al-Adab al-Muqaran إشكالية الترجمة في الآدب المقارن. Al Manhal. p. 170. ISBN 9796500054087. ^ William Hay Macnaghten, ed. (1839). The Alif laila. Vol. 1. Calcutta, W. Thacker and co. p. 14. ^ Kitāb alf laylah wa-laylah. Vol. 1. Bulaq. 1862. p. 20. ^ Maximilian Habicht; Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer, eds. (1825). Tausend und eine Nacht — alf laylah wa-laylah: arabisch, nach einer Handschrift aus Tunis. 880-01Alf laylah wa-laylah. Vol. 1. Breslau. p. 31. ^ Muhsin Mahdi, ed. (1984). Alf Layla wa-Layla. Brill. p. 66. ISBN 978-9004074316. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Scheherazade. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scheherazade. The Arabian Nights Entertainments—Project Gutenberg vteOne Thousand and One NightsTranslations Les mille et une nuits (1704–1717) The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (1885–1888) Le livre des mille nuits et une nuit (1926–1932) Stories Abu al-Husn and His Slave-Girl Tawaddud Aladdin Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves The Ebony Horse The Fisherman and the Jinni Hassan of Basra Sinbad the Sailor The Sisters Envious of Their Cadette The Three Apples Abou Hassan Ahmed and Paribanou CharactersFictional Aladdin Ali Baba Badroulbadour Old Man of the Sea Scheherazade Sinbad the Sailor Legendary Hatim al-Tai Khidr Ma'n ibn Za'ida al-Shaybani Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan Shaddad ibn 'Ad Solomon Historical Abu Nuwas Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf Al-Ma'mun Baibars Harun al-Rashid Ibrahim al-Mawsili Ishaq al-Mawsili Ja'far ibn Yahya Khosrow II Shirin Zubaidah bint Ja'far Films The Thief of Bagdad (1924) The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926) The Thief of Bagdad (1940) Arabian Nights (1942) Baghdad Ka Chor (1946) La Rosa di Bagdad (1949) The Thief of Bagdad (1952) Baghdad Thirudan (1960) The Thief of Baghdad (1961) Baghdad Gaja Donga (1968) A Thousand and One Nights (1969) Arabian Nights (1974) The Thief of Baghdad (1978) Ajooba (1991) Arabian Nights (2015) Templates Aladdin Sinbad Ali Baba Television Alif Laila (1993–1997) Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights (1994) Arabian Nights (2000) Thief of Baghdad (2000–2001) 1001 Nights (2011) MusicOperas Le calife de Bagdad (1800) Abu Hassan (1811) Ali Baba (Cherubini) (1833) Der Barbier von Bagdad (1858) La statue (1861) Ali-Baba (Lecocq) (1887) Mârouf, savetier du Caire (1914) Other Scheherazade Op. 35 (1888) Aladdin (1918–1919) Literature "Recollections of the Arabian Nights" (1830) "The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade" (1845) New Arabian Nights (1882) Slaves of Sleep (1939) The Eighth Voyage of Sindbad (1964) Dunyazadiad (1972) Arabian Nights and Days (1979) The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor (1991) Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights (2015) Lists Stories (Burton translation) Works influenced by Related Ghoul Ifrit Jinn Magic carpet Open sesame Roc (rukh) Shahrokh Aladdin (franchise) The Thief and the Cobbler Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scheherazade (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheherazade_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ʃəˌhɛrəˈzɑːd, -də/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"frame narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_story"},{"link_name":"One Thousand and One Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights"}],"text":"For other uses, see Scheherazade (disambiguation).Fictional characterScheherazade (/ʃəˌhɛrəˈzɑːd, -də/)[1] is a major character and the storyteller in the frame narrative of the Middle Eastern collection of tales known as the One Thousand and One Nights.","title":"Scheherazade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iranica-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-4"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"al-Masudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masudi"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Nadim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-4"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Iranica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iranica-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Muhsin Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhsin_Mahdi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:One_Thousand_and_One_Nights17.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sani al Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_al_Mulk_(Abu%27l-Hasan)"}],"text":"According to modern scholarship, the name Scheherazade derives from the Middle Persian name Čehrāzād, which is composed of the words čehr ('lineage') and āzād ('noble, exalted').[2][3][4] The earliest forms of Scheherazade's name in Arabic sources include Shirazad (Arabic: شيرازاد, romanized: Šīrāzād) in al-Masudi, and Shahrazad in Ibn al-Nadim.[5][6]The name appears as Šahrazād in the Encyclopaedia of Islam[4] and as Šahrāzād in \nthe Encyclopædia Iranica.[3] Among standard 19th-century printed editions, the name appears as شهرزاد, Šahrazād in Macnaghten's Calcutta edition (1839–1842)[7] and in the 1862 Bulaq edition,[8] and as شاهرزاد, Šāhrazād in the Breslau edition (1825–1843).[9] Muhsin Mahdi's critical edition has شهرازاد, Šahrāzād.[10]The spelling Scheherazade first appeared in English-language texts in 1801, borrowed from German usage.[1]Scheherazade and the sultan by Iranian painter Sani al Mulk (1849–1856)","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Keller_-_Scheherazade_und_Sultan_Schariar_(1880).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Keller_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Shahryar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights_characters#Shahryar"},{"link_name":"virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin"},{"link_name":"vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Burton's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton"},{"link_name":"Dunyazad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunyazad"}],"text":"Scheherazade and the sultan by German painter Ferdinand Keller, 1880The story goes that the monarch Shahryar, on discovering that his first wife was unfaithful to him, resolved to marry a new virgin every day and to have her beheaded the next morning before she could dishonor him. Eventually, the vizier could find no more virgins of noble blood and, against her father's wishes, Scheherazade volunteered to marry the king.Sir Richard Burton's translation of The Nights describes Scheherazade in this way:Scheherazade had perused the books, annals, and legends of preceding Kings, and the stories, examples, and instances of bygone men and things; indeed it was said that she had collected a thousand books of histories relating to antique races and departed rulers. She had perused the works of the poets and knew them by heart; she had studied philosophy and the sciences, arts, and accomplishments; and she was pleasant and polite, wise and witty, well-read and well-bred.Once in the king's chambers, Scheherazade asked if she might bid one last farewell to her beloved younger sister, Dunyazad, who had secretly been prepared to ask Scheherazade to tell a story during the long night. The king lay awake and listened with awe as Scheherazade told her first story. The night passed by, and Scheherazade stopped in the middle. The king asked her to finish, but Scheherazade said there was no time, as dawn was breaking. So the king spared her life for one day so she could finish the story the next night. The following night Scheherazade finished the story and then began a second, more exciting tale, which she again stopped halfway through at dawn. Again, the king spared her life for one more day so that she could finish the second story.Thus the king kept Scheherazade alive day by day, as he eagerly anticipated the conclusion of each previous night's story. At the end of 1,001 nights, and 1,000 stories, Scheherazade finally told the king that she had no more tales to tell him and asked to be able to say goodbye to the three sons and 1 daughter she had given him during those years. During the preceding 1,001 nights, however, the king had fallen in love with Scheherazade. He spared her life and made her his queen.","title":"Narration"}]	[{"image_text":"Scheherazade and the sultan by Iranian painter Sani al Mulk (1849–1856)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights17.jpg/290px-One_Thousand_and_One_Nights17.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scheherazade and the sultan by German painter Ferdinand Keller, 1880","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ferdinand_Keller_-_Scheherazade_und_Sultan_Schariar_%281880%29.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_Keller_-_Scheherazade_und_Sultan_Schariar_%281880%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of works influenced by One Thousand and One Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_influenced_by_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights"}]	[{"reference":"\"Scheherazade\". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 27 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Scheherazade","url_text":"\"Scheherazade\""}]},{"reference":"Marzolph, Ulrich (2017). \"Arabian Nights\". In Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0021. [T]he narrator's name is of Persian origin, the Arabicised form Shahrazād being the equivalent of the Persian Chehr-āzād, meaning \"of noble descent and/or appearance\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_0021","url_text":"10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0021"}]},{"reference":"Ch. Pellat (2011). \"Alf Layla wa-Layla\". Encyclopædia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alf-layla-wa-layla","url_text":"\"Alf Layla wa-Layla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"Hamori, A. (2012). \"S̲h̲ahrazād\". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6771.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_6771","url_text":"10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6771"}]},{"reference":"Robert Irwin (2004). The Arabian Nights: A Companion. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 944 (Kindle loc).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hamdan Muhammad Ali Hussein Ismail (حمدان محمد علي حسين إسماعيل) (2009). Ishkaliyat al-Tarjamah fi al-Adab al-Muqaran إشكالية الترجمة في الآدب المقارن. Al Manhal. p. 170. ISBN 9796500054087.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bz2DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA170","url_text":"Ishkaliyat al-Tarjamah fi al-Adab al-Muqaran إشكالية الترجمة في الآدب المقارن"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9796500054087","url_text":"9796500054087"}]},{"reference":"William Hay Macnaghten, ed. (1839). The Alif laila. Vol. 1. Calcutta, W. Thacker and co. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/aliflailaorbook03unkngoog","url_text":"The Alif laila"}]},{"reference":"Kitāb alf laylah wa-laylah. Vol. 1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_v._United_States	Carpenter v. United States	["1 Background","1.1 Cell site location information (CSLI)","1.2 The Third-Party Doctrine","2 Facts of the case","2.1 Appeal at the Sixth Circuit","3 The court's opinion","3.1 Dissenting opinions","4 Impact and subsequent developments","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	2018 United States Supreme Court caseCarpenter v. United StatesSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued November 29, 2017Decided June 22, 2018Full case nameTimothy Ivory Carpenter v. United States of AmericaDocket no.16-402Citations585 U.S. ___ (more)138 S. Ct. 2206; 201 L. Ed. 2d 507ArgumentOral argumentOpinion announcementOpinion announcementCase historyPriorA jury in the District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan convicted Timothy Carpenter of armed robbery. The conviction was affirmed by Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, United States v. Carpenter, 819 F.3d 880 (6th Cir. 2016); cert. granted, 137 S. Ct. 2211 (2017).HoldingGovernment acquisition of cell-site records is a search under the Fourth Amendment, and, thus requires a warrant.Court membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy · Clarence ThomasRuth Bader Ginsburg · Stephen BreyerSamuel Alito · Sonia SotomayorElena Kagan · Neil Gorsuch Case opinionsMajorityRoberts, joined by Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, KaganDissentKennedy, joined by Thomas, AlitoDissentThomasDissentAlito, joined by ThomasDissentGorsuch Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296, 138 S.Ct. 2206 (2018), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the privacy of historical cell site location information (CSLI). The Court held that the government violates the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution when it accesses historical CSLI records containing the physical locations of cellphones without a search warrant. Prior to Carpenter, government entities could obtain cellphone location records from service providers by claiming the information was required as part of an investigation. After Carpenter, government entities are required to obtain a search warrant to access that information. Recognizing the influence of new consumer communications devices in the 2010s, the Court expanded its conceptions of constitutional rights toward the privacy of this type of data. However, the Court emphasized that the Carpenter ruling was narrowly restricted to the precise types of information and search procedures that were relevant to Carpenter's complaint. Background Cell site location information (CSLI) Cellular telephone service providers are able to find the location of cell phones through either global positioning system (GPS) data or cell site location information (CSLI), in the process of connecting calls and data transmissions. CSLI is captured by nearby cell towers, and this information is used to triangulate the location of phones. Service providers capture and store this data for business purposes, such as troubleshooting, maximizing network efficiencies, and determining whether to charge customers roaming fees for particular calls. The data can also illustrate the historical movements of a cellphone. Thus, anyone with access to this data has the ability to know where the phone has been and what other cell phones were in the same area at a given time. When users travel with their cellphones, this data can theoretically illustrate every place a person has traveled, and possibly the locations of other people encountered via their corresponding data. The Third-Party Doctrine Prior to Carpenter, the Supreme Court consistently held that a person had no reasonable expectation of privacy in regard to information voluntarily turned over to third-parties such as telephone companies, and therefore a search warrant is not required when government officials seek this information. This legal theory is known as the third-party doctrine, established by the Supreme Court in Smith v. Maryland (1979), in which the Court determined that government can obtain a list of phone numbers dialed from a suspect's phone. By the 2010s, cellphones and particularly smartphones had become important tools for nearly every person in the United States. Many applications, such as GPS navigation and location tools, require a cellphone to send and receive information constantly, including the exact location of the phone, often without an affirmative action on the part of its owner. As technology advanced in the 2010s, the Supreme Court began to modify its precedents on government searches of personal communications devices, given new consumer behaviors that may transcend the third-party doctrine. Facts of the case Between December 2010 and March 2011, several individuals in the Detroit, Michigan area conspired and participated in armed robberies at RadioShack and T-Mobile stores across the region. In April 2011, four of the robbers were captured and arrested. The petitioner, Timothy Carpenter, was not among the initial group of arrestees. One of those arrested confessed and turned over his phone so that FBI agents could review the calls made from his phone around the time of the robberies. The agents obtained a search warrant to inspect the information in that arrestee's phone, in order to find additional contacts of the arrestee and compile more evidence about the crime ring. From the historical cell site records on the arrestee's phone, the agents confirmed that Timothy Carpenter was also part of the crime ring, and proceeded to compile information about the location of his phone over 127 days. In turn, this information revealed that Carpenter had been within a two-mile radius of four robberies at the times they were perpetrated. This evidence was used to support Carpenter's arrest. At criminal court, Carpenter was found guilty of several counts of aiding and abetting robberies that affected interstate commerce, and another count of using a firearm during a violent crime. He was sentenced to 116 years in prison. Appeal at the Sixth Circuit Carpenter appealed his conviction and sentence to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, arguing that the CSLI evidence used against him should be suppressed because the police had not obtained a warrant pertaining to his CSLI records before searching through them. In 2015, the Circuit Court upheld Carpenter's conviction. This ruling was largely based on the Smith v. Maryland precedent, stating that Carpenter used cellular telephone networks voluntarily, and per the third-party doctrine he had no reasonable expectation that the data should be private. Thus, review of that information by the police did not constitute a "search" and did not require a warrant under the Fourth Amendment. Carpenter appealed this ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari in 2016. The court's opinion Oral arguments Recording of oral arguments before the Supreme Court. Problems playing this file? See media help. Twenty amicus curiae briefs were filed by interested organizations, scholars, and corporations for Carpenter's case. Some considered the case to be the most important Fourth Amendment dispute to come before the Supreme Court in a generation. The Court issued its decision in 2018, with the majority opinion written by Chief Justice John Roberts. The Court's ruling recognized that the Carpenter case revealed a contradiction between two lines of Supreme Court rulings on the matter of police searches of personal communications information. In United States v. Jones (2012) the Court had ruled that GPS tracking could constitute a search under the Fourth Amendment as a violation of a person's reasonable expectation of privacy. Meanwhile, the Court had held in Smith v. Maryland (1979) that the third-party doctrine absolved the government from warrant requirements when searching through telephone records. Ultimately, in Carpenter the court determined that the third-party doctrine could not be extended to historical cell site location information (CSLI). Instead, the Court compared "detailed, encyclopedic, and effortlessly compiled" CSLI records to the GPS information at issue in United States v. Jones, recognizing that both forms of data accord the government the ability to track individuals' past movements. Furthermore, the Court noted that CSLI could pose even greater privacy risks than GPS data, as the prevalence of cellphones could accord the government "near perfect surveillance" of an individual's movements. Accordingly, the Court ruled that, under the Fourth Amendment, the government must obtain a search warrant in order to access historical CSLI records. The Supreme Court Justices presiding over the Carpenter case. Front row (left to right): Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Anthony Kennedy, John Roberts (Chief Justice), Clarence Thomas, and Stephen Breyer. Back row (left to right): Elena Kagan, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Neil Gorsuch.Roberts argued that technology "has afforded law enforcement a powerful new tool to carry out its important responsibilities. At the same time, this tool risks Government encroachment of the sort the Framers , after consulting the lessons of history, drafted the Fourth Amendment to prevent." As stated in the opinion, "Unlike the nosy neighbor who keeps an eye on comings and goings, they are ever alert, and their memory is nearly infallible. There is a world of difference between the limited types of personal information addressed in Smith and the exhaustive chronicle of location information casually collected by wireless carriers today." However, Roberts stressed that the Carpenter decision was a very narrow one and did not affect other parts of the third-party doctrine, such as banking records. Similarly, he noted that the decision did not prevent the collection of CSLI without a warrant in cases of emergency or for issues of national security. Dissenting opinions Justice Anthony Kennedy, in a dissenting opinion, cautioned against the limitations on law enforcement inherent in the majority opinion. According to Kennedy, the ruling "places undue restrictions on the lawful and necessary enforcement powers exercised not only by the Federal Government, but also by law enforcement in every State and locality throughout the Nation. Adherence to this Court's longstanding precedents and analytic framework would have been the proper and prudent way to resolve this case." In another dissent, Justice Samuel Alito wrote: "I fear that today's decision will do far more harm than good. The Court's reasoning fractures two fundamental pillars of Fourth Amendment law, and in doing so, it guarantees a blizzard of litigation while threatening many legitimate and valuable investigative practices upon which law enforcement has rightfully come to rely." In yet another dissent, Justice Neil Gorsuch agreed with most of the majority opinion but stressed that CSLI data is personal property, and its storage by telephone companies should be immaterial. According to Gorsuch, the Fourth Amendment "grants you the right to invoke its guarantees whenever one of your protected things (your person, your house, your papers, or your effects) is unreasonably searched or seized. Period." Gorsuch further recommended that the third-party doctrine be overturned as inconsistent with the original meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Impact and subsequent developments After the Supreme Court ruling, Carpenter's criminal conviction was remanded to the Sixth Circuit to determine if it could stand without the CSLI data that required a warrant per the Supreme Court. Carpenter's lawyers argued that the data should have been subject to the exclusionary rule and thrown out as material collected without a proper warrant under the Supreme Court's ruling. However, the Circuit Court judges concluded that the FBI was acting in good faith with respect to collecting the data based on the law at the time the crimes were committed. This type of good faith exemption is permitted per another Supreme Court precedent, Davis v. United States (2011). The evidence was allowed to stand, and the Sixth Circuit again upheld Carpenter's criminal conviction and prison sentence. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court's ruling in Carpenter was very narrow and did not otherwise change the third-party doctrine related to other business records that might incidentally reveal location information, nor did it overrule prior decisions concerning conventional surveillance techniques and tools such as security cameras. The Court did not extend its ruling to other matters related to cellphones not presented in Carpenter, including real-time CSLI or "tower dumps" (the downloading of information about all the devices that were connected to a particular cell site during a particular interval). The opinion also did not consider other data collection goals involving foreign affairs or national security. References ^ a b c d e Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206 (2018). ^ a b Ng, Alfred (June 22, 2018). "Supreme Court says warrant necessary for phone location data in win for Privacy". cnet.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018. ^ a b "Cell Site Location Information: A Guide for Criminal Defense Attorneys" (PDF). Electronic Frontier Foundation. March 28, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2021. ^ National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (June 7, 2016). "Cell Phone Location Tracking" (PDF). law.berkeley.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ Howe, Amy (June 5, 2017). "Justices to tackle cellphone data case next term". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on June 9, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ Jon Schuppe (June 22, 2018). "Big brother gets a little smaller with cellphone privacy ruling". NBCnews.com. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ John Villasenor (December 30, 2013). "What You Need to Know about the Third-Party Doctrine". theatlantic.com. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved May 28, 2017. ^ "Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979)". Scholar.google.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ "Mobile Fact Sheet". Pew Research Center Internet and Technology. Pew Research Center. February 5, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2018. ^ "The Supreme Court will consider a mobile phone privacy case". The Economist. June 9, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ "Brief of respondent United States in opposition" (PDF). scotusblog.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ Laura E. Jehl (June 9, 2017). "Supreme Court Reenters Fray on Privacy: Carpenter v. United States". natlawreview.com. The National Law Review. Archived from the original on June 9, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ Nina Totenberg (November 29, 2017). "Justices May Impose New Limits On Government Access To Cellphone Data". npr.org. NPR Services. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "United States v. Carpenter, 819 F. 3d 880, 885 (6th Cir. 2016)". Scholar.google.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ "United States v. Carpenter, 819 F. 3d 880 (6th Cir. 2016)". Scholar.google.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ "United States v. Carpenter, 819 F. 3d 880, 890 (6th Cir.) (2016)". Scholar.google.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ "16-402 Carpenter v. United States" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ "Carpenter v. United States Petition for a writ of certiorari" (PDF). scotusblog.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ "Carpenter v. United States". scotusblog.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018. ^ "The Supreme Court Phone Location Case Will Decide the Future of Privacy". Motherboard. June 16, 2017. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Liptak, Adam (October 1, 2017). "Back at Full Strength, Supreme Court Faces a Momentous Term". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 27, 2017. Retrieved November 25, 2017. ^ US v. Jones, 565 US 400 (2012). ^ Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979). ^ Liptak, Adam (June 22, 2018). "Defending Privacy, Supreme Court Says Warrants Generally Are Necessary to Collect Cell Phone Data". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018. ^ "United States v. Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ Slip op. at 22 (2018)" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018. ^ "United States v. Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ Slip op. at 15 (2018)" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018. ^ Totenburg, Nina (June 22, 2018). "In Major Privacy Win, Supreme Court Rules Police Need Warrant To Track Your Cellphone". NPR. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018. ^ "United States v. Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ (Kennedy, J. dissenting) Slip op. at 1 (2018)" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018. ^ "United States v. Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ (Alito, J. dissenting) Slip op. at 1 (2018)" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018. ^ "Neil Gorsuch Joins Sonia Sotomayor in Questioning the Third-Party Doctrine". reason.com. Reason Foundation. June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018. ^ "United States v. Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ (Gorsuch, J. dissenting) Slip op. at 6 (2018)" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018. ^ "United States v. Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ (Gorsuch, J. dissenting) Slip op. at 20 (2018)" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018. ^ a b Farias, Christan (June 13, 2019). "He Won a Landmark Case for Privacy Rights. He's Going to Prison Anyway". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 14, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019. ^ Davis v. U.S., 564 US 229 (2011). Further reading Trevor Burrus & James Knight, Katz Nipped and Katz Cradled: Carpenter and the Evolving Fourth Amendment, 2017-2018 Cato Sup. Ct. Rev. 79 (2018). Caminker, Evan (May 1, 2019). "Location Tracking and Digital Data: Can Carpenter Build a Stable Privacy Doctrine?". Supreme Court Review. 2018: 411–481. doi:10.1086/702164. ISSN 0081-9557. S2CID 199142621. Donohue, Laura K. (May 1, 2019). "Functional Equivalence and Residual Rights Post-Carpenter: Framing a Test Consistent with Precedent and Original Meaning". Supreme Court Review. 2018: 347–410. doi:10.1086/704133. ISSN 0081-9557. S2CID 199150461. Susan Freiwald & Stephen Wm. Smith, The Supreme Court, 2017 Term — Comment: The Carpenter Chronicle: A Near-Perfect Surveillance, 132 Harv. L. Rev. 205 (2018). Chaker, Vania (September 21, 2018). "Your Spying Smartphone: Individual Privacy Is Narrowly Strengthened in Carpenter v. United States, The U.S. Supreme Court's Most Recent Fourth Amendment Ruling". Journal of Tech Law. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2018. Chaker, Vania (August 6, 201). "Chimaera I: Chimaera Unleashed: The Specter of Warrantless Governmental Intrusion Is a Phantom that Has Achieved Greater Life in the Ether of Internet Communications". Journal of Tech Law. 23. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2019. External links Text of Carpenter v. United States, No. 16-402, 585 U.S. ____ (2018) is available from: Google Scholar Justia Oyez (oral argument audio) Supreme Court (slip opinion) Case page at SCOTUSblog vteUnited States Fourth Amendment case lawScope of the Fourth AmendmentDefinition of search Boyd v. United States (1886) United States v. Lee (1927) Olmstead v. United States (1928) Abel v. United States (1960) Silverman v. United States (1961) Katz v. United States (1967) United States v. Knotts (1983) United States v. Place (1983) United States v. Karo (1984) California v. Greenwood (1988) Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n (1989) United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez (1990) Bond v. United States (2000) Kyllo v. United States (2001) Illinois v. Caballes (2005) United States v. Jones (2012) Florida v. Jardines (2013) Klayman v. Obama (D.D.C. 2013) ACLU v. Clapper (D.D.C. 2013) Open-fields doctrine Hester v. United States (1924) Oliver v. United States (1984) United States v. Dunn (1987) Aerial surveillance California v. Ciraolo (1986) Dow Chemical Co. v. United States (1986) Florida v. Riley (1989) Third-party doctrine United States v. White (1971) United States v. Miller (1976) Smith v. Maryland (1979) Carpenter v. United States (2018) Definition of seizure Counselman v. Hitchcock (1892) Hale v. Henkel (1906) Terry v. Ohio (1968) United States v. Mendenhall (1980) Florida v. Royer (1983) INS v. Delgado (1984) California v. Hodari D. (1991) Florida v. Bostick (1991) Soldal v. Cook County (1992) United States v. Drayton (2002) Brendlin v. California (2007) Torres v. Madrid (2021) Fourth Amendment standing Rakas v. Illinois (1978) Byrd v. United States (2018) Probable cause Brinegar v. United States (1949) Aguilar v. Texas (1964) Spinelli v. United States (1969) Illinois v. Gates (1983) Ornelas v. United States (1996) Whren v. United States (1996) Maryland v. Pringle (2003) Devenpeck v. Alford (2004) Florida v. Harris (2013) District of Columbia v. Wesby (2018) Reasonable suspicion: Investigative detentions and frisks Terry v. Ohio (1968) United States v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975) Delaware v. Prouse (1979) Brown v. Texas (1979) Ybarra v. Illinois (1979) United States v. Cortez (1981) United States v. Place (1983) Michigan v. Long (1983) Minnesota v. Dickerson (1996) Illinois v. Wardlow (2000) Florida v. J. L. (2000) United States v. Arvizu (2002) Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada (2004) Arizona v. Johnson (2009) Navarette v. California (2014) Heien v. North Carolina (2014) Kansas v. Glover (2020) Warrant requirement Johnson v. United States (1948) Franks v. Delaware (1978) Ybarra v. Illinois (1979) Maryland v. Garrison (1987) United States v. Grubbs (2006) Los Angeles County v. Rettelle (2006) Mere evidence rule Boyd v. United States (1886) Hale v. Henkel (1906) Warden v. Hayden (1967) Neutral and detached magistrate Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971) Warrants directed at third parties Zurcher v. Stanford Daily (1978) Knock-and-announce Wilson v. Arkansas (1995) Exceptions to warrant requirementExigent circumstances Warden v. Hayden (1967) United States v. Chadwick (1977) Payton v. New York (1980) Welsh v. Wisconsin (1986) Brigham City v. Stuart (2006) Kentucky v. King (2011) Caniglia v. Strom (2021) Lange v. California (2021) Consent searches Stoner v. California (1968) Schneckloth v. Bustamonte (1973) United States v. Matlock (1974) Illinois v. Rodriguez (1990) Georgia v. Randolph (2006) Fernandez v. California (2014) Plain view Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971) Arizona v. Hicks (1987) Horton v. California (1990) Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993) Vehicle searches Carroll v. United States (1925) Chambers v. Maroney (1970) Arkansas v. Sanders (1979) United States v. Ross (1982) California v. Carney (1985) Florida v. Jimeno (1991) California v. Acevedo (1991) Wyoming v. Houghton (1999) Florida v. White (1999) Collins v. Virginia (2018) Searches incident to arrest Trupiano v. United States (1948) United States v. Rabinowitz (1950) Chimel v. California (1969) United States v. Robinson (1973) United States v. Chadwick (1977) New York v. Belton (1981) Knowles v. Iowa (1998) Thornton v. United States (2004) Arizona v. Gant (2009) Riley v. California (2014) Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA Schmerber v. California (1966) Cupp v. Murphy (1973) Missouri v. McNeely (2013) Maryland v. King (2013) Birchfield v. North Dakota (2016) Mitchell v. Wisconsin (2019) Protective sweeps Maryland v. Buie (1990) Inventory searches South Dakota v. Opperman (1976) Border searches Almeida-Sanchez v. United States (1973) United States v. Ortiz (1975) United States v. Martinez-Fuerte (1976) United States v. Ramsey (1977) United States v. Montoya De Hernandez (1985) United States v. Flores-Montano (2004) Checkpoints Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz (1990) City of Indianapolis v. Edmond (2000) Illinois v. Lidster (2004) Students, employees, and patients New Jersey v. T. L. O. (1985) O'Connor v. Ortega (1987) Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n (1989) National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab (1989) Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton (1995) Chandler v. Miller (1997) Ferguson v. City of Charleston (2001) Board of Education v. Earls (2002) Safford Unified School District v. Redding (2009) City of Ontario v. Quon (2010) Property of probationers and parolees Samson v. California (2006) Administrative inspections Frank v. Maryland (1959) Camara v. Municipal Court (1967) City of Los Angeles v. Patel (2015) Searches in jails and prisons Bell v. Wolfish (1979) Hudson v. Palmer (1984) Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders (2012) Warrantless arrests United States v. Watson (1976) Payton v. New York (1980) Welsh v. Wisconsin (1983) County of Riverside v. McLaughlin (1991) Atwater v. City of Lago Vista (2001) Virginia v. Moore (2008) SeizuresDistinguishing stops and arrests Dunaway v. New York (1979) Florida v. Royer (1983) United States v. Place (1983) Seizure of premises awaiting warrant Illinois v. McArthur (2001) Detention incident to search Michigan v. Summers (1981) Muehler v. Mena (2005) Bailey v. United States (2013) Detention during vehicle stop Pennsylvania v. Mimms (1977) Rodriguez v. United States (2015) Excessive force Tennessee v. Garner (1985) Graham v. Connor (1989) Scott v. Harris (2007) Plumhoff v. Rickard (2014) Mullenix v. Luna (2015) RemediesExclusionary ruleOrigins Weeks v. United States (1914) Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States (1920) Impeachment exception James v. Illinois (1990) Good-faith exception United States v. Leon (1984) Herring v. United States (2009) Davis v. United States (2011) Independent source Murray v. United States (1988) Inevitable discovery Nix v. Williams (1984) Attenuation Wong Sun v. United States (1963) Utah v. Strieff (2016) No-knock searches Hudson v. Michigan (2006) Habeas corpus review Stone v. Powell (1976) Kimmelman v. Morrison (1986) Civil suitFederal Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents (1971) Egbert v. Boule (2022) State 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Monroe v. Pape (1961) Incorporation against StatesUnreasonable search and seizure Wolf v. Colorado (1949) Rochin v. California (1952) Elkins v. United States (1960) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Warrant requirements Ker v. California (1963) Aguilar v. Texas (1964)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landmark_court_decisions_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"cell site location information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site_location_information"},{"link_name":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"search warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_warrant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"2018 United States Supreme Court caseCarpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296, 138 S.Ct. 2206 (2018), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the privacy of historical cell site location information (CSLI). The Court held that the government violates the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution when it accesses historical CSLI records containing the physical locations of cellphones without a search warrant.[1]Prior to Carpenter, government entities could obtain cellphone location records from service providers by claiming the information was required as part of an investigation. After Carpenter, government entities are required to obtain a search warrant to access that information. Recognizing the influence of new consumer communications devices in the 2010s, the Court expanded its conceptions of constitutional rights toward the privacy of this type of data. However, the Court emphasized that the Carpenter ruling was narrowly restricted to the precise types of information and search procedures that were relevant to Carpenter's complaint.[2][3]","title":"Carpenter v. United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cellular telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"cell site location information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking"},{"link_name":"cell towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site"},{"link_name":"triangulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Cell site location information (CSLI)","text":"Cellular telephone service providers are able to find the location of cell phones through either global positioning system (GPS) data or cell site location information (CSLI), in the process of connecting calls and data transmissions. CSLI is captured by nearby cell towers, and this information is used to triangulate the location of phones.[4] Service providers capture and store this data for business purposes, such as troubleshooting, maximizing network efficiencies, and determining whether to charge customers roaming fees for particular calls.[5]The data can also illustrate the historical movements of a cellphone. Thus, anyone with access to this data has the ability to know where the phone has been and what other cell phones were in the same area at a given time. When users travel with their cellphones, this data can theoretically illustrate every place a person has traveled, and possibly the locations of other people encountered via their corresponding data.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"expectation of privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation_of_privacy_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"search warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_warrant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"third-party doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_doctrine"},{"link_name":"Smith v. Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v._Maryland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"The Third-Party Doctrine","text":"Prior to Carpenter, the Supreme Court consistently held that a person had no reasonable expectation of privacy in regard to information voluntarily turned over to third-parties such as telephone companies, and therefore a search warrant is not required when government officials seek this information.[7] This legal theory is known as the third-party doctrine, established by the Supreme Court in Smith v. Maryland (1979), in which the Court determined that government can obtain a list of phone numbers dialed from a suspect's phone.[8]By the 2010s, cellphones and particularly smartphones had become important tools for nearly every person in the United States.[9] Many applications, such as GPS navigation and location tools, require a cellphone to send and receive information constantly, including the exact location of the phone, often without an affirmative action on the part of its owner. As technology advanced in the 2010s, the Supreme Court began to modify its precedents on government searches of personal communications devices, given new consumer behaviors that may transcend the third-party doctrine.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"RadioShack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RadioShack"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Between December 2010 and March 2011, several individuals in the Detroit, Michigan area conspired and participated in armed robberies at RadioShack and T-Mobile stores across the region.[11] In April 2011, four of the robbers were captured and arrested. The petitioner, Timothy Carpenter, was not among the initial group of arrestees. One of those arrested confessed and turned over his phone so that FBI agents could review the calls made from his phone around the time of the robberies.[1] The agents obtained a search warrant to inspect the information in that arrestee's phone, in order to find additional contacts of the arrestee and compile more evidence about the crime ring.[12][13]From the historical cell site records on the arrestee's phone, the agents confirmed that Timothy Carpenter was also part of the crime ring, and proceeded to compile information about the location of his phone over 127 days. In turn, this information revealed that Carpenter had been within a two-mile radius of four robberies at the times they were perpetrated.[1] This evidence was used to support Carpenter's arrest. At criminal court, Carpenter was found guilty of several counts of aiding and abetting robberies that affected interstate commerce, and another count of using a firearm during a violent crime. He was sentenced to 116 years in prison.[14]","title":"Facts of the case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Smith v. Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v._Maryland"},{"link_name":"third-party doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_doctrine"},{"link_name":"reasonable expectation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation_of_privacy_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_seizure"},{"link_name":"Fourth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"certiorari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Appeal at the Sixth Circuit","text":"Carpenter appealed his conviction and sentence to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, arguing that the CSLI evidence used against him should be suppressed because the police had not obtained a warrant pertaining to his CSLI records before searching through them. In 2015, the Circuit Court upheld Carpenter's conviction.[15] This ruling was largely based on the Smith v. Maryland precedent, stating that Carpenter used cellular telephone networks voluntarily, and per the third-party doctrine he had no reasonable expectation that the data should be private. Thus, review of that information by the police did not constitute a \"search\" and did not require a warrant under the Fourth Amendment.[16]Carpenter appealed this ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari in 2016.[17][18]","title":"Facts of the case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oral arguments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carpenter_v._United_States_oral_arguments.mp3"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"amicus curiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Back_at_Full_Strength,_Supreme_Court_Faces_a_Momentous_Term-21"},{"link_name":"John Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"United States v. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)"},{"link_name":"GPS tracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"Fourth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"reasonable expectation of privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation_of_privacy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-22"},{"link_name":"Smith v. Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v._Maryland"},{"link_name":"third-party doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_doctrine"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-23"},{"link_name":"cell site location information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site_location_information"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"United States v. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"cellphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"Fourth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"search warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_warrant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ruth Bader Ginsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg"},{"link_name":"Anthony Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"John Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Clarence Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Stephen Breyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer"},{"link_name":"Elena Kagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan"},{"link_name":"Samuel Alito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito"},{"link_name":"Sonia Sotomayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor"},{"link_name":"Neil Gorsuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"third-party doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_doctrine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Oral arguments\n\nRecording of oral arguments before the Supreme Court.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Twenty amicus curiae briefs were filed by interested organizations, scholars, and corporations for Carpenter's case.[19] Some considered the case to be the most important Fourth Amendment dispute to come before the Supreme Court in a generation.[20][21] The Court issued its decision in 2018, with the majority opinion written by Chief Justice John Roberts.The Court's ruling recognized that the Carpenter case revealed a contradiction between two lines of Supreme Court rulings on the matter of police searches of personal communications information.[1] In United States v. Jones (2012) the Court had ruled that GPS tracking could constitute a search under the Fourth Amendment as a violation of a person's reasonable expectation of privacy.[22] Meanwhile, the Court had held in Smith v. Maryland (1979) that the third-party doctrine absolved the government from warrant requirements when searching through telephone records.[23]Ultimately, in Carpenter the court determined that the third-party doctrine could not be extended to historical cell site location information (CSLI). Instead, the Court compared \"detailed, encyclopedic, and effortlessly compiled\" CSLI records to the GPS information at issue in United States v. Jones, recognizing that both forms of data accord the government the ability to track individuals' past movements.[24] Furthermore, the Court noted that CSLI could pose even greater privacy risks than GPS data, as the prevalence of cellphones could accord the government \"near perfect surveillance\" of an individual's movements. Accordingly, the Court ruled that, under the Fourth Amendment, the government must obtain a search warrant in order to access historical CSLI records.[1]The Supreme Court Justices presiding over the Carpenter case. Front row (left to right): Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Anthony Kennedy, John Roberts (Chief Justice), Clarence Thomas, and Stephen Breyer. Back row (left to right): Elena Kagan, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Neil Gorsuch.Roberts argued that technology \"has afforded law enforcement a powerful new tool to carry out its important responsibilities. At the same time, this tool risks Government encroachment of the sort the Framers [of the US Constitution], after consulting the lessons of history, drafted the Fourth Amendment to prevent.\"[25] As stated in the opinion, \"Unlike the nosy neighbor who keeps an eye on comings and goings, they [new technologies] are ever alert, and their memory is nearly infallible. There is a world of difference between the limited types of personal information addressed in Smith [...] and the exhaustive chronicle of location information casually collected by wireless carriers today.\"[26]However, Roberts stressed that the Carpenter decision was a very narrow one and did not affect other parts of the third-party doctrine, such as banking records. Similarly, he noted that the decision did not prevent the collection of CSLI without a warrant in cases of emergency or for issues of national security.[27]","title":"The court's opinion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Samuel Alito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Neil Gorsuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"third-party doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_doctrine"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Dissenting opinions","text":"Justice Anthony Kennedy, in a dissenting opinion, cautioned against the limitations on law enforcement inherent in the majority opinion. According to Kennedy, the ruling \"places undue restrictions on the lawful and necessary enforcement powers exercised not only by the Federal Government, but also by law enforcement in every State and locality throughout the Nation. Adherence to this Court's longstanding precedents and analytic framework would have been the proper and prudent way to resolve this case.\"[28]In another dissent, Justice Samuel Alito wrote: \"I fear that today's decision will do far more harm than good. The Court's reasoning fractures two fundamental pillars of Fourth Amendment law, and in doing so, it guarantees a blizzard of litigation while threatening many legitimate and valuable investigative practices upon which law enforcement has rightfully come to rely.\"[29] In yet another dissent, Justice Neil Gorsuch agreed with most of the majority opinion but stressed that CSLI data is personal property, and its storage by telephone companies should be immaterial.[30] According to Gorsuch, the Fourth Amendment \"grants you the right to invoke its guarantees whenever one of your protected things (your person, your house, your papers, or your effects) is unreasonably searched or seized. Period.\"[31] Gorsuch further recommended that the third-party doctrine be overturned as inconsistent with the original meaning of the Fourth Amendment.[32]","title":"The court's opinion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"remanded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remand_(court_procedure)"},{"link_name":"Sixth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"exclusionary rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusionary_rule"},{"link_name":"good faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faith_(law)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-33"},{"link_name":"Davis v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_v._United_States_(2011)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-33"},{"link_name":"third-party doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_doctrine"},{"link_name":"security cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_surveillance"},{"link_name":"tower dumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_dumps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"After the Supreme Court ruling, Carpenter's criminal conviction was remanded to the Sixth Circuit to determine if it could stand without the CSLI data that required a warrant per the Supreme Court. Carpenter's lawyers argued that the data should have been subject to the exclusionary rule and thrown out as material collected without a proper warrant under the Supreme Court's ruling. However, the Circuit Court judges concluded that the FBI was acting in good faith with respect to collecting the data based on the law at the time the crimes were committed.[33] This type of good faith exemption is permitted per another Supreme Court precedent, Davis v. United States (2011).[34] The evidence was allowed to stand, and the Sixth Circuit again upheld Carpenter's criminal conviction and prison sentence.[33]Meanwhile, the Supreme Court's ruling in Carpenter was very narrow and did not otherwise change the third-party doctrine related to other business records that might incidentally reveal location information, nor did it overrule prior decisions concerning conventional surveillance techniques and tools such as security cameras. The Court did not extend its ruling to other matters related to cellphones not presented in Carpenter, including real-time CSLI or \"tower dumps\" (the downloading of information about all the devices that were connected to a particular cell site during a particular interval). The opinion also did not consider other data collection goals involving foreign affairs or national security.[2][3]","title":"Impact and subsequent developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katz Nipped and Katz Cradled: Carpenter and the Evolving Fourth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/supreme-court-review/2018/9/2018-cato-supreme-court-review-4.pdf"},{"link_name":"Cato Sup. Ct. Rev.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Supreme_Court_Review"},{"link_name":"Caminker, Evan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_H._Caminker"},{"link_name":"\"Location Tracking and Digital Data: Can Carpenter Build a Stable Privacy Doctrine?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//repository.law.umich.edu/articles/2061"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/702164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F702164"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0081-9557","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0081-9557"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"199142621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199142621"},{"link_name":"\"Functional Equivalence and Residual Rights Post-Carpenter: Framing a Test Consistent with Precedent and Original Meaning\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3394&context=facpub"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/704133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F704133"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0081-9557","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0081-9557"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"199150461","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199150461"},{"link_name":"The Supreme Court, 2017 Term — Comment: The Carpenter Chronicle: A Near-Perfect Surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/205-235_Online.pdf"},{"link_name":"Harv. L. Rev.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"\"Your Spying Smartphone: Individual Privacy Is Narrowly Strengthened in Carpenter v. United States, The U.S. Supreme Court's Most Recent Fourth Amendment Ruling\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210127041032/https://www.journaloftechlaw.org/your-spying-smartphone-vania-chaker/"},{"link_name":"Journal of Tech Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Tech_Law&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.journaloftechlaw.org/your-spying-smartphone-vania-chaker"},{"link_name":"\"Chimaera I: Chimaera Unleashed: The Specter of Warrantless Governmental Intrusion Is a Phantom that Has Achieved Greater Life in the Ether of Internet Communications\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200719155703/https://www.journaloftechlaw.org/issues/23-2-chaker/"},{"link_name":"Journal of Tech Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Tech_Law&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.journaloftechlaw.org/issues/23-2-chaker"}],"text":"Trevor Burrus & James Knight, Katz Nipped and Katz Cradled: Carpenter and the Evolving Fourth Amendment, 2017-2018 Cato Sup. Ct. Rev. 79 (2018).\nCaminker, Evan (May 1, 2019). \"Location Tracking and Digital Data: Can Carpenter Build a Stable Privacy Doctrine?\". Supreme Court Review. 2018: 411–481. doi:10.1086/702164. ISSN 0081-9557. S2CID 199142621.\nDonohue, Laura K. (May 1, 2019). \"Functional Equivalence and Residual Rights Post-Carpenter: Framing a Test Consistent with Precedent and Original Meaning\". Supreme Court Review. 2018: 347–410. doi:10.1086/704133. ISSN 0081-9557. S2CID 199150461.\nSusan Freiwald & Stephen Wm. Smith, The Supreme Court, 2017 Term — Comment: The Carpenter Chronicle: A Near-Perfect Surveillance, 132 Harv. L. Rev. 205 (2018).\nChaker, Vania (September 21, 2018). \"Your Spying Smartphone: Individual Privacy Is Narrowly Strengthened in Carpenter v. United States, The U.S. Supreme Court's Most Recent Fourth Amendment Ruling\". Journal of Tech Law. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2018.\nChaker, Vania (August 6, 201). \"Chimaera I: Chimaera Unleashed: The Specter of Warrantless Governmental Intrusion Is a Phantom that Has Achieved Greater Life in the Ether of Internet Communications\". Journal of Tech Law. 23. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2019.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Supreme Court Justices presiding over the Carpenter case. Front row (left to right): Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Anthony Kennedy, John Roberts (Chief Justice), Clarence Thomas, and Stephen Breyer. Back row (left to right): Elena Kagan, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Neil Gorsuch.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2017.jpg/300px-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2017.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Ng, Alfred (June 22, 2018). \"Supreme Court says warrant necessary for phone location data in win for Privacy\". cnet.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/supreme-court-says-warrant-necessary-for-phone-location-data/","url_text":"\"Supreme Court says warrant necessary for phone location data in win for Privacy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622144236/https://www.cnet.com/news/supreme-court-says-warrant-necessary-for-phone-location-data/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cell Site Location Information: A Guide for Criminal Defense Attorneys\" (PDF). Electronic Frontier Foundation. March 28, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eff.org/files/2019/03/28/csli_one-pager.pdf","url_text":"\"Cell Site Location Information: A Guide for Criminal Defense Attorneys\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024220927/https://www.eff.org/files/2019/03/28/csli_one-pager.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (June 7, 2016). \"Cell Phone Location Tracking\" (PDF). law.berkeley.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2018. 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Scholar.google.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14626167511079628834","url_text":"\"United States v. Carpenter, 819 F. 3d 880 (6th Cir. 2016)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122205306/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14626167511079628834","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"United States v. Carpenter, 819 F. 3d 880, 890 (6th Cir.) (2016)\". Scholar.google.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14626167511079628834","url_text":"\"United States v. Carpenter, 819 F. 3d 880, 890 (6th Cir.) (2016)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122205305/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14626167511079628834","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"16-402 Carpenter v. United States\" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/qp/16-00402qp.pdf","url_text":"\"16-402 Carpenter v. United States\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171007115940/https://www.supremecourt.gov/qp/16-00402qp.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Carpenter v. United States Petition for a writ of certiorari\" (PDF). scotusblog.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/16-402-cert-petition.pdf","url_text":"\"Carpenter v. United States Petition for a writ of certiorari\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170606220251/http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/16-402-cert-petition.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Carpenter v. United States\". scotusblog.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2018. 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Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ Slip op. at 22 (2018)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622141852/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-402_h315.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"United States v. Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ Slip op. at 15 (2018)\" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-402_h315.pdf","url_text":"\"United States v. Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ Slip op. at 15 (2018)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622141852/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-402_h315.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Totenburg, Nina (June 22, 2018). \"In Major Privacy Win, Supreme Court Rules Police Need Warrant To Track Your Cellphone\". NPR. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. 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Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ (Kennedy, J. dissenting) Slip op. at 1 (2018)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622141852/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-402_h315.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"United States v. Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ (Alito, J. dissenting) Slip op. at 1 (2018)\" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-402_h315.pdf","url_text":"\"United States v. Carpenter, 585 U.S. ___ (Alito, J. dissenting) Slip op. at 1 (2018)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622141852/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-402_h315.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Neil Gorsuch Joins Sonia Sotomayor in Questioning the Third-Party Doctrine\". reason.com. Reason Foundation. June 22, 2018. 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He's Going to Prison Anyway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190614000817/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/opinion/timothy-carpenter-prison-privacy.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Trevor Burrus & James Knight, Katz Nipped and Katz Cradled: Carpenter and the Evolving Fourth Amendment, 2017-2018 Cato Sup. Ct. Rev. 79 (2018).","urls":[{"url":"https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/supreme-court-review/2018/9/2018-cato-supreme-court-review-4.pdf","url_text":"Katz Nipped and Katz Cradled: Carpenter and the Evolving Fourth Amendment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Supreme_Court_Review","url_text":"Cato Sup. Ct. Rev."}]},{"reference":"Caminker, Evan (May 1, 2019). \"Location Tracking and Digital Data: Can Carpenter Build a Stable Privacy Doctrine?\". Supreme Court Review. 2018: 411–481. doi:10.1086/702164. ISSN 0081-9557. S2CID 199142621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_H._Caminker","url_text":"Caminker, Evan"},{"url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/articles/2061","url_text":"\"Location Tracking and Digital Data: Can Carpenter Build a Stable Privacy Doctrine?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_Review","url_text":"Supreme Court Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F702164","url_text":"10.1086/702164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0081-9557","url_text":"0081-9557"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199142621","url_text":"199142621"}]},{"reference":"Donohue, Laura K. (May 1, 2019). \"Functional Equivalence and Residual Rights Post-Carpenter: Framing a Test Consistent with Precedent and Original Meaning\". Supreme Court Review. 2018: 347–410. doi:10.1086/704133. ISSN 0081-9557. S2CID 199150461.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3394&context=facpub","url_text":"\"Functional Equivalence and Residual Rights Post-Carpenter: Framing a Test Consistent with Precedent and Original Meaning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_Review","url_text":"Supreme Court Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F704133","url_text":"10.1086/704133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0081-9557","url_text":"0081-9557"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199150461","url_text":"199150461"}]},{"reference":"Susan Freiwald & Stephen Wm. Smith, The Supreme Court, 2017 Term — Comment: The Carpenter Chronicle: A Near-Perfect Surveillance, 132 Harv. L. Rev. 205 (2018).","urls":[{"url":"https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/205-235_Online.pdf","url_text":"The Supreme Court, 2017 Term — Comment: The Carpenter Chronicle: A Near-Perfect Surveillance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review","url_text":"Harv. L. Rev."}]},{"reference":"Chaker, Vania (September 21, 2018). \"Your Spying Smartphone: Individual Privacy Is Narrowly Strengthened in Carpenter v. United States, The U.S. Supreme Court's Most Recent Fourth Amendment Ruling\". Journal of Tech Law. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210127041032/https://www.journaloftechlaw.org/your-spying-smartphone-vania-chaker/","url_text":"\"Your Spying Smartphone: Individual Privacy Is Narrowly Strengthened in Carpenter v. United States, The U.S. Supreme Court's Most Recent Fourth Amendment Ruling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Tech_Law&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Journal of Tech Law"},{"url":"http://www.journaloftechlaw.org/your-spying-smartphone-vania-chaker","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chaker, Vania (August 6, 201). \"Chimaera I: Chimaera Unleashed: The Specter of Warrantless Governmental Intrusion Is a Phantom that Has Achieved Greater Life in the Ether of Internet Communications\". Journal of Tech Law. 23. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200719155703/https://www.journaloftechlaw.org/issues/23-2-chaker/","url_text":"\"Chimaera I: Chimaera Unleashed: The Specter of Warrantless Governmental Intrusion Is a Phantom that Has Achieved Greater Life in the Ether of Internet Communications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Tech_Law&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Journal of Tech Law"},{"url":"http://www.journaloftechlaw.org/issues/23-2-chaker","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docketfiles/16-402.htm","external_links_name":"16-402"},{"Link":"https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/16-402","external_links_name":"Oral argument"},{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-402_h315.pdf","external_links_name":"Opinion announcement"},{"Link":"https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20160413094","external_links_name":"880"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14655974745807704559&q=138+S.+Ct.+2206&hl=en&as_sdt=6,39","external_links_name":"138 S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_frequency	Turnover number	["1 Turnover number of diffusion-limited enzymes","2 See also","3 References"]	In chemistry, number related to catalysis In chemistry, the term "turnover number" has two distinct meanings. In enzymology, the turnover number (kcat) is defined as the limiting number of chemical conversions of substrate molecules per second that a single active site will execute for a given enzyme concentration for enzymes with two or more active sites. For enzymes with a single active site, kcat is referred to as the catalytic constant. It can be calculated from the limiting reaction rate Vmax and catalyst site concentration e0 as follows: k c a t = V max e 0 {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {cat} }={\frac {V_{\max }}{e_{0}}}} (See Michaelis–Menten kinetics). In other chemical fields, such as organometallic catalysis, turnover number (TON) has a different meaning: the number of moles of substrate that a mole of catalyst can convert before becoming inactivated: T O N = n p r o d u c t n c a t {\displaystyle \mathrm {TON} ={\frac {n_{\mathrm {product} }}{n_{\mathrm {cat} }}}} An ideal catalyst would have an infinite turnover number in this sense, because it would never be consumed. The term turnover frequency (TOF) is used to refer to the turnover per unit time, equivalent to the meaning of turnover number in enzymology. T O F = T O N t {\displaystyle \mathrm {TOF} ={\frac {\mathrm {TON} }{t}}} For most relevant industrial applications, the turnover frequency is in the range of 10−2 – 102 s−1 (103 – 107 s−1 for enzymes). The enzyme catalase has the largest turnover frequency, with values up to 4×107 s−1 having been reported. Turnover number of diffusion-limited enzymes See also: Diffusion limited enzyme Acetylcholinesterase is a serine hydrolase with a reported catalytic constant greater than 104 s−1. This implies that this enzyme reacts with acetylcholine at close to the diffusion-limited rate. Carbonic anhydrase is one of the fastest enzymes, and its rate is typically limited by the diffusion rate of its substrates. Typical catalytic constants for the different forms of this enzyme range between 104 s−1 and 106 s−1. See also Catalysis References ^ Roskoski, Robert (2015). "Michaelis-Menten Kinetics". Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.05143-6. ISBN 978-0-12-801238-3. ^ Cornish-Bowden, Athel (2012). Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim. p. 33. ISBN 978-3-527-33074-4. ^ Bligaard, Thomas; Bullock, R. Morris; Campbell, Charles T.; Chen, Jingguang G.; Gates, Bruce C.; Gorte, Raymond J.; Jones, Christopher W.; Jones, William D.; Kitchin, John R.; Scott, Susannah L. (1 April 2016). "Toward Benchmarking in Catalysis Science: Best Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities". ACS Catalysis. 6 (4): 2590–2602. doi:10.1021/acscatal.6b00183. ^ "Introduction", Industrial Catalysis, Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, p. 7, 2006-04-20, doi:10.1002/3527607684.ch1, ISBN 978-3-527-60768-6, retrieved 2022-06-03 ^ Smejkal, Gary B.; Kakumanu, Srikanth (2019-07-03). "Enzymes and their turnover numbers". Expert Review of Proteomics. 16 (7): 543–544. doi:10.1080/14789450.2019.1630275. ISSN 1478-9450. PMID 31220960. S2CID 195188786. ^ Bazelyansky, Michael; Robey, Ellen; Kirsch, Jack F. (14 January 1986). "Fractional diffusion-limited component of reactions catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase". Biochemistry. 25 (1): 125–130. doi:10.1021/bi00349a019. PMID 3954986. ^ Lindskog, Sven (January 1997). "Structure and mechanism of carbonic anhydrase". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(96)00198-2. PMID 9336012. This science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"enzymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymology"},{"link_name":"substrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"active site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_site"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fek-2"},{"link_name":"organometallic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"catalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"moles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"catalase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalase"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In chemistry, the term \"turnover number\" has two distinct meanings.In enzymology, the turnover number (kcat) is defined as the limiting number of chemical conversions of substrate molecules per second that a single active site will execute for a given enzyme concentration [ET] for enzymes with two or more active sites.[1] For enzymes with a single active site, kcat is referred to as the catalytic constant.[2] It can be calculated from the limiting reaction rate Vmax and catalyst site concentration e0 as follows:k\n \n \n c\n a\n t\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n V\n \n max\n \n \n \n e\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{\\mathrm {cat} }={\\frac {V_{\\max }}{e_{0}}}}Michaelis–Menten kineticsIn other chemical fields, such as organometallic catalysis, turnover number (TON) has a different meaning: the number of moles of substrate that a mole of catalyst can convert before becoming inactivated:[3]T\n O\n N\n \n =\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n p\n r\n o\n d\n u\n c\n t\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n c\n a\n t\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {TON} ={\\frac {n_{\\mathrm {product} }}{n_{\\mathrm {cat} }}}}An ideal catalyst would have an infinite turnover number in this sense, because it would never be consumed. The term turnover frequency (TOF) is used to refer to the turnover per unit time, equivalent to the meaning of turnover number in enzymology.T\n O\n F\n \n =\n \n \n \n T\n O\n N\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {TOF} ={\\frac {\\mathrm {TON} }{t}}}For most relevant industrial applications, the turnover frequency is in the range of 10−2 – 102 s−1 (103 – 107 s−1 for enzymes).[4] The enzyme catalase has the largest turnover frequency, with values up to 4×107 s−1 having been reported.[5]","title":"Turnover number"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diffusion limited enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_limited_enzyme"},{"link_name":"Acetylcholinesterase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase"},{"link_name":"serine hydrolase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine_hydrolase"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-6"},{"link_name":"diffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion"},{"link_name":"substrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lindskog_1997-7"}],"text":"See also: Diffusion limited enzymeAcetylcholinesterase is a serine hydrolase with a reported catalytic constant greater than 104 s−1. This implies that this enzyme reacts with acetylcholine at close to the diffusion-limited rate.[6]Carbonic anhydrase is one of the fastest enzymes, and its rate is typically limited by the diffusion rate of its substrates. Typical catalytic constants for the different forms of this enzyme range between 104 s−1 and 106 s−1.[7]","title":"Turnover number of diffusion-limited enzymes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Catalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"}]	[{"reference":"Roskoski, Robert (2015). \"Michaelis-Menten Kinetics\". Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.05143-6. ISBN 978-0-12-801238-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-801238-3.05143-6","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.05143-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-801238-3","url_text":"978-0-12-801238-3"}]},{"reference":"Cornish-Bowden, Athel (2012). Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim. p. 33. ISBN 978-3-527-33074-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-33074-4","url_text":"978-3-527-33074-4"}]},{"reference":"Bligaard, Thomas; Bullock, R. Morris; Campbell, Charles T.; Chen, Jingguang G.; Gates, Bruce C.; Gorte, Raymond J.; Jones, Christopher W.; Jones, William D.; Kitchin, John R.; Scott, Susannah L. (1 April 2016). \"Toward Benchmarking in Catalysis Science: Best Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities\". ACS Catalysis. 6 (4): 2590–2602. doi:10.1021/acscatal.6b00183.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facscatal.6b00183","url_text":"\"Toward Benchmarking in Catalysis Science: Best Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facscatal.6b00183","url_text":"10.1021/acscatal.6b00183"}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction\", Industrial Catalysis, Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, p. 7, 2006-04-20, doi:10.1002/3527607684.ch1, ISBN 978-3-527-60768-6, retrieved 2022-06-03","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/3527607684.ch1","url_text":"\"Introduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F3527607684.ch1","url_text":"10.1002/3527607684.ch1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-60768-6","url_text":"978-3-527-60768-6"}]},{"reference":"Smejkal, Gary B.; Kakumanu, Srikanth (2019-07-03). \"Enzymes and their turnover numbers\". Expert Review of Proteomics. 16 (7): 543–544. doi:10.1080/14789450.2019.1630275. ISSN 1478-9450. PMID 31220960. S2CID 195188786.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14789450.2019.1630275","url_text":"\"Enzymes and their turnover numbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14789450.2019.1630275","url_text":"10.1080/14789450.2019.1630275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1478-9450","url_text":"1478-9450"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220960","url_text":"31220960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195188786","url_text":"195188786"}]},{"reference":"Bazelyansky, Michael; Robey, Ellen; Kirsch, Jack F. (14 January 1986). \"Fractional diffusion-limited component of reactions catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase\". Biochemistry. 25 (1): 125–130. doi:10.1021/bi00349a019. PMID 3954986.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi00349a019","url_text":"10.1021/bi00349a019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3954986","url_text":"3954986"}]},{"reference":"Lindskog, Sven (January 1997). \"Structure and mechanism of carbonic anhydrase\". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(96)00198-2. PMID 9336012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0163-7258%2896%2900198-2","url_text":"10.1016/s0163-7258(96)00198-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9336012","url_text":"9336012"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-801238-3.05143-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.05143-6"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facscatal.6b00183","external_links_name":"\"Toward Benchmarking in Catalysis Science: Best Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facscatal.6b00183","external_links_name":"10.1021/acscatal.6b00183"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/3527607684.ch1","external_links_name":"\"Introduction\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F3527607684.ch1","external_links_name":"10.1002/3527607684.ch1"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14789450.2019.1630275","external_links_name":"\"Enzymes and their turnover numbers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14789450.2019.1630275","external_links_name":"10.1080/14789450.2019.1630275"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1478-9450","external_links_name":"1478-9450"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220960","external_links_name":"31220960"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195188786","external_links_name":"195188786"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi00349a019","external_links_name":"10.1021/bi00349a019"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3954986","external_links_name":"3954986"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0163-7258%2896%2900198-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0163-7258(96)00198-2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9336012","external_links_name":"9336012"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turnover_number&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

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